CONTENTS: ‘ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS. INTRODUCTION -o ee ar 1. PHONOLOGY 11 Consonants 1 ‘The weunent of fad ther LA tren i 112 The treatment of LAr. ts 113 The treatment of ¢ 114 The velar stop @ ovens 115 The glottal stop 2 116 The loan phonemes p and é 117 Emphaties 12. Vowels 12.1 The short vowels 12.2. The long vowels 12.3 Diphthongs 13. Syllabication 131 Monosyllabi forms 132 Disyllabie forms 133 Tisyllbic forms 13.8 Poljyllabic forms 14 Vowel quantity and quality 141 Thevowelindylibi, wl nd plibe Toms 142 a >6 3 0>e6 144 mata 144.1 Medial imala 14.42 Word-final imala SSessee tat aa 2 2uw Contents 4145. The treatment of the reflexes of LA -a? 146 The effect of geminaton on vowel quantity. 15 Elison and consonant clusters 151 Consonant elsion 1511 The elsion of A é 15.12 The elsion of a geminate consonant 152 Vowel eison pith 153 Consonant clusters 16 The voicing of # and 17 Assimaation 171 Assimilation of @ 17.2. Assimilation of 7 18 Stress assignment 19 Intonation 2. MORPHOLOGY 21 The verb 241 Triadial verbe ZLL1 The perfective aspect 2412 The imperfective aspect 2113 The imperative 2114 Derived stems 212 Quadtiradical verbs 2.121 Derived steme 22 Peticplas 221 The active participle 222 The passive participle 23. The noun 231 The substantive 232 The adjective 23241 The comparative 2322 The superlative 283. Gender 233.4 The feminine of adjectives of colour and defect 2332 The feminine marker -€)t 23.353 The feminine marker -oy 24 Number nnn 2344 The dual. 23.42 The plural 24 Numerals 24. Cardinal sunibers 242 Ordinal numbers 25. The pronoun 254 Subject pronouns 252 Object pronouns 2521 Direct object pronouns 2522 Indirect object pronouns 253 Double object pronouns 25.4 Possessive pronoune 255 Demonstrative pronouns 256 The relative pronoun 25.7 Interogative pronouns 26 Aaverbs 27 Prepositions 28 Conjunctions 3. SYNTAX 31 The verb phrase BLL The perfective 312 The imperfectve 313 Verbal particles 43131 The particle preceding the perfective 43132 Paricles preceding the imperfective 34 Aunliay verbs na 3.441 Auulary verbs with the perfective 2.142 Aunliary verbs with the imperfeetve 211453 Other auxiliaries3464 The active paricpie 3.16.2 The passive participle 32. The noun phrase on... 324 Concord sa = 322. Adjectives a8 substantives 323. Possession 3.231 Cardinal Numbers 33, The closed-system items 331 a ticles 3314 The definite ance 332 3312 The determination marker fijad 33.21 Subject pronoune 3322 Direct object pronoung 324 ladirect and double object prosouns 3 3324 The anticipatory pronominal cone 333° Prepositions 2 334 ci onjunctions 335 Interjections 336 Vocatives 34 The sentence 341 The declarative sentence 34411 The sinple declaraive senionce 34.111 The nominal sentence 34112 The verbal sentence 312 The compiex declarative sentence 34:13 The compound dectaratve semen 342 The negative sentence 342: The simple negative nentonce 3422 The compiex negative sentence 4 The compound negative sentence 343 | The imerrogntive sentence 343.1 "etrogitive sentences intated by interrogate, articles Sees 95 7 99 101 13 103 108; no 10 10 rt i 12 13 1 ig a7 1 19 10 21 ma rr 2 1a rs iar 2s 2s. 10 130 m1 13 * Contents 34311 Exclamatory and shetrial questions 3432 Declarative questions ii 3433 Tepappended questions 243.4 Negative Interopave a iz 34d Adverbs and ever cawes 3441 Adee mole en 3442 Adverbs as clause consti BAS Chit sentences 4. CB: A BRIEF SOCIOLINGUISTIC SURVEY .. 41 Tegbssia vs. diosa sn 42 Variation within CB 43. Leveling oF non-levlling 5. TEXTS WITH TRANSLATIONS AND NOTES 6. GLOSSARY BIBLIOGRAPHY 1m a4 35 16 a 18 at 143 co 146 9 151 184 201ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS During the preparation of tis work 1 had the good fortune of re~ ‘establishing contact with a number of Iraqh childhood friends, | am ‘extremely grateful to all of them for sharing their inmate knowledge of their dialect with me. My thanks are especially due to Dr Ghanim ‘Akrawi, Mr Sabah Ayjub, Dr Malak Ghannam, Mrs Salam Khayyat ‘and my mother, Dr Guaine Rasheed, for their invaluable help. Ms Leila Cor, nee Ghannam, deserves special thanks, She took a Keen interest in’ my work, and with an objective eye went over most of the examples and texts, making a number of useful suggestions. 1 fam also indebted to Sister Rose de la Passion, formerly of the Presentation Convent, Baghdad, for the help she gave me. Sister Rose sadly died in April 1990. Professor Nicola Ziadeh f the American University of Beirut showed an interest in my work during its early stages. He very kindly put me in touch with Father J-M Fey to ‘whom T should Ike to express my warmest thanks. During one of the worst periods in Lebanon's recent history, Father Fiey took the tuouble to write to me and to give me a great deal of information from his vast knowledge of Iraq and its Christian inhabitants ‘Ata time when I was getting ready to transfer the final daft of ‘my work onto a computer I was pleasantly surprised when Professor Otte Jastrow let me know thatthe final formatting of the text would bbe done at the Seminar fir Sprachen und Kulturen des Vorderen Orients of the Universiy of Heidelberg. It was Miss Beate Ridzewski who undertook the cumbersome task of doing the computer ypeseting Tam immensely indebted to her and to the Seminar for this much appreciated help. My debt to Professor Jastrow is beyond measure TR wa he who first auggested that | explore the rich and practically untapped field of Christan Baghdad Arabi. Since I stared work on this book Professor Jasrow has been, at one and the same time, tutor, ‘mentor and friend. His scholarthip, deep insight into the languages and dialects of Iraq, and his many vahable publications will remain a constant source of inspiration for me and forall those Working In this particular fedINTRODUCTION ‘Thete are more than 1,000,000 Christians in Irq,t many of whom ‘bal from the north of the county, an area which stil has villages mmade up entirely of Christian inhabitants. A number of Christians Tive in central Iraq, mostly in Baghdad which has the largest concentration of Christian churches anywhere inthe county. Shorty before the Gulf War, it was estated tht there were no less than ‘hundred churches in Baghdad” In southern Iraq, Christians are to te found in the province of Basrah. Basran Christians trace their presence in the country 0 the Calighate of Umar (c. 634-648) ‘when non-Muslims were driven out of Arabia and sought refuge in Traq and other neighbouring countries? Norther and, central Iraqi Christians are elther Arabic or neo-Aramaic speaking.* while those tf the south are predominantly Arabic-speaking. There are. also. in Baghdad and Basrah Armenian-speaking communities, descended from Armenians who fled from Turkey and the Caucasus and settled in urban centres in Iraq in the early decades of this century ‘The laggest Christian sect in Iraqis the Chaldean with 750,000 adherents® Next in numerical importance isthe Assyrian or Nestorian sect. Before the fifth century A.D. the Christians of Iraq. were Independent of the Byzantine Church. They had their own episcopal see, and were all Aramaic~speaking. In the fith century they adopted the doctrine of Nestorius (c. 380-451), patriarch of Constantinople ftom 428 until 431, when he was deposed a8 a heretic by the Council 1 tn the official censor of 1987 the mumber of Christians in Iraq. was teen as 1200000, Se also The Timer of 26 December 1990, and) Le Monde of 25 January 151 2 See The Tines, 26 December 1990 2 Personal communication. Many Bestan Christians 1 spoke to claim 10 be St Arabian descent, 4 There ore several mutually ineligible neo-Aramaic dle in Iraq Fos’sate ‘of eterence { have calle the spoken language neovAramal nd the urged Tongunge Syriac 5 See Le Monde, 25 January 191* Introduction of Ephesus for teaching that there were two distinct natures in ‘Christ, the human and the divine. The Nestorian Church Tourshed ‘in Iraq until the sixteenth century when a rift among Its adherents ‘occurred in 1552. A number of Nestorian broke away to unite with Rome, thus forming what has come to be Known a the, Chaldesn Church. Thore who did not unite with Rome are known to this day 4s Nestorins. Although in communion with ‘Rome, the Chaldees Church has preserved its own Syria liturgy. ‘An indigenous Christian group, the Jacobites, numbering between 10,000 and 15,00 tive in northern Iraqi vilges, as well a in urben centres like Mosul, Baghdd and Basrah (Mart 1985. 1). The Jacobite Church, whose name derives form Jacob, Bishop of Edessa (4, S18), was founded in the sixth century A.D. and adheres to the Monophysite reed, holding the belief that there i only one nature, the divine, In the person of Christ. This doctrine was condemned by the Council of Chalcedon in 451, and is regarded at heretical by both the Roman Catholic and Greek’ Orthodox ‘Churches. In recent years, however, 4 number of Jacobites have been received into one of the Uniate Churches. Like the Chaldean and. Nestorian Churches, the tug language of the Jacobite Church is Syriac, although the majority of its adherents are Arabic-speaking, The Syrian Catholics, who. are larger in umber than the Jacobites (Harris 1985: 63), are’ Uniates who broke away from the Jacobite Church between the fifteenth and seventeenth century Most of the Armenians of Iraq are Orthodox Christians, although there are some Armenians who are in communion with Rome. Other Christian seets in traq.are the Greek Orthodox, the Greek Catholic and the Latin Catholic® There are also small numbers of Protestant denominations, among them Seventh Day Adventists These Protestants are, in all likelihood, fairly recent convert Irom Eastern Christan fects, the result of American and Briish missionary work in the Middie East, ‘he Arabic-spesking Christians of Baghdad appear to be a well established community. Their dialect is a sedentary variety of Arabic Which evolved “rom the Arabic vemacular of medieve Iraq", elie © Bie Eastern branch of the Roman Catholic Church ie brown at Latin Chote feat) raga the Levan Introduction 3 tne Misi det of Baghtad whch i more recent an of Bedouin provenance, Garr, 197: 18). I ick to determine wih any Procsn when Chistian sete in the cap The fact tnt mae St Baghad ang fom the seventeenth covtry? eer to dict Ghrstan aren on the Eat tank of the Tipis athe. Christan tare i mufinn prof tht ere-ct, hae been 9 xin STnber of Christan ing i Bogod a tat tne. Buen inthe Present entry when the eal ge and people begat erm Esmmoniy, some dircts femaned. predominant, Christan, "These sre unvaly but around the raous churches inthe ety Ik mph Sevreevant to add here that op the mieI960e tere sed to Bae hl Gad irene Eatin, own populary ae SAgd i-Naydra "the Christan Sect fest mast a one tine have been, made up entie of Chstan taba. When te wale wea cune to be redevape thy sree td no moce tan two or thee China Tales ing Previous sudies Before Haim Blane's moncgrsph, Communal dialects in Baghdad, appeared in 1964 and drew attention to the existence of three distinct communal dialects, namely Masti, Christian and. Jewish, ‘studies of Christian Baghdad) Arable (CB) were limited to two articles published at the beginning of this century. The fist, by the Reverend Gabriel Oussani, wniten in English sppeared in the Journal of the ‘American Oriental Society in 190. It was entitled "The Arabic dialect ‘of Baghdad”. The second, by Yusif Ghanima, written in Arabic and ented “Al-Amthal al-ammina fI-bilad al-Tragiyya”, was published In AP-Mashrig in 1906, In the litter article Ghanima lists 8 number“Introduction of popular Iraqi proverbs, among them some in CB. In the footnotes, ‘the author points out certain CB, a5. well as. Muslim (MB). and Jewish Baghadi Arabic (1B) features, thus providing an element of ‘comparative dialectology Oussants article, however is by far the more important of the two, being closer in scope and format to later dslectologealspajoes Te 4, in fact, @ synchronic study of CB, divided into tree main parts Under the headings "phonological notes", "morphological notes" and "lexicographical notes”. A short selection of Baghdad! proper rasee and their cantative forms adds sociolinguistic dimension, to tne work. The article ends in a specimen CB text in vocalized Arabic ‘script, followed by a transteration in Latin script and a translation ‘in English. Although Oussani concentrates on CB, he occasionally refers to both MB and JD. In spite of his sketchy’ treatment of he alalect, Oussani's work is of particular diachronic interest to studente of CB, primary because some of the forms he gives are no loseer current in the dalet of today {an article by Louis Massignon, entitled "Notes sur te dlalecte ‘arabe de Bagdad”, and published in the Buletin de TTastiut frongoes archéologe orientale du Care in 1914, should be mentionsd hove since Massigion enumerates a few CB forms. The author prove, lot of information on the spoken Arable of Baghdad, including Proverbs, cries of street vendors and Sud-accompanied songs ant their modes. Massignon states that there are seven uilerent dalects in Baghdad, two Sunni Muslin, one Christian, one Jewish and one Bedouin, He docs not mention the remaining two” Masegnors Knowledge of dialectal Arabic, however, appears to be highly ‘@estionabe, For example, he lsis afew CB words as Sunn Moses and seems to be totally unaware of the salient features ot CB, otably the non-occurence of the interdenals fg, and andthe replacement of 7 by f One of the best works on CB up to date is Blancs Communal ialects in Baghdad. The interesting theme ofthe book isthe division ofthe Muslim, on the one hand, and the Jewish and Christan dstecss on the other, into two groups. which Blane caled galt and foley Fespectvely, coined from the first person singular of the perfect of the verb "to say". This categorization has been adopted by subsequent Scholars. Communal dalets in Baghdad, although biel cn nyrtectenl da, tas become an inportant landmark in Arabic dhatecology ty Introduction s general, and a valuable document on the hitherto litle known CB Gialeet in particular. Blane points out similares between CB. and other gala dialects, notably’ dialect in the Urfa province, It was ‘ot until 1978, however, when Otto Jastows comprehensive. work fon qaltu dialects, Die Mesopotamisch-arabischon galt-Dilekt, Ssppeared that one could get a full picture of the Mesopotamian dialect geography, including CB and is place in the wider context af the galt dialect continuum, lasrow divides galt daleets into tee main groups, the Anatolian, the Euphrates and the Tigris, and sets CCB snd JB in the Tigris group, along with the Arable dislects of Mosul and Tikit. bet lie od ey et to, ced ae divided ito thres miin sections, on. Posey, meephology aad Structure of ths dialect. As Taras I hnow. he only CB tents avalble Beslaw ‘ sn ir-group code, used within the confines of 6 aan PHONOLOGY ee “LL Consonants ‘he following table is an inventory of CB consonants, including those which occur in loanword only: Plosive Fricative Afflestive Liquid Nasal Labial =p ” m Labiodental £ Denal td os z 1 Interdental, ' Emphatic of fg Alveolar ' er ® Pala y Velar ke xe Unie g As Gott? h LI The treatment of ¢ and other LA interdentals In CB, unlike MB or JB, the LA interdentals fd and g are replaced by their corresponding dentals ta and d respectively. Dentals for Interdentals appears to be a CB characteristic, since JB and most goii-dalects retain the interdentals. The only other instance where this feature has been noted is in Diyarbaki Castrow, 1978:34-38) wr oe MB tye Hiyal “awn samara! émare “rut” vist lot “hid” ‘Malin arabic” So coer Asn the ave marc, amarat bani yasz6 "he frit of thy wom Jue”lag In CB Ff tends to occur which have not been fully asst Blane (1968:9) found that “a and majority fairly widesp tazéqur ovr ad, ‘Byetar ce tg tag ‘slot ce abo dahed dda ce at dda da cB hog adda fied cB digad dking Sagéd inftuence” “revolution” “furniture" “theatre” reo ‘nagyna ramon Phonology 1B ga Ht Theay" wha thine MB ioe hab ade B a tar ida “to hurt” ir MB ¢hitur “noon hhidam “to digest” fired “0 compet 1B ite 0 vidoe "Wo prepare” Seid “oroad™ «in some proper names and LA loanwords imilsted to the sound system of CB, “herapy” ‘Buthayna"(f,proper name) “Thamit™ (m. proper name) Consonants 8 ‘of d appears to be less widespread. In my data two ‘realized the following two LA loanwords with gt , mud “broadcaster” rmugekkird = “memos” Some CB speakers tend to realize d in certain forms in order to Gistinguish them fom corresponding forms with d which convey Aiferent meanings, 25. for example, doit “servile” ald "telephone) directory” ‘iston “mind” shan “Tat (n) édda Ro nourish” gddda “to give lnch to 50" don “permission” Seon ear™ ‘The intordental d is hardy ever used by CB speakers who tend to realize ¢ even in LA joanwords like the following eit ng, witty” mudahagdt "demonstration Sin Indor Nazi” Imundeldama “organization” {m. proper name) 112 The treatment of LAr A feature which distinguishes CB and JB from MB is the realization of LA r as g. Most MB forms with r have g in the corresponding CB forms co MB do rdw olioh —rasiah ‘acho rab fees frat Bégod brad cold” (adi) séaeal — sdrvaf “to change (meoney)" nage hier heat hhamig ham donkeys tabaiig? tbat chalk” 2 This form oecuts alo a8 febAHE With emptatef10 Phonology (ven: Sr es ere vowel, r is sometimes realized by CBtapenteget one sort “strange” ra “fear, lather” a ose, object” + $534 rpate beet” rogdn pater leather” Where and’ r are separated by a front Teh LAs eased OY # font vowel or Cl. as oppose ate othes” -fadga 145 The glottal stop 2 ee te wih ca te Peon fa emer aemegs sida? > ope ma ant Sl poston ie Baas ace paiva? > raha Proper names with the ending va?" =e Dea Foca tSqvey 1-Arabie loanwords, There are a ser fev mre mor Thee ae cia: ohms! wic-oen pnenee ccc Or media position 2 “question” dis2oa “questing” EE > ao eo BEE Ald Ria pop en Bet Soo ia ce a Rt Heal Rem > maton Sapa Riek “pile a tar > ditt in ee ta fal position ” paket “pct” (oan aoe Sond “Sank (pops name). pégda curtain aunts tegen feb “haa Uproar ame, Pie “re” tippe most nie” hawt “Hay. reper me) én pa ooott "eon tomy? “Langa, proper name) Gocge. “ope tua cng SOrepondng wo he LA feiine ending a2 2is Se etme De ne mtd SE a Sa pci he monte rs 9d df Se > gr Me ener eh Sarga? > Saga “lame” realized as [a], Thus compare: “me Meme men 4 S00 145 tet, ete “pilot” am —— jump" fat tifal 70 spit itag “danger ‘lo he” haga whe putts a that r4¢ct “fal (examination ae, te quiet a thin “ste (aoe? dtabéng “dockresd™ deeb vo ne" ‘ged way, rool” epabdn’ “they hit me" degen “ae hdan o Compose” dda “Yo reget ‘hédda her bck hadi “near her” emmad "to close one's eyes” Simmad “to baptize” nam "statue" Sandn— "hump (camel)” stag" slap ‘ston “satin” rnastb “Yate, destiny fash "son-in-law’ ‘mastib hanged mmaslib “snatched” mésp "0 suck méss "to touch ‘adfos age" néfas “breath ads No-cut” ‘dss “priest” Ed and , moreover, remain emphatic in all environments, even when they precede or Tolow a front vowel, ia age S698 “perfume” séd hunting, shooting” gamit "sesame bread rings” nase “Yates deat délom “oppression” rnigos “lack, detect” rad? — “clean” see, fecondary emphatics are the consonants b, 1m, and n which era eeeneate (bm and) only when they ace Inthe congue of an emphatic and a back vowel o> satay "wo pat 20.7 dain ole (shoe)” sap “to pour” “Consonants a i ae Shine rts no pry” : we hide mom dine om ce oe to ray the cours wo cles” n> néddaf “to become mouldy” Co cot che ae ete oe eee Ths sin st to other fialects where J, m Bee Ua vealed ms emhstee te comtgly 9 bck towel and a prmaryenplatc o Thus compare: ce pale Aétam i lamentation” lida team ae wi métog masir nase nd oa mae ada roa re F nase Sarge “por, watcha nat erat nt rede um hae he corr ni easy saphae when pcsting ack vowel a peiary empta biog erin wo nC ft Keel, tincnonesmat * Mt er Sdon“aomch?124 The following are the short vowels in CB ‘ 121 ondary occur in open tal yi midceny betwen i} and Ci. I haw ong contest eslzed sit year os Hota Fou tts) brougyr FERROH “serpin Famaky FOAMS) bough enatgi “partes SESS ometines open iil snes the the folowing fa ap Mea “ace, management eal, 1212 6 realzd 26 (3) and 00 212 (1 ad ecu in cased and nonin open ‘figed “one” Stn “her oor sale Bpnigsn ur scrplnes al nat pe sion 1213 ae seated se ton-guas ze! C8] in the contiguity of nom fap sina “sty” Imédgasi “schoor™ Samssyyi “ombret razdlts "I went down? Senom "he gis Inthe comet of enphtcs andes eed fatasee SéBab “Arabs, bedoui ree I el i vdtag ‘tdgraga "elacking noise “Vowels 0 rare in CB. It occurs sometimes in final open syllables by 5, q0F @. 0 i also found in closed sylabies fllowed. ‘consonant. This vowel has a more frequently occurring fequiraent, 6, weit spe tor fio “ey mae” Sot ny hd wa figo “hey fon pen 1245 u occurs in unstressed open final sylbles and has a long equlent, ‘bétu "his house” Sindu The bas” fobndnu “we brought him" smafu “ten!” (p) Isla “nice, attractive" (m) 12.2 The long vowels in CB are: a. ; 1224 f occurs in non-fnal open and final closed sylbles, sildn “date syrup” tgs fu "you (ep) came’ sansdig "vox 4 ‘making “machine” ‘mawetin "plats, dshes’ hhondki- “there” 122.2 e's of frequent occurence in CB and has no short equivalent Ie occurs in open and closed syllables in all positions, Thing i Then béta “church, chapel rmaléha "good" (ts) és “people” dagebin. lleys" és “elthes"™ dobbén “hes— 322554 occurs in'most postions in stressed and unstressed, ‘$2 ctor satnble. I ie realized ax Lac the comtpai af foaled omuTIs. na: nomenpbatiRonepatural content realized ss [a fg Teen paftiat—“thovgae tin Mama’) ‘verandah’ saddled age ‘alkén® "baler xadtd green? (fs) aaiége “spoon! fegsé “Hea” (Fs) 2224 6 is far more common in CB than in either MB JB. Ip occurs in both stressed and unstressed, open and closed manbies fh "aor (ms) hanks S10 “Toofs" ‘mastga ‘ngdS “dried apricots” laggdre imatbo?“printed" (ms) johkon 1225 4 occurs ordinary in stressed, open and closed sylables, ma “not” dlambais pin Bah, CREEL (8) gd” She ey, saying? Ste eee (0) "magni. “mada sllgi —“greyhouna 12.3 Diphthongs TA Gehone an aa ay ae ortiariyrelzed a 3and respectively A ce toe 3 ig “ > fq "UP, upstairs, on top of 5 Tse te sane sven to a brick or ted po on ose oor of She ade house. It is customary for most Bape © IR 2 Seah Bt Sony secnile trom ide toe, tt sy on heft ot a reel Platorm by. of step trom outide Baghiat fames test ona mes > mages > xf where an Dee “summer eg =o iy hte s) bog? weet bas raya > ahdn (Ocimum besiteun) mes in forms which have not thongs aw and ay occur sme een fy seine to CB e yur, beauty” dora “revolt” rwnag “splendour, beaut args indergarten” kdwkab "star", "Kawkab” Geta UL, proper name) o hye ka” Bena “Bus proper name) taj “Layla. proper name) Seon “roca, Sata" eps le nd foms where the nesive part c © fellowes fective In word, tnd mee fond yd pr. imgerecive vo net the long vowel of the patel sho > “ie hn oe wo aaah “let him not see him” mn > iy > Sherer mind itt oes ot imo dt > against ‘md yoadn > mayen “they do not say ‘The more common diphthongs in CB are of the aw, aww, yy, a) ‘ately, where the phoneme oy is geminate‘owe ome Jegbowa Httowe Sy Ue fk féwwat “he let pass" atséwwag “I think, ine” ‘ehwcdot “She got maria” femmes “ity mage” » hi “het ax “Chetan te -xattéyyi “poor thing! battandyyi “blanket” “a * yh te gn nama fe Hob “uty (ms) Sater “oroeee There are also s few forms in CB which end in -ay and ay. These are mostly loanwords. ~~ iy ese ‘andy “enamer" dy “hi (-) as ee oy ty Solera ones $0886) “stock” Mette Incanad There are four types of monosyllabic forms. These are Cv, CVC, “evee and CHC. ce md “not He “hing ratte cc hg wel méz bananas” és “people” tim “garic™ gdm “Yo get up, to start doings." In CXC forms -CC is usually geminate kat “every” si “river stb “beat” (200) wazz “geese” 855 “cheating” hg Theat” /sbb “earthenware vat ge “to pall” for keeping water coo!” There are no forms corresponding to the LA pattern CxC2C? lke ‘int “eit; ira, “burning”: ribf "quarter", ete. CB forms derived fiom LA CxC?C? have an anapyctic vowel between Cand C?, and sre classified as disylabie forms, as for example, binat “ils hdgog “burning”; bof “quarter CCRC dja an old measure, approximately a yard fae "ea lib "hearts" ‘aig “very, alot” 2b “week” 13.2 Disylabic forms Disyllbic forms occur frequently in CB. The following are some ‘common patterns with examples:— ep au OY na “aye eg Sin See me aim 2 large munber of comin and verbal trylabic Cee Sen ae wich the folowing pate, wi cxanples we the ae Sige "eager ea ccc ett eae iar “apd, tsi CCC xing “bread” mdse sdmaki “fish” Se. rae ate Siar "0 sneeze” atee “hey demanded" nigahu “They succeeded el, tral” deta canes CHC hag neo “Christan” mom “anger hhdgas “guard” sébas “hailstone™ qdidga_ “spoon” Cro Bak Sega ate machine” Sota Rey” (3) ‘schoo? aaa xagdl “shy” maléh “cheat” (n.) — gndaga CICS nagds? “eur 1a “cat” maqidta fin “retour Made Ree mp Shae rt, CvCCy — hénta “wheat” dlbi ‘s ” rita “oleae, wer Ba nate Be, Bao a twa San mentiog “asses ‘fistq % bagban “variety of dates Sewiade oo mers sandy Sad York” fonda "ox nk ©COVCHC gaged “enower” Tanabe “epider” mee “cr Zim “wicket beta Jofobdn “Wimble™ mafia parley” mae ewpenter —_Earg_e | O1ErCCVC Safyee Told women" Seder erie CORY ngage tet “three” mehdndes “engineer” -magdwwog “photographer” ner brit ae Covccy ma Sat yg, my sie” 14 Forms of more thn three syle ae not very commana not mbdbbi “love, affection” ‘CB. The majority are compound nominal and verbal forms. Be make ncn magna . CHC pase, SU, Nar eda “we bee ata 3 uilstone” Coveve etal pegs thy Sagan sport CCVCCEC meen rave milton“ : eae “mide es OE) mieten Gy a at 7 This refers to church and ha Ser Meise Pe ‘nt hd ell. An ltr Ell cad geguy L-magdatiyyi “Mary Magdalen" 8 Oussani, op. cit jin my data some of the olde: prises cca ‘SPeakers used mish ie astogaksyyi — ‘mbdehe wheres STAT of abate ie ‘ma dagabnatom we did not bit them”1a ttsomecgn Imodtahin hom Sownatoyyina 14 Vowel quantity and quality 1.41 In disylabie forms where both sylables are shor, silble is closed, a nézal Sita Saab Kéboe ir Isbos mdgos Seog ésog ln C¥CIC forms the vowel of the initial syllable e fe down, to descend” némas Sto blame, t reprove™—gdhat “to eros ot” i, "to grow” 38 Srna +e wo wear" hog “pain (stomach ‘st armioiee ato apt” bers and 6; but long before @ and & ve salt het hhabay ve tage Sage malas Terese” axtb “rk” ra oloved ay. sath sande ache “reckles” dearth, scarcity” “pulse ae “comb” vataes ‘alience™ is short before £ “fate, destiny” “rianeé™ ony “short” eb and the final the vowels are of the @. 9, 9 or @ » variety we nny a ty ca Se rene Creo se os eaten @ = re r. elt” ‘fafén “aluminium” . eo Se eo re te vowel in “COC ind the vowel of the ina yb i Whi Stree towever, EXC forms with an ital short. uly shes me orderly seca forms corespening the tnt pater, There are alo few Grea forms ath a ial Mr towels The mary of these forms re nas from CA aa tn ("ay maar yet Kgde "prescher on pee oe Phin Be a at tet ei font “aio rand! excelent, very fenct)—“comer, en e* pol Seba “sn open ay fo soot vt ano fim “atch, ong” —_ tif Gea Cenweees ent Saif or fre “omnet ipa Svar In weabic and qundiylabic forms, with sequences of three sad four shot vowels respectively, the vowels of the first two sys are neatly— Vowel quantity and quality = sdmaki "fish" ‘fébasu “they wore” a oar ered ee a erelieirsard Meru Xie ies ci tare bec expeed. Ts compare ‘katdbna — "we wrote” ‘éllamat “she learnt” F MB got” ffeptn ao ones a we fan er car fagagsti "my vertebra” katabétla “she wrote to gd nett peas Ted Imadgarénu "his schoo!” ‘ahdaléta “she reprimanded gen fara “Rie crt fin Feige antiga age earthen The short vowel of an initial ‘syllable in trisyllabic and -B a Best wwe fa 5 and quail a repent” frequenty iad “chicks, young birds” 3 sybes et Te P fe Sur ine ima xasdga Eon! waste” malydni “Full” (f..) ee jocumented este “nln eta riddle" 1 phonological feature which has been well d fort “rth aii A) ese 5 reese ei eh beet ak aaa ae in “Yerdors fain “he gave hin 1) was the frst to draw atemion to it in CB, flowed ty, Blane who recognized it as a feature "peculiar to as 4 wales {974 6) found i Ansolan dec, a wel as in Bohzil and en Arabic of Mosul Sagabdna “horse-drawn, “carriage” sadagétom “their friendshi re ME Die.R 2 Yo 9 ir en following ace more examples of @ Geen, TRY carthenwace ka Mhanéhiom “tek tes eee fakes They beat hin” afahsing, “aes 9 famandn “we cared Nin’ padigdtom “hai ee ges ae: aah) “ee There are some forms of more th lables, ho ve oe a forms of more than two sylibles, however, ect fess of the initial syllable is 3. 9 occurs mostly $ 2 ‘hmnan” inl lable of CXCC¥Cy and C¥CHCa type tied fee jeu” rate acktoard” 2 malonate caine amen ete sharpener” — fn you (say hit Imaién “rascal oeenieg Riel These quay dates” jagage YS) oe slit yon ab dee “Cette . eit rset in steynshes 9 ret sue @ ert Sbtinw “you brought it’ ‘twidga “rade, commerce” eel 2 nosh er Rb ches Gra fe) 10 Blane giver examples of @°> 0 before hy q and g without metThis feature applies also to Joan words: realized as @ in p {Pe forms which have been borrowen “radian, bright (lace) faméh, robb, gands: These lane fron La M3i>e In forms ending in -CoC(y) the fatéd"? “wider (ms) guttural by CB, cep giidéa gaiigal xaitga “spoon Pantegcn pantarn “trousers” Where La a is Position isin LA asa ws, is am ‘and “content”, and not it should be stated, are revenge erase she ME rowel is & in pre-puturaland ha “smett” até: “melon ‘alga “good” (ts) Faia “road, way" 266i “Small” (fs) vionments, in nomial naa (-€) occurs in non-emphatic em e pert, sons Ns scat ea ‘and ‘e fasatin "ates = = os a a a" “Christians” Be verbal correspond In mona and vera ors of the pam C¥CKC, correrponding to the LA active participle (8), imale ct envionment. Thus compare: 2 eee =e a ee eeeVowel quantity and quality a ‘restment of the reflexes of LA ~2? sleeady been shown in L15 above, CB nominal forms, to LA feminine forme ending in'-€2, ordinarily end in mie, unless they are adjectives of colour or defect, when ‘a long =. Tard anit Deer em a ae ee “wy fee oe, i becztnt ove, omocrow’ fife evening mee? Sent “ieee EMH se “anor tee Mower Sti “common ehaMansn. Troupe Serums coat st rn No tna occurs, tow sae ~ + however, in post-guttural or post-emphy “blue” ‘safed “yellow” aries heat “cross-eyed” Samyd “blind” mage EMT elmer fen oe “tame” mad “eum” Me ORR Ly oenentee alge 6nsufixation final ain CvCa/ CCCs forms becomes ~< idzhote roeay baat Sinsolent* sabéqa "a brick" fee, "a melon” > Raddy ‘my lunct tice hc mmasige “bated 3 Som “your (p) evetng mea” 3 toma Sr fx) sen 3 Set elgg to the dene” Word-tna imal, however, receding stressed vowel its hon on ter @ (LA) where. the 14.6 The effect of gemination on vowel quantity ‘The long vowel + hamea in LA C322C/ CaCi%2C forms becomes $8 reed” 3 ag a fii =a) in MD and -ayy- in CB. ma pe “Thus compare experience” No imala seems to occur in loenword Se ae “Tons mee tomar ich endo, en were nto nd nayyom "asleep" (ms) sonny, 2s, for example, Satom_—Sépom apyon “ating” (8) Pig fadtac fade fafyo: “ald women” oy dindsoma—“ceeream™ Seratas Soros Segeos —“wides méva bastégma “Armenian spicy sausage” However, n LA forms which have not been assimilated to CB the long vowel and Aamea are often retained, as, for example,fitor fondo "preg masd?el “problems; matters” eee fo an fag shyeq “chauffeur” gatdyos ! Se ee 4m CB a geminate consonant stning vowel preceding Thr compar" CME™ Oe shortening of ay oaths ky * ie “hone ean =r Sa = Bee, soos ‘rove Min ihe hey td "they see then 15 Elson and consonant ‘15.4 Consonant elision ria 1511 The enon of Ina hof denentaine i llows F procedca tt ones i elie in word junction when thi ss a ltt SE Wom dS < gage mya 9h i gong Pn tpn a eee samattyya lal-astowdni < ae re "pastry in syrup Elision and consonant clusters 3 of adverbs of place (hint "here"; niki “there") and. time Tw’) ls frequently lided when preceded by particle I- "to. oni < $a I-héni he came here” nth < wadddnu I-héndk "be took brn there” Mma wasahu < I-hdssof me wasali "They haven't arrived yet (ie unt now" 1512 The elision of a geminate consonant Th CB three-consonant clusters do not usually occur. Where a Mnorylabic form ending in gemination is followed by a form with mal Cy-, at word junction one of the geminate consonants 1s clided. ‘gait + fodigdns > gai hadigsts “he watered his garden” iss + Ktigu > gap SSqU ut his hai” Adee + bagddd > hag bagdéd — "the heat of Baghdad” sat +

xapxdl “my maternal uncle's hand- writing” gill + hat > gol dnt "a young snake” eikk + binu > Mak bina “he provoked him Insédd + Solénu > nead Saléne “it closed on him” 152 Vowel elsion In nominal and verbal forme with «final -CaC syllable, 2 is elided at Word junction where the following suffix or form begins with a vowel. ‘Adhob “monk” + {3, marker ~i > gab “nun? hhdmod “sour” © p, marker -in > hamaln "sou" (9) not git” ext "my brother” > bart axdyi “my niece” eat nstament + aomddgon schoo > grist mdar_ {S6fob “drinking” + o-biga "the beet” > fogh l-biga "beer drinking” ‘som “pame” + af-€b¥? "the Father" > b-acm af-b “in the name of the Father™ yy is gelzed as ab, with 4 long @ and other" venized with a short a andae ‘MBO fW"'« abst “he seca ‘The voicing of s and ¢ 8 Se State went > atgén yg). Baretta stock” etn “tongue” ld “hears” bydt_ “houses” he cloud” > gat at-gémi “tn Becky tec “aust” fix “chicks” cho! “week” db “he travels” + ard porn, . ME 7 Eom ced eight” madse “scissors” mytl “ables” marker -an > leg The trades” + Sea travel" cei forms whose first two sylables are of the CaCP- pattem have ere p. marker on > yea Te Cer where vf the inal sylbe is lide, ging an trade" se a ee Both Cart and CCV frms of the sae root seem Where a form ending {bbe in free variation. CC, 9s lided, resulting in fal ome result ny for vowel ing in final Ce, em with si ‘inserted bet and an snp nohig ond hd “any tween the two sets of Cor PUNE OF help fond: and and “wading clothes” Sega and sed “ectirs™ g2em aphid “a large part” fpardgwa and ydéwa,——Basrawis” Ineaesis and mats sins U6 The voicing of # and In forms where one of the voiceless consonants s ot # occurs mediately before b or d, i i voiced and realized as z. Where it x SE she went get sett nor dba vowel, no vlog occurs. Ths compare: mere, where fo occurs *9F 8 sult begning witha conan 27, with wo week” seo “woe” + 9 eon BE Sioa svone mes” sdb en, tong ma intact Shot we” ‘pact gre ‘ein ot then” > giom mbao eit “oeming pol, Sdbah "wo ue, o vin? Le et om it Soe en ae SEs + thes toe” > hae bane an OT écbaba Fray sdbch “Yo count the beads 155 Bee ie pn, Me ee fe” of ie onary pene” 1 Sr 2a En a Me ie, cn. ae eor PO nS “kom Bir de a ee ae eee 1s, dah 139 Comin chasers ms , ft 48mm 5.2 shove, worn ade “my enon’ dggad 1 mea” a Sz tone ocean chats accra Soin? “ens jada “ead ‘frequently in CB. The followin “f ha mumber of CaC¥~ for Mog Inter ace a recat aaiten 1 Wet attece Srourht bout, na debt, ty contact with MB and JB, 1st data thie form overs also as mars witht dna ‘re a few examples:rr faa “to come’. The CB verbal “spits atin: salag "to boil” and gods ‘base pattern for this is 4. Sete ee wt A cal ak a De ahs id emt. Tete rent ae sete eer on et Rat lo a Ba ie ne St onl Te eee cur ab Cae (in CBs however, CoCoc pattern vind, E28 “a five the perfective suffix subject markers. The frst column markers are (Blane, 1964: 99), Thus, it is sible pci also: suffixed to strong, hamzeted, initial and medial w and y verbs. The eee re cee ie a oS $9906 an " cag £0808 0 drink”; tar and iabae ROT © have both abe “0 ax A OW": fazafand fae" be ar: habe and neeze"; hacen an ozs seared”, Sy a : fezan and hazan “to grieve’, ete AF a Satay “to CaCAC/ aCaC/ CHC CACY CaCa kes ste =e 1 There ae mo cB ams ot ~# a se Stem IV, og, aroma ene Ms ot 'o becomes Muslin’ asthe eens, 8 Cl Ae ‘rtoha So bemons a

akal “to eat” “od > axad “0 take’ initial wf y “gah > wages "to fall” bas > yabas “to become dey” Where the impertetvee ee Ailes in the at: subject maners, a ‘ntl homes it wy mm 2 sm = : it = ip mm 2» oa sep va tn The for example, -bn- Impertctve base of fal al» vee Iso the pa > bana "to build”, -) mae etm 2ms wai bie os cee eae ats. woe BEd The Verb = , ma ee on yon on este ly weak verb a "Yo come" has the same affix subject 's¢ Bana, except thatthe third person plural affix is y — an of yo = on 12 The inperatine ‘The inperat, used in the expression of commands, is formed fom the imperectve. Thus -Kiab< hat "o write” and sf = Mo es” gve akob (ms), kab (fs), kabu (ep), and axa y2), smafi (Es). smatu (cp). respectively, -sodd < sadd "No flare pes sad (ms), sod (3), soda (Cp). -xad CawwaC: /CayyaC. Stom Il verbs corresponding to Stem I intransitive verbs. are cndinarly transitive, as, for example,® Morphology — ‘Stem 1 Stem tt azal nazzal "to take st. sans sammal “to make s.0. ‘zeal zaSfal “to make 20, lobo abbas “Yo dress, to abog “Yo grow” abbot “to bring up" maia “to walk” afta "to make $0, aga “to stay" ogga “to make so. stay” fon “0 go mad” donnan “to make 5.0, go nam “to sleep” ‘nayyam “Yo put $0 to bed™ xaf "wo be afraia”™ xawwaf “Yo scare tof Where a Stem 1 verb is transitive, the corresponding Stem Il denotes a more intensive, transite action, a or exemple, Stem 1 Stem 11 ‘mazoq “0 tear” mmazzeq "to tear to shreds” ara “to break” kassag “to break to pieces” ewido retum, to reply” gadded “Wo keep repeating? agg "to tear” oqgaq “to tear to shreds" aro ki bawnas “to give kisses" a>“ bring feyyad “to make so. br ng, to deliver (babs Stem Ml verbs occur without there being a corresponding Stem I verb. In such cases Siem Il verbs can be either tecomies or intransitive Span “to employ” Sadat “0 hry" edie "Yo encourage” bayyan "to appear” ‘hammal "to complete aides “to excel™ added “6 iit {i le subject markers of the perfective are the same as those for Stem 1 verbs, agit impertective is of the -CvCC&C pattem, as, for example, Saket" encourage’ aSadfol "hurry": afayyon “l employ; shan itish ete. The affix subject markers of the imperfectve ner nn ‘ame as those for Stem I strong verbs, except in the second pene The Verb - Mths, CvCCOC (ms), CvCC: (fs), CvCCu (ep) m Ml verbs ae formed by the lengthening of the vowel of the llsble of corresponding Stem 1 verbs, for example, Stem It stem | gat ae ced ek Ki caren Kit “wo become aren” zfiol_ “wo be apy wi fol“ become fates To Ope ig fates eer frakam “to prosecute, rake “Yonder 0, to bal tem 1 verbs, 38, Some Stem Ill verbs do not have corresponding Stem 1 for example, Solat “Wo try bard in st wo belt fo nerfs” ee ae ae thom “wo take part in 88” Roratget aera ae ae Seria Seo Pe es a ae the mperecve (C0) ae the sae a hore of Stem | geminata ae Nrrmings fr te Tah 2 ese ee es to ay and anak to eters spectively,| The Verb = = sa pera of Stem V and Stem VI verb re en Ved Wiae tect was ae ot 1 See se epee, wi te charmer: Yowel ® Mrrepectey 2. Sen secon weeny os Scots eco ae stem V . ‘Stem I ‘Stem V atfaliam "learn fee wae teers! “Yo be watheg™ “heey” tana “te eno satga Wo wreck” ‘agéeb "tobe wreckege pees papas roi aera Faggas 80 encourage’ Sago? "to pluck up courage” Sa SS Sayan “to employ” ayyan “to be employed” ‘Stem VI ith” fatta — "to tidy" ‘igatiab — “to become tidy” Sh area faites TO Move ed Rapgok wo mae aa fates 0 SEHOM 20.” Remade ger eat a Malet ..%o perform marriage tata “yo Med ‘Siem ‘hawt see corresponds” xkab i robe rads! : fal “we swap with each other” aoe Seana eek cal ty Say rnc ‘mae cereony (pe fale mee ato become mou inperve Andie “0 tech to Wadia Som me int a) ee fog) ree ee Sa (ms), Fan), Salma mmafe, "O mate 0, wk” matfe “to ute » way Stem i Stem vt atom (x), lon (C2), lam (ep) “ea ie creme Rat to castes ers wines Stem oi “ee Hab (ms, Kai (3), kau (9) “eorespnd™ gah “to meet with s.o." Aaa “to fight with so.” {Badal “to swap with so." faasan "share with = ab “corres with each other!” that (rs), hab (5), tb (o9) Tearespond ME vebe d nt hte conentg Se Pane i fed wo Som vt go Sham VI, xo, or example, passive idea, a5, for example, Stem VI som vu that” oexcge ber Sie mig To be ot i ee ae sahag "to run over arg “a be broken eda ke who Be ae ore et a Tata’ "Wo. wite” mikabb “to be spit fds.“ pl‘The Verb which common in CB, is characterized by the is not “of prefix stz-, as, for example, stahogg "to deserve” — stawia “to take possession of” to wat for" yo rest” fa fective eae Bectinteeeste a F Sis ws ‘zamgag “to roar” oa Getag “ make fo of em fipa wo rete ‘ctor "fw wo wre 958 me ’ rete or mace a Seg 2 anc s ia ‘Some quadriradical verbs have a reduplicated root, as, for exampl Sten vin Slo tee) Seal “6 buen —_ safral “orate” taro redo loi” AON der Meower Wave game (bo fan" mae 2 cn famm “to smelt” ‘stamm “to smel " radrad “to bruise” fad“ ues fiedd —"y became soa Biber” Te fares wings, Nag” Sageag "gd bout” fake "to complain” Stoka “to complain” afgal “to flutter (wings, fa (pejorative) mola “we at mle 70 beet fur Aad “wo cron ay). t0 ein come png Tai Te chuctle Th imperfect if he pate -CaCSC (ston CC (geminal ee Solo sab 0 at “CrCl rom which the imperative tebe fee Ketan “we vee 4 musy bbl evel ol = 4 a tohobe pe SRM LIX: which is of the pattem C1C%C3C3, is not common tt ee f the CB, and is restricted to verbs of colour and defec oe ct a, for example, from which the imperative is formed, oo radio cea “-CaCCaC, The perfective and imperfe Inmate “wo Bush, to become tif "wo become des tubjet maskrr re te sume as thse of Sem I toradieal stone red” shee “0 grow pale, Steté “to become lame” a to become yellow’* Mopoley one 1 bog 2121 Derived Stems Son Ftingn a 18650 There is only one dered quadriradieal olin | yokbagan formed ty the prefkation ot AAests i formation and sgnitesten” with Stevo er cde 19551 48). Stom If @ndrraial vei eg cette et common in CB. The flowing ares few ein impertectve = hsb Stem 1 Stem tt Tobbats habe ae Beet bike satis sige algae obbat taboo Seieat To mike fin of meainag to be made tes gi gd _ykabb sateen le evecten” tiem “nba ee abo tiabb Se me ae ee abbot labo ‘abu BRS Shue 6 dma ey taba ‘abban Fie perfective and imperative of Stem I qusdedicl {8 moremie pater similar to thee of nee hal "wo ea” dies from Stem Tis in Stem Il having pects ‘Stem | (tial haze) tapertve fda back vowel a for Stem I front vowel = impertectve perfective ‘hal Ts, 2 tat or Stem 1 Stem 1 ie i inpecectve jins aha = Adaitol "topple? tba) "1am rapped? Sie halo oo feeinas eect) canalnng ue pe tains — a ‘atom a imperative on a : Benibis ERMGE (ms) tohdal “be cebued (ma) "o san’ yabar “to be dey “rebuker (op) tohdaly Se reba es) Stem | (itl w/ ») woot imperative imperectve ria ante Ses the conumatons of trea and perfective tanga 1 bas radical verb ia CB, Sareea! yore rece wae gal area Ao eramanaes Tiadical Verbs Bn ee a rimae Stem 1 (trong) gata “o KUT; fat “to grow” nee neanys ies roca yabasna ng! ertectve impertocive imperative 2p akfon ober Tagan arin wh Jes get Haseena ahd ep Wena yoru pon arth ae Sai | Hiden ea ont sa tang 3p aga tne fat les iain tg il Ste Sins geal saa! 1 yhbag Ms adi ksbeoe gal | aeperfective Bina 2p gatm / namom dotom Sep gata? name / gabu Stem I (final 3) masa "to Se = = te eo £5 Stem II lobbas “to clothe” Pestectve Jes labo ns Tabet / page Be tears 7 par Sins tar 1 boat start? Xe lebbama bana 3p tebbasw 7 boage Sen nel 9 oat Sein Rab “wo yéiban imperfective andi abga msi 1 tabge tamien / gen 39nd jobqa ‘andi 7 ibge nami Ia ‘omiion 1 tiga omen 1 Jobgdn vgn / yan / aga "to stay" imperative mié | ine nib | bq6, gga “to keep: to make s.0. stay" imperfective alabbos 1 abaggi tabbos | tbaagt absin 1 beagén slabtos / ybaggt itabbor / nlabbos / nf 32 |ahbasam 1 baggeom tabeen I ieee slabsan 1 ybaagen imperative abbas 1 bagi labsi 1 baggt ebsu 1 boagu ‘Stem V tact "vo charge” (nt) perfective es thatabes ms thatdbat 2s tatabe Sims thatab is tkatabot ep tkatabna 2c thatabiom Sep thatabu impertectve cabeddal tatboddt tetbaddatn setboddal tetbaddal nbd ‘etboddlon sboddalan Stem VI tkatab "to correspond with $.0 imperfective catkaiab ‘otkatab tekatabin sotkatad ‘etka otk tptkatabon sevtaban arom ‘asm imperative tbaddat tbaddalt taddatu imperative thatab thatabs ‘harabuep ndagatna / man ‘a it ronda / nontarx mlagabtom / ‘onda /totaexan nde / sop eso iP ndagabu / ntaxro —yondogban / yanaxxin Stem VII laham "to understand”; age "to go ound perfective ‘pert ‘eg fata Regge fon sgy ‘TNE 2s fhe! | Rega Stab tn fon ‘3ms_ flaham } syebens yao od ots Iibomot P | atest = : 1 tor tom | peas 2 fetanam (8 fon fees mf ‘eftahman / teftageon fohmu / fog Aegan 3p fahamu'/ faggo Stem IX sfete “Yo grow pie, to become yellow" parece a srstete nent mH a we " 2 tea regen ie ae Fe nae gz sfaggena nosfage 2 stem tin rp sfasgo vasfaggon — ‘The Verb X staal “o vse" perfective epee Ieasnate eee favtaino! co ‘betaine sail ae a a tartan io stnalne eee ne, ‘prtaialan 4ep__stofnal Pare CQuadsraical Verbs Stem | aba! “o topple; to rol” perfective mperietite fee dealt ese ms datbalot oe 2s dealt ‘isbakn ‘ins datbal bia is dbalt coal ep desbatna aa 2p dafbaliom ‘stot Sep datbat Aes ‘Stem Il thahdat “to be rebuked; to be shabby” acess sngertectve ves tha = ans abdale a 2 tana taht Sins teal adel 3te tba : ep tho roth 2p tendon tahun Xp endl ee seSnal aint lsat Imperative thahdat thakdalt tohdatuil —— = — 2.21 The active participle : : , Se Ze active Parple, which infects for number and gender; ‘Ponds to all the verbal stems which occur’ in CB. a no E Se Sit 7 Cc eae tM pee, ih oo a | i tt i ms. fs, rs a pall rangers ret ie ee ethno ace aac ores ‘ebsin "having worn” Ore teal #4 . So seman ‘fGmmi Semin aving smelt” a alot ane ben fll SO me fear i’ nm ak Sma “ns ew a a oe tl ‘nayyom ——naymi rnayin ving slept, asleep" Feeded", manbana "built"; mantafa “extinguished”, et Se fe Bat ene mem A 3 ep. 5 me shod fish maha “aio, diligent Retiimm —mahidmni —-maktanmin “concerned” ‘The following are the active Participle for - mig! maltégyl —-mavngyin_“avng bout MI, V-X, and quadriradical Stems I and fk. a onde Stem 11 Be . ee ms. fs. - ‘inne cp. maswadd — maswaddi : “suntanned” mxaggeb —mxagbi mxagbin having wrecked” eae ae lowed cree ise aU Weck” mbaggayi mbaagayin “having kept” ‘Stem X masta2gogin “having rented” Stemi Marailth Mowers Imovoinin “rely. pence ms. da cp. ‘mastohi -mastéhyi ‘mastahyin “shy, embarrass sins kin Yang coneponde gdsom = madsmi mgdsmin “having shared” ‘Stem | (quadriradical) = ¢ Nenad owt clatin “e eete oe cn - ae tL Sites te tee Misty ny Lan ae are pie ia Imettadéi — motgadalayi mattaddéyin “having hal rach222 The passive participle The passive pe articiple in CB ‘and Il, and quadsiadical Stem L ‘Stem T (triadic) ms 7 maka rmakeaby ‘masioqg —masliga makbab —akbab mali abies = masse Stem Hl (ieaicaD ‘mSénmad mSéimmadi imkéssag —mdssaga mséewa Stem Il (trradicat) gdsom madeons mie Stem 1 (quairadicat) banda! mbandat dasba ep. mada mastogen makbatin Imahsoyyin matin Samed imkassagin mscwwdyin is derived fro “written” oiled” on ‘stuffed, filed” extinguished aptized” “broken “made “shares” “in 00d heat Im trradcal Stems Noun sre divided into two groups, simple and derivative: Desivative BE be either deverbal, that is to say they are derived from oa ovominal, in which case they are derived from nouns. Couns may be substantive or adjectives. All Arabic nom ive sovrimple nouns are substantives. as are the majority of Paabie loanword. Thus, derivative (deverbal) lect Soha dae“ oy Tite eer hir~ = flog “Wo shee me ' sete “nocent ——< aah)" cea “oute Staats pa 3 Sfeine io pow aeg "ee Sn eb derivative (denominal) fobon “cheese” rmaiboni “cheese factory" y rapdge “Christiane” =< ndgaga. ‘Nazareth habbo “pill” < habb “seeds fejaga “cleveress” —< amg lever ‘3 smgalian “st qalam "line, stipe, penct gam “striped” elon a, Ponta "dark-skinned < fonta Ut the colour of wheat) simple igi Then” toppa Donat gt” Fade gan “horse” imag ‘cote’ Ihaywan “aia” gaoga “spoon 231 The substantive ‘The following are some of the more frequently occuring substantive Pern in €D wa espe Pe pe ar “suit (clothes)” As oieraste™ ere = cee ome me ef “summer” —xé “string” ae See a cir kis 5a peers ae it er bp erm oo Se fae oer ee ee ree mo SO 7 em tee) “Sa Sm Se Se tome oe Beg Se oo ar le io emt Ser tr gt he ee foe Ep her Se ie, op tee aay This is primarily» parti Sustantives of this paters, ates pura” hob baer wall patos “monk” 0309 “chauffeur” Eade Pal form. There are, however, a few CB (id CxCoXCA) imadgasi "schoo!" Imafdands"parsey” am ings” se See eit peeneny tondthads. ean ‘The Noun " mike naib fate “retin” fandn "hamp (cane “Soot dena “eaten” “tomato” gdm “hie” “cleverness” sadaqa “riendsip” plate’ matog “motor, engine’ eupboard” slan “date syrup” windowsill makina “machine” mamal “factory” pelea oe rt sr. we There are also seve a eee — | oe ir ranch “nint™ pepper” somsom z ee eee id ea rhe 7 ie a “tock”. S&S aS oo Spectr hare” Iron “hanher-gegb “sew” conga “en ‘gandac — “olive” Saytan , BaP oo Aa fe aa “man” xabbdz “bake naddaf oe Be ig Sime ioe ~ (pencil)” Sint opie qancb“ailitower”zmdob “png” {ZaSfagan’saffron”—pantagon "rousers- “= cs cme ett eee Morms like hag “hot” (C8C), mage “bitter” (CvCC), ai Bees cee ees AR Mee batter ae eae Frm one geertn tented ays han fee himor santoner” eons) earae a 7 i Peat nore common adjectival patterns low arsotan “hbase” Antortinun) Se folowing ae some of them o Bk aft “acacia with examples: se ae e “4 fee fond ami cept Pee ar atm “peat Se Samat bond “broad” baféd “distant” smal ‘mnt bined saat ieee err aoa er! of this participial pattern. ss . 2 ‘are a number of CB adjectives of Participial path Mesa, swowineatreembing candy fos? eS ee “are 2050 w sobin “en ee gre aed eae Cane freee gurt® wall gecko" fet “high fe “isin” ona naa ee ane (a) vecve “acta 4 mary “chicken poy’ ‘Tew te pater of sectver of colour and alist bead hidarand ence casmag. “dark-skinned” : feswad “black” azgag_ “blue coma. es ‘jer “dea? —aiag “one-eyed cxcoxe othe adda "line™ yl “ar” sakkig “drunkard” Saggig “ei et eu feuat ay, sy of CB and other Arabie ane ca Se A ce a a eit i eae en Steet Blndchieiche Relative adjectives a a Relative adjectives are frequently formed by the suffixation to a proper name, as, for example, a < bagdad“Bagdal” Ne or ein of Ber” < began “Betut wgdun “Jordan” ‘igdunt “Jordanian” vad So gabeas de dreein “mgpdragos” ‘or det Pecua potas” ia de te cra1s proper name ends in ~a, the relative adjective is sometimes fey lengthening final a and adding sulix ~wi “Bssran’ gahban fgansaskanayyin See aes a ae forename irre ermal te: sala " 2 " ™ , toa Be ee, Oe hon eicta OS eee = Sine 5 Satna “Sam ene” ee ne er ae i ‘kteb Sagabi > kateb Sagaboyyi “Arabic books" Ihsan aglanct > hagan aglandoy rah horses"‘The Noun syoofs” fix “chica” og Chowles” eadi “ons” = alga “straps” pattern can also occur asa disylabie form with an uel breaking up the inital consonant cluster soya "houses". tattn “stomachs ts feooentys ABA rodam “stars” oy “clouds 4 plural ending -ayyé iwtiob “socks” mantle "cusons” {gandbo! “bombs” ~-maielal “problems” ‘mapting "rulers" mafdfom “restaurants” dawélle “cupboards bazéein Teas ‘mazémig "psalms" manefig “pamphlets” veuttings” taping “pictures” () (encecy “There are 1 number of adjectives of this pattern in which the Yowel of the second syllble is invariably ¢. Substantves of this, pattern have as the vowel of the second syllable. asa "lazy" fohafi “asses” gant “ignorant” ‘thirsty’, habali “pregnant” There re ‘There ae several broken pl! pate # the more frequent occuring wth aces UME (0 ccser ccee : CCRC is the a adjectival plrat ral pattern, while CCeC eC with ila the aubstanve poten wedy “strong” ‘yatami “orphans” Sardi a some” san “att hag Zaweli “carpets” hay’ “snake ralehi “nightclubs” : man 7 capes yet “roles” al" fer rene at soe eee Set ions “haere ey cpl smd “camels” children” x ae GO ceacwy ccae 7 ‘There are other less frequently occuring broken plural patterns, like CvCvC, C¥CRC, ChCAC7C3 and CC*C*C?. = “hearts ’ "drums" ‘lid —“sking” (wi) cvewe, Saud “Cheker aa fenat “handbags” qabab “rooms” xogaq “rags” ee comes” fedad “lands” —xojat— “plans”e Morphology — (9 core fate Sole? tan “eee Goa chcteye3 Fegan eter Patter of which the following ae the frequently occuring exanpler, ‘oan “naigh Pes" Baddads Soave. Saag ace () cle*e2c3 Snap sCeths, Somat "abourers® dea “ald mag rome "mess" idee “merchans’ soba 24 Numerals 241 Cardinal numbers negate! mumbers trom 1 to 20, as used in enumeration, fellows: pitted § som atte 16 sogasey en Twi tt ey eb imint8 agas i $teaia 9 wefe 14 agbasas 19, ei S xamsi 10 Salta 15 xamamnied 20 sr Numbers 3 9 10 occur in the construct, ets comm Tue yet ts 4 egies 6 sot gmen 10 fafog The numerals 30, 40, 50, ete are 20 sen 70 sabsin 200 mtn 40 aghasin 80 tménin 300 lao, et. 50 xamsin 90 tesin 60 setin 100 may The construct of mayy is mi “Numerals - rumerals ae: “ 112. may w anand se a 420 aghatmayyt w Saft, ete fagbasa w sobs ‘gre sumerals for the thousands are: 5000 xemestaay 1000 alof 6000 senalaf Hoo a 7000 sebosaiay, ee dl miner od unter 6 ae a flow ms. . “ ae. 2, oe, = i ur ft ats or xamas xdmasa hee" Sie Ca siboS sabosa Prove tinen tana “eh ncn or ee Siiog ——«—Sdfogar_=— “teh ‘hiner eretiy our aetna low te aban ‘they away and ‘fleet for gender. Where they fonction a latives beens thas rome z “ihe fourth day” ay. yom af abot ‘the fourth day’ ator yon “the second pup) SORE LAI, ous olla Ma25 The Pronoun 254 Subject pronouns! ‘Te Following are the independent subject po tes 2s 2 ms Ms 252 Object pronouns 25.21 Direct object pronouns The Fllowcg ar the det obec pronoun sued to yr ost-consonantal, kes are 2 ims te ip 2p sep 25.22 Indirect object pronouns ‘Ths following are the ndrect object pronouns shed to vere lax ans “at 2 ims “i Te nate 8 aaece Mt ona ont howe fowt ni -ak ote “tom Morphology 1p ratna 259 atom ep tama Post-vocaic| 7 o* oki ha wa tom “fom 1 wom patna 2p stan ep -bm muy ged to perfective and impertetve verte have cuore In 24, pe AS “The Pronoun bie pronouns owe object, the indect object is suf ate ect objet lows independenty. fo sch ve the pronominal sufix. Thus, a ret oe © = She etme near 07 Sine “Hosen i (a) toot Mum "They trough ther 0 308 a tam “He popes Yu for 4 Fossessive pronouns following are the possessive post-woealie “i x oki Cha f-ma ep “hon ap “wor pronouns aufixed to nominal forms; 255 Demonstrative pronouns “The demonstrative pronouns in CB are: hada | hadaka “tat” ee ee es Bese: Sc Se 25.6 The relative pronoun ‘The celatve pronoun in CB i ether 1 or (ai. Thus, 8 abon Samm 1 kan 2b amégka E My cousin, who was in America, has come back. hada I-bet Kanna oh nadtogin “This is the house we wanted to us.‘akehto-ometan ot St sos bested the exam which he fu ery feu? font fits hoy See ~ "Our neighbour's daughter is the ‘one my brother has his. = 25.7 Imerrogative pronouns eed The interrogate pronaung fh CB are pee manu “who? ue fori: preponed af (pspose) “what one ‘gad e Gen ow mayer IE on Site 26 Adverbs es ‘The CB adverbs indicating Place, time and manner are: rae ” either oF place ie Dn here” ont here” hhég-Baha “his: side” “hat side” ‘hdp-30 baeee couse” sowwa. “inside” fa yamin "on the right” Sat yanag on the deft" Yigaddam “forwards twig "backwards? time ay-yim —“Yoday” mageae "sometimes" mbeéha ‘man zamén "3 long time ada aval “as long as” ‘man wager ersen “immediately” sitar fed gee “rectly” Sala jt taggiban “about” eee Ysa tieos ncmatit a manner” bagel icky bet Sway“ tle” ag are the main prepositions in CB: io son Sala “on woot with” Sand moto "ike™ wpe hin’ oh fr Soe t te £ dlayog mond all around following are the main conjuntions in CB: fb hor aw akan "but bir and é a cea te “tere” ower‘The Verb Phrase rtney wrougt us flowers” ‘beste gobo! satin saan the summer in Syria WO Years ag.” pkasaéet saat abl afar Tip watch broke © short while eo ‘gam faxmal Bonu beam agbal ena Faeyr they built thelr house opposite ou ‘nat hay-yom 9y-soboh tee gave birth (o a daughter tis morning” L11 The perfective of statve verbs can sometimes refer to the 19% 2: 90). Time, which is “s rn eeitoccurs with a present verb modifier, Stative verbs are Inchangng condition or state, 35 fr example, to love, to heat, to know, ete pesencat” (Quo concept” ibid, $4), is di time and future time, He thee pars, part time, Merbs which refer to anu fo sec, to believe, t0 contain, 31L1 The perfective 34 Me pec ee ears Be pacecive ordinary exreses «completed er ow wh aa end and who «fo ine. seen in wea an Someta nab TR moment) he vnderstand, whet I mean hear the nets Insc Sf Bent son qyStinla dattna tad eset fe eh my own eyes) how he ets her halla sag ang tba “The brought us fer 2 sone ob sage Scr pet the emer Syria nkasagat saSoti ae ‘My wh ke bane bt aba bana “They bits hoe ppete our” Sabot bonat sii ‘She ee bth oa depen This instant I feel {can love them” Ju12 A present verb modifier occuring with the perfective of ‘janie verb refers to an aetion just completed. Dynamic verbs can be actnity verbs lke, 1o ask, to work, to write, to read to listen, to Took ato. throw; or process verbs like, to change, to gow, 12 Aeterorate, to improve, ete assaf gai &-fatidt “T'have just real the newspaper” had-dogiga labostu hada 1-212 “Thave just this moment put this blouse on” hel-lahda Ratabes T-maki “Timve this instant writen the leter” masa F-asef hana ma hon had-dagigs falas “Tam sorry he ls not here, he has Just gone out” All actions referred 10 in the exa by sdding a modifier.“ “** Cx8™Ples above can be determined saa et hysa Syntax 2113 Where erect ver preceded by ether it denote an ston tat hs not nhs Ft : 16 dt #0 xobaz woyyak Se ern rears tat i veer tal "IE you come bring some bread with you" es ject ‘da katabti ania? aktsbi aktog mon safohuien ‘futbol 2b sahot al school courtyard.” iif Jou wate an essay, write more than two pages” ek 16 beftna I marwtn sala Sere with a modier ean refer to 8 “If you see Marwan give him my ‘Tegards, ‘an imperfective occu ida gaha | pagie xallihom yeagan al- ing — 1 they goto Pais It then it the ee” yg 06 boz-zb08 mabe 3.14 In. subordinate uses introduced by balki ee et ie iy iio ‘ feito raps cnt ga set, Sl SSE ir eee tht Sr om ‘adaggas 9b-talayyot al-banat agbaS magéat {21

) halt mu, dog,104 Syme shon "boy" + 2e-p. possessive ‘glam “pencit"+ 2. ‘ize "belt + Sms 2%9t “sister” + Its. possessive. pronoun Compound possession is subdivided into two cate 4 snd wnmarked. The marked postesic conptons eee of pace mal (ma./p) / ma (isp) ook Coen ee {wo noma! element Ths: head noun phrase + mal maa + moding nom Efabeou om-matiba mel bit sgdona “The. open windows of our mph house” th-malt mal fall of. Sta “The proba ofa te word ladee dda ma of fy of Spt “The new pane ofthe heal oe E fami xed mabe foaiot "My" tandmothers oon use etme tens ctamoles the head noun phrase is determined by definite aricie. Where the reference le toa coliccarat an the head noun phrase can occur without the definite arile Kafe ogee mai okitt "Sik handkerchiefs from my wedding” deftog gach mal gaff as-sados "New exercise-books of the stth form." {2th staphon mal saegomna ‘Starking apples from our tree.” ‘atégar madanay mal o-fogeq "Chi airports of Iraq Tae, nat recs with the head noun / noun phrase it fll meee Head noun / noun phrase is maseulin ea the particle fol folowing is mal. i Terinne single po Particle is maloe. th Ms mal 1° malo occurs alse wih the fra Pronominal suffixes. 5 q he Noun Parse a sine" (ndook ores ent | melo amir Sau idee aie mana a ‘mana | malotna irs (ep) . 1 mdlatkam ee} ee fame theirs” ‘oun / ronominal sufixes mal follows a masculine singular ‘un / noun a ile malat follows a feminine singular foun, pase, wh pirate. ay mat ns “This (fs) i= mine Eesamsoyyi malothom "The umbrella is yours. ada Itbes mate "These underpants are is. memaiot malak “te comb is yours (ms) 4 mn / noun phrase However, the particle following a plural noun / oun turualy malt. Thus compar: hada s-seyyagarmalotom “These ears are theirs gat mal et Sammi tur hada ssa me “These ‘ars belong 10 my uel ctooh mao brief arta arene oo Se ot ir "era bok ete cas -santdig ax-xafab maloina Noni "Our oon crates ee aged mal xt! ini ut sopndgaxcxafab mal sae hn | My aunt's wooden crates are hs- Syma Pbaeéetn mana sad "Our cats are black but bstecezin mal digdana sud "Our neighbour! eat are lack™ ‘fh matom "their apples” ar matkam "your (ep.) ducks” Sagag matna wagad mai “your (fs.) lowers” ‘-nahal maior "heir bees” ‘tame mana "eur dates" inl + the mo for eagle ending mal Samay "urges" 00 mal it "wrath naka mal “a hd seving-machine™ $2840 mal edge 8 at fr hie 9 tx eo mat st “an dogs ‘otal malian rnin hair” Aondaga ma “houeshces rifving noun frequently functions as an adjective, “pistachio ice cream" nize mal aman hm Armenian chureh marked posessive compound consists of two nominal clement Bee waked Tegal. The int clement ts undetermined, wile SEES is Getemned by the definite ale or 2 prosomial Bh coe Rappens tobe 2 proper name when no determiner su miners we fet nomial clement ends in a. vowel (al ByrStie added tothe fst clement of the const hon Sammi my uncle's son” abbot Sammi Shy uncles bedroom” 1b axtyi my brothers book” mastoget axis ny brother's ruler” Ses ol 5gag “he Iraqi people” Sapomat af-Sogaag ‘the capital ef Iraq” tafe a5-sari this year’s ales" onto f- boot Se sies handbag” agit a-Salam f-tlot "the destiny of the Third Worl” bodaotal-aplah az-c2gast P the beginning of the agrarian reformSea scr fovesos bagdad “the streets of Baghdad” Sah nian “the month of Apri” pene Sal baba the story of Ali Baba’ nl yahonna “the Gospel according to John nabatar afesya “the Book of Istiah" 3.231 Cardinal numbers Sra at CB ny seat the cst toed are eed Wa eae este is ‘set in the constrict ven erphatis i requred Sr erg Sonu men banat ma da "He has two daughters not three” 4 Kan aku bol-gata 88 oon doyagid "THEFEWaE no one inthe adorn eicpt tr wo ne Otherwise "two weeks by the dual Kae TST tue ase vo gis” kagion wie" azzagten “wo puzeles* ‘ontén occurs on its own, usually as an tine, sa, when the reference ist two Tomue’, ya time. Sometimes tnt tn can be us ct “rchngest ‘masculine form mén, " Kam mozey akati? "How many bananas hive you eaten?” tantén or tnén am kanisa aku & mohalsthom? Mow many churches ae therein your dsict?™ {ante oF ten tonten “Two oflock™ : 1 of cardinal numbers in the construct! peeves eee on TR towers man banat “eight ile” Say ae following are examples tives occuring be seen from the above examples, the substan Mis can bo seen ‘sinter we an he pr Te sates ne cS manbers I onwards are ite Haglan a, ran Sire Stared tree" into ng ; Tamed tun dar wn Soap "fee harnd and x peel 100 ae given in 2 the mumbers 3-10 3 The conrret frm 0 the morro.perk ona ocr 33 The Closed-System Items re cioeed-eytem items ordinarily consist of article, ‘Prepositions, Conjunction, intejections and vosstinns 334 Amtices 33.11 The definite article ‘The definite article in CB i usualy 1. ssimlated to the consonantal 8 distinction is made between "a ‘and the later non-asim LA al sams al + ganar “The Closed-System ems “ aring, and ¢ used 10 give saying asp renege sats to the estan _ s-samak “the fish” “ie scl 2 ees pee we oe , eae tiga “we aap te dunt on fheet “fe the me’ sean? “he Sra, Sua en es ee te oe tinea, ae and "moon leters, the iltve, as, for, example, > ai-tams “he sun” > al-gamar “the moon In CB however, th ere is no such clear-cut majority of CB co 1 dlstineton, and. eae maken Fe cof the majoriy of the Iraq provinces are pr bY sont are asinine, Tas ea a ia ips Ole tr eis a et a , yen yan ve age temo “Mai tn “Solana Pap ot “lw, he nate fee ane: eer © Sear Tkursi —-hagsi “the chair’ T-mépal_ “Mosul” Hane ERE, “ie cle thar joo Bret er 3.3.12 The determination marker fated fede moe ead Se "lemon mre eed 7 fal pees eran, eccasenly ual and purl nouns, especialy wt imedatite article is not assimilated before contonany ke fof in ar gad Stcuatory problems. It is sso recy te in Joan words from LA 7 fad does wot ubers in the contact, Atbough fed fd does et ‘Somat “ihe age™ sag “eae Seine the un recente parce te ianhe he marow” —LSonab he yap tse "ia compare rade” "te upbringing, amg ye SaPSE refers aman’ fagod sofgal_— “one man.» par manners; toilet” ‘sengal aaa ‘ern Fawédo “the good people” basen name" mantet ot er ae fate the simply? mltanag "ie ay andag feet Boots “espe we Phtrota "he calamity” ganda oO ‘man’ bonat {aged magga® “once, one par ogee ‘leur occasion” eat, deal of fluctuation inthe asinlation of the deat 1 CD Speakers verbs meaning Tat once” and 5 rent of MB majority teense ad Dosnibly de to LA merfetente itr » Eittaway cecilSt AEROS ott SaaS o eritcee” Ha orth! hone, three" OE een fale log wear ee “time” ged oat maggan os wea “children” faded ovied "some nag "Weds" Tetod anya Sagi "certain binds? frst babel "veauitsl fata sowes habni “sore bem Pictures” pictures” trie td oH info begonng vith some, ke 4 somewhere, ete. fea It SOSH 8) fed wh “omnene ete emetting fod mana ene LEIP... Semetine fet anda men See Seana er aro Aa 332.1 Subjeet pronouns eres Ryil Anbic dees, the sbject i an inmnie part of ‘the verbal form, as. for example, 7 fase tt” < be pater i + subject ronnical pei fake hey ote < base pater hea + saber wn cap suffix a In he frst example neither part of ty cliab can occur independent, Tn he verbal form, vie. a- of cur without the second example ‘iad. can Which case it would, mean The Closed-System Hem o" pronouns are used when stress sub a Se steed cn eS on er eas, ete owe kta mabilb castors 7 ‘phoned you (m.s.)” a tbagak r Stas I who phoned you" faa ywers” an (ep) brought us flo ov abn wood - Stat you ae wah vs Nowe Pee AWe say you (c9. cea se aol at mad $323 Dine lee RR sa oo So et Direct object pronouns are as, for example, somattina *V heard hin! habasni “He imprisoned me asohnatom . We advised you (epbch “They wrecked it (fs.)" cofatee Neon Bah yotgoka "He is going to leave her” eooutn Sn eal age Bet ees te te, = ‘hagagetla tonndgota ’ = ee _ “he burnt her petticoat for her” a inderand i (s) Speed my es for me” See cdo om toro a he she ave iT (ep) cab xe od et : = ser a a ae “| sewed a blouse for her for her birthday” Xagmatoon bacetnot bb Sala gabinu “My cat scratched me” tala habb Sala gab ‘Spots have appeared on his forehead” — wit sta» carnal ae Se oe a ire == te pink meses forse oma Fiano naan ee re re on first, as, for exampl rahe nassanayyanu eee Sap le made me forget Same vests in CB take an Jie ee them to you (m3 =o aa | — Ra cay ecry = a " a ae = eee oo ‘You (fs) gave it wo him to di“The Closed-System Htems 7 ee 33.24 The anticipatory pronominal su Prepositions Jationsip between a verb/_ noun noun imroatCtatoy pronominal sli flowed by the object i i ocun and acter sett, unl eleted to a8 the Siuiteed by prefs 1 ie of common eccuronee set snot cponion, There wre 2 number of preponiions in SySee atone an aicpatory pronominal (ane, prot sag oo aquenny secure being bow ad TC) "os The 2°P fant bro, suff +1 + eject has tee Nees ce ecomrenca atthe prorekg ae tibet + verb» dct object contusion, That aa ee Lien nl ‘eagetan eet eeu = W bist ae "1 Feb the bock* Ce ie naan ‘fotahu §-Fabebik — and fatahowwom tai-Fat a, co “They opened the wade” es ieee agai Fathi m-madjos and onde tn ill fem ened “They closed down the schoo” rege area ot Ae ee ee Jagatiom ox-xacini_ and Jaettowa isd gla pina re ee ats ah Nee sk The nt ut ini tien ee came Ina aan a * consteton ining an indents cee eg sa Pen weir gammastu sowag Bammastowwa loy-sawag ad ri under the table” “Tcollected pictures." aes es “collected the pictures” fern hets germ hats 2.4 consnctons common cor $i ct ra ie ut te pas” Covina ry ume me ene. The mat oi femmes fammétoyva low-wage stion in CB is w “and” which connects: ee Cay ete» tower”) "You tt) mak ae nog ooinal eerste. saga xaae egoting oc “T burnt bread.” on a "Vout the bread” verbal-verbal ia Safna w ach ‘ “He came, saw us and went bah pt ayn : ‘Sete tw doo Doreig Possessions, as, for example, mages t-axays sot 3 “ny brother wie, my sistrintw? SAO Te chee cunstnas falbe bondigamna ie Than Se oboe al-fagmat re a ig “The bid ew an ded on the pare. “he hel of ny fend” Labem footed “the children's toys"‘ Sion ‘The Closed-System Items 18 — ' ie ge : ae ee ee eps eee Jamil and Fadel are in the garden.” 1g siiteha howe I-mokill 1, eter ene 6 a ab er Nw o et vueral tn cunts er £-saléx w al-mazbah mahaiten ab-bagdad ae Sth a a ea shat wot cece ara WW Ri ee ot wy sen Bina. ‘emotion. An interjection See arin a setence bt ometines wed (Ilia on owing ae some of the more fequently occurring interjection Other conjunctions in CB ae [and "or"; aw “or”; “because, ann “ec pause”: 16... 16... “either i= fr rene Fe tow cxrpe os ida “f"; 16 which functions oe wee fe an th ton ie a ox ‘an expression of ed ‘or satisfaction mer ‘wall “get away from here! Sit i a es are i nag enh pi aoe tee ne pe a = aoe ae Wr ete ee ae ls acs a ae he rn ray a pero anaat ‘Sci ine goer a ume te ee ead mb’ te eens are roses ashe dtog Shall we hove lnch now, or sh “ne en before (we have lunch)? a Ineach ofthe following examples an interjection intates a sentence, ar Foca ell ie eal ere eon eth Sarre we ‘pte ena oe nem” 6x ln mandag holy nr ie “Oh, what a beautiful view! fp ry a a mate wal ost von : ma are imatket then | dropped in on Marguerite. "Get away from here! | am angry with you. SHAD won my op Bolo me em Meme bi ae Come on! Who says the news is true?" ete SS aam0 2 Syma dlogotu fohu tof ana “Get away (ep) {earl asin ‘Am Tso innocent that I do not und 3.36 Vocatives ; 4 vocsie is 8 nominal element added tionally, denoting the persons to whom it ale in CB is frequently expressed by the cea tame ot noun 7 noun pease. Te ‘noun phrase may occur in initial, dl or Ba et a ‘medial or final position. 38 aft tant boe-soff wen kant! yom ax-eamis: "You, who are the cleverest gir be oe rl in the lass, where 98 Honda "iene, where ae sou? Se Sh ot ot ge un ‘Teaw Jos. i ou wre sng Font” My doy Hon ety yan ty a “Vow i werd cng day oy oe A scatve iy ko be prop A czatte may ao be 4 proper nine or noun oan See xa fg hay aon hon “Cece, staym Face es Geer ere” Aopen hadoy ga “Thou sou e eet, my dng” she hal tdog na gi) "Son of beh Do ou nk Joc cet me?™ Impala wy of alirenng peop '* Sad arn ee “Hey you (cp. What's the matter with you, are jou deaf™ ‘The Sentence ” ok ona ma get woth tam no hig te reed fatty by the oe of the veal are a cnn, o formal Oy sang ¢ ae earn of mon fot * te roar ee Ta a a me tae ring oof more independent clases joined 6O- 3.41 The deca serence emer 0d A fects sentence odin fenctns of 2 siaemety oe ced pretcne. Te predicts is ster toma eta pening on the pe tne.- © Syntax 34.11 The simple declarative sentence 34.111 The nominal sen ements, the subject and the predicate, are equenty 3 postpositional copula 2pulafunetions at an affimation cf the prodicnc. nt ‘seems to be optional nowadays,” the postpsiional ecnait ‘emphasize the predcation, as, for example, be present and occuring fccurting in Pe ‘The Sentence toctgttom-madgart sha et rtners younger upier i clearly at schoo!” 4112 The verbal sentence ac five dies rent elements in a verbal sentence, viz (Subject, io ial pton, and OCA frement 2 combinations which Sidont The various ich se rethce can be ft, tee, foot (D hoxye a ee or exarpe, SV, SVO, SVA, SVOO, SVOC, Se pre etree eco ete Beceme Poon ack Tos prey oF “the I ined prety” 9-0 2) onta Sg 4 You () ie cover™ voce ea Sg yh op You are clever” ot "you ae need lever” ce (© hada timid dabong ee Cat ag ve dad dong yen “This pupil is certainly blockhead” Swe (4) wisdna ayn tonoe Or ase We slept ymin yom tae Our shidren ae deftly asep™ She a (5) onan taom mafia onane etal "You are all nite to our house” She is eating” nam liom eScimin ham, Soda il ‘You are all defintely inte to ou house" So epne gt mare (©) tones exp ang tom- mado, "Wy brothas younger dauet at scar 2%) cae Ban G94 129 sage: a he sade othe porponal curt npn potion, oad 1S 9 Aa ie htm Sate he peti Bases ot Site TCL Blane (i) Single-word constructions soon NE ARt, 208 8 potposton! cops seems he male "bee ‘omultory, tent, cn secon pre“. ption, Tofu Saw Bm yeserday" bate ee ‘ome best” ‘ontu Sie angher batsva. ‘svoo iat gepsemat “Mace atoning uri it gadgon ast ‘ty Ste Shing Rasa ston Sammi gayetzawwag banst x “My cousin i toni Segonte tn Sel he hate tae Se i ep ate ten he caged abtyi gaysafeg gasiban of Yih we yay son? Masees bol-Saiat - Trad gay fe mi “ie yw at tne” eSnt hesmu “He gave me hie belt" Snare moi Naxos ‘ade us listen to classes! music are lassical music’ "She slapped him: she gave bi - eet he i a slap” Mee hn aie" aden xapla man sc ‘man fafga "She gave him 2 Tock of her hae” Jbbasotatanndgota "She put her skirt on for her” ‘oing to marry our dressmaker’ day “The Sentence ws oggabotu d-dowa fagod kage “She gave him the medicine to drink in one gulp” dagabu 96g nt Sle gave him an injection here” gether t-folom bol-Sagal Spe showing hin the film quickly” Sallama geyada malth "He taught her gymnastics well” abbagatu x-xabagayy b Kal bogid She broke the news to im very cooly” saifexina bamyea w op qabl afvayya gave him 2 supper of okra and rice a short wile ago” SVOCA yontexbana mandabom Kal mages "hey elect him as their representative each time” tsawwogtiny Sag okt “Timapined him to be very clever” Ssamalowwa dni honk “They treated her ike a servant there” magi sanwots asfad man qabal “ts wife made him happier than before” Safa hod ti “He found her very beautiful” sabagna bab bema azgon ‘We painted the door of our house blue” 34.12 The complex declarative sentence 8, V, 0, C and A ate clements of clause Structure (Quirk et al, 1972: 342). A complex sentes fh independent clause, and one oF more dependent clauses thet fan have more than one S, V, 0, C and A. rather than sentence nce, made up of efore (0) ahobba 1 Sammon anna hae malcha “Tove my aunt because she is very nice” (2) gad qa-atfa Saléna 1 abni bas howe mm Pai ceally exerting myself for my son, but he is not worthy” nah yon ‘00d (Le(5) kag nae ree 8 Smeg hal work welt he Min pele. one fo chuch wher ae en 2000 ema, | oe Con ym miner shall bay yeu "Vw hee wal “hat Mer walking when I went in my car, but she ar but she did not In sentences ieee (Da) he indepen perianal lise, wile eG) and C's foe beeing af the semen dependent clauses, cai (a at tal emery ae Ct net ttn cecrea “xe wee Safes gatmatte Claman goku b sayago a reste ene tb Cbs hay ma sag) dependent dependent ‘ 9 hops zbe6t yah akon ato’ garni She is small, but she Is stone” (@) haat sinayyin 16 yabannnén yohom evoue (people) ave Chinese or they are Japanese,” (2) Seigu tow w pontagonu masasa Sis hair is Tong and his trousers are torn.” (a) sadbt salua tll gabsl sann w hassel homma wasorin sail Salwa got married two years ago, and they are now in “Washington.” (5) amoge afk Gada 16 yorkon axabgak sete trey into see you tomorrow, ot | might phone You (masa fom-madgasi bor-matag w hassaf aavaatt Me walked to school in the rain, and now he is coughing” (0, (2) and (2) are made up of two nominal conjins each while (raat of a verbal conjon followed by a nominal, and (5) and {© consist of two verbal conjins each. In (i) the second clause, er eeart the same eject, introduces a contrast In each of (2) veteytine gecond clause ts an alternative to the first. In (3) the 7a) use is an addition to the first. In (4) the second clause fs TReatotopeally eequent tothe fire, and in (6) the aise 3 consequence of the frst. “ras following compound sentences consist of three conjons each (0) bagetbol-bét w gasalt Saga w basen gat ramet aoe aed at home and washed her hair, and then she went te bed” (2) yomntan angohlas-sinama 16 ng0htt-matiam 16 nabga bol-bt zaman drow the cinema, oF we shall go tothe restaurant, oF Wwe shall stay at home.”= Sota © ha and 9 ts» hows yan wy Sa "Ri few dws nts ho mathe Ta Jordy shel et se (0 sdeh ddan ana ma et-aeed bien fine “He fateh meio. oat set ‘Reighbours are tiresome.” : enn Gh te ot mah mal their case nue ng eu Second ise ia commen ont ny sp ent i ‘explanation of the second, - an Se 342 The negative sentence 3421 The simple nepnive sentence A neamtve sentence is formed bythe adion of «negnve krmedaely before the predate n'a simple onan eee bette the wb the ating enh a ee eet Simple fra sentence. Three tes ten fat Im which preven sdd od oh Pa ‘md in subject implied nominal sentences: na toga yaa "She 15 not rude” ‘md hamod yinu “kis not sour" ‘nd goddad ydham "They are not new" ‘nd gaint yaks "You are nat ignorant” In abject sated ronal sentence hal at tn “Ta ood tt a da feat ma to Sa yu "Ts math my co Mitos and verbal constructions. “The Sentence em na tity FC rchoee) tn memahebos mlati md dehab yahom Shy tings re not okt which frequently occurs with a short vowel as ma, negates ll Sh is? eee ae nt mec ie een Terk pest Bn ar ta ean Ere ee meee Ecco eal {ae nperatve vo. id which often occu impertneverb spe seenes igo fe : “Det (a) ayant in iaopatan obi "Santa open the window tatbns woyatom se ep) ig ti wh ou Tama aed ok eh . ent (ma) kaon nih a os 2 days xs with short vowel as la, negates a9float og {asaeeuf banat bala tgboyi “ "Dorit (Es.) behave lke girls with no manners?” lateandowom Sap "Dorit (€:.) accustom them to spending (money) 3422 The complex nepative sentence Complex neptve sentences tre forme aricles to complex decane sentences” “on of ty ai ma mate daha "Thi pice of read ant bam the te eo ‘fon yoru wolon bine foe fot He isnot all een though fs Tater tall man 3th hata 6 fl onde ga hyp ea ia a Inaveig al-kalob yfat Sal-bet hatta ida dell aSavwi ie “The dog mut na go ue hf the hour een son latotsawwag aku aitag manny a Dat (ms) thnk tere 1 yoneceverer tan hn nia oa ta me ao Dont (cp) tl him o wr be does want lod hoy hance fe epa (ep) ing me apse fi tne ea lanl a a oka Donte her cay he chai’ nd flu walt boot yan "He is neither handsome nor ugly” tedonyi ma mgaymi wala kale’ aman yaha '5 not cloudy nor i very sunny” ‘The Sentence a ets Sond eld stbogting Sm a hmm a oe ~ hadati Kalltom ma yoammantn “yotsaddagan had Kl e)canot be rane or ean they be bev” _gbigi wala hayyi 2e66i SO peter a nor youn” ald wll ood ee twat nde dot let me wate vd ama old sade wold zo608 sae et ori ren, nor De My tae wal soma tm wd Saga Sonne $B 2 af we or di | bear where be was, tar teow ayting but i teh ld era wa tana cy wot Som Into wld orc yorsell to ny wouble, a do rate any tine on then 2143 The interogative seience re are thee ns of trot 7 Tree 2 ich re nated by ttrroqaine partes sntacially aces cs which ae react a interrogates y eis of lig ata ng. erence aed sentences Ine ag to whether the answer expected i YeE-0 Of I ret spb the missing information. we sentences in CB. They are serogative particles 3.431 ntrrogative sentences insted by interogtive paces the introduction of interogative. parti These are formed PY tative sentences, and expect anewers oer the bepnig of decline than yer. mona ay boa? “Vino is gt tna goth ona gb oll? ‘Mino fold you Lam geting marie” Sin Kiam hyo? tow are you tiny” fin safe ame? : fou a yu ind (Hee) el‘32 The Sentence > Syma ‘gad Some sbonki? . Sea nr saa fa "a a tatrawwagen naftad hajab? aay clernent oly. #0- "whats the matter with" OCCUS i a suis, wn & what” prefived verbal forms "How ach wee 0900 kw need? fragt mvt br daaghi> “When are you a home 50 ea vit your? fwagat yobdi I-falom? neh ‘in he tn ag Saba hla not agen How come al i oa, we re ony aoe bal- ber hay-yom? bee “Hw cae ee a me ay ta bd on option? “Hw may ats ete Sar four eae a magga” tzafalti wayyanu? a ow may ner dl eae cern a te ih Pech een tier ® wehod” qayohgobki hata attogt Sich one yu the so ene yi Sin a or your fon hal-agekt badge? ‘Aihatis this noise outside?” donu advak ab gis gomagoyret ametha? Senate your opinion of the American president?” ‘aku exbag man abonkam w mast? sarrec news ae there from your son and his wife?” ‘ak Sonam agi ya wl? ‘hat homework have you got. children?” ck ma qatobki wayyy afd? Ba ee rmter wth you that you ate not talking fo me say more?” Soya xa nalla maléha? Aviat the matter with my aunt, I hope she is well?” Sotkam nasi kal §€ qoinalkom yan? Rian is the matter with you (ep.) have you forgotten ever thing we told you?” ina hide sy0q at-taksi ma qevondal!? foi Mee mateer with tis txt driver that he does not Know ‘ihre hb? se ye on? ; mars i ou (a te your dhe Tagen tons sgt fore a) fd are le” 1 ant 9 sind for "Why are you thet con” 16 eos ta? Way ts he molesting i= 285 tana al mason? so meh ter hs ean Da aftagetsya I ham-mazhe ew How much dd you by tha coal Soe or? ‘halabot man papa nawel yak boi? ‘Wha did you ask Santa Claus to bring yOu seawwet bod-dafag al taak yénu anil? ‘at id you do withthe note-book Emile gave you?” 34.11 Exclamatory and shetorieal questions Most inerrogtive particles can introduce exc ‘qestions, a, for example manu yodgi wen 08 99-9 ‘ho knows where he is today! win aww w win ‘Avhat a ifference there is te he and where am I") at Christmas?” Jamatory of Fhetrica 9 ham and invari ego inaity precede soma Tiny may, Tre magge Sone Deviled they precede quantifiers tie wehod a Sai aac Mes fectlning as santero the fa Tanta te ese mon elton "how ‘between him and. mf” (it, "Wherea ‘Syntax god hatwi banta tox-xayyata’® "How prety the dressmaker’ daughter sf am maga gall ma tRahin ol-bab ida ma tfoefn “How many times have | told you not to open the door do not know who i i?” lon motkabbog seg anna!” “How arrogant Hanna has become! af ot-tn bas-s6q “How much do figs cost inthe market?" Sabag ma qayeftobom ahed How come no one appeals to them!" 166 nofina y-yém ambigha noSéofom "Is it only recently that we got to know them (it, “why, we only know them today or yesterday") Evagot ana galtu ma hebben x-xab ban "When did I (ever) say I id not like my daughter's Raneé 3432 Deetrave questions Declaraive questions are stay equtalent to statements ifr fom them in intonation. Decaatve. quetone tiie ‘Ealing intonation pater expects yore mes e280 Klon boys? “hte they all going tay tn he aur?” eagaf Sento heft? "Did she gett Know Rina the pary= tata heyy man eth? "Did they brig er & prevent fom America @acxaton bl céohan? "Did you (ep) get Soyed in the tafe jm alle mao bl opt? "Did you (Es) pit any en the ce mud madgarsom hada Ii Kin abn wy) bl tay? “Ts te heainaster ofthe school the one whose see Ses. wth me cal 10 teed “how: tow much” and ton ow" function a adverbs in xelama sentences See 241 below 7 ‘The Sentence 3s eae tte ata a a er Sones are oe art al pee ee nee pee Ste a ee 3 cesons cowl of ritenents alone yt Piro herons, Tere number of tags in CB that can Sayre qentane. There 2 oh to Het recto a decarave sentence to tn it ime 8 quest fr ecole, in sinon? Sint ta ih man? ota rg om ont poe? Si atte? in pt? “nk tht correct” seta Yo tla? ‘Ren > tomas na ane woiom ma ann? Aarne an I gt Nad fal mi mal ee rin ai ou th an wes ot god fr i at gt or no a veypans gobo a hand mi soba ae eat th hn toe hy wot evened at ha wa magga ma saheh? ova ng aig 9 oan fy mi a ee tht coea Somte recone oerectaneres aera peer fener re meen Saraccee 34.14 Neg imeroave sentences Newsive iran sent cena meghve declare she sn ae ay ie ean pte estan. na eqnveietropave sentence. te neve inn premonition Newitt sentences oda expect ys were 1 malt fo fala hay? Tint go youl come oy ‘hd to Sr ot Kan te boy? “Isn't that Joseph’s cousin, the one wh aa college?” renee ‘nd soma nd oxo I nipoa gout? "Isnt she called Janet, the sister of the nun wt rt he th ho teaches. saystéotkam ma soda yaha? isn't your car Black?” ImaSfof ma howwa Mh SapéafnaSalénu bol-bayga? "dont know, isn't he the one we met in Basfah?” Sanu hada Ub ii ma maktid at? "Whats that in you hand, isn ita letter for me?" ‘ma Saftayom aru kallotom géfan bos-sayydiga? “Didn't you see them, they were all siting in the ear? ‘ma atgob bonsthi nafs am-madgasi wayya banana? “Doesnt your daughter go tothe same school with aur daughters?” ‘ma gayoifbhom tumassin bal-bostn? ‘Dont you (ep) feel like having a stro in the garden?” ‘ma qay?atingSalénu hal-mabtal-flmi? Ts’ this learned atmosphere having any effect on him?” ne ee verb esucriy implies “why dont you dos rmahadd “nobody, anybody” feavertly occurs in negative interroga ‘The Sentence 137 ative construction, with the particle ma prefixed to eerscure wih iterrogatve intonation. Thus compere: negative imperative negative interrogative nah mya magn wei? - pen ge oi i "Ny topo go he” mena 9 monaco? ei ier Wy dnt you Bo Ups retin 1 Kot ads 1 Ni? " at hee" drt You rng Nt Here andr ime nadie Kno? mas ory chemist!” “Why don't you study chemistry?” Ce ma “no, ot + aha "smebo) ive setences- veined ata map ern waged on 2th todas? a ed te they mest wo pick Hawes fom the nn (nie) se ™ ek ma ton mod yoda yor? a Secu come, cat aye Biv yu aH rer eaplto ox-sabog ex fel man Kan? nad weer pe news tat my brober came tack from Cate" mato gx baed pe? woody wets more Fe” 4.44 Adverbs and adverbial clases Aven deserve a special meton, According 12 saree cGve css is the least satafacton of the es of speech, Indeed em PGE feovttar docs not the dfintions ‘he adn has to man functions: Quire et a. (0972: traditional ing to say simply that the adver for other parts of speech: (0) as a moditer (2) as a clause constituent‘Azoman se bt ie Sa de kl wat ol nn 'He sie ne ant Lebanon Stet ba el at maa ‘onvered tyler ty Somat at ented coy line oly fallaé saStdin yahom ao “They te veo fay {fom ona meh kn a ne film we saw yesterday . mae ie ee ery net ‘He dt he ny an {ged saxo anol ‘ep you fs) wee bev eve venting Te sre fae 28, for example, "7 OCCU ABD 26 8 mouier of other a habit ecg toes Tabet the 1 die sey fa” apalna bi ‘icine lta mon baat Ray abeas ed Hilla from BaCauba very quickly” a samatina ay $9 ta ina ay s6t lac fat Sal-bet Kola boskar 34.42 Adverbs as cla , pie ie constituents Egle consis of grou we bles and vero stoi a ey ora vat and an adverb are, on the wholey_ : ‘The Semtence | Adverbs as clause constituents can be divided ito those that_are an integral part of a clause and those ral to clause. structure, Where an averb is Perdmune itis referred to as an adjunct. Where an adverb is fo the clause, which can function just 25 easily without i Mphersaled either a disunct or a conjunct. As its name implies, 3 con GF disunct is non-connective ‘The following are examples of adverbial clauses where the adverb fp each ease ian adjunct: fact has connective function in a clause, while the function Ind gota lob-beta yim t-ahed akan Kanna honiki s-sabot b-iet We didst go to church on Sunday, but we were there Saturday ight” lammon tagok sI-haft def af-fogof Kenna kalna nogdag mila wage b fal ash "When the guest of honour left the party we could have all gone out after him very ess” ‘ana Fhagiga ma aqdag asaddog hawwa bag at-ofts ‘T personally cant realy believe that he stole the money” afi ngaddog marge ko tai "We fully appreciate your (x) situation” ohgaf adgtinu mash athe bass He knows his lessons only superficially” mu yotnaqaan 26 50 Salt kr "They started to argue in 2 very loud voice” The majority of disjunets in CB. are prepositional phrases, Most disjunets are loans from speech. The following example TA. and hence tend to occur in educated ‘show the occurence of dsjuncs in CB: ab hal sagaha ana agoéoh 28-safag bo-tayyata “hn al honesty I prefer traveling by plane” odin mugamaia ma atsawwag aku ahsan mannak af hal-maghaz "Without any Mlatery,{ do not think there is anyone better than you for this poston” an efeiol tagon halkom wine foddayyat ‘Trprefer that you all come with us, serious”bata soma gayohfobki ' oboe bee ee srr ha ann ep Hilda ht! os eleartetn oeral eat wah Sala kot € gatgalu bas gah corn Tage th you FS te wih you on ee. | a In the sbove examples the adver {he mntenoes ls or dijnct ae clause coe in Each sentence would tad diguunct. Be ‘semantic value if it were to ve tig Sit Beene oa eh le i manta tor, Keddonat “seit bal aga "aking ‘into the rth all my heart”; tabfan “of a ¢ Sentences, they can occur in inital or Peal posta Caines he dstnen ae pepo an hae nt ine sentences. Yet conjunc tend have a else eat fem detets oT is Pray nce co ‘Gao a ceectnes whereas dts do ot. The falowing bel-awwal ktoboya lol- tt maswaddi baydaya "At first write ee ¥ Secs fa rc sree noe sa “We bot have te sane pont of Now ea Geto r zawwad Idzam a é mo get married you must find & maid find a house, of at least (jou 1 Tis isthe same aptied to sre ols ence its mame (Bafta mally tesrat by be ‘oy heare “The Sentence mt at gah poral bom ab coal fags Slo Hal bal ma: Boh Realikam bala axbeg monn Fea eaine would get in touch with you a the earlet portent este he no going eave you without any news fom i cent Sonmé wate sont Sago maha kin Boh en woh weer and uncle promised 10 gre me work whatever By gene they are going, to Ht me work with the” tamrarsas toi-adab cwwolan al-addh maku monna manfafa Jen rnayon Fal wthod al yolfef marlahas.yodga, Slim ay et once man qosm 2i-adab ma sola Sg! Dont specialize in arts, firstly there ino benefit from the arte Doms weerrecondly anyone who Knows what is good for. him nowt cocoa, thirdly the person who graduates from an arts faculty finds no work. Ip the above examples bafden “hen bel-mundsaba“incientalls vee aces Sle T-agall “at leas’ Sela tal hal “at any e's tol ote i ubatever happens": and awwelan . tnayar ~ tne panes 2Ncccondly .tiely” are all counts comectng dependent auses or noun phrases to main causes wit adverbial claves, be they adjuncts, dijuets or conn May tte cording to the pe of adverb they contin.” Thus te ete cine. consisting of an adverd of time would be called a aivertia| ohrame of time, an adverbial clause with an adverD of ace would be referred t as an adverbial clause of places et5- 445 Cleft sentences teen semence is a0 called becuse it consists of a clause divided Aci cach with ts own verb. In CB cleft sentences rear into two por gatve clause introduced by (2) f (ot, The relative Sire ise to give additonal information about 2 noun. /-0UR Dhrase which is always define. 12 See morphology. 26M2 | Syma oes = "Rca re ome a a ot cle gn oe axicaceee "I lost umbre! vat fe Nebac ds be " 'A BRIEF SOCIOLINGUISTIC SURVEY 141 Thigossia vs. digossia Ferguson's definition of diglossa (1959) that (High and (Low, two Ferree st one Ianguage, refer to the formal and the everyday varie, the clatical and vernacular Arabic, hat been extended TeFistman {1967 to incade two total eiferent langusges. Fishman ye Paraguay, with ts two offic languages, Spanish and Guan fre Paple af a digossic conmunty. Fishman and others have w cvrccopnzed the co-occurrence of thee or more languages, of savas one language, ina even community, which they ealled t ies nd potylossa, Abdulaziz Mi, 1978 Criossia]; Gumperz, In ll the above sentences the relat eee shan 967 and Patt, 1977 (pogglosia). Some scholars Bostmodiir of the defined or focused nso ae functons_ a FRE founds moreover, thatthe vernacular, or a L variety for one another ype of cleft sentonce in CB when da Of speakers can functon az a H variety for another group, Pronoun, and where the focused ce {Gamperz, 1964, Pat, 1977, Krysin, 197% Ecker, 1980). tamd anna tadgar Tr Baghdad LA is the H variety shared by MB and CB speakers jecause she sadn Sa estab, tf man a-omipan wo fs the L vanity for Misi Baghdadis, whereas itis another exam hard. We decided to excuse her fr tet for Chistian Baghdad, fling between LA and thet own CB Iseannw tmaggod Weel which is their L varity. MB functions as aH variety for abba ma odes yah © wetda Christan Baghdatis, since iis not learnt at home and net spoken "Becaize he bec 7 Git inipeup members, but used in siustions requing = certain te rate Ihe could ot Ft hs promise and tke i fry ta ore ge ei Scere anmaton amiewet w ftom mo ‘ Seer ie LAME and’ Cb, for vee diferent. conmnctong aPediS a, Sete gus FMipotes in hgh formal, iess formal? and informal, situations lamman & &® w ma gages "ny grandmothee” es espectivel ee! Kanade Segafte ma gah yogis aa "When August came and he did no 3 Would not come back this pa Set nts 8 rs Pantene Set comes cheng ma qayefifabni af Fogo! 91 qa-aitagtu “ay | ‘am not ‘i é es erty eaters ca hich does not involve re ment is an adverb, the. sary tes, the "Spit ‘women whenever teacher en my Christan primary. shea Soertasion between the teachers hat tine, andthe. pols, wat oes Teter fo the text oe asumed Siristian childs abe wou swith to MB: 1 Some CD speakers tik that MB i loser to LA tan CB. Cf, Obani ope, p0e 3 return from Canada, a nt Canada, 1 knew1 [A Biief Sociolinguistc 5. The following examples were provided by two CB ‘example is divided into three parts, (i) in CB. iD in MB, A, demonstrating the triglossie repertoire of CB apeakerss 29 ses gaara at set (i) Storét nafanif sefiyya (Srey fasaine sefiye "T bought summer dresses.” 2.) kan sames anta hint (i) soma anta nd (i) tagad samisa annaka bund "He heard you were here." 3. axtyi gah yotkalal gaa i) exipa rah yore bagor (id seyetazanngu ext gedan "My brother i geting marsied tomorrow.” 4.0 Phlab agbié yanu G) 1éaab bir (Gi) al-halbu kabirun "The dog is big” 5.0 ade ssn ma meieh yon (3) hada tds mt cen (i) hada T-ku teysa enyidon “This date syrup i not good.” 6) araet seca gob ma tn (G) Sata ohdinta goa! me pat (i) evr rybaa gota on at "She washed her cater before I cane.” 7 (0 hat gt lane wagon nl (i) Sana kb getin mon wap oi (3) han gant ftsne Sindee wegen abr “Tey were all stg down when the news reached hems “Trilossia ve. Diglssia us, payin. ye ee a pl Gi) getters tice which his grandmother had cooked 9.6) faadowor man al-madgasi mbog kasatt yahom some tie ate Sota ine > “They expelled them from school because they were lazy: (0. gt geno onda oe e (i) hal-yom dayegiin Sedna xear {foc nome co Ry goes me cnn (st) usa Ba 11.) abayi maigef afbinu ybayyer freer en a rt Tee ona, mate wld yor enna alo aie oad to be angy: 2.0) tna a an at F i) goranna paar iat ean 5 yeaa au abun et as “Our neighbours have a son and a daughter: 13.0) kan qaytiab éonai w a@s (i) €dn daytTab dutbul ow xasor (i) dna yotabu bil-dafal wa xasir “He was playing marbles and lost. onan ta ad bin 4 nat MG eee ace isto bs rae at Oe oe fen see Ltn Soe nme doa {a Tated up for tim unl twee oeock. and then she went to bedsl A Brief Sociolingitic 5 42 Variation within €B There is a fairly high level of phonological variation hich ts not only noticeable in the diffrence between tet of one idolect and another, but ean also be found tn the therefore, does not younger group of informants, the swo variants nhgg and nahag for “day”. This vena ctscted in the examples provided by Blancs’ informentn’ (1964: 80) cites nhag as the CB equivalent of MB hor an ves Sagab "wine" a the CB variant of MB drab Blanc (p 82) gives bat "houses for which I have bath gud bot Similarly for Blane (p 83) fered "corrupt Bil teh Tosrefoot’; (p 85) tacan “any, (p86) faghn “tee, | FReed and fisod, dahl, kaslan and haslan, fegkan Fespectively. In my data also sayyda and sayyae ee® and feyaa "aeroplane", seem to be in free taiaton: Avames [5 appears tobe in free variation with nds “people, Ieee $3) eves nas as the form current in Mosul, and hés in ba By and Mardin. For “schools, Blanc (p 87) gives both renee madres: Apart form the 6a for which I have only éawedog hig i more frequently by my informants than its by Jestrow (1973: 15 and 1978. 47) who fo As far as morphological variation isco the pattem CaCECiC, “Blane (p 83) wi xavei “alors” 1 have xabbazin, xayyatn and have also mggyiy. Bl verbs of the base form CVC¥C. h ‘8, for example aber and ind it in Mardin * ncemed, for the plural of ves. the following examples: and mahilf "quarters", for whieh, halla respectively. For magéole lane says (p 99) that some Stem 1 hve a dual patter of CaCaC and ‘ohos “to wear, samdf and sama 3 Lave not come seroes fhe! with ial, eee a ‘agedorvom” and taadvor “hey them away”, a a ee ea”, kabog and Variation within CB ro “yo grow’. This feature i sil current in r Meat iy informantse For the third person plural of Stem sive verbs ‘the CaCa pattern, 1 have both band and bano ‘iego and bago “ey stayed" Blane (p 102) gives, band bull: oni, wl he got diets Salayy “on her” sag howe fer tasbant ana to sahgonin noha Heddon Safczi tat ‘fr Ini x68 awédom homma for This variation within Cl hypercerrection, Panicle ho preceding 9 pest ts CB, does not seem to have bee CB ta hh we. om to aus. a The Teen adapted. according to the system [hive used throughout this work. ot fon sept past te tTaplteraton of the fst hs 1c Imtow (197 46) gives bono with short 0 ‘pe has surveyed. In third. person pronominal ves the following mn orcurs frequently. Blanc (p 12) ipives geminatio Salayyom “on them” ation, tha 1 forns wit gerination yn renal sues in verbal forms and fatowa "ey brow her spelled them, they sent syntactical level was prowded by dependent pronouns instead of the na 8 ston i) an ‘Sti ra "we eH pas “my grand= int ft “PH ee ier a nao yon el tie pol 1B is rare, and could be. attributed to nse verb, which stil occurs in ‘corded by Blanc, The following article shows the occurrenceA Bile Sotiotinguistic Survey tha seh Sand aay or 289 Soma hon ‘1 B86 maken w-ociolu hig ve Bate na Leveling or non-eveling aa “Cp sent features are leveled during CB non-CB interaction B ireutee ke Dorian (1973) and Trudi (982, 1986), coat teeing can semeines be long-term resin Tare fee reacoon of certan alent features. CD appears 1 be ea of teat Tr several ection, Blanc (1968) bes hoeemn nna! tet acer very sgnatized features, tke dental €or ier~ Te fellowngtasiaton of the text is by Oui and hag Bs he yon cp‘ on te tera eiytemieued, According sone of my ede norman, When 1 a gone re speakers ther CB features are Christan markers which man) fares dan ter w Ge) my fe nh mt fon rp Sot wa fon a neh Mt some other lace. I a ne eTemnts sate postpostional copula and parle Kat = 1 went home and od my mater se Then two features, therefore, may wel become obsolete ening came, Take iy me ue, Saaepoine, esr’ The mals another festure whic i frequent being Jou hs sing weno fates a sd 0 ine "Where a et LA loon are feaized with medial a, for example; Thad ge in: fier” He answered and sad to me: “My sre Mice maxiean “ahope’ Ober wellestblshed forms se eee oO ne ch a st es ren ee Oe a to me, and we beth Iked the sey aera” De showed WeShow war ivarbly reine as akan by my informant a Me fae vey im ‘Radar “echsis', which appesredin the speech of the oer ‘ erent wnefegety road ov med 0 the Songer ess weer arte group Ths vara was also recorded by Ble (P sie ete ld a See a a ee ala cutting "ne were Nn, oF nas could well become the oly yar us a appears to be 0 thet Ti sows Ct re ar tn {he Mul lect. Ussrow 197: 33) century, and Dental for tcrderas peat toe fay tbe among the Christians 1 spe to. Aa Blane found (p19) he iterdenal wich s more tetsu reaized by CB pecker. The following LA and no-Arable meray Secu in CO withthe ierdental of the donor language Leveling or nor-leveling In the above text Oussani use "because"; roo "I returned" went", ge@ “other, "we bot CB in the use of g 8 both & eget i ln te ah 8 hl bw str a fa = antu bal-masiad wayya wehdi amm or tall se oe sete ne oom oy mt tan It ete ar Si ton aa a or aba ht tn rele hala esr le fae oer w pen, ha eet ots n-ne Sena ape fat it that clever, tat {sw in ghia was Ord Theft Mepartment store. which bas everthing cots. for ae omen and eden, household furnishings, materi, Woo] an Men Ting even a restaurant» 2 café... where we used to go and Sr nris have ice cream. At tat tine Syrian lee cto Was Bow ag, So many shops which sold Syrian and Lebanese tee famous tnd sweets opened (then). S0 at Orozdi Back they used to cr cream lke the fapous Damascus fe cream, the one which see se af plain milk ot pistachio, Later they started to vary (i) i ri (there would be) strawberry (ie cream), another dy apricot Srother day banana or melon ‘We used to go to Orozdi Back just for a breath of air. if we wanna ‘to buy something we would go to Hasso’, that i= Hasso Manivers ‘Store. My father Knew the manager. All the Hasso family Brotnerenthcday Adventists. They are the best known Seventh-day ‘Adventist family in Baghéod. "Yea, s0 the fist time they brought an electric elevator to Orezd . Tock yeople started to go there and. get nto it to go up and down, “on. gatéatn Back peor cel in Baghdad. Once | was in the elevator with & , al-masdiod Ue was ng & Subaja. She was with a bareheaded woman, The ell masSod Sere Jed twoman) said to the one in the Sabdya: “How do you pairs paren erator?” She said to her: "ts not all that good. The es Eievatoes in Egypt are a lot bigger and better than this one, There ai cetvctor has a micror anda seat.” But according to other atewogot ana Seen cian fantastic. They say that when they brought the, frst PeeriSor to Baghdad many people only wanted to go up and down. Seth time 1 was notin Baghdad. I was at university in America 3< the French asceneu 9 While enume cee partment ore this infre -iumerating the atles sold in the dy PHRASES thea f cry” Artie wie Totnes ae ar “urna faring —,‘Translation ‘et Translation 5 Ccnemss in Baghtad became widespread in the fortes and fies Cer sivinon arrived. | think te fist television channel opend sete Before television the cinema was the most important pass ssf rag fries, that is to sy after cvering. gatherings in people's) homes. sree are two kinds of cinema, indoors (it for winter) snd cpa (Ht for eummet). Openrat x outdoors, On hot days is Cathey would pt for us in the box. Women on their own, 0 vies would ait in the boxes, Men, young, men and soldiers Fearn the seats which they (el) call those at forty fils and ors at seventy fils. That is because when cinemas first opened Sine ae of seat in front was forty fly and the Detter (seat) sre ris, Thay Kept caling them that even after they became more expensive TT wos American films which were more popular. Firstly. they were well made, and secondly they came to respectable, cinemas Mee fitlies went to cinemas which showed (lit. had) Arable lms, thet is Expptian (Gm), because most of them were in old and poor verter American ims were in the orginal language with subiles eXMdbic and French. Cinemax were very popular and remsined 9 tnt the beginning of the sixties, fam al snihin stamtisay tapt Riot estoy hi tsawwdyt maldh w tanoyan toi. be-siamatf-mahtagamor ana nama Sai Kane hon o-inanat lt tem fan Sega Sie sla olen hive 6 mablt godin w fa not balsiaga harley wey tagfami bol-fe ol fags as-sina Sok pmeeiatmeaiaen dietetics | Text 6 ei-Srag aku haga Translation 6 femmes gow Lfanndnin at way. mon ot tana ramon tog soon wore ea ie Fit Steers Sra ype w yin ‘kan qabol yet i on te oe II Pion rooney ‘lman ahtemmo farwigf-boyct al gedit ‘et Ro a no weg ato ‘l-andalusoy. w gassamin ongalic sao yod6n “There is a strong art movement in Iraq. From the forties (onwards) Tua arists became wellknown in the feds) of painting and seule Peokausly European arsta used to come to Iraq to paint and take Dhotwgreps of Iraq landmarks and old. quarters, especialy in Bashiod ane Mosul, German photographers took an interest in photographing at Muses, those which have overhanging windows and a. courtyad cee feuntan and trees, Uke Spanish ... Andalusian houses= Texts ‘ot-Sordq w yefocman manddag map atahago -fannanin ai- saltagon sain cottons Text 7 wey bol-Sordg ma kanot gahat abadan: st-masotmin 2° ed asin tt twtr srt my hl ha sin eae Lt me tot tron a se Yeeman soa ham xi bw Su 3 aon mb ons eee eee a A SagzGli msawwayi man safof nexcal. k eg AF Seca. hy geal nd ea oh a ‘hid ma ry ASN Soers and so lformaats any egy rah the fo te ei Wo the celeron of Succ a “8 the ewish ticle inated of esi this hes < sagqat gensayyetu "he nc a Meme leagd atonatiy® Enalish painters focial scenes. But ‘Translations 163 started to come 10 Iraq to paint architectural and ‘fag artists in fect excelled themselves. artists began to exhibit their oll and_ water in the fiies (req) al exhibitions, People started to, buy their colour paintings in speci self They azo vecane. well-known for (het) sculpture and ‘chines, ue dot to the game extent for (their) paintings. ‘Translation 7 -qrere was no death of feasts in Iraq at all Musims have thei own There "igo da) the minorities like the Christian, the Jews, the the republic there is thar fv on 14 July, and Army Day on 6 January. ‘Dareg the Muslim feasts all the children used to weat brand ne satduful clothes, the gis used to tie coloured afeta ribbons ae cool ney used to ride in horse-drawn cariages and clap ann is and sing. Gils also used to put henna on their hands and feet. ‘After the Muslina it was the Jews who wed to make the mast ot ince fesats Yorn Kippur and their new year (Reah Hashanah) oF et feahey put Jarzdlas on the roots. An Sorzila i= made of ah hares: We used fo vst our friends to see thei Sarai. Pat Pa eevee Jews stated, leaving from the forties (onwards). How Way taed to enfoy ther festivals They would take with them hardesi Texts ttn nth inn Sse a 6 not ath mt snp wep ihn ta Bas ar ahh I-fasah. al-d¢todoks w xdssatan al-agman id Seen hoon so teh fa sf ann ab pon hawt Ts ofan natn a nes fs a fev nn ogee a a cote 9 a tv fret nina nay on ea ‘Eso gt sow aed ba a nasihayyin, am-maga Ili ma ga-yyigla wid “a ‘sgl oto ho or hn ee ‘Finayyot magt al-fallah mélotam. lamman waladst ot tet tonal Sor oe ae imat xéloti kal nawgoz atsawwi i tot al See mae te Fa se al-masoimin baad mannom an : a. 4 ysadgan bol-gaddisin ol-masthayyin, ch ne nt et age int et on i a worrka wohdt yatbéfin aha sa eight Seton oh sagorommu ence aftr ob ed soe 14 ett overnight {or the Sabor ‘Translations 165 polled eggs and boiled chicken and they would go to Safdan Park tok einear our house, | used to see them puting up samovars Sd making tes in the park ‘We Christians have Christmas, New Year and the Great Feast thot Easter, The Orthodox, and especially the Armenians, have that ‘Ghrntmas on 6 January, after New Year. And most years their ther fale after the Cathole and Protestant Easter. Our whole year in Baghdad was full of feasts "The Shiites celebrate Nawrdz in the spring. They call it in Iraq the revolving of the year, when the year revolves on a kind of full of tidbits which they decorate with ret icaes. Each tay has to Include dates. They (ase) put candles Pave aking wishes, Anyone wanting to make 2 wish sticks a pin in ee. Its something very nice. Many people believe in t (both) Girdime ‘and. Christians. A woman who has no children (usually) Mikes a wish. If she has a boy or a gil she has to prepare = tray TRavthem every year, My (maternal) aunt made s wish in the tay of ‘Row gardene’s wife. When she had her first child the gardeners You must prepare tray every year. That is a was. 'So my aunt began to prepare a tray for her son every Nawriz Unt she died, God have mercy on her soul. ‘Some Muslims believe in Christian saints. There was Muslim woman we knew who said to hee Christin maid: “Ligt me a candle we Virgin on Sunday" (This was) because her son was in love we Wenan who was not suitable for their family. When her son TER this (woman) and. got-engaged to someone whose family they ew this mother) began to send money to the church with her maid,Texts Text 8 nares Sena eremeee al tant one eon ee a a i sen i i nn 'w y@ohOn wayya saffom. ae Seer coment I-madgasi. kantu Se Mle nn earn ae toot i end Stats ker at ee ne BRANT SL ae Seer ee ae ee a Sapa? al-fogat 16 I-abu greb, hantki aku an nc 'w aigdg angaddi n-nahag natab sombéla a wol-banat_yéxein lent Nein econ ob. abd alana hn Text 9 marge rae — Lote ry ay tao a-ha Yon bt nan wt Eh to doy | a tor enenin tome et. een ee awvag aktig mamma kan ab Sahd al-Sabbasayyin®> Spey alga? baSdu mate! ma kan gabal. laken kan st a ‘ota manana neo a -ng 8 wet nnn mn oa ad waga laxxi, Sad al-gagi yolgi magam gaseg 15 tr aa 154 ic generally belived tht SLAASDY Rie! ate setenperay tn! magn 8 et Traitors a Transation 8 very schoo! in Iraq dedieates one day in the school year for each EX ‘a classes to go on an outing ouside the city, There, are fre its who. do not go. There are sometimes chdren whose ter ado wot alow them to go wih the rest of their fends vars they worry about them. But the majoniy take the opportunity nd go with their lass "The whole week before the outing the children are excited and ‘work hard at school. My friends and T could never get to sleep the Nt before an outing, 20 excited were we. 1 used to pester my rither if 1 did pot see her preparing me a (packed) lonch for the sree she sed to say to me: "its still early, my boy." T would get cat pe morning and. want to rush to achool. My father would say to me: “Why the hurry today?” When I got to school | ould go and look forall my friends and (ghen) we would get into the school bus. Our outings were either 10 {aylon orto Hila where we would sit on the bank ofthe Euphrates, Been bu Ghraib. There is farm there and a river and tess ‘There we would spend the day plying leapfrog and hide-and-seek, meer ate used to take a skipping rope with them. We all used to go back home in the evening exhausted. Translation 9 Iraqi music is of two kinds, the classical and the popula, The Eemkical means the magdm, and the popular (consists. of) songs a cet bedouin orgin. The ragdn, however, is the musical ie rag, At the present time it has changed 2 great deal from ere vas inthe Abbasid era. I do nat know whether the recitation ‘ati ay it used to be before. But (the magdm) has become shorteg veiffore becaune twentieth century audiences have not got the ‘han, ence nor the time to be able to spend hours listening 0 & saree delvering one magén after another. So the reciter delivers cece aveindn of two. and. then the orchestra starts to play & sre aler diay or a fok song and the audience stats to clap 10 Te nyt and join inthe refrainve — ‘Texts - basen yaum a-Cai yg 16 pasta 13 fanny fetta dma sofa Sala nagmataw ataghan bogged ima baga gagea? maqam mas! gab. okie o-magannin Yanan aa adit! matasge b mesa gaéboyt. cxmelon ‘of mesiga margob aktag w tanoyen ma boga, maben ‘flan o-mogainaf-fobcb ola? magam Sle tata fala fll bl bad tod! yond yl satear mayo lg boh-haft 16 talaga = sahgat ol ode mon ost ‘ga lt 2a rb lmman a Stemi son a sie féemin yeaa a _qere ace no longer maqam reciters a= before. Most young singers Ther cor songs influenced by Western music. Paty this pe of 36 more popular and secondly. there are 0 longer od ye) ust ono ean) teach the young singers magam recitation according Singer fediioal method. Anjway, one can stil find evening gatherings 1 uation Ian music a parties or wedings..eveing gathering? wit gare at 9 oclock and. go on until 3 ofclock in the morning When the hosts offer tripe to their gusts, ae ‘Translation 10 ‘he Armenians in Baghdad are not among the original inubitants of ee eather Christian group, for example, the Chaeans, the tea TAS andthe Jacobites, But Armenians have become an important Aare Christian community 1 Iraq. The majority of Armenians Par nedox But there are. Catholics among them. Some of them a eae Refugee Armenians", that i when people want 10 Hr ctontare between them and those who had come before them whom they call "Baghdedi Armenians”. Refugee Armenians” did not use to speak Arabic well and most of tren aca Turkish and Armenian. “Baghdadi Armenians” do not shot uresh, and their Armenian language is mixed with a lot of wratle “words and expressions, Inthe last century "Baghdad rae wo were divided into those who Uked the Czar of Russa are ws ked Queen Victoria, Of course "Refugee Armenians) nd tore ne begining of this century. after the massacres which took place against the Armenians. Ord tary relatives, The nearest te seven times removed, But in Pe fiton) to dic out, along time ago the Petrarch said that Was (reels for relives to marty cach other. That is why there are Berm cians who have married cousins (it. a matemal sunt Shughter ora paternal ants daughter Recto cota nena eal operant i our a rn Me ve te sn ee Dn al poop arco Fie a sc Soe eel its Sr get ree ne Po bore ae Ta me poe a ae tet i ana ee Sere ie ton ae id yengagdan al-agman si-batgak man zamén gat ygaz zawaig ben qaéayeb, w mon héda aku kam agm s aon oO 16 is customary to eat ‘tip following » magi concer1% Text iL 2umae mon chm a-aée »- potty “ et seth. a Sin matey ao br Yotor tone stew a Kn oc an a she ne lg Ni in Sint i ten Aaa ant megs ma an Hi ae aren al bt byt ktm ot wai aa nt St tt ie tn as nn ol fl won die ayn st» ut a naxilu ‘tlaggah, yotsallagén hadolt te ‘ein fl eo dag oo oa. mgs Rt 2%Uf awed 05-56 lana Dag soar toga 00h dag. wat Text 12 Se eas peice seca slay ate eb as maSdanés w-akgafas w kammin_ boS- esd socal eri a tise ee a taxbozalna Kall atlat ayyam magga. Th tat en ‘Ady am-maga kanat athobb< sail oa sation eee ee es sna ‘anat tbrasom w astgil “nag nag oe a Sie Maat mtd iw “be got : prlipdabetigcces Ba a an gélotla “ma $8. ana maltha yani lés ga-t at a “ Seems Seo ne a a ‘ad bop mae nace Mh "You are not altogether” or "you are not up te 5 “Translations ‘Translation It “There is the xastawi which they say i ate ae erin and is Toneiasting, That i why they dry it and eat the Pernt, Then we have the fata, the moktim which i¢ small. 3 Shad and the barban which i lnge-graed. These are the best nown varieties. “The palm-ees (one palm-groves they pant mab ‘come. bringng, with them Dates are diferent varieties, finds) in houses ate all female. In special fe palm-tees, In spring bedouins from the ‘nale branches. They knock on Fores task feamyone wants his palm-trees polinated. These $2055 Sb the plmtree) like squrels and te each male branch (oven) Shale one. The branches stay (ied) in this manner until the 2 joning of summer when the male tranches falloff and the dates start to appesr ‘Translation 12 fed to lke herb bread That is a kind of bread the rest of the bread for the family, excet mest, parsley and cumin before ‘We used to have an earthenware ‘used to come to bake Us In our house we us which they bake with that they put in the dough ground they bake it in an earthenware oven. ten in the garden, and a bedouin woman bread once every three days “That woman loved my mother very much. Whenever my mathe went aut to see her wile she baked, (the woman) would smile and wer On light, light, that has come out of the earthenware Fe cment tunes when she came and did nol speak or $a) "ROM Tre out She would just go straight tothe oven and start to knead re ee) Once she came with her let eye Back, My mothey Ce her and said: "What is the matter, Horie?” ~ Her name wedges She sad to her: "Nothing Tm all right why af@ YOO wince! My mother said to her. "No, HOriya, today youre fot wae (So they went on) this one would say (tthe othe), Am WINTGHE, and the other woul say to ber: "You dont lok all Heh‘agowa qamat ‘obi : xabbagota Iommi 266 da fc al fe, hp sa toa » ote of retical amc imtmesionees cee Text 13 Seicmne eee Seitetooonces aa Soa (98-809 wam-mahallat al-gadin ie § a Sec pm mene we-qmaidt wimaf w taghag ... wal-hagagar ies a ee fae oy ee *yam safe w ands w yonsomaf ad-dagg bayom al Text 4 ; gabal ma tagi 1-Kokc a Bains a ‘Papsi Kola wal-savan 2 ce Bpapenews Sagbat bal-bet. ay bet wehad asthe a a anor ns a Seen sa ee = era ao — megan bayydien ab sawifas bagdad ae aa IB yoxrab “to be spot PERE He be sa: oso where + i atime te Se Translation 13. Dapod has a ot of old markets, Some of them, ae famous ie Bachan market. These are (stated) in old Baghdad, in quavess the Said houses, alleys and unpaved streets, used to 6 which have seimother and out washerwoman to the large market ih Bed the sounds and colours ofthe market and ld quar ‘peatful ‘colours, red, green, yellow and: hhh shone and. sparkled «And the Uproar uric, aman would quarrel with a vendor Then there were ie Jhre they soi! food and its ke melon seed Gc Dlecs tronds and spices, red and black perper, yellow cumin wt Peas otaron, These. spice shops could be felt from far away brown, cinrither smalls. There were also places where they soll tects ocopper, and one could hear the banging in them from, distance. ‘purple, and. materials ‘Translation 14 jpcola and seven-up were brought to aq, pele ed to make soft drinks at home, Ary House one went 12 people eetummer, when the weather became tot one, would fo Spring oF Jake’ We used to make different kinds of soft drinks and cold so (rca in the larder wich @d not see the sun of oof a Stas the sot dks would Keep + whole year and Net ets ‘hrsugh the streets of Baghdad seling different and hazy. Those which were fizzy Were Before coca-cola, pepsi kinds of drinks, stilm8 © Texte ee eee soos a : ee laeonees aan iba 1 zabb.Sogbat may waged hata han o-abbe a oe ee rc Seam Se ree fae ‘may w anhoftu Sala nag xafifi ia Seep = pe ne sees Swayya fwayya qatgat may waged. = Senter 8 nl os «Jen mah Mes vay gaddah yathaéa n-nawbat 2! 21-galboyyi. = ‘ath fb hn gt! na ln gen pats ogee Siento ee See aca ron magga lexi bafed yomén loxag. al- a m4 eer --zablb anhattu b-batal bot-tallagi w wed fegah. garam’ mon o-yohad Sagab ob fash sure Kano yoigaban Sagbat zobib-ambadal 19m 22 lit. “the spots of youth’ “—_ ante, When the vendor aleeg tiny wot t0 sur “Celt ctl refreshing inks.” TR none my grandmother and the maid used to make soft ri ct tame mY fone water, orange, Dlostom water, mene oer, 7 esogane me rnin Te conk even wed FO NES arrtments, We used to buy from the mar of ree petais which we would put in 8 Pot fone poeta top. We ued to il the pot) with wale end at narrow fe. When the water boiled we would put 2 cane PPS a x ting aber tube 10 which we maul net se the ot on the steam came up the be would Sart daplng 1s 2 Ne We une, Orange blossom water is also made in We fire used to pl developing wri ik which I liked Dest was raisin water, We used 19 pul io af aioe ina bowl and cover them, wil cd a Ae cer we wed t drain he water and put it ae: al Two dav ler fine, with tesh water, We would fepen seul cove cr tine afer fur Ome aT. SO operation et te resins we would put ina bot i the refiestons Se ante une tater cig lope arg aa A wk ae termed (it became win), Some Jems we Jeet ore water instead of wine dung Jewish PassovesTexts Text 15 fee eee et sacoonnaaes 18s mawladt b amé 09 Ser eae es AL ma a ngoh lol-akiit See aa ae Seaton rah sah 25 Bo fy lh eta ew st Serta ee w On al ditrayt kan ot Se Aen ne Goh oy smn ae oe 7 ee a ae : re a Seer casita top tea ets oe E oats ye eo ee Scene eee ae “me yedagsin angalizi hana yeqdagén yohkin a sn: 1960,my ideo, wert 1 America to, dene Unierl HG 396 or four Yor, ane met tl whose FAT SE ete put wo wes erect borne Americ They We) Haan or to Detrat o be) ea het family, He matey, pared att the wedding, bu his younger broter wnt fol 1 cou menca, He used to work at # mechanic i Danes Be Arp tere cay. He uted to workin 8 shop ome nn oreo ry on ced twa set SE by my renal Amerios 0 that they could open a cM, Seg weeny mute and et husband decided 0 6, Oe shop Meer on ney gone 10 Arman Yo Weck M3 01 AY my 3ounge remained in Bagdad. 1 mean she hod (oes) Or vile and cohers and her mother, and had a sister and» roel rd my re pssed away, ray God have mercy on et sel na pceicken not Knowing how to pas (enc) G86 ae Nw STE sae, My son who i= in Amman came and al ¢ wa ele. come wih me on oe 19 Ament tne Dads, 31m Detroit. During (my) fist days there 1 found $008 decided 10° forgot my rit. Then the days began fo seer) 22% diection Jep ae al by ad ave no tine fr amen, | eed Reople in Amer Send by mel Later my. daughter, rane we fraon Tor me stants for peopl, who are ‘counties with thio w aa etanehftdom. on Enlih lense "snd ro. have come fom eer aay ctthan aptent eee their families, At the institute they can speak Pea en rae ne cointn lige, acl to tbe fie = atlat afhég kanty children speak na ‘couldn't manage it. | only know @ few words of English and thats 256 pt tat i Fogel“ ac 1a adge man gabol.” — seem oe ih wtp ra eae Mlsyrx al Sond axti. sabe owiddi kallon a per aia ccasien aga bya §€ man gabal lakan baSada aaa wana tt mdf ton matt etama a ohana cost ee rh nr Iwas stl on the sxe (wor) 28 a Ateat son Isai 0 Kim "Do you see, tow 1am & a er better not wiser than before?” an oersfor two years in America and then T compe, OST pric Sod got up and went ay. [cerned to Bais prayed eat all my cilren are abroad and Bathad Bt site ping ie a of the pat, tt I = sll my hoe oa longer ami foun of omy ganar, and the place where itife is buried, God rest her su!8 Texts —_ Text 16 ‘Translation 16 veo used to stand itor embroider. There was alwals & fay and we would all (help er) prepare & pete for the baby 1 rite ‘nd £0 did taf tm sid seth Sf me a Feo ial» me te Bt aon fae bee ested. Sed mcr far Sa Beet are ama ha — on aktig madi" yanu. kanw yiagzdin cagééof tent te Boat tgs ma Bl ra Rae oe om pa om son ei ba =n hm ‘al i an Ki fae = noma eh he ie work was neat. They used 10 ct ters, and clothes with smocking on Something exauisite ow sae orsde My three, dni bought eventing ersthing ‘They brought (things) fom America They tro ves how to vat oo | ek Hig 7 OE Ne ee of enrevary — Theyre wed ToS TUE ea Text 17 ‘Translation 17 x who is very chaty, He loves nothing Wis opion about eveything, from Set Oe musi to ance 0 AcE 1 re Toye nks be indertands beter tan OUST ven_oota Peer stay wi thorn becmmel he sie Os se sire at, and you dat know Ont oe MOG Ae then "Do Ue veer speaks, ner. complain She meee SH wife fant there e has cased damage, When Ms oi of to mat ah were orton e sare wo tll the oct eG his Gea tater. When the doctor makes, Ro) ro enn examine he he sa TN Wade doctor js consulting hi, HL you? Even the is coulng Ws Mop” They ot eed 0 make fi ENS doctor an ask that they were ust conmuing Nim PEE Wile po one who understands as much as he does oman isa et ae ‘kai-S€ man soyds Weel so Bile ce Tl ae 5 er eee ia ony he a al Seid cit a an mt oS ce a a oat i np" ts et a te ton om tw SS iT on te ea a Salénu w hawwa yfakkag bass qayas?alanu a make yofham ab qaddu. be! ‘There is 4 neighbour of our better than talking and expressing 23< Th Freeh mu snr et ad the eg Stee onen ah oe rm Inrtead ‘tthe more somo 24hen refering oa 240m elering tn ny men nn ‘pein ke bun!" my sper. Ne ttTeas Text 18 serene a vt i Sead reeres So eae ee mone “he merce tae a Sate e Soe 7. ida qoitu mataian talaS am- 7 aa cos eee ae Text 19 ce a ee Sect Som eee Se Saige awiédom kam séknin ab labndn. tame a Sat Ho na ond Gd | bad, oto Sg mae eas kanat toftegal ab bank 9b begat i ear ee agi wayya azdoqd?a w sadigdta. ‘avin a Shaina Se int a oe ston yaha tisaégey mat! Fehtoe Rag ens smateee 1 sl bar asyaga? 2 avai “wall” inpter » gumber soon, eee 2B kagien “rwice na") im this context means "living be-aaes < hatea “one “Translations 18h ‘Translation 18 ‘Fo go up rane to go wpstais ado ge down means ta BP SWINE, Tome Tra hey ure to go up end 20 op down in othe, Sma, But rove, they wualy avy a burr went down Sate wel can go up on hgh wall All boune i Baha Deceane TEy bck was. So the burda, ger Up on cantons suchen be gor dow ino the house be was 12 Sta 0 high and ere ta gone up to the, Decmbe 8 stake COSTS Tae cr wey or from undergrowth sad Ses SE from om scanee, tat apricots hae, come, up, means hel la eaten, toe Det al are, taro, sere they have appeared in the shops ‘Translation 19 We ull have older people interfering in younger PeoPls PRRs Me sil vega grown woman, Dut my mother ell ast For cri io be twenty years ag. al that she cn 90 2 ead dort wear tha? Those who come frm, S08) riven ay brother, his wife and chiliven use 19 Cae a Wen the situation there became, unbeaaie 10 he iy about twenty-two or, twenty-thes rece tank in Beirut and she had 2 685 yeas lt Soe cge ad came (as ab. pleated) wih et ferlale friends, She thought, poor thi ‘Shad go out and come in whenever Soy anything to her ba. ha. My roth Gir gel she? Where does she think she of Boer pare, Wy, she a boy $0 do what he Fal This Baga! Nay behaved gis? | tid her off twice and IE fidnit do any g00d.”= Texts sob ak om w aby S sk Srl widen rcs hee iin sing en eacrcicr it Nn ae okt na a saat Bains ee ome aa teedettnpewwed hati fed yoddeatin 9b . Text 20 Peet arerense Ls ce Se Sooo ae kag ab bema as-sagdab kan malydn kateb ... gawdyat ' Gahayyat ... al-hageb w as- -axwan nal faGlabiprpleceentyer: ae Fey frpen Sp Rred peter beeen wan tte aa Saas aa ee See oo Se So | iprnimag eens pentirc bahat nan din md yattagg yoqgdnu bol-loga !-aslayyi. ‘Translations 183 te ie out for my motho’s and father's generation "0, Sie i ere et customs and trains, and they imaging They tave es here who are peunger than them. Tam sind OS How morning) ecute twas row up bere, au He er keep aiet and not say anything, not Dat Nar ly lee who is wood to her tendon cat Meine someone people here efere in her people's business ‘Translation 20 Fblishing houtes produce iterature enjoys a great deal of popula T mean not only. Arabic EiRimber of Iterary books every year a name lng tive agp we vers ied to the Hill OO erate ot bich sed to publh tansaons of work) Wassag house in EOE fur houre th colar was fll of ooks ~ nol 1 and Peace, The Brothers Karamazov, Les Mie Pi ict of Notre, Dame, The Serows of Young, Werte The Humctomel ‘Tle of Two Ct — We ned to Tend #0 Don Quiros. aye were long and we had no schoo ~ MY a sammer «Te acer novel, ike (he advemure) of ATERG Lupin and Sherlock Holmes re ona eaable tay are all gnod and they fea re artter rabie only to Wester iterate, Allgood those whe ot only ofcaeial erature ~~ Twente, OS acon a oem counties which, ave become, well EDOWE Meroe, sn eco af South Ameria, We Nave 4h 0 Ther. dbo oat Arabic Irae and work Herne the Pera Al Aelim which is monthly. and one can 8) research Bernd cen Merature witout having to read it im The Janguaee:The following isa selcive sen of tems common to Ieriy are hor Ardc lan worn ome of whch en [a,c worde hve ‘Wich show vain CB nodes GLOSSARY feneraly been seed, and have been included. sy Detimnoered mame (ot comnon gender) ‘good person ve ena presente (na) wont-rom bere sect, etic Siem, it Sine deren woman’ ick cok horse-drawn earings horse drawn cari diver otchnan leasehold propery th peer Bre: queen an Soe abba“ ‘the sea") eo St ew fae Get, hid tec fa: mae of pan ranches) Inuit nd vegetable wholesale markt sane pls mags scorpion (nun) frog (nun) we bok a aged beta bogat bogbad borg oan basta bat bofyani cell pe Simate ee ot tare (bet) (romans olurace) fo corer wah th spiels) ‘owing boat; small sling boat barsman, boatman yes, certainly balcony dain mau, wolet (colo) tote to bulge, to protrude mosques (nun. Boggy) to smack; © slp ‘smack; slap srtking stk Imre earthenware vat in which pickles are fof ferment to swell petarch bate ‘nko elon ‘Bet ko. who isn the habit of stealing fat (nun) ehurh; chaps! insolent, re ffl ery bad ‘ommunion wafer tprdener fow ich? bottle Belov me, Leweae ("oy my eee?agin crt Pie, ate: pet ‘ene le Sea's Petia ut ereced on iets which appear IniheTip ding the tomer met gute ft sa" war of wel Tone Wag orcheral mie tae tole 15 ek a, lad ater in ew) 1s ae (te ne inte cs fot Wows white header tinned so tiene ith aml ini (ye) canoe cae ne sreren desert Nomcth te bump: knoe to cra (cn blockhead; dolt Ca) wo how to become pam binoculars ae nen ‘tab Glossary * alley to tickle ‘0 complain, to grumble to chat way; road to nudge serewériver ‘cinnamon ‘inconcerned; unperturbed te frown; to look disturbed te spoil to indulge ipo between; matchmaker Stall brass pot with long handle for making cofee in dambas amegakani "safety-pin") Tace te wear of try out 8%, new forthe first time weet friters in syrup to send to look for; task about ail around sia mensurement (usu. from the tip of the fingers of one hand to the middle of the neck) black specks found in rice been picked over cupboard ‘bad person which bas_not heel pitch black, darkness to hide to bast straight ahead va Jade tree (bt) (Ceri) $eFe te ot) (Core a es xray (Chrisie)Glossary {allure in one or two subjects at end scholastic year examinations falas okmal failed in one (or two) subjects)) ‘samophone record Sister; sear on face caused by mosquito bite large snake chewing-gum pears palm tee branch slumsiniam te boil, cheerful porcelain chicks) wonderful ‘trdener to wreck; to break; to pull down ‘roundabout; paper windmill faint; colourless, insipid Toundabout around whieh trae circ hazelnuts) light (coloue) mechanic to go round; to wander gam run as (or drinking) Tt bulb to retort, to prompt; refrain, prompting to sparkle desk cobbler (HPT tefl xan Shun chine etree w het Sonora = smell ‘sweet basi (bot) (Ocimum basticur) nee sch fer et) (epi) tone noite, din, clamour this much, 89 much also ‘nednlised, uncouth also thus; ke this pitch (asin asad handsas “pitch black") siting-foom melon seeds (these are usu. fried or toasted With salt and eaten ether separately or with rmixed nuts) spot, pimple; pil tablet ready-made ‘waste, what a wastet baby's walking frame or support mouth (alg as-sabod"snapdragon" (Antireinu)) measles ‘Stone, pebble (0. un) (pl has) thie, burglar to jibe; to taunt ride, puzzle farge earthenware vat where water is stored to keep coolTERE TREGERE @ 4 p Glossary pregnant a fast dark-skinned sory poo! courtyard clothes oaee to endure, to bear, to put up with to pull 0 take (pictures) ‘molar young, youthful fas Seriously cooking-pat smallpox (fod may “ehicken-pox") mange ‘bougaivilles (bot) chicken (0. un) (pl 868) handbag, suitcase neighbours) hungry sock light brown mouse (ged n-naxal "squirrel) rose(s) room at mezzanine level used for storing {ood for winter and other household necessities shoehorn card, poster to unload in one go unkempt hai once (variant of maga) to chuckle rae cardboard preacher Fent, hire canvas footwear worn by Bedouin men etabéa 5 alex ie Glossy 18) handcutts wi ‘bow to show off ‘iels) ralls) linen to be happy, to rejoice suede un, merriment faceted prgnt et of the An andy turmeric (bot smoking, honeycombing larder bill of exchange kettle celery tops (kgafar ab-bigmaidenhair fern") seersucker shoes shark hut, hovel cup to mise one's eee when taking to tall at length, 10 go on talking 1 mess tome: one ronsensial chatter (ns long-winded (adh) cabbage mushy rice clase to lick talkative person: boringly talkative the other (ms) iickers, pans aul, bed cover the other (fs) fore, truck box in cinema frowning (ns) parsleymates mageag magna Imahbas mabfade ‘makina smokkak maka nal ‘maisin sana masaof smastabi ‘makes mace mattaga maya maw maniton mazad mmazbahe manag magia imasadgot imasmag massa Glossary stabbing pain (usu. stomach pain) to embiter sometimes swing to mumble (v); marble (n) broth excellent ing ‘poem (short piece learnt by heart at school) shell) rmachine spool there i not belonging to damned, cursed: naughty 00d 50. who has a cold grilled fish to insult bench ‘unbalanced, mad ‘engine, motor; motorboat ‘thermos Mask as long as bie chrism, unetion Sale, auction swiming-poot bracelet drawer cushion who? pencil sharpener tape-recorder nai rubber, eraser rmogsasa mova mee mace haf mika mina mpagpe ‘maaiiob Imsannay nabog adog nagbis nagond ranmani rramnamat ages nail nafnas agg ayer razeah igen imi eagendit ‘atorpa - Gloeey 18, Irak pe house wih, no intecommuniaing ‘Coa and where each room bar thee Bind ‘als td's fourth wall with dooney leading toa eourard or garden Arainpipe lolipop: babys dummy or pacifier frat table drsi-pipe jam fan banister, stair-rail mechanic wervain (bot) raged striped ‘chapped verandah overlooking the river (wt) Zep pina Cris eww tomate 0 wah a howe ie Seve rage) aon Fan routed mts and sede vel col, carh che tn (ns) (snore cp nated seaman, eo asleep (ms) center: eoepyemtie oe ent, betrothal femon (adn Ainad “lemon”; nam Ral "west sr fa neo mt bor ine) ‘organdie, fine muslin EuropeHEE pays z enue Ht HE abi -1 ‘gagnabir ‘goat Glossary bedeover: table-cover Orthodox Christan ‘oven, cooker hotel opal-gass tripe napkin rags fringe (hai) atk Packet, package: to have a flat tyre (vk: puncture (n) fan, ventilator tueless object tassel fone. dit; problem, derma towel 1 whisper bicyele orangets) ‘orange (colour) stingy large metal drum; dustbin poker (card game) poplin possible ‘pen day for visits among, women Contraband saint velvet to crunch endfather, godmother cauliflower to nibble sea {0 wrap (baby) in swadling clothes, to swaddle wh id, cover coat {o make fun of #0, t0 imitate 0. te make fin of Spoon to become chapped to lone Gin game) {o fal short in ones duties: to overlook. s.0- suit (macs) to become mouldy record to register, to put down ¢ name very short person (pforatv) ound fst-bottomed boat Inateria, fabric peel kin lated cream (made from bata mil) 40 fils pce (ld currency) ‘round mest sambling teapot sack box ratio watermelon salary Kindergarten, nursery spmnastis, sport, patent leather— Cesary iat what is the mater? Salam turnip famgo pose sda pian ier Featter-rained se {Tigrs)bacee sega joke safe iene sega moustache sagse to behave iresponsibly fexbat to serbble sags Tout ae old man salamat et wel a ail salam to have 8 glazed look; to stare into space dave that is too much sti ination deh a thine stan satin : marrow seme ‘oo tomate Sonar ver santa cheat poo watermelon sogdeb celar ps what? sogoata insurance = inatches slg chard (bot) = how many? soli nib, pen-point on how? ae leapfrog Soot So uch? mi sesame-covered savoury bread agst when? ‘emmag sumac a ae Sle sondan flowerpot seagate bolt abbaga backboard = ket (mars) on noe ‘tan die syrup pon palace sixan iron (usu. in Gagpay sam "an iron bed") seit Palm-eaf hut sti srephound Senet rue, corect ight — finer jacket, tuxedo ‘lon fut room, best room in house a streets (usu, occurs inthe phir, eg. banat amax fo stay the courte ‘asqagat"bady-behaved gis) janet Inanwervant (fs sre maid) skin smal lass for drinking tea mdi fevreomach pan : ar wet, obboy freshwater fish found in Tigris fone {0 fal (in examination) Fabby stock (bot) (Malcolmia) rot to slap Sadeg turquoise ae slap (0. un.) fap to see oe brass: zero sahea at = cockroach i wine ae sandals Salirnt vermicelt % bank (ofthe Tis) sakeay sweet (a. un) ‘ose picture; presentPRUE SHUTTLE HE ‘Glossary paraffin stove blame, fault chalk apron, overall tates a Unbalanced (usu. in Saglu tagolal “he is unbalanced”) to fil up tin: useless dustbin; tin: ean ‘communion tank (waters oi petticoat; skirt lsh of bread soaked in meat broth tyre lawn wile wire; chicken wire dregs refrigerator alt to give drum to pat to expel to embroider poreh, verandah 0od-for-nothing to Took eross or angry; to sulk very tall person (occurs also a8 fntawi) to strum to thvesh about te bang, to make continuous noise washing urn metal water scoop frying-pan to overdo 21, te knock Hine "Glossary fresh catd game heads (on coin) teless: nonsensical bad Inade to order ball dark (colour) pink Fevolver f° away! get lost! (of common gender) te worry to whisper to squeak face whe hey yout (ep watkam; ms form is rare in CB) with to confuse; to mess UP tres, unre srk choy (er sea) in {> molto wreck smock; amoc-trock tosenth tole qo become mony tap to ate sat pi poor thing in FMde-and-neck (ako occurs as sata (eipitve which can best be translated a Soy any chance” ep x8 mé gat ants han? “You ditty ay chance tll him 708 Were beretaffgan anda zambag anmag angin ‘zangobit ‘agra’ Giossary ‘ood (this aijecuve. precedes Seer od umber, eg x08 maga "s good woman’ Sanat “god es?) h conmsel wean cote privet (bt) (igurum vl slowly, genty pt eee saron snail to blow horn wasp to sound (ca) horn ich ‘enger to give #0, food grudgingly {oxeive expressing nrc o dear fo decorate finger week ood tehty dees, a husband carpet ug ego soe [BIBLIOGRAPHY Avdulacie Mklifi, MH. (1978) Trglosia and Swakil-Englsh ‘linguatism' in Tanzania. In Fishman (ed). Advances in the Study of societal multinguatiom. 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(1977) A model for polyossia and mmltiinguais (with special reference to Singapore and. Malajia). Language. in Society 6, 361-378. (asha, 8. (1982): Lamar min arith Nopara Ising, Baghdad. Qui, Ret al (1972): A Grammar of contemporary English. London: ‘Longman, Trudi, P. (1983): On dialect. Social and geographical perspectives. ‘Oxford: Basil Blackwell ~ (1986): Dialects in contact. Oxford: Bast Blackwel,