Links for self study about vector space

http://icybcluster.org.ua:34145/technology-documents/vector_model_eng.pdf
https://www.datasciencecentral.com/profiles/blogs/information-retrieval-document-search-using-vector-space-
model-in
Proof of 7: Let 𝒖 = (𝑢1 , 𝑢2 ) 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝒗 = (𝒗𝟏 , 𝒗𝟐 ), then for any scalar 𝑘

𝐿. 𝐻. 𝑆 = 𝑘(𝒖 + 𝒗) = 𝑘( (𝑢1 , 𝑢2 ) + (𝑣1 , 𝑣2 ) ) = 𝑘( 𝑢1 + 𝑣1 , 𝑢2 + 𝑣2 ) = (0, 𝑘𝑢2 + 𝑘𝑣2 ) (1)

𝑅. 𝐻. 𝑆 = 𝑘𝒖 + 𝑘𝒗 = 𝑘(𝑢1 , 𝑢2 ) + 𝑘(𝑣1 , 𝑣2 ) = (0, 𝑘 𝑢2 ) + (0, 𝑘 𝑣2 ) = (0, 𝑘𝑢2 + 𝑘𝑣2 ) (2)

From (1) and (2) 𝑘(𝒖 + 𝒗) = 𝑘𝒖 + 𝑘𝒗

Proof of 8: 𝐿. 𝐻. 𝑆 = (𝑘 + 𝑚 )𝒖 = (𝑘 + 𝑚 )(𝑢1 , 𝑢2 ) = (0, (𝑘 + 𝑚 )𝑢2 ) (3)

𝑅. 𝐻. 𝑆 = 𝑘𝒖 + 𝑚𝒖 = 𝑘(𝑢1 , 𝑢2 ) + 𝑚(𝑢1 , 𝑢2 ) = (0, 𝑘 𝑢2 ) + (0, 𝑚 𝑢2 ) = (0, (𝑘 + 𝑚 )𝑢2 ) (4)

From (3) and (4) (𝑘 + 𝑚 )𝒖 = 𝑘𝒖 + 𝑚𝒖

Proof of 9: 𝐿. 𝐻. 𝑆 = 𝑘(𝑚 𝒖) = 𝑘(0, 𝑚 𝑢2 ) = (0, 𝑘𝑚 𝑢2 ) (5)

𝑅. 𝐻. 𝑆 = (𝑘𝑚)𝒖 = (𝑘𝑚)(𝑢1 , 𝑢2 ) = (0, (𝑘𝑚) 𝑢2 ) (6)

From (5) and (6) 𝑘(𝑚 𝒖) = (𝑘𝑚)𝒖

 𝑉=
{(𝑥, 0) 𝑠𝑢𝑐ℎ 𝑡ℎ𝑎𝑡 𝑥 ∈ ℝ },

Let 𝒖 = (𝑥, 0), 𝒗 = (𝑦, 0), 𝒘 = (𝑧, 0) ∈ ℝ2 𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑒 𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑧 ∈ ℝ 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑘, 𝑚 𝑏𝑒 𝑎𝑛𝑦 𝑠𝑐𝑎𝑙𝑎𝑟𝑠, 𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑛

1. 𝒖 + 𝒗 = (𝑥, 0) + (𝑦, 0) = (𝑥 + 𝑦, 0) ∈ ℝ2 𝑎𝑠 𝑥 + 𝑦 ∈ ℝ
2. 𝒖 + 𝒗 = (𝑥, 0) + (𝑦, 0) = (𝑥 + 𝑦, 0) = (𝑦 + 𝑥, 0) = 𝒗 + 𝒖
3. 𝒖 + (𝒗 + 𝒘) = (𝑥, 0) + ((𝑦, 0) + (𝑧, 0)) = (𝑥, 0) + (𝑦 + 𝑧, 0) = (𝑥 + 𝑦 + 𝑧, 0) = (𝑥 + 𝑦, 0) + (𝑧, 0) =
(𝒖 + 𝒗) + 𝒘
4. 𝟎 = (0,0) ∈ ℝ2 such that 𝒖 + 𝟎 = (𝑥, 0) + (0,0) = (𝑥, 0) = 𝒖
5. For each 𝒖 = (𝑥, 0), there exist −𝒖 = (−𝑥, 0), such that 𝒖 + (−𝒖) = (𝑥, 0) + (−𝑥, 0) = (𝑥 − 𝑥, 0) =
(0,0) = 𝟎
6. 𝑘𝒖 = 𝑘(𝑥, 0) = (𝑘𝑥, 0) ∈ ℝ2 𝑎𝑠 𝑘𝑥 ∈ ℝ
7. 𝑘(𝒖 + 𝒗) = 𝑘( (𝑥, 0) + (𝑦, 0) ) = 𝑘( 𝑥 + 𝑦, 0) = (𝑘𝑥 + 𝑘𝑦, 0 ) = (𝑘𝑥, 0) + (𝑘𝑦, 0) = 𝑘𝒖 + 𝑘𝒗
8. (𝑘 + 𝑚 )𝒖 = (𝑘 + 𝑚 )(𝑥, 0) = ((𝑘 + 𝑚 )𝑥, 0) = (𝑘𝑥 + 𝑚 𝑥, 0) = (𝑘𝑥, 0) + (𝑚 𝑥, 0) = 𝑘𝒖 + 𝑚𝒖
9. 𝑘(𝑚 𝒖) = 𝑘(𝑚𝑥, 𝑚 0) = (𝑘𝑚𝑥, 0) = (𝑘𝑚)(𝑥, 0) = (𝑘𝑚)𝒖
10. 1𝒖 = 1(𝑥, 0) = (1𝑥, 0) = (𝑥, 0) = 𝒖
As all the 10 properties of vector space are satisfied, so given set is a vector space.
 𝑉 = {(𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑧) 𝑠𝑢𝑐ℎ 𝑡ℎ𝑎𝑡 𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑧 ∈ ℝ },

Testing of Axiom 8
(𝑘 + 𝑚 )𝒖 = (𝑘 + 𝑚 )(𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑧) = ((𝑘 + 𝑚 )2 𝑥, (𝑘 + 𝑚 )2 𝑦, (𝑘 + 𝑚 )2 𝑧)
= ((𝑘 2 + 𝑚2 + 2𝑘𝑚)𝑥, (𝑘 2 + 𝑚2 + 2𝑘𝑚)𝑦, (𝑘 2 + 𝑚2 + 2𝑘𝑚)𝑧 )
= (𝑘 2 𝑥 + 𝑚2 𝑥 + 2𝑘𝑚 𝑥, 𝑘 2 𝑦 + 𝑚2 𝑦 + 2𝑘𝑚 𝑦, 𝑘 2 𝑧 + 𝑚2 𝑧 + 2𝑘𝑚 𝑧 )
= (𝑘 2 𝑥, 𝑘 2 𝑦, 𝑘 2 𝑧 ) + (𝑚2 𝑥, 𝑚2 𝑦, 𝑚2 𝑧 ) + (2𝑘𝑚 𝑥, 2𝑘𝑚𝑦, 2𝑘𝑚𝑧 )
= 𝑘(𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑧) + 𝑚(𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑧) + √2𝑘𝑚 (𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑧) = 𝑘𝒖 + 𝑚𝒖 + √2𝑘𝑚 𝒖 ≠ 𝑘𝒖 + 𝑚𝒖
As axiom 8 fails so given set is not a vector space.

𝑉 = {(1, 𝑥) 𝑠𝑢𝑐ℎ 𝑡ℎ𝑎𝑡 𝑥 ∈ ℝ },

Let 𝒖 = (1, 𝑥), 𝒗 = (1, 𝑦), 𝒘 = (1, 𝑧) ∈ 𝑉 𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑒 𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑧 ∈ ℝ 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑘, 𝑚 𝑏𝑒 𝑎𝑛𝑦 𝑠𝑐𝑎𝑙𝑎𝑟𝑠, 𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑛

1. 𝒖 + 𝒗 = (1, 𝑥) + (1, 𝑦) = (1, 𝑥 + 𝑦) ∈ 𝑉 𝑎𝑠 𝑥 + 𝑦 ∈ ℝ

2. 𝒖 + 𝒗 = (1, 𝑥) + (1, 𝑦) = (1, 𝑥 + 𝑦) = (1, 𝑦 + 𝑥) = (1, 𝑦 ) + (1, 𝑥) = 𝒗 + 𝒖
3. 𝒖 + (𝒗 + 𝒘) = (1, 𝑥) + ((1, 𝑦) + (1, 𝑧)) = (1, 𝑥) + (1, 𝑦 + 𝑧) = (1, 𝑥 + 𝑦 + 𝑧) = (1, 𝑥 + 𝑦) + (1, 𝑧) ==
((1, 𝑥) + (1, 𝑦)) + (1, 𝑧) = (𝒖 + 𝒗) + 𝒘
4. 𝟎 = (1,0) ∈ 𝑉 such that 𝒖 + 𝟎 = (1, 𝑥) + (1,0) = (1, 𝑥) = 𝒖
5. For each 𝒖 = (1, 𝑥), there exist −𝒖 = (1, −𝑥), such that 𝒖 + (−𝒖) = (1, 𝑥) + (1, −𝑥) = (1, 𝑥 − 𝑥) =
(1,0) = 𝟎
6. 𝑘𝒖 = 𝑘(1, 𝑥) = (1, 𝑘𝑥) ∈ 𝑉 𝑎𝑠 𝑘𝑥 ∈ ℝ
7. 𝑘(𝒖 + 𝒗) = 𝑘( (1, 𝑥) + (1, 𝑦) ) = 𝑘(1, 𝑥 + 𝑦) = (1, 𝑘𝑥 + 𝑘𝑦 ) = (1, 𝑘𝑥) + (1, 𝑘𝑦) = 𝑘𝒖 + 𝑘𝒗
8. (𝑘 + 𝑚 )𝒖 = (𝑘 + 𝑚 )(1, 𝑥) = (1, (𝑘 + 𝑚 )𝑥) = (1, 𝑘𝑥 + 𝑚 𝑥) = (1, 𝑘𝑥) + (1, 𝑚 𝑥) = 𝑘𝒖 + 𝑚𝒖
9. 𝑘(𝑚 𝒖) = 𝑘(1, 𝑚𝑥) = (1, 𝑘𝑚𝑥) = (𝑘𝑚)(1, 𝑥) = (𝑘𝑚)𝒖
10. 1𝒖 = 1(1, 𝑥) = (1,1𝑥) = (1, 𝑥) = 𝒖
As all the 10 properties of vector space are satisfied, so given set is a vector space.