TEST CODE O222OOIO

FORM TP 2004198 MAY/JUNE 2OO4

CARIBBEAN EXAMINATIONS COUNCIL

ADVANCED PROFICIEIi iCY EXAMINATION
ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE

UNIT 2: AGRICULTURE, ENERGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION

PAPER OI

I hour 30 minutes

READ THE FOLLOWING INSTRUCTIONS CAREFULLY

l. DO NOT open this examinarion paper until instructed to do so.

2. This paper consists of TwELVE questions, FouR from each Module.

3. Answer ALL questions.

4. Write your answers in the spaces or on the lines provided in this answer
booklet.

5. The use of a non-programmable calculator is allowed.

Copyright @ 2003 Caribbean Examinations Council.

All rishts reserved.
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MODULE 1

AnswerALL questions.

1. Outline THREE roles of agriculture in the economies of Caribbean countries.

[6 marks]

Total6 marks

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(a) Identify THREE types of agricultural systems in the Caribbean.

[3 marks]

(b) Outline TWO characteristics of EACH agricultural system identified in (a) above.

[6 marks]

Total9 marks

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3. Princess Farms is a commercial enterprise that grows sugar cane and produces sugar for export. It has
been operating for over forty years. Beginning in 1970. yield data for a particular field was collected.
This data is shown in Figure I below. It has been suggested that the change in yield is as a result of soil
degradation.

100

80

I
\
t60
o
q)

e4o
OJ

20

LnO 1975 1980 19E5 1990

Year4
Figure 1. Yield of sugar

(a) State the trend observed in Figure l.

[l mark ]
(b) Suggest THREE factors other than erosion that may have been responsible for causing
this soil degradation.

[3 marks]

(c) Explain the cause of any ONE of the factors from (b) above.

[3 marks]
Total7 marks
GO ON TO THE NEXT PAGE
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(a) Explain what is meant by 'agroforestry'.

[2 marks]

(b) OutlineTHREE reasons why agroforestry is suitable as an environmentally sustainable practice

in Caribbean agricultural systems.

[6 marks]

Total8 marks

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MODULE 2

AnswerALL questions.

5. State why oil is

(a) a non-renewable energy resource

(b) a form of potential energy

(c) an energy source derived from solar energy.

Total6 marks

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(a) Distinguish between 'nuclear fission' and 'nuclear fusion'.

[2 marks]

(b) Suggest THREE reasons why nuclear energy is NOT an appropriate alternative source of
energy for Caribbean countries.

[6 marks]

Total8 marks

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7. (a) What is cogeneration?

[2 marks]

(b) Describe how cogeneration is used.

[3 marks]

(c) State TWO advantages of a cogeneration system.

[4 marks]

Total9 marks

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8. The supply of electricity to many areas in Caribbean countries is limited by technological and
geographical factors.

(a) Explain which of the Two factors above is the more sisnificant one.

[4 marks]

(b) Suggest an alternative approach to supply electricity to these areas that will address the more
significant factor identified in (a) above.

[3 marks]

Total7 marks

GO ON TO THE NEXT PAGE

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MODULE 3

Answer ALL questions.

g. A chemical manufacturer stores chemical waste in ponds on the property. The ponds and production
facilities are located 100 miles or 160 kilometres inland from the coast. Water sampling procedures
along the coast identified chemical components attributed to the chemical waste.

Outline TWO possible pathways of the waste pollutant from the waste ponds to the coastal waters.

Total6 marks

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(a) Outline the mechanism by which photochemical smog is formed.

[5 marks]

(b) Is photochemical smog a threat to the countries in the Caribbean region? Outline the reason
for your answer.

[4 marks]

Total9 marks

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ll. Concentration of pollutants that are below the acceptable threshold levels should not cause environmental
concerns.

Outline TWO reasons why you agree or disagree with the statement above.

Total6 marks

12.

,lrI
tt2
I

rl0
q)

o0

58
00
x

9o
o.
a

it
o)

0
80 90 100 110 120 130 r40 150 160

Distance from monitoring station (km)+

Figure 2. Dissolved oxygen in river

GO ON TO THE NEXT PAGE

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12. Figure 2 shows the variation of dissolved oxygen concentration with distance downriver from a
monitoring station.

(a) Suggest TWO reasons for the change in dissolved oxygen concentration observed beyond
20 km.

[4 marks]

(b) Outline ONE process that has caused the change in dissolved oxygen concentration.

[3 marks]

(c) What is the likely effect on organisms inhabiting the river between 40 km and 100 km?

[2 marks]

Total9 marks

END OF TEST

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