Dr.

Mohammed Abdel-Hafez
Department of Electrical Engineering

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 Lecture Outline
Proakis: Chapter 7 (US Edition).
 7.1: Frequency Domain Sampling: The
Discrete Fourier Transform (DFT).
 7.2: Properties of the DFT.
 4.3: Linear Filtering Methods based on DFT.
 Practice Questions.
 Assignment 5.

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 The Discrete Fourier Transform

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 The Discrete Fourier Transform

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 Frequency Domain Sampling

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 Frequency Domain Sampling

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 Frequency Domain Sampling

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 Frequency Domain Sampling

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 Intuition

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 Example

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 Example

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 Example

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 Example

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 DTFT, DTFS and DFT

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 Frequency Domain Sampling

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 Frequency Domain Sampling and
Reconstruction

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 Frequency Domain Sampling and
Reconstruction

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 Frequency Domain Sampling and
Reconstruction

= 𝑿(𝒏)

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 Frequency Domain Sampling and
Reconstruction

≠ 𝑿(𝒏)

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 Frequency Domain Sampling and
Reconstruction

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 Example

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Example
conti…..

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 Example Cont…..

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 The Discrete Fourier Transform Pair

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 Example

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 DFT Example

How??? Use
(𝑒 𝑗𝜃 −𝑒 −𝑗𝜃 )
sin 𝜃 =
2𝑗

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 Example Conti….
Magnitude and phase characteristics of the Fourier transform
for signal, 𝐿 = 10

𝜔𝐿
sin
𝑋 𝜔 = 2
𝜔
sin
2
𝜔𝐿
𝐿−1 sin
− 𝜔 2 >0
2 𝜔
sin
𝜃 𝜔 = 2
𝜔𝐿
𝐿−1 sin
𝜋− 𝜔 2 <0
2 𝜔
sin
2

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 Example Conti…..
Magnitude and phase of an N-point DFT L = 10.

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 DFT Properties
 Periodicity. If 𝑥(𝑛) and 𝑋(𝑘) are an N-point DFT pair, then
𝑥(𝑛 + 𝑁) = 𝑥(𝑛) 𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝑎𝑙𝑙 𝑛
𝑋(𝑘 + 𝑁) = 𝑋(𝑘) 𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝑎𝑙𝑙 𝑘

 Linearity. If

then for any real-valued or complex-valued constants 𝑎1 and 𝑎2 ,

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 DFT Properties
 Symmetry: In analogy with all other frequency-domain
transforms, the DFT of a real sequence possesses conjugate
symmetry about the origin with 𝑋(−𝑘) = 𝑋 ∗ (𝑘). Since the DFT is
periodic, 𝑋(−𝑘) = 𝑋(𝑁 − 𝑘). This also implies conjugate
𝑁
symmetry about the index 𝑘 = , and thus,
2
∗
𝑋 −𝑘 = 𝑋 𝑘 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑋 −𝑘 = 𝑋(𝑁 − 𝑘)
 If N is odd, the conjugate symmetry is about the half-integer value
𝑁 𝑁
. The index 𝑘 = is called the folding index.
2 2

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 DFT Properties
 Time reversal of a sequence. If

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 DFT Properties
 Circular Shift and Circular Symmetry
Generating One Period (0 ≤ 𝑛 ≤ 𝑁) of a Circularly
Shifted Periodic Signal
 To generate 𝑥(𝑛 − 𝑛0 ): Move the last 𝑛0 samples of 𝑥(𝑛)
to the beginning.
 To generate 𝑥(𝑛 + 𝑛0 ): Move the first 𝑛0 samples of 𝑥(𝑛)
to the end.
Circular Symmetry for Real Periodic Signals with Period 𝑁
 Circular even symmetry: 𝑥(𝑛) = 𝑥(𝑁 − 𝑛)
 Circular odd symmetry: 𝑥(𝑛) = −𝑥(𝑁 − 𝑛)

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 DFT Properties

Circular shift of a sequence

𝑥(𝑛 − 2). 𝑁 = 4

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 Example

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 Example

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 Example

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 DFT Properties

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 Important DFT Properties

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 Important DFT Properties

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 Circular Properties

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 Modulo Indices and Periodic Repetition

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 Modulo Indices and Periodic Repetition

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 Circular Symmetry and Convolution

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 Example
Perform the circular convolution of the following two
sequences:

 Each sequence consists of four nonzero points.

 The sequences are graphed in a counterclockwise direction on a
circle.
 This establishes the reference direction in rotating one of the
sequences relative to the other.

 𝑥2 −𝑛 is simply the sequence 𝑥 (𝑛) folded, 𝑥3 (0) = 14

4

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Example
Conti….

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Example
Conti….

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 Example
By means of the DFT and IDFT, determine the sequence
𝑥3 (𝑛) corresponding to the circular convolution of the sequences
𝑥1 (𝑛) and 𝑥2 (𝑛) given by

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 Example Conti…

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 Some useful DFT pairs

Proof of exponential DFT:

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 Practical Guidleins
In general, the DFT is only an approximation to the actual (Fourier series
or transform) spectrum of the underlying analog signal. The DFT spectral
spacing and DFT magnitude is affected by the choice of sampling rate and
how the sample values are chosen. The DFT phase is affected by the
location of sampling instants. The DFT spectral spacing is affected by the
sampling duration. Here are some practical guidelines on how to obtain
samples of an analog signal 𝑥(𝑡) for spectrum analysis and interpret the
DFT (or DFS) results.
 Choice of sampling instants: The defining relation for the DFT (or
DFS) mandates that samples of 𝑥(𝑛) be chosen over the range 0 ≤ 𝑛 ≤
𝑁 − 1 (through periodic extension, if necessary). Otherwise, the DFT
(or DFS) phase will not match the expected phase.
 Choice of samples: If a sampling instant corresponds to a jump
discontinuity, the sample value should be chosen as the midpoint of the
discontinuity. The reason is that the Fourier series (or transform)
converges to the midpoint of any discontinuity.

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 Practical Guidelines
Choice of frequency axis: The computation of the DFT (or DFS) is independent of
the sampling frequency 𝑓𝑠 or sampling interval 𝑡𝑠 = 1/𝑓𝑠 . However, if an analog
signal is sampled at a sampling rate 𝑓𝑠 , its spectrum is periodic with period 𝑓𝑠 . The
DFT spectrum describes one period (𝑁 samples) of this spectrum starting
at the origin. For sampled signals, it is useful to plot the DFT (or DFS) magnitude
and phase against the analog frequency 𝐹 = 𝑘𝑓𝑠 /𝑁 𝐻𝑧, 𝑘 = 0, 1, . . . , 𝑁 − 1 (with
spacing 𝑓𝑠 /𝑁). For discrete-time signals, we can plot the DFT against the digital
frequency 𝑓 = 𝑘/𝑁, 𝑘 = 0, 1, . . . , 𝑁 − 1 (with spacing 1/𝑁). These choices are
illustrated bellow

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 Practical Guidelines
Choice of frequency range: To compare the DFT results with
conventional two-sided spectra, just remember that by periodicity, a
negative frequency −𝐹0 (at the index −𝑘0 ) in the two-sided spectrum
corresponds to the frequency 𝑓𝑠 − 𝐹0 (at the index 𝑁 − 𝑘0 ) in the
(one-sided) DFT spectrum.
Identifying the highest frequency: The highest frequency in the
DFT spectrum corresponds to the folding index 𝑘 = 0.5𝑁 and equals
𝑓 = 0.5 for discrete signals or 𝐹 = 0.5𝑓𝑠 Hz for sampled analog
signals. This highest frequency is also called the folding frequency.
For purposes of comparison, its is sufficient to plot the DFT spectra
only over 0 ≤ 𝑘 < 0.5𝑁 (or 0 ≤ 𝑓 ≤ 0.5 for discrete-time signals or
0 ≤ 𝐹 < 0.5𝑓𝑠 Hz for sampled analog signals).

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 Practical Guidelines
Plotting reordered spectra: The DFT (or DFS) may also be plotted as
two-sided spectra to reveal conjugate symmetry about the origin by
creating its periodic extension. This is equivalent to creating a reordered
spectrum by relocating the DFT samples at indices past the folding index 𝑘
= 0.5𝑁 to the left of the origin (because 𝑋(−𝑘) = 𝑋(𝑁 − 𝑘)). This
process is illustrated bellow

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 Practical Guidelines
Summary
 Sampling: Start at 𝑡 = 0. Choose the midpoint value at jumps.
Sample above the Nyquist rate.
𝑘
 Plotting: Plot DFT against index 𝑘 = 0, 1, . . . , 𝑁 − 1 or 𝑓 = or
𝑁
𝑓𝑠
𝐹= 𝑘 Hz.
𝑁
𝑓𝑠 1
 Frequency spacing of DFT samples: ΔF = Hz (analog) or Δ𝑓 =
𝑁 𝑁
(digital frequency).
 Highest frequency: This equals 𝑓 = 0.5 or 𝐹 = 0.5𝑓𝑠 corresponding
𝑁
to the index 𝑘 = .
2
 For long sequences: The DFT magnitude/phase are usually plotted as
continuous functions.

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 DFT in Linear Filtering
 Suppose that we have a finite-duration sequence 𝑥(𝑛) of length L
which excites an FIR filter with impulse response ℎ(𝑛) of length
M. Without loss of generality, let

the duration of 𝑦(𝑛) is L +M − 1.

𝑥(𝑛) 𝑦(𝑛)
𝐻(𝜔)

where {𝑋(𝑘)} and {𝐻(𝑘)} are the N-point DFTs of the corresponding sequences
𝑥(𝑛) and ℎ(𝑛), respectively.
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 Example

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 Example Conti….

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 Example conti….
 Try circular convolution in the time domain after
padding the sequences 𝑥(𝑛) and ℎ(𝑛) with a
sufficient number of zeros forces the circular
convolution to yield the same output sequence as
linear convolution.

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 Example
 Determine the sequence 𝑦(𝑛) that results from the
use of four-point (N=4) DFTs in the previous example

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 Practice Proplems
Chapter 7: (Proakis, US Edition)
7.1, 7.2 (a,c), 7.4(a), 7.7, 7.13, 7.14,
,7.23, 7.25, 7.28

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 Assignment # 5
Due Date: 26/11/2020
Chapter 7: (Proakis, US Edition)
7.2 (b), 7.6, 7.17, 7.23, (d,e,f), 7.29,
7.30

Use Matlab whenever possible to

simply your solution and illustrate
your graphs
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