Solutions to Exercises Reservoir Engineering II

PVT analysis

Exercise 1

a) Described in fig. 1.2.

b) Derivation is shown in chapter 1.4.

c) To find initial gas in place (IGIP) we plot Pres/Zres against Gp. According to the equation
in b), this gives a straight line. IGIP is found as the intersection with this line and the
horizontal axis (Pres/Zres =0). Gp is found in column 3, and Pres/Zres is calculated from
column 1 and 2, and given in column 6.

From the plot shown below we see that the slope of the line is -1.995·10-8, and for Gp =
0 Pres/Zres is 5120.1. For Gp at Pres/Zres = 0 we then get:

5120.1
Gp = IGIP = −8
= 2.566·1011 (SCF)
1.995 ⋅10

d) We now have to convert the stock tank oil and the water into gas equivalents. This is
done by multiplying the representative liquid volume by its gas equivalent factor. For
stock tank oil the gas equivalent factor is given by:

γ STO ( SCF ) 0.72 ( SCF ) ( SCF )

GESTO = 133000 = 133000 = 1330
MSTO ( SBL) 72 ( SBL) ( SBL)

The volumes of gas resulting from the stock tank oil (GSTO in column 7) is obtained by
multiplying GESTO with the corresponding values in column 4.

For water the gas equivalent factor is given by:

( SCF ) ( SCF )
GEW = 133000/18 = 7389
( SBL) ( SBL)

The volumes of gas resulting from the stock tank oil (GW in column 8) is obtained by
multiplying GEW with the corresponding values in column 5.
 3

Fig. 1: Plot of Pres/Zres against Gp, volume of produced liquids excluded.

Fig. 2: Plot of Pres/Zres against Gp, volume of produced liquids included.

Table 1: Data given.

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Column 1 Column 2 Column 3 Column 4 Column 5

Pres (psia) Zres Cumulative Cumulative Cumulative
separator gas = stock tank oil water
Gp (106SCF) (SBL) (SBL)
5392 1.0530 0 0 0
5368 1.0516 661.272 12314 3
5301 1.0470 2883.114 47674 762
5245 1.0442 5073.370 83132 2054
5182 1.0404 6957.608 112902 3300
5147 1.0383 8070.262 144035 4644

Table 2: Data calculated.

Column 6 Column 7 Column 8 Column 9

Pres/Zres Cumulative GSTO Cumulative GW (Gp)tot =Gp +
(106SCF) (106SCF) GSTO+GW (106SCF)
5120.6 0 0 0
5104.6 16.378 0.022 677.671
5063.0 63.406 5.630 2952.151
5023.0 110.566 15.177 5199.112
4980.8 150.160 24.383 7132.150
4957.1 191.567 34.314 8296.143

To find the total well stream volume as gas, you have to use the same procedure
as in 1c. Plot Pres/Zres vs. Gp,tot, as in Fig. 2. Extrapolate the straight line to
Pres/Zres =0. The intersection point with the x-axis gives the total well stream
volume present as gas; Gi.

Gi = 5120.1/1.943·10-8 = 2.64·1011 (SCF)

 5

Exercise 2

a) At Pb we have: ∑yi =∑ziKi = 1. Calculate ziKi for each component. Calculate the sum
for all components. Pb then, is the pressure where this sum is (closest to )1.

Component ziKi at 2500 ziKi at 2000 ziKi at 1900 ziKi at 1800

psia psia psia psia
C1 0.6113 0.8150 0.8490 0.8830
C2 0.0646 0.0648 0.0691 0.0711
C3 0.0651 0.0602 0.0602 0.0592
n-C4 0.0191 0.0165 0.0156 0.0152
n-C5 0.0083 0.0067 0.0064 0.0061
C6 0.0048 0.0036 0.0033 0.0033
C7+ 0.0059 0.0035 0.0031 0.0029
Sum 0.7791 0.9733 1.0067 1.0407
Pb < 2500 Pb < 2000 Pb ≈ 1900 Pb > 1800

Conclusion: Pb slightly higher than 1900 psia.

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Exercise 3

a) We use the Newton-Raphson method, which is illustrated on fig. 1. The following

equations are needed:

Equation 1: L + V = 1

 m   m zi 
Equation 2: F(L) =  ∑ xi  - 1 =  ∑  -1=0
 i =1   i =1 L + VKi 

m
( K i − zi )
Equation 3: F´(L) = ∑
[ L + (1 − L) Ki ]
2
i =1

To calculate the mole fraction of liquid and gas (Ls1 and Vs1), and the liquid
composition from the first separator, we assume a value for L1, and use equation 1,2
and 3 to calculate F(L) and F´(L). Then, according to the Newton-Raphson method the
next value in the iteration process (L2) is given by:

F ( L1)
Equation 4: L2 = L1 -
F´( L1)

Mole fraction of each component then have to be calculated. For C1 we get from eq. 2,
using L1 = 0.5.:

0.3396
x1 = = 0.011
0.5 + 0.5 ⋅ 61

xi for the other components is shown in table 1 together with ∑x

i and F(L).

To calculate F´(L) we use equation 3 for each component, find x´i, and then calculate
the sum: For C1 we get:

(61 − 1) ⋅ 0.3396
x´1 = = 0.0212
[0.5 + (1 − 0.5) ⋅ 61]
2

x´i for the other components is shown in table 1, together with F´(L).

Now L2 can be calculated using eq. 4:

F ( L1) 0.03395
L2 = L1 − = 0.5 − = 0.5202
F´( L1) (−1.67995)

The above procedure is repeated with L2 = 0.5202 (see results in table below), and L3
is determined:
 7

F ( L 2) 0.001389
L3 = L2 − = 0.5202 − = 0.5211
F´( L 2) (−1.52584)

Calculation of F(L3) gives 0.00015 (see table 2), and L3 = 0.5211 is accepted as the
correct value for Ls1. We then get:

Ls1 = 0.5211

Vs1 = 0.4789.

The composition of the separator oil, shown in table 2 (column 3), is identical to the xi
values used to calculate F(L2) (column 2).

Table 1.

xi = x´i= xi = x´i=
Component zi ( Ki − 1) zi zi ( Ki − 1) zi
L + VKi [ L + (1 − L) Ki ] L + VKi [ L + (1 − L) Ki ]
2 2

C1 0.01095 0.02120 0.01140 0.02296

C2 0.01292 0.02067 0.01335 0.02208
C3 0.06169 0.04627 0.06264 0.04770
n-C4 0.05391 -0.02611 0.05339 -0.00653
n-C5 0.05560 -0.08203 0.05399 -0.07735
C6 0.05797 -0.10810 0.05587 -0.10039
C7+ 0.78090 -1.55184 0.75075 -1.4343
Sum 1.03395 -1.67995 1.00139 -1.52584
L1 0.5 0.5 L2 0.5202 0.5202
F(L1) 0.03395 F(L2) 0.00139
F´(L1) -1.67995 F´(L2) -1.52584
L2 0.5202 L3
 8

Table 2

zi Composition Composition MSTO

Component xi = L + VKi Separator 1 oil. STO(=Sep. 2).
C1 0.01142 0.01142 0.0028 0.1832
C2 0.01337 0.01337 0.0095 0.4020
C3 0.06268 0.06268 0.0577 2.7636
n-C4 0.05337 0.05337 0.0529 3.1017
n-C5 0.05392 0.05392 0.0546 3.8901
C6 0.05577 0.05577 0.0569 4.8061
C7+ 0.74945 0.74945 0.7656 197.1043
Sum 0.999985 0.999985 1.0000 212.2509
L3 0.5211
F(L3) 0.000015

Fig.1: Illustration of the Newton-Raphson iteration method

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b) The oil from separator 1 is the feed to separator 2, and therefore this composition,
together with the Ki-values for the conditions of separator 2, is used to calculate the
mole fractions of liquid and gas in separator 2 (Ls2 and Vs2). Assuming L1 = 0.95, and
performing a Newton-Raphson iteration as in exercise a) gives:

Ls2 = 0.9789

Vs2 = 0.0211

The composition of STO of separator 2 is given in table 2.

c) Based on 1 mole feed to each separator, the GOR for separator i is given by (see text):

ViVmρSTO
GORsepi =
(LiLi+1....Lk)MSTO

The molecular weight of the stock tank oil is obtained by multiplying the molecular
weight of each fraction, en then taking the sum:

m
MSTO = ∑xM
i =1
i i = 212.2509 (see table 2)

V1VmρSTO SCF 0.4789∗380,69∗53.5 SCF SCF

GORsep1 = 5.615 = 5.615 = 496.7
(LiL2)MSTO SBL 0.5211∗0.9789∗212.25 SBL SBL

V2VmρSTO SCF 0.0211 ⋅ 380.69 ⋅ 53.5 SCF SCF

GORsep2 (tank) = 5.615 = 5.615 = 11.6
L2MSTO SBL 0.9789 ⋅ 212.25 SBL SBL

SCF
GORtot = GORsep1 + GORsep2 = 508.3
SBL

d) Based on 1 mole of reservoir fluid, Bo is expressed as:

( Mo) res ( ρ o) STO 122.17 ⋅ 53.5

Bo = = = 1.296
L1L 2( Mo) STO ( ρ o) res 0.5211 ⋅ 0.9789 ⋅ 212.25 ⋅ 46.6
 10

Exercise 5
Column 2: Calculation of (ΔGp)i.

The ratio between the volume of gas produced, and the volume of gas in the reservoir, is equal
to the ratio between the volume of gas liberated in the PVT-cell and the volume of the PVT-
cell. This will be the case at any conditions of temperature and pressure, as long as they are
the same; also for standard conditions (sc). Hence we can write, for each pressure step i:

(∆Gp )isc (∆Vg )isc (∆Vg )isc

= => (ΔGp)isc = (VHCPV)sc
(VHCPV ) sc (Vcell ) sc (Vcell ) sc

The three volumes on the right side of the equation can be found by first finding the number
of moles of gas in the volume, using the real gas law (PV=ZnRT), and then multiplying this
by the molar volume at sc (Vm).

Pd (VHCPV ) res 2960 ⋅ 7623

(VHCPV)sc = Vm= 379.5 SCF= 1581 kSCF
ZdRTres 0.771 ⋅10.732 ⋅ 654.69

Pi (∆Vg )ires 2500 ⋅ 0.0062

(ΔVg)isc = Vm= 379.5 SCF= 1.05 SCF
ZiRTres 0.794 ⋅10.732 ⋅ 654.69

Pd (Vcell ) res 2960 ⋅ 0.0335

(Vcell)sc = Vm= 379.5 SCF= 6.94 SCF
ZdRTres 0.771 ⋅10.732 ⋅ 654.69

and:
1.05
(ΔGp)isc = 1581 kSCF = 240 kSCF
6.94

Column 3: Calculation of ∑(ΔGp)i

Simply add the values for each step from column 2.

Column 4: Calculation of (ΔVg)i

To find the volume of separator gas at sc, we need to subtract the volume of gas that is
converted to liquid. The mole fraction of liquid produced in a given pressure step ((ΔnL)i) is
obtained by multiplying the mole fractions (zi) of each liquid component (C4, C5, C6 and C 7+)
with the liquid recovery factor from the well stream:

(ΔnL)i = 0.25(zC4)i + 0.50(zC5)i+ 0.75(zC6)i + 1.0(zC7+)i

For the first pressure step (Pi = 2500 psia) we get:

(Δnl)1 = 0.25·0.028 + 0.50·0.019+ 0.75·0.016 + 1.0·0.031 = 0.0625

 11

Since the volume of gas is proportional to the number of moles of gas, the volume of gas
becoming liquid ((ΔGL)i) is obtained by multiplying the wellstream volume with the liquid
mole fraction:

(ΔGL)i = (ΔnL)i (ΔGp)i

and for pressure step 1 we get:

(ΔGL)1 = (ΔnL)1 (ΔGp)1 = 0.0625·240 kSCF = 15.0 kSCF

The volume of separator gas is then obtained by subtracting the volume becoming liquid from
the total volume. For step 1 we get:

(ΔVg)1 = (ΔGp)1 - (ΔGL)1 = (240 - 15) kSCF = 225 kSCF

Column 5: Calculation of ∑(ΔVg)i

Add the values for each step from column 4

Column 6: Calculation of (ΔVo)i

Here we have to calculate the liquid volume for each component, and then add the volumes of
each component (C4, C5, C6 and C 7+). This is done by first determining the the volume of gas
becoming liquid ((ΔGL)i), as in column 4. The liquid volume (in Gal (US Gallon)) is found by
multiplying this gas volume by the conversion factor for gas volume to liquid volume, given
for each component. For C4, in step 1 we get:

(VL)C4 = (0.25(zC4)i · (ΔGp)i · 32.04)

= 0.25· 0.028 · 240 kSCF · 32.04 Gal/kSCF = 53.8 Gal

Calculating the liquid volume for the other components, and adding them together gives:

C4 = 53.8 Gal
C5 = 82.8 Gal
C6 = 118.1 Gal
C7+ = 389.1 Gal
Total = 643.8 Gal

Converting to SBL (1 bbl = 42.117 Gal) gives 15.3 SBL.

Column 7: Calculation of ∑(ΔVo)i

Add the values for each step from column 6.

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Column 8: Calculation of (GOR)i

The initial GOR is given by:

IGIP
(GOR)initial =
IOIP

Using the initial wellstream compositions, the gas and liquid volumes, IGIP and IOIP, are
calculated using the procedure described under column 4 (gas) and 6 (liquid). To get the
liquid volume we therefore have to calculate the liquid volume for each component and add
them together. For C4 we get:

(VL)C4 = 0.25·0.031·1581 kSCF·32.04 Gal/kSCF = 392 Gal

Calculating Vl for the other components by the same procedure, and adding them together
gives:

C4 = 392 Gal
C5 = 632 Gal
C6 = 1070 Gal
C7+ = 3922 Gal
Total = 6016 Gal

IOIP results from converting to SBL (1 bbl = 42.117 Gal), which gives 142.8 SBL.

IGIP is obtained by calculating the mole fraction of liquid, and then find the corresponding
gas volume:

nL = 0.25zC4 + 0.50zC5+ 0.75zC6 + 1.0zC7+

= 0.25·0.031 + 0.50·0.022 + 0.75·0.022 + 1.0·0.052 = 0.08725

The volume of gas (at sc) becoming liquid, is (VHCPV)sc multiplied with the above mole
fraction. (VHCPV)sc was calculated under column 2, and is 1581 kSCF, and we get:

GL = 0.08725·1581 kSCF = 139.9 kSCF

And for IGIP we get:

IGIP = (VHCPV)sc – GL = 1442.8 kSCF

The initial GOR then becomes:

1442.8kSCF
(GOR)initial = = 10104 SCF/SBL.
142.8SBL

The same procedure is used to calculate the GOR for each step.
 13

Column 9: Calculation of cumulative %ΔGp

Σ(∆Gp )i
Found as: 100%
(VHCPV ) sc

Column 10: Calculation of cumulative %ΔVg

Σ(∆Vg )i
Found as: 100%
IGIP

Column 11: Calculation of cumulative %ΔVg

Σ(∆Vo)i
Found as: 100%
IOIP

Table 1: Data to be calculated

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11
Pres (ΔGp) ∑(ΔGp (ΔVg) ∑(ΔVg (ΔVo ∑(ΔVo GOR %ΔGp %ΔVg %ΔVo
(psia i )i i )i )i )i (SCF/SB (cumulativ (cumulativ (cumulati
L) e) e) ve
) (kSC (kSCF) (kSC (kSCF (SBL (SBL)
F) F) ) )
296 0 0 0 0 0 0 10600 0 0 0
0
250 240.1 240.1 225.1 225.1 15.3 15.3 14700 15.2 15.6 10.7
0
200 245.2 485.3 232.3 457.4 13.1 28.4 17730 30.7 31.7 19.8
0
150 266.0 751.3 252.8 710.2 13.3 41.7 19010 47.6 49.3 29.1
0
100 270.8 1022. 256.9 967.1 14.0 55.7 18350 64.7 67.1 38.9
0 1
500 248.7 1270. 233.0 1200. 15.9 71.6 14650 80.4 83.3 50.0
8 1
 14

Exercise 6

a)

In exercise 5 it was shown that (ΔGp)isc could be expressed as follows:

(∆Vg )isc
(ΔGp)isc = (VHCPV)sc
(Vcell ) sc

It was also shown that:

Pi (∆Vg )ires
(ΔVg)isc = Vm
ZiRTres

Pd (Vcell ) res
(Vcell)sc = Vm
ZdRTres

From this follows:

(∆Vg )isc PiZd (∆Vg )ires

=
(Vcell ) sc PdZi (Vcell ) res

For step 1 we have:

(∆Vg )1sc 3500 ⋅ 0.867 ⋅ 224

= = 0.0537
(Vcell ) sc 4000 ⋅ 0.799 ⋅ 3958.14

Since (VHCPV)sc is given as 106 SCF, we get:

(ΔGp)1sc = 0.0537·106 SCF = 53.7 kSCF

The volume of oil in step 1 is calculated using the given value for the amount of liquid formed
(gallon) for each kSCF wellstream produced (GPM):

(ΔVo)1 = (GPM)1·(ΔGp)1sc = 4.578 Gal/kSCF·53.7 kSCF = 245.8 Gal = 5.84 SBL

Finally the gas volume is determined from the oil volume and the GOR given:

(ΔVg)1 = (ΔVo)1 (GOR)1 = 5.84 SBL·8283 SCF/SBL = 48.4 kSCF

b)

First we calculate IOIP using the initial GPM:

IOIP = (VHCPV)sc · (GPM)initial = 1000 kSCF · 5.254 Gal/kSCF

 15

= 5254 Gal = 124.7 SBL

Then we calculate IGIP using the initial GOR:

IGIP = IOIP · (GOR)initial = 124.7 SBL · 7127 SCF/SBL

= 889.1 kSCF

c)

For (ΔGp)isc we use the same expression as in a):

(∆Vg )isc Pi (∆Vg ) res

(ΔGp)i = (VHCPV)sc = 1.17 SCF
(Vcell ) sc Zi (Vcell ) res

(ΔVo)i in SBL is given by (as in a)):

(ΔVo)i = (GPM)i·(ΔGp)i /42.117 SBL/Gal

(ΔVg)i in SCF is given by (as in a)):

(ΔVg)i = (ΔVo)i (GOR)i

Results are presented in the table below:

i (ΔGp)i ∑(ΔGp)i %(ΔGp)i (ΔVg)i ∑(ΔVg)i %(ΔVg)i (ΔVo)i ∑(ΔVo)i %(ΔVo)i

(kSCF) (kSCF) (kSCF) (kSCF) (SBL) (SBL)
1 53.7 53.7 5.37 48.4 48.4 5.84 5.84
2 100.7 154.4 15.44 93.0 141.4 8.00 13.84
3 196.8 351.2 35.12 189.13 330.5 7.26 21.10
4 226.2 577.4 57.74 220.9 551.4 4.48 25.58
5 191.1 768.5 76.85 186.2 737.6 83.0 4.06 29.64 23.8

d)

The reservoir hydrocarbon pore volume is given by:

(VHCPV)res = (Vbulk)res(1-Swr)Φ = 43560 (1-0.2)0.1ft3 = 3485 ft3

Since the number of moles are the same at sc and at reservoir conditions, we have, using the
equation of state:

Pres (VHCPV ) res Psc (VHCPV ) sc

nres = nsc => =
ZresTres ZscTsc

Solving for (VHCPV)sc gives:

 16

PresZscTsc (VHCPV ) res 4000 ⋅1.0 ⋅ 520 ⋅ 3485

(VHCPV)sc = = SCF = 863 kSCF
PscZresTres 14.7 ⋅ 0.902 ⋅ 646

Since this is 86.3% of the volume used in exercise 6c), the cumulative recoveries is obtained
by multiplying the cumulative recoveries in exercise 6c) by 0.863. Hence we get:

∑(ΔGp)i = 663.2 kSCF ∑(ΔVg)i = 636.5 kSCF ∑(ΔVo)i = 25.58 SBL

e)

If Sor is 0.15, oil will be produced at So > 0.15. From the given values of %(VL)cell we see that
this will happen at a pressure around 3000 psia. Since the CVD-analysis is based on the flow
of only gas, the production of STO will be underestimated at pressures below 3000 psia.

f)

If the initial pressure Pin is higher than Pd = 4000 psia, the number of moles of fluid in the
reservoir will be higher, which results in increased production. The increase in in the number
of moles is calculated from the equation of state:

 Pin Pd  (VHCPV ) res  5713 4000  3485

Δn = nPin - nPd =  −  = −  = 275 moles
 Zin Zd  R ⋅ Tres  1.107 0.902  10.73 ⋅ 646

Increase in wellstream gas production is obtained by multiplying by the molar volume at sc:

ΔGwell = Δn·Vm = 275·379.5 SCF = 104.4 kSCF

which gives:

ΔVSTO = (GPM)i·ΔGwell /42.117 SBL/Gal = 5.254·104.4/42.117 SBL = 13.0 SBL

and since the GOR is the same as the dew-point GOR at 4000 psia:

ΔVg = (GOR)in · ΔVSTO = 7127·13.0 SCF = 92.7 kSCF