A few grams of the given salt is dissolved approximately in 20ml of distilled water.

This
salt solution is taken for analysis.

No. Experiment Observation Inference

1. Action of dil. HC1: 1. A brisk effervescence is seen. The gas Presence of
To a little of the original salt evolved when passed through limewater, carbonate.
solution salt dil. Hydrochloric turns it milky.
acid is added. 2. No brisk effervescence is seen. Absence of
carbonate

2. Action of Barium Chloride: Presence of

To a part of the original salt 1. A white precipitate, which dissolves in carbonate
solution a few drops of barium concentrated hydrochloric acid
chloride solution are added. is obtained. Presence of
2. A white precipitate which does not sulphate.
dissolve even in excess of conc.
hydrochloric acid is obtained. Absence of
3. No precipitate is obtained. carbonate and
sulphate.
3. Action of Silver Nitrate:
To a part of the original salt 1. A curdy white precipitate which Presence of
solution, first a few dissolves in excess of ammonium chloride.
drops of dil. Nitric acid and hydroxide solution is obtained.  
then a few drops of silver  2. No curdy white precipitate is obtained Absence of
nitrate solution is added. chloride.

The following tests are carried out with the substance (Solid).

 No. Experiment  Observation Inference

.
1. Chromyl Chloride Test: To a pinch of the salt 1. Red orange Presence of
added crystals of potassium dichromate followed vapours are evolved.
 by conc. Sulphuric acid. The mixture is heated.
The gas evolved is passed through water and lead 2. The gas dissolves chloride is
acetate solution is added. confirmed.
in water to form
yellow coloured
solution.

3. Yellow precipitate
is obtained.
2. Brown Ring test: 1. A brown ring is Presence of
formed at the
To a pinch of the salt added few drops of freshly junction of the two Nitrate is
prepared ferrous sulphate solution. layers. confirmed.

Drops of conc. Sulphuric acid are added to the 2. No brown ring is Absence of
above along the sides of the test tube while formed. Nitrate. 1
cooling it under the tap.
3. Copper turnings test: A light orange brown Presence of
gas as evolved.
A pinch of the salt is taken in the test tube and Nitrate is
mixed with few copper turnings. Conc, Sulphuric confirmed.
acid is added to the above and the mixture is
heated.

Identification of Basic radical-Cation

(a) Identification of the group

No Experiment Observation Inference

.
1. To a part of the original salt solution, 1. A black precipitate Presence of
about 2ml of dil. HCl is added and then is formed. II group-copper
hydrogen sulphide gas is passed   radical.
through the solution. 2. No black precipitate is  Absence of copper
formed. radical.

2. To a part of the original salt solution, 1. A dirty green Presence of III

about 1 ml of ammonium chloride and precipitate is formed. group-ferrous iron
then about 2ml of ammonium When dil. HCI is added, radical.
hydroxide are added. the precipitate dissolves.
2. No dirty green
precipitate is formed. Absence of ferrous
iron radical.
 3. To a part of the original salt solution, 1. A dirty white Presence of IV
about 1 ml of ammonium chloride and precipitate is formed. group-zinc radical.
about 2ml of ammonium hydroxide are
added and then hydrogen sulphide gas 2. No dirty white Absence of Zinc
is passed through the solution. precipitate is formed. radical.

4. To a part of the original salt solution 1 A white precipitate is Presence of V group

ml of ammonium chloride, 2ml of formed. -Calcium radical.
ammonium hydroxide and 2ml of No white precipitate is Absence of Calcium
ammonium carbonate solutions are formed. radical
added.

5 To a part of the original salt solution A white precipitate is Presence of

1ml of ammonium hydroxide and 2ml formed. VI group
of disodium hydrogen phosphate -Magnesium.
solutions are added. No white precipitate is Absence of
formed. Magnesium radical

6. To a part of the original salt solution A colorless pungent Presence of

(preferably with the salt), about 1ml of smelling gas, which Ammonium radical
sodium hydroxide is added and then fumes with a glass rod
the solution is heated. dipped in conc. HC1, is
evolved.
A wet red litmus paper,
exposed to the out
coming gas, becomes
blue

Confirmation of basic radicals

S.n
o
1. II group-copper radical: A blue precipitate is Presence of copper
(a) To a part of the original salt formed first and then radical is confirmed
solution, ammonium hydroxide when more ammonium
solution is first added in dropshydroxide solution is
and then added more. added, the precipitate gets
dissolved. A deep blue
solution is formed.
(b) To a part of the original salt A chocolate brown Presence of copper
solution about 2ml of potassium precipitate is formed. radical is confirmed
ferrocyanide solution is added.
2. Ill group -ferrous iron radical:
(a) To a part of the original salt Deep blue color is Presence of
solution, about 1 ml of potassium formed. Ferrous iron radical
ferricyanide solution is added. is confirmed.
(b) To one part of the solution added
few drops of dil. Sulphuric acid Potassium permanganate Presence of
followed by few drops of potassium is decolorized. Ferrous iron is
permanganate solution. confirmed.
IV group-zinc radical:
To a part of the original salt solution, A white precipitate is Presence of Zinc
potassium ferro cyanide solution (twice formed. It dissolves when radical is
the quantity of the original salt solution sodium hydroxide confirmed.
taken) is added. solution is added in
excess. But when any
dilute acid is added the
precipitate does not
dissolve.
V group-Calcium radical
To a part of the original salt solution A white precipitate is Presence of
1ml of ammonium chloride, 1ml of soluble in acetic acid. calcium radical is
ammonium hydroxide 2ml of confirmed
ammonium oxlate solutions are added.