2018 H2 MA Prelim Compilation - Sigma Notation & MOD (20 Questions with Answers)

ACJC Prelim 9758/2018/01/Q7

1
(i) Express in partial fractions. [1]
x  x  1

(ii) y

x
O 1 2 3 n

1
The graph of y  , for 0  x  n, is shown in the diagram. Rectangles, each of
x  x  1
width 1 unit, are drawn below the curve from x = 1 to x = n, where n  3.
b
1
By considering  
x x  1
where a and b are constants to be found, find the total area
xa
of the n  1 rectangles in terms of n. [3]

1
Find the actual area bounded by the curve y  , the x-axis and the lines x  1
x  x  1
and x  n . [2]

1 1  1 
Hence show that  ln 2   ln 1   for all n  3. [1]
2 n 1  n 1 

Using a standard series from the List of Formulae (MF26), show that, for all n  3,
1  1
 ln 2   . [2]
r 2 r  n  1
2 r

Answers
1 1
(i)  ,
x x 1
1 1
(ii) a = 2, b = n,  , ln n  ln  n  1  ln 2
2 n 1
 (i) AJC Prelim 9758/2018/01/Q4
1
(ii) Express in partial fractions.
(r  1)r (r  1) [2]

n
4
(iii) Hence find  (r  1)r (r  1)
r 2
in terms of n.
[4]

(iv) State the sum to infinity of the series in part (ii). Hence, find the smallest value of n
n
4
for which  is within 10 5 of the sum to infinity.
r 2 ( r  1) r ( r  1) [3]

Answers
1 1 1
(i)  
2(r  1) r 2(r  1)
2 2 2
(ii) 1  or 1  +
n(n  1) n n 1
Least n = 447

CJC Prelim 9758/2018/02/Q1

(i) The sum of the first n terms of a sequence is given by S  n(2n  7) .
n

Show that un  4n  5 and prove that the sequence is an Arithmetic Progression.

[2]
N
1
(ii) Find
 un1  un
in terms of N, where un is the nth term of the arithmetic series
[4]
n 1

in part (i).

1 1 1 [2]
(iii) Hence find the exact value of    .
53  49 57  53 361  357
Answers

(ii)
1
4
 4N  9  3  (iii) 3
DHS Prelim 9758/2018/02/Q3

A sequence un is given by

3
un  , where n and M are positive integers such that n  M  1.
M  n 1

(i) Describe the behaviour of the sequence. [1]

Let S n denote the sum of the first n terms of un .

M
(ii) Write down S1 , S 2 and S3 . Hence find S
n 1
n
in terms of M. [3]

3n
(iii) Show that Sn  . [2]
M
Answers
3
(i) Increasing from to 3 (ii) 3M
M

EJC Prelim 9758/2018/01/Q8

1 2 1 r 2  r 1
(a) (i) Show that, for r  , r  2 ,    . [1]
 r  1! r !  r  1!  r  1!
n
r 2  r 1
Let S n   .
r  2  r  1 !

(ii) Hence find S n in terms of n. [3]

(iii) Show that S n converges to a limit L, where L is to be determined. [2]

(iv) Find the least integer value of n such that S n differs from L by less than 10-10 . [2]

(b) (i) Suppose that f is a continuous, strictly decreasing function defined on [1,  ), with
f ( x )  0 , x  1 . According to the Maclaurin-Cauchy test, then the infinite series


 f (n) is convergent if and only if the integral 


f ( x )dx is finite. By applying the
1
n 1

1
Maclaurin-Cauchy test on the function f defined by f ( x )  , x  1 , determine if the
x

1
infinite series n
n 1
is convergent. [2]

(ii) Let p be a positive number. By considering the Maclaurin-Cauchy test, show that if
 1 1 1
p  1 , the infinite series 1  p
 p  ... p  ... is convergent. [2]
2 3 n
Answers
1 n 1
a (ii)  (iii) L  (iv) the least value of n =14.
2  n  1 ! 2

HCI Prelim 9758/2018/01/Q5

  1 
Let f (r )  cos    r     ,   2k , k  .
  2 

(i) Find f (r )  f (r  1) . [2]

sin (  p ) sin q
(ii) Show that sin   sin (   )  sin (  2  )  ...  sin (  n )  ,
sin 12 

where p and q are constants to be determined in terms of n . [4]

(iii) Deduce an expression for

   3   n 
cos   cos      cos      cos      ...  cos     . [2]
 2  2   2 

Answers
1 n n 1
(i) 2sin(  r  )sin  ; (ii) p  and q 
2 2 2

 n   n  1  
2 cos     sin  
4   4  
(iii)


IJC Prelim 9758/2018/01/Q5

(a) A sequence u1 , u2 , u3 , … is given by
1 1
un  and un 1  un  for n  1 .
n!  n  1!  n !
N
1
(i) Find a simplified expression for   r  1!  r ! . [2]
r 1
 N
1 1
(ii) Hence show that   r  1!  r !  24 . [2]
r 4


(b) D’Alembert’s ratio test states that a series of the form  ar converges when
r 0

an1 a a
lim  1 , and diverges when lim n1  1 . When lim n1  1 , the test is
n an n an n an

(1) r  2 r
inconclusive. Using the test, explain why the series  (2r )!
converges and state the
r 0
sum to infinity of this series. [4]

Answers
1
(ai) 1 
 N  1!
5(b) 1

JJC Prelim 9758/2018/02/Q3

n
1
(i) Using the method of differences, find  r  r  1 .
r 1
[3]

n  1 
Hence find  3 r
 .
r  r  1 
[3]
r 1 

(ii) Use your result in part (i) to show

2N  1  1 1 1 1 
 3 1 r
       2 N 1  .
r  r  1  3 2 N 3 
[3]
r 3 
  1 
Hence find  3 1 r
 .
r  r  1 
[1]
r 3 

Answers
1 1 1  1 1 1
(i) 1  ,   n   , (ii) 
n 1 2  3  n 1 2 3
MJC Prelim 9758/2018/02/Q2

(i) Using the formulae for cos  A  B  , prove that

 1  1 1
cos  r     cos  r     2sin r sin  . [2]
 2  2 2

n
1 1   1 1 
(ii) Hence show that  sin r   2 cosec 2  cos  n  2   cos 2  
r 1
[3]

62
π
(iii) Using the result in (ii), find the exact value for  sin  r  2
r 5
when  
3
. [4]

Answers

(iii)  3

NJC Prelim 9758/2018/01/Q1

The nth term of a sequence is given by un  n ! n  2  , for all positive integers n where n ≥ 2.

Show that

un  un1   n  1! an 2  bn  c 

for some real constants a, b and c to be determined. [2]

Hence find

N 1

  n 1! 2n  6n  6.

n 3
2
[3]

Answers
2( N  1)!( N  1)
NYJC Prelim 9758/2018/01/Q9

(a) The sum, S n , of the first n terms of a sequence u1 , u2 , u3 ,... is given by

6 1 
Sn   1  3n  .
13  3 

(i) Given that the series  ur converges, find the smallest integer n for which S n is

within 108 of the sum to infinity. [3]

(ii) Find a formula for un in simplified form. [2]

(b) Using the formulae for sin( A  B), prove that

(i) sin(2r  1)  sin(2r  1)  2cos 2r sin  . [1]
n
(ii) Hence find an expression for  sin 2 r , giving your answer in terms of cos(n  1) ,
r 1

sin n , sin  and n, where   k , k  . [5]

Answers
4
(a) (i) 6 (ii) 3 n1
3

1 1
n cos  n  1  sin n 
2sin  
(b) (ii)
2

PJC Prelim 9758/2018/02/Q4

1
The rth term of a sequence is given by ur = .
r!
1
(i) Show that ur  ur 1  . [2]
r !  (r  1)!
N
1
(ii) Hence find  r !  (r  1)! .
r 1
[2]

(iii) Give a reason why the series in (ii) is convergent and state the sum to infinity. [2]
N 1
1
(iv) Use your answer to (ii) to find  . [3]
r 1 r !  ( r  1)!
N

 r!  2 .
1
(v) Deduce that [3]
r 1
Answers
 1
(ii) 1 
 N  1!
(iii) sum to infinity is 1

1 1
(iv) 
2  N  3 !

RI Prelim 9758/2018/02/Q5
A sequence u1 , u2 , u3 ,... is given by

0 for r  2,

ur  f ( r  1)  2f ( r  3) for r even, r  2,
f ( r )
 for r odd.

2n
(i) Use the method of differences to find  ur . [3]
r 1

r 1
It is given that f ( r )  ln  .
 r 

 
2n
1
(ii) Use your answer to part (i) to show that  ur   ln 2  2ln 1  2n  1  . Hence state
r 1
the value of the sum to infinity. [2]

2n
(iii) Find the smallest value of n for which  ur is within 102 of the sum to infinity.
r 1
[2]

1
(iv) By considering the graph of y  for x  0, show, with the aid of a sketch, that
x
1 1
 u2 n1  , n  . [3]
2n 2n  1
Answers
(i) f (1)  2f (2n  1) (ii)  ln 2 (iii) 101
 RVHS Prelim 9758/2018/02/Q2
2(2r  3)
(i) Express as partial fractions. [2]
( r  1)( r  2)( r  3)
n
2r  3
(ii) Hence find an expression for  (r  1)(r  2)(r  3)
r 1
in terms of n . [4]

(iii) Using the result in part (ii), show that the following series is convergent and find its sum
to infinity.
21 27 33
  . . . . . . . . . [4]
3 4 5 4 5 6 5 6  7
Answers
1 2 3
(i)  
r 1 r  2 r  3
3 1 3 13
(ii)   , (iii)
4 2(n  2) 2(n  3) 8

SAJC Prelim 9758/2018/01/Q3

r
 2e  r 1
e r 2

 e  1
2
(i) Show that e . [1]
er
 e  1
2
N
(ii) Hence find r 1 er 1
in terms of N. [4]

 e  1
2
N 1
(iii) Using your result in part (ii), find 
r 9 er 1
in terms of e. [2]

Answers
1
(ii) 1   e N 1  e N
e

1 1
(iii) e N  2  e N 1  
e9 e8
SRJC Prelim 9758/2018/01/Q8
1 r 1 r2
A sequence u0 , u1 , u2 ... is such that ur  and ur  ur  2  , when n  2 .
r! r!
n
r 2  r 1 n 1
(i) Show that   2 . [3]
r 2 r! n!
r 2  3r  1
n 5
(ii) Hence find  in terms of n. [3]
r 8  r  1 !

n n
Limit Comparison test states that for two series of the form  ar and
r k
b
r k
r with

 
an
an , bn  0 for all n, if lim
n  b
 0 , then both a
r k
r and b
r k
r converges or both diverges.
n


r 2  r 1
(iii) Given that 
r 2 r!
is convergent, using the test, explain why


r 2 [2]
  r  1! is convergent.
r 2

1 2 3 4
(iv) Show that e  2      ...  2 . [3]
2! 3! 4! 5!
Answers
7 n5
(ii) 
720  n  4  !

TJC Prelim 9758/2018/01/Q4

1 a n  a  1
A sequence u1 , u2 , u3 ,... is such that un  and un 1  un  , where a is
1  an 1  a n1 1  a n 
constant such that 0  a  1 .
N
an
i(i) Find  1  a 1  a 
n 1
n 1 n
in terms of a and N. [3]


an
(ii) Determine whether  1  a 1  a 
n 1
n 1 n
is a convergent series. [2]

Answers
1  1 1 
  
a  1  1  a 1  a N 1 
TPJC Prelim 9758/2018/01/Q9

r A B C
(i) Show that can be expressed as   , where A, B
(r  2)(r  3)(r  4) r 2 r 3 r 4
and C are constants to be determined. [2]

n
r
The sum   r  2 r  3 r  4  , is denoted by S
r 1
n .

(ii) Find an expression for S n in terms of n. (There is no need to express your answer as a
single algebraic fraction.) [3]

(iii) Explain why S is a convergent series, and write down its value. [2]

(iv) Find the smallest value of n for which S  S n  0.05 . [2]

(v) Using results in parts (ii) and (iii), show that


r 1
  r  5
3
3
 . [4]
r 1
20
Answers
1 3 2
(i)   
r 2 r 3 r 4
1 1 2
(ii)  
6 n3 n4
1
(iii)
6
15

VJC Prelim 9758/2018/02/Q2

1  2n  1   2n  1 
(i) Show that 2 sin   sin(n)  cos    cos  . [2]
2  2   2 

1 1 1 
(ii) By expressing sin(n) as cosec    2 sin   sin( n)  ,find
2 2 2 
 
sin(1)  sin(2)  sin(3)  ...  sin( N ) in terms of N, where N  . [3]

1 1 
(iii) Explain why the above series will not be equal to cot   for all N  . [1]
2 2

25
(iv) Use your answer in part (ii) to find the numerical value of  sin(n) . [2]
n 10

Answers
1 1 1 1  2N 1 
(ii) cot    cosec   cos  
2 2 2 2  2 

(iv) 2.01

YJC Prelim 9758/2018/01/Q6

2
ne n
The sequence un  is such that un  where n  
. It is given that
n 1
n
n

r 1
r 2   n  1 2n  1 .
6
n
(i) Find  ln(u ) in terms of n.
r 1
r [3]

A sequence vn  is such that vn  2 . Another sequence wn  is defined as

ln  un   n2 
, n

wn  v1  v2  v3   vn , n  .
(ii) Hence, or otherwise, find wn in terms of n and determine, with a reason, if wn  is
convergent. [5]

Answers
n
(i)  n  1 2n  1  ln  n  1
6
(ii) 2  
 ln n 1