11

Pre-Calculus
Quarter 2 – Module 5:
Application of Circular Functions in a
Simple Harmonic Motion
Pre - Calculus – Grade 11
Alternative Delivery Mode
Quarter 2 – Module 5: Application of Circular Functions in a Simple Harmonic Motion
First Edition, 2020

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Published by the Department of Education, SDO CABANATUAN CITY

Schools Division Superintendent: TERESA D. MABABA, CESO V
Assistant Schools Division Superintendent: ENRIQUE E. ANGELES, JR., CESO VI

Development Team of the Module

Writer: Ismael A. De Lara
Editors: Lady Anne R. Bayan, PhD.
Naomi L. Caparas
Sarah R. Piñgol, PhD.
Melody J. Ramos
Cezainne C. Soriano
Reviewer: SDO Cabanatuan City
Management Team: Priscilla D. Sanchez, PhD. – CID Chief
Sonny P. De Leon, PhD. – EPS in Mathematics
Ever M. Samson, PhD. – EPS in LRMDS

Printed in the Philippines by Department of Education – Region III –

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 What I Need to Know

This module was designed and written for the learners. After going
through this module, the learner is expected to solve situational problems
involving circular functions (STEM_PC11T-IId-2).

What I Know

MULTIPLE CHOICE: Read and analyze the following items and determine the
letter of the correct answer from the given choices. Write your answer on a
separate sheet of paper.

1
1. A point P in simple harmonic motion has a frequency of oscillation per
2
minute and amplitude of 4 feet. Express the motion of P by means of an
equation in the form 𝑑 = 𝑎 sin 𝑏𝑡.
1
A. 𝑑 = 4 sin(𝑡) C. 𝑑 = 4 sin (2 𝑡)
𝜋
B. 𝑑 = 4 sin(𝜋𝑡) D. 𝑑 = 4 sin ( 2 𝑡)

For items 2 and 3, refer to the given situation below and do the tasks
that follow.

A weight is suspended from a spring and is set into vibratory motion by

pulling it 3 cm downwards from its equilibrium position and then releasing it.
It takes 2 seconds for the weight to complete one vibration.

2. Write an equation in form of 𝑓(𝑡) = a sin 𝑏(𝑡 − 𝑐) defining 𝑓(𝑡), where 𝑓(𝑡)
centimeters is the directed distance of the weight from the equilibrium
position 𝑡 seconds after the start of the motion.
1
A. 𝑓(𝑡) = 3 sin 𝜋 (𝑡 − 2) C. 𝑓(𝑡) = 3 sin 𝜋𝑡
1
B. 𝑓(𝑡) = 3 sin 2𝜋 (𝑡 − 2) D. 𝑓(𝑡) = 3 sin 2𝜋𝑡

1
3. Find the position of the weight at time 𝑡 = 1.
A. 4 cm C. 3 cm
B. 2 cm D. 1 cm
For items 4 and 5, refer to the given situation below and answer the
questions that follow.

In a city, at any particular time of the day from November 19 to

November 21, the temperature in Celsius is given by 𝑓(𝑡) degrees at 𝑡 hours
𝜋
since the midnight of November 18, where 𝑓 (𝑡) = 18 − 4 cos 12 (𝑡 + 1).

4. What is the maximum and minimum temperatures?

A. 200C and 160C C. 220C and 140C
B. 240C and 160C D. 260C and 140C

5. What is the exact time these maximum and minimum temperatures

happened?
A. 2:00 PM and 2:00 AM C. 1:00 PM and 1:00 AM
B. 12:00 PM and 12:00 AM D. 11:00 AM and 11:00 PM

2
 Lesson
Application of Circular Functions
1 in a Simple Harmonic Motion

Circular trigonometric functions can be applied to situations in

physical, biological, and social sciences involving data that follows a pattern
that is not linear. Many of those patterns are periodic, and can be modeled by
approximations of sine, cosine, or other functions. An example is the
populations of predators and prey tend to vary with a cyclical change that can
be approximated by sine or cosine functions. The population of predators
increase when more prey is available and decrease when fewer prey is
available, so the populations mirror one another.
This module focusses on solving problems with application of circular
function.

What’s In

Problem: A certain object is moving following a periodic motion modeled by

ℎ(𝑡) = 𝑎 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑏𝑡 + 𝑑 at time 𝑡 (in seconds). its height varies from 2 cm to 8 cm,
and it takes 2 seconds from one 8-cm height to the next. The said movement
is represented by the given graph below, using this graph, identify the
amplitude, period, phase shift and the midline.

8 cm

7 cm

6cm

5cm

4cm

3cm

2cm

1s 2s 3s 4s 5s 6s

3
What we know:
a. The amplitude is the highest point of the t curve and the absolute
value of the lowest point, often represented by the letter 𝑎. So, the
amplitude is:
8−2
𝑎= =3
2
b. The period is the time it takes for a complete cycle through all
values, from the beginning through the highest point to the baseline
down to the lowest point, then back to baseline again. So, the period
based on the graph is 2 seconds.
c. A curve can be shifted horizontally by moving it left or right, called
the phase shift. Based on the graph, it has no phase shift.
d. The midline 𝑦 = 𝑑 is the midline between the maximum and
minimum points. Based on the graph the midline is 𝑦 = 5, so 𝑑 = 5.

What’s New

Let us consider similar problem to the previous one.

Problem: A weight is suspended from a spring and is vibrating vertically.
Initially, the weight is 5 cm below its equilibrium. After 8 seconds
of releasing, the weight reaches its highest location for the first
time. The weight continuously vibrates following a simple harmonic
motion. Find its equation.
What we know: We knew that a sine and cosine functions follow a simple
harmonic motion. So, the equation can either be in form of 𝑦 =
𝑎 sin 𝑏(𝑥 − 𝑐 ) + 𝑑 or 𝑦 = cos 𝑏(𝑥 − 𝑐 ) + 𝑑.
What we need: To answer questions we need to study different information
about the equation of simple harmonic motion and its properties.

4
 What is It

Some motions are periodic.

Displacement
When a weight is suspended on a (cm)
spring, pulled down, and released, 10
the weight oscillates up and down. 8
Neglecting resistance, this 6
oscillatory motion of the weight will 4
continue on and on, and its height is
2
periodic with respect to time.
weight
1 2 3 4 5 6 7
Periodic motions are usually -2
8 9 Time t (seconds)
modelled by either sine or cosine -4
function and are called simple -6
harmonic motions. Unimpeded -8
movements of object like oscillation, -10
vibration, rotation, and motion due
to water waves are real life
occurrences that behave in simple
harmonic motion.

Equations of Simple Harmonic Motion

The displacement 𝑦 (directed height or length) of an object
behaving in simple harmonic motion with respect to time 𝑡 is given by one
of the following equations:
𝑦 = 𝑎 sin 𝑏(𝑡 − 𝑐 ) + 𝑑 or 𝑦 = 𝑎 cos 𝑏(𝑡 − 𝑐 ) + 𝑑.
In both equations, we have the following information:
𝟏
• Amplitude = |𝒂| = 𝟐 (𝑴 − 𝒎) - The maximum displacement above
and below the rest position or central position or equilibrium,
where M is the maximum height and m is the minimum height;
𝟐𝝅
• Period = |𝒃| - The time required to complete one cycle (from one
highest or lowest point to the next;
|𝒃|
• Frequency = 𝟐𝝅 - The number of cycles per unit of time;
• 𝒄 – responsible for the horizontal shift in time; and
• 𝒅 – responsible for vertical shift in displacement.
• If the maximum displacement occurs at t=0, then the motion is
modeled by cosine function.
• If the zero displacement occurs when t = 0, then the motion is
modeled by the sine function.

5
 Now let us answer the question presented above applying the Equations
of Simple Harmonic Motion.
Example 1: A weight is suspended from a spring and is vibrating vertically.
Initially, the weight is 5 cm below its equilibrium. After 8 seconds
of releasing, the weight reaches its highest location for the first
time. The weight continuously vibrates following a simple
harmonic motion. Find its equation.
Solution:
1. Notice that the weight is located at its lowest position at 𝑡 = 0;
So, when 𝑡 = 0 , 𝑦 = −5.
2. From 𝑦 = 𝑎 sin 𝑏𝑡 and 𝑦 = 𝑎 cos 𝑏𝑡, we will choose which will satisfy the
condition “when 𝑡 = 0 , 𝑦 = −5”. We assume 𝑎 = −5, and 𝑡 = 0.
𝑦 = −5 sin 𝑏𝑡 𝑦 = −5 cos 𝑏𝑡
𝑦 = −5 sin 𝑏(0) 𝑦 = −5 cos 𝑏(0)
𝑦 = −5 sin(0) 𝑦 = −5 cos(0)
𝑦 = −5 (0) 𝑦 = −5 (1)
𝑦=0 𝑦 = −5
So, we will choose the cosine function. Therefore, the initial
equation is 𝑦 = −5 cos 𝑏𝑡.
3. Next is to solve for 𝑏. Since it took the weight 8 seconds from the
lowest point to its immediate highest point, half the period is 8
seconds. That is:
1 1 2π
Period = 8 → (𝑏)=8
2 2
1 2π
(𝑏) =8
2
π
=8
𝑏
π
𝑏=
8
Substitute the value of b from 𝑦 = −5 cos 𝑏𝑡. Hence, the equation
πt
is 𝑦 = −5 cos .
8
Example 2: The distance from the ground, in feet, of a certain passenger on
a Ferris wheel is given by
𝜋 𝜋
𝑓 (𝑡) = 50 sin { 𝑡 − } + 55
15 2
Where 𝑡 is the time in seconds and 𝑡 = 0 coincides with the
time at which the wheel was set in motion.
(a) Find the initial distance of the passenger from the
ground.

6
 (b) Find the maximum distance of the passenger from
the bottom of the Ferris wheel.
(c) How long does it take for the wheel to make one
complete revolution?
Solution:
(a) The initial distance of the passenger from the ground can be obtained
by substituting 𝑡 = 0. So,

𝜋 𝜋
𝑓 (𝑡) = 50 sin {15 𝑡 − 2 } + 55
𝜋 𝜋
𝑓 (0) = 50 sin {15 (0) − 2 } + 55
𝜋
= 50 sin (− 2 ) + 55

= 50(−1) + 55
= −50 + 55
𝑓(0) = 5
Thus, the initial distance of the passenger from the ground is 5
feet.
(b). The maximum distance of the passenger from the ground can be
obtained if the sine function attains its maximum, that is
𝜋 𝜋
sin (15 𝑡 − 2 ) = 1. So,
𝜋 𝜋 𝜋 𝜋
50 sin {15 𝑡 − 2 } + 55 , When sin (15 𝑡 − 2 ) = 1

50 (1) +55
105
Thus, the maximum distance of the passenger from the ground
is 105 ft.
𝜋 𝜋
(c). The period of the function 𝑓 (𝑡) = 50 sin {15 𝑡 − 2 } + 55 gives us the
idea of 1 complete revolution. Recall that sine function is periodic
2𝜋
at 2𝜋. Since the period 𝑇 = , then
𝑏

2𝜋
𝑇= 𝜋
15
15
𝑇 = (2𝜋) ( 𝜋 )

𝑇 = 30.
Thus, the passenger can complete a revolution in 30 seconds.

7
Example 3: On April 4, the temperature in Celsius, in Cabanatuan was
observed and noticed that it follows the equation 𝑓 (𝑡) = 32 +
𝜋
6 sin 12 (𝑡 + 4) at 𝑡 hours after 12 noon.

(a) Find the initial temperature.

(b) How long does it take for the temperature to repeat its
cycle?
(c) What is the minimum and maximum temperatures?
(d) When does the coldest and hottest temperatures occur?
Solution:
(a) The initial temperature can be obtained by substituting 𝑡 = 0. So,
𝜋
𝑓 (𝑡) = 33 + 6 sin (𝑡 + 4)
12
𝜋
𝑓 (0) = 33 + 6 sin 12 (0 + 4)
4𝜋
𝑓 (0) = 33 + 6 sin 12
𝜋
𝑓 (0) = 33 + 6 sin (3 )
√ 3
𝑓 (0) = 33 + 6 ( 2 )
66+6√3
𝑓 (0) = ≈ 3 8. 19
2

Thus, the initial temperature is 38.190C.

𝜋
(b) The period of the function 𝑓 (𝑡) = 32 + 6 sin 12 (𝑡 + 4) give us the idea
of 1 complete cycle. Recall that sine function is periodic at 2𝜋. Since
2𝜋 𝜋
the period 𝑇 = , and from the given function 𝑏 = 12 then,
𝑏
2𝜋
𝑇= 𝜋
12

12
𝑇 = (2𝜋) ( 𝜋 )

𝑇 = 24
This means that 1 cycle repeats 24 hours.

(c) The maximum and minimum temperatures can be obtained if the

sine function attains its maximum and minimum, that is
𝜋 𝜋
sin 12 (𝑡 + 4) = 1 and sin 12 (𝑡 + 4) = −1 respectively. So,

𝜋
When sin 12 (𝑡 + 4) = 1, then
𝜋
33 + 6 sin 12 (𝑡 + 4)

33 + 6(1)
33 + 6
39

8
 and
𝜋
When sin 12 (𝑡 + 4) = −1, then
𝜋
33 + 6 sin 12 (𝑡 + 4)

33 + 6(−1)
33 − 6
27
Hence, the maximum temperature is 390C and the minimum
temperature is 270C.

(d) Since the maximum and minimum temperatures are 390C and 270C
respectively, the hottest and coldest temperatures occur at:

𝜋 𝜋
𝑓 (𝑡) = 33 + 6 sin 12 (𝑡 + 4) and 𝑓 (𝑡) = 33 + 6 sin 12 (𝑡 + 4)
𝜋 𝜋
39 = 33 + 6 sin 12 (𝑡 + 4) 27 = 33 + 6 sin 12 (𝑡 + 4)
𝜋 𝜋
6 = 6 sin (𝑡 + 4) −6 = 6 sin (𝑡 + 4)
12 12
𝜋 𝜋
1 = sin 12 (𝑡 + 4) −1 = sin 12 (𝑡 + 4)

𝜋 3𝜋
sin 𝜃 = 1 if 𝜃 = sin 𝜃 = −1 if 𝜃 =
2 2

𝜋 𝜋 𝜋 𝜋
In sin 12 (𝑡 + 4) , 𝜃 = 12 (𝑡 + 4) In sin 12 (𝑡 + 4) , 𝜃 = 12 (𝑡 + 4)

by substitution by substitution
𝜋 𝜋 3𝜋 𝜋
= 12 (𝑡 + 4) = 12 (𝑡 + 4)
2 2
12𝜋 36𝜋
=𝑡+4 =𝑡+4
2𝜋 2𝜋

6= 𝑡+4 18 = 𝑡 + 4
𝑡=2 𝑡 = 14 (convert into
standard time format)

Thus, the hottest and coldest temperatures occur at 2:00 PM and

2:00 AM respectively.

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 What’s More

Enrichment Activity 1:

Read and analyze each situation. Using the given equation, perform the
indicated tasks that follow. Write the answer on another sheet of paper.

1. The electromotive force for an electric circuit with a simplified generator

is given by 𝑓 (𝑡) = 40 sin 150 𝜋𝑡 where 𝑓(𝑡) Volts is present at 𝑡 seconds.
(a) Identify the amplitude, period, and frequency of the function.
(b) Find the maximum and minimum voltages.

2. The pistons in an automobile engine move up and down in the

cylinders. If 𝑡 is in milliseconds, the distance from the top of the piston
to the top of the cylinder is given in centimeters by
𝐷 = 7 + 6 sin (4𝜋𝑡)
(a) Identify the amplitude, period, and frequency of the function.
(b) Find the largest and the smallest clearance between the piston and
the top of the cylinder.

Enrichment Activity 2:

Read and analyze the situation below then answer the questions that
follow. Write a clear and complete solution on a separate sheet of paper.

The distance from the ground, in feet, of a certain passenger on a Ferris

wheel is given by
𝜋 2𝜋
𝑓 (𝑡) = 48 + 45 sin { 𝑡 − }
20 3
Where 𝑡 is the time in seconds and 𝑡 = 0 coincides with the
time at which the wheel was set in motion.
(a) How long does it take for the wheel to make two
complete revolutions?
(b) Find the initial distance of the passenger from the
ground.
(c) Find the maximum distance of the passenger from
the bottom of the Ferris wheel.
(d). Find the distance from the ground after 20
seconds.
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 What I Have Learned

1. The displacement 𝑦 of an object behaving in simple harmonic motion with

respect to time 𝑡 is given by _________________ or _________________ .
2. The formula in finding the amplitude is _________________.
3. Period is the time required to complete one cycle. The formula to get the
period is _________________.
4. The number of cycles per unit of time is called _________________, it is the
reciprocal of the Period.
5. If the maximum displacement occurs at t=0, then the motion is modeled by
_________________.
6. If the zero displacement occurs when t = 0, then the motion is modeled by
the _________________.

What I Can Do

Read and analyze the situation below. On another sheet of paper,

answer perform the task and answer the questions that follow.

A recent study on the wave patterns in Baler, Aurora took place. High
tide is at 6:00 am with a height of 13 ft. The low tide was recorded at 3 ft at
6:00 PM. The wave pattern for the day followed a sinusoidal pattern with a
period of 24 hours, starting midnight.

(a) Sketch the graph of the wave heights.

(b) Which function (𝑦 = 𝑎 sin 𝑏(𝑥 − 𝑐 ) + 𝑑 or 𝑦 = 𝑎 cos 𝑏(𝑥 − 𝑐 ) + 𝑑) will you
use to model this situation?
(c) What are the values of 𝑎, 𝑏, 𝑐, and 𝑑? Hint: 𝑎 is the amplitude, period
2𝜋
= |𝑏|
, 𝑐 is the phase shift, and 𝑑 is the mid height?
(d) What is the equation for your graph?
(e) How high is the wave at 12 noon?

11
 Assessment

MULTIPLE CHOICE: Read and analyze the following items and determine the
letter of the correct answer from the given choices. Write your answer on a
separate sheet of paper.

2
1. A point P in simple harmonic motion has a frequency of oscillation per
5
minute and amplitude of 6 cm. Express the motion of P by means of an
equation in the form 𝑑 = 𝑎 cos 𝑏𝑡.
4𝜋
A. 𝑑 = 6 cos ( 5 𝑡) C. 𝑑 = 6 cos(5𝜋𝑡)
𝜋 5𝜋
B. 𝑑 = 6 cos ( 𝑡) D. 𝑑 = 6 cos ( 𝑡)
5 2

For items 2 and 3, refer to the given situation below and perform the
tasks that follow.

A signal buoy in Manila Bay bobs up and down with the height ℎ of its
transmitter (in feet) above sea level modeled by ℎ(𝑡) = 𝑎 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑏𝑡 + 𝑑 at time 𝑡
(in seconds). During a small squall, its height varies from 1 ft to 11 ft above
sea level, and it takes 2 seconds from one 11-ft height to the next.

2. Write an equation in defining ℎ(𝑡).

A. ℎ(𝑡) = 5 sin 𝜋𝑡 + 6 C. ℎ(𝑡) = 6 sin 𝜋𝑡 + 5
𝜋 𝜋
B. ℎ(𝑡) = 6 sin 2 𝑡 + 5 D. ℎ(𝑡) = 5 sin 2 𝑡 + 6

3. Find the position of the bob at time 𝑡 = 1.

A. 5 ft C. 6 ft
B. 9 ft D. 11 ft

12
For items 4 and 5, refer to the given situation below and answer the
questions that follow.

In Baguio City, at any particular time of the day from December 4 to

December 6, the temperature in Fahrenheit is given by 𝑓(𝑡) degrees at 𝑡 hours
𝜋
since the midnight of December 3, where 𝑓 (𝑡) = −12 cos (𝑡 − 3) + 64.
12

4. What is the maximum and minimum temperatures.

A. 760F and 540F C. 760F and 520F
B. 780F and 520F D. 780F and 540F

5. What is the exact time these maximum and minimum temperatures

happened?
A. 1:00 PM and 1:00 AM C. 2:00 PM and 2:00 AM
B. 3:00 PM and 3:00 AM D. 12:00 PM and 12:00 AM

13
 14
What's More
What I Know Assessment
1. B Enrichment 1 1. A
2. A 1 2. D
1. (a) 40, , 75
3. C 75 3. D
4. C (b) 40 V, - 40 V 4. C
5. D 2. (a) 6, ½ , 2 5. B
(b) 13 cm , 1 cm
Enrichment 2
a. 80 sec
96−45√3
b. ≈ 9.03 ft.
2
c. 93 ft.
d. 96+45√3 ≈ 86.97 ft.
2
Answer Key
References
Books:

Ascano, Joy, et.al, 2016. Precalculus Learners Material. Quezon City,

Sunshine interlinks Publishing House, Inc.

Cabral, Emmanuel, et.al, 2010. Precalculus, Quezon City, Ateneo De Manila

University Pres.

15