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 A P r a c tic a l G u id e fo r E N 6 1 0 0 0 -4 -1 3

M a in s H a r m o n ic s a n d In te r h a r m o n ic s

R E O IN D U C T IV E C O M P O N E N T S A G
B r u e h le r S tra s s e 1 0 0 , D - 4 2 6 5 7 S o lin g e n , G e r m a n y
T e l: 0 0 4 9 -(0 ) 2 1 2 -8 8 0 4 -0
F a x : 0 0 4 9 -(0 ) 2 1 2 -8 8 0 4 -1 8 8

R E O U S A
3 2 5 0 N o r th P o s t R o a d , In d ia n a p o lis
IN 4 6 2 2 6 -6 5 5 0
T e l: 0 0 1 3 1 7 8 9 9 1 3 9 5 F a x : 0 0 1 3 1 7 8 9 9 1 3 9 6

R E O (U K ) L T D , U n its 2 - 4 C a llo w H ill R o a d , C ra v e n A rm s

B u s in e s s P a r k , C ra v e n A rm s , S h ro p s h ir e S Y 7 8 N T U K
T e l: 0 1 5 8 8 6 7 3 4 1 1 F a x 0 1 5 8 8 6 7 2 7 1 8 R E O U K L T D
E m a il: s a le s @ re o .c o .u k W e b s ite : w w w .re o .c o .u k
C o n te n ts E N 6 1 0 0 0 -4 -1 3 a n d c o m p lia n c e w ith th e E M C D ir e c tiv e
1 2
T h e b a s ic im m u n ity te s t m e th o d fo r
E N 6 1 0 0 0 -4 -1 3 a n d c o m p lia n c e w ith th e E M C D ir e c tiv e 2 h a r m o n ic a n d in te r h a r m o n ic d is to r tio n o f
5 0 H z o r 6 0 H z m a in s s u p p lie s is IE C
W h a t to d o w h e n n e w v e r s io n s o f b a s ic te s t s ta n d a r d s a r e is s u e d 6 1 0 0 0 - 4 - 1 3 [1 ], w h ic h h a s b e e n a d o p te d
5 u n c h a n g e d a s th e h a r m o n is e d E u r o p e a n
s ta n d a rd E N 6 1 0 0 0 -4 -1 3 [2 ]. T h e s e tw o
W h a t a r e h a r m o n ic s a n d in te r h a r m o n ic s ? 6 s ta n d a r d s a r e a v a ila b le to b e c a lle d u p a s
b a s ic te s t m e th o d s b y im m u n ity s ta n d a r d s
lis te d u n d e r th e E le c tr o m a g n e tic
T h e in flu e n c e o f th e m a in s p o w e r s y s te m 8 w h e n fo llo w in g th e s e lf- d e c la r a tio n to
C o m p a tib ility ( E M C ) D ir e c tiv e ,
8 9 /3 3 6 /E E C [3 ].
S o u r c e s o f h a r m o n ic s a n d in te r h a r m o n ic s 1 0 T h e E N v e r s io n o f 6 1 0 0 0 -4 -1 3 is
te c h n ic a lly id e n tic a l to th e IE C d o c
T h e p r o b le m s o f r e s o n a n c e s in th e m a in s s y s te m 1 4 s o th is b o o k le t is o f u s e w h e re e ith
s ta n d a r d is r e q u ir e d . S in c e m a n y n
te s ts o u ts id e th e E U o r c u s to m e r c
T h e p r o b le m s th a t c a n b e c a u s e d b y h a r m o n ic s a n d in te r h a r m o n ic s 1 5 r e q u ir e m e n ts a r e b a s e d o n IE C
s ta n d a r d s , th is b o o k le t m a y a ls o b e o f u s e
in s u c h s itu a tio n s .
R e a l-life r e lia b ility fo r lo w w a r r a n ty c o s ts , o th e r fin a n c ia l b e n e fits a n d s a fe ty 2 4
T h e id e a l m a in s v o lta g e is a p u r e
s in e w a v e a t th e fu n d a m e n ta l fr e q u e n c y
F u ll c o m p lia n c e im m u n ity te s tin g u s in g E N 6 1 0 0 0 -4 -1 3 :2 0 0 2 2 6 ( u s u a lly e ith e r 1 6 .6 7 , 5 0 , 6 0 o r 4 0 0 H z ) ,
b u t n o n - lin e a r lo a d s a n d in je c tio n o f
O n -s ite te s tin g 4 4 s ig n a llin g v o lta g e s c a u s e th e w a v e fo r m to
b e d is to r te d . T h e te c h n iq u e s o f F o u r ie r
a n a ly s is a r e u s e d to d e s c r ib e th e
R e a l-life w a v e fo r m d is to r tio n a n d E N 6 1 0 0 0 -4 -1 3 4 4 d is to r tio n in te r m s o f o n e o r m o r e
fr e q u e n c ie s s u p e r im p o s e d o n th e p u r e
P r e v e n tin g th e te s ts fr o m c a u s in g o r s u ffe r in g in te r fe r e n c e s in e w a v e fu n d a m e n ta l. T h e s e a d d e d
5 0 fr e q u e n c ie s a r e c la s s ifie d a s h a r m o n ic
w h e n th e y a r e a n in te g e r m u ltip le o f th e
A lte r n a tiv e g e n e r a to r s a n d te s t m e th o d s 5 2 fu n d a m e n ta l; a n d a s in te r h a r m o n ic
w h e n th e y a re a n y o th e r fre q u e n c y .
C o r r e la tin g a lte r n a tiv e te s t m e th o d s w ith E N 6 1 0 0 0 -4 -1 3 5 4 D is to r te d m a in s w a v e fo r m s , a n d th e
r e s u ltin g e le c tr ic a l a n d m a g n e tic fie ld s
a n d c o m m o n - m o d e 'n o is e ' v o lt a g e s c a n
D e te r m in in g a n e n g in e e r in g m a r g in 5 4 in te r fe r e w ith a lm o s t e v e r y k in d o f
e le c tr o n ic d e v ic e , e q u ip m e n t o r s y s te m
R e fe re n c e s 5 5 ( c a lle d 'p r o d u c t s ' in t h e r e s t o f t h is
b o o k le t, fo r c o n v e n ie n c e ) . D is to r te d m a in s
w a v e f o r m s a r e u b iq u it o u s in t o d a y 's
w o r ld , a n d in s o m e lo c a tio n s o r s itu a tio n s
th e d is to r tio n c a n b e e x tr e m e . S o it m a k e s
g o o d s e n s e to te s t p ro d u c ts fo r th e e ffe c ts
o f h a r m o n ic a n d in te r h a r m o n ic d is to r tio n
o f m a in s s u p p lie s to e n s u r e th e y w ill w o r k
r e lia b ly in th e ir in te n d e d o p e r a tin g
e n v ir o n m e n t. T h is is e s p e c ia lly im p o rta n t
in s a fe ty - r e la te d , h ig h - r e lia b ility , m is s io n -
c r itic a l, o r le g a l m e tr o lo g y e le c tr o n ic
a p p lic a tio n s .
E N 6 1 0 0 0 - 4 - 1 3 is a b a s ic te s t s ta n d a r d , s o
s ta n d a r d s r o u te to c o n fo r m ity ( A r tic le 1 0 .1
in [3 ]) , E N 6 1 0 0 0 - 4 - 1 3 s h o u ld n o t b e lis te d
o n th e E M C D e c la r a tio n o f C o n fo r m ity .
u m e n t, O n ly th e r e le v a n t g e n e r ic o r p r o d u c t- fa m ily
e r h a r m o n is e d E M C s ta n d a r d s s h o u ld b e
a tio n a l lis te d . T h e s e c a n c a ll- u p E N o r IE C
o n tra c t 6 1 0 0 0 - 4 - 1 3 a s a te s t m e th o d , b u t it is
a lw a y s th e g e n e r ic o r p r o d u c t- fa m ily
s ta n d a r d th a t s e ts th e m in im u m te s t le v e ls
w h ic h a llo w c o n fo r m ity to b e c la im e d .
A t th e tim e o f w r itin g n o p r o d u c t o r g e n e r ic
E M C s ta n d a r d s lis te d u n d e r th e E M C
D ir e c tiv e [3 ] a r e k n o w n to c a ll u p te s tin g to
a n y p a rts o f E N 6 1 0 0 0 -4 -1 3 , b u t fu tu re
s ta n d a r d s ( o r v e r s io n s o f th e m ) m a y w e ll
d o s o , e s p e c ia lly fo r in d u s tr ia l e q u ip m e n t.
In a n y c a s e , te s tin g to th is s ta n d a r d m a y
b e r e q u ir e d to h e lp c o m p ly w ith th e E M C
P r o te c tio n R e q u ir e m e n ts a n e s s e n tia l
e le m e n t in c o m p ly in g w ith th e E M C
D ir e c tiv e th a t is s o m e tim e s o v e r lo o k e d .
W h e n u s in g th e T e c h n ic a l C o n s tr u c tio n
F ile r o u te to c o n fo r m ity w ith th e E M C
D ir e c tiv e ( A r tic le 1 0 .2 in [3 ]) it is p o s s ib le
to u s e E N /IE C 6 1 0 0 0 - 4 - 1 3 d ir e c tly , in
w h ic h c a s e it s h o u ld b e lis te d o n th e
p r o d u c t 's E M C D e c la r a t io n o f C o n f o r m it y .
In s u c h c a s e s th e p ro d u c t m a n u fa c tu re r
s h o u ld a s s e s s th e E M e n v ir o n m e n t o f th e
p r o d u c t a n d e n s u r e th a t it is d e s ig n e d
a n d /o r te s te d a c c o r d in g ly , s o a s to c o m p ly
w it h t h e E M C D ir e c t iv e 's e s s e n t ia l
“ P r o te c tio n R e q u ir e m e n ts ” ( A r tic le 4 o f
[3 ]).
3 4
T h e r e la tio n s h ip b e tw e e n E N 6 1 0 0 0 -4 -1 3
a n d th e fir s t e d itio n o f E M C D ir e c tiv e (8 9 /3 3 6 /E E C )
C o m p lia n c e w ith th e E M C P r o te c tio n
R e q u ir e m e n ts is a le g a l r e q u ir e m e n t th a t
a p p lie s in a d d itio n to th e r e q u ir e m e n t to
fo llo w o n e o f th e c o n fo r m ity a s s e s s m e n t
r o u te s ( S e lf- D e c la r a tio n , A r tic le 1 0 .1 ; o r
T C F , A r tic le 1 0 .2 ) . P r o d u c ts th a t p a s s te s ts
to a ll r e le v a n t im m u n ity s ta n d a r d s lis te d
u n d e r th e E M C D ir e c tiv e , b u t n e v e r th e le s s
a r e u n r e lia b le o r fa il in n o r m a l u s e b e c a u s e
th e y a r e n o t im m u n e e n o u g h fo r th e ir r e a l-
life E M e n v ir o n m e n t, d o n o t c o m p ly w ith
t h e E M C D ir e c t iv e 's P r o t e c t io n
R e q u ir e m e n ts a n d a r e th e r e fo r e ille g a lly
C E m a rk e d .
A p p ly in g E N 6 1 0 0 0 - 4 - 1 3 ( o r s im ila r )
im m u n ity te s ts w h ic h g o b e y o n d th e
m in im u m r e q u ir e m e n ts o f th e E M C
D ir e c t iv e 's lis t e d s t a n d a r d s c a n a ls o b e a
w a y to h e lp m a k e p r o d u c ts m o r e r e lia b le ,
r e d u c e w a r r a n ty c o s ts , im p r o v e c u s to m e r
s a tis fa c tio n a n d r e d u c e e x p o s u r e to
p r o d u c t lia b ility c la im s fo r m o re o n th is
r e f e r t o t h e s e c t io n o n 'R e a l- lif e r e lia b ilit y ',
la te r .
T h e r e la tio n s h ip b e tw e e n E N 6 1 0 0 0 -4 -1 3
a n d th e fir s t e d itio n o f E M C D ir e c tiv e (8 9 /3 3 6 /E E C )
T h e s e c o n d e d itio n o f th e E M C D ir e c tiv e ,
2 0 0 4 /1 0 8 /E C [4 ], r e p la c e s 8 9 /3 3 6 /E E C o n
Im p o r ta n t S a fe ty N o te : A s a g e n e ra l e n g in e - d r iv e n g e n e r a to r s , a n d s o m e
2 0 th J u ly 2 0 0 7 . P r o d u c ts th a t a r e a lr e a d y
r u le , p e o p le w h o s e h e a lth d e p e n d s o n th e tra n s p o rt s y s te m s u s e 1 6 .6 7 H z , a n d th e s e
b e in g s u p p lie d in c o n fo r m ity w ith
c o r r e c t o p e r a tio n o f p a c e m a k e r s o r o th e r w ill s u ffe r d is to r tio n d u e to n o n - lin e a r
8 9 /3 3 6 /E E C w ill b e a llo w e d to b e s u p p lie d
b o d y - w o r n o r im p la n te d e le c tr o - m e d ic a l lo a d s to o .
u n til 2 0 th J u ly 2 0 0 9 , b y w h ic h d a te th e y
d e v ic e s s h o u ld n e v e r g o n e a r a n y E M C
to o m u s t c o m p ly w ith 2 0 0 4 /1 0 8 /E C . E N 6 1 0 0 0 -4 -1 3 o n ly a p p lie s to 5 0 o r 6 0 H z
im m u n ity te s ts o r th e ir a s s o c ia te d te s t
W h e r e a s 8 9 /3 3 6 /E E C r e q u ir e s th e m a in s , b u t in th e a b s e n c e o f s ta n d a rd s fo r
e q u ip m e n t.
in v o lv e m e n t o f a C o m p e te n t B o d y w ith a ll a re a s e m p lo y in g o th e r m a in s fre q u e n c ie s ,
T C F s , 2 0 0 4 /1 0 8 /E C e ffe c tiv e ly a llo w s th e T h is s e r ie s o f b o o k le ts is c o n c e r n e d w ith te s ts c o u ld b e d e v e lo p e d b a s e d o n th e
T C F r o u te to b e u s e d w ith th e o p tio n a l te s tin g to th e E N s ta n d a r d s fo r ty p ic a l a p p r o a c h ta k e n b y E N 6 1 0 0 0 -4 -1 3 .
in v o lv e m e n t o f a N o tifie d B o d y ( th e n e w d o m e s tic , c o m m e r c ia l, lig h t in d u s tr ia l a n d
te r m fo r C o m p e te n t B o d ie s ) . in d u s tr ia l e n v ir o n m e n ts . B u t o th e r k in d s o f
im m u n ity te s ts m a y b e r e q u ir e d b y th e
U n d e r 2 0 0 4 /1 0 8 /E C , e q u ip m e n t E M C s ta n d a r d s fo r a e r o s p a c e , r a il,
m a n u fa c tu r e d s p e c ific a lly fo r u s e a t a m a r in e a n d m ilita r y e q u ip m e n t a n d th e ir
n a m e d 'f ix e d in s t a lla t io n ' m a y n o t h a v e to e n v ir o n m e n ts . S o m e o f th e s e in d u s tr ie s
c o m p ly w ith a n y E M C r e q u ir e m e n ts w h e n m a y h a v e d e v e lo p e d th e ir o w n h a r m o n ic s
it is s u p p lie d . B u t te s tin g to E N 6 1 0 0 0 -4 -1 3 a n d in te r h a r m o n ic s te s t s ta n d a r d s b a s e d
a t s p e c ifie d le v e ls w ill g e n e r a lly b e a o n th e ir o w n p a r tic u la r k in d s o f a .c . p o w e r
r e q u ir e m e n t b y th e c u s to m e r to h e lp s u p p ly n e tw o r k s . F o r in s ta n c e , a ir c r a ft
e n s u r e th a t h is fix e d in s ta lla tio n c o m p lie s u s e 4 0 0 H z m a in s s u p p lie s fr o m th e ir
w it h t h e E M C D ir e c t iv e 's P r o t e c t io n
R e q u ir e m e n ts .
W h a t to d o w h e n n e w v e r s io n s o f b a s ic te s t s ta n d a r d s a r e is s u e d
5 6
W h a t to d o w h e n b a s ic te s t s ta n d a r d s a r e u p is s u e d
T h is b o o k le t d e s c r ib e s h o w to a p p ly E N
6 1 0 0 0 - 4 - 1 3 :2 0 0 2 . W h e r e a g e n e r ic o r
p r o d u c t E M C s ta n d a r d r e q u ir e s th e u s e o
th e E N /IE C 6 1 0 0 0 - 4 - 1 3 b a s ic te s t m e th o d
it w ill s p e c ify e ith e r a d a te d r e fe r e n c e ( e .g
“E N 6 1 0 0 0 -4 -1 3 :2 0 0 2 ”) o r a n u n d a te d
r e fe r e n c e ( e .g . “ E N 6 1 0 0 0 - 4 - 1 3 ” ) . If it
s p e c ifie s a d a te d r e fe r e n c e , th e n th is is th
v e r s io n o f th e b a s ic te s t m e th o d s ta n d a r d
th a t m u s t b e u s e d . If it s p e c ifie s a n
u n d a te d r e fe r e n c e th e n th e la te s t
p u b lis h e d v e r s io n o f th e s ta n d a r d s h o u ld
b e u s e d . ( T h e r e a r e n o o th e r v e r s io n s o f
E N 6 1 0 0 0 -4 -1 3 , y e t.)
B u t it is c le a r ly im p r a c tic a l fo r
m a n u fa c tu r e r s to r u s h to te s t la b s to r e te
a ll o f th e ir p r o d u c ts o n th e v e r y d a y a n e
v e r s io n is is s u e d , s o e a c h n e w v e r s io n o
a n IE C s ta n d a r d in c lu d e s a d a te o n w h ic
it s u p e r s e d e s th e p r e v io u s v e r s io n . T h is
th e “ d a te o f w ith d r a w a l” ( D O W ) , a n d
p r o v id e s a tr a n s itio n p e r io d d u r in g w h ic h
m a n u fa c tu r e r s c a n c h o o s e b e tw e e n u s in
th e o ld o r th e n e w v e r s io n s o f th e s ta n d a
fo r d e c la r in g c o m p lia n c e . T h e D O W is
p r e s e r v e d in th e E N v e r s io n s o f th e IE C
s ta n d a rd s .
U s u a lly it m a k e s b e s t c o m m e r c ia l s e n s e to
te s t n e w p r o d u c ts to th e la te s t v e r s io n o f a
f s ta n d a r d , r e te s tin g o ld e r p r o d u c ts w h e n th e y
, a r e d u e fo r r e te s tin g a n y w a y a s a r e s u lt o f a
. d e s ig n c h a n g e o r u p g r a d e ( a s lo n g a s th is
h a p p e n s b e fo re th e D O W ). S o m e p ro d u c ts
a r e s o ld fo r s u c h s h o r t p e r io d s o f tim e th a t
th e y m a y n e v e r n e e d to b e re te s te d to a n y
e c u r r e n ts . A s th e s e n o n - s in u s o id a l c u r r e n ts
n e w v e r s io n s o f s ta n d a r d s .
A n o te o f c a u tio n : th e E u r o p e a n C o m m is s io n
( E C ) h a s r u le d th a t w h e r e D ir e c tiv e
c o m p lia n c e is c o n c e r n e d , o n ly d a te s th a t a r e
p u b lis h e d in th e O ffic ia l J o u r n a l o f th e E U
( O J E U ) h a v e a n y r e le v a n c e , a n d n o t a n y
d a te s p u t in to s ta n d a r d s b y th e ir c o m m itte e s .
s t T h is is n o t a p r o b le m in m o s t c a s e s , b u t b a s ic
w E M C te s t s ta n d a rd s s u c h a s E N 6 1 0 0 0 -4 -1 3
a r e n e v e r lis te d in th e O J E U . S in c e D O W
f s in e w a v e a t th e fu n d a m e n ta l fr e q u e n c y o f
h d a te s in th e b a s ic s ta n d a r d s a r e n o t
r e c o g n is e d b y th e E U , th e r e c a n b e n o
is
tr a n s itio n p e r io d , w h ic h is im p r a c tic a l a n d
s illy .
g 1 3 .
T h is c o n s e q u e n c e d o e s n o t s e e m to h a v e
rd b e e n fo re s e e n b y th e E C , a n d c a n c a u s e
c o n fu s io n . S o it is p r o b a b ly le s s r is k y to
a lw a y s u s e th e la te s t v e r s io n o f a b a s ic te s t
s ta n d a rd , e x c e p t w h e r e th e r e g u la to r y
r e q u ir e m e n ts ( fo r th e E U o r o th e r m a rk e ts )
s p e c ify th e e x a c t v e r s io n to b e u s e d .
W h a t a r e h a r m o n ic s a n d in te r h a r m o n ic s ?
C o m p a r is o n o f w a v e fo r m s a n d s p e c tr a
H a r m o n ic s a r e s p lit in to tw o m a in ty p e s
W h e n n o n - lin e a r lo a d s a r e c o n n e c te d to a
p u r e s in e w a v e s o u r c e a t th e fu n d a m e n ta l o d d -n u m b e re d (3 , 5 , 7 , 9 , … ..3 9 , e tc .) a n d
e v e n -n u m b e re d (2 , 4 , 6 , 8 , … ..4 0 , e tc .),
fr e q u e n c y , th e y d r a w n o n - s in u s o id a l
b e c a u s e th e y c a n c a u s e d iffe r e n t
p r o b le m s ( s e e la te r ) a n d a s a r e s u lt m a y
flo w in th e in e v ita b le im p e d a n c e o f th e
p o w e r s u p p ly n e tw o r k , th e y c a u s e n o n - n e e d to b e tr e a te d d iffe r e n tly . O d d -
lin e a r v o lta g e d r o p s th a t d is to r t th e n u m b e r e d h a r m o n ic s a r e o fte n c a lle d o d d -
w a v e fo r m o f th e s u p p ly , s o it is n o lo n g e r o r d e r h a r m o n ic s , a n d e v e n - n u m b e r e d a r e
a p u r e s in e w a v e . T h e lo w e r th e o fte n c a lle d e v e n - o r d e r h a r m o n ic s . O d d -
im p e d a n c e o f th e m a in s p o w e r s u p p ly , o r d e r h a r m o n ic s a r e fu r th e r d iv id e d in to
th e le s s w ill b e th e v o lta g e d is to r tio n th o s e th a t a r e a m u ltip le o f 3 tim e s th e
c r e a te d b y a g iv e n n o n - lin e a r lo a d . f u n d a m e n t a l, c a lle d t r ip le n s ( o r 't r ip le s ' o r
't r ip le d h a r m o n ic s ') , a n d t h e r e s t . T h is is
T h e id e a l m a in s v o lta g e is a p u r e b e c a u s e in th r e e - p h a s e p o w e r s y s te m s ,
tr ip le n s c a n b e c a n c e lle d o u t w h e r e a s
th e m a in s s u p p ly , b u t p u r e s in e w a v e o th e r o d d - o r d e r h a r m o n ic s c a n n o t b e . T h is
m a in s s u p p lie s a r e n o w v e r y r a r e in d e e d .
s e g r e g a tio n o f ty p e s o f h a r m o n ic s is
F o u r ie r a n a ly s is is c o m m o n ly u s e d to e v id e n t in ta b le 1 , 2 a n d 3 in E N 6 1 0 0 0 - 4 -
d e s c r ib e th e d is to r tio n o f a w a v e fo r m in
te r m s o f o n e o r m o r e fr e q u e n c ie s
s u p e r im p o s e d o n a p u r e s in e w a v e D is to rte d m a in s w a v e fo rm s ra n g e fro m
fu n d a m e n ta l. F r e q u e n c ie s th a t a r e in te g e r c lip p e d a n d /o r n o tc h e d a n d /o r r in g in g , a n d
m u ltip le s o f th e fu n d a m e n ta l a r e c a lle d e x a m p le s o f e a c h a r e p r o v id e d in th e
h a r m o n ic s , a n d a ll th e o th e r fr e q u e n c ie s fig u r e s in th is b o o k le t. [5 ] a n d [6 ] p r o v id e
a r e c a lle d in te r h a r m o n ic s . m u c h m o re d e ta ile d in fo r m a tio n a n d
m a th e m a tic a l a n a ly s e s .
 T h e in flu e n c e o f th e m a in s p o w e r s y s te m

7 8
S o m e e x a m p le s o f h a r m o n ic a lly d is to r te d m a in s w a v e fo r m s It w a s m e n tio n e d e a r lie r th a t n o n - lin e a r le a d to g re a t e x p e n s e . F o r e x a m p le , r e fe r
(c o p ie d fr o m v a r io u s fig u r e s in [5 ] [6 ] a n d [1 3 ] lo a d s d r a w n o n - s in u s o id a l c u rre n ts w h e n to [7 ], w h ic h d e s c r ib e s th e v e ry p o o r
s u p p lie d fr o m a p u r e s in e w a v e , a n d th a t q u a lity o f th e m a in s w a v e fo rm in a
a s th e s e c u r r e n ts flo w in th e in e v ita b le r e s id e n tia l a r e a o f Is r a e l in 2 0 0 0 .
im p e d a n c e s in th e m a in s s u p p ly n e tw o r k
th e y p r o d u c e n o n - lin e a r v o lta g e d r o p s E x a m p le o f d o m e s tic m a in s w a v e fo r m
th a t d is to r t th e m a in s v o lta g e w a v e fo rm . in Is r a e l, in 2 0 0 0
F ro m N ic k M a r o u d a s P h D , 2 n d O c to b e r 2 0 0 0 , [1 2 ]
T h e m a in s s y s te m s in m o s t d e v e lo p e d
n a tio n s h a v e a v e r y lo w im p e d a n c e a n d
s o m a in ta in r e a s o n a b le w a v e fo rm q u a lity ,
b u t m a n y p ro d u c ts a re s u p p lie d fr o m
m a in s s u p p lie s th a t h a v e h ig h e r
im p e d a n c e s a n d h e n c e s u ffe r m o re
w a v e fo r m d is to r tio n fo r a g iv e n a m o u n t o f
n o n - lin e a r lo a d in g .
C o n s tr u c tin g a d is to r te d w a v e fo r m fr o m h a r m o n ic s P r o d u c ts s o ld g lo b a lly m a y h a v e to d e a l
(fr o m F ig u r e 5 o f [6 ]) w ith m a in s s u p p lie s th a t h a v e h ig h e r
im p e d a n c e s th a n th e ir E u r o p e a n A ls o a r o u n d 2 0 0 0 , a c o m p a n y h a v in g
e q u iv a le n ts . A ls o , e v e n in d e v e lo p e d d o m e s tic a p p lia n c e s in te n d e d fo r th e U K
n a tio n s p r o d u c ts m a y b e e x p e c te d to m a r k e t m a d e in C h in a h a d to u s e a
o p e r a te o n lo c a lly g e n e r a te d m a in s , w ith p o r ta b le g e n e r a to r to p o w e r th e m d u r in g
a h ig h e r im p e d a n c e , e .g . fr o m a s ta n d - b y te s tin g , s in c e th e m a in s p r o v id e d to th e
g e n e r a to r in th e e v e n t o f a p o w e r fa ilu r e . fa c to ry w a s “a p re tty g o o d s q u a re w a v e ,
A n d w e m u s t n o t fo r g e t r e m o te lo c a tio n s a lth o u g h a t le a s t it m e a s u r e d 2 3 0 V r m s ” .
a n d v e h ic le s , w h e r e th e r e is n o m a in s A n d a c o m p a n y s u p p ly in g a la r g e te x tile
s u p p ly n e tw o r k a v a ila b le a n d lo c a l m a c h in e to a n e w to w n in C h in a h a d a
g e n e r a tio n is a ll th a t is a v a ila b le . S o - p r o b le m w ith th e m a in s s u p p ly th a t b u r n t
c a lle d 'g r e e n p o w e r ' is s t a r t in g t o b e c o m e o u t th e b r u s h le a d s in s e v e r a l o f th e
a s e r io u s fo r c e , w ith lo c a l g e n e r a tio n e le c tr ic m o to r s th e tim e it to o k to s o lv e
a u g m e n tin g o r r e p la c in g th e n a tio n a l th e p r o b le m le ft th e m a n u fa c tu r e r w ith a
m a in s s u p p ly n e tw o r k , b u t th e s e p o w e r b ill fo r h a lf a m illio n p o u n d s in p e n a lty
s o u r c e s a ls o h a v e h ig h im p e d a n c e s . A ll c h a r g e s , 1 0 % o f th e ir a n n u a l tu r n o v e r ,
th e s e a r e d is c u s s e d in m o r e d e ta il b e lo w . c a u s in g th e ir a c c o u n ta n ts to r e c o m m e n d
w in d in g u p th e c o m p a n y .
A c tu a l m a in s w a v e fo rm s c a n b e to p r o d u c e d is to r te d w a v e fo r m s th a t c a n G lo b a l m a r k e ts
'd e c o m p o s e d ' in t o a lis t o f fr e q u e n c ie s b e u s e d fo r te s tin g p r o d u c ts . L o c a l g e n e r a tio n
( w ith th e ir in d iv id u a l le v e ls a n d p h a s e T h e s e d a y s , m a n y ty p e s o f e le c tr ic a l o r
r e la tio n s h ip s ) u s u a lly b y m e a n s o f a It is c o m m o n p la c e to m e a s u r e th e q u a lity e le c tr o n ic e q u ip m e n t a r e s o ld to m a n y L o c a l g e n e r a tio n o f p o w e r u s u a lly h a s
m a in s h a r m o n ic a n a ly s e r ( a lth o u g h s o m e o f a m a in s s u p p ly u s in g th e s in g le fig u r e o f d iffe r e n t c o u n tr ie s a r o u n d th e w o r ld . B u t h ig h e r s o u r c e im p e d a n c e s th a n a r e
c o m m e r c ia l in s tr u m e n ts m ig h t n o t m e a s u r e its to ta l h a r m o n ic d is to r tio n ( T H D ) , b u t th is w h e n d e v e lo p in g e q u ip m e n t in a p r o v id e d b y a c o n n e c tio n to L V , M V o r H V
th e p h a s e in fo r m a tio n ). is a m e a n in g le s s fig u r e . W h a t m a tte r s is d e v e lo p e d n a tio n it is e a s y to ta k e th e p o w e r n e tw o r k s fo r m in g p a r t o f a n a tio n a l
th e m a in s w a v e s h a p e , a n d h o w th e h ig h - q u a lity m a in s p o w e r s u p p ly fo r g r id . A c o n s e q u e n c e o f th e ir h ig h e r
A n d in d iv id u a l fr e q u e n c ie s c a n b e p r o d u c t r e a c ts to th a t, a s s h o u ld b e c o m e g r a n te d , a n d a s s u m e th a t m a in s p o w e r im p e d a n c e is th a t th e y w ill s u ffe r m o r e
g e n e r a te d a n d a d d e d to g e th e r in a n c le a r d u r in g th e r e s t o f th is b o o k le t. T H D a r o u n d th e w o r ld is ju s t a s g o o d . T h is w a v e fo r m d is to r tio n fo r a g iv e n lo a d in g o f
e le c tr o n ic d e v ic e ( in h a r d w a r e o r s o ftw a r e ) d o e s n o t c o r r e la te w ith in te r fe r e n c e . a s s u m p tio n c a n b e v e r y w r o n g , a n d c o u ld h a r m o n ic a n d in te r h a r m o n ic c u r r e n ts .
 S o u r c e s o f h a r m o n ic s a n d in te r h a r m o n ic s

9 1 0
H o w m a in s w a v e fo r m d is to r tio n is c a u s e d b y n o n -lin e a r lo a d s T h e r e a r e v e r y m a n y d iffe r e n t ty p e s o f d o w n to 0 V , w h e n m e a s u re d a t th e
n o n - lin e a r lo a d s , c o n s u m in g h a r m o n ic r e c t if ie r 's m a in s in p u t . T h e s t e e p n e s s o f
a n d /o r in te r h a r m o n ic c u r r e n ts . th e n o tc h e d g e s c o n s is t o f m a n y v e r y h ig h
T r a n s fo r m e r s a n d m o to r s a r e w e a k ly n o n - fr e q u e n c y c o m p o n e n ts th a t o fte n e x c ite
lin e a r d u e to th e s a tu r a tio n c h a r a c te r is tic s r e s o n a n c e s d u e to th e v a r io u s in d u c ta n c e s
o f th e m a g n e tic m a te r ia ls in th e ir c o r e s . a n d c a p a c ita n c e s in th e n e tw o r k ( d u e to
B u t if r u n in to s a tu r a tio n ( w h ic h c a n b e d e v ic e s a n d 's t r a y s ') . T h e s e n o t c h e s a n d
c a u s e d b y e v e n - o r d e r d is to r tio n o f th e th e ir a s s o c ia te d r e s o n a n c e s c a n c a u s e
m a in s w a v e fo r m ) th e y c a n b e c o m e v e r y s p u r io u s z e r o - c r o s s in g s in th e w a v e fo r m .
n o n - lin e a r in d e e d . F lu o r e s c e n t la m p s w ith
s ta n d a r d 5 0 o r 6 0 H z m a g n e tic b a lla s ts S u c h m o to r r e c tifie r s h a v e b a la n c e d th r e e -
a r e m o d e r a te ly n o n - lin e a r . A r c w e ld in g p h a s e c u r r e n ts a n d g e n e r a te v e r y lo w
a n d a r c fu r n a c e s a r e e x tr e m e ly n o n - lin e a r le v e ls o f tr ip le n h a r m o n ic s . A n d b e c a u s e
lo a d s , c r e a tin g v e r y la r g e a m o u n ts o f th e y u s e b r id g e r e c tifie r s th e ir c u r r e n ts
in te r h a r m o n ic s . E le c tr o n ic p o w e r h a v e lo w le v e ls o f e v e n - o r d e r h a r m o n ic
c o n v e r te r s ( r e c tifie r s ) a r e v e r y n o n - lin e a r c u r r e n ts . B u t th e y d o h a v e h ig h le v e ls o f
M a n y ty p e s o f p r o d u c ts m a y b e r e q u ir e d to In s o m e o il a n d g a s d r illin g p la tfo r m s it is o d d - o r d e r h a r m o n i c c u r r e n t s a t t h e 5 th a n d
n o t u n c o m m o n to fin d th a t 8 0 % o f th e lo a d s a n d a r e a n in c r e a s in g p r o p o r tio n o f
o p e r a te fr o m lo c a l g e n e r a tio n fr o m tim e to th e lo a d o n m o s t m o d e r n m a in s p o w e r a b o v e ( e x c e p t tr ip le n s ) . T o c o m p ly w ith
tim e , s u c h a s … lo a d is n
o n - lin e a r [5 ]. T o ta l d is to r tio n m a in s n e tw o r k p la n n in g r e q u ir e m e n ts in
le v e ls o f u p to 2 2 % a re k n o w n to e x is t o n s y s te m s .
m o s t c o u n tr ie s , s u c h a s G 5 /4 in th e U K [9 ],
pA l l h o s p i t a l e q u i p m e n t , t e l e p h o n e s o m e m a r in e p o w e r s u p p lie s [8 ]. p h a s e s h iftin g tr a n s fo r m e r s a r e u s e d to
D C m o to rs p o w e re d b y
e x c h a n g e s a n d in te r n e t h o te ls w h e n th e g e n e r a te s ix - p h a s e o r e v e n tw e lv e - p h a s e
e m e rg e n c y g e n e ra to rs a r e te s te d p E q u ip m e n t u s e d in o p e n - a ir c o n c e r ts , r e c tifie r s s u p p lie s fo r u s e w ith 1 2 - p u ls e o r e v e n 2 4 -
( ty p ic a lly o n c e p e r w e e k ) o r w h e n tr a v e llin g fa ir g r o u n d s , e tc ., s u p p lie d b y p u ls e r e c tifie r s . S ix - p h a s e ( tw e lv e p u ls e )
r u n n in g o n e m e rg e n c y p o w e r d u e to lo s s p o r ta b le g e n e r a to r s . F o r m a n y y e a r s it h a s b e e n tr a d itio n a l to r e c t i f i e r s h a v e l o w l e v e l s o f 5 th a n d 7 th
o f th e n o rm a l m a in s s u p p ly . r u n d .c . m o to r s d ir e c tly fr o m th e m a in s , h a r m o n ic s , s o th e ir m a in s c u r r e n t o n ly
G re e n p o w e r th r o u g h a r e c tifie r , to o b ta in s p e e d c o n tr o l c o n ta in s r e a s o n a b le le v e ls o f o d d - o r d e r
pA l l d o m e s t i c a n d c o m m e r c i a l e q u i p m e n t th r o u g h s u c h m e a n s a s fie ld w e a k e n in g . h a r m o n i c s a t t h e 1 1 th a n d a b o v e ( b u t l o w
P r e m is e s p o w e r e d b y 'g r e e n ' e n e r g y
w h e n ru n o n e m e rg e n c y p o w e r d u e to a S m a lle r m o to r s w o u ld u s e a s in g le - p h a s e tr ip le n s ) .
s o u r c e s , e .g . p h o to v o lta ic , w in d , w a v e o r
lo s s o f th e n o r m a l m a in s s u p p ly ( fo r r e c tifie r , b u t la r g e r m o to r s ( u p to s e v e r a l
w a te r p o w e r , a r e u s u a lly c o n n e c te d to th e
e x a m p le , a ll th e e q u ip m e n t in th e a u th o r s M W ) u s e d fo r h e a tin g , v e n tila tin g a n d a ir - R e c tifie r s fo llo w e d b y c a p a c ito r s
p u b lic m a in s s u p p ly v ia a tw o - w a y e le c tr o n ic
o ffic e b u ild in g u s u a lly h a s to ru n fro m a c o n d itio n in g ( H V A C ) fa n s a n d p u m p s in
p o w e r c o n v e r te r th a t c a n e x p o r t s u r p lu s
s m a ll s ta n d b y g e n e ra to r fo r s e v e ra l la r g e r b u ild in g s , a n d fo r n u m e r o u s It is th e d e v e lo p m e n t o f lo a d s th a t u s e
e le c tr ic ity to th e p u b lic m a in s s u p p ly , a n d
h o u rs , s e v e r a l tim e s e a c h y e a r). p u r p o s e s in in d u s tr y , w o u ld u s e th r e e - r e c tifie r s fo llo w e d b y a s to r a g e c a p a c ito r
im p o r t p u b lic m a in s p o w e r w h e n th e g r e e n
p h a s e r e c tifie r s , s o m e tim e s c a lle d 6 - p u ls e th a t is c a u s in g m a in s d is to r tio n h e a d a c h e s
e n e r g y c a n 't k e e p u p w it h t h e d e m a n d o f t h e
pE q u i p m e n t i n s t a l l e d o n v e h i c l e s ( m a r i n e , r e c tifie r s . T h e d .c . lo a d o n th e s e r e c tifie r s th e s e d a y s . T h e r e c tifie r o n ly c o n d u c ts
p r e m is e s .
in la n d w a te r w a y s , r o a d v e h ic le s , a ir c r a ft, is in d u c tiv e , a n d th e r e c tifie r s a r e s lo w e r w h e n t h e m a in s v o lt a g e is t w o 'd io d e
d ie s e l tr a in s , e tc .) a n d o ffs h o r e o il a n d T h e s e e le c tr o n ic c o n v e r te r s h a v e h ig h e r to tu rn o ff th a n th e y a re to tu rn o n , s o d r o p s ' h ig h e r th a n th e d .c . v o lta g e o n th e
g a s p la tfo r m s w h ic h , o f n e c e s s ity , h a v e o u t p u t im p e d a n c e t h a n a 'n o r m a l' m a in s th e r e a r e p e r io d s d u r in g e a c h m a in s c y c le s to r a g e c a p a c ito r , s o th e m a in s c u r r e n t
to g e n e r a te th e ir o w n m a in s p o w e r c o n n e c tio n ; s o w ill c r e a te m o r e w a v e fo r m w h e n th e r e c tifie r s s h o r t o u t th e s u p p ly fo r d r a w n is d is c o n tin u o u s . T h is p u ls a tin g
lo c a lly . A s m o r e a n d m o r e h ig h - p o w e r d is to r tio n fo r a g iv e n h a r m o n ic a n d a s h o r t w h ile , th r e e tim e s in e a c h c y c le . c u r r e n t h a s a p e a k le v e l th a t is a lo t h ig h e r
e le c tr o n ic p o w e r c o n v e r te r s a r e u s e d in in te r h a r m o n ic c u r r e n t lo a d in g . T h e n u m b e r o f th a n w o u ld o c c u r w ith a s in e w a v e c u r r e n t,
s u c h v e h ic le s ( e .g . m a r in e th r u s te r s , a n d s u c h p r e m is e s is s e t to r is e , a s p r o d u c ts fo r In d u c ta n c e in th e s u p p ly lim its th e fo r th e s a m e p o w e r c o n s u m p tio n .
e v e n m a in p r o p e lle r d r iv e s a t s e v e r a l d o m e s tic a n d c o m m e r c ia l C H P ( c o m b in e d c u rre n ts a n d ( h o p e fu lly ) p r e v e n ts th e
M W ) th e d is to r tio n in th e ir r e la tiv e ly h ig h - h e a t a n d p o w e r ) b e c o m e m o r e a ffo r d a b le , r e c tifie r s fr o m d a m a g e , b u t th e r e s u ltin g
im p e d a n c e m a in s n e tw o r k s is in c r e a s in g . a n d a ls o d u e to n u m e r o u s in itia tiv e s 'c o m m u t a t io n n o tc h ' in th e w a v e fo rm g o e s
in te n d e d to h e lp s ta v e o ff g lo b a l w a r m in g .
1 1 1 2
N o n -lin e a r c u r r e n ts in a r e c tifie r -c a p a c ito r ty p e A C -D C c o n v e rte r E x a m p le o f r e a l h a r m o n ic a n d in te r h a r m o n ic c u r r e n ts
p r o d u c e d b y a la r g e in v e r te r -fe d m o to r
(fro m F ig u r e 1 3 o f [1 4 ], in v e r te r o u tp u t fr e q u e n c y is 3 9 .4 H z )

T h e d e s ir e to s a v e m o n e y ( a n d h o p e fu lly R e c tifie r - c a p a c ito r lo a d s g e n e r a te

h e lp s a v e th e p la n e t to o ) b y im p r o v in g h a r m o n ic c u r r e n ts , b u t a n y r ip p le o n th e ir
In re c e n t y e a rs a v a s t n u m b e r o f e le c tr o n ic m o d u la tio n ( P W M ), fo r H V A C in e n e r g y e ffic ie n c y , u p tim e a n d s t o r a g e c a p a c it o r 's d . c . v o lt a g e m o d u la te s
d e v ic e s h a v e b e e n c o n n e c te d to th e m a in s c o m m e r c ia l b u ild in g s a n d fo r r e p la c in g m a in te n a n c e c o s ts h a s le d to h e a v y th e m a in s c u r r e n t. S o , w h e r e th e d .c . lo a d
s u p p ly in d e v e lo p e d c o u n tr ie s , m o s t o f v a r ia b le - s p e e d d .c . m o to r s in in d u s tr y p o w e r u s e r s e m b r a c in g e le c tr o n ic p o w e r h a s a c u r r e n t c o n s u m p tio n th a t v a r ie s
th e m u s in g r e c tifie r-c a p a c ito r a .c . - d .c . (a .c . m o to rs a re m o re ru g g e d a n d c o n tr o l d e v ic e s th a t b e g in b y c o n v e r tin g w ith tim e , th e d .c . r ip p le it g e n e r a te s w ill
p o w e r c o n v e rte rs , in c lu d in g … r e q u ir e le s s m a in te n a n c e th a n d .c . th e m a in s to d .c . u s in g r e c tifie r - c a p a c ito r m o d u la te th e m a in s c u r r e n t, le a d in g to
ty p e s ). c o n v e r te r s . V a r ia b le s p e e d in v e r te r m o to r
p T e le v is io n s ( T V s ) , v id e o c a s s e tte in te r h a r m o n ic d is to r tio n o f th e m a in s
r e c o r d e r s ( V C R s ) , h i- fi a m p lifie r s a n d T h e lo w c u r r e n t c o n s u m p tio n o f m a n y o f d r iv e s a r e n o w u s e d fo r p u m p s , fa n s , a n d w a v e s h a p e .
D V D p la y e r s . th e d o m e s tic a n d c o m m e r c ia l p r o d u c ts tr a c tio n in a v a r ie ty o f s iz e s fr o m 1 k W to
( e .g . T V s a n d P C s ) h a s b e e n b a la n c e d b y 1 0 M W , m o s tly s u p p lie d w ith th r e e - p h a s e T h is is m o s t e a s ily s e e n b y a ty p ic a l
p M ic r o w a v e c o o k e r s . th e v e r y h ig h n u m b e r s o f th e m c o n n e c te d m a in s . in v e r te r d r iv e fo r a n A C m o to r
p P e r s o n a l c o m p u te r s ( P C s ) , v id e o to th e m a in s s u p p ly , s o th a t th e y a r e n o w th e m a in s c u r r e n t w ill c o n ta in h a r m o n ic s
o fte n m o r e im p o r ta n t fo r m a in s w a v e fo r m N o w th a t s e m ic o n d u c to r m a n u fa c tu r e r s r e la te d to th e in p u t fr e q u e n c y ( th e m a in s )
m o n ito r s , p r in te r s a n d p h o to c o p ie r s . h a v e m a n a g e d to p ro d u c e th e n e c e s s a ry
q u a lity th a n h ig h - p o w e r d .c . m o to r d r iv e s a n d in te r h a r m o n ic s r e la te d to th e o u tp u t
p L o w - e n e r g y la m p s , h ig h - fr e q u e n c y in fa c to r ie s . F o r e x a m p le , s o m e o ffic e lo w - c o s t d e v ic e s , th e n e x t m a jo r c h a n g e fr e q u e n c y ( w h ic h is v a r ia b le ) . In fa c t, th e
b a lla s ts fo r flu o r e s c e n t lig h tin g , lo w b u ild in g s c o n ta in a s m a n y a s 3 ,0 0 0 P C s w ill b e th e u s e o f v a r ia b le s p e e d m o to r o d d - n u m b e r e d h a r m o n ic s o f th e o u tp u t
v o lt a g e lig h t in g u s in g 'e le c t r o n ic a n d th e ir 3 ,0 0 0 V D U m o n ito r s , p lu s d r iv e s in a ll d o m e s tic a p p lia n c e s , to s a v e fr e q u e n c y a p p e a r in th e m a in s s id e a s
t r a n s f o r m e r s '. s e v e r a l th o u s a n d flu o r e s c e n t la m p s w ith e n e r g y , r e p la c in g m a n y m o r e fa ir ly lin e a r s id e b a n d s o n b o th s id e s o f e a c h o f th e
m a g n e tic o r h ig h - fr e q u e n c y b a lla s ts lo a d s w ith v e r y n o n - lin e a r o n e s . In a e v e n - n u m b e r e d h a r m o n ic s o f th e m a in s .
p H o r d e s o f lo w - p o w e r p r o d u c ts u s in g ty p ic a l d o m e s tic h o u s e in 2 0 1 5 th a t d o e s
a v e r y la r g e v e r y n o n - lin e a r lo a d b y
'w a ll- w a r t ' p lu g - t o p p o w e r s u p p lie s . n o t u s e e le c tr ic a l s p a c e h e a tin g , th e o n ly
a n y b o d y 's r e c k o n in g . A p a r t m e n t b u ild in g s
a n d h o te ls c a n p r e s e n t s im ila r lo a d s , a s lin e a r lo a d s r e m a in in g w ill p r o b a b ly b e th e
p V a r ia b le - s p e e d a .c . m o to r d r iv e s u s in g fe w r e m a in in g tu n g s te n fila m e n t o r
fr e q u e n c y c h a n g e r s ( o fte n c a lle d c a n a r e a s o f d o m e s tic h o u s in g ( a lth o u g h
m o r e s p r e a d o u t g e o g r a p h ic a lly ) . h a lo g e n la m p s th a t o p e r a te d ir e c tly fr o m
in v e r te r s ) b a s e d o n p u ls e - w id th th e m a in s .
 T h e p r o b le m s o f r e s o n a n c e s in
th e m a in s s y s te m

1 3 1 4
T h y r is to r p o w e r c o n tr o l n o t c a u s e d b y th e in te r a c tio n o f n o n - lin e a r S ta n d a r d s th a t lim it e m is s io n s L o w - v o lta g e m a in s d is tr ib u tio n n e tw o r k s
c u rre n ts w ith s u p p ly im p e d a n c e th e y c o n s is t o f lo ts o f lo n g c o n d u c to r s , w h ic h
o f h a r m o n ic c u r r e n ts a r e n o t a
A n o th e r s o u r c e o f n o n - lin e a r c u r r e n ts is a re a c tu a lly p la c e d o n th e m a in s a s h a v e in d u c ta n c e ; tr a n s fo r m e r s , w h ic h
v o lta g e s ig n a ls a n d c a u s e d is to r tio n p a n a c e a h a v e e v e n m o r e in d u c ta n c e ; p o w e r fa c to r
th e u s e o f th y r is to r s a n d tr ia c s fo r a .c .
p o w e r c o n tro l fo r h e a te rs , o v e n s a n d d ir e c tly . c o r r e c tio n d e v ic e s ( u s u a lly c a p a c ito r s ,
S o m e m ig h t a s s u m e th a t b e c a u s e E N
lig h tin g o f m a n y s o r ts , r a n g in g fr o m lo w s o m e tim e s v e r y la r g e ; h a r m o n ic filte r s ,
T h is is c a lle d 'r ip p le c o n t r o l' b e c a u s e w h e n 6 1 0 0 0 - 3 - 2 n o w lim its th e h a r m o n ic
p o w e r ( e .g . d o m e s tic la m p d im m e r s ) to c o n s is tin g o f c a p a c ito r s a n d in d u c to r s ; a n d
s e e n o n a n o s c illo s c o p e it a p p e a r s a s a c u r r e n ts p r o d u c e d b y p r o d u c ts s u p p lie d in
v e r y h ig h p o w e r . W h e r e th e s e u s e p h a s e - a la r g e v a r ie ty o f e le c tr ic a l a n d e le c tr o n ic
r ip p le in th e p e a k le v e l o f th e m a in s th e E U , a n d b e c a u s e w e w ill s o o n h a v e
a n g le c o n tr o l th e h a r m o n ic d is to r tio n p ro d u c ts p o w e re d b y th e n e tw o rk , m a n y o f
v o lta g e . It is m o s tly u s e d in n a tio n a l p o w e r E N 6 1 0 0 0 -3 -1 2 to d o th e s a m e fo r
fr e q u e n c ie s th e y g e n e r a te d e p e n d o n th e ir w h ic h c o n n e c t r a d io - fr e q u e n c y
s y s te m s , a n d s o m e tim e s in in d u s tr ia l p ro d u c ts th a t c o n s u m e m o re th a n
c o n d u c tio n p h a s e a n g le . W h e r e th e y u s e in te r fe r e n c e ( R F I) filte r s c o n s is tin g o f
p o w e r s y s te m s to o , a t lo w - v o lta g e ( L V ) , 1 6 A /p h a s e a ll h a r m o n ic p r o b le m s w ill
'b u r s t f ir in g ' t h e y t e n d t o c r e a t e v e r y lo w in d u c to r s a n d c a p a c ito r s to th e ir m a in s
m e d iu m - v o lta g e ( M V ) a n d h ig h - v o lta g e g o a w a y . U n fo r tu n a te ly , th is is n o t th e
fr e q u e n c y in te r h a r m o n ic s r e la te d to th e ir s u p p ly . T h e r a d io - fr e q u e n c y ( R F ) filte r s
( H V ) . T h e le v e l o f th e a d d e d s ig n a llin g c a s e , b e c a u s e th e lim its a p p lie d b y th e s e
fir in g r a te . m ig h t b e s m a ll in v a lu e , b u t in a la r g e
fr e q u e n c ie s a r e b e tw e e n 2 a n d 5 % o f th e s ta n d a r d s s till a llo w s ig n ific a n t a m o u n ts o f
b u ild in g o r v e s s e l th e r e c a n b e m a n y
n o m in a l m a in s v o lta g e . R e s o n a n c e s c a n h a r m o n ic c u r r e n ts to b e c r e a te d ( th e y d o
P o w e r a n d fre q u e n c y th o u s a n d s o f th e m , to ta llin g a v e r y
in c r e a s e th e le v e ls o f th is v o lta g e n o t lim it in te r h a r m o n ic c u r r e n ts a t a ll) .
s ig n ific a n t a m o u n t o f in d u c ta n c e a n d
c o n v e r s io n in m a in s p o w e r d is to r tio n c o m p o n e n t to a s m u c h a s 9 % . c a p a c ita n c e .
T h e r e w a s a r e c e n t e x a m p le o f th is in th e
s y s te m s th e m s e lv e s M o r e d e ta il w ill b e fo u n d in [1 0 ].
lig h tin g s c h e m e fo r a n e w r o a d tu n n e l in W h e n e v e r w e h a v e in d u c ta n c e a n d
th e U K . A to ta l o f 1 M W o f lig h tin g w a s c a p a c ita n c e in th e s a m e c ir c u it, w e a lw a y s
T h e s a m e re c tifie r te c h n iq u e s a s d e s c r ib e d O th e r s o u r c e s o f in te r h a r m o n ic s in s ta lle d , p o w e r e d b y a 1 M V A d is tr ib u tio n h a v e o n e o r m o r e r e s o n a n t fr e q u e n c ie s .
a b o v e a r e in c r e a s in g ly u s e d in th e m a in s
[1 0 ] d e s c r ib e s in te r h a r m o n ic s c a u s e d b y tr a n s fo r m e r , v ia s w itc h g e a r th a t p e r m itte d T h e a m p litu d e o f a re s o n a n c e
n e tw o rk s th e m s e lv e s , to c o n v e r t b e tw e e n
r e s o n a n c e s o c c u r r in g in s y s te m s th a t th e la m p s to b e p o w e r e d in v a r io u s th e a m o u n t b y w h ic h it a m p lifie s th e s ig n a l
a .c . a n d h ig h - v o lta g e d .c . ( H V D C )
c o n ta in s e r ie s o r p a r a lle l c a p a c ito r s ( e .g . c o m b in a tio n s s u ita b le fo r e v e r y s itu a tio n o r n o is e o c c u r r in g a t th a t fr e q u e n c y
tr a n s m is s io n lin e s , a n d to c o n v e r t fr o m o n e
s w itc h e d c a p a c ito r s u s e d fo r p o w e r fa c to r fr o m n ig h t tim e to m id - d a y in th e s u m m e r. is lim ite d b y th e r e s is ta n c e in th e c ir c u it.
fre q u e n c y to a n o th e r (e .g . fro m 6 0 to 5 0 H z
o r v ic e - v e r s a ) . T h e s e a r e u s u a lly v e r y c o r r e c tio n a n d v o lta g e c o n tr o l) . A ll m a in s U n fo r tu n a te ly , r e s is ta n c e in a m a in s
B u t p o w e r le v e ls g r e a te r th a n 7 5 % c o u ld
h ig h - p o w e r e d e q u ip m e n t, a n d th e y a r e c o n d u c to r s h a v e s e r ie s in d u c ta n c e , s o th e n e tw o r k is k e p t lo w to m in im is e lo s s e s ,
n o t b e a c h ie v e d w ith o u t th e m a in c ir c u it
fitte d w ith h a r m o n ic filte r s to h e lp th e m a d d itio n o f c a p a c ito r s c a n n o t h e lp b u t im p r o v e e n e r g y e ffic ie n c y a n d s a v e
b r e a k e r tr ip p in g o u t to ( c o r r e c tly ) p r o te c t
p re s e rv e a g o o d w a v e s h a p e . c r e a te r e s o n a n t c ir c u its . T h e s e r e s o n a n t m o n e y , s o th e m a in s n e tw o r k r e s o n a n c e s
th e 1 M V A tr a n s fo r m e r fr o m o v e r h e a tin g .
c ir c u its c a u s e g r e a t p r o b le m s w h e n th e y c a n h a v e d ra m a tic e ffe c ts .
A n d a s th e p o w e r le v e l w a s in c r e a s e d th e
J u s t a s w a s d e s c r ib e d e a r lie r, r ip p le o n th e h a p p e n to re s o n a te a t th e s a m e fre q u e n c y b u z z in g a n d v ib r a tio n o f th e s w itc h g e a r P a r a lle l r e s o n a n c e s te n d to a m p lify a n y
'D C lin k s ' in s u c h c o n v e rte rs a p p e a rs a s a s a h a r m o n ic o r in te r h a r m o n ic in c r e a s e d to o , u n til a t 7 5 % p o w e r s e ttin g fr e q u e n c ie s p r e s e n t in th e m a in s
in te rh a r m o n ic c u r r e n ts , le a d in g to c o m p o n e n t ( s e e la te r ) b u t th e y c a n a ls o it w a s n e c e s s a r y to s h o u t in o r d e r to b e w a v e fo r m , th a t m a tc h th e ir r e s o n a n t
in te rh a r m o n ic d is to r tio n o f th e m a in s c a u s e in te r h a r m o n ic s in th e ir o w n r ig h t, h e a r d in th e d is tr ib u tio n r o o m . fr e q u e n c ie s , c a u s in g m u c h h ig h e r th a n
s u p p ly . w h e n th e y a r e e x c ite d b y a tr a n s ie n t e v e n t In v e s tig a tio n s h o w e d th a t a ll o f th e la m p s e x p e c te d p e a k v o lta g e s a n d /o r w a v e fo r m
o r a d is to r tio n c o m p o n e n t th a t is n e a r b y in m e t th e lim its s e t b y E N 6 1 0 0 0 - 3 - 2 :1 9 9 5 ,
M a in s s ig n a llin g (r ip p le c o n tr o l) fre q u e n c y . d is to r tio n o n th e m a in s n e tw o r k . S e r ie s
y e t th e to ta l h a r m o n ic c u r r e n t lo a d w a s r e s o n a n c e s h a v e a s im ila r e ffe c t, b u t te n d
S ig n a l fr e q u e n c ie s fr o m 1 1 0 H z to 3 k H z a re s till h ig h e n o u g h to c a u s e th e p r o b le m s to a m p lify th e h a r m o n ic o r in te r h a r m o n ic
u s e d in s o m e m a in s n e tw o r k s ( o r p a r ts o f d e s c r ib e d . c u r r e n ts a t th e ir r e s o n a n t fr e q u e n c ie s .
th e m ) to tra n s fe r d a ta fro m o n e p a rt o f th e E ith e r o f th e s e c a n r e d u c e th e life o r
n e tw o r k to a n o th e r , o r to c o n tr o l e q u ip m e n t c a u s e d a m a g e to th e e q u ip m e n t
in p a r ts o f th e n e tw o r k . T h e fr e q u e n c ie s c o n c e r n e d . In e ith e r c a s e th e u n w a n te d
u s e d a r e in te r h a r m o n ic s , a n d u n lik e th e h a r m o n ic o r in te r h a r m o n ic v o lta g e o r
o th e r s o u r c e s d e s c r ib e d a b o v e th e y a r e c u r r e n t c a n b e a t le a s t d o u b le d in
a m p litu d e .
 T h e p r o b le m s th a t c a n b e
c a u s e d b y h a r m o n ic s a n d
in te r h a r m o n ic s

1 5 1 6
I t is u s u a lly t h e c a s e t h a t a n e t w o r k 's M a in s h a r m o n ic d is to r tio n h a s b e e n a p R o ta tin g m a c h in e s ( m o to r s a n d p P o w e r d is tr ib u tio n n e tw o r k s : e x c ita tio n
r e s o n a n c e s d o n o t c o in c id e w ith th e p r o b le m e v e r s in c e th e A C m a in s w a s fir s t g e n e r a to r s ) : r e d u c tio n in e ffic ie n c y , o f s y s te m r e s o n a n c e s le a d in g to
h a r m o n ic s o r in te r h a r m o n ic s th a t a r e w id e ly e m p lo y e d . It w a s m o r e o f a p r o b le m in c r e a s e d te m p e r a tu r e s , o v e r h e a tin g , in c re a s e d le v e ls o f v o lta g e d is to r tio n
p r e s e n t in s ig n ific a n t le v e ls in th a t n e tw o rk . in s o m e in d u s tr ie s th a n o th e r s , fo r r e d u c e d life , in c r e a s e d a c o u s tic n o is e e x a c e rb a tin g m a n y o f th e a b o v e
B u t r e s o n a n c e s a r e a lw a y s p r e s e n t, a n d it e x a m p le : m a in s h a r m o n ic im m u n ity te s tin g e m is s io n s , p u ls a tin g o r re d u c e d to rq u e , p ro b le m s .
c a n h a p p e n th a t th e a d d itio n o f n e w e q u ip m e n t w a s b e in g u s e d to te s t s h a ft fa tig u e , r e d u c e d b e a r in g life ,
M u c h m o r e in fo r m a tio n o n m a in s
e q u ip m e n t, o r a n a tte m p t to r e d u c e p ro d u c ts fo r u s e in p o w e r g e n e r a tin g d a m a g e d p ro d u c ts .
h a r m o n ic s c a n b e fo u n d in [5 ] [6 ] [9 ] [1 3 ]
d is to r tio n b y a d d in g h a r m o n ic filte r s , o r a s ta tio n s a r o u n d 1 9 6 8 .
p C a b le s : in c r e a s e d te m p e r a tu r e s , [1 5 ] a n d [2 0 ].
n u m b e r o f o th e r m o d ific a tio n s to th e
n e tw o r k , c a n c a u s e a n e x is tin g r e s o n a n c e E a r ly T V s e ts u s e d to u s e s in g le - p h a s e in a b ility to p r o v id e fu ll c u r r e n t r a tin g
r e c tifie r s a n d o n a S a tu r d a y a fte r n o o n in w ith o u t o v e r h e a tin g , r e d u c e d life , P r o b le m s c a u s e d b y in te r h a r m o n ic
fr e q u e n c y to s h ift a n d c o in c id e w ith a d is to r tio n o f th e m a in s in c lu d e m o s t o f th e
s ig n ific a n t h a r m o n ic o r in te r h a r m o n ic . T h e th e U K in th e 1 9 8 0 s , w h e n m o s t fa c to r ie s in c r e a s e d lik e lih o o d o f d a m a g e .
a n d o ffic e s w e r e c lo s e d a n d m a n y p e o p le a b o v e p lu s lo w - fr e q u e n c y e ffe c ts d u e to
r e s u ltin g e ffe c ts c a n b e q u ite d r a m a tic . p T r a n s fo r m e r s : in c r e a s e d te m p e r a tu r e s , b e a tin g b e tw e e n in te r h a r m o n ic s a n d th e
s a t d o w n in fr o n t o f th e ir T V s to w a tc h th e
fo o tb a ll, th e e v e n - o r d e r d is to r tio n o f th e o v e r h e a tin g , r e d u c e d life , in c r e a s e d fu n d a m e n ta l fre q u e n c y w h e n th e y a re
[1 1 ] d e s c r ib e s a c a s e w h e r e a n in te r m itte n t m a in s s u p p ly c o u ld in c r e a s e to s u c h h ig h lik e lih o o d o f d a m a g e , in c r e a s e d c lo s e to g e th e r . T h e s e lo w fr e q u e n c y
fa ilu r e w a s c a u s e d w h e n th e p u ls e d r iv e n le v e ls th a t s o m e A C m o to r s w o u ld a c o u s tic n o is e e m is s io n s . e ffe c ts in c lu d e lig h tin g flic k e r , a n d lo w
m o t o r o f a 'lif t in g c r a n e ' w e n t in t o s y n c h r o n is e to th e s e c o n d h a r m o n ic ( a t fr e q u e n c y o s c illa tio n s in e le c tr ic a lly -
p F u s e s a n d c ir c u it- b r e a k e r s : r e d u c e d
r e s o n a n c e w ith th e p o w e r fa c to r c o r r e c tio n 1 0 0 H z ) a n d ( tr y to ) r u n a t tw ic e n o r m a l p o w e r e d m e c h a n ic a l s y s te m s [1 4 ].
c a p a c ito r s in a n e a r b y lig h tin g s y s te m . A ll lif e , in c r e a s e d 'n u is a n c e t r ip p in g ' w h e n
s p e e d [1 2 ]. th e p o w e r c o n s u m e d b y th e lo a d s is s till
m a n n e r o f c o s tly a n d tim e - w a s tin g [1 0 ] s a y s th a t th e m o s t c o m m o n e ffe c t o f
in v e s tig a tio n s w e r e c a r r ie d o u t a n d [1 3 ], [1 4 ] a n d [1 5 ] c o n ta in a g r e a t d e a l o f w ith in th e c u r r e n t tr ip r a tin g .
in te r h a r m o n ic s is n o w in te r fe r e n c e w ith
s o u r c e s o f b la m e s o u g h t, b e fo r e th e r e a l u s e fu l in fo r m a tio n o n th is to p ic , p S u r g e s u p p r e s s o r s : r e d u c e d life , c o n tro l a n d p ro te c tio n s ig n a ls in p o w e r
c u lp r it th e re s o n a n c e w a s fo u n d . s u m m a r is e d b e lo w . in c r e a s e d lik e lih o o d o f d a m a g e . lin e s . E x p e r ie n c e in th e U S A in d ic a te s th a t
T V s e ts a r e lik e ly to b e d is tu r b e d b y
L is t o f e q u ip m e n t th a t c a n b e p E le c tr ic ity m e te r s : in c r e a s e d e r r o r s . in te r h a r m o n ic le v e ls o f 0 .5 % [9 ]. M o r e
a ffe c te d b y d is to r te d m a in s p R e s id e n tia l e q u ip m e n t: in c r e a s e d in fo r m a tio n o n m a in s in te r h a r m o n ic s , th e ir
w a v e fo rm s e m is s io n s o f a c o u s tic n o is e , c a u s e s a n d e ffe c ts , c a n b e fo u n d in [1 4 ].
in c a n d e s c e n t la m p flic k e r .
P r o b le m s c a u s e d b y h a rm o n ic d is to r tio n o f S k in e ffe c t a n d h e a tin g
th e m a in s in c lu d e (fro m [1 6 ] a n d [1 7 ]): p E le c tr o n ic e q u ip m e n t: d e fe c tiv e
p C a p a c ito r s : r e o p e r a tio n o f c ir c u its th a t r e ly o n th e A s fr e q u e n c y in c r e a s e s fr o m d .c ., th e
d u c e d life , in c re a s e d
z e r o - c r o s s in g o f th e m a in s w a v e fo rm ; c u r r e n t in th e c r o s s - s e c tio n o f a c o n d u c to r
lik e lih o o d o f d a m a g e , fu s e
n o is e c o u p lin g fr o m m a in s c a b le s a n d te n d s to tr a v e l m o r e to w a r d s its
d is c o n n e c tio n , d a m a g e to a n y s w itc h in g
d e v ic e s in to a n a lo g u e a n d d ig ita l c ir c u m fe r e n c e ( its s k in h e n c e th e
c o n ta c ts .
c ir c u its c a u s in g in te r fe r e n c e w ith r a d io n a m e ) . S in c e le s s o f th e c r o s s s e c tio n a l
[1 8 ] d e s c r ib e s a s itu a tio n th a t e x is te d in a n d T V s e ts , d ig ita l c lo c k s a n d tim e r s , a r e a is c a r r y in g th e c u r r e n t, th e r e s is ta n c e
a L o n d o n o ffic e b u ild in g w h e re p o w e r h i- fi a n d o th e r a u d io s y s te m s ; u n r e lia b le o f th e c o n d u c to r in c r e a s e s , a n d s o d o its
fa c to r c o r r e c tio n c a p a c ito r s in th e o p e r a tio n o f c o m p u te r s . p o w e r lo s s e s fo r a g iv e n c u r r e n t. A t 1 6 0 H z
flu o r e s c e n t la m p s a ll fa ile d , e v e n w h e n o n e s k in d e p th ( th e d e p th b e lo w th e
r e p la c e d , fo r c in g th e s ite to p a y e x tra fo r p T e le p h o n e s : in c r e a s e d le v e ls o f a u d ib le s u r fa c e o f a c o n d u c to r b y w h ic h th e
its e le c tr ic ity b e c a u s e o f its p o o r p o w e r n o is e ( e v e n to th e p o in t o f m a k in g c u r r e n t h a s d e c r e a s e d to 3 6 .8 % o f its
fa c to r . T h e s a m e p r o b le m h a s o c c u rre d c o n v e r s a tio n s im p o s s ib le [1 9 ], w h ic h v a lu e a t th e s u r fa c e ) is a b o u t 5 m m . A t
in th e m u c h la r g e r p o w e r fa c to r c a n c a u s e h e a lth a n d s a fe ty p r o b le m in 1 .6 k H z it is a b o u t 1 .6 m m . E v e r y s k in
c o r r e c tio n c a p a c ito r s in s o m e e le c tr ic ity s o m e c ir c u m s ta n c e s ). d e p th fu r th e r in to th e c o n d u c to r th e
d is tr ib u tio n r o o m s . c u r r e n t d e c r e a s e s b y a n o th e r 3 6 .8 % . S k in
e ffe c t is
1 7
o n ly u s u a lly c o n s id e re d to b e s ig n ific a n t,
g iv e n th e d ia m e te r o f ty p ic a l m a in s
c o n d u c to rs , a t fre q u e n c ie s a b o v e 3 5 0 H z
( t h e 7 th h a r m o n ic o f 5 0 H z ).
S o , s u p p ly in g lo a d s w ith d is to r te d m a in s
w a v e fo rm s c a u s e s c o n d u c to rs to
e x p e r ie n c e h ig h e r lo s s e s th a n m ig h t b e
e x p e c te d b a s e d o n th e lo s s e s a t th e
fu n d a m e n ta l fre q u e n c y . C o n d u c to rs a re
( o f c o u r s e ) u s e d in a ll c a b le s , b u t th e y a r e
a ls o u s e d in c a p a c ito r s a n d th e w in d in g s
o f tr a n s fo r m e r s a n d m o to r s , s o a ll o f th e s e
ty p e s o f lin e a r c o m p o n e n ts te n d to r u n
h o tte r w h e n s u p p lie d w ith d is to r te d m a in s
v o lta g e s .
N o n -lin e a r c u r r e n ts c o n s u m e d
b y lin e a r lo a d s
W h e n a d is to r te d s in e w a v e is s u p p lie d to
a lin e a r lo a d ( s u c h a s a r e s is to r , c a p a c ito r
o r in d u c to r ) it w ill c o n s u m e n o n - lin e a r
c u r r e n ts , a n d th e s e u s u a lly n e e d to b e
ta k e n in to a c c o u n t w h e n s p e c ify in g th e
r a tin g s o f th e lo a d . T h e im p e d a n c e o f
c a p a c ito r s d e c r e a s e s a s fr e q u e n c y
in c r e a s e s , s o h a r m o n ic s a n d
in te r h a r m o n ic s a t a h ig h e r fr e q u e n c y th a n
th e fu n d a m e n ta l r e s u lt in h ig h e r c u r r e n ts .
F o r e x a m p le , a d is to r tio n c o m p o n e n t o f
1 % o f th e n o m in a l m a in s v o lta g e a t th e
1 1 th h a r m o n i c , w o u l d c a u s e a c u r r e n t i n a
c a p a c ito r th a t w a s 1 1 % o f th e c u r r e n t a t
th e fu n d a m e n ta l fr e q u e n c y . S o h ig h
fr e q u e n c y w a v e fo r m d is to r tio n in th e
m a in s c a n o v e r h e a t c a p a c ito r s o r d a m a g e
th e m in o th e r w a y s , d u e to th e ir h ig h
c u rre n ts .
R e s is to r s h a v e n o s ig n ific a n t p r o b le m
w ith h a r m o n ic s o r in te r h a r m o n ic s , b u
in d u c to r s d o . M o r e s p e c ific a lly , in d u c
u s e d in tra n s fo rm e rs a n d m o to rs a re
u s u a lly d e s ig n e d to m a k e v e r y c o s t-
e ffe c tiv e u s e o f th e ir m a g n e tic
m a te r ia ls w h ic h m e a n s r u n n in g th
1 8
c lo s e to s a tu r a tio n a s c a n b e a c h ie v e d fie ld s in tr a n s fo r m e r s a n d m o to r s th a t in te r h a r m o n ic fr e q u e n c ie s , e s p e c ia lly
w ith o u t s h o r te n in g th e ir life th r o u g h ro ta te fa s te r th a n th o s e c a u s e d b y th e b e c a u s e a u d io r e s o n a n c e s c o m m o n ly
o v e r h e a tin g c a u s e d b y e x c e s s iv e fu n d a m e n ta l. S o m e o f th e m r o ta te in th e o c c u r in th e r a n g e 2 0 0 H z 2 .4 k H z .
m a g n e tis in g c u r r e n ts . B u t d is to r te d s a m e d ir e c tio n a s th e fu n d a m e n ta l fie ld s
w a v e fo r m s ( e s p e c ia lly th o s e th a t in c r e a s e ( 'p o s it iv e s e q u e n c e ') , b u t s o m e r o t a t e in N u is a n c e tr ip p in g o f fu s e s a n d
th e p e a k v o lta g e s , o r e v e n - o r d e r t h e o p p o s it e d ir e c t io n ( 'n e g a t iv e
c ir c u it b r e a k e r s
h a r m o n ic s ) c a n c a u s e th e m a g n e tic s e q u e n c e ') . T r ip le n s d o n o t g iv e r is e t o a
m a te r ia ls to b e m o r e h e a v ily s a tu r a te d , r o ta tin g fie ld , b u t th e y d o c r e a te a D is to r te d m a in s w a v e fo r m s w ill g iv e r is e to
c a u s in g c u r r e n ts to in c r e a s e a n d p u ls a t in g 'z e r o p h a s e ' m a g n e t ic f lu x t h a t d is to r te d c u r r e n ts e v e n in lin e a r lo a d s . It
te m p e r a tu r e s to r is e , p o s s ib ly s h o r te n in g c a n h e lp d r iv e th e m a g n e tic m a te r ia l in to w a s s h o w n e a r lie r th a t c a p a c ito r s to w h ic h
th e life o f th e in d u c tiv e d e v ic e , m a y b e s a tu r a tio n ( s e e a b o v e ) . d is to r te d v o lta g e s a r e a p p lie d c o n s u m e
e v e n d a m a g in g it.
S u c h u n w a n te d r o ta tin g fie ld s in m o to r s h ig h e r le v e ls o f h ig h e r - fr e q u e n c y c u rre n ts .
h a v e a d ir e c t e ffe c t o n th e ir r o to r s , w h ic h T ra n s fo rm e rs a n d m o to rs c a n a ls o
E v e n - n u m b e r e d h a r m o n ic s c a u s e d .c .
tr y to fo llo w a ll o f th e fie ld s th e y a r e c o n s u m e m o r e h ig h - fr e q u e n c y c u r r e n ts if
c u r r e n ts to flo w in tr a n s fo r m e r s a n d
s u b je c te d to a t th e s a m e tim e . T h e r e s u lt th e w a v e fo r m c a u s e s th e ir m a g n e tic
m o to r s , in c r e a s in g th e s a tu r a tio n o f th e ir
is a s o - c a lle d 'r ip p le t o r q u e ' a m a te r ia ls to s a tu r a te m o r e .
m a g n e tic c o r e s a n d th e r e b y in c r e a s in g
m e c h a n ic a l v ib r a tio n o r o s c illa tio n o f th e S o d is to r te d w a v e fo r m s c a n c a u s e fu s e s ,
t h e ir m a g n e t is in g c u r r e n t a n d t h e ir 'c o p p e r
m o to r s h a ft. T h is c a n b e a c a u s e o f c ir c u it b r e a k e r s o r o th e r o v e r c u r r e n t
lo s s e s '. T h is m a k e s t h e m le s s e f f ic ie n t a n d
e x c e s s iv e b e a r in g w e a r a n d a n n o y in g p r o te c tio n d e v ic e s to ( c o r r e c tly ) tr ip to
c a u s e s o v e r h e a tin g th a t c a n le a d to th e
a c o u s tic n o is e , b u t s e r io u s p r o b le m s c a n p r o te c t fr o m o v e r h e a tin g , d e s p ite th a t fa c t
tr ip p in g o f p r o te c tiv e d e v ic e s , r e d u c e d life
a r is e w h e n th e fr e q u e n c ie s o f th e th a t th e lo a d c a lc u la te d o n th e
a n d e v e n d a m a g e . A s a r e s u lt, e v e n - o r d e r
v ib r a tio n c o m e n e a r to , o r c o in c id e w ith , a a s s u m p tio n o f a p u r e s in e w a v e s u p p ly
h a r m o n ic s a r e n o w tig h tly c o n tr o lle d b y
n a tu ra l re s o n a n t fre q u e n c y o f th e s h a ft w o u ld s e e m to b e w e ll w ith in th e r a tin g o f
lim itin g th e u s e o f h a lf- w a v e r e c tific a tio n in
a n d th e m e c h a n ic a l lo a d it is d r iv in g . th e d e v ic e . T h is c a n le a d s o m e p e o p le to fit
p ro d u c ts .
M a c h in e s c a n lite r a lly s h a k e th e m s e lv e s fu s e s w ith la r g e r r a tin g s , r is k in g d a m a g e ,
E d d y c u r r e n t lo s s e s ( 'c o r e lo s s e s ') in to p ie c e s v e r y q u ic k ly , o r s n a p th e ir d r iv e s m o k e a n d e v e n fir e .
m a g n e tic m a te r ia ls a r e p r o p o r tio n a l to th e s h a fts th r o u g h e x c e e d in g th e ir e x p e c te d
s q u a re o f th e fre q u e n c y ; a n o th e r c a u s e o f lif e t im e 's m e t a l f a t ig u e in ju s t a f e w w e e k s A p a r tic u la r p r o b le m h e re is th e u s e b y s ite
o v e rh e a tin g w h e n a p p ly in g d is to r te d m a in s o r m o n th s . e le c tr ic ia n s o f a v e r a g e re s p o n d in g m e te r s ,
w a v e fo rm s to tra n s fo rm e rs a n d m o to rs . th a t a r e o n ly a c c u r a te w h e n m e a s u r in g a
A c o u s tic n o is e s s in e w a v e fu n d a m e n ta l. A ll s u c h m e te r s
A n d b e c a u s e tr ip le n c u r r e n ts a d d s h o u ld im m e d ia te ly b e s e n t fo r r e c y c lin g ,
E v e n v e r y w e ll- m a d e tr a n s fo r m e r s a n d
c o n s tr u c tiv e ly in th e n e u tr a l c a b le s , a n d r e p la c e d w ith m e te rs th a t m e a s u re
m o to r s e m it a c o u s tic n o is e a s th e ir c o r e
s u p p ly in g s in g le - p h a s e lo a d s w ith tru e -R M S fo r fre q u e n c ie s u p to a t le a s t
m a te r ia l c h a n g e s s h a p e d u e to th e
d is to r te d w a v e fo r m s te n d s to in c r e a s e th e 2 k H z , p r e fe r a b ly 1 0 k H z o r m o re .
m a g n e to s tr ic tiv e e ffe c t. W h e n th e y a r e
h e a tin g in th e n e u tr a l c a b le s , p o s s ib ly
fe d w ith p u r e s in e w a v e fu n d a m e n ta l
h e lp in g to c a u s e s m o k e o r fir e h a z a r d s in N o is e in d u c tio n fr o m m a g n e tic
fr e q u e n c ie s th e y m e r e ly h u m a t 5 0 o r
b u ild in g w h ic h d o n 't h a v e o v e r - s iz e d fie ld s
6 0 H z , u s u a lly a fa ir ly to le r a b le n o is e . B u t
n e u tr a ls a n d w h ic h a r e a lr e a d y s u ffe r in g
s w h e n fe d w ith d is to r te d w a v e fo r m s th e
fr o m h ig h le v e ls o f tr ip le n c u rre n ts . D is to r te d m a in s w a v e fo r m s le a d to th e flo w
t h u m tu r n s in to a m u c h m o r e o b je c tio n a b le
b u z z b e c a u s e th e h u m a n e a r is m o r e o f n o n - lin e a r c u r r e n ts , a n d th e s e c u r r e n ts
to rs R o ta tin g fie ld s a n d to r q u e s
s e n s itiv e to fr e q u e n c ie s a b o v e 5 0 H z . c r e a te m a g n e tic fie ld s a t th e d is to r tio n
fr e q u e n c ie s . T h e s e m a g n e tic fie ld s c a n
T h e h a r m o n ic a n d in te r h a r m o n ic A ls o , p r o d u c ts a r e o fte n o f a s iz e th a t in d u c e n o is e v o lta g e s in to c ir c u its in n e a r b y
c o m p o n e n ts o f d is to r te d m a in s w a v e fo r m s m a k e s th e m m o r e e ffic ie n t r a d ia to r s o f ( u n r e la te d , u n c o n n e c te d ) p r o d u c ts a n d
e m a s in th r e e - p h a s e s y s te m s c r e a te m a g n e tic a c o u s tic n o is e a t h a r m o n ic a n d p o s s ib ly in te r fe r e w ith th e ir o p e r a tio n .
1 9 2 0
M a g n e tic a n d e le c tr ic fie ld e m is s io n s a t th e m a in s ' fu n d a m e n ta l c a b le s c a n a ls o p ic k u p s ig n ific a n t m a g n itu d e . F o r e x a m p le , a n 1 1 th h a r m o n ic
fr e q u e n c y , p lu s its h a r m o n ic a n d in te r h a r m o n ic s a m o u n ts o f n o is e fo r m n e a r b y m a in s ( 5 5 0 H z in a 5 0 H z s y s te m ) w ith a le v e l o f
c a b le s , th r o u g h m a g n e tic fie ld c o u p lin g . 1 % o f th e fu n d a m e n ta l, w o u ld e le c tr ic a lly
c o u p le in to a c ir c u it w ith a le v e l o f 1 1 %
M a g n e tic fie ld c o u p lin g in c r e a s e s in w ith r e s p e c t to th e c o u p lin g a t 5 0 H z .
e ffe c tiv e n e s s in lin e a r p r o p o r tio n to th e
fr e q u e n c y , s o h ig h e r fr e q u e n c y h a r m o n ic s E N 6 1 0 0 0 - 4 - 1 3 d o e s n o t te s t fo r e le c tr ic
o r in te r h a r m o n ic s c o u p le m o r e s tr o n g ly fie ld c o u p lin g ( b u t s e e la te r ) .
th a n lo w e r fr e q u e n c ie s o f th e s a m e
m a g n i t u d e . F o r e x a m p l e , a 1 7 th h a r m o n i c E a r th /g r o u n d n o is e v o lta g e s o n
( 8 5 0 H z in a 5 0 H z s y s te m ) w ith a le v e l o f e x te r n a l s ig n a l a n d d a ta c a b le s
1 % o f th e fu n d a m e n ta l, w o u ld
m a g n e tic a lly c o u p le in to a c a b le o r c ir c u it W ith in a b u ild in g , v e h ic le o r o th e r
w ith a le v e l o f 1 7 % w ith r e s p e c t to th e s tru c tu re
c o u p lin g a t 5 0 H z .
C u r r e n ts flo w in th e p r o te c tiv e e a r th
E N 6 1 0 0 0 - 4 - 1 3 d o e s n o t te s t fo r m a g n e tic c o n d u c to rs o fte n m a in ly d u e to le a k a g e
fie ld c o u p lin g ( b u t s e e la te r ) . fr o m R F I filte r s . C u r r e n ts o f u p to 7 0 A d u e
to filte r le a k a g e h a v e b e e n m e a s u r e d in
N o is e in d u c tio n fr o m e le c tr ic th e m a in p r o te c tiv e e a r th te r m in a ls o f
fie ld s la r g e o ffic e b u ild in g s  d u e to th e
T h is c a n b e a p r o b le m fo r a ll c ir c u its , c in e m a s , c o u r tr o o m s , c h u rc h e s , e tc .). th o u s a n d s o f P C s a n d V D U s in s ta lle d
E le c tr ic fie ld s c re a te d b y d is to rte d m a in s th e r e , e a c h o n e w ith a fe w m illia m p s o f
a n a lo g u e o r d ig ita l b u t a n a lo g u e c ir c u its T h e s e s y s te m s c re a te m a g n e tic fie ld s
w a v e fo rm s c a n in d u c e n o is e c u r re n ts in to 'e a r t h le a k a g e ' f r o m it s R F I f ilt e r . I n d u s t r ia l
w ith a h ig h s ig n a l- to - n o is e s p e c ific a tio n , o r d ir e c tly c o r r e s p o n d in g to th e a u d io s ig n a ls
s e n s itiv e o r h ig h - im p e d a n c e c ir c u its , o r a n d m ilita r y in s ta lla tio n s , a n d E M C te s t
th a t a re e s p e c ia lly s e n s itiv e , a r e m o r e to b e c o m m u n ic a te d , w h ic h a r e th e n
in to lo n g c a b le ru n s (e .g . fo r te le p h o n e s , la b o r a to r ie s o fte n u s e filte r s w ith m u c h
lik e ly to b e a ffe c te d . p ic k e d u p s e n s itiv e m a g n e t ic p ic k u p s ( 'T '
in d u s tr ia l tr a n s d u c e rs , e tc .). g r e a te r le a k a g e , m a y b e e v e n a m p s . A ls o ,
c o ils ) in th e h e a r in g a id s . H e a r in g a id
M a g n e tic fie ld n o is e in d u c tio n is m o r e w e a r e r s s w itc h to th e ir T - c o il s e ttin g to A s fo r m a g n e tic fie ld s ( a b o v e ) , e le c tr ic it is n o t u n k n o w n fo r th e r e to b e a c c id e n ta l
lik e ly w h e r e p h a s e a n d n e u tr a l c o n d u c to r s p ic k u p th e s ig n a l. fie ld s a r e m o r e lik e ly to in d u c e n o is e n e u tr a l- to - e a r th s h o r t- c ir c u its in a b u ild in g ,
a r e s e p a r a te d , fo r e x a m p le n e a r o v e r h e a d c u r r e n ts in n e a r b y ( u n r e la te d , s o p a r t o f th e n e u tr a l c u r r e n t flo w s in th e
L V , M V o r H V tr a n s m is s io n lin e s ; 5 0 o r 6 0 H z s in e w a v e 'h u m ' is t o o lo w in c o m m o n b o n d in g n e tw o r k ( C B N ) , o fte n
u n c o n n e c te d ) p ro d u c ts w h e re p h a s e a n d
s w itc h y a r d s ; b u s b a r s in s u b - s ta tio n s , fr e q u e n c y fo r m o s t h e a r in g a id s to r e f e r r e d t o a s t h e 'e a r t h ' o r 'g r o u n d '
n e u tr a l c o n d u c to r s a r e w id e ly s e p a r a te d .
m a in s d is tr ib u tio n c a b in e ts a n d r o o m s ; r e p r o d u c e o r m o s t p e o p le to n o tic e if th e y s y s te m .
T y p ic a l s itu a tio n s in c lu d e th e p r o x im ity o f
h ig h - p o w e r e le c t r ic a l c u b ic le s ; 'r is e r s ' in t a ll d id . B u t u n fo r tu n a te ly , m a in s h a r m o n ic s
o v e r h e a d L V , M V o r H V tr a n s m is s io n
b u ild in g s ; e le c tr ic b la n k e ts ; u n d e r flo o r a n d in te r h a r m o n ic s lie in th e a u d io A s th e s e c u r r e n ts flo w in th e in e v ita b le
lin e s ; s w itc h y a r d s ; b u s b a r s in s u b -
h e a tin g ; a n d a n y w h e r e in a n e le c tr ic ity fre q u e n c y s p e c tru m , a n d th e p e a k im p e d a n c e s in th e C B N , th e y g iv e r is e to
s ta tio n s , m a in s d is tr ib u tio n c a b in e ts ,
g e n e r a tin g p la n t. s e n s itiv ity o f th e h u m a n e a r is in th e r e g io n v o lta g e d r o p s b e tw e e n d iffe r e n t lo c a tio n s ,
r o o m s a n d h ig h - p o w e r e le c tr ic a l c u b ic le s ;
a r o u n d 1 k H z ( t h e 2 0 th h a r m o n i c o f 5 0 H z ). a n d th e p r o d u c ts s itu a te d in th e m .
S ig n ific a n t m a g n e tic fie ld s c a n a ls o b e e le c tr ic b la n k e ts ; a n d a n y w h e r e in a n
M a n u fa c tu r e r s o f a u d io fr e q u e n c y e le c tr ic ity g e n e r a tin g p la n t. H a r m o n ic a n d in te r h a r m o n ic d is to r tio n o f
g e n e ra te d n e a r m e ta l s tr u c tu re s fo r m in g th e m a in s w a v e fo r m s m e a n s th a t C B N
p a rt o f a b u ild in g , s ite o r v e h ic le , d u e to in d u c tio n lo o p s o fte n h a v e p r o b le m s in
a c h ie v in g a d e q u a te a u d io s ig n a l q u a lity in E le c tr ic fie ld c o u p lin g in c r e a s e s in c u r r e n ts a ls o c o n ta in h a r m o n ic a n d
s tra y o r a c c id e n ta l 'e a r t h le a k a g e ' c u rre n ts in te r h a r m o n ic fr e q u e n c y c o m p o n e n ts , s o
(s e e la te r ) . th e h e a r in g a id , b e c a u s e o f th e s tr a y e ffe c tiv e n e s s in lin e a r p r o p o r tio n to th e
m a g n e tic fie ld s in th e a u d io r a n g e c re a te d fr e q u e n c y , s o h ig h e r fr e q u e n c y h a r m o n ic s th e e a r th /g r o u n d p o te n tia l d iffe r e n c e s
A u d io fr e q u e n c y in d u c tio n lo o p s a r e o fte n b y m a in s c a b le s c a r r y in g d is to r te d o r in te r h a r m o n ic s c o u p le m o r e s tr o n g ly ( n o is e v o lta g e ) b e tw e e n p r o d u c ts a ls o
fitte d in p u b lic b u ild in g s ( b a n k s , th e a tr e s , v o lta g e s a n d c u r r e n ts [2 1 ]. T e le p h o n e th a n lo w e r fr e q u e n c ie s o f th e s a m e c o n ta in th e s e fr e q u e n c ie s .
2 1 2 2
C o m m o n -m o d e s ig n a l a n d d a ta n o is e v o lta g e s in te n tio n a l n e u tr a l- to - e a r th c o n n e c tio n s , P r o b le m s fo r e le c tr o n ic
c a u s e d b y m a in s h a r m o n ic s a n d in te r h a r m o n ic s a n d lo n g d is ta n c e s s o th e r e c a n b e
p ro d u c ts
v e r y s ig n ific a n t c o m m o n - m o d e
e a rth /g ro u n d 'n o is e ' v o lt a g e s b e tw e e n M a n y in d u s tr ia l, c o m m e r c ia l a n d
b u ild in g s , a p r o b le m fo r a n y s ig n a l o r d a ta d o m e s tic p r o d u c ts , p a r tic u la r ly th o s e
c a b le s th a t in te r c o n n e c t th e m . c o n tr o lle d b y e le c tr o n ic c o n tr o lle r s , u s e
th e z e r o - c r o s s in g s o f th e m a in s w a v e fo r m
O n a la r g e r s c a le , M V a n d H V d is tr ib u tio n
to m e a s u re th e fu n d a m e n ta l fre q u e n c y o r
in te r c o n n e c t th e m o r e n u m e r o u s L V
to c o n tr o l p o w e r c o n v e r te r s [1 3 ]. M a in s
n e tw o r k s , a n d th e y a ls o g e n e r a te
w a v e fo r m d is to r tio n c a n c a u s e fr e q u e n c y
e a r th /g r o u n d n o is e v o lta g e s o n a
m e a s u r e m e n t p r o b le m s in tim e r s , c lo c k s
g e o g r a p h ic a l s c a le . T h e w a v e fo r m s o f M V
( in c lu d in g d o m e s tic c lo c k s ) a n d
a n d H V tr a n s m is s io n lin e s te n d to s u ffe r
u n in te r r u p tib le p o w e r s u p p lie s ( U P S s )
le s s w a v e fo r m d is to r tio n th a n th e L V
n o t fo r g e ttin g th e r a p id ly in c r e a s in g
n e tw o r k s , b u t th e ir e le c tr ic a n d m a g n e tic
n u m b e r o f 'g r e e n p o w e r ' c o n v e r t e r s t h a t
fie ld s te n d to c o u p le w ith th e s o il u n d e r
in te r c o n n e c t a n a lte r n a tiv e s o u r c e o f
th e lin e s a n o th e r s o u rc e o f
e n e r g y ( s u c h a s d o m e s tic C H P , s e e
e a r th /g r o u n d n o is e v o lta g e s .
e a r lie r ) to th e p u b lic m a in s s u p p ly .
A fe w s ig n a l o r d a ta c a b le s a r e r o u te d
o v e r s u c h la r g e d is ta n c e s th e m o s t P o w e r c o n v e rte rs th a t c a n s u ffe r fro m
B u t th e h a r m o n ic s a n d in te r h a r m o n ic s r e s is ta n c e , s o th e e a r th /g r o u n d n o is e c o m m o n e x a m p le b e in g te le p h o n e w ir e s . d is to r tio n a r o u n d th e z e r o - c r o s s in g p o in t
c u r r e n ts in th e C B N a r e w o r s e th a n m ig h t v o lta g e b e tw e e n p r o d u c ts in a b u ild in g D e p e n d in g o n th e ty p e o f c ir c u its th e y in c lu d e p h a s e - a n g le c o n tr o lle d th y r is to r s
b e e x p e c te d , b e c a u s e m o s t o f th e e a rth r is e s e v e n fa s te r a s th e n o is e fr e q u e n c ie s u s e , th e te le p h o n e s m a y b e m o r e o r le s s o r tr ia c s u s e d in a v a r ie ty o f d o m e s tic ,
le a k a g e c u r r e n t is c r e a te d b y m a in s filte r in c r e a s e a b o v e 1 k H z . s u s c e p tib le to th e c o m m o n - m o d e c o m m e r c ia l a n d in d u s tr ia l p r o d u c ts , fr o m
c a p a c ito r s th a t h a v e lo w e r im p e d a n c e a t e a r th /g r o u n d n o is e c a u s e d b y h a r m o n ic v e r y lo w to v e r y h ig h p o w e r s . B u t m a n y
T h e e a r th /g r o u n d n o is e v o lta g e b e tw e e n a n d in te r h a r m o n ic d is to r tio n o f th e m a in s o th e r ty p e s o f p o w e r e le c tr o n ic c o n tr o lle r s
h ig h e r fr e q u e n c ie s , s o th e ir le a k a g e
p r o d u c ts b e c o m e s im p o r ta n t w h e n s ig n a l v o lta g e w a v e fo r m . A n d th e y m a y a ls o b e e x is t a n d c a n b e u p s e t b y s p u r io u s z e r o
c u r r e n t d o u b le s fo r e v e r y d o u b lin g in
o r d a ta c a b le s c o n n e c t th e p r o d u c ts . T h e s u s c e p tib le to th e m a g n e tic a n d e le c tr ic c r o s s in g s , in c lu d in g a ll d .c . m o to r d r iv e s
fr e q u e n c y . T h is m e a n s th a t th e
n o is e a p p e a r s a s a c o m m o n - m o d e v o lta g e fie ld s fr o m n e a r b y o v e r h e a d c a b le s s u p p lie d v ia th r e e - p h a s e r e c tifie r s .
e a r th /g r o u n d p o te n tia l d iffe r e n c e s b e tw e e n
o n th e s ig n a l o r d a ta c o n d u c to r s , a n d c a n a fte r a ll, th e y o fte n u s e th e s a m e p o le s .
p r o d u c ts h a v e th e p r o p o r tio n o f th e ir h ig h e r B r id g e s th a t u s e in v e r s e c o s in e c o n tr o l
c a u s e in te r fe r e n c e . E N 6 1 0 0 0 - 4 - 1 [2 2 ] [1 3 ] d e s c r ib e s th e p r o b le m s o f te le p h o n e s
fr e q u e n c y c o m p o n e n ts a m p lifie d , c ir c u its a r e p a r tic u la r ly s u s c e p tib le to z e r o -
s ta te s th a t th is p r o b le m m a y o c c u r d u e to in m o r e d e ta il, a n d g iv e s a u s e fu l
c o m p a r e d w ith th e ir p r o p o r tio n s in th e c r o s s in g d is to r tio n . A n e x a m p le is th e
w a v e fo r m d is to r tio n , b u t E N 6 1 0 0 0 - 4 - 1 3 re fe re n c e .
d is to r te d m a in s w a v e fo r m . a u to m a tic v o lta g e r e g u la to r ( A V R ) o n
d o e s n o t te s t fo r th is ( s e e la te r ) .
F o r e x a m p l e , a 1 3 th h a r m o n ic ( 6 5 0 H z in a A s w a s m e n tio n e d a b o v e , th e s y n c h r o n o u s e le c tr ic ity g e n e r a to r s . T h e r e
B e tw e e n b u ild in g s o r o th e r s tr u c tu r e s e a r th /g r o u n d n o is e v o lta g e s a s w e ll a s th e h a v e b e e n r e p o r ts o f lo s s o f g e n e r a to r
5 0 H z s y s te m ) w ith a le v e l o f 1 % o f th e
fu n d a m e n ta l, w o u ld b e lik e ly to c a u s e m a g n e tic a n d e le c tr ic fie ld s c o u p lin g a ll v o lta g e c o n tr o l w h e r e th e r e w a s s ig n ific a n t
L o w v o lta g e p o w e r d is tr ib u tio n c o n n e c ts
e a rth /g r o u n d n o is e b e tw e e n ite m s o f in c r e a s e a s th e fr e q u e n c y in c r e a s e s , s o d is to r tio n o f th e m a in s v o lta g e [1 3 ].
th e n e u tra l to th e e a rth a t e a c h b u ild in g .
e q u ip m e n t w ith a le v e l o f 1 3 % w ith r e s p e c t A s a r e s u lt a p o r tio n o f th e n e u tr a l c u rre n t e v e n lo w le v e ls o f h ig h - o r d e r h a r m o n ic E le c tr o n ic p r o d u c ts th a t d o n o t m e a s u re
to th e n o is e c r e a te d a t th e fu n d a m e n ta l flo w s in th e e a r th c o n n e c tio n ( u s u a lly th e d is to r tio n fr e q u e n c ie s c a n c a u s e h ig h th e fre q u e n c y o f th e m a in s , a n d w h ic h
fre q u e n c y . p r o te c tiv e m e ta l ja c k e t o f a n u n d e rg ro u n d le v e ls o f c o m m o n - m o d e n o is e a n d /o r fie ld a ls o d o n o t r e ly u p o n d e te c tin g th e z e ro -
c a b le ) a n d in th e s o il b e tw e e n th e c o u p lin g . c ro s s in g s o r a n y o th e r c h a ra c te r is tic s o f
A n o th e r is s u e is th a t a s fr e q u e n c ie s r is e
b u ild in g s . T h e r e s u lt is s im ila r to w h a t w a s th e ir m a in s w a v e fo r m , c a n b e q u ite
a b o v e 1 k H z th e im p e d a n c e o f m o s t c a b le s
d is c u s s e d a b o v e , b u t th is tim e w ith re s is ta n t to h a r m o n ic a n d in te r h a rm o n ic
b e g in s to b e d o m in a te d b y in d u c ta n c e , n o t
d is to r tio n o f th e v o lta g e a t th e ir m a in s

2 3
in p u ts . B u t m o s t s u c h e le c tr o n ic p r o d u c ts
u s e r e c tifie r - c a p a c ito r m a in s in p u t c ir c u its ,
a n d th e y c a n h a v e s o m e p r o b le m s .
T h e m a jo r p r o b le m w ith d is to r te d m a in s
w a v e f o r m s o c c u r s w h e n t h e 'c r e s t f a c t o r '
( th e r a tio o f p e a k to R M S ) is to o lo w . ( T h e
c r e s t fa c to r fo r a s in e w a v e is 1 .4 1 4 .) T h e ir
m a in s in p u t c ir c u its c h a r g e th e ir c a p a c ito r s
u p t o t h e p e a k m a in s v o lt a g e , a n d c o u ld n 't
c a r e le s s a b o u t th e R M S v o lta g e . B u t
'c lip p e d ' ( o r 'f la t - t o p p e d ') m a in s w a v e f o r m s
a r e a s ta n d a r d fe a tu r e o f m a in s n e tw o r k s
h e a v ily lo a d e d b y r e c tifie r - c a p a c ito r lo a d s ,
a n d in s o m e p la c e s th e m a in s w a v e s h a p e
is c lo s e r to a s q u a r e w a v e th a n to a s in e .
P r o d u c ts a r e r a te d b y th e R M S v a lu e o f
th e m a in s v o lta g e s ( fo r e x a m p le 2 2 0 -
2 4 0 V a c ) b u t w h e n th e p e a k v a lu e is
d e p r e s s e d b y fla t- to p p in g , a p r o d u c t c a n
fin d its u n r e g u la te d v o lta g e r a il a lo t lo w e r
th a n its d e s ig n e r s w e r e e x p e c tin g . A s a
r e s u lt, it m ig h t n o t fu n c tio n n e a r th e b o tto m
e n d o f its in p u t v o lta g e r a n g e .
T h is is u s u a lly le s s o f a p r o b le m fo r
p r o d u c ts d e s ig n e d fo r g lo b a l m a r k e ts
s w itc h - m o d e p o w e r s u p p lie s th a t w ill
o p e r a te w ith m a in s v o lta g e s fr o m 1 0 0
2 4 0 V a c (o r, b e tte r s till, 9 0 - 2 7 0 V a c to c o p e
w ith s u p p ly to le r a n c e s in b o th J a p a n a n d
th e U K ).
A p a r t fr o m lo w c r e s t fa c to r s ( fla t- to p p in g ) ,
th e r e m a in in g h a r m o n ic o r in te r h a r m o n ic
p r o b le m w ith r e c tifie r - c a p a c ito r lo a d s is
d u e to o v e r v o lta g e s . O v e r v o lta g e s ( c a lle d
'o v e r s w in g ' in E N 6 1 0 0 0 - 4 - 1 3 ) a r e m o s t
lik e ly to o c c u r w h e n n e tw o r k r e s o n a n c e s
h a p p e n to c o in c id e w ith a s ig n ific a n t
h a r m o n ic o r in te r h a r m o n ic . T h e r e s u lt c a n
b e p e a k v o lta g e s th a t e x c e e d th e
m a x im u m r a tin g s o f th e r e c tifie r s ,
c a p a c ito r s , m a in s filte r s , o r o th e r
c o m p o n e n ts c o n n e c te d to th e p r im a r y
R e a l-life r e lia b ility fo r lo w w a r r a n ty c o s ts , o th e r fin a n c ia l
b e n e fits a n d s a fe ty
2 4
c ir c u it ( e .g . th e p r im a r y s w itc h e r in a n o ff- A b ig p r o b le m w ith w a r r a n ty c la im s a n d If it is s u s p e c te d th a t m a in s w a v e fo r m
lin e s w itc h - m o d e p o w e r s u p p ly ) . It is a ls o f ie ld s e r v ic e is t h e 'n o - f a u lt - f o u n d ' d is to r tio n is a c a u s e o f fa ilu r e s in th e fie ld ,
p o s s ib le fo r h ig h le v e ls o f h ig h fr e q u e n c ie s c u s to m e r re tu rn . M a n y m a n u fa c tu re rs a s u r v e y w ith a p p r o p r ia te p o w e r q u a lity
( u s u a lly d u e to s y s te m re s o n a n c e ) to s p e n d c o n s id e r a b le a m o u n ts o f m o n e y to m e a s u r in g in s tr u m e n ts c a n d is c o v e r w h a t
o v e rh e a t th e R F filte r s o r p a s s th ro u g h th e tr y to k e e p th e ir c u s to m e r s h a p p y , d e s p ite e v e n ts a r e o c c u r r in g a n d w h e r e th e y a r e
p o w e r s u p p ly to in te r fe r e w ith th e c ir c u itr y . n o t k n o w in g w h a t th e c a u s e o f th e b e in g g e n e r a te d . A n o s c illo s c o p e is a v e r y
p r o b le m is . M a n y n o - fa u lt- fo u n d p r o b le m s p o w e r fu l to o l, a n d th e r e a r e d ig ita l
T h e a u th o r h a s e x p e r ie n c e d a n in d u s tr ia l a p p e a r to b e c a u s e d b y in a d e q u a te m u ltim e te r s m a d e b y F lu k e a n d o th e r s
p la n t w h e r e s w itc h in g c u r r e n ts fr o m a n e w im m u n ity , b u t in te r fe r e n c e e v e n ts c a n b e th a t w ill g iv e a v is u a l d is p la y o f th e m a in s
in v e r te r d r iv e h a p p e n e d to e x c ite a h a r d to r e p e a t, a n d n o t m a n y p e o p le w a v e fo r m a n d /o r a g r a p h o f its s p e c tr u m .
r e s o n a n c e in a n o th e r b r a n c h o f th e fa c to r y k n o w e n o u g h a b o u t E M C to e v e n th in k o f T h e r e a r e a ls o p o r ta b le o s c illo s c o p e s
n e tw o r k , c a u s in g 1 5 V o lts p e a k - to - p e a k a t th is p o s s ib le c a u s e , m u c h le s s c o r r e c tly m a d e b y T e k tr o n ix a n d o th e r s fo r p o w e r
2 0 k H z th a t c a u s e d a m ic r o p r o c e s s o r id e n tify s u c h p r o b le m s . e n g in e e r s , w h ic h p r o v id e s p e c tr u m
c o n tr o llin g a p a c k a g in g m a c h in e to c r a s h . a n a ly s e s a n d d ig ita l m u ltim e te r fu n c tio n s
A lo w - fr e q u e n c y d iffe r e n tia l- m o d e filte r T h e fin a n c ia l r e w a r d s o f p r o d u c in g to o .
q u ic k ly s o lv e d th e p r o b le m , b u t p r o d u c ts w ith a d e q u a te im m u n ity c a n b e
s u p p r e s s io n o f th e m o to r d r iv e e m is s io n s v e r y g r e a t in d e e d , a s o n e U K M a in s d is to r tio n a n a ly s e r s c a n b e u s e d
w o u ld h a v e b e e n a b e tte r s o lu tio n . m a n u fa c tu r e r d is c o v e r e d w h e n th e y s p e n t in s te a d , a n d w h e r e a c c u r a te a n d tr a c e a b le
£ 1 0 0 ,0 0 0 o n r e d e s ig n in g th e ir p r o d u c ts to m e a s u r e m e n ts a r e r e q u ir e d th e y s h o u ld
It is a p ro b le m th a t th e r e a r e ( a s y e t) n o c o m p ly w ith th e n e w is s u e s o f th e E M C c o m p ly w ith E N 6 1 0 0 0 - 4 - 7 a n d b e
s ta n d a rd s lis te d u n d e r th e E M C D ir e c tiv e D ir e c t iv e 's im m u n it y s t a n d a r d s a r o u n d r e g u la r ly c a lib r a te d . H o w e v e r , in s tr u m e n ts
th a t p la c e lim its o n e m is s io n s b e tw e e n 2 m id - 2 0 0 1 , a n d fo u n d to th e ir c o m p le te d e s ig n e d fo r m e a s u r in g h a r m o n ic s m a y
a n d 1 5 0 k H z . A s a r e s u lt, m a n y s u r p r is e th a t th e ir p r o d u c ts ' n e w d e s ig n s w e ll n o t d e te c t in te r h a r m o n ic s . O n a n
m a n u fa c tu r e r s s im p ly ig n o r e th e ir s a v e d th e m £ 2 .7 m illio n in w a r r a n ty c o s ts o s c illo s c o p e , h a r m o n ic d is to r tio n s h o w s a s
p ro d u c t 's e m is s io n s in th is fr e q u e n c y p e r y e a r. a d is to r te d w a v e fo r m n o t a p u re
ra n g e w h ic h a ls o h a p p e n s to b e a s in e w a v e a lth o u g h it is d iffic u lt to d e te c t
ra n g e in w h ic h m a in s n e tw o r k r e s o n a n c e s B u t c o m p ly in g w ith a n y im m u n ity te s t
w ith lo w - o r d e r h a r m o n ic d is to r tio n s o f le s s th a n
c a n a r is e . s ta n d a r d s d o e s n o t n e c e s s a r ily g u a r a n te e 3 % b y lo o k in g a t a 's c o p e s c r e e n . B u t
s u ffic ie n t r e a l- w o r ld r e lia b ility . T h is c a n b e
- A ll e le c tr o n ic p r o d u c ts c a n a ls o s u ffe r fr o m in te r h a r m o n ic s s h o w u p a s a r ip p le o r
a p r o b le m fo r s a fe ty - r e la te d e q u ip m e n t flic k e r , o r e v e n a s lo w flu c tu a tio n in th e
in te r fe r e n c e d u e to e le c tr ic a n d m a g n e tic a n d s y s te m s , o r fo r e q u ip m e n t a n d
fie ld c o u p lin g fr o m d is to r te d m a in s v o lta g e le v e l o f th e w a v e fo r m , a n d m a y b e a s a n
s y s te m s th a t r e q u ir e v e r y h ig h r e lia b ility u n s ta b le w a v e s h a p e in s te a d /a s w e ll.
a n d c u rre n t w a v e fo r m s , e s p e c ia lly ( s u c h a s s p e e d c a m e r a s a n d 'in t e r n e t
s e n s itiv e c ir c u its in c lu d in g m a n y ty p e s h o t e ls ') . M e r e c o m p lia n c e w it h t h e E M C S a fe ty N o te : W h e n m e a s u r in g m a in s
o f a u d io p r o d u c t ( e v e n lo u d s p e a k e r s w ith
D ir e c tiv e is o fte n in s u ffic ie n t fo r e n s u r in g v o lta g e s o r c u r r e n ts , o n ly u s e p r o b e s a n d
n o th in g c o n n e c te d to th e m ) a n d c o n tro l th a t p r o d u c ts h a v e b e e n d e s ig n e d a n d e q u ip m e n t th a t a r e p r o v e n to c o m p ly w ith
c ir c u its ( e .g . fo r s w itc h in g th y r is to r s ) . F ie ld
te s te d w e ll e n o u g h fo r th e s e is s u e s th e a p p r o p r ia te p a r ts o f E N 6 1 0 1 0 fo r th e
c o u p lin g w a s d is c u s s e d e a r lie r . a d d itio n a l a n d /o r to u g h e r im m u n ity a p p r o p r ia t e 'M e a s u r e m e n t C a t e g o r y '
C o m m o n -m o d e e a r th /g r o u n d n o is e r e q u ir e m e n ts m a y n e e d to b e a p p lie d . ( p r e v io u s ly k n o w n a s 'O v e r v o lt a g e
v o lta g e s c a n a ls o in t e r f e r e w it h a p r o d u c t 's T h is is to o la r g e a s u b je c t to d is c u s s h e r e C a t e g o r y ' o r 'I n s t a lla t io n C a t e g o r y ') .
e x te rn a l s ig n a l o r d a ta c o n n e c tio n s . T h is fo r m o re , re fe r to [2 3 ] [2 4 ] [2 5 ] a n d th e M e a s u r e m e n t C a te g o r y II is th e m in im u m
w a s d is c u s s e d e a r lie r . I E E 's t r a in in g c o u r s e o n 'E M C f o r r e q u ir e m e n t, a n d C a te g o r y III o r e v e n IV
fu n c tio n a l s a fe ty , h ig h r e lia b ility a n d le g a l m a y b e r e q u ir e d fo r s a fe ty .
m e tr o lo g y ' [2 6 ].
 F u ll c o m p lia n c e im m u n ity te s tin g u s in g E N 6 1 0 0 0 -4 -1 3 :2 0 0 2

2 5 2 6
E x a m p le s o f s o m e lo w -c o s t m a in s d is to r tio n a n a ly s e r s In tr o d u c tio n c a lls it a n “ A C S o u r c e ” . T h e t e r m 'p o w e r
a m p lifie r ' is u s e d in th is b o o k le t
T h is b o o k le t is n o t a c o m p le te r e c ita l o f a s b e in g m o re u n iq u e ly d e s c r ip tiv e o f th e
e v e r y th in g th a t is in E N 6 1 0 0 0 -4 - 1 3 , o n ly fu n c tio n p r o v id e d .
a g e n e r a l g u id e . A n y o n e p e rfo rm in g te s ts
to th is s ta n d a r d m u s t h a v e a c o p y o f its T h e w a v e fo r m g e n e r a to r c a n b e c o n tr o lle d
r e le v a n t v e r s io n ( in c lu d in g a n y to p ro d u c e fu n d a m e n ta l fre q u e n c y
a m e n d m e n ts ) , a n d fo llo w it e x a c tly . s in e w a v e s w ith v a r io u s a m o u n ts o f
d is to r tio n , b y a d d in g s p e c ifie d a m o u n ts o f
T h e te s t g e n e ra to r h a r m o n ic v o lta g e s , a t s p e c ifie d p h a s e
a n g le s , to th e fu n d a m e n ta l s ig n a l. T h e
C la u s e 6 a n d ta b le s 5 a n d 6 o f E N 6 1 0 0 0 - r e s u ltin g d is to r te d fu n d a m e n ta l w a v e fo r m
4 - 1 3 s p e c ify th e c h a r a c te r is tic s o f th e te s t is in tu r n a m p lifie d b y th e p o w e r a m p lifie r
s ig n a l g e n e r a to r , a n d th e s e s p e c ific a tio n s a n d u s e d a s th e m a in s s o u r c e to p o w e r
w ill n o t b e r e p e a te d h e r e . B a s ic a lly , th e th e E U T .
te s t s ig n a l g e n e r a to r c o n s is ts o f a
w a v e fo r m g e n e r a to r a m p lifie d b y a p o w e r A n e a r ly ( 1 9 6 8 ) m a in s h a r m o n ic im m u n ity
a m p lifie r to s y n th e s is e a m a in s w a v e fo r m . te s te r c o n s is te d o f a b a n k o f 4 0 tr a n s is to r
W h e n th e w a v e fo rm g e n e ra to r o u tp u ts a o s c illa to r s p r o d u c in g in d iv id u a l
5 0 H z s in e w a v e , th e p o w e r a m p lifie r fr e q u e n c ie s fr o m th e 5 0 H z fu n d a m e n ta l
I f y o u d o n 't u n d e r s ta n d e x a c tly w h a t th is A V O -M e g g e r P A 9 p lu s , a m a in s o u tp u ts u p to 1 6 A a t 5 0 H z a t th e n o m in a l th r o u g h a ll o f th e o d d a n d e v e n h a r m o n ic s
m e a n s , h a v e s o m e o n e w h o is q u a lifie d h a r m o n ic s a n d p o w e r q u a lity te s t m a in s v o lta g e ( e .g . 2 3 0 V r m s ) , fo r u p to 2 k H z . T h e s e 4 0 s ig n a ls w e r e m ix e d
a n d c o m p e te n t in th is a r e a s o r t it o u t fo r in s tr u m e n t p o w e r in g th e E q u ip m e n t U n d e r T e s t to g e th e r in v a r io u s p r o p o r tio n s u s in g a n
y o u . In s o m e in s ta lla tio n s , s p e c ia l w o r k in g (E U T ). a r r a y o f lin e a r p o te n tio m e te r s ( lo o k in g
p ro c e d u re s m a y b e r e q u ir e d . E le c tr ic a l a n d m u c h lik e a n a u d io m ix in g d e s k ) to
e le c tr o n ic e n g in e e r s a r e k ille d e v e r y y e a r A c o m m o n te r m fo r a p o w e r a m p lifie r p r o d u c e a s in g le d is to r te d w a v e fo r m th a t
b y m a in s e le c tr ic ity d o n 't le t it b e y o u ! in te n d e d fo r p r o v id in g m a in s p o w e r is w a s fe d to a 1 k W lin e a r a m p lifie r th a t u s e d
'm a in s s y n t h e s is e r ', b u t E N 6 1 0 0 0 - 4 - 1 3 th e r m io n ic v a lv e s o p e r a tin g in C la s s A .
S o m e tim e s th e p r o b le m s a r e in te r m itte n t,
a n d a u to m a tic m o n ito r in g e q u ip m e n t w ill T h e e s s e n tia ls o f a te s t s ig n a l g e n e r a to r (a n a lo g u e o r d ig ita l)
n e e d to b e le ft to m o n ito r th e m a in s q u a lity
fo r d a y s , w e e k s , e v e n m o n th s . A p r o b le m
w ith a n y a u to m a tic p o w e r q u a lity
m o n ito r in g e q u ip m e n t is th a t if it is n o t s e t
u p c o r r e c tly , it w ill s o o n fill its m e m o r y ( o r
u s e u p a ll o f its p a p e r ) r e c o r d in g u s e le s s
d a ta .
If y o u a r e n o t s k ille d in th e s e m a tte r s , a n d
if y o u d o n 't w a n t t o s p e n d t im e a n d m o n e y
g o in g th r o u g h a le a r n in g c u r v e in s te a d
o f h ir in g p o w e r q u a lity m o n ito r in g
e q u ip m e n t fr o m o n e o f th e m a n y
c o m p a n ie s th a t p r o v id e it h ir e a p o w e r
q u a lity c o n s u lta n t in s te a d a n d h a v e
h im /h e r d o th e w o r k u s in g th e ir o w n
e q u ip m e n t, a n a ly s e th e r e s u lts a n d
p ro d u c e a re p o rt.
2 7 2 8
T h e s e d a y s th e o s c illa to r s a r e m o r e lik e ly A n e x a m p le o f a te s t g e n e r a to r fo r E N tim e s th e r m s v a lu e o f th e w a v e fo rm , a n d a r ra n g e m e n ts , a n d s till a c h ie v e c o r r e c t
to b e c r e a te d in s o ftw a r e r u n n in g o n a 6 1 0 0 0 -4 -1 3 , fr o m C a lifo r n ia In s tr u m e n ts th e y o c c u r b e tw e e n 8 7 ° a n d 9 3 ° a fte r re s u lts . T h is m a k e s it a te s t th a t it is e a s y
m ic r o p r o c e s s o r , w ith th e r e s u ltin g e a c h z e r o c r o s s in g . T h e m a x im u m o u tp u t a n d lo w - c o s t fo r a m a n u fa c tu re r to
'd is t o r t e d m a in s w a v e f o r m ' s ig n a l s u p p lie d v o lta g e c h a n g e b e tw e e n n o lo a d ( E U T p e r fo r m , s in c e it d o e s n o t n e e d s h ie ld e d
in p u ls e - w id th - m o d u la te d ( P W M ) fo r m a t to d is c o n n e c te d ) a n d th e E U T a t m a x im u m ro o m s , a n e c h o ic c h a m b e r s , c o s tly R F te s t
th e s w itc h - m o d e p o w e r c o n v e r te r th a t lo a d s h o u ld b e le s s th a n 2 % o f th e g e a r, o r te s t e n g in e e r s w h o h a v e R F s k ills .
p r o v id e s th e 1 6 A o u tp u t a t u p to 2 5 0 V r m s n o m in a l v o lta g e .
p h a s e - to - n e u tr a l ( fo r e x a m p le ) . T h e F o r e x a m p le , th e le n g th o f th e c a b le fr o m
s o ftw a r e w ill m o s t lik e ly b e u n d e r c o m p u te r T h e te s t s e t-u p th e p o w e r a m p lifie r ( m a in s s y n th e s is e r ) to
c o n tr o l, s o th a t in d iv id u a l h a r m o n ic s o r T h e te s t s e t-u p is s p e c ifie d in c la u s e 7 th e E U T is n o t s p e c ifie d . In p r a c tic e , to
c o m b in a tio n s o r th e m c a n b e a d d e d in a n d fig u r e s 2 a n d 3 o f E N 6 1 0 0 0 -4 -1 3 . a c c u r a te ly c o n tr o l th e le v e ls o f h a r m o n ic s
v a r io u s p r o p o r tio n s , u s in g m o u s e o r B a s ic a lly , th e o u tp u ts fro m th e te s t a p p lie d to a n E U T it w o u ld b e w is e to k e e p
k e y b o a r d c o n tr o ls , a n d s o th a t s e q u e n c e s g e n e ra to r a re s im p ly c o n n e c te d to th e th is c a b le le n g th to le s s th a n o n e - fiftie th o f
o f p r e - s e t d is to r te d w a v e fo r m s c a n b e r u n m a in s in p u t o f th e E U T . th e w a v e le n g th o f 2 .4 k H z in a P V C m a in s
in r e a l tim e . B u t c la u s e 6 .1 a n d T a b le 5 o f E N 6 1 0 0 0 - 4 - c a b le a b o u t 1 5 0 0 m . S o m a in s c a b le
3 d o n o t s p e c ify th e a m o u n t o f R F n o is e B e c a u s e th is te s t d o e s n o t u s e R F it is le n g th s o f u p to 1 k m b e tw e e n p o w e r
It is e a s y to s e t- u p a s u ita b le te s t g e n e r a to r t h a t is p e r m it t e d o n t h e g e n e r a t o r 's p o s s ib le to p e r fo r m it a n y w h e r e , w ith a m p lifie r a n d a r e p e r fe c tly a c c e p ta b le
u s in g la b o r a to r y b e n c h e q u ip m e n t: fo r o u tp u t( s ) . T h e s e s h o u ld h a v e lo w le v e ls o f a lm o s t a n y v a r ie ty o f p h y s ic a l fe w m a n u fa c tu r e r s o r te s t la b o r a to r ie s w ill
e x a m p le a n a r b itr a r y w a v e fo r m g e n e r a to r R F n o is e s o th a t th e y d o n o t in te r fe r e w ith n e e d to u s e lo n g e r c a b le s !
fe e d in g a s u ita b ly - r a te d p o w e r a m p lifie r , a n y ty p e o f E U T a n d c o n fu s e th e r e s u lts o f
b u t s o m e te s t e q u ip m e n t m a n u fa c tu r e r s E x a m p le o f te s t s e t-u p fo r s in g le -p h a s e e q u ip m e n t
th e te s t. B u t m o d e rn te s t g e n e ra to rs
s u p p ly s in g le - b o x s o lu tio n s w ith a ll th e p r e - a lm o s t a lw a y s u s e p u ls e - w id th - m o d u la te d
p ro g ra m m e d te s t w a v e fo rm s a n d o n - s w itc h - m o d e te c h n iq u e s in th e ir p o w e r
s c r e e n u s e r in te r fa c e s to m a k e th e m e a s y a m p lifie r s to g e n e r a te th e ir o u tp u t s ig n a ls ,
to u s e fo r E N 6 1 0 0 0 - 4 - 1 3 te s tin g . a n d a s a d ir e c t r e s u lt th e ir o u tp u ts c o n ta in
P le a s e n o te : p o w e r a m p lifie r s in te n d e d fo r h u g e le v e ls o f R F e n e r g y . V e r y e ffe c tiv e
a u d io u s e a r e u s u a lly n o t s u ita b le a s m a in s R F s u p p r e s s io n w ill b e r e q u ir e d a t th e
p o w e r s o u r c e s fo r e q u ip m e n t, e v e n if th e y o u tp u ts ( a n d in p u ts ) o f s u c h g e n e r a to r s .
h a v e a p p a r e n tly s u ita b le r a tin g s , a s th e
a u th o r c a n a tte s t fr o m b itte r e x p e r ie n c e . V e r ify in g th e te s t s ig n a l
A lw a y s c h e c k th a t th e p o w e r a m p lifie r is g e n e ra to r
a c tu a lly d e s ig n e d to b e u s e d a s a m a in s
p o w e r s u p p ly . C la u s e 6 .2 a n d T a b le 6 in E N 6 1 0 0 0 -4 -1 3
E x a m p le o f te s t s e t-u p fo r ' th r e e -p h a s e + n e u tr a l' e q u ip m e n t
s p e c ify h o w t h e g e n e r a t o r 's c h a r a c t e r is tic s
W h e re th r e e - p h a s e e q u ip m e n t is to b e s h o u ld b e v e r ifie d , a t th e o u tp u t te r m in a ls
te s te d , th e w a v e fo rm g e n e ra to r o u tp u ts o f its p o w e r a m p lifie r ( s ) w h e n d r iv in g th e
th r e e id e n tic a l d is to r te d w a v e fo r m s w ith E U T w ith th e fu n d a m e n ta l fr e q u e n c y (n o
1 2 0 ° p h a s e a n g le s b e tw e e n th e ir a d d e d d is to r tio n ) b e fo r e te s tin g a n E U T .
fu n d a m e n ta ls , a n d th r e e p o w e r a m p lifie r s T h e h a r m o n ic d is to r tio n lim its o f T a b le 6
p r o v id e th e p o w e r to th e E U T s . s h o u ld b e c h e c k e d b y a h a r m o n ic a n a ly s e r
th a t c o m p lie s w ith IE C 6 1 0 0 0 - 4 - 7 ,
T h e te s t g e n e ra to r s h o u ld b e filte r e d o r
a c c u ra c y c la s s A .
o th e r w is e p r e v e n te d fr o m d is to r tin g its
'c le a n ' m a in s s u p p ly , s o th a t it d o e s n o t
A n o s c illo s c o p e a n d a tr u e - r m s m e te r
a ffe c t th e a u x ilia ry e q u ip m e n t a n d te s t g e a r
s h o u ld b e u s e d to c h e c k th a t th e p e a k
u s e d d u r in g th e te s tin g .
v o lta g e s a r e w ith in 1 .4 0 a n d 1 .4 2
2 9 3 0
T h e E U T s h o u ld b e c o n n e c te d in th e T e s t c o n d itio n s a n d te s t p la n a te s t p la n to d e te rm in e w h a t m o n ito r in g r e q u ir e d te s ts . W h e r e c u s to m e r - s u p p lie d
n o r m a l m a n n e r a n d o p e r a te d in e q u ip m e n t is re q u ir e d , a n d h o w it n e e d s fu n c tio n a l te s t e q u ip m e n t is u p s e t b y th e s e
a c c o r d a n c e w ith th e a p p r o p r ia te p r o d u c t C la u s e 8 .1 .1 o f E N 6 1 0 0 0 - 4 - 1 3 s ta te s th a t to b e s e t-u p a n d u s e d , to h e lp a v o id im m u n ity te s ts , a n d n o q u ic k fix e s s e e m to
o r g e n e r ic s ta n d a r d . W h e r e n o p r o d u c t o r te s ts c a n b e c a r r ie d o u t u n d e r a n y c lim a tic w a s tin g te s tin g tim e d u r in g te s tin g . w o r k , it is p o s s ib le to r u n o u t o f tim e tr y in g
g e n e r ic s ta n d a r d a p p lie s , th e E U T s h o u ld c o n d itio n s , a s lo n g a s th e r e is n o to fix th e s u s c e p tib ility o f th e te s t
b e o p e r a te d in th e m o d e th a t c a u s e s th e c o n d e n s a tio n o n th e E U T a n d th e M o n ito r in g th e E U T fo r e q u ip m e n t, th e n h a v in g to w a it a fe w
g r e a te s t s u s c e p tib ility to d is to r te d m a in s c o n d itio n s a r e w ith in th e m a n u fa c tu r e r s w e e k s ( m a y b e m o n th s ) u n til a n o th e r
s p e c ific a tio n s fo r th e E U T a n d th e te s t
p e r fo r m a n c e d e g r a d a tio n
w a v e fo r m s . F o r fla t- to p p e d w a v e fo r m s tim e s lo t c a n b e b o o k e d to te s t th e p r o d u c t.
( T e s t A 1 ) th is w ill p r o b a b ly b e th e m o d e e q u ip m e n t. P r o d u c t a n d g e n e r ic s ta n d a r d s d u r in g th e te s ts
th a t c o n s u m e s th e m o s t p o w e r , w ith th e c o m m itte e s c a n im p o s e c lim a tic c o n d itio n s
T h e fu n c tio n a l p e r fo r m a n c e d e g r a d a tio n C la s s e s o f e q u ip m e n t
n o m in a l m a in s v o lta g e s e t to th e m in im u m w h e n th e y c a ll u p th is b a s ic te s t s ta n d a r d ,
a llo w e d d u r in g a n d a fte r th e te s ts m a y b e
r a te d o p e r a tin g v o lta g e . F o r o v e r - s w in g if th e y b e lie v e th e y c a n a ffe c t th e te s t A n n e x C o f E N 6 1 0 0 0 -4 -1 3 s p e c ifie s th r e e
s p e c ifie d b y p r o d u c t- fa m ily o r g e n e r ic
w a v e fo r m s ( T e s t A 2 ) it w ill p r o b a b ly b e th e r e s u lts . C la s s e s o f e q u ip m e n t a c c o rd in g to th e ir
s ta n d a r d s . L a c k in g th e s e , th e r e s u lts
m o d e th a t c o n s u m e s th e le a s t p o w e r , w ith E N 6 1 0 0 0 - 4 - 1 3 d o e s n o t m e n tio n a r a th e r s h o u ld b e e v a lu a te d a c c o r d in g to c la u s e 9 lik e ly e x p o s u re to h a rm o n ic s a n d
th e n o m in a l m a in s v o lta g e s e t to th e o b v io u s fa c t th e e le c tr o m a g n e tic ( E M ) o f E N 6 1 0 0 0 - 4 - 1 3 ( s e e la te r ) . in te r h a r m o n ic s in th e ir m a in s s u p p ly .
m a x im u m r a te d v o lta g e . F o r te s ts B , C 1 , e n v ir o n m e n t in w h ic h th e te s t is b e in g
C 2 a n d D if T e s t A 2 w a s d o n e u s in g W e ll b e fo r e th e te s ts a r e b e g u n , th e C la s s 1
c o n d u c te d s h o u ld n o t b e s o s e v e r e a s to
lig h t lo a d a n d m a x im u m r a te d v o lta g e fu n c tio n a l s p e c ific a tio n s fo r th e p r o d u c t
in te r fe r e w ith th e E U T . S u c h s itu a tio n s T h is is fo r p r o d u c ts c o n n e c te d to s p e c ia lly
m a x im u m lo a d a n d lo w e s t r a te d in p u t s h o u ld b e d e fin e d , a n d s e r io u s th o u g h t
m a k e it d iffic u lt to te ll w h e th e r it is th e p r o te c te d m a in s p o w e r s u p p lie s , w h e r e
v o lta g e a r e p r o b a b ly th e m o s t s u s c e p tib le . s h o u ld b e g iv e n to h o w to m o n ito r th e
e n v ir o n m e n t o r th e te s t th a t is c a u s in g its th e le v e ls o f h a rm o n ic a n d in te r h a r m o n ic
p r o d u c t 's p e r f o r m a n c e d u r in g t h e t e s t s
O p e r a tio n a l m o d e s in w h ic h th e m a in s fu n c tio n a l p e r fo r m a n c e to g o o u t o f d is to r tio n a r e b y d e s ig n s ig n ific a n tly
w ith th e r e q u ir e d le v e ls o f a c c u r a c y a n d
s u p p ly is u s e d fo r tim in g o r c o n tr o l s h o u ld s p e c ific a tio n ( s e e la te r ) . le s s th a n th a t o n th e n o rm a l m a in s .
r e p e a ta b ility to b e s u r e w h e th e r th e
a ls o b e e m p lo y e d . It m a y b e n e c e s s a r y to f u n c t io n a l s p e c 's a r e a c t u a lly b e in g m e t.
C la u s e 8 .1 .2 r e q u ir e s a te s t p la n to b e U n in te r r u p tib le P o w e r S u p p lie s ( U P S s )
r e p e a t a ll o f th e te s ts w ith th e E U T in its T h is h e lp s d e te r m in e w h e th e r a n y s p e c ia l
p re p a re d b e fo r e s ta r tin g to te s t a n E U T . It a re o fte n u s e d to c re a te s u c h p ro te c te d
d iffe r e n t o p e r a tio n a l m o d e s , to b e s u r e te s tin g a r r a n g e m e n ts n e e d to b e
is a lw a y s a g o o d id e a to c r e a te a te s t p la n m a in s s u p p lie s , b u t it is im p o r ta n t to
th a t a ll th e p o te n tia l s u s c e p tib ilitie s o f th e o r g a n is e d , e q u ip m e n t h ir e d , s p e c ia l
w e ll b e fo r e h a n d a n y w a y , to h e lp id e n tify r e a lis e th a t n o t a ll ty p e s o f U P S p r o v id e
E U T h a v e b e e n te s te d . c a b le s a n d le a d s m a d e u p , e tc ., e tc .
te s tin g r e q u ir e m e n ts a h e a d o f tim e , to lo w - d is to r tio n o u tp u t w a v e fo r m s . S o m e o f
R E O c a n c re a te c u s to m lo a d s to m e e t a v o id w a s tin g tim e s o r tin g o u t u n fo re s e e n th e m c r e a te m a in s p o w e r th a t is m o r e
A n a c c r e d ite d te s t la b o r a to r y s h o u ld b e
a n y r e q u ir e m e n ts p r o b le m s w h ils t p a y in g p r e m iu m te s t d is to r te d th a n th e ir o r ig in a l m a in s s u p p ly .
a b le to p r o v id e b a s ic e le c tr ic a l te s t g e a r
la b o r a to r y ra te s . ( c h e c k w ith th e m fir s t) th a t is im m u n e S o m e ty p e s e v e n fe e d d is to r te d m a in s
e n o u g h to th e in flu e n c e s o f th e s e te s ts . v o lta g e s th r o u g h to th e p r o d u c t fo r m o s t o f
A lis t o f te s t p la n c o n te n ts is th e tim e . S o , w h e n p u r c h a s in g a U P S to
B u t w h e r e te s t in s tr u m e n ts a r e p r o v id e d
r e c o m m e n d e d in c la u s e 8 .1 .2 , b u t th is lis t c r e a te a s p e c ia lly p r o te c te d m a in s p o w e r
b y th e m a n u fa c tu r e r ( e .g . s ig n a l o r
is n o t m a n d a to r y ( a lth o u g h s o m e s o r t o f s u p p ly , a lw a y s c h e c k th e o u tp u t
d is to r tio n a n a ly s e r s , d is p la y s c r e e n s ,
te s t p la n is r e q u ir e d fo r fu ll- c o m p lia n c e s p e c ific a tio n s a n d m o d e o f o p e r a tio n v e r y
c o m p u te r s , e tc .) lo n g p e r io d s o f tim e a r e
te s tin g ) . T h is lis t is n o t r e p e a te d h e r e c a r e fu lly b e fo r e h a n d .
o fte n s p e n t tr y in g to d e c id e w h e th e r it is
(re fe r to [1 ] o r [2 ]) b u t it is a v e r y b a s ic
th e E U T o r th e te s t e q u ip m e n t th a t is C la s s 2
lis t a n d it w o u ld b e h a r d to a r g u e a g a in s t
fa ilin g , a ll th e w h ile b u r n in g m o n e y a t
o m ittin g a n y o f th e lis te d ite m s . T h is is f o r p r o d u c t s c o n n e c t e d t o 'p o in t s o f
p r e m iu m te s t la b o r a to r y r a te s .
C la u s e 8 .1 .2 a ls o re q u ir e s th a t m o n ito r in g c o m m o n c o u p lin g ' in c o n s u m e r s y s te m s
A ls o , te s t la b o r a to r ie s b o o k th e ir tim e a n d in d u s tr ia l p la n ts .
e q u ip m e n t is p ro v id e d to m e a s u r e th e
w e e k s (o r e v e n m o n th s ) in a d v a n c e ,
fu n c tio n a l p e rfo r m a n c e o f th e E U T d u r in g A n n e x C d o e s n o t m e n tio n c o m m e r c ia l
a llo c a tin g c u s to m e rs te s tin g tim e s lo ts th a t
a n d a fte r th e te s ts . It is v e r y im p o rta n t fo r p r e m is e s , d e s p ite th e fa c t th a t s o m e o f
s h o u ld b e lo n g e n o u g h to p e rfo rm th e
3 1 3 2
th e m ( e .g . th e a tr e s fo r liv e s ta g e s h o w s , v o lta g e d is to r tio n s e e n b y th e p r o d u c t. C la s s 3 C la s s X
m o b ile c o n c e r t in s ta lla tio n s , e tc .) c a n h a v e
m a in s s u p p lie s t h a t a r e m u c h 'n o is ie r ' t h a n F o r e x a m p le , d o m e s tic p r e m is e s in th e U K A c c o r d in g to E N 6 1 0 0 0 -4 -1 3 A n n e x C , T h is le v e l is le ft u n s p e c ifie d (u s u a lly c a lle d
m a n y in d u s tr ia l p la n ts d u e to th e ir u s e o f u s e 'r in g m a in ' s u p p lie s , in w h ic h la r g e C la s s 3 is o n ly fo r p r o d u c ts c o n n e c te d to 's p e c ia l' in o th e r E N /IE C b a s ic im m u n ity
h u n d re d s o f k W , e v e n M W , o f p o w e r n u m b e r s o f e le c tr ic a l a n d e le c tr o n ic P C C s in c e r ta in k in d s o f in d u s tr ia l s ta n d a rd s ) fo r u s e b y in d u s tr ia l p ro d u c t
c o n v e r te r s fo r s ta g e lig h tin g , m o v in g h e a v y e q u ip m e n t c a n b e p o w e r e d fr o m o n e c a b le e n v ir o n m e n ts . T h e s e e n v ir o n m e n ts d iffe r s ta n d a rd c o m m itte e s , o r b y c u s to m e rs w h o
s ta g e s e ts a r o u n d q u ic k ly , a u d io p o w e r th a t c o n n e c ts to th e P C C a t b o th o f its fro m th o s e c o v e re d b y C la s s 2 in th a t th e y w is h to s p e c ify h ig h e r le v e ls o f im m u n ity in
a m p lifie r s a n d H V A C . S u c h in s ta lla tio n s e n d s . T h e v o lta g e d is to r tio n o f a p ro d u c t h a v e e ith e r … th e ir c o n tra c ts .
s h o u ld b e C la s s 2 u n le s s C la s s 3 ( s e e c o n n e c te d a lo n g th is r in g c a n b e w o rs e A ll o f th e ta b le s in E N 6 1 0 0 0 - 4 - 1 3 th a t
th a n th a t a t th e P C C .
p a m a jo r p a r t o f th e lo a d fe d th r o u g h
b e lo w ) is m o r e a p p r o p r ia te . c o n v e rte rs , o r… s p e c ify th e C la s s 1 , 2 a n d 3 te s ts h a v e a
A p o in t o f c o m m o n c o u p lin g ( P C C ) in a E N 6 1 0 0 0 -4 -1 3 s e e m s to a s s u m e th a t a ll c o lu m n fo r C la s s X th a t is fille d in e v e r y
p w e ld in g m a c h in e s , o r … c a s e w it h t h e w o r d 'o p e n '. T h is s ig n if ie s
d o m e s tic h o u s e w o u ld b e t h e 'c o n s u m e r C la s s 2 e q u ip m e n t h a s its o w n d e d ic a te d
u n it' ( m o r e u s u a lly c a lle d 't h e f u s e b o x ' o r m a in s c o n d u c to r s le a d in g to th e b u ild in g s p la r g e m o to r s th a t a r e fr e q u e n tly th a t e a c h o f th e C la s s X s p e c ific a tio n s c a n
t h e 'm e t e r c u p b o a r d ' b y th e r e s id e n ts ) . In a P C C , a n d d o e s n o t a d d r e s s th e p r o b le m o f s ta rte d , o r… b e c h o s e n a t w ill b y th e p r o d u c t o r g e n e r ic
la r g e c o m m e r c ia l b u ild in g o r in d u s tr ia l s h a r e d m a in s c o n d u c to r s . S o w h e r e C la s s s ta n d a r d c o m m itte e o r b y th e c u s to m e r ( in
p lo a d s th a t v a r y r a p id ly . th e te c h n ic a l s p e c ific a tio n th a t fo r m s p a rt o f
p la n t th e P C C w o u ld b e in th e d is tr ib u tio n 2 p r o d u c ts m ig h t s h a r e th e ir m a in s
ro o m . c o n d u c to r s w ith n o n - lin e a r lo a d s th a t c o u ld h is c o n tr a c t) .
A s w a s m e n tio n e d a b o v e , s o m e
e m it s ig n ific a n t le v e ls o f h a r m o n ic s c o m m e r c ia l p re m is e s c a n h a v e a m a jo r C la s s X m ig h t a ls o b e u s e fu l in s itu a tio n s
B u t n o t a ll p r o d u c ts a r e c o n n e c te d in th is ( p o s s ib ly e v e n in c lu d in g lo a d s th a t h a v e
w a y s o m e m a y s h a r e th e ir m a in s p a r t o f th e ir lo a d fe d th ro u g h c o n v e rte rs n o t c o v e r e d b y th e th r e e c la s s e s a b o v e .
h a r m o n ic e m is s io n s c o m p ly in g w ith E N to o (e .g . th e a tre s fo r liv e s ta g e s h o w s ,
c o n d u c to r s w ith o th e r e q u ip m e n t, a n d if 6 1 0 0 0 -3 -2 ), th e a u th o r re c o m m e n d s N o t a ll ty p e s o f lo w v o lta g e m a in s
th is e q u ip m e n t is a s ig n ific a n t e m itte r o f m o b ile c o n c e r t in s ta lla tio n s , e tc .) , a n d
te s tin g th e m w ith h ig h e r le v e ls th a n a r e C la s s 3 m a y b e a p p r o p r ia te fo r s u c h s u p p lie s a r e c o v e r e d b y th e th r e e
h a rm o n ic c u r r e n ts th e im p e d a n c e o f th e r e q u ir e d b y C la s s 2 . E v e n a p p ly in g C la s s c la s s e s
c o n d u c to r s b a c k to th e p o in t o f c o m m o n in s ta lla tio n s to o .
3 le v e ls ( s e e b e lo w ) m ig h t b e n o t b e
c o u p lin g c a n b e e n o u g h to w o r s e n th e T h e s c o p e o f E N 6 1 0 0 0 - 4 - 1 3 ( c la u s e 1 )
in a p p r o p r ia te . N o te 1 to C la s s 3 in A n n e x C s a y s th a t im p lie s th a t it c o v e r s a ll ty p e s o f lo w
th e s u p p lie s to h ig h ly d is tu r b in g lo a d s , v o lta g e m a in s d is tr ib u tio n n e tw o r k s , b u t th e
T h e v a r io u s c la s s e s o f p r o d u c t in E N 6 1 0 0 0 -4 -1 3 s u c h a s a r c - fu r n a c e s a n d la r g e th r e e C la s s e s s p e c ifie d b y A n n e x C o n ly
c o n v e r te r s , th a t a r e g e n e r a lly s u p p lie d a d d r e s s m a in s n e tw o r k s th a t a r e fe d v ia
fr o m a s e g r e g a te d b u s b a r fr e q u e n tly M V o r H V t r a n s f o r m e r s f r o m a 'n a t io n a l
h a v e d is tu r b a n c e le v e ls in e x c e s s o f g r id ' s tr u c tu r e . T h e im p e d a n c e a t th e P C C
C la s s 3 . T h is s e e m s to a c k n o w le d g e th a t fo r s u c h s y s te m s is v e r y lo w , s o th e
s o m e p r o d u c ts m ig h t b e p o w e r e d fr o m h a r m o n ic a n d in te r h a r m o n ic c u r r e n ts
th e s a m e c a b le s th a t fe e d h ig h ly n o n - e m itte d b y n o n - lin e a r lo a d s d o n o t h a v e a
lin e a r lo a d s , a s w a s d is c u s s e d in th e v e r y g r e a t e ffe c t o n th e d is to r tio n o f th e
s e c tio n o n C la s s 2 a b o v e . T h e h a r m o n ic ( n o m in a lly ) s in e w a v e v o lta g e p r o v id e d .
a n d in te r h a r m o n ic le v e ls th e y a r e
e x p o s e d to c o u ld b e h ig h e r th a n th o s e B u t, a s w a s d is c u s s e d e a r lie r , m a n y ty p e s
a s s u m e d b y C la s s 3 . o f p r o d u c ts m a y b e r e q u ir e d to o p e r a te
fr o m lo c a l g e n e r a tio n fr o m tim e to tim e , a n d
N o te 1 g o e s o n to s a y th a t in s u c h s p e c ia l s o m e p ro d u c ts m a y h a v e to o p e ra te o n
s itu a tio n s , th e te s ts a n d te s t le v e ls s h o u ld lo c a l g e n e r a tio n a ll o f th e tim e . T h e h ig h e r
b e a g re e d u p o n , u s in g th e C la s s X fa c ility s o u r c e im p e d a n c e s a t th e P C C m e a n th a t
p ro v id e d in E N 6 1 0 0 0 - 4 -1 3 . n o n - lin e a r lo a d s c a u s e in c r e a s e d le v e ls o f
v o lta g e d is to r tio n . S u c h p r o d u c ts a r e n o t
c o v e re d b y E N 6 1 0 0 0 -4 -1 3 .
3 3 3 4
A n o th e r s itu a tio n n o t c o v e r e d b y th e th r e e d is to r tio n s h o u ld n o t b e s e v e re w h e re a re h a rd ly c lip p e d a t a ll ( 9 5 % o f th e ir p e a k “ O v e r s w in g ” T e s t A 2
c la s s e s a b o v e is w h e n th e p r o d u c t is n o t C la s s 2 w o u ld a p p ly to P C C c o n n e c te d v o lta g e ) ; C la s s 2 a re te s te d w ith
c o n n e c t e d t o t h e s it e 's P C C . T h is is p ro d u c ts it m a y b e b e tte r to u s e C la s s 3 s in e w a v e s c lip p e d a t 9 0 % ; C la s s 3 a r e T h is is a w a v e fo r m th a t c o m b in e s th e
c o m m o n p la c e in m a n y p r e m is e s in th e U K in s te a d . A n d w h e r e C la s s 3 w o u ld a p p ly to te s te d w ith a c lip p in g le v e l o f 8 0 % . fu n d a m e n ta l s in e w a v e w ith v a r io u s
w h e r e 'r in g m a in s ' c ir c u it s a r e u s e d t o P C C c o n n e c te d p r o d u c ts it m a y b e b e tte r p r o p o r t io n s o f 3 rd a n d 5 th h a r m o n i c s , t h e 3 rd
p o w e r n u m e r o u s s o c k e ts fr o m o n e c a b le to u s e C la s s X w ith te s t le v e ls a t le a s t It is p o s s ib le to s p e c ify ( a n d c r e a te ) a h a r m o n ic b e in g 1 8 0 ° o u t o f p h a s e w ith th e
c o n n e c te d to th e P C C a t b o th o f its e n d s . 5 0 % m o re th a n C la s s 3 . c lip p e d s in e w a v e a s a c o m b in a tio n o f fu n d a m e n ta l. In s te a d o f th e fla t- to p p e d
In in d u s tr ia l s ite s a r is e s it is c o m m o n p la c e o d d - n u m b e r e d h a r m o n ic s , a ll in - p h a s e w a v e fo rm o f T e s t A 1 a b o v e , th is w a v e fo r m
fo r a n e le c tr o n ic p r o d u c t ( e .g . a B u t w h e re th e a d d itio n a l d is to r tio n o f th e w ith th e fu n d a m e n ta l, b u t in th e s e d a y s o f h a s a p e a k v o lta g e h ig h e r th a n th e p e a k o f
te m p e ra tu re m e a s u re m e n t a n d c o n tro l m a in s s u p p ly w a v e fo r m is th o u g h t lik e ly to c o m p u te r is e d a r b itr a r y w a v e fo r m th e fu n d a m e n ta l s in e w a v e (h e n c e th e te rm
u n it) to b e a s s o c ia te d w ith h ig h - p o w e r b e h a rs h in th e a b s e n c e o f a n y m o re g e n e r a to r s it is m o r e u s u a l to s p e c ify it a s “ o v e r s w in g ” ) .
e q u ip m e n t a n d s u p p lie d b y its o w n m a in s d e ta ile d k n o w le d g e th e C la s s X te s t le v e ls 4 s e g m e n ts w ith d iffe r e n t g o v e r n in g
s h o u ld p r o b a b ly b e a t le a s t d o u b le th e e q u a tio n s , a s is d o n e in T a b le 7 in E N T a b le 8 o f E N 6 1 0 0 0 - 4 - 1 3 s p e c ifie s th e
p o w e r . S u c h u n its w ill e x p e r ie n c e m o r e v a r io u s p ro p o r tio n s o f 3 rd a n d 5 th
m a in s d is to r tio n th a n if th e y w e r e C la s s 3 le v e ls . 6 1 0 0 0 -4 -1 3 (n o t re p e a te d h e re ).
h a rm o n ic s to b e a p p lie d d e p e n d in g o n th e
c o n n e c te d d ir e c tly to th e P C C o f th e ir s ite . C la s s o f th e p ro d u c t.
T h e s ix b a s ic te s ts
T h e e le c t r o n ic p r o d u c t s in 'c o n t r o l c a b in e t s '
T h e r e a r e s ix b a s ic te s ts th a t c a n b e
u s e d in a w id e v a r ie ty o f c o m m e r c ia l a n d
a p p lie d b y E N 6 1 0 0 0 - 4 - 1 3 , a n d th e y a r e
in d u s tr ia l p o w e r - c o n tr o l a p p lic a tio n s o n ly F la t-to p p e d te s t w a v e fo r m s
la b e lle d A 1 , A 2 , B , C 1 , C 2 a n d D in th is
c o n n e c t to th e P C C b y a lo n g c a b le th a t is B a s e d o n c la u s e 8 .2 .1 a n d F ig u r e 6 o f E N 6 1 0 0 0 -4 -1 3
b o o k le t fo r c o n v e n ie n c e . W h ic h te s ts a r e
a ls o c a r r y in g th e c u r r e n ts o f th e lo a d th a t is (w h e r e it is c a lle d th e " h a r m o n ic c o m b in a tio n te s t, fla t c u r v e w a v e s h a p e " )
a p p lie d d e p e n d s u p o n th e C la s s o f th e
b e in g c o n tr o lle d . L u m in a ir e s a r e ty p ic a lly
p r o d u c t, a n d a ls o d e p e n d s u p o n th e te s t
c o n n e c te d in s e r ie s a lo n g a lo n g le n g th o f
r e s u lts a c h ie v e d w h ils t g o in g th r o u g h th e
m a in s c a b le , r a th e r th a n e a c h b e in g
te s t s e q u e n c e ( s e e la te r ) .
c o n n e c te d to th e P C C b y its o w n c a b le .
S u c h p r o d u c ts w ill s u ffe r m o r e m a in s A s c la u s e 8 .1 .2 s a y s : “ F o r e a c h te s t, a n y
d is to r tio n th a n if th e y w e r e in d iv id u a lly d e g r a d a tio n o f p e r fo r m a n c e m u s t b e
c o n n e c te d d ir e c tly to a P C C . re c o rd e d ”.
W h e r e lo c a l g e n e r a tio n o r n o n - P C C T h e H a r m o n ic c o m b in a tio n te s t
c o n n e c tio n o b ta in s , it is a lw a y s b e s t to
p e r fo r m a d e ta ile d a n a ly s is a n d /o r
T e s ts A 1 a n d A 2
m e a s u r e m e n t o f th e m a in s d is to r tio n a n d C la u s e 8 .2 .1 o f E N 6 1 0 0 0 - 4 - 1 3 d e s c r ib e s
s p e c ify a p p r o p r ia te te s t le v e ls u s in g C la s s w h a t it c a lls th e “ h a r m o n ic c o m b in a tio n ”
X . C o m p u te r a n a ly s is is n o t v e r y d iffic u lt te s ts . T h e re a re tw o o f th e s e th e “ F la t
( a lth o u g h it m a y b e te d io u s ) , u s in g S P IC E C u r v e ” te s t ( c a lle d T e s t A 1 in th is b o o k le t) ,
o r s im ila r c ir c u it s im u la to r s , if s u ffic ie n tly a n d th e “ O v e r S w in g ” te s t ( c a lle d T e s t A 2
a c c u r a te d a ta e x is ts o n a n e tw o r k a n d th e in th is b o o k le t. E a c h te s t is a p p lie d fo r 2
lo a d s c o n n e c te d to it. If a ll th e r e s is ta n c e s , m in u te s .
in d u c ta n c e s a n d c a p a c ita n c e s a r e
in c lu d e d , fo r th e lo a d s to o , it s h o u ld b e “ F la t c u r v e ” T e s t A 1
p o s s ib le to d e te r m in e n e tw o r k r e s o n a n t
fr e q u e n c ie s to o . T h is is s im p ly a 'f la t - t o p p e d ' o r 'c lip p e d '
s in e w a v e . It is ty p ic a l o f m a in s s u p p lie s
W h e r e d e ta ile d k n o w le d g e o r th a t fe e d a lo t o f e le c tr o n ic e q u ip m e n t w ith
m e a s u r e m e n t is la c k in g , b u t c o m p e te n t r e c tifie r - c a p a c ito r m a in s c ir c u its . C la s s 1
a n a ly s is in d ic a te s th a t th e a d d itio n a l p ro d u c ts a r e te s te d w ith s in e w a v e s th a t
3 5 3 6
H a r m o n ic a lly d is to r te d te s t w a v e fo r m s
F r o m c la u s e 8 .2 .1 a n d F ig u r e 7 o f E N 6 1 0 0 0 -4 -1 3 S w e p t fre q u e n c y te s t a n e x a m p le w a v e f o r m
(w h e r e it is c a lle d th e " h a r m o n ic c o m b in a tio n te s t, o v e r s w in g w a v e s h a p e " ) F r o m c la u s e 8 .2 .2 a n d T a b le 9 o f E N 6 1 0 0 0 -4 -1 3
(w h e r e it is c a lle d th e " s w e e p in fr e q u e n c ie s " te s t)
C la s s 3 o n ly s h o w n h e r e

S w e p t fre q u e n c y te s t

T h e “ S w e e p in F r e q u e n c ie s ” te s t
T e s t B
T h is s im p ly te s ts b y a d d in g a s in g le
fr e q u e n c y to th e n o m in a l v a lu e o f th e
fu n d a m e n ta l s in e w a v e , in a p r o p o r tio n
d e p e n d s u p o n th e C la s s o f th e p r o d u c
T h e a d d e d fr e q u e n c y is s w e p t ( if u s in g
a n a lo g u e s ig n a l g e n e r a to r ) o r s te p p e d
u s in g a d ig ita l o r d ig ita lly - c o n tr o lle d s ig
g e n e ra to r) o v e r th e ra n g e fro m 0 .3 3 to
tim e s th e fu n d a m e n ta l fr e q u e n c y .
C la u s e 8 .2 .2 o f E N 6 1 0 0 0 - 4 - 1 3 s p e c ifie s
th e d e ta ils o f th is te s t, in c lu d in g th e fa s te s t
r a te a t w h ic h th e te s t is to b e p e r fo r m e d
5 m in u te s p e r d e c a d e o f fr e q u e n c y ,
m a k in g th e s h o r te s t te s t la s t a little o v e r
te n m in u te s . T a b le 9 d iv id e s th e te s t in to
f iv e 's u b - r a n g e s ' o f f r e q u e n c y a n d f o r e a c h
s u b - r a n g e s p e c ifie s th e s te p s iz e a n d th e
te s t le v e ls fo r e a c h C la s s .
S w e p t fre q u e n c y te s t f r e q u e n c ie s a n d le v e ls
P h a s e r e la tio n s h ip s F r o m c la u s e 8 .2 .2 a n d F ig u r e 5 o f E N 6 1 0 0 0 -4 -1 3
(w h e r e it is c a lle d th e " s w e e p in fr e q u e n c ie s " te s t)
T h e p h a s e r e la tio n s h ip b e tw e e n th e a d d e d
fr e q u e n c ie s a n d th e fu n d a m e n ta l is n o t
s p e c ifie d in th e s ta n d a r d , a n d in d e e d th e
th a t c o n c e p t m a k e s n o s e n s e a t a ll fo r
t. in te r h a r m o n ic s . F o r in te r h a r m o n ic s th e
a n p e a k s o f th e r e s u ltin g m a in s w a v e fo r m w ill
( if 'r ip p le ' a t t h e b e a t f r e q u e n c y b e t w e e n t h e
n a l fu n d a m e n ta l a n d th e a d d e d fre q u e n c y .
4 0
B u t a t h a r m o n ic fr e q u e n c ie s th e h a r m o n ic
w a v e fo r m is s ta tic w ith r e g a r d to th e
fu n d a m e n ta l, s o if th e y a r e in - p h a s e
o d d h a r m o n ic s w ill c a u s e th e p e a k s o f th e
r e s u ltin g w a v e fo r m to b e lo w e r th a n
n o m in a l. B u t in - p h a s e e v e n h a r m o n ic s w ill
c a u s e th e m to b e h ig h e r . W h e n th e
h a r m o n ic s a r e in a n ti- p h a s e , th e e ffe c t w ill
b e r e v e r s e d ( o d d h a r m o n ic s c a u s in g
h ig h e r p e a k s a n d e v e n h a r m o n ic s , lo w e r).
3 7 3 8
S o , w h a t p h a s e r e la tio n s h ip s h o u ld b e T h e “ In d iv id u a l h a r m o n ic s a n d T e s tin g w ith in d iv id u a l h a r m o n ic fr e q u e n c ie s
e m p lo y e d w h e n a d d in g th e tw o h a r m o n ic s F r o m c la u s e 8 .2 .3 a n d T a b le s 1 -3 o f E N 6 1 0 0 0 -4 -1 3
in te r h a r m o n ic s te s t” T e s ts C 1
u s e d in T e s t B ? It is s u g g e s te d th a t th e T h e R M S v a lu e o f th e r e s u ltin g v o lta g e (fu n d a m e n ta l p lu s h a r m o n ic ,
in s tr u c tio n s fo r T e s t C 1 ( s e e b e lo w ) a r e a n d C 2 o r ju s t th e fu n d a m e n ta l) m u s t r e m a in c o n s ta n t d u r in g th e te s t
fo llo w e d . T h e s e r e q u ir e a ll h a r m o n ic s u p to
C la u s e 8 .2 .3 d e s c r ib e s tw o te s ts
t h e 9 th t o b e t e s te d tw ic e , o n c e w h e n th e y
th e in d iv id u a l h a r m o n ic s te s t ( c a lle d C 1
a r e in - p h a s e a n d th e n a g a in in a n ti- p h a s e .
h e r e fo r c o n v e n ie n c e ) a n d th e
D o in g th is c o v e r s th e a r g u a b ly w o r s t- c a s e
in te rh a rm o n ic s te s t ( c a lle d C 2 h e re ).
c o m b in a tio n s th a t c a n o c c u r in r e a l life , a t
th e e x p e n s e o f e x tr a te s t tim e . T h ro u g h o u t b o th o f th e s e te s ts , th e rm s
v a lu e o f th e r e s u ltin g w a v e fo r m is k e p t
C h e c k in g s u s p e c t fr e q u e n c ie s c o n s ta n t a t th e n o m in a l m a in s v o lta g e
D u r in g th is te s t, w h e n e v e r a 'p e r f o r m a n c e le v e l c h o s e n fo r th e te s t. T h is is n o t lik e a ll
a n o m a ly ' is d e te c te d in th e fu n c tio n in g o f th e o th e r te s ts in E N 6 1 0 0 0 - 4 - 1 3 ( c a lle d
th e p ro d u c t, th e a d d e d fre q u e n c y a t th a t T e s ts A 1 , A 2 , B a n d D in th is b o o k le t) ,
tim e is n o te d in a 's u s p e c ts ' lis t. w h ic h r e q u ir e th e fu n d a m e n ta l to b e s e t to
th e r e q u ir e d r m s v o lta g e a n d th e n th e
D u r in g o r a fte r th e m a in te s t ( th e h a r m o n ic o r in te r h a r m o n ic s u p e r im p o s e d
p r o g r a m m e d s e q u e n c e o f te s ts d e s c r ib e d u p o n it.
a b o v e ) a n y r e s o n a n c e s a r e d e te c te d in th e
m a in s p o w e r s u p p ly to th e E U T . S o m e In d iv id u a l h a r m o n ic s T e s t C 1
c o m m e r c ia l te s t e q u ip m e n t w ill In th is te s t, in d iv id u a l h a r m o n ic s a r e a d d e d
a u to m a tic a lly d e te c t r e s o n a n c e s d u r in g to th e fu n d a m e n ta l w a v e fo r m , w ith th e ir
te s tin g [2 7 ]. A r e s o n a n c e is d e te c te d b y fr e q u e n c ie s a n d le v e ls s e t b y T a b le 1
m o n ito r in g th e c u r r e n t a n d v o lta g e ( o d d - o r d e r h a r m o n ic s ) , T a b le 2 ( o d d - o r d e r
c o n s u m e d b y th e E U T a t th e a d d e d h a r m o n ic s th a t a r e tr ip le n s ) a n d T a b le 3
fr e q u e n c y , u s in g a n o s c illo s c o p e ( o r o th e r ( e v e n - o r d e r h a r m o n ic s ) . E a c h d is to r te d
m e th o d ) to v ie w th e ir m a g n itu d e s . If w a v e fo r m is a p p lie d fo r fiv e s e c o n d s , w ith
r e s o n a n c e is te s te d a fte r th e m a in te s t, it a o n e s e c o n d p e r io d o f p u r e s in e w a v e In te r h a r m o n ic s T e s t C 2 p r o b a b ly m e a n s th a t o n ly s te p p e d
n e e d n o t s tic k to th e s te p s iz e s , s w e e p fu n d a m e n ta l s e p a r a tin g th e m . fr e q u e n c ie s ( w ith o n e -s e c o n d p e r io d s o f
r a te s o r te s t le v e ls o f th e m a in te s t T h is te s t a d d s in te r h a r m o n ic s to th e
fu n d a m e n ta l w a v e fo r m , w ith th e ir p u re fu n d a m e n ta l b e tw e e n e a c h ) s h o u ld
th e y c a n b e c o n fig u r e d to b e s t s u it th e te s t A c c o r d in g to c la u s e 5 o f E N 6 1 0 0 0 - 4 - 1 3 ,
fr e q u e n c y r a n g e s a n d le v e ls s e t b y b e u s e d fo r fu ll c o m p lia n c e te s ts .
e n g in e e r a n d r e s o n a n c e m o n ito r in g th e in d iv id u a l h a r m o n ic s u p to a n d
m e th o d . C la u s e 8 .2 .2 . g iv e s th e r u le s fo r i n c l u d i n g t h e 9 th i n T a b l e s 1 , 2 a n d 3 a r e T a b le s 4 a a n d 4 b . T a b le 1 0 s e ts th e B u t if a n a lo g u e s w e p t fre q u e n c ie s a re
d e c id in g if a r e s o n a n c e h a s o c c u r r e d , a n d te s te d tw ic e if th e y h a v e a te s t le v e l o f fr e q u e n c y s te p s iz e fo r e a c h fre q u e n c y u s e d (fo r e x a m p le , d u r in g 'p r e -c o m p lia n c e '
th e y w ill n o t b e r e p e a te d h e r e . A n y 3 % o f m o re o n e te s t w h e n th e y a re r a n g e , a n d e a c h d is to r te d r e s u lta n t o r Q A te s tin g ) th e fo llo w in g s w e e p
r e s o n a n t fr e q u e n c y d e te c te d is a ls o n o te d a d d e d in - p h a s e w ith th e fu n d a m e n ta l, a n d w a v e fo r m is a p p lie d to th e E U T fo r fiv e ra te s a re c o m p a r a b le w ith th e te s tin g
in th e s u s p e c ts lis t. th e o th e r w h e n th e y a r e a d d e d in a n ti- s e c o n d s , w ith a o n e s e c o n d p e r io d o f tim e s re s u ltin g fr o m T a b le 1 0 …
p h a s e . T h e p h a s e o f th e s e lo w - o r d e r p u r e s in e w a v e fu n d a m e n ta l s e p a r a tin g
A fte r th e c o m p le tio n o f th e m a in a n d h a r m o n ic s h a s a b ig e ffe c t o n th e r e s u ltin g th e m . · 0 .3 3 to 2 B1 3 m in u te s /d e c a d e
re s o n a n c e te s ts , e a c h o f th e fre q u e n c ie s w a v e s h a p e , e ith e r fla tte n in g o r in c r e a s in g · 2 to 1 0 B1 8 m in u te s /d e c a d e
o n th e 's u s p e c t' lis t a re a p p lie d fo r a t le a s t N o g u id a n c e is g iv e n fo r th e r a te o f
th e p e a k v a lu e . · 1 0 to 2 0 B1 2 5 m in u te s /d e c a d e
2 m in u te s e a c h , a n d th e p e rfo rm a n c e o f c h a n g e o f fr e q u e n c y w h e r e a n a lo g u e
s w e p t fre q u e n c y m e a s u re m e n ts a re u s e d · 2 0 to 4 0 B1 1 0 m in u te s /d e c a d e
th e E U T m o n ito r e d a s u s u a l.
3 9 4 0
T e s tin g w ith In te r h a r m o n ic fr e q u e n c ie s T e s tin g m a in s s ig n a llin g a n d r ip p le c o n tr o l
F r o m c la u s e 8 .2 .3 a n d T a b le s 4 a , 4 b a n d 1 0 o f E N 6 1 0 0 0 -4 -1 3 F r o m c la u s e 8 .2 .4 a n d T a b le 1 1 o f E N 6 1 0 0 0 -4 -1 3
T h e R M S v a lu e o f th e r e s u ltin g v o lta g e (fu n d a m e n ta l p lu s h a r m o n ic , (w h e r e it is c a lle d th e " M e is te r C u r v e " te s t)
o r ju s t th e fu n d a m e n ta l) m u s t r e m a in c o n s ta n t d u r in g th e te s t T h e R M S v a lu e o f th e fu n d a m e n ta l v o lta g e r e m a in s c o n s ta n t d u r in g th is te s t

T h e “ M e is te r C u r v e ” te s t T e s t D T h e te s t s e q u e n c e
T e s ts A 1 , A 2 , a n d B a r e q u ic k te s ts th a t T h e te s t s e q u e n c e fo r c la s s 1 a n d 2 p r o d u c ts
T h is te s t is d e s c r ib e d in c la u s e 8 .2 .4 o f E N
6 1 0 0 0 -4 -1 3 , w h ic h s a y s it is o n ly a p p lie d to h a v e a h ig h e r te s t le v e l th a n te s ts C 1 , C 2
C la s s 2 , 3 o r X p ro d u c ts th a t a re to b e a n d D .
u s e d in c o u n tr ie s w h e r e m a in s s ig n a llin g F ig u r e s 1 a a n d 1 b o f E N 6 1 0 0 0 - 4 - 1 3 s h o w
a n d /o r r ip p le c o n tr o l is e m p lo y e d o n th e ir th e lo g ic b e h in d th e te s t s e q u e n c e s
m a in s n e tw o rk s . F ig u r e 1 a fo r C la s s e s 1 a n d 2 , a n d 1 b fo r
T h is te s t is v e r y s im ila r to te s t C 2 C la s s 3 . It is n o t s ta te d w h ic h te s t
d e s c r ib e d a b o v e , b u t w ith g e n e r a lly h ig h e r s e q u e n c e a p p lie s to C la s s X , b u t
te s t le v e ls , a n d a n a lo g u e s w e e p is p r e s u m a b ly it is F ig u r e 1 b . F o r a ll
p e r m itte d . T a b le 1 1 s p e c ifie s th e fr e q u e n c y p r o d u c ts , te s ts A 1 a n d A 2 a r e d o n e fir s t,
r a n g e s , fr e q u e n c y s te p s iz e s a n d te s t a n d if a n E U T fa ils th e m it h a s fa ile d E N
le v e ls fo r th is te s t. A s fo r te s t B ( s e e 6 1 0 0 0 -4 -1 3 . If th e E U T p a s s e s A 1 a n d A 2 ,
a b o v e ) th e fre q u e n c y m a y b e s te p p e d o r w h a t te s ts a r e th e n d o n e d e p e n d s o n its
s w e p t w ith a r a te o f n o le s s th a n 5 m in u te s C la s s .
p e r d e c a d e .
4 1 4 2
T h e te s t s e q u e n c e fo r C la s s 3 p r o d u c ts S o m e p r o p r ie ta r y te s t g e n e r a to r s a p p ly th e its lo a d s is d iffe r e n t in p r a c tic e , a n d
in te r h a r m o n ic s to e a c h p h a s e w ith a tim e p o s s ib ly d iffe r e n t fr o m tim e - to - tim e a s
d e la y b e tw e e n e a c h p h a s e th a t is th e w e ll. S o th e r e s o n a n c e s th a t a re e x c ite d
s a m e a s 1 2 0 ° o f th e fu n d a m e n ta l. T h is u s in g a s ta n d a r d c o m m it t e e 's e x t e r n a l
m a k e s it e a s y to u s e a s in g le a r b itr a ry n e tw o r k w ill b e d iffe r e n t fro m th e
w a v e fo rm g e n e ra to r to g e n e ra te th e th re e - r e s o n a n c e s e x c ite d in r e a l life , a n d th is w ill
p h a s e te s t s ig n a ls , b u t it m a y n o t b e c r e a te v e r y d iffe r e n t w a v e s h a p e s w h ic h
r e le v a n t to r e a l life . m ig h t h a v e d iffe r e n t e ffe c ts o n E U T s .
T h e m e th o d c h o s e n s h o u ld b e r e le v a n t to E v a lu a tio n o f te s t r e s u lts
th e in te r h a r m o n ic s p r e s e n t in th e
o p e r a tio n a l e n v ir o n m e n t, o r e ls e r e le v a n t C la u s e 9 o f E N 6 1 0 0 0 - 4 - 1 3 r e q u ir e s th e
to th e m e th o d th a t c a u s e s th e g re a te s t m o n it o r in g o f t h e E U T 's f u n c t io n s d u r in g
p r o b le m s fo r th e d e s ig n o f th e E U T . T h e e a c h te s t to b e a s s e s s e d a g a in s t
m e th o d th a t is u s e d s h o u ld b e n o te d in th e p e r fo r m a n c e s p e c ific a tio n s d e fin e d b y its
te s t re p o rt. m a n u fa c tu re r (o r th e p e rs o n w h o
r e q u e s te d th e te s t) . It a ls o r e q u ir e s th e
T h e e x te r n a l im p e d a n c e n e tw o r k r e s u lts to b e c la s s ifie d a c c o r d in g to th e
N o te 5 o f T a b le 5 ( C h a r a c te r is tic s o f th e fo llo w in g s c h e m e …
T e s t G e n e ra to r), a n d A n n e x A o f E N
6 1 0 0 0 - 4 - 1 3 d is c u s s th e u s e o f a n e x te rn a l a ) N o r m a l p e r fo r m a n c e w ith in th e
im p e d a n c e n e tw o r k b e tw e e n th e o u tp u t s p e c ifie d lim its .
T e s tin g th r e e -p h a s e e q u ip m e n t E N 6 1 0 0 0 - 4 - 1 3 d o e s n o t s a y h o w to a p p ly te r m in a ls o f th e te s t g e n e r a to r a n d th e b ) T e m p o r a r y lo s s o f fu n c tio n o r
in te r h a r m o n ic s to th e th r e e p h a s e s . in p u t te r m in a ls o f th e E U T . T h e p u rp o s e o f d e g r a d a tio n o f p e r fo r m a n c e w h ic h
C la u s e 8 .2 .5 in E N 6 1 0 0 - 4 - 1 3 c o v e r s th e In te r h a r m o n ic s d o n o t h a v e a n y p h a s e th is is to m a k e th e te s t m o r e c o m p a r a b le c e a s e s a fte r th e d is tu r b a n c e c e a s e s ,
te s tin g o f m u lti- p h a s e E U T s . It r e q u ir e s r e la tio n s h ip w ith th e fu n d a m e n ta l, a s w ith r e a l life b y m a k in g r e s o n a n c e s a n d fr o m w h ic h th e E U T r e c o v e r s its
h a r m o n ic a n d in te r h a r m o n ic d is to r tio n to h a r m o n ic s d o . T h e r e a p p e a r s to b e a b e tw e e n th e E U T a n d th e m a in s n e tw o rk n o r m a l p e r fo r m a n c e w ith o u t o p e r a to r
b e a d d e d s im u lta n e o u s ly to a ll lin e - n e u tr a l c h o ic e b e tw e e n a p p ly in g a s in g le m o r e lik e ly . in te r v e n tio n .
p h a s e s . T h e h a r m o n ic fr e q u e n c ie s a d d e d in te r h a r m o n ic s ig n a l id e n tic a lly to a ll th r e e
to e a c h p h a s e m u s t h a v e th e s a m e p h a s e U n fo r tu n a te ly , a s w a s m e n tio n e d e a r lie r , c ) T e m p o r a r y lo s s o f fu n c tio n o r
w a v e fo r m s a t th e s a m e tim e o r e ls e
r e la tio n s h ip w ith th e fu n d a m e n ta l t h e r e c o m m e n d e d 's t a n d a r d im p e d a n c e ' d e g r a d a tio n o f p e r fo r m a n c e , r e q u ir in g
c r e a tin g th r e e in te r h a r m o n ic s ig n a ls a t th e
w a v e fo r m o f th e ir p h a s e . S o th e th r e e m e r e ly s im u la te th e w ir in g a n d o p e r a to r in te r v e n tio n to c o r r e c t.
s a m e fr e q u e n c y b u t e a c h p h a s e - s h ifte d b y
d is to r te d w a v e fo r m s w ill b e id e n tic a l, ju s t 1 2 0 ° o f th e fu n d a m e n ta l a n d a d d e d to th e tr a n s fo r m e r s in a n e tw o r k t h e y d o n 't d ) L o s s o f fu n c tio n o r d e g r a d a tio n o f
s h ifte d b y 1 2 0 ° o f th e fu n d a m e n ta l m a in s a p p r o p r ia te p h a s e ( a s is d o n e fo r s im u la te th e c a p a c ita n c e s a n d in d u c ta n c e s p e r fo r m a n c e w h ic h is n o t r e c o v e r a b le ,
fre q u e n c y . h a r m o n ic s ) . th a t w ill e x is t in r e a l m a in s n e tw o r k s w h e n o w in g to d a m a g e to h a r d w a r e , o r
a ll o f th e ir e q u ip m e n t is c o n n e c te d . T e s ts s o ftw a r e , o r lo s s o f d a ta .
F o r th r e e - p h a s e E U T s w ith o u t a n e u tr a l In te r h a r m o n ic s c r e a te d b y flu c tu a tio n s in w ith s u c h o v e r - s im p lifie d n e tw o r k s w o u ld
c o n n e c tio n , E N 6 1 0 0 0 - 4 - 1 3 d o e s n o t th e v o lta g e s o n th e d .c . lin k s o f A C - A C T h is c la s s ific a tio n is o ffe r e d b y E N 6 1 0 0 0 -
n o t h a v e p r e v e n t e d t h e 'lif t in g c r a n e '
r e q u ir e th e tr ip le n h a r m o n ic s ( 3 , 9 , 1 5 , 2 1 , c o n v e r te r s ( e .g . in v e r te r m o to r d r iv e s , 4 - 1 3 a s a g u id e to im m u n ity s ta n d a r d s
in c id e n t m e n tio n e d e a r lie r [1 1 ].
2 7 , 3 3 ) to b e te s te d a t a ll. T h is a s s u m e s fre q u e n c y c h a n g e rs ), a n d A C -D C o r D C - c o m m itte e s if th e y c a ll u p th is b a s ic te s t
th a t th e s o u r c e o f th e tr ip le n h a r m o n ic s o n A C c o n v e r te r s , w ill te n d to b e B u t e v e n if a p r o d u c t o r g e n e r ic s ta n d a rd m e th o d in th e ir p r o d u c t o r g e n e r ic
th e m a in s s u p p ly is p e r fe c tly b a la n c e d , s o s im u lta n e o u s ly a p p lie d to a ll th r e e p h a s e s c o m m itte e d id c o m e u p w ith a n e x a m p le s ta n d a r d s . It is v e r y s im ila r to th e
th a t th e ir tr ip le n e m is s io n s c a n c e l o u t in n e tw o r k th a t s im u la te d a r e a l- life 'P e r f o r m a n c e C r it e r ia ' A , B , C ( a n d
w ith r e s p e c t to th e n e u tr a l. B u t o th e r
th e th r e e - p h a s e s u p p ly , b u t th is is o fte n n o t in s ta lla tio n c o m p le te w ith a ll o f its o th e r s o m e tim e s D ) a lr e a d y c o m m o n ly u s e d ,
s o u r c e s o f in te r h a r m o n ic s , s u c h a s m a in s
th e c a s e in r e a l life ( s e e la te r ) . lo a d s , it w ill r e s o n a te a t d iffe r e n t w h ic h fir s t a p p e a r e d in th e g e n e r ic
s ig n a llin g , m ig h t b e d iffe r e n t.
fr e q u e n c ie s th a n r e a l- life in s ta lla tio n s , im m u n ity s ta n d a r d s .
s im p ly b e c a u s e e v e r y m a in s n e tw o r k w ith
 R e a l-life w a v e fo r m d is to r tio n
O n -s ite te s tin g a n d E N 6 1 0 0 0 -4 -1 3

4 3 24 24
D e te r m in in g a P A S S o r a F A IL S o , in th e a b s e n c e o f a n y m o r e s p e c ific O n - s ite te s tin g to E N 6 1 0 0 0 - 4 - 1 3 is a s A ll ty p e s o f p r o d u c ts
in fo r m a tio n o n th e ty p e o f p r o d u c t a n d its e a s y to d o a s la b o r a to r y te s tin g . T h e o n ly
U n fo r tu n a te ly , E N 6 1 0 0 0 - 4 - 1 3 d o e s n o t a p p lic a tio n , it is s u g g e s te d h e r e th a t if th e r e q u ir e m e n ts a r e th a t th e c lim a tic R e a l-life w a v e s h a p e is s u e s
s p e c ify h o w to d e te r m in e w h e th e r a n E U T r e s u lts o f te s t D a r e to b e ju d g e d P A S S E D c o n d itio n s a r e s u ita b le fo r th e E U T ,
h a s p a s s e d o r fa ile d its te s ts . T h is is o r F A IL E D a c c o r d in g to c la s s ific a tio n s b ) a u x ilia r y e q u ip m e n t a n d te s t e q u ip m e n t; T h e d is c u s s io n o f th e E N 6 1 0 0 0 - 4 - 1 3 te s ts
n o r m a l fo r th e b a s ic te s t s ta n d a r d s in th e o r c ) in c la u s e 9 th e n te s ts B , C 1 a n d C 2 a n d th a t th e E M e n v ir o n m e n t is n o t s o a b o v e s h o w s th a t it d o e s n o t te s t fo r a ll
E N /IE C 6 1 0 0 0 - 4 s e r ie s b u t s e llin g a s h o u ld a ll b e a p p lie d ( d e s p ite F ig u r e s 1 a s e v e r e th a t it in te r fe r e s w ith th e E U T th e p o s s ib le e ffe c ts o f d is to r te d m a in s
p r o d u c t w ith a d a ta s h e e t th a t s a y s it a n d 1 b ) a n d th e ir r e s u lts ju d g e d P A S S E D ( m a k in g it d iffic u lt to te ll w h e th e r it is th e w a v e fo r m s . E x te n d in g th e fr e q u e n c y
a c h ie v e s c la s s ific a tio n d ) to E N 6 1 0 0 0 - 4 - o r F A IL E D a c c o r d in g to c la s s ific a tio n a ) . e n v ir o n m e n t o r th e te s t th a t is c a u s in g th e ra n g e o f th e E N 6 1 0 0 0 -4 -1 3 te s ts , a n d /o r
1 3 is p o te n tia lly m is le a d in g to a n fu n c tio n a l p e r fo r m a n c e to g o o u t o f in c r e a s in g th e te s t le v e ls , a n d /o r u s in g te s t
u n in fo r m e d p u r c h a s e r ( a n d a jo k e to a It is a ls o s u g g e s te d th a t a F A IL is r e c o r d e d s p e c ific a tio n ) . w a v e fo r m s th a t b e tte r s im u la te th e
p u r c h a s e r fa m ilia r w ith th e s ta n d a r d ) . if th e E U T b e c o m e s u n s a fe d u r in g a n y o f a n tic ip a te d r e a l- life h a r m o n ic a n d
C la s s ific a tio n d ) c a n n e v e r b e a s s o c ia te d th e s e te s ts , e m its a n y s m o k e , o r o th e r w is e It is a ls o v e r y im p o r ta n t to e n s u r e th a t o n - in te r h a r m o n ic d is to r tio n s a n d e ffe c ts o f
w ith a P A S S d e c is io n , in a n y c a s e . d is p la y s u n a c c e p ta b le b e h a v io u r , e v e n if s ite te s ts d o n o t c a u s e in te r fe r e n c e . W h e n s y s te m re s o n a n c e s (s e e a b o v e ), c a n h e lp
th e is s u e c o n c e r n e d is n o t c o v e r e d in th e n o t u s in g te s t g e n e r a to r s c o m m e r c ia lly p r o d u c e m o r e r e lia b le a n d /o r s a fe r
M o s t o f th e h a r m o n ic s a n d in te r h a r m o n ic s a g re e d p e rfo rm a n c e s p e c ific a tio n . a v a ila b le fr o m w e ll- k n o w n E M C te s t g e a r p ro d u c ts .
te s te d b y E N 6 1 0 0 0 -4 -1 3 c a n b e e x p e c te d m a n u fa c tu re rs , g e n e ra to rs th a t u s e P W M
to b e c o n tin u a lly p r e s e n t, o r a t le a s t T e s t re p o rt te c h n iq u e s h a v e th e p o te n tia l to e m it S in c e m o s t c o m m e r c ia lly a v a ila b le E N
fr e q u e n t in r e a l life , s o o n ly c la s s ific a tio n a ) e n o r m o u s a m o u n ts o f in te r fe r e n c e a n d 6 1 0 0 0 - 4 - 1 3 te s t g e n e r a to r s e m p lo y
w ill d o fo r a P A S S r e s u lt in th e te s t r e p o rt C la u s e 1 0 o f E N 6 1 0 0 0 - 4 - 1 3 d e s c r ib e s v e r y s e r io u s a tte n tio n to filte r in g ( a n d a r b itr a r y w a v e fo r m g e n e r a to r s , th e r e is n o
( s e e b e lo w ) . T h e r e is n o w a y th a t w h a t is to b e in c lu d e d in th e te s t r e p o r t, fo r m a y b e s h ie ld in g ) m a y b e r e q u ir e d ( s e e r e s tr ic tio n o n th e w a v e fo r m th a t c a n b e
c la s s ific a tio n s b ) o r c ) w o u ld b e a c c e p ta b le fu ll c o m p lia n c e te s tin g . T h is lis t is n o t la te r ) . c r e a te d . S o it is p o s s ib le fo r th e m to s u m
in s u c h s itu a tio n s , b e c a u s e th e y w o u ld re p e a te d h e re . n u m e r o u s h a r m o n ic s a n d in te r h a r m o n ic s
m e a n th a t th e p r o d u c t w o u ld n o t fu n c tio n to g e th e r to r e c r e a te r e a l- life w a v e fo r m s .
c o r r e c tly , a ll o r m o s t o f th e tim e . It is a g o o d id e a to in c lu d e d e ta ils o f th e ( S o m e c o m m e r c ia l g e n e r a to r s m a y h a v e
te s t g e n e r a to r v e r ific a tio n ( s e e a b o v e ) a n d u s e r - in te r fa c e s o ftw a r e th a t lim its th e
B u t s o m e h a r m o n ic s a n d in te r h a r m o n ic s a ju d g e m e n t o n w h e th e r th e te s t g e n e r a to r w a v e fo rm s th a t c a n b e c re a te d . S o m e
m a y o n ly b e p re s e n t o c c a s io n a lly fo r is fu n c tio n in g c o r r e c tly , e ith e r in th e E M C m a y a ls o h a v e p r o b le m s d r iv in g r e a l
e x a m p le m a in s s ig n a llin g . F o r s o m e ty p e s T e s t R e p o r t o r in s o m e o th e r Q A d is to r te d w a v e fo r m s in to r e a l lo a d s . S o
o f p ro d u c t, in s o m e a p p lic a tio n s , s o m e c o n tr o lle d d o c u m e n t. T h is is s o th a t y e a r s a lw a y s c h e c k w ith th e m a n u fa c tu r e r fir s t.)
fu n c tio n s m a y b e a llo w e d to d e g ra d e to la te r , w h e n a ll th e p e r s o n n e l h a v e
c la s s ific a tio n s b ) o r e v e n c ) fo r h a rm o n ic s c h a n g e d , it c a n s till b e d is c o v e r e d w h e th e r In in d u s tr ia l e n g in e e r in g it is o fte n th e
o r in te r h a r m o n ic s th a t o n ly o c c u r a p a r tic u la r te s t h a d b e e n d o n e w ith a fu lly c a s e th a t th e o p e r a tio n a l s ite o f a
in te r m itte n tly . w o r k in g g e n e r a to r . p a r tic u la r p r o d u c t ( o fte n a c u s to m -
e n g in e e r e d e q u ip m e n t) is k n o w n , s o its
U n fo r tu n a te ly , E N 6 1 0 0 0 - 4 - 1 3 g iv e s n o m a in s w a v e fo r m c a n b e c a p tu r e d b y a n
in fo r m a tio n o n w h ic h o f its te s ts r e la te to o s c illo s c o p e o r h a r m o n ic a n a ly s e r a n d
in fr e q u e n t d is to r tio n s a n d w h ic h d o n o t. re c re a te d b y a n E N 6 1 0 0 0 -4 -1 3 te s te r to
A ls o , its te s t s e q u e n c e s in F ig u r e s 1 a a n d te s t w h e th e r th e p r o d u c t w ill o p e r a te a s
1 b ( c la u s e 8 ) d o n o t p e r m it th e s e p a r a tio n d e s ir e d in its r e a l- life e n v ir o n m e n t.
o f te s t D , ( w h ic h m ig h t b e c o n s id e r e d a n
in te r m itte n t d is tu r b a n c e ) fr o m te s ts B , C 1 F o r p ro d u c ts m a d e in la r g e r v o lu m e s a n d
a n d C 2 , w h ic h a r e m o r e lik e ly to b e w h ic h m a y b e u s e d in a v a r ie ty o f
c o n s id e r e d c o n tin u o u s o r fr e q u e n t e n v ir o n m e n ts , it s h o u ld b e p o s s ib le to ta k e
d is tu r b a n c e s . th e in fo r m a tio n fr o m [2 9 ], o r m a k e a
n u m b e r o f m e a s u re m e n ts o f m a in s
w a v e fo rm s , a n d te s t th e p ro d u c t to e n s u re
4 5 4 6
it w ill w o r k c o r r e c tly in a n y o f its lik e ly in te r h a r m o n ic fr e q u e n c y c o m p o n e n ts u s e d R e a l-life r e s o n a n c e is s u e s lis te d te s t le v e ls ( o r m o r e ) w o u ld g iv e e v e n
o p e r a tio n a l s ite s . b y E N 6 1 0 0 0 -4 -1 3 a re u n d e rs to o d to b e m o r e c o n fid e n c e o f r e lia b le o p e r a tio n in
b a s e d u p o n th e y e a r s o f a n a ly s e s o f r e a l S y s te m re s o n a n c e s a re a c o m m o n c a u s e r e a l life .
It is u s u a l to o n ly c o n s id e r h a r m o n ic s a n d m a in s w a v e fo r m s r e p o r te d u p o n in E N o f m a n y r e a l- life in te r fe r e n c e p r o b le m s
in te rh a rm o n ic s u p to 4 0 tim e s th e 6 1 0 0 0 - 2 - 2 [2 9 ]. B u t, a p a r t fr o m its fir s t tw o d u e to h a r m o n ic s a n d in te r h a r m o n ic s , a n d B e tte r s till d e v is e a m a n u a lly - tu n e d
fu n d a m e n ta l ( 2 k H z fo r 5 0 H z m a in s , 2 .4 k H z te s ts ( A 1 a n d A 2 , s e e e a r lie r ) E N 6 1 0 0 0 - 4 - th e y w ill g e n e r a lly c o in c id e w ith o n ly o n e e x te r n a l im p e d a n c e b a s e d o n th e
fo r 6 0 H z ) a s is d o n e in E N 6 1 0 0 0 - 4 - 1 3 1 3 a p p lie s in d iv id u a l h a r m o n ic a n d fr e q u e n c y a t a tim e . T h is im p lie s th a t th e s ta n d a r d m a in s im p e d a n c e s g iv e n in
b u t m o d e r n s e m ic o n d u c to r s c a n s w itc h in te r h a r m o n ic c o m p o n e n ts o n e a t a tim e , s in g le - fr e q u e n c y te s ts in E N 6 1 0 0 0 -4 -1 3 A n n e x A o f E N 6 1 0 0 0 - 4 - 1 3 b u t w ith a d d e d
s o r a p id ly th a t it m a y b e n e c e s s a r y in s o th e m a in s w a v e fo r m s it a p p lie s to th e ( te s ts B , C 1 , C 2 a n d D ) m ig h t h e lp 't e s t - in d u c ta n c e a n d c a p a c ita n c e , a n d tr a c k th e
p r a c tic e to c o n s id e r h ig h e r fr e q u e n c ie s . E q u ip m e n t U n d e r T e s t ( E U T ) a r e m u c h a s - in - r e a l- life ' ( a b b r e v ia te d to T A R L b y d is to r tio n fr e q u e n c y a p p lie d d u r in g te s ts B ,
s im p le r th a n th o s e it w ill e x p e r ie n c e in r e a l th e F o rd M o to r C o m p a n y ) a fte r a ll if C 1 a n d C 2 , a n d /o r D . T h e e x tr a d w e ll tim e
W h ils t it is tr u e th a t re a l w a v e fo rm s c a n b e th e ir te s t le v e ls w e r e in c r e a s e d to
'd e g e n e r a te d ' in to lis ts o f h a r m o n ic s a n d life . r e q u ir e d b y te s t B a t r e s o n a n t fr e q u e n c ie s
c o r r e s p o n d to th e le v e ls th a t c a n o c c u r a t w o u ld a p p ly to a ll o f th e te s te d
in te r h a r m o n ic s , e a c h w ith its a m p litu d e re s o n a n c e .
In p a r tic u la r , s p u r io u s z e r o -c ro s s in g s th a t fr e q u e n c ie s , m a k in g it q u ite a lo n g te s t.
(a n d p h a s e , in th e c a s e o f th e h a rm o n ic s )
c a n o c c u r in r e a l life , a n d w h ic h c a n c a u s e T w o k in d s o f r e s o n a n t n e tw o r k w o u ld b e
it r e q u ir e s th e s u m m a tio n o f a ll o f th o s e B u t E N 6 1 0 0 0 -4 -1 3 u s e s a te s t g e n e ra to r
p r o b le m s fo r m a n y ty p e s o f e q u ip m e n t r e q u ir e d o n e th a t w a s s e r ie s - r e s o n a n t
fre q u e n c y c o m p o n e n ts to re c re a te th e w ith a v e r y lo w - im p e d a n c e o u tp u t, w h ic h
( s e e e a r lie r ) m a y n o t b e a c c u ra te ly a n d o n e th a t w a s p a r a lle l- r e s o n a n t
w a v e fo rm . is n o t r e p r e s e n ta tiv e o f a n y r e a l m a in s
re c re a te d b y a n y o f th e te s ts in E N 6 1 0 0 0 - d o u b lin g th e te s t tim e .
T h e le v e ls o f th e h a r m o n ic s a n d 4 -1 3 . n e tw o r k o r lo c a l g e n e r a tio n . R e s o n a n c e s
c a n o c c u r d u e to th e m a in s in p u t s ta g e o f T e s tin g in th is w a y w o u ld h e lp e n s u r e th a t
th e p r o d u c t, a n d te s t B ( s e e e a r lie r ) r e a l- life m a in s n e tw o r k s w e r e u n lik e ly to
A n e x a m p le o f th e e ffe c t o f th e p h a s e o f a h a r m o n ic s e a r c h e s fo r th e s e a n d d w e lls a t th e m fo r c a u s e u n r e lia b le o p e r a tio n . T e s t tim e w ill
o n a m a in s w a v e fo r m
a lo n g e r p e r io d . B u t s y s te m r e s o n a n c e s b e r e d u c e d if a n 'a c t iv e ly c o n t r o lle d '
a r e n o t s im u la te d e x c e p t w h e n E N 6 1 0 0 0 - e x te r n a l im p e d a n c e is d e v is e d , th a t h a s a
4 - 1 3 h a s b e e n c a lle d u p b y a p r o d u c t o r r e s o n a n c e ( s e r ie s a n d th e n p a r a lle l) th a t
g e n e r ic s ta n d a r d w h o s e c o m m itte e s a u to m a tic a lly tr a c k s th e a d d e d h a r m o n ic
d e c id e d to in c lu d e a n “ e x te r n a l o r in te r h a r m o n ic fr e q u e n c y .
im p e d a n c e n e tw o r k ” ( s e e e a r lie r ) .
R e a l-life m a g n e tic fie ld is s u e s
E v e n s o , th e u s u a l im p e d a n c e n e tw o rk s
ju s t s im u la te th e w ir in g a n d tr a n s fo rm e rs , A s m e n tio n e d e a r lie r , E N 6 1 0 0 0 - 4 - 1 3
a n d d o n 't s im u la t e t h e c a p a c it a n c e th a t d o e s n o t te s t fo r m a g n e tic fie ld c o u p lin g o f
w ill e x is t in r e a l m a in s n e tw o r k s w h e n m a in s h a r m o n ic a n d in te r h a r m o n ic n o is e .
o th e r e q u ip m e n t is c o n n e c te d to th e m , s o T h e b e s t w a y to te s t fo r th e s e is to u s e th e
s u c h te s ts w o u ld n o t d is c o v e r th e 'lif t in g E N 6 1 0 0 0 - 4 - 8 te s t b u t fe e d d is to r te d
c r a n e ' p r o b le m m e n tio n e d e a r lie r [1 1 ]. m a in s c u r r e n t w a v e fo r m s ( in s te a d o f p u r e
s in e w a v e s ) in to th e c o il th a t g e n e r a te s th e
If it is d e s ir e d to te s t fo r th e p o s s ib ility o f m a g n e tic fie ld . T h e d is to r te d w a v e fo r m s
s y s te m r e s o n a n c e s b u t th e m a in s n e tw o rk c a n b e th o s e th a t a re u s e d b y te s ts A 1 ,
im p e d a n c e is n o t k n o w n , o r is s u b je c t to A 2 , B , C 1 , C 2 a n d D , b u t o f c o u rs e th e y
v a r ia tio n s a s e q u ip m e n t is a d d e d o r w ill b e c u r r e n t w a v e fo r m s in s te a d o f
r e m o v e d o v e r tim e , it m a y b e a g o o d id e a v o lta g e w a v e fo r m s . T h e v o lta g e w ill b e
to te s t u s in g E N 6 1 0 0 0 - 4 - 1 3 a s d e s c r ib e d w h a te v e r is r e q u ir e d to d r iv e th e c o il ( s e e
b e lo w b u t to a t le a s t d o u b le th e le v e ls o f th e S a fe ty N o te b e lo w ) . T h e R E O
th e h a r m o n ic s o n te s ts A 2 , B , C 1 , C 2 a n d H a n d b o o k o n te s tin g to E N 6 1 0 0 0 - 4 - 8 [3 0 ]
D . T e s tin g w ith th r e e o r fo u r tim e s th e w ill b e h e lp fu l.
4 7
S y s te m re s o n a n c e s o f th e s e r ie s ty p e
a m p lify th e h a r m o n ic a n d in te rh a rm o n
c u r r e n ts , le a d in g to m o r e p o w e rfu l
m a g n e tic fie ld s a t th e ir r e s o n a n t
fr e q u e n c ie s , s o to b e s u r e o f c o v e r in g
p r o b le m te s t w ith a t le a s t tw ic e th e te s
le v e ls g iv e n in E N 6 1 0 0 0 - 4 - 1 3 . (T h re e
m o r e tim e s w o u ld g iv e e v e n g re a te r
c o n fid e n c e o f r e a l- life r o b u s tn e s s .)
R e a l-life e le c tr ic fie ld is s u e s
A s w a s m e n tio n e d e a r lie r , E N 6 1 0 0 0 - 4 - 1 3
d o e s n o t te s t fo r e le c tr ic fie ld c o u p le d
m a in s h a r m o n ic s a n d in te r h a r m o n ic s .
T h e r e is n o b a s ic IE C te s t s ta n d a r d fo r
im m u n ity to lo w - fr e q u e n c y e le c tr ic fie ld s ,
b u t th e y a r e e a s y to te s t fo r u s in g a p a r a lle l
p la te s tr ip lin e , T E M c e ll, o r th e tr ip la te
b e lo v e d b y F o r d M o to r C o m p a n y E M C
d e p a r tm e n t. M o s t E M C te s t la b s h a v e o n e
o r m o r e s u c h d e v ic e s , e s p e c ia lly th o s e
w h o d o m ilita r y o r a u to m o tiv e p r o d u c t
te s tin g , a lth o u g h th e s iz e o f E U T th e y c a n
te s t m a y b e lim ite d .
H o w e v e r , a t th e s e lo w fr e q u e n c ie s it is
v e r y e a s y to m a k e y o u r o w n p a r a lle l p la te
s tr ip lin e o u t o f s h e e ts o f m e ta l a n d p la s tic
s p a c e r s , o r e v e n lo n g w ir e s , a n d th e y c a n
b e m a d e la r g e e n o u g h to fit th e v e r y
la r g e s t p r o d u c ts . ( C o n s tr u c tio n a l d e ta ils
a r e n o t g iv e n in th is b o o k le t.) T h e d is to r te d
m a in s w a v e fo r m s s h o u ld b e a p p lie d
b e tw e e n th e to p a n d b o tto m p la te s ( o r
w ir e s ) o f th e s e e le c tr ic - fie ld g e n e r a tin g
d e v ic e s , th e d is to r te d w a v e fo r m s u s e d c a n
b e ta k e n fro m te s ts A 1 , A 2 , B , C 1 , C 2 a n d
D ( s e e e a r lie r ) .
S y s te m re s o n a n c e s o f th e p a r a lle l k in d c a n
a m p lify th e h a r m o n ic a n d in te r h a r m o n ic
v o lta g e s , le a d in g to m o r e p o w e r fu l e le c tr ic
fie ld s a t th e ir r e s o n a n t fr e q u e n c ie s . T o b e
s u re o f c o v e r in g th is p r o b le m , te s t w ith a t
le a s t tw ic e th e te s t le v e ls g iv e n in E N
6 1 0 0 0 - 4 -1 3 . T e s tin g w ith le v e ls th a t a r e
c a n th r e e o r m o r e tim e s h ig h e r w o u ld g iv e
ic e v e n g r e a te r c o n fid e n c e th a t th e d e s ig n
w o u ld b e r o b u s t e n o u g h in r e a l life .
th is A lte r n a tiv e ly , a s lo w ly - s w e p t o r s te p p e d
t fr e q u e n c y c a n b e a p p lie d to th e p la te s ,
o r w ith s u ffic ie n t v o lta g e to g e n e r a te th e
r e q u ir e d fie ld s , v a r y in g th e te s t le v e l
a c c o r d in g ly ( it w ill n e e d to b e h ig h e s t a t
th e fu n d a m e n ta l) .
S a fe ty N o te : W h e n w o r k in g w ith v o lta g e s
a b o v e 3 0 V a .c . (rm s ) o r 4 2 V d .c . o r e a rth
le a k a g e c u r r e n ts a b o v e 0 .7 m A , u s e a ll
r e le v a n t e le c tr ic a l s a fe ty p r e c a u tio n s . If
y o u d o n 't u n d e r s t a n d e x a c t ly w h a t t h is
m e a n s , a n d if y o u a r e n 't v e r y f a m ilia r w it h
th e r e le v a n t s a fe ty s ta n d a r d s h a v e
s o m e o n e w h o is q u a lifie d a n d c o m p e te n t
in th is a r e a s o r t it o u t fo r y o u . E le c tr ic a l
a n d e le c tr o n ic e n g in e e r s a r e k ille d e v e r y
y e a r b y e le c tr ic ity d o n 't le t it b e y o u !
R e a l-life c o m m o n -m o d e v o lta g e is s u e s
A s m e n tio n e d e a r lie r : E N 6 1 0 0 0 -4 -1 3 d
n o t te s t fo r c o m m o n -m o d e h a r m o n ic
in te r h a r m o n ic c o n d u c te d v o lta g e s in
a n d d a ta c a b le in p u ts o r o u tp u ts (c a u s e
b y e a r th /g r o u n d v o lta g e d iffe r e n c e s
b e tw e e n th e p ro d u c ts c o n n e c te d b y
c a b le s ) .
E N 6 1 0 0 0 - 4 - 1 6 [3 1 ] is th e b a s ic te s t
m e th o d to u s e fo r th is ty p e o f in te r fe r e n c e .
It in c lu d e s te s t le v e ls u p to 3 V r m s , fr o m
d .c . to 1 5 0 k H z , n o is e v o lta g e s th a t a r e
c le a r ly c a p a b le o f c a u s in g s ig n ific a n t
le v e ls o f in te r fe r e n c e in in a d e q u a te ly -
d e s ig n e d e le c tr o n ic p r o d u c ts
in te r c o n n e c te d b y c a b le s .
T h re e -p h a s e p ro d u c ts
E N 6 1 0 0 0 - 4 - 1 3 a s s u m e s ( c la u s e 8 .2 .5 )
th a t h a r m o n ic s in th r e e - p h a s e s y s te m s
a r e p e r fe c tly b a la n c e d , in m a g n itu d e a n d
in p h a s e b u t th is is o fte n n o t th e c a s e
in p r a c tic e fo r r e a s o n s . In s o m e
in s ta lla tio n s th e h a r m o n ic s c a n b e v e r y
s ig n ific a n tly u n b a la n c e d , e s p e c ia lly th e
tr ip le n h a r m o n ic s a n d th is m ig h t c r e a te
p r o b le m s fo r s o m e p r o d u c ts th a t p a s s e d
te s ts w ith b a la n c e d h a r m o n ic s a n d n o
tr ip le n s ( a s s p e c ifie d b y E N 6 1 0 0 0 - 4 - 1 3 ) .
T h e h a r m o n ic e m is s io n s fr o m m o s t th r e e -
p h a s e e q u ip m e n t a r e u s u a lly n a tu r a lly
b a la n c e d , a n d if th e y h a v e n e u tr a ls ( i.e .
a r e 's t a r ' o r 'w y e ' c o n n e c t e d ) t h e ir t r ip le n
h a r m o n ic s ( 3 , 9 , 1 5 , 2 1 , 2 7 , 3 3 ) w ill
c a n c e l o u t in s id e th e m s e lv e s . If th e y d o
n o t h a v e n e u t r a ls ( i. e . t h e y a r e 'd e lt a '
c o n n e c te d ) th e ir tr ip le n s a r e e m itte d in to
th e s u p p ly in b a la n c e o n a ll th r e e
c o n d u c to r s , a n d c a n c e l th e m s e lv e s o u t a t
o e s
th e fir s t s ta r - c o n n e c te d tr a n s fo r m e r th e y
a n d o f s in g le - p h a s e e q u ip m e n t m a y b e
c o m e to , s o th e y d o n o t p ro p a g a te v e ry
s ig n a l
fa r w ith in th e m a in s d is tr ib u tio n s y s te m .
d b a la n c e th e ir to ta l V A lo a d in g s , b u t th e
If a p r o d u c t is c o n n e c te d to th e s a m e
b r a n c h o f m a in s d is tr ib u tio n th a t s u p p ly
w e ll- b a la n c e d s ta r c o n n e c te d n o n - lin e a r
lo a d s , th e le v e ls o f tr ip le n h a r m o n ic s it
e x p e r ie n c e s w ill b e v e r y s m a ll, u s u a lly
n e g lig ib le . B u t if is to b e c o n n e c te d to th e
s a m e b r a n c h a s a d e lta c o n n e c te d th r e e -
p h a s e n o n - lin e a r lo a d , th e E U T w ill b e
e x p o s e d to b a la n c e d le v e ls o f v o lta g e
d is to r tio n o n its s u p p ly a t th e tr ip le n
fr e q u e n c ie s .
B u t in m a n y in s ta lla tio n s s in g le - p h a s e
e q u ip m e n t is th e m a jo r c a u s e o f tr ip le n s .
If it is u n lik e ly th a t th e V A lo a d s o f th e
s in g le - p h a s e e q u ip m e n t w ill b e w e ll-
b a la n c e d a c r o s s a ll th r e e p h a s e s , it is
e v e n m o r e u n lik e ly th a t th e ir h a r m o n ic
c o n tr ib u tio n s w ill b e w e ll- b a la n c e d . s o w ill n o t b e c o n ta in e d to o n e b r a n c h
4 8
F o r e x a m p le , if in a n o ffic e b u ild in g th e r e
a r e 3 0 0 0 P C s a n d v is u a l d is p la y m o n ito r s ,
1 0 0 0 o f th e m c o n n e c te d to e a c h p h a s e ,
th e r e is v e r y little c h a n c e th a t th e lo a d in g
o n e a c h p h a s e w ill m a tc h to w ith in ± 3 0 % .
T h is is e s p e c ia lly tr u e b e c a u s e m o d e r n
P C s a n d P C m o n ito r s a r e fitte d w ith
e n e r g y - s a v in g m e a s u r e s th a t d r a m a tic a lly
r e d u c e th e ir p o w e r c o n s u m p tio n if e ith e r
th e k e y b o a rd o r th e m o u s e h a s n o t b e e n
u s e d fo r a w h ile .
A s im ila r p r o b le m w ith lo a d b a la n c in g
a r is e s w ith a b u ild in g fitte d w ith e n e r g y -
s a v in g lig h ts , th a t s w itc h o n a n d o ff
a c c o r d in g to o c c u p a n c y d e te c to r s , o r
a c c o r d in g to th e le v e l o f n a tu r a l lig h t in
e a c h a r e a . T h e s e tw o e x a m p le s o f
b a la n c in g s in g le - p h a s e lo a d s a s s u m e d a
la r g e n u m b e r o f id e n tic a l ite m s o f
e q u ip m e n t ( P C s , m o n ito r s , lig h ts ) a n d
s h o w e d th a t a c h ie v in g a g o o d lo a d
b a la n c e in p r a c tic e is u n lik e ly in r e a l life .
B u t in m a n y r e a l s itu a tio n s d iffe r e n t k in d s
a llo c a te d to d iffe r e n t p h a s e s to tr y to
d iffe r e n t k in d s o f e q u ip m e n t w ill e m it
d iffe r e n t le v e ls o f h a r m o n ic c u r r e n ts in
p r o p o r tio n to th e ir V A r a tin g , s o it w ill b e
a lm o s t im p o s s ib le to b a la n c e b o th th e ir V A
lo a d s a n d th e ir h a r m o n ic e m is s io n s . It w ill
b e tr u ly im p o s s ib le to b a la n c e th e ir V A
a n d th e ir lo a d in g a t e a c h in d iv id u a l
h a r m o n ic fr e q u e n c y .
T h e r e s u lt o f u n e q u a l V A b a la n c in g o f
s in g le - p h a s e lo a d s is u n e q u a l lo a d in g p e r
p h a s e a n d u n e q u a l p h a s e v o lta g e s
( u s u a lly c a lle d p h a s e im b a la n c e ) . T h e
r e s u lt o f u n e q u a l h a r m o n ic lo a d in g is
u n e q u a l le v e ls o f h a r m o n ic s o n th e th r e e
p h a s e s , in c lu d in g th e tr ip le n s . T h e
u n b a la n c e d p r o p o r tio n o f a tr ip le n w ill
p a s s th ro u g h s ta r-c o n n e c te d tra n s fo rm e rs ,
b u t

4 9
s p r e a d w id e ly th r o u g h o u t a m a in s
d is tr ib u tio n n e tw o r k , e v e n v ia M V ( a n d
p o s s ib ly H V ) in te r c o n n e c tio n s .
E N 6 1 0 0 0 - 4 - 1 3 d o e s n o t r e q u ir e d e lta
c o n n e c te d th r e e - p h a s e e q u ip m e n t to b e
te s te d w ith tr ip le n h a r m o n ic s , s in c e th is
w o u ld b e a w a s te o f te s tin g tim e w h e n
te s tin g w ith p e r fe c tly b a la n c e d tr ip le n s . B u t
a s th e a b o v e d is c u s s io n h a s s h o w n , in
m a n y r e a l- life th r e e - p h a s e s y s te m s it is
m o r e lik e ly th a t n o n e o f th e h a r m o n ic s ,
in c lu d in g th e tr ip le n s , w ill b e b a la n c e d .
T o p r o v e th a t s ta r a n d d e lta c o n n e c te
e q u ip m e n t w ill fu n c tio n r e lia b ly in th r e
p h a s e s y s te m s w ith u n b a la n c e d h a r m
it w ill b e n e c e s s a r y to d o a d d itio n a l te
to th a t d e s c r ib e d b y E N 6 1 0 0 0 - 4 - 1 3 .
O b v io u s ly , v e r y m a n y u n b a la n c e d
h a r m o n ic v o lta g e r a tio s c o u ld o c c u r in
lif e , a n d w e d o n 't w a n t t o h a v e t o t e s t
a ll.
In th e a b s e n c e o f a n y s p e c ific
o f th e c h a r a c te r is tic s o f th e m
th e p r o d u c t w ill b e u s e d o n , it
th a t m o s t th re e -p h a s e e q u ip m
M o s t th r e e -p h a s e s y s te m s h a v e u n b a la n c e d h a r m o n ic s
w h e n th e m a jo r ity o f th e lo a d is s in g le -p h a s e
fu lly to E N 6 1 0 0 0 - 4 - 1 3 , b u t in c lu d in g th e
tr ip le n fr e q u e n c ie s . In a d d itio n , it is
s u g g e s te d th a t th e te s ts a r e r e p e a te d w ith
a ll o f th e h a r m o n ic s a n d in te r h a r m o n ic s
a p p lie d to a t le a s t o n e o f th e p h a s e s ( w ith
r e s p e c t to th e n e u tr a l) . T h e s c h e m a tic
s h o u ld b e s tu d ie d to id e n tify th e p h a s e
th a t w ill b e th e m o s t s u s c e p tib le , a n d th a t
is th e o n e th a t s h o u ld b e te s te d . F o r
e x a m p le , th is s h o u ld b e a n y p h a s e th a t is
u s e d fo r m e a s u r in g th e m a in s fr e q u e n c y
o r d e te c tin g z e r o - c r o s s in g s o r o th e r
c h a r a c te r is tic s o f th e m a in s w a v e fo r m . If
d m o r e th a n o n e p h a s e c o u ld b e s u s c e p tib le
e - fo r d iffe r e n t r e a s o n s , te s t e a c h o n e .
o n ic s If th e p r o d u c t p r e s e n ts a s y m m e tr ic a l lo a d ,
s tin g a n d n o re a s o n c a n b e fo u n d fo r a n y p h a s e
to b e a n y m o r e s u s c e p tib le th a n a n y o th e r ,
c h o o s e o n e a t r a n d o m a n d r e c o r d it in th e
re a l te s t r e p o r t. W h e r e th e r e is in s u ffic ie n t
th e m k n o w le d g e o f th e d e s ig n o f th e p r o d u c t, fo r
g r e a te s t c o n fid e n c e , r e lia b ility a n d
k n o w le d g e fu n c tio n a l s a fe ty ( w h e r e a p p r o p r ia te ) it is
a in s s u p p ly s u g g e s te d th a t e a c h o f th e th re e p h a s e s
is s u g g e s te d b e te s te d in tu r n , to b e s u r e o f te s tin g th e
e n t is te s te d m o r e s u s c e p tib le o n e ( s ) .
P r e v e n tin g th e te s ts fr o m c a u s in g (o r s u ffe r in g ) in te r fe r e n c e
5 0
I m p o r t a n t S a f e t y N o t e : D o n 't f o r g e t t h a t If e ith e r o f th e a b o v e s itu a tio n s a r is e s , th e r e
in te r fe r e n c e , e s p e c ia lly w ith a ir c r a ft o r a re a n u m b e r o f is s u e s th a t w ill n e e d to b e
o th e r v e h ic u la r s y s te m s , s o m e m a c h in e r y ta k e n in to a c c o u n t to s u p p re s s th e
o r p ro c e s s c o n tro l s y s te m s , a n d in te r fe r in g fr e q u e n c ie s e ffe c tiv e ly . S u ita b le
im p la n te d e le c tr o n ic d e v ic e s s u c h a s filte r in g a n d s h ie ld in g te c h n iq u e s a re
p a c e m a k e r s , c a n h a v e le th a l d e s c r ib e d in [3 2 ].
c o n s e q u e n c e s a n d a p p r o p r ia te
p r e c a u tio n s m u s t b e ta k e n to m a k e s u r e A s e le c tio n o f ty p ic a l R E O F ilte r s fo r
th a t n o b o d y s s a fe ty is c o m p r o m is e d b y A C s u p p lie s
E N 6 1 0 0 0 - 4 - 1 3 te s tin g . It is a ls o a g o o d
id e a to ta k e p r e c a u tio n s w h e r e th e r e is a
p o s s ib ility o f s ig n ific a n t fin a n c ia l lo s s
b e in g c a u s e d b y th e in te r fe r e n c e fr o m o n -
s ite te s tin g .
If th e te s t g e n e r a to r h a s b e e n d e s ig n e d
w e ll it s h o u ld n o t e m it h ig h le v e ls o f
h a r m o n ic s , in te r h a r m o n ic s o r R F
in te r fe r e n c e in to th e m a in s s u p p ly th a t
fe e d s it, a n d its o u tp u t w a v e fo r m s
( d is to r te d m a in s v o lta g e s ) w ill a ls o b e fr e e
o f R F n o is e . R F s u p p r e s s io n a t th e in p u ts
a n d o u tp u ts o f th e te s t g e n e r a to r is n o t a
s m a ll c o n c e r n . M o d e r n te s t g e n e r a to r s
a lm o s t a lw a y s u s e p u ls e - w id th - m o d u la te d
s w itc h - m o d e te c h n iq u e s in th e ir p o w e r
a m p lifie r s to g e n e r a te th e ir o u tp u t s ig n a ls , A n e x a m p le o f a lo w -c o s t s h ie ld e d te n t
a n d th e s e a r e v e r y r ic h in d e e d in R F
e n e rg y .
O f c o u rs e , th e E U T m u s t o p e ra te p ro p e r ly
in th e fir s t p la c e , a n d if te s tin g o n a s ite
th a t s u ffe r s fr o m h ig h le v e ls o f E M
d is tu r b a n c e s it m a y b e n e c e s s a r y to u s e
filte r in g a n d s h ie ld in g te c h n iq u e s to b e
a b le to d is tin g u is h th e e ffe c ts o f th e
a m b ie n t n o is e fr o m th e e ffe c ts o f th e te s t.
S im ila r ly , w h e r e th e R F e m is s io n s
( c o n d u c te d o r r a d ia te d ) fr o m th e te s t
g e n e r a to r its e lf m ig h t in te r fe r e w ith th e
E U T , a u x ilia r y e q u ip m e n t, o th e r te s t g e a r
o r a n y o th e r e q u ip m e n t, it m a y b e
n e c e s s a r y to u s e filte r in g a n d s h ie ld in g
te c h n iq u e s to p r e v e n t th is fr o m
h a p p e n in g .
 A lte r n a tiv e g e n e r a to r s a n d te s t m e th o d s

5 1 5 2
It m a y b e p o s s ib le to s h ie ld th e s y s te m c o n s tru c tin g e q u ip m e n t th a t e m p lo y s 'P r e - c o m p lia n c e t e s t in g ' is a n u n d e f in e d m u s t b e ta k e n fr o m th e m a in s v ia a s a fe ty -
b e in g te s te d fr o m in c o m in g o r o u tg o in g R F h a z a rd o u s v o lta g e s , a lw a y s fu lly a p p ly th e te r m , b u t u s u a lly m e a n s te s tin g w ith le s s is o la tin g s te p - d o w n tr a n s fo r m e r th a t
w ith a s h ie ld e d te n t, a n d filte r e a c h o f th e la te s t v e r s io n s o f a ll r e le v a n t p a rts o f th e a c c u r a te te s t e q u ip m e n t, o r te s tin g in a c o m p lie s fu lly w ith th e r e le v a n t p a r t o f E N
c a b le s e n te r in g o r le a v in g th e te n t a t le a s t E N /IE C 6 1 0 1 0 s e r ie s , a t le a s t. m u c h s h o r te r tim e th a n th e s ta n d a r d 6 1 5 5 8 fo r th e m a in s v o lta g e c o n c e r n e d
w ith a la r g e fe r r ite c la m p o r n u m b e r o f a llo w s , o r b o th . T e s tin g u s in g a lte r n a tiv e (s e e th e Im p o r ta n t S a fe ty N o te a b o v e ).
s m a ll c lip - o n fe r r ite c la m p s , p la c e d a t th e R E O is o la tin g tr a n s fo r m e r w ith lo w m e th o d s fr o m th o s e in E N 6 1 0 0 0 - 4 - 1 3 C a r e s h o u ld b e ta k e n to e n s u r e th a t th e
p o in t w h e r e th e c a b le p e n e tr a te s th e te n t. p r im a r y to s e c o n d a r y c a p a c ita n c e s c a n n o t g iv e a n y r e a l c o n f id e n c e t h a t 'f u ll- a u d io r e c o r d in g le v e l is h ig h e n o u g h th a t
F e r r is h ie ld , In c . m a k e s o m e v e r y la r g e c o m p lia n c e ' te s ts fo r im m u n ity to th e a d d e d n o is e is in s ig n ific a n t, b u t n o t s o
fe r r ite s fo r th is p u r p o s e : th e ir C S 2 8 B 2 0 0 0 h a r m o n ic s a n d in te r h a r m o n ic s w o u ld b e h ig h th a t it o v e r d r iv e s th e r e c o r d e r s in p u t
h a s its p e a k im p e d a n c e a t 3 0 0 M H z , p a s s e d . a n d a d d s to th e d is to r tio n o f th e w a v e fo r m .
C S 2 5 B 2 0 0 0 a t 7 0 0 M H z , a n d C S 2 0 B 2 0 0 0
a t 2 . 4 5 G H z . D o n 't f o r g e t t h a t f o r a B u t s u c h n o n - c o m p lia n t te s ts m a y b e T h e s e s ig n a ls c a n th e n b e p la y e d b a c k
s h ie ld e d te n t ( o r o th e r e n c lo s u r e , s u c h a s v a lu a b le fo r im p r o v in g th e r e lia b ility o r th ro u g h a s u ita b ly ra te d p o w e r a m p lifie r
m e s h o v e r a w o o d e n fra m e w o rk ) to b e q u a lity o f a p r o d u c t, a n d th e y m a y e v e n ( h ir e d if n e c e s s a ry , n o t a h i- fi a m p lifie r
e ffe c tiv e u s u a lly r e q u ir e s a s h ie ld e d b a s e b e b e tte r a t d o in g th is th a n fu ll te s tin g to e v e n if its r a tin g s s e e m a d e q u a te ) to
th a t is jo in e d to th e w a lls a ll a r o u n d its E N 6 1 0 0 0 -4 -1 3 if th e y a r e b e tte r a t p r o v id e th e m a in s p o w e r to th e E U T .
e d g e s . It m ig h t n o t b e e n o u g h to s im p ly s im u la tin g th e a c tu a l m a in s w a v e fo r m s ,
v o lta g e s a n d c u r r e n ts th a t th e p r o d u c t T y p e s o f E U T th a t d o n o t m e a s u re th e
d r a p e a fiv e - s id e d s h ie ld in g te n t ( o r m e s h m a in s fr e q u e n c y , o r d e te c t its z e r o -
s tr u c tu r e ) o v e r th e e q u ip m e n t b e in g te s te d . c o u ld b e e x p o s e d to in r e a l- life ( s e e
e a r lie r ) . c r o s s in g s o r o th e r c h a ra c te r is tic s
If w o r k in g o n e x p o s e d liv e e q u ip m e n t, a n a n d w h ic h u s e r e c tifie r - c a p a c ito r m a in s
is o la tin g tr a n s fo r m e r m a y b e a b le to b e T h e te s t s e t-u p s a re e a s y to a c h ie v e in a in p u ts m a y s im p ly n e e d to b e te s te d
u s e d to h e lp r e d u c e e le c tr ic s h o c k ty p ic a l m a n u fa c tu r in g c o m p a n y , a s th e y w ith …
h a z a r d s . I t is b e s t t o c h o o s e s p e c ia l 'h ig h R E O is o la tin g tr a n s fo r m e r s d o n 't r e q u ir e s p e c ia l te s t c h a m b e rs b u t
s e e th e e a r lie r s e c tio n p r e v e n tin g th e s e i) th e w o r s t- c a s e c lip p e d ( fla t- to p p e d )
is o la tio n ' ty p e s o f tr a n s fo r m e r s , w h ic h h a v e s in e w a v e s a t th e lo w e s t R M S v o lta g e
a v e r y lo w v a lu e o f p r im a r y - to - s e c o n d a r y te s ts fro m c a u s in g in te r fe r e n c e .
s p e c ifie d o n th e ir r a tin g p la te , a n d …
c a p a c ita n c e , p lu s c h o o s e tr a n s fo r m e r s th a t A n u m b e r o f a lte r n a tiv e te s t g e n e ra to rs
a r e r a te d fo r th e lik e ly s u r g e le v e ls ( a t le a s t a n d te s t m e th o d s c a n b e u s e d w h e re E N ii) th e h ig h e s t p e a k v o lta g e s e v e r lik e ly to
6 k V , u s in g th e IE C 6 1 0 0 0 - 4 - 5 te s t m e th o d ) 6 1 0 0 0 - 4 - 1 3 c o m p lia n c e is n o t re q u ir e d . In b e e x p e r ie n c e d .
to h e lp e n s u r e s a fe ty . p a r tic u la r , g e n e r a to r s th a t c r e a te d is to r te d
If th e h ig h e s t p e a k v o lta g e s c a u s e d b y
H ig h - is o la tio n tra n s fo rm e rs m a y a ls o b e w a v e fo r m s d ir e c tly , in s te a d o f
v o lta g e to le r a n c e s a n d w a v e fo r m
u s e d to h e lp p re v e n t h a rm o n ic s a n d s y n th e s is in g th e m fr o m s in e w a v e s in
d is to r tio n a r e k n o w n o r c a n b e e s tim a te d ,
in te r h a rm o n ic s te s ts fr o m in je c tin g R F s o m e F o u r ie r s e r ie s c o u ld b e u s e d . T e s ts
th e y c a n e a s ily b e a p p lie d to th e E U T b y
n o is e in to th e m a in s d is tr ib u tio n n e tw o rk o f w ith s u c h w a v e fo r m s c o u ld ta k e a lo t le s s
p a s s in g w h a te v e r m a in s s u p p ly is
th e re s t o f a s ite . tim e th a n r u n n in g th o u g h th e w h o le s e r ie s
a v a ila b le a t th e tim e th r o u g h a s te p - u p
o f 's in g le - d is t o r t in g - f r e q u e n c y ' te s ts in E N
tr a n s fo r m e r a n d a v a r ia b le tr a n s fo r m e r . It
Im p o r ta n t S a f e t y N o t e : A lw a y s ta k e a ll 6 1 0 0 0 -4 -1 3 .
is s u g g e s te d te s tin g w ith th is le v e l o f
s a fe ty p re c a u tio n s w h e n w o r k in g w ith o v e r v o lta g e fo r a t le a s t a w e e k ( a fte r a ll,
h a z a rd o u s v o lta g e s , s u c h a s 2 3 0 V o r O n e te c h n iq u e w o u ld b e to m a k e
s ta n d a r d a u d io fr e q u e n c y re c o r d in g s o f p r o d u c ts m a y h a v e to s u r v iv e it fo r th e ir
4 0 0 V (3 -p h a s e ) e le c tr ic ity . If y o u a r e n o t e n tir e life ) . A n E U T th a t is n o t d a m a g e d b y
s u re a b o u t a ll o f th e s e p r e c a u tio n s th e ty p ic a l ( o r w o r s t- c a s e ) d is to rte d
w a v e fo rm s th a t p ro d u c ts m a y b e e x p o s e d s u c h a te s t is m u c h le s s lik e ly to b e
o b ta in a n d fo llo w th e g u id a n c e o f a d a m a g e d b y r e a l- life o v e r v o lta g e s c a u s e d
q u a lifie d a n d c o m p e te n t e le c tr ic a l h e a lth to , e v e n u s in g a n a u d io c o m p a c t c a s s e tte
re c o r d e r if n e c e s s a ry . T h e a u d io s ig n a l b y h a r m o n ic s o r in te r h a r m o n ic s .
a n d s a fe ty a t w o rk p e rs o n . W h e n
 C o r r e la tin g a lte r n a tiv e te s t D e t e r m in in g a n 'e n g in e e r in g
m e th o d s w ith E N 6 1 0 0 0 -4 -1 3 m a r g in '

5 3 5 4
T h e re a re m a n y o th e r p o s s ib ilitie s fo r B u t w h e n fo llo w in g th e T e c h n ic a l W h e n a n a lte r n a tiv e te s t g e n e r a to r o r E v e n h a v in g E N 6 1 0 0 0 - 4 - 1 3 fu lly a p p lie d
a lte r n a tiv e te s t g e n e r a to r s a n d a lte r n a tiv e C o n s tr u c tio n F ile ( T C F ) r o u te u n d e r m e th o d is u s e d fo r d e s ig n , d e v e lo p m e n t, b y th e s a m e a c c r e d ite d E M C te s t
te s t m e th o d s , a n d th is b o o k le t d o e s n o t 8 9 /3 3 6 /E E C ( o r w h e n n o t fu lly a p p ly in g o r tr o u b le s h o o tin g a fte r a te s t fa ilu r e , la b o r a to r y c a n n o t g u a r a n te e th a t a g iv e n
s e e k to lim it th e in g e n u ity o f e le c tr ic a l a n d h a r m o n is e d s ta n d a r d s u n d e r r e p e a ta b ility o f th e te s t is v e r y im p o r ta n t E U T w ill b e e x p o s e d to e x a c tly th e s a m e
e le c tr o n ic e n g in e e r s , a lw a y s a s s u m in g th a t 2 0 0 4 /1 0 8 /E C ) it m a y b e p o s s ib le to ( e v e n th o u g h th e c o r r e la tio n w ith E N s tim u li e a c h tim e it is te s te d . B u t if E M C
h e a lth a n d s a fe ty is th e p r im e c o n c e r n a n d p e rs u a d e th e m a n d a to ry C o m p e te n t B o d y 6 1 0 0 0 - 4 - 1 3 m a y n o t b e ) . A ll s u c h te s ts e n fo rc e m e n t a g e n ts te s t a p ro d u c t, th e y
e n s u r e d b y s u ita b ly q u a lifie d a n d ( o r o p tio n a l N o tifie d B o d y ) th a t th e w ill n e e d to fo llo w a p r o c e d u r e th a t h a s a r e u n lik e ly to u s e th e s a m e te s t
c o m p e te n t p e o p le (s e e th e Im p o r ta n t a lte r n a tiv e te s ts a n d te s t m e th o d s b e e n c a r e fu lly w o r k e d o u t to h e lp e n s u r e la b o r a to r y o r m o d e l o f te s t g e n e r a to r a s
S a fe ty N o te a b o v e ). r e p r e s e n t th e e n v ir o n m e n t th a t th e p r o d u c t th a t a d e q u a te r e p e a ta b ility is a c h ie v e d . t h e m a n u f a c t u r e r . S o , a n 'e n g in e e r in g
is g o in g in to a n d th e r e is n o n e e d to a p p ly m a r g in ' is r e c o m m e n d e d , b e c a u s e …
F o r a ll b u t c o m p lia n c e a n d 'p r e - E N 6 1 0 0 0 - 4 - 1 3 a s w e ll. T h is a r g u m e n t W h e n a lte r n a tiv e m e th o d s a r e u s e d a s
c o m p lia n c e ' te s ts , u s in g a n u n c a lib r a te d w o u ld p r o b a b ly b e e a s ie r to w in fo r a p a rt o f a Q A p ro g ra m m e , o r to c h e c k p T h e r e m ig h t b e v a r ia tio n s in th e a c tu a l
te s t ( fo r w h ic h th e q u a n tita tiv e c u s to m - d e s ig n e d ( b e s p o k e ) in d u s tr ia l v a r ia n ts , u p g r a d e s , o r s m a ll m o d ific a tio n s , w a v e fo r m s p r o d u c e d b y d iffe r e n t
m e a s u r e m e n t is n o t tr a c e a b le to th e p r o d u c t in te n d e d fo r u s e a t a s p e c ifie d a 'g o ld e n p r o d u c t ' is r e c o m m e n d e d t o a c t m o d e ls o f g e n e r a to r s w h e n te s tin g th e
n a tio n a l p h y s ic a l s ta n d a r d s ) is n o t v e ry s ite , th a n it w o u ld b e fo r p o r ta b le p r o d u c ts a s a s o r t o f 'c a lib r a t io n ' f o r t h e t e s t s a m e p ro d u c t;
im p o r ta n t. B u t it is v e r y im p o r ta n t fo r a n y o r e q u ip m e n t th a t c o u ld b e u s e d in a e q u ip m e n t a n d te s t m e th o d . G o ld e n
te s ts to b e r e p e a ta b le s o c o n s is te n c y is p r o d u c t te c h n iq u e s a llo w lo w - c o s t E M C p T h e r e c a n b e v a r ia tio n s in th e te s t
n u m b e r o f lo c a tio n s o r s ite s . m e th o d s , e v e n w h e n a p p lie d b y th e
a lw a y s r e q u ir e d in th e te s t e q u ip m e n t a n d te s t g e a r a n d fa s te r te s t m e th o d s to b e
te s t m e th o d o lo g y . u s e d w ith m u c h m o r e c o n fid e n c e . R e fe r s a m e s ta ff a t th e s a m e te s t la b o r a to r y ,
to s e c tio n 1 .9 o f [3 3 ] fo r a d e ta ile d le a d in g to d iffe r e n t r e s u lts ;
D u r in g d e s ig n , d e v e lo p m e n t o r Q A te s tin g , d e s c r ip tio n o f h o w to u s e th e g o ld e n
a lw a y s tr y to r e p r o d u c e th e fin a l a s s e m b ly p S e r ia lly - m a n u fa c tu r e d p r o d u c ts h a v e
p r o d u c t c o r r e la tio n m e th o d . v a r ia b le im m u n ity p e r fo r m a n c e d u e to
o f th e c ir c u it b e in g te s te d ( s h ie ld in g , e a r th
b o n d in g , p r o x im ity to m e ta l o b je c ts o r If a lte r n a tiv e m e th o d s a r e u s e d to g a in c o m p o n e n t a n d a s s e m b ly to le r a n c e s
s tr u c tu r e s , e tc .) , a s th e s tr a y in d u c ta n c e s s u ffic ie n t c o n fid e n c e fo r d e c la r in g (e .g . v a r ia tio n s in th e r o u te s ta k e n b y
a n d c a p a c ita n c e s in th e fin a l b u ild s ta te c o m p lia n c e to th e E M C D , th e g o ld e n c a b le s o r c a b le b u n d le s , in s o m e ty p e s
c a n h a v e a n im p o r ta n t e ffe c t o n th e p r o d u c t m e th o d is v e r y s tr o n g ly o f p r o d u c ts , m ig h t m a k e th e m m o re
b e h a v io u r o f t h e p r o d u c t , e s p e c ia lly 'n o is e ' r e c o m m e n d e d . W ith o u t a g o ld e n p r o d u c t lik e ly to p ic k u p m a g n e tic a lly - c o u p le d
p ic k u p fr o m m a g n e tic a n d e le c tr ic fie ld s o r s o m e s im ila r b a s is fo r c o r r e la tin g a n o is e ) ;
c o u p lin g fr o m th e m a in s c ir c u its . A n d p r o p e r c o m p lia n c e te s t ( u s in g E N 6 1 0 0 0 -
S o , w h e n te s tin g a n e x a m p le p r o d u c t to
a lw a y s c a r e fu lly r e c o r d a ll th e d e ta ils o f th e 4 - 1 3 ) w ith th e a lte r n a tiv e m e th o d a c tu a lly
E N 6 1 0 0 0 - 4 - 1 3 in a fu lly c o m p lia n t
te s t s e t- u p s a n d b u ild s ta te s in th e te s t u s e d , th e a lte r n a tiv e m e th o d m ig h t o n ly
m a n n e r , p e r fo r m in g a n a d d itio n a l te s t w ith
d o c u m e n ta tio n . D ig ita l p h o to g r a p h s c a n b e p r o v id e a n y c o n fid e n c e a t a ll if g r o s s
a t le a s t 2 0 % h ig h e r le v e ls o f h a rm o n ic s
v e r y u s e fu l, e s p e c ia lly if a n n o ta te d a t th e le v e ls o f o v e r te s tin g a r e a p p lie d , a n d th is
a n d in te r h a r m o n ic s is s u g g e s te d , w ith th e
tim e . c a n r e s u lt in v e r y e x p e n s iv e p r o d u c ts .
p r o d u c t s till m e e tin g its r e q u ir e d fu n c tio n a l
W h e n s e lf- d e c la r in g c o m p lia n c e to th e T h e c lo s e r a te s t m e th o d is to u s in g th e s p e c ific a tio n s .
E M C d ir e c t iv e u s in g t h e 'S t a n d a r d s R o u t e ' p r o p e r te s t tr a n s d u c e r s a n d m e th o d o lo g y
W h e r e a m a n u fa c tu r e r is u s in g a n
to c o n fo r m ity ( A r tic le 1 0 .1 o f [3 ]) in E N 6 1 0 0 0 - 4 - 1 3 , th e m o r e lik e ly it is th a t
a lte r n a tiv e te s t g e n e r a to r o r te s t m e th o d to
e v e n if a lte r n a tiv e te s t g e n e r a to r s h a v e a g o o d c o r r e la tio n w ill b e a c h ie v e d . S o
th a t d e s c r ib e d b y E N 6 1 0 0 0 - 4 - 1 3 , a la r g e r
b e e n u s e d to s im u la te th e o p e r a tin g te s tin g w ith a m a in s w a v e fo r m th a t h a s
e n g in e e r in g m a r g in is r e c o m m e n d e d (b u t
e n v ir o n m e n t a n d h e lp a c h ie v e r e lia b ility b e e n a m p lifie d fr o m o u tp u t o f a c a s s e tte
h o w m u c h la r g e r is v e r y h a rd to d e te rm in e
p a s s in g fu ll c o m p lia n c e te s ts to E N 6 1 0 0 0 - ta p e r e c o r d e r ( fo r e x a m p le ) m ig h t o n ly b e
o th e r th a n b y d ir e c t c o m p a r is o n o f th e
4 -1 3 c a n h e lp a v o id th e p o s s ib ility o f le g a l a b le to c o r r e la te d w ith E N 6 1 0 0 0 - 4 - 1 3 fo r
e ffe c ts o f th e d iffe r e n t te s t m e th o d s o n th e
c h a lle n g e s in th e fu tu r e . a p a r tic u la r b u ild s ta te o f a s p e c ific
s a m e E U T ).
p ro d u c t.
 R e fe re n c e s

5 5 5 6
T h e n e e d fo r e n g in e e r in g m a r g in s [1 ] IE C 6 1 0 0 0 -4 -1 3 :2 0 0 2 , [7 ] B a n a n a S k in N o . 1 0 4 , s u p p lie d b y [1 3 ] “P o w e r S y s te m H a rm o n ic s , P a rt 3 :
“E le c tr o m a g n e tic C o m p a tib ility ( E M C ) N ic k M a r o u d a s P h D , E M C + C o m p lia n c e P r o b le m s C a u s e d b y D is to rte d S u p p lie s ” ,
P a r t 4 - 1 3 : T e s tin g a n d m e a s u re m e n t J o u r n a l, O c to b e r 2 0 0 0 , s e e [1 2 ] fo r R . Y a c a m in i, IE E P o w e r E n g in e e r in g
te c h n iq u e s H a r m o n ic s a n d d o w n lo a d s . J o u r n a l, O c to b e r 1 9 9 5 , p p 2 3 3 2 3 8 ,
in te r h a r m o n ic s in c lu d in g m a in s s ig n a llin g a v a ila b le fr o m th e IE E lib ra ry :
a s a .c . p o w e r p o r t, lo w fr e q u e n c y im m u n ity [8 ] “A C D r iv e s : H a r m o n ic M itig a tio n ” , b y h ttp ://w w w .ie e .o r g .u k /L ib ra ry ,
te s ts ”. Ia n C E v a n s o f H a r m o n ic S o lu tio n s C o , in lib d e s k @ ie e .o r g .u k .
E le c tr ic ity + C o n tr o l, N o v e m b e r 2 0 0 4 , p p
[2 ] E N 6 1 0 0 0 - 4 - 1 3 :2 0 0 2 “ E le c tr o m a g n e tic 4 1 4 8 . [1 4 ] “P o w e r S y s te m H a r m o n ic s , P a rt 4 :
C o m p a tib ility ( E M C ) P a rt 4 -1 3 : T e s tin g In te rh a r m o n ic s ”, R . Y a c a m in i, IE E P o w e r
a n d m e a s u r e m e n t te c h n iq u e s [9 ] “ E n g in e e r in g T e c h n ic a l R e p o r t E T R E n g in e e r in g J o u r n a l, A u g u s t 1 9 9 6 , p p 1 8 5
H a r m o n ic s a n d in te r h a r m o n ic s in c lu d in g 1 2 2 , D r a ft 4 .6 .3 , F e b r u a r y 2 0 0 2 : G u id e to 1 9 3 , a v a ila b le fr o m th e IE E lib ra ry :
m a in s s ig n a llin g a s a .c . p o w e r p o r t, lo w th e A p p lic a tio n o f E n g in e e r in g h ttp ://w w w .ie e .o rg .u k /L ib r a r y ,
fr e q u e n c y im m u n ity te s ts " R e c o m m e n d a tio n G 5 /4 In th e lib d e s k @ ie e .o rg .u k .
A s s e s s m e n t o f H a r m o n ic V o lta g e
E N 6 1 0 0 0 - 4 - 1 3 r e q u ir e s te s tin g to n o t [3 ] E u r o p e a n U n io n D ir e c tiv e 8 9 /3 3 6 /E E C D is to r tio n a n d C o n n e c tio n o f N o n - L in e a r [1 5 ] “P o w e r Q u a lity A p p lic a tio n G u id e
e x c e e d th e s p e c ifie d m a x im u m te s t le v e l, ( a s a m e n d e d ) o n E le c tr o m a g n e tic E q u ip m e n t to th e E le c tr ic ity S u p p ly S e c tio n 3 .1 H a r m o n ic s ” , C o p p e r
to a v o id d a m a g e to th e p ro d u c t b u t if C o m p a t ib ilit y . T h e D ir e c t iv e 's o f f ic ia l E U S y s te m in th e U K ” , E le c tr ic ity A s s o c ia tio n D e v e lo p m e n t A s s o c ia tio n , s e le c t it fr o m
th e c u s to m e r re q u e s ts te s tin g to h ig h e r h o m e p a g e in c lu d e s a d o w n lo a d a b le S e r v ic e s L im ite d 2 0 0 0 , 3 0 M illb a n k , th e lis t a t:
le v e ls th e te s t la b o r a to r y s h o u ld b e h a p p y v e r s io n o f th e c u r r e n t E M C D ir e c tiv e a n d L o n d o n , S W 1 P 4 R D , h ttp ://w w w .c d a .o rg .u k /P Q P /P Q A G .h tm o r
to o b lig e . its s u c c e s s o r ; a ta b le o f a ll th e E N h ttp ://w w w .e le c tr ic ity .o r g .u k g o d ir e c t to :
s ta n d a r d s lis te d u n d e r th e D ir e c tiv e ; a h ttp ://w w w .c d a .o r g .u k /m e g a b 2 /e le c a p p s /
A s fa r a s d o in g th e m in im u m r e q u ir e d to
g u id a n c e d o c u m e n t o n h o w to a p p ly th e [1 0 ] “P o w e r Q u a lity A p p lic a tio n G u id e p u b 5 0 1 /3 1 _ lo _ R 2 .p d f.
a c h ie v e a p r e s u m p tio n o f c o n fo r m ity to th e
D ir e c tiv e ; lis ts o f a p p o in te d E M C S e c tio n 3 .1 .1 In te r h a r m o n ic s ” , C o p p e r
E M C D ir e c tiv e is c o n c e r n e d s a v in g [1 6 ] “W h y th e E le c tr ic ity In d u s tr y N e e d s to
C o m p e te n t B o d ie s ; e tc ., a ll a t: D e v e lo p m e n t A s s o c ia tio n , s e le c t it fr o m
c o s ts a n d /o r tim e b y u s in g a lte r n a tiv e te s t C o n tro l th e H a r m o n ic E m is s io n s a n d
h ttp ://e u r o p a .e u .in t/c o m m /e n te r p r is e / th e lis t a t:
g e n e r a to r s o r te s t m e th o d s c a n le a d e ith e r V o lta g e C h a n g e s A s s o c ia te d w ith
e le c tr _ e q u ip m e n t/e m c /in d e x .h tm . h ttp ://w w w .c d a .o rg .u k /P Q P /P Q A G .h tm o r
to o v e r - e n g in e e r in g o r to n o n - c o m p lia n c e . E q u ip m e n t R a te d L e s s T h a n 1 6 A ” , G e o ff
T h e a d d itio n a l c o s t to m a k e th e p r o d u c t [4 ] E u r o p e a n U n io n D ir e c tiv e g o d ir e c t to : F in la y , E M C T L A S e m in a r o n E N 6 1 0 0 0 -3 -
p a s s th e a lte r n a tiv e te s t m e th o d w ith th e 2 0 0 4 /1 0 8 /E C o n E le c tro m a g n e tic h ttp ://w w w .c d a .o r g .u k /m e g a b 2 /e le c a p p s 2 a n d E N 6 1 0 0 0 -3 -3 , 1 9 th M a y 2 0 0 0 ,
n e c e s s a r y e n g in e e r in g m a r g in s s h o u ld b e C o m p a tib ility ( 2 n d E d itio n ) , fr o m : /p u b 5 0 4 /3 _ 1 _ 1 _ L o w .p d f h ttp ://w w w .e m c tla .c o .u k .
w e ig h e d a g a in s t th e c o s t o f d o in g th e h ttp ://e u r o p a .e u .in t/e u r - le x /le x / [1 1 ] “D o e s Y o u r S y s te m H a v e 5 0 H z [1 7 ] “ P o w e r Q u a lity G u id e ” , R E O ( U K ) L td ,
te s tin g p r o p e r ly . L e x U r iS e r v /s ite /e n /o j/2 0 0 4 /l_ 3 9 0 / Im p e d a n c e M y o p ia ” , R o n N e a le , E M C d o w n lo a d v ia th e “ P o w e r Q u a lity ” lin k a t
l_ 3 9 0 2 0 0 4 1 2 3 1 e n 0 0 2 4 0 0 3 7 .p d f E n g in e e r in g E u r o p e , M a r c h 1 9 9 8 , p a g e 5 . h ttp ://w w w .re o .c o .u k /k b a s e .p h p .
[5 ] “ P o w e r S y s te m H a r m o n ic s , P a rt 1 : [1 2 ] B a n a n a S k in N o . 5 9 , U K E M C
H a r m o n ic S o u r c e s ” , R . Y a c a m in i, IE E [1 8 ] B a n a n a S k in N o . 7 , U K E M C J o u r n a l,
J o u r n a l, A u g u s t 1 9 9 9 , p a g e 5 , a v a ila b le A u g u s t 1 9 9 9 , p a g e 5 , s e e [1 2 ] fo r
P o w e r E n g in e e r in g J o u r n a l, A u g u s t 1 9 9 4 , fro m th e “B a n a n a S k in s c o m p e n d iu m ” , v ia
p p 1 9 3 1 9 8 , a v a ila b le fr o m th e IE E d o w n lo a d s .
h ttp ://w w w .c o m p lia n c e - c lu b .c o m o r a t:
lib r a r y : h ttp ://w w w .ie e .o r g .u k /L ib ra ry , h ttp ://w w w .c o m p lia n c e - c lu b .c o m / [1 9 ] B a n a n a S k in N o . 1 , U K E M C J o u r n a l,
lib d e s k @ ie e .o r g .u k a r c h iv e 1 /B a n a n a s k in s .h tm . O th e r A u g u s t 1 9 9 9 , p a g e 5 , s e e [1 2 ] fo r
[6 ] “P o w e r S y s te m H a r m o n ic s , P a rt 2 : e x a m p le s o f p r o b le m s c a u s e d b y m a in s d o w n lo a d s .
M e a s u re m e n ts a n d C a lc u la tio n s ”, R . h a r m o n ic d is to r tio n in c lu d e B a n a n a S k in s [2 0 ] “P o w e r Q u a lity fo r V a r ia b le S p e e d
Y a c a m in i, IE E P o w e r E n g in e e r in g J o u r n a l, N o 's 1 , 7 , 7 3 , 1 0 1 , 1 0 2 , 1 0 4 , 1 6 2 a n d 2 0 0 D r iv e s ”, a 'M in i G u id e ' p u b lis h e d b y R E O
F e b ru a ry 1 9 9 5 , p p 5 1 5 6 , a v a ila b le (U K ) L td , d o w n lo a d v ia th e “ P o w e r Q u a lity ”
fro m th e IE E lib r a r y : lin k fr o m th e K n o w le d g e b a s e a t
h ttp ://w w w .ie e .o r g .u k /L ib r a r y , h ttp ://w w w .r e o .c o .u k /k b a s e .p h p .
lib d e s k @ ie e .o rg .u k .
 T h e A u th o r
5 7 25 28
[2 1 ] “A re Y o u H e a r in g M e ? A n A id fo r th e [2 7 ] C a lifo r n ia In s tr u m e n ts th e ir iX s e r ie s K e ith A r m s tr o n g g r a d u a te d in e le c tr ic a l
D is a b le d L a c k in g E M C P r o te c tio n ” , R o b e rt te s t in s tr u m e n t w ith th e 4 1 3 o p tio n , e n g in e e r in g w ith a B .S c ( H o n s .) fr o m
J H ig g in s o n , U K E M C J o u r n a l, J u n e 1 9 9 8 , w w w .c a lin s t.c o m /4 1 3 .h tm l. Im p e r ia l C o lle g e L o n d o n in 1 9 7 2 , m a jo r in g
p p 1 4 -1 7 , a v a ila b le fr o m th e a r c h iv e s a t in a n a lo g u e c ir c u it d e s ig n a n d
h ttp ://w w w .c o m p lia n c e - c lu b .c o m . [2 9 ] IE C 6 1 0 0 0 -2 - 2 , “ E le c tr o m a g n e tic e le c tr o m a g n e tic fie ld th e o r y , w ith a U p p e r
C o m p a tib ility ( E M C ) P a rt 2 -2 : S e c o n d C la s s H o n o u r s ( C u m L a u d e ) .
[2 2 ] E N /IE C 6 1 0 0 0 -4 -1 “ E le c tr o m a g n e tic E n v ir o n m e n t C o m p a tib ility L e v e ls fo r M u c h o f h is life s in c e th e n h a s in v o lv e d
C o m p a tib ility ( E M C ) P a r t 4 - 1 : T e s tin g L o w -F re q u e n c y C o n d u c te d D is tu r b a n c e s c o n tr o llin g r e a l- life in te r fe r e n c e p r o b le m s
a n d M e a s u re m e n t T e c h n iq u e s O v e r v ie w a n d S ig n a llin g in P u b lic L o w - V o lta g e in h ig h - te c h n o lo g y p r o d u c ts , s y s te m s , a n d
o f th e IE C 6 1 0 0 0 -4 S e r ie s ” . P o w e r S u p p ly S y s te m s “ in s ta lla tio n s , fo r a v a r ie ty o f c o m p a n ie s
[ 2 3 ] T h e I E E 's 2 0 0 0 g u id e : “ E M C & a n d o r g a n is a tio n s in a r a n g e o f in d u s tr ie s .
[3 0 ] “A P ra c tic a l G u id e fo r E N 6 1 0 0 0 -4 -8 ”,
F u n c tio n a l S a fe ty ” , c a n b e d o w n lo a d e d a s R E O (U K ) L td , d o w n lo a d v ia th e
a 'C o r e ' d o c u m e n t p lu s n in e 'I n d u s t r y K e ith h a s b e e n a C h a r te r e d E le c tr ic a l
“ C o m p lia n c e T e s tin g ” lin k a t
A n n e x e s ' fro m E n g in e e r ( U K ) s in c e 1 9 7 8 , a G ro u p 1
h ttp ://w w w .re o .c o .u k /k b a s e .p h p .
h ttp ://w w w .ie e .o r g /P o lic y /A r e a s /E m c / E u r o p e a n E n g in e e r s in c e 1 9 8 8 , a n d h a s
in d e x .c fm . It is r e c o m m e n d e d th a t [3 1 ] E N /IE C 6 1 0 0 0 - 4 - 1 6 “ E le c tr o m a g n e tic K e ith A r m s tr o n g fr o m C h e r r y C lo u g h w r itte n a n d p r e s e n te d a g re a t m a n y
e v e r y o n e d o w n lo a d s th e C o r e d o c u m e n t C o m p a tib ility ( E M C ) P a rt 4 -1 6 : T e s tin g C o n s u lta n ts p a p e r s o n E M C . H e is a p a s t c h a ir m a n o f
a n d a t le a s t r e a d s its fir s t fe w p a g e s . a n d M e a s u re m e n t T e c h n iq u e s T e s t fo r th e IE E ’s P r o fe s s io n a l G ro u p (E 2 ) o n
C o m p ly in g w ith th is IE E g u id e c o u ld Im m u n ity to C o n d u c te d , C o m m o n -M o d e E le c tr o m a g n e tic C o m p a tib ility , is a
r e d u c e e x p o s u r e to lia b ility c la im s . D is tu r b a n c e s in th e F re q u e n c y R a n g e 0 H z m e m b e r o f th e IE E E ’s E M C S o c ie ty , a n d
to 1 5 0 k H z ”. c h a ir s th e IE E ’s W o r k in g G r o u p o n 'E M C
[2 4 ] “E M C - R e la te d F u n c tio n a l S a fe ty A n a n d F u n c t io n a l S a f e t y '.
U p d a te ” , K e ith A r m s tro n g , E M C & [3 2 ] “E M C fo r S y s te m s a n d In s ta lla tio n s T h is g u id e is o n e o f
C o m p lia n c e J o u rn a l, Is s u e N o . 4 4 , P a rt 4 F ilte r in g a n d S h ie ld in g ” , K e ith C o n ta c t: K e ith A rm s tr o n g b y e m a il a t
J a n u a ry 2 0 0 3 , p p 2 4 -3 0 , o n - lin e a t: A rm s tro n g , E M C & C o m p lia n c e J o u r n a l, a s e r ie s . Y o u c a n k e ith .a r m s tro n g @ c h e r r y c lo u g h .c o m o r
h ttp ://w w w .c o m p lia n c e - c lu b .c o m / A u g u s t 2 0 0 0 , p a g e s 1 7 - 2 6 , d o w n lo a d it r e q u e s t a ll p u b lis h e d v is it th e C h e rry C lo u g h w e b s ite
k e ith _ a r m s tro n g .a s p . fro m : h ttp ://w w w .c o m p lia n c e - w w w .c h e r r y c lo u g h .c o m
c lu b .c o m /k e ith _ a r m s tro n g .a s p . a n d fu tu r e g u id e s b y
[2 5 ] “ W h y E M C te s tin g is In a d e q u a te fo r
F u n c tio n a l S a fe ty ” , K e ith A r m s tr o n g , IE E E [3 3 ] “E M C T e s tin g P a rt 1 R a d ia te d s e n d in g a n e m a il to
2 0 0 4 In te r n a tio n a l E M C S y m p o s iu m , E m is s io n s ” , T im W illia m s a n d K e ith m a in @ r e o .c o .u k o r
S a n ta C la r a , A u g u s t 9 - 1 3 2 0 0 4 , IS B N 0 - A rm s tro n g , E M C & C o m p lia n c e J o u rn a l
7 8 0 3 - 8 4 4 3 - 1 , p p 1 4 5 - 1 4 9 . A ls o : F e b ru a ry 2 0 0 1 , p p 2 7 -3 9 . O n - lin e a t fr o m o u r w e b s ite a t
C o n fo r m ity m a g a z in e , M a r c h 2 0 0 5 p p 1 5 - h ttp ://w w w .c o m p lia n c e - c lu b .c o m / w w w .r e o .c o .u k
2 3 , d o w n lo a d a b le v ia k e ith _ a r m s tr o n g .a s p .
h ttp ://w w w .c o n fo r m ity .c o m
E N a n d IE C s ta n d a rd s m a y b e p u rc h a s e d
[ 2 6 ] “ T h e I E E 's T r a in in g C o u r s e o n E M C fr o m th e B r itis h S ta n d a r d s In s titu tio n ( B S I)
fo r F u n c tio n a l S a fe ty ( a ls o fo r h ig h - a t: o r d e r s @ b s i- g lo b a l.c o m . T o e n q u ir e
r e lia b ility a n d le g a l m e tr o lo g y ) ” , v is it a b o u t a p r o d u c t o r s e r v ic e c a ll B S I
h ttp ://w w w .ie e .o r g fo r th e ir e v e n t c a le n d a r C u s to m e r S e r v ic e s o n + 4 4 ( 0 ) 2 0 8 9 9 6
to c h e c k th e d a te o f th e n e x t c o u rs e . If n o 9 0 0 1 o r e m a il th e m a t c s e r v ic e s @ b s i-
c o u r s e s a r e lis t e d c o n t a c t t h e I E E 's g lo b a l.c o m .
F u n c tio n a l S a fe ty P r o fe s s io n a l N e tw o r k
( v ia th e s a m e IE E h o m e p a g e ) a n d a s k . IE C s ta n d a rd s m a y b e p u rc h a s e d w ith a
c r e d it c a rd fro m th e o n - lin e b o o k s to re a t
h ttp ://w w w .ie c .c h , a n d m a n y o f th e m c a n
b e d e liv e re d b y e m a il w ith in th e h o u r.