BRIEF INTRODUCTION ABOUT THE AUTHOR

Bruce Riedel
He is a senior fellow and director of the Brookings Intelligence Project, part of the
Brookings Center for 21st Century Security and Intelligence. In addition, Riedel serves as a
senior fellow in the Center for Middle East Policy. He retired in 2006 after 30 years of service at
the Central Intelligence Agency, including postings overseas. He was a senior advisor on South
Asia and the Middle East to the last four presidents of the United States in the staff of the
National Security Council at the White House. He was also deputy assistant secretary of defense
for the Near East and South Asia at the Pentagon and a senior advisor at the North Atlantic
Treaty Organization in Brussels.

Riedel was a member of President Bill Clinton’s peace process team and negotiated at Camp
David and other Arab-Israeli summits and he organized Clinton’s trip to India in 2000. In January
2009, President Barack Obama asked him to chair a review of American policy towards
Afghanistan and Pakistan, the results of which the president announced in a speech on March
27, 2009.

In 2011, Riedel served as an expert advisor to the prosecution of al Qaeda terrorist Omar
Farooq Abdulmutallab in Detroit. In December 2011, Prime Minister David Cameron asked him
to brief the United Kingdom’s National Security Council in London on Pakistan.

Riedel is the author of "The Search for al Qaeda: Its Leadership, Ideology and Future" , "Deadly
Embrace: Pakistan, America and the Future of the Global Jihad" , "Avoiding Armageddon:
America, India and Pakistan to the Brink and Back" , "JFK's Forgotten Crisis: Tibet, the CIA and
the Sino-Indian War" , and "Kings and Presidents: Saudi Arabia and the United States since FDR"
. He is a contributor to "Which Path to Persia? Options for a New American Strategy Toward
Iran" , "The Arab Awakening: America and the Transformation of the Middle East" 
and "Becoming Enemies: U.S.-Iran Relations and the Iran-Iraq War, 1979-1988" . His
book "What We Won: America’s Secret War in Afghanistan, 1979-1989"  won the gold medal
for best new book on war and military affairs at the INDIEFAB awards. His new book is "Beirut
1958 How America's Wars in the Middle East Began".

Riedel is a graduate of Brown (B.A.), Harvard (M.A.), and the Royal College of Defense Studies in
London. He has taught at Georgetown University’s School of Foreign Service and Johns Hopkins
University’s School for Advanced International Studies, and he has been a guest lecturer at
Dartmouth, Harvard, Brown, and other universities. Riedel is a recipient of the Intelligence
Medal of Merit and the Distinguished Intelligence Career Medal.
BOOK REVIEW:
In first chapter, the writer discussed regarding his briefing to the President Barack Obama. He
gave almost 20 recommendations and proposals for the specific actions against terrorists
groups. He termed Pakistan as the birthplace of global Jihad. At the time of Obama, the Afghan
war had become a forgotten war. By 2009, Taliban and its ally Al-Qaeda had developed bases in
tribal areas of Pakistan. USA was adding the dictator in Pakistan.

The writer talked about the idea of creation of Pakistan and its early problems. Chaudhary
Rehmat Ali named the new state as Pakistan. Unfortunately, the partition led to the death of
one million people in 1947. Moreover, he talked about the western lifestyle of Mr. Jinnah.
According to the writer, “the pious among the Muslims did not create the Pakistan.” Even
Jinnah’s Muslim League was not muslim enough.56% people were living in the East Pakistan but
they were overlooked in the naming of the Pakistan. People of West Pakistan regarded Bengalis
as second-class citizens. Language issue further deepened the divide. The first military ruler
Ayub, was modern man like Jinnah. Ayub used military to suppress the opposition. Kashmir
issue remains contention between Pakistan and India. In 1965 war, less was done to protect
East Pakistan which led to further resentment. In military, out of 6000 officers only 300 were
Bengalis. In operation “Search Light” people of East Pakistan were killed by their own army. On
16 December, 1971, 90,000 soldiers surrendered to India.

According to the writer, Churchill’s defeat in elections made partition easy. Truman recognized
the state. On the other hand, Pakistan was in search for assistance. In Eisenhower tenure,
Pakistan was used against Soviet expansionist designs. Army chief Ayub visited USA in 1953.
After signing SEATO and CENTO, Pakistan became “the most allied ally of USA.” Pakistan
provided secret bases to the United States near the Peshawar. However, a dent in the relations
was witnessed after U2 incident. Further, the Pakistan felt betrayed by the USA in 1965 war.
Therefore, the former started developing good relations with the China. Eventually, Pakistan
brought China and USA closer to each other in 1971. American apathy in 1971 war once again
deteriorated Pakistan-USA relations.

In short, in this chapter the writer briefed about post-creation problems of early Pakistan,
debacle of East Pakistan and Pakistan-USA relations during Afghan war.

In second chapter, the writer talked about the meeting in CIA headquarters in 1983.Discussions
regarding the covert warfare was underway. The writer appreciated the skills of CIA Director
William Casey, who told the meeting that the new general of Pakistan, General Zia-Ul-Haq, was
ready to resist Soviet’s expansionist designs and to support Afghan Mujahideen. According to
Casey, victory without Zia was impossible.
The author argued about holy war and influx of refugees in the Pakistan. He mentioned the
words of a critic that the USA never expected the brutality at the hands of the terrorists that
were nurtured by the USA in 1980. Zia used ISI to strengthen his rule and to achieve his goals
abroad.

The writer wrote about the Bhutto’s endeavor to develop the atomic weapon. IS sought and
received help of China for that. He termed picking of Zia as Bhutto’s blunder. Zia in “Operation
Fair Play” ousted Bhutto and imposed martial law. The writer named Zia as the grandfather of
Global Islamic Jihad. He briefly discussed Zia’s role in Oman and Jordan. As per the writer, Zia
was an Islamist because he took many steps to Islamize the army and the country. Moral and
religious activities were given weightage for the promotion of ranks. There were growth of
madrasahs and land was allotted to the military officials. Zia strengthened ISI, increased
number of personnel and empowered financially.

Iranian revolution urged him to support anti-Shia elements in Pakistan. Due to border dispute,
relations with Afghanistan were on the decline. However, things changed when Marxist’s
officers took control of the Afghanistan and started propagating control of their ideology.
Consequently, Zia sent DG ISI to the Saudia Arabia for the financial assistance and to deploy
troops to protect the Kingdom. With Saudia’s and CIA’s support, ISI imparted training to the
Mujahideen. At least 90,000 were trained including Muhammad Umer till 1985.

People migrated to the Pakistan and it faced the after effects which were not very pleasing.
Afghans brought with them the Kalashanikov’s culture. Violence erupted in the area and the
drugs got smuggled.

Moreover, Soviet Union and its Afghan allies supported anti-Pakistan elements. They managed
to plant bombs in refugee camps and violation of the air space became common. Writer
claimed that Zia was planning to liberate Kashmir. In 1980, Zia met Abdul Bari, a Jamaat leader
for Jihad, in Kashmir. Kashmiri Jihadis were trained alongwith the Afghan Jihadis. Afghan war
fund was funneled into the Kashmir Jihad. JKLF militants were receiving training in ISIS training
camps.

Jimmy Carter imposed non-proliferation regime. Dent appeared when Zia imposed the martial
law. Carter flew to India but not visited the Pakistan. Zia termed USA’s assistance as peanuts.
The author wrote that Charlie Wilson was the chief supporter of the Afghan war. He ensured
weapon supply and provided stringer missiles to the fighters. USA was completely unaware of
the Kashmir Jihad planning.

Molana Muhammad Azam is considered as the father of modern Jihad. He met OBL in Saudia
Arabia. He visited Pakistan in started teaching in Islamic University of Islamabad. In 1984, he
wrote a book “The Defence of Muslim Terrorists” in which he urged that the Muslims should
participate in the Afghan Jihad. To the writer, Azam’s book impacted the Muslims in the same
way as Thomas Paine’s “Common Sense” was to American Revolution. He also created Maktab-
al-Khidmat in Peshawar, brought OBL to Pakistan, raised funds for training of the Muslims from
all over the world. Moreover, he argued about Pan-Islamic struggle and termed Nationalist
approach as a propaganda to divide the Ummah. OBL himself accepted that the Muslims from
the whole world thronged in the Maktab. Azam established MDI, whose militant wing Lashkar-
e-Taiba emerged as a strong terrorist group in fighting against the India. Even Khalid Sheikh, the
master mind of 9/11 attack, was the aide of Azam. The writer affirmed that about 35,000
muslims obtained training with the Mujahideens. Azam was assassinated in 1989. His death
remained a controversy. Some blamed ISI, some OBL and others CIA.

In third chapter the writer argues that the happy days of the 1980s between Pakistan and
America had long soured and relations were in a deep hole. Benazir warned that dark forces
had been released in Pakistan in the 1980s. She said the Inter-Services Intelligence Directorate
(ISI) was plotting to throw her out of the office and that radical extremists were planning to
murder her, as they would eventually.

According to writer, following Zia’s death, army leaders were reluctant to try to take his place,
while Pakistanis wanted a civilian government again after a decade of military rule. The global
political climate in 1988 also favored a return to democratic politics. After the defeat of the
Soviet forces, ISI decided the mujahedin should move from guerrilla tactics to conventional
warfare. Therefore, Hafez Saeed’s Lashkar-e-Tayyiba began setting up its infrastructure inside
Kashmir, while its camps in Afghanistan and Pakistan trained hundreds of militants. In the next
two decades, an estimated 200,000 militants were trained in these camps. Almost 180 groups
had emerged to fight the Indians. In 1994 Kashmiri took the war into India. A team of his (Ilyas
Kashmiri) men kidnapped several Western tourists. Benazir declared that Pakistan would fight
for a “thousand years” to free Kashmir. Invoking the Pressler Amendment of 1985, which
mandated that U.S. aid to Pakistan was not to be used to further its nuclear ambitions,
Washington decided to halt all assistance to Pakistan immediately. By the time of Sharif
government, the civil war in Afghanistan grew incredibly complex, with players switching sides.
The Kashmir war was also at a stalemate now. The years of bloodshed following the fall of
Kabul to the mujahedin fomented what came to be known as the Taliban. Ironically, its rise was
presided over by the most liberal and secular leader in Pakistan’s history, Benazir Bhutto.
Pakistan provided critical oil supplies for the economy and crucial military advice and assistance
to Afghan regime. When the Taliban’s Islamic Emirate of Afghanistan was sanctioned by the
United Nations, Pakistan continued its strong moral and economic support. In 1997, Nawaz
Sharif was back in as prime minister. After atomic tests Bin Laden publicly congratulated
Pakistan for doing so, others moved to isolate Pakistan. Despite the tensions created by
multiple nuclear tests in the subcontinent, Sharif hosted a historic visit to Lahore by India’s
prime minister Atal Vajpayee in 1999. The two signed the Lahore Declaration vowing to seek to
resolve their differences. For years, the Pakistani army had contemplated a limited military
offensive in Kashmir. World’s reaction, led by the United States, was swift to Kargil Operation
that Pakistan had committed an act of aggression and must withdraw its forces back behind the
Line of Control.

The Pressler Amendment had a devastating decade-long impact on American diplomacy toward
Pakistan. Nawaz Sharif, by then back as prime minister, would facilitate the American mission
to Kabul in April 1998 led by the U.S. ambassador to the United Nations, Bill Richardson. The
Taliban refused either to arrange a meeting with Omar or to turn over bin Laden, whom they
called their “guest.” Strains only intensified after al Qaeda attacked the American embassies in
Tanzania and Kenya in August 1998, and Clinton responded with a cruise missile strike intended
for bin Laden, reported by the CIA to be visiting the camp that was hit. Instead, a team of ISI
officers was killed along with several Kashmiri fighters who were training for Musharraf’s Kargil
adventure. It put yet a further barrier in the way of U.S. relations with Islamabad.Sharif laid out
the dangers facing the Taliban and Pakistan. Rabbani’s answer was simply that the Taliban
listened only to Allah, not to the United Nations

Mullah Omar preferred an austere lifestyle according to the author. He received ISI training in
Pakistan during the war. His rise to power in Afghanistan in the 1990s was greatly facilitated by
Pakistan.

Ahmed Rashid, a brilliant Pakistani journalist said that by 1997 the Pakistanis were providing
the Taliban with $30 million in aid annually as well as free oil to run the country’s war machine.
By 1999 one-third of the Taliban’s fighters were either Pakistani extremists or foreign
volunteers who arrived via Pakistan.

Pakistan would also play a critical role in bringing Mullah Omar and Osama bin Laden together
in Afghanistan. In March 2001, after the United Nations had passed a half dozen resolutions
demanding that Omar turn over Osama, Omar refused to hand him over because it was a
tradition to protect the guest.

The mastermind of the millennium plot was Jordanian Abu Musaib-al-Zarqawi, who had gone to
Afghanistan in 1989 to join the jihad.On Christmas Eve 1999, five terrorists hijacked Air India
flight 814 in Katmandu, Nepal.The millennium plots were history’s most ambitious effort at
simultaneous terror around the world: in India, Jordan, Yemen, and the United States.

Chapter four discussed that while Clinton was in India, there had been a major terrorist attack
in Kashmir, a dark reminder that the threat from al Qaeda and its allies was real and serious. By
March 2000 Pakistan was under virtually every type of sanction the United States could impose.
 Musharraf took the minimal steps necessary to keep America happy, fighting al Qaeda
somewhat, yet maintaining strong ties to a host of terror groups like Lashkar-e-Tayyiba (LeT)
and the Afghan Taliban. Pervez Musharraf and author are alumni of the same prestigious staff
college, the Royal College of Defence Studies, in Belgravia, London. According to writer, being
schooled in the Western tradition, Musharraf was no Islamic fanatic.

After September 11, 2001 attack, USA prepared an urgent message for Pakistan. The next day
Mahmud was summoned to the State Department to see Deputy Secretary of State Richard
Armitage. According to Musharraf’s account of the meeting, Mahmud was told either Pakistan
cooperated with the United States against al Qaeda or the Taliban, or it would be bombed
mercilessly back into the Stone Age. Yet Mahmud was clearly not willing to do what Musharraf
felt essential, Pakistan moved toward the Americans

Osama bin Laden and the al Qaeda core went into the Federally Administered Tribal Areas of
Pakistan (FATA), a fairly lawless land. The ISI gradually resumed relations with them. Khalid
Sheikh Muhammad, was caught in Rawalpindi, the home of Pakistan’s army high command. By
2006, according to Musharraf’s account, the Pakistanis had helped capture 670 al Qaeda
operatives. Ironically, his decision to allow the operation of a free and open press hurt him. On
November 3, 2007, Musharraf imposed martial law, in effect staging a coup against his own
government.

A catastrophe as enormous as 9/11 could had created the necessary political opening, and the
Bush team was wise to grab it quickly. Sanctions were ended and aid relations reopened. The
2001–02 crises forced the Bush administration to engage in intensive diplomacy to try to
prevent war in the subcontinent. USA relations with Pakistan took another serious turn with the
proliferation of Pakistani nuclear technology to countries like North Korea, Iran, and Libya. For
example, in return for nuclear help to North Korea, Pakistan gained access to Korea’s medium-
range missiles, which it has copied and now produces as the Ghauri missile. Bush analysed that
repression and dictatorship are two important factors in the rise of global Islamic jihad.

Next Musharraf government did far too little to protect Benazir despite her repeated requests.
The crime scene was immediately washed down by fire hoses to remove forensic evidence, a
proper autopsy was not conducted, and “high-ranking Pakistani government authorities
obstructed access to military and intelligence sources” to impede the inquiry. The investigators
also concluded that the ISI played a key role in the cover-up and intimidated the Pakistani
police to keep them from doing their job

March 2001 the Taliban systematically and intentionally destroyed two sixth-century statues of
Buddha carved into the cliffs, each more than 100 feet high according to The United Nations
Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO). In April bin Laden wrote to Omar
congratulating him for “success in destroying the dead, deaf and mute false gods” and urging
him to now turn to “destroying the living false gods.”

By 2003 al Qaeda was en route to a comeback in the badlands of Pakistan along the Afghan
border. From Pakistan, al Qaeda launched operations against the NATO forces in
Afghanistan.2004–06 the ISI was actively encouraging a Taliban revival and assisting their war
effort after two years of training. Taliban were on a large scale in Quetta and other locations.

LeT is primarily a Punjabi group. Thus it recruits from the same families and neighborhoods as
the Pakistani army and ISI. Writer wrote quoting a Pakistani general that it was a family affair.
Therefore it was hard to distinguish official ISI support for LeT from informal connections.

Multiple western bombings, highly successful one being the London bombings of July 7, 2005 in
which four British citizens, three of whom were of Pakistani descent, blew themselves up on
British mass-transit vehicles. Al Qaeda claimed credit for the London attack, described by
Zawahiri as a “slap in the face of the arrogant British Crusaders.” Osama bin Laden’s dream, or
nightmare, of a global jihad had come true.

In chapter five, author said that Obama also brought up India and the need to find a path to
better relations between India and Pakistan.

On November 26–29, 2008 multiple attacks in Mumbai, India occurred. Ten terrorists of the
Pakistan-based Lashkar-e-Tayyiba (LeT) organization had perpetrated one of the most
significant acts of international terrorism since 9/11. In July 2009, the lone survivor of the
terrorist team, Mohammad Ajmal Amir Qasab, surprised prosecutors in his Mumbai trial by
confessing in open court that he and his nine comrades had been recruited by LeT. Many
Pakistanis had now come to see the jihadists as a serious threat. This made it politically easier
for the army and the government to fight the militants.

Few presidents have inherited so many problems from their predecessor as Barack Hussein
Obama. Two wars, al Qaeda, and a range of other international problems, all of which resulted
in collapsing global financial system .Moreover, the first foreign policy challenge of his
presidency—the Mumbai attack—occurred even before he was inaugurated.

The country with the world’s fastest-growing nuclear arsenal was enmeshed in a virtual civil
war, with a bewildering array of militant groups becoming more and more violent. And while
the jihadist Frankenstein was threatening the survival of Jinnah’s state, Pakistan was also
hosting the Quetta shura and the Taliban senior leadership. In fact, Pakistan controls the supply
lines for both sides in the war. The Taliban depend on their safe havens in Pakistan to refit and
resupply; NATO depends on Karachi for more than 80 percent of the supplies it needed. Writer
wrote that the most dangerous place in the world for America was the border badlands
between Pakistan and Afghanistan. By the end of 2010, the war in Afghanistan would had been
the longest in American history.

As per writer,The National Counter Terrorism Center uses the term “global Islamic jihad” to
designate the movement begun by Abdallah Azzam and Osama bin Laden three decades ago,
the core belief of which is that America is the fundamental enemy of Islam and can only be
defeated by violence and terror. According to the author the global Islamic jihad now has at
least five faces or components that are important to understand: (1) al Qaeda’s old core senior
leadership in Pakistan; (2) al Qaeda’s allies in Pakistan and Afghanistan; (3) its franchises in the
other parts of the ummah; (4) its cells and sympathizers in the Islamic diaspora in Europe, North
America, Australia, and elsewhere; and (5) the idea of global jihad itself. Each play a vital role in
perpetuating jihad.

The old core is Osama bin Laden and Ayman Zawahiri, known in the intelligence community as
High-Value Targets. Moreover some groups are dedicated to global jihad, others have local
grievances.

Pakistan’s interior minister Rehman Malik has said, “They—Lashkar-e-Janghvi, the Sipah-
eSohaba Pakistan, and Jaish-e-Mohammad—are allies of the Taliban and al Qaeda” and do
indeed pursue many of the same goals. Moreover,in a 130-page treatise titled The Morning and
the Lamp: A Treatise Regarding the Claim That the Pakistani Constitution Is Islamic, Zawahiri
attacks Jinnah’s vision of Pakistan for its non-Islamic character. One of al Qaeda’s common
themes is that Zardari, Gillani, and Kayani must be killed. Additionally, The Muslim diaspora in
West use Internet to self-radicalization as it enables them to contact extremist groups. As per
author, the global Islamic jihad is a powerful idea: an ideology and a narrative. It is rooted in
works of the 1960s Sayid Qutb and others .Although the idea of global jihad is strongly rejected
by most Muslims, a few groups are strongly support it, as illustrated by the LeT attack on
Mumbai.

In early May 1998, First Lady Hillary Clinton met with Benazir Bhutto in the map room for a
private conversation and tea. At the first lady’s request, the writer joined the meeting. Benazir
explained her analysis of the rise of extremism in Pakistan, which she blamed on Zia for starting
and the Inter-Services Intelligence Directorate (ISI) for nourishing. By December 2007 Benazir
Bhutto was convinced that al Qaeda could even be “marching on Islamabad in two to four
years.” A jihadist victory in Pakistan , means the takeover of the nation by a militant faction of
the army or a militant Sunni Islamic movement led by the Taliban. It would have devastating
consequences, not only for Pakistan but also for South Asia, the broader Middle East, Europe,
China, and the United States—in a word, for the entire planet. American options for dealing
with such a state would be limited and costly. Inside Pakistan A jihadist Pakistan would emerge.
The groups such as al Qaeda, LeT, and a host of other terrorist groups would have much more
room to operate. At the same time, the Islamists would face significant internal opposition.

Regionally, an Islamic takeover in Pakistan would hamper the North Atlantic Treaty
Organization’s (NATO’s) current mission in Afghanistan. Pakistan’s relations with Iran would
probably deteriorate. Shia jihadist Iran and Sunni jihadist Pakistan would become enemies, and
would fight proxy war in Afghanistan. A jihadist Pakistan would be particularly bad news for
India, which would have little choice but to build up both its nuclear and conventional forces.
Moreover, any chance for a peace agreement in Kashmir would be dead. The impact on Israel
would also be huge. Pakistan has a long history of support for the Palestinian cause. Therefore,
an Islamic state would become a more practical supporter of groups like Hamas, providing them
with money and arms. A militant Islamic state in Pakistan—the second largest Muslim country
in the world and the only one with a nuclear arsenal—would have a massive effect across the
Muslim world. Pakistan’s military ally, China, would also be threatened by a Taliban state that
might provide assistance to the Muslim minority in the west of China.

The bad options available to America are dangerous for the whole world. A jihadist Pakistan
would be the most serious threat the United State faced since the end of the cold war, but
Military options would be counterproductive. A naval blockade would mean imposing
humanitarian suffering on the greater population. The Pakistanis would, of course, use their
nuclear weapons to defend themselves. In short, a jihadist, nuclear-armed Pakistan is a scenario
that must be avoided at all costs. A larger military mission to purge all of Pakistan of terrorism
would require an invasion. And to author it would be a mission from hell. Unfortunately,
throughout the relationship, America endorsed every Pakistani military dictator, despite the
fact that they started wars with India and moved their country ever deeper into the jihadist
fold.

In the last chapter of the book the author recommends ways to help Pakistan. He admits that a
“trust deficit” existed between our two countries. Therefore, the first objective of American
policy toward Pakistan must be to try to reverse its deep distrust of America. Pakistan speaks of
America’s continual betrayal. America finds Pakistan duplicitous, saying one thing and doing
another. Use of drones or unmanned aerial vehicles to attack terrorist targets inside Pakistan—
has had the opposite effect. Engagement is the only way to change Pakistani behavior.
Moreover The United States must be careful not to build a relationship with an individual.
However, it would wrong not to recognize that Pakistan’s military leaders still have much of the
real power in government. Developing Capability Pakistan’s ability to fight the global jihad is
severely hampered by weak capacities both in the military and in the economic arenas.
American efforts could be particularly effective if directed at improving Pakistani air force.
 A sector in dire need of help is education. According to a recent Brookings study,
illiteracy in Pakistan is actually increasing, and the education infrastructure resembles that of a
poor sub-Saharan nation. To writer, Pakistan probably has the world’s worst record as a nuclear
proliferator. Only six years ago it was caught red-handed trying to sell nuclear technology to
Libya. USA should work to resolve issues between Pakistan and Afghanistan.

The other critical issue for American diplomacy to address is the underlying problem
that drives Pakistan’s relationship with terror: India and Kashmir. USA should play a positive
role to resolve Kashmir issue for lasting peace in the region.

Brief overview:
The author described the history of Pakistan in the first chapter. It includes the early problems
faced by Pakistan such as rift between East and West Pakistan and the border dispute between
India and Pakistan. In next chapter he explained Zia’s Jihad thoroughly. He argued about Zia
Islamization in Pakistan, training of Afghan mujahidin, and diversion of Afghan Jihad to Kashmir
Jihad. In third chapter writer talked about Muhammad Omar, who emerged as a top leader of
Afghan Taliban and a protector of Osama Bin Laden(OBL). Hereafter he explained nefarious
designs of OBL. The work of writer explained us thoughts and processes ranging from OBL Jihad
to Global Jihad. In chapter six the writer explained the bad options available to USA against the
Jihadist state in Pakistan. In last chapter, author suggested measures to mend USA-Pakistan
relations and talked about financial and military support for Pakistan, so that Pakistan could
effectively launch an endeavor against terrorists.