SPCE-Engineering Mathematics I Successive Differentiation 1.

3Algebraic Expressions

Chapter-1
Successive Differentiation
Topic-1.3

nth derivative of Rational Expressions and Logarithmic functions

Rational Expression: A rational expression is a fraction in which the numerator and the
denominator are polynomials. In other words, R  x  is a rational expression if
p  x
R  x  , where p  x  and q  x  are both polynomials. It is just like a fraction, but with
q  x
polynomials.

There are two types of rational expressions. Proper Rational Expression and Improper
Rational Expression.

Proper Rational Expression: A rational expression in which the degree of the numerator
polynomial is less than the degree of the denominator polynomial.

3 x x3
Example: , 2 , … are Proper Rational Expressions
2x 1 x  x  1  x  1 2 x  3

Improper Rational Expression: A rational expression in which the degree of the numerator
polynomial is greater than or equal to the degree of the denominator polynomial.

x2 x3  2 x x2  3
Example: , 2 , … are Improper Rational Expressions
2x 1 x  x 1  x  1 2 x  3

Note: Polynomial long division can be used to write an improper rational expression as the
sum of a polynomial and a proper rational expression.

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SPCE-Engineering Mathematics I Successive Differentiation 1.3Algebraic Expressions

Working rule to find n th derivative of rational expression

1. If rational expression is improper, using Polynomial long division, write it as the

sum of a polynomial and a proper rational expression.

2. Resolve proper rational expression into partial fractions.

d n  1   1  m  n  1!a
n n
3. Find n derivative using
th
  
dx n  ax  b   m  1! ax  b m n

Proper Rational Expression Partial Fractions

f  x A B
1 
 x  a  x  b  x a x b
f  x A

B

C
2
 x  a  x  b
2 x  a  x  a 2
x b

f  x A

B

C

D

E
3
 x  a  x  b
2 3 x  a  x  a 2
x  b  x  b   x  b 3
2

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SPCE-Engineering Mathematics I Successive Differentiation 1.3Algebraic Expressions

Find nth derivative of following functions 1.3:

x
1. y 
( x  2)(2 x  3)

1
2. y
 x  1 x  2 x  3
1
3. y
1  5x  6 x2

x2  4
4. y
( x 1)2 (2 x  3)

x2  3
5. y
( x  1)( x  2)2

x
6. y
 x  2  x  3
2

x2  4 x  1
7. y  3
x  2x2  x  2

8x
8. y
x  2 x2  4 x  8
3

x2
9. y
 x  1 x  2 

x3
10. y  (MU- Dec17- 4 Marks)
 x  1 x  2 

x4
11. y 
 x  1 x  2 

x2  2 x  5
12. y 
 x  4
3

13. y  log 4 x 2  8x  3

14. y  log 1  2 x   3x  2  

3 4
 

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SPCE-Engineering Mathematics I Successive Differentiation 1.3Algebraic Expressions

x
Example 1.3.1: Find nth derivative of y 
( x  2)(2 x  3)

x
Solution: Resolving y  in to partial fractions
( x  2)(2 x  3)

x A B
Let y   
 x  2  2 x  3 x  2 2 x  3
  2 x  3 A  B  x  2   x

Putting x  2,  A  0  2 A 2

3 1 3
x , 0 B     B  3
2 2 2
2 3
 y 
x  2 2x  3
Differentiating y 'n ' times w.r.t. x

dn  1  dn  1 
yn  2    3  
dx n  x  2  dx n  2 x  3 

 1 1  n  1!1n  3  1 1  n  1!2n

n n

 yn  2
1  1! x  2  1  1! 2 x  3
1 n 1 n


 dn  1  (1) n (m  n  1)!a n 

 Using    mn 
n

dx   ax  b  
m
 (m  1)!(ax  b)

 


2  1 n ! 3  1 n !2n

n n

 yn  
 x  2  2 x  3
n 1 n 1

dn   2  1 n ! 3  1 n !2n

n n
x
 n  
dx   x  2  2 x  3   x  2 n 1  2 x  3n 1

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SPCE-Engineering Mathematics I Successive Differentiation 1.3Algebraic Expressions

1
Example 1.3.2: Find n th derivative of y 
 x  1 x  2 x  3
1
Solution: Resolving y  in to partial fraction
 x  1 x  2 x  3
1 A B c
Let y    
 x  1 x  2  x  3 x  1 x  2 x  3
 A  x  2  x  3  B  x  1 x  3  C  x  1 x  2   1

1
Putting x  1, A 1 2   0  0  1  A
2
x  2, 0  B  11  0  1  B  1

1
x  3, 0  0  C  2  1  1  C 
2
1 1 1 1 1
 y     
2 x 1 x2 2 x3
Differentiating 'n ' times w.r.t. x

1 dn  1  dn  1  1 dn  1 
 yn   n       
2 dx  x  1  dx n  x  2  2 dx n  x  3 

1  1 1  n  1 !1  1 1  n  1!1 1  1 1  n  1!1

n n n n n n

 yn     
2 1  1 ! x  11 n 1  1! x  2 
1 n
2 1  1! x  3 1 n

 dn  1  (1) n (m  n  1)!a n 
 Using n    
 dx   ax  b m  (m  1)!( ax  b) m  n 


1  1 n !  1 n ! 1  1 n !

n n n

 yn     
2  x  1n 1  x  2 n 1 2  x  3n 1

dn   1  1 n !  1 n ! 1  1 n !

n n n
1
 n     
dx   x  1 x  2  x  3  2  x  1n 1  x  2 n 1 2  x  3n 1

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SPCE-Engineering Mathematics I Successive Differentiation 1.3Algebraic Expressions

1
Example 1.3.3: Find n th derivative of y 
1  5x  6 x2

1 1
Solution: y  
1  5x  6 x  2 x  1 3x  1
2

1
Resolving y  in to partial fractions
 2 x  1 3x 1
1 1 A B
Let y    
1  5 x  6 x  2 x  1 3x  1 2 x  1 3 x  1
2

 A  3x  1  B  2 x  1  1

1 3  A
Putting x  , A   1  1  1 A 2
2 2  2

1 2  B
x , B   1  1  1  B  3
3 3  3
2 3
y  
2 x  1 3x  1
Differentiating y 'n ' times w.r.t. x

dn  1  dn  1 
yn  2    3  
dx n  2 x  1  dx n  3x  1 

 1 1  n  1!2n  3  1 1  n  1!3n

n n

 yn  2
1  1! 2 x  1 1  1! 3 x  1
1 n 1 n

 dn  1  (1)n (m  n  1)!a n 
 Using n    
 dx   ax  b m  (m  1)!(ax  b)m n 


 1 n !2n  3  1 n !3n

n n

 yn  2
 2 x  1  3x  1
n 1 n 1

 1 n !2n  1 n !3n

n n
dn  1 
 n 1  5 x  6 x 2   2 3
 2 x  1  3x  1
n 1 n 1
dx

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SPCE-Engineering Mathematics I Successive Differentiation 1.3Algebraic Expressions

x2  4
Example 1.3.4: Find n th derivative of y 
( x 1)2 (2 x  3)

x2  4
Solution: Resolving y  in to partial fractions
( x 1)2 (2 x  3)

x2  4 A B C
Let y    
 x  1 (2 x  3) x  1  x  1 2 x  3
2 2

 A  x  1 2 x  3  B  2 x  3  C  x  1  x 2  4
2

Putting x  1, 0  5B  0  5  B  1
2
3  3  9 25 25
x , 0  0  C    1   4  C C  1
2  2  4 4 4
x  0,  3 A  3B  C  4 3 A  3  1  4 A0

OR comparing coefficients of x 2 , 2 A  C  1  2 A  1  C  1  1  0 A0

0 1 1
y   
x  1  x  1 2 x  3
2

1 1
y  
 x  1 2x  3
2

Differentiating y 'n ' times w.r.t. x

dn  1  dn  1 
yn  n    
dx   x  12  dx n  2 x  3 

 1  2  n  1!1n  1 1  n  1!2 n

n n

 yn  
 2  1! x  1 1  1! 2 x  3
2 n 1 n

 dn  1  (1) n (m  n  1)!a n 
 Using    
 dx n   ax  b m  (m  1)!(ax  b) m  n 


 1  n  1 !  1 n !2n

n n

 yn  
 x  1  2 x  3
n2 n 1

dn  x2  4   1n  n  1 !  1n n !2n

 n  
dx   x  12 (2 x  3)   x  1
n2
 2 x  3
n 1

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SPCE-Engineering Mathematics I Successive Differentiation 1.3Algebraic Expressions

x2  3
Example 1.3.5: Find n th derivative of y 
( x  1)( x  2)2

x2  3
Solution: Resolving y  in to partial fractions
( x  1)( x  2)2

x2  3 A B C
Let y    
( x  1)( x  2) 2
x  1  x  2   x  2 2

 A  x  2   B  x  1 x  2   C  x  1  x 2  3
2

4
Putting x  1, A  1  2   0  0  4 A
2

9
7
x  2, 0  0  C  2  1  4  3 C 
3
16 7 5
x  0, 4 A  2B  C  3   2B   3 B 
9 3 9
4 5
OR, comparing coefficients of x 2 , A  B  1  B  1  A  1  
9 9

4 5 7
 y 9  9  3
x  1  x  2   x  2 2

Differentiating y 'n ' times w.r.t. x

4 dn  1  5 dn  1  7 dn  1 
yn       
9 dx n  x  1  9 dx n  x  2  3 dx n   x  2 2 

4  1 1  n  1 !1 5  1 1  n  1 !1 7  1  2  n  1!1

n n n n n n

 yn   
9 1  1 ! x  11 n 9 1  1 ! x  2 1 n 3  2  1! x  2 2 n

 dn  1  (1) n (m  n  1)!a n 
 Using n    
 dx   ax  b m  (m  1)!(ax  b)m n 


4  1 n ! 5  1 n ! 7  1  n  1!

n n n

 yn   
9  x  1n 1 9  x  2 n 1 3  x  2 n  2

x2  3  4  1 n ! 5  1 n ! 7  1  n  1!

n n n
dn 
 n  2
  
 ( x  1)( x  2)  9  x  1 9  x  2 n 1 3  x  2 n  2
n 1
dx

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SPCE-Engineering Mathematics I Successive Differentiation 1.3Algebraic Expressions

x
Example 1.3.6: Find n th derivative of y 
 x  2  x  3
2

x
Solution: Resolving y  into partial fractions
 x  2  x  3
2

x A B C
Let y    
 x  2  x  3
2
( x  2)  x  3  x  32

 A  x  3  B  x  2  x  3  C  x  2   x
2

2
Putting x  2, A  2  3  0  0  2 A
2

25
3
x  3, 0  0  C  3  2   3 C 
5
18 6 2
x  0, 9A  6 B  2C  0   6B   0 B 
25 5 25
2 2 3
y  25  25  5
 x  2   x  3   x  3 2
2 1 2 1 3 1
y      
25 x  2 25 x  3 5  x  32

Differentiating y 'n ' times w.r.t. x

2 dn  1  2 dn  1  3 dn  1 
yn        
25 dx n  x  2  25 dx n  x  3  5 dx n   x  32 

2  1 1  n  1 !1 2  1 1  n  1!1 3  1  2  n  1!1

n n n n n n

 yn   
25 1  1 ! x  2 1 n 25 1  1 ! x  31 n 5  2  1 ! x  32 n

 dn  1  (1)n (m  n  1)!a n 
 Using    
 dx n   ax  b m  (m  1)!(ax  b)m n 


2  1 n ! 2  1 n ! 3  1  n  1!

n n n

 yn   
25  x  2 n 1 25  x  3n 1 5  x  3n  2

dn  x  2  1n n ! 2  1 n !
n
3  1  n  1!
n

 n   
dx   x  2  x  32  25  x  2 n 1 25  x  3n 1 5  x  3n  2

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SPCE-Engineering Mathematics I Successive Differentiation 1.3Algebraic Expressions

x2  4 x  1
Example 1.3.7: Find n th derivative of y 
x3  2 x 2  x  2

x2  4 x  1 x2  4 x  1 x2  4 x  1 x2  4x  1
Solution: y    
x3  2 x 2  x  2 x 2  x  2    x  2   x 2  1  x  2   x  1 x  1 x  2 

x2  4 x  1
Resolving in to partial fractions
 x  1 x  1 x  2 

x2  4 x  1 A B C
Let y    
 x  1 x  1 x  2  x 1 x 1 x  2

 A  x  1 x  2   B  x  1 x  2   C  x  1 x  1  x 2  4 x  1

Putting x  1, A  2  3  0  0  6  A 1

x  1, 0  B  2 1  0  2 B 1

x  2, 0  0  C  3  1  4  8  1  3C  3  C  1

1 1 1
y   
x 1 x 1 x  2
Differentiating y 'n ' times w.r.t. x

dn  1  dn  1  dn  1 
yn       
dx n  x  1  dx n  x  1  dx n  x  2 

 1 1  n  1!1n   1 1  n  1!1n   1 1  n  1!1n

n n n

 yn 
1  1! x  1 1  1! x  1 1  1! x  2 
1 n 1 n 1 n

 dn  1  (1)n (m  n  1)!a n 
 Using n    
 dx   ax  b m  (m  1)!(ax  b) m n 


 1 n !   1 n !   1 n !

n n n

 yn 
 x  1  x  1  x  2
n 1 n 1 n 1

dn  x2  4 x  1   1 n !  1 n !  1 n !

n n n

 n   
dx   x  1 x  1 x  2    x  1n 1  x  1n 1  x  2 n 1

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SPCE-Engineering Mathematics I Successive Differentiation 1.3Algebraic Expressions

8x
Example 1.3.8: Find n th derivative of y 
x  2 x2  4 x  8
3

8x 8x
Solution: y   2
x  2x  4x  8 x  x  2  4  x  2
3 2

8x 8x
 y 
x 2
 4  x  2  x  2  x  2 
2

8x
Resolving y  in to partial fractions
 x  2  x  2 
2

8x A B C
Let y    
 x  2  x  2  x  2 x  2  x  2 2
2

 A  x  2   B  x  2  x  2   C  x  2   8 x
2

Putting x  2, A  2  2   16 16 A  16  A  1

2

x  2, C  2  2   16  4C  16 C  4

x  0, 4 A  4 B  2C  0 4  4 B  8  0 B 1
1 1 4
 y  
x  2 x  2  x  2 2

Differentiating y 'n ' times w.r.t. x

dn  1  dn  1  dn  1 
yn         4  
dx n  x  2  dx n  x  2  dx n   x  2 2 

 1 1  n  1!1n   1 1  n  1!1n  4  1  2  n  1!1n

n n n

 yn  
1  1! x  2  1  1! x  2   2  1! x  2 
1 n 1 n 2 n

 dn  1  (1)n (m  n  1)!a n 
 Using n    
 dx   ax  b m  (m  1)!(ax  b)m n 


 1 n !   1 n !  4  1  n  1!

n n n

 yn  
 x  2  x  2  x  2
n 1 n 1 n2

   1 n !  1 n !  1  n  1!

n n n
dn 8x
 n  2
  4
  x  2  x  2    x  2  x  2  x  2
n 1 n 1 n2
dx

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SPCE-Engineering Mathematics I Successive Differentiation 1.3Algebraic Expressions

x2
Example 1.3.9: Find n derivative of y 
th
 x  1 x  2 

x2
Solution: y  is an improper fraction. Before resolving it into partial fractions,
 x  1 x  2 
we need to convert it into proper fraction. For that, divide Numerator x 2 by denominator

 x 1 x  2  x2  x  2

1
 x 2
 x  2  2
x
x2  x  2
  +
x2

Thus, x 2  1 x 2  x  2     x  2   1 x  1 x  2     x  2 

y 
x2

 x 1 x  2    x  2  1  x  2
 x  1 x  2  x  1 x  2  x  1 x  2

x  2
Resolving in to partial fractions
 x  1 x  2 
x  2 A B
Let  
 x  1 x  2  x  1 x  2
 A  x  2   B  x  1   x  2

1
Putting x  1, A 1  2   1  2 3A  1 A
3
4
x  2, B  2  1  2  2 3B  4  B 
3
1 4
x  2
  3  3
 
x  1 x  2  x 1 x  2
x  2 1 1 4 1
 y  1  1 
 x  1 x  2  3 x 1 3 x2

Differentiating y 'n ' times w.r.t. x

1 dn  1  4 dn  1 
yn  0      
3 dx n  x  1  3 dx n  x  2 

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SPCE-Engineering Mathematics I Successive Differentiation 1.3Algebraic Expressions

1  1 1  n  1!1 4  1 1  n  1!1

n n n n

 yn  
3 1  1! x  11 n 3 1  1! x  2 1 n

 dn  1  (1)n (m  n  1)!a n 
 Using n    
 dx   ax  b m  (m  1)!(ax  b)m n 


1  1 n ! 4  1 n !
n n

 yn  
3  x  1n 1 3  x  2 n 1

dn   1  1 n ! 4  1 n !
n n
x2
 n  
dx   x  1 x  2   3  x  1 n 1
3  x  2 n 1

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SPCE-Engineering Mathematics I Successive Differentiation 1.3Algebraic Expressions

x3
Example 1.3.10: Find n derivative of y  th
 x  1 x  2 

x3
Solution: y  is an improper fraction. Before resolving it into partial fractions,
 x  1 x  2 
we need to convert it into proper fraction. For that, divide Numerator x 3 by denominator
 x  1 x  2  x2  x  2
x 1
 x  x  2  x3
2

x 3  x 2  2x
 + +
x2  2x
x2  x  2
 + 
3x  2

Thus, x3  ( x  1)  x 2  x  2    3x  2   ( x  1)  x  1 x  2    3x  2 

x3 ( x  1)  x  1 x  2    3 x  2    3x  2  
y    ( x  1)   
 x  1 x  2   x  1 x  2     1 x  2  
x

Resolving
 3x  2  in to partial fractions
 x  1 x  2 
Let
 3x  2   A  B
 x  1 x  2  x  1 x  2
 A  x  2   B  x  1  3x  2

1
Putting x  1, A  1  2   3  2  3 A  1 A
3
8
x  2, B  2  1  3(2)  2  3B  8 B 
3


 3x  2   1 1

8 1
 
 x  1 x  2  3 x 1 3 x  2

 y  ( x  1) 
 3x  2   ( x  1)  1  1  8  1
 x  1 x  2  3 x 1 3 x  2

Differentiating y 'n ' times w.r.t. x (assuming n  1)

1 dn  1  8 dn  1 
yn  0  . n   .   assuming n  1
3 dx  ( x  1)  3 dx n  ( x  2) 

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SPCE-Engineering Mathematics I Successive Differentiation 1.3Algebraic Expressions

1  1 1  n  1!1 8  1 1  n  1!1

n n n n

 yn  .  .
3 1  1! x  11 n 3 1  1! x  2 1 n
 dn  1  (1)n (m  n  1)!a n 
 Using    
 dx n   ax  b m  (m  1)!(ax  b)m n 


1  1 n ! 8  1 n !
n n

 yn  
3  x  1n 1 3  x  2 n 1

dn   1  1 n ! 8  1 n !
n n
x3
 n  
dx   x  1 x  2   3  x  1n 1 3  x  2 n1

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SPCE-Engineering Mathematics I Successive Differentiation 1.3Algebraic Expressions

x4
Example 1.3.11: Find n th derivative of y 
 x  1 x  2 
x4
Solution: y  is an improper fraction. Before resolving it into partial fractions,
 x  1 x  2 
we need to convert it into proper fraction. For that, divide Numerator x 4 by denominator
 x 1 x  2  x2  3x  2

x 2  3x  7
 x 2  3x  2  x4
x 4  3x3  2 x 2
 + -
3x 3  2 x 2
3x3  9 x 2  6 x
 + 
7x 2  6 x
7x 2  21x  14
 + 
15x  14

Thus, x 4  ( x 2  3x  2)  x 2  3x  7   15 x  14   ( x  1)( x  2)  x 2  3x  7   15 x  14 

x4 ( x  1)( x  2)  x 2  3 x  7   15 x  14 
y  
 x  1 x  2   x  1 x  2 
15 x  14
  x 2  3x  7  
 x  1 x  2 

15 x  14
Resolving in to partial fractions
 x  1 x  2 
15 x  14 A B
Let  
 x  1 x  2  x  1 x  2
 A  x  2   B  x  1  15 x  14

Putting x  1, A 1  2   15  14  A  1  A  1

x  2, B  2  1  15(2)  14  B  16

15 x  14 1 16
  
 x  1 x  2  ( x  1) ( x  2)

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SPCE-Engineering Mathematics I Successive Differentiation 1.3Algebraic Expressions

15 x  14
 y   x 2  3x  7  
 x  1 x  2 
1
  x 2  3x  7  
16

( x  1) ( x  2)
Differentiating y 'n ' times w.r.t. x (assuming n  2)

dn  1  dn  1 
yn  0     16  
dx n  ( x  1)  dx n  ( x  2) 

 1 1  n  1!1n  16  1 1  n  1!1n

n n

 yn  
1  1! x  1 1  1! x  2 
1 n 1 n

 dn  1  (1)n (m  n  1)!a n 
 Using n   
 dx   ax  b m  (m  1)!(ax  b) m n 


 1 n !  16  1 n !
n n

 yn  
 x  1  x  2
n 1 n 1

dn    1 n !  16  1 n !
n n
x4
 n    
dx   x  1 x  2    x  1
n 1
 x  2
n 1

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SPCE-Engineering Mathematics I Successive Differentiation 1.3Algebraic Expressions

x2  2 x  5
Example 1.3.12: Find nth derivative of y 
 x  4
3

x2  2 x  5
Solution: y 
 x  4
3

x2  2 x  5
To resolve y  in to partial fractions, put x  4  t
 x  4
3

x  t  4
t  4  2 t  4  5
2
x2  2x  5
y 
 x  4
3
t3

t 2  8t  16  2t  8  5

t3
t 2  10t  19

t3
1 1 1
 y   10 2  19 3
t t t
1 1 1
y   10  19
 x  4  x  4
2
 x  4
3

Differentiating y 'n ' times w.r.t. x

dn  1  dn  1  dn  1 
yn     10    19  
dx n  x  4  dx n   x  4 2  dx n   x  4 3 

 1 1  n  1!1n  1  2  n  1!1n  1  3  n  1!1n

n n n

 yn   10  19
1  1! x  4   2  1! x  4  3  1! x  4 
1 n 2 n 3 n

 1 n !  1  n  1!  1  n  2 !

n n n

 yn   10  19
 x  4  x  4  x  4
n 1 n2 n 3

d n  x 2  2 x  5   1 n !  1  n  1!  1  n  2  !

n n n

 n   10  19
dx   x  4 3   x  4 n 1  x  4
n2
 x  4
n 3

© 2021-SEAM by Prof. Satishkumar Barot Page 18

SPCE-Engineering Mathematics I Successive Differentiation 1.3Algebraic Expressions

Example 1.3.13: Find n th derivative of y  log 4 x 2  8x  3

1
Solution: y  log 4 x 2  8 x  3  log  2 x  3 2 x  1  log  2 x  3 2 x  1 
2

1 1 1
 y  log  2 x  3 2 x  1   log  2 x  3  log  2 x  1
2 2 2
Differentiating y 'n ' times w.r.t. x

1 dn 1 dn
yn  log  2 x  3   log  2 x  1
2 dx n 2 dx n

1  1  n  1 !2 1  1  n  1!2

n 1 n n n 1

 yn  
 2 x  3  2 x  1
n n
2 2

 dn (1) n 1 (n  1)!a n 
 Using  log  ax  b 
  
 dx n  (ax  b) n 

 1  n  1 !2n 1  1  n  1!2 n 1

n 1 n 1

 yn  
 2 x  3  2 x  1
n n

 1 1 
 yn   1  n  1!2n1 
n 1
 n 
  2 x  3  2 x  1 
n

dn   1 1 
log 4 x 2  8 x  3    1  n  1!2 n 1 
n 1
 n 
 n 
dx    2 x  3  2 x  1 
n

© 2021-SEAM by Prof. Satishkumar Barot Page 19

SPCE-Engineering Mathematics I Successive Differentiation 1.3Algebraic Expressions

Example 1.3.14: Find n th derivative of y  log 1  2 x   3x  2  

3 4
 

Solution: y  log 1  2 x   3x  2   3log 1  2 x   4log  3x  2 

3 4
 

Differentiating y 'n ' times w.r.t. x

dn dn
yn  3 n log  2 x  1  4 n log  3 x  2 
dx dx

 1  n  1! 2   1  n  1!3n

n 1 n n 1

 yn  3 4
 2 x  1  3x  2 
n n

 dn (1) n 1 (n  1)!a n 
 Using n log  ax  b    
 dx (ax  b) n 
 3   2 n 4  3n 
 yn   1  n  1! 
n 1
 n 
  2 x  3  2 x  1 
n

dn    3   2 n 4  3n 
 n log 1  2 x   3 x  2 
3 4
    1  n  1! 
n 1
 n 
dx      2 x  3  2 x  1 
n

© 2021-SEAM by Prof. Satishkumar Barot Page 20