SL320 - GUI Construction With Java Foundation Classes - Oh - 1198

Sun Educational Services
GUI Construction With Java

Foundation Classes
SL-320
GUI Construction With Java Foundation Classes November 1998

Preface
About This Course

Course Overview
• Java™ Foundation Classes (JFC) and Swing provide a
mature windowing toolkit.
• Java Development Kit (JDK™) fully supports

internationalization/localization.
• Course provides skills to:
• Develop graphical user interfaces (GUIs)

• Print and localize programs
GUI Construction With Java Foundation Classes Preface, slide 2 of 12

Copyright 1998 Sun Microsystems, Inc. All Rights Reserved. Enterprise Services November 1998, Revision A
Course Map
Swing Introduction
Introduction Swing Foundations
Basic Swing More Swing

Components Foundations
Printing
JDK 1.2 Printing
Models Views and Controllers

Models, Views, Swing MVC
and Controllers Components
Using the JTable Using the JTree
Text in Swing
Text Editing
with Swing
More About Swing
More Swing Utility Panes

Features
Further User Interface Issues

Program Creating Custom
Localization Components
GUI Data Using the

Transfer GridBagLayout

Copyright 1998 Sun Microsystems, Inc. All Rights Reserved. Enterprise Services, November 1998, Revision A
Module-by-Module Overview
• Module 1 – Introduction
• Module 2 – Swing Foundations
• Module 3 – Basic Swing Components
• Module 4 – More Swing Foundations
• Module 5 – JDK 1.2 Printing
• Module 6 – Models, Views, and Controllers
• Module 7 – Swing MVC Components
• Module 8 – Using the JTable

Module-by-Module Overview
• Module 9 – Using the JTree
• Module 10 – Text Editing With Swing
• Module 11 – More Swing Features
• Module 12 – Utility Panes
• Module 13 – Program Localization
• Module 14 – Creating Custom Components
• Module 15 – GUI Data Transfer
• Module 16 – Using the GridBagLayout

Course Objectives
• Understand the features of AWT and Swing and make
appropriate design choices for a project
• Use AWT, Swing, and JFC features effectively
• Generate hard copy output under program control
• Understand and use correctly the Models Views and
Controllers design pattern
• Write programs that run appropriately under different
language/locales
• Program drag-and-drop and cut-and-paste operations

Topics Not Covered

• The Java programming language
• Object-oriented concepts
• Writing a look-and-feel implementation

How Prepared Are You?

• Can you write Java technology programs?
• Can you make basic use of the Abstract Windowing
Toolkit (AWT)?

Introductions
• Name
• Company affiliation
• Title, function, and job responsibility
• AWT and Swing experience
• Localization experience
• Reasons for enrolling in this course
• Expectations for this course

How to Use the Course Materials

• Course map
• Relevance
• Overhead image
• Lecture
• Exercise
• Check your progress
• Think beyond

Icons
• Demonstration
• Reference
• Discussion
• Exercise

Typographical Conventions
• Courier – Commands, files, and directories, on-screen
computer output
• Courier bold – Input you type
• Courier italic – Variables and command-line

placeholders
• Palatino italics – Book titles, new words or terms, words

that are emphasized

Module 1
Introduction

Overview
• Course map
• Relevance
• Objectives
GUI Construction With Java Foundation Classes Module 1, slide 2 of 13

Course Contents
• Most of JFC
• Including most of Swing
• Not – writing a look and feel
• Not – two-dimensional (2D)
• JDK™ 1.2 printing
• Some 2D supporting printing

What Is JFC?
• Blurred boundaries
• Swing
• 2D application programming interface (API) – "fancy"
graphics
• Accessibility
• Drag-and-drop

What Is Swing?
• Enhanced GUI component set
• Pluggable look and feel
• Do-it-yourself look and feel

Printing
• Two "levels"
• AWT – as JDK 1.1
• java.awt.print package

Why Not Use AWT?

• AWT is simple but limited
• Missing components
• Hard to customize appearance/behavior
• Hard to extend

What Should a Replacement for AWT

Offer?
• Rich component set
• Ease of extension
• Ease of modification of behavior
• Control over appearance
• Backward compatibility
• Accessibility

What Should a Replacement for AWT

Offer?
• Performance issues
• 1.1 event model
• Double buffering (lightweight components)
• Class downloading times
• Platform independence
• 100% Pure Java™
• JavaBeans™ component model compliance
• Drag-and-drop

Costs of Using JFC/Swing

• In 1.1, classes are not core to the JDK
• Need download time
• Double buffering is good
• But native components are fastest

Exercise: Investigate Swing

Component Set
• Objective: View and manipulate all the GUI
components in the Swing set.
• Preparation: Locate the JDK installation directory on
your system.
• Tasks:
• Select directory jfc/SwingSet.
• Run java SwingSet
• Exercise summary

Check Your Progress

• Outline the features of the Java Foundation Classes
• Describe the key features of Swing

• Select appropriate components from the Swing set for
any given UI requirement
• Compare the facilities of Swing and the Java
Foundation Classes with other GUI kits

Think Beyond
• Given that Swing is largely backward compatible with
AWT and the delegation event model, do you think you
could write code to use some of these components
already? What changes do you think you might have to
make to an existing AWT 1.1 program to use Swing
components instead?

Module 2
Swing Foundations

Overview
• Course map
• Relevance
• Objectives

Comparing Swing and AWT

Components
• Swing components include: JButton, JCheckBox,
JFrame, JLabel, JList, JMenu, JPanel, JScrollBar,
JScrollPane, JTextArea, JTextField
• Use JDK 1.1 Delegation Event model
• Do not mix AWT and Swing

Converting From AWT to Swing

• Adding "J" is typically enough, except:
• Note JCheckBox versus Checkbox
• JRadioButton / ButtonGroup
• Use JScrollPane
• setJMenuBar

New Components in Swing

• Simple components:
• JComboBox, JInternalFrame, JPasswordField,
JProgressBar, JRadioButton, JSeparator,
JSlider, JToggleButton, JToolBar, JToolTip
• Complex components covered later in this course

Top Level Swing Containers

• JFrame, JWindow, and JDialog
• JApplet
• RootPaneContainer

Using a RootPaneContainer
• Root pane
• Glass
• Layered
• Menu – optional
• Content
• Use the content pane
• f.getContentPane().add(...)
• f.getContentPane().setLayout(...)

JFrame Essentials
• Similar to java.awt.Frame
• It is a RootPaneContainer
• setDefaultCloseOperation(int operation)
DO_NOTHING_ON_CLOSE
HIDE_ON_CLOSE
DISPOSE_ON_CLOSE

Exercise: Converting an AWT GUI to

Swing
• Objective: Convert sample user interfaces from AWT to
Swing.
• Preparation: Run sample solutions in solutions
directory.
• Tasks:
• Read the file README in the labs directory
• Convert three files ConvertIF1.java,
ConvertIF2.java, and ConvertIF3.java

Check Your Progress

• Name the Swing components that are direct substitutes
for the AWT components and modify an AWT user
interface to use these Swing components
• Recognize basic Swing components, and make use of
them in interfaces
• Understand the multiple panes of the JFrame, and write
code that correctly uses the content pane for holding
other components
• Understand that AWT and Swing components should
generally not be used together in the same user interface

Think Beyond
• Why do you suppose that the Swing top level containers
need a glass pane to catch events?
• Can you guess what consequence might arise if you add
an AWT (non-lightweight) component to a Swing
container that has non-Swing components in a stacking
order on the layered pane?

Module 3
Basic Swing Components

Overview
• Course map
• Relevance
• Objectives

The Icon Interface

• Swing components support graphics
• Icon is used to describe the graphic
• Icon might be a graphic file or calculated image

Creating an Icon
• Create an Icon from a graphic file
• new ImageIcon(Image i)
• new ImageIcon(String filename)
• new ImageIcon(URL u)
• Or implement the Icon interface
• paintIcon(Graphics) method
• getIconWidth method
• getIconHeight method

Implementing the Icon Interface

1 import javax.swing.*;
2 import java.awt.*;
3
4 public class TargetIcon implements Icon {
5
6 public void paintIcon(Component c, Graphics g, int x, int y) {
7 Color old = g.getColor();
8 g.setColor(Color.red);
9 g.fillOval(0, 0, 16, 16);
10 g.setColor(Color.white);
11 g.fillOval(3, 3, 10, 10);
12 g.setColor(Color.red);
13 g.fillOval(6, 6, 4, 4);
14 g.setColor(old);
15 }
16
17 public int getIconWidth() { return 16; }
18 public int getIconHeight() { return 16; }
19 }

The JLabel Class

• Specify text, Icon, or both
• Control alignment between the text and the icon
• SwingConstants defines tags for alignment
specification

JLabel Example
3
4 public class IconTest extends JPanel {
5
6 public IconTest() {
7 TargetIcon target = new TargetIcon();
8
9 setLayout(new GridLayout(4, 1));
10 add(new JLabel(“This is a normal label”));
11 add(new JLabel(“This label has an icon”, target,
12 SwingConstants.LEFT));
13 add(new JLabel(“The next label has only an icon:”));
14 add(new JLabel(target));
15 }
16
17 public static void main(String args[]) {
18 IconTest it = new IconTest();
19 JFrame jf = new JFrame(“Icon on a JLabel”);
20 jf.getContentPane().add(it, BorderLayout.CENTER);
21 jf.setVisible(true);
22 }
23 }

Tooltips
• Short text help message
• Shown when mouse cursor pauses over a component
• setToolTipText(String)

Buttons
• Several variations, like AWT
• Can display icons
• JButton is the basic push button

The JButton Class

• Simple constructor for text label
• A graphic may be defined by an Icon
• new JButton(String, Icon)
• JButton generates an ActionEvent when clicked
• Specify the action command String with
setActionCommand

JButton Example
1 import java.awt.event.*;
2
3 public class CutCopyPaste implements ActionListener {
4 public static final String CUT = "CUT";
5 public static final String COPY = "COPY";
6 public static final String PASTE = "PASTE";
7 String testMode;
8
9 public CutCopyPaste(String name) {
10 testMode = name;
11 }
12
13 public void actionPerformed(ActionEvent ae) {
14 if (testMode != null) {
15 if (ae.getActionCommand() == CUT) {
16 System.out.println("Cut from " + testMode);
17 }
18 else if (ae.getActionCommand() == COPY) {
19 System.out.println("Copy from " + testMode);
20 }
21 else if (ae.getActionCommand() == PASTE) {
22 System.out.println("Paste from " + testMode);
23 }
24 }
25 }
26 }

JButton Example
1 Icon cutIcon = new ImageIcon("cut32x32.gif");
2 Icon copyIcon = new ImageIcon("copy32x32.gif");
3 Icon pasteIcon = new ImageIcon("paste32x32.gif");
4 add(cutButton = new JButton(cutIcon));
5 add(copyButton = new JButton(copyIcon));
6 add(pasteButton = new JButton(pasteIcon));
7 CutCopyPaste ccp = new CutCopyPaste("JButton Demo");
8
9 cutButton.setActionCommand(CutCopyPaste.CUT);
10 copyButton.setActionCommand(CutCopyPaste.COPY);
11 pasteButton.setActionCommand(CutCopyPaste.PASTE);
12
13 cutButton.addActionListener(ccp);
14 copyButton.addActionListener(ccp);
15 pasteButton.addActionListener(ccp);

The JCheckBox Class

• Name differs from AWT Checkbox
• Accepts icons

JCheckBox Example
3
4 public class CBox extends JPanel {
5 JCheckBox tb1, tb2, tb3;
6
7 public CBox() {
8 setLayout(new GridLayout(3,1));
9 add(tb1 = new JCheckBox("Left Channel"));
10 add(tb2 = new JCheckBox("Right Channel"));
11 add(tb3 = new JCheckBox("Bass Boost"));
12 }
13
15 JFrame jf = new JFrame("Checkbox Test");
16 jf.getContentPane().add(new CBox());
17 jf.pack();
19 }
20 }

The JRadioButton Class

• JRadioButton class has toggle behavior
• ButtonGroup applies mutual exclusion behavior
• ButtonGroup can manage any Swing button

JRadioButton Example
4
5 public class RadioTest extends JPanel
6 implements ItemListener {
7
8 private JRadioButton tb1, tb2, tb3;
9 private ButtonGroup bg;
10
11 public RadioTest() {
13 add(new JLabel("Select the audio output device:"));
14 add(tb1 = new JRadioButton("External Speakers"));
15 add(tb2 = new JRadioButton("Internal Speaker"));
16 add(tb3 = new JRadioButton("Headphones"));
17
18 tb1.addItemListener(this);

21
22 // make it behave like a radio interface
23 bg = new ButtonGroup();
24 bg.add(tb1);
25 bg.add(tb2);
26 bg.add(tb3);
27 }
28
29 public void itemStateChanged(ItemEvent ie) {
30 JRadioButton jtb = (JRadioButton)ie.getItem();
31 // have to check, since "unselecting" also
32 // generates an event
33 if (ie.getStateChange() == ItemEvent.SELECTED) {
34 System.out.println("Current output device is: " +
35 jtb.getText());
36 }
37 }

38
40 JFrame jf = new JFrame("RadioTest");
41 RadioTest it = new RadioTest();
43 jf.pack();
45 }
46 }
47

The JComboBox Class

• AWT only offered Choice
• Non-editable JComboBox is similar to Choice
• Editable JComboBox allows typing of new entries
• addItem and removeItem methods control list contents
programmatically

JComboBox Example
4
5 public class ComboTest extends JPanel implements ItemListener {
6
7 private JComboBox jcb;
8 private String options[] = { "External Speakers",
9 "Internal Speaker", "Headphones" };
10
11 public ComboTest() {
12 TargetIcon target = new TargetIcon();
13
15 add(new JLabel("Select the audio output device:"));
16 add(jcb = new JComboBox(options));
17 jcb.setEditable(true);
18 jcb.addItemListener(this);
19 }
20
22 System.out.println("Item is: " + ie.getItem());
23 System.out.println("Selectable is: "
24 + ie.getItemSelectable());
25 }
26

JComboBox Example
28 JFrame jf = new JFrame("Combo Test");
29 ComboTest it = new ComboTest();
31 jf.pack();
33 }
34 }

The JMenu Class

• Supports icons
• Issues events like buttons
• JButton and JMenuItem both extend AbstractButton

JMenu Example
4
5 public class MenuTest extends JPanel
6 implements ActionListener {
7
8 public MenuTest() {
9 setLayout(new BorderLayout());
10 Icon cutIcon = new ImageIcon("cut.gif");
11 Icon copyIcon = new ImageIcon("copy.gif");
12 Icon pasteIcon = new ImageIcon("paste.gif");
13
14 JMenuBar jmb = new JMenuBar();
15 JMenu editMenu = new JMenu("Edit");
16 JMenuItem cutItem = new JMenuItem("Cut", cutIcon);
17 editMenu.add(cutItem);
18 cutItem.addActionListener(this);
19
20 JMenuItem copyItem = new JMenuItem("Copy", copyIcon);
21 editMenu.add(copyItem);
22 copyItem.addActionListener(this);
23

JMenu Example
24 JMenuItem pasteItem = new JMenuItem("Paste", pasteIcon);
25 editMenu.add(pasteItem);
26 pasteItem.addActionListener(this);
27
28 jmb.add(editMenu);
29 add(jmb, BorderLayout.NORTH);
30
31 add(new JLabel("Look at the Edit menu above"),
32 BorderLayout.CENTER);
33 }
34
35 public void actionPerformed(ActionEvent ev) {
36 Object o = ev.getSource();
37 if (o instanceof AbstractButton) {
38 String command = ((AbstractButton)o).getActionCommand();
39 System.out.println("Action " + command + " occurred");
40 }
41 else {
42 System.out.println("Unrecognized action source");
43 }
44 }
45

JMenu Example
47 JFrame jf = new JFrame("Menu Test");
48 MenuTest mt = new MenuTest();
49 jf.getContentPane().add(mt, BorderLayout.CENTER);
50 jf.pack();
52 }
53 }

Additional Features of JMenu

• Keyboard accelerators
JMenuItem cutItem = new JMenuItem("Cut",cutIcon);
cutItem.setAccelerator(
KeyStroke.getKeyStroke(88, 0, true)); // X
• JMenu is a Component, so may be positioned under

layout manager control
• The top of a window is the normal location

Exercise: Using Basic Swing

Components
• Objective: Experiment with JComboBox, ToolTip,
JLabel, JRadioButton, and ButtonGroup
• Preparation: Run the program Translate in the
solutions directory
• Tasks:
• Edit the file Tranlsate.java

Check Your Progress

• Write code to use icons in Swing components
• Implement the Icon interface
• Write code to use the following classes:
• JLabel
• JButton
• JCheckBox
• JRadioButton
• ToolTips
• JComboBox
• JMenu

Think Beyond
• What other components in the Swing set do you think
you could use now?

Module 4
More Swing Foundations

Overview
• Course map
• Relevance
• Objectives

JComponent Accessibility
• Easy
• Set component names
• Legal issues

Actions
• Define things your program can do
• javax.swing.Action
• Extends ActionListener
• Defines actionPerformed(ActionEvent)
• May have text and icon descriptions
• May be enabled or disabled
• Property change events can notify changes in
enabled state
• May be added directly to JMenu or JToolBar

Keystrokes
• Keystrokes describe keyboard input
• KeyStroke objects are shared
• Access them using static getKeystroke(...)
• Construct based on:
• Unicode character or key code
• Modifiers (shift, control, and so forth)
• Key press or release

Attaching an Action to a KeyStroke

• JComponent has:
public void registerKeyboardAction(
ActionListener anAction,
String aCommand,
KeyStroke aKeyStroke,
int aCondition)
• Conditions are
• WHEN_FOCUSED
• WHEN_IN_FOCUSED_WINDOW
• WHEN_ANCESTOR_OF_FOCUSED_COMPONENT

Exercise 1: Investigate Action Objects

• Objective: Use predefined Action objects
• Preparation: Run the program Actions in the
solutions directory
• Tasks
• Read the file README.1 in the labs directory
• Edit the file Actions.java

Exercise 2: Investigate Keystroke

Handling
• Objective: Attach Action objects to keystrokes
• Preparation: Run the program Keystroke in the
solutions directory
• Tasks
• Edit the file Keystroke.java

Check Your Progress

• Appreciate the need for accessibility technologies, and
create accessible user interfaces using Swing
components
• Write code to implement keystroke handling so that a
Swing component reacts to keyboard control in a
required way
• Understand Action objects, and write code to use pre-
defined Action objects in Swing components

Think Beyond
• What types of accessibility interface might your
programs be used with?
• How do actions and keystrokes facilitate reuse of
components?

Module 5
JDK 1.2 Printing

Overview
• Course map
• Relevance
• Objectives

Two Modes of Printing

• AWT printing (JDK 1.1)
• Low resolution
• 2D Printing (JFC/JDK1.2)
• High-precision (2D) printing
• Print "books"
• Control paper size, orientation, and so forth

JDK 1.2 Printing

• Graphics2D
• High resolution, floating point coordinates
• Transformations
• Package java.awt.print
• PrinterJob class
• PrinterJob.getPrinterJob
• Prints Printable or Pageable

Implementing the Printable

Interface
1 public class PrintableTextPane extends JTextPane
2 implements Printable {
3
4 public int print(Graphics g, PageFormat form, int page) {
5 if (page == 0) {
6 if (g instanceof Graphics2D) {
7 AffineTransform tr = new AffineTransform(form.getMatrix());
8 tr.translate(form.getImageableX(), form.getImageableY());
9 ((Graphics2D)g).transform(tr);
10 }
11 super.paint(g);
12 return PAGE_EXISTS;
13 }
14 else {
15 return NO_SUCH_PAGE;
16 }
17 }
18 }

Using the PrinterJob

1 PrinterJob pj = PrinterJob.getPrinterJob();
2 if (pj.printDialog()) {
3 PageFormat pf = pj.defaultPage();
4 pf = pj.pageDialog(pf);
5
6 pj.setPrintable(ta);
7
8 try {
9 pj.print();
10 System.out.println("Print completed");
11 }
12 catch (PrinterException e) {
13 e.printStackTrace(System.err);
14 System.out.println("Print failed");
15 }
16 }
17 else {
18 System.out.println("Print cancelled");
19 }

The Printable and Pageable

Interfaces
• Printable interface
• One or more pages, all the same format
• print returns NO_SUCH_PAGE or PAGE_EXISTS
• Pageable interface
• Collection of pages (Printable), with own formats
• Book class

Example of Using Pageable and Book

1 PrinterJob pj = PrinterJob.getPrinterJob();
2 if (pj.printDialog()) {
3 PageFormat pf = pj.defaultPage();
4 pf = pj.pageDialog(pf);
5
6 Book b = new Book();
7 b.append(ta, pf);
8 pj.setPageable(b);
9
10 try {
11 pj.print();
12 System.out.println("Print completed");
13 }
14 catch (PrinterException e) {
15 e.printStackTrace(System.err);
16 System.out.println("Print failed");
17 }
18 }
19 else {
20 System.out.println("Print cancelled");
21 }
22 }

The PageFormat Class

• A PageFormat object defines:
• Page size
• Margins
• Orientation
• Paper
• The pageDialog method of PrinterJob allows user
configuration of a PageFormat.

Exercise: Using JDK 1.2 Printing

• Objective: Experiment with the JDK 1.2 printing
features
• Preparation: Run the program PrintOut in the
solutions directory
• Tasks
• Edit the file PrintOut.java

Check Your Progress

• Write code to obtain a PrinterJob, present the user
with a configuration dialog, and recognize cancellation
• Implement the Printable interface to support printing
• Use the Book class with Printable objects to support
printing
• Use the pageDialog method to enable the user to
configure a PageFormat for a PrinterJob
• Use the methods of the PageFormat class to obtain size
and orientation information about a page
• Use AffineTransform objects to position printed
output correctly on a page
Think Beyond
• What kinds of transformation might be possible using
the AffineTransform class?
• What effects might be achieved by applying this to
screen graphics?

Module 6
Models, Views, and Controllers

Overview
• Course map
• Relevance
• Objectives

MVC Overview
• Model – Abstract programmatic
• View – Visual representation of model
• Controller – Controls model
• Communicating between the parts
• Examples/analogies

MVC Overview
Model New “openness” View

notification
float openness = 0.6
Controller
open
close
setOpenProportion Open
Close

MVC Overview
Model New “openness” View

notification
Interface methods to
physical valve
Controller
open
Physical valve close Open
setOpenProportion
Close

MVC Overview
Model New “openness” View/Controller
notification
float openness = 0.6
open
close
setOpenProportion

Benefits of MVC
• Unrelated aspects are separated
• Better abstraction – easier design
• Simpler programming
• Easier maintenance – loose coupling
• Multiple views and or controllers
• Especially suits interfaces and events
• Combining View and Controller

Implementing MVC in JDK 1.1

• Events
• Observer /Observable
• Custom notification
• Controller interface

Event Sourcing
• Choose an Event class
• Use or extend existing classes where possible to
increase interoperability
• Choose a listener type
• For the Event class or for the event’s parent class

Handling Listeners
• Create add/removeXXXListener methods
• Choose unicast or multicast
• Unicast cannot enforce program correctness
Vector listeners;
public void addMyEventListener(
MyEventListener l) {
listeners.addElement(l);
}
public void removeMyEventListener(
listeners.removeElement(l);
}

Dispatching the Event

• Create the Event object
• With a reference to the originating component (this)
• Call the handler method of each registered listener
private void issueEvent(Info i) {
Event ev = new MyEvent(this, i);
Vector cl = (Vector)(listeners.clone());
Enumeration e = cl.elements();
while (e.hasMoreElements()) {
((MyEventListener)e.nextElement()).
doMyEvent(ev);
}
}

MVC in Swing
• View classes in Swing
• JLabel, JProgressBar
• Controller classes in Swing
• Various buttons, JMenu
• Many are View/Controllers
• Some buttons, JScrollBar, JSlider, text editors
• JList, JTextPane, JTable, and JTree are discussed in
later modules

Exercise: MVC Demonstration Using

the 1.1 Event Model
• Objective: Implement the MVC model using interfaces
and the 1.1 Event Delegation model.
• Preparation: Run the programs SimpleMVC and
MultiMVC in the solutions directory.
• Tasks:
• Edit the files ButtonController.java,
MultiMVC.java, ProgressView.java,
TextView.java, ValveModelImpl.java

Check Your Progress

• Describe the separation of appropriate parts of
applications into models, views, and controllers
• Select suitable classes for implementing models, views,
and controllers in either 1.1 AWT or Swing
• Write code to implement each part of an MVC system,
using either 1.1 AWT or Swing
• Write code to implement the necessary communications
between the model, view, and controller elements of an
MVC system

Think Beyond
• What types of models would you need for components
like lists, trees, tables, and for text editors?
• Would you ever have needs for different models for any
of these components?

Module 7
Swing MVC Components

Overview
• Course map
• Relevance
• Objectives

MVC in Swing
• JList, JComboBox, JTable, JTree, JEditorPane
• Several succeeding modules
• For JList and JTable:
• AbstractXXXModel implements XXXModel
• DefaultXXXModel extends AbstractXXXModel
• View/Controller may be partially modified via:
• ListCellRenderer
• TableCellRenderer, TableCellEditor
• TreeCellRenderer, TreeCellEditor

Using a JList
• View is not scrollable
• Put a JList into a JScrollPane
• Easy to use in simple circumstances
• DefaultListModel and constructors
• Use Object [] or Vector
• ListModel is accessible using the getModel method

Using a ListModel
• ListModel methods are:
add/removeListDataListener(ListDataListener l)
Object getElementAt(int index)
int getSize()
• AbstractListModel adds fireXXX convenience

methods
• DefaultListModel implements methods of
java.util.Vector
• Thereby providing a controller interface

Exercise 1: Sharing a Model With MVC

• Objective: Demonstrate the MVC model in Swing by
creating two JLists that share a data model
• Preparation: Run the program TwoLists in the
solutions directory
• Tasks:
• Edit the files TwoLists.java and
ListController.java

Actions, KeyStrokes and Models

• Models can have ad hoc controller interface
• DefaultListModel (same methods as Vector)
• Consistent approach would be better
• Could use a well-known interface, such as
java.util.List
• Actions are a valuable controller interface pattern
• KeyStrokes provide a compatible keyboard controller

Defining an Action
• Action interface and AbstractAction abstract class
• getValue(String)/putValue(String, Object)
Action.LONG_DESCRIPTION
Action.NAME
Action.SHORT_DESCRIPTION
Action.SMALL_ICON
• setEnabled(boolean)/isEnabled()
• add/removePropertyChangeListener(
PropertyChangeListener)
• actionPerformed(ActionEvent)

Action and Model
Interactions
Controller
Model
Actions
(Inner classes in
Actions, perhaps)
1) getActions Model data

method returns an (private)
array of Action
int x
objects. void actionPerformed float y
2) The Action Object z
objects are added
to the controller.
3) Each Action has

access to the data in
the model and Action [ ] getActions()
implements a useful
actionPerformed
method operating
on that data.

Exercise 2: Defining Action Classes

• Objective: Implement the Action interface to create a
ListModel that provides Action objects
• Preparation: Run the program ListActions in the
solutions directory
• Tasks
• Edit the files ActionListController.java,
ActionListModel.java, and ListActions.java

Check Your Progress

• Describe the use of MVC in the Swing classes
• Write code to use the JList class initialized with data in
either a Vector or an Object array
• Write code to use the ListModel interface,
AbstractListModel, or DefaultListModel classes
• Write code to obtain the ListModel in use by a JList
• Write code to extend AbstractListModel,
implementing the list model itself and providing a
controller interface
• Describe the significance of Action and KeyStroke
classes to the model and controller roles of MVC
• Implement the Action interface as a means of creating
a controller interface on a model

Think Beyond
• Consider how the Action/KeyStroke mechanism can
be used in a variety of situations. What types of control
is it less well suited to, and how could you adapt it to
those situations?

Module 8
Using the JTable

Overview
• Course map
• Relevance
• Objectives

JTable Fundamentals
• JTable uses MVC model extensively
• Data model is TableModel
• Columns are modeled too, using TableColumnModel
• Present in a JScrollPane to view column headings
• Single value, single range, multiple range selection
specified by a TableSelectionModel
• Jtable uses TableCellEditor and
TableCellRenderer

Essential JTable Support Classes
JTable
TableModel TableColumnModel
(AbstractTableModel, (DefaultTableColumnModel)
DefaultTableModel)
TableColumn
TableCellRenderer TableCellEditor
(DefaultTableCellRenderer) (DefaultCellEditor)

The TableModel interface

• getColumnClass(int columnIndex)
• getRowCount(), getColumnCount()
• getColumnName(int columnIndex)
• getValueAt(int rowIndex, int columnIndex)
• setValueAt(Object v, int row, int column)
• isCellEditable(int row, int column)
• add/removeTableModelListener

The TableColumnModel Interface and

TableColumn Class
• DefaultTableColumnModel used normally
• Supports changing displayed order of columns
• Maintains information about columns
• TableColumn objects define:
• TableCellRenderer for cells and header
• TableCellEditor
• Size information

Using a JTable
• Constructors using DefaultTableModel:
• No data
• Size but no data
• Vector of vectors for data, Vector for headings
• Array of arrays for data, array for headings
• Constructors using explicit TableModel and perhaps:
• Explicit TableColumnModel
• Explicit ListSelectionModel

Using an AbstractTableModel
• Implement:
• public int getRowCount();
• public int getColumnCount();
• public Object getValueAt(int r, int c);
• For an editable table:
• Implement setValueAt(...)
• Call fireTableCellUpdated(int r, int c)

Controlling Table Appearance

• If getColumnType returns Boolean the column uses a
JCheckBox
• Control display using a CellRenderer
• Control editing using a CellEditor

Using a CellRenderer
• Applied column by column or default for whole JTable
• Shared by all cells in a column
• TableColumnModel -> TableColumn
• TableColumn has method setCellRenderer

Writing a CellRenderer
• Interface javax.swing.table.TableCellRenderer
defines:
public Component
getTableCellRendererComponent(
JTable table, Object value,
boolean isSelected, boolean hasFocus,
int row, int column)
• Renderer is actually a factory for renderers
• Render value as appropriate to other arguments
• Component may be reused between cells

Using a CellEditor
• Set with parallel mechanism to CellRenderer
• TableColumn has setCellEditor
• TableCellEditor interface extends CellEditor
• DefaultCellEditor can use JTextField,
JCheckBox, JComboBox

Exercise 1: Using JTable and

TableModel
• Objective: Become familiar with the use of JTable, and
the use of the TableModel getColumnClass method
• Preparation: Run the program MyTable in the
solutions.1 directory
• Tasks:
• Read the file README in the labs.1 directory
• Edit the files MyTable.java and
MyTableModel.java

Exercise 2: Controlling Editability

With the TableModel
• Objective: Become familiar with the use of the table
model to make particular cells of a table non-editable
• Tasks:
• Edit the files MyTable.java and
MyTableModel.java

Exercise 3: Using a Cell Renderer

• Objective: Become familiar with the use of a
CellRenderer in a table
• Tasks:
• Edit the files MyTable.java, MyTableModel.java
and ColorRenderer.java

Exercise 4: Using a Cell Editor

• Objective: Become familiar with the use of a cell editor
in a table
• Tasks:
• Edit the files MyTable.java, MyTableModel.java
and ColorRenderer.java

Check Your Progress

• Write code to present a simple JTable based on
constant initialization data
• Write an implementation of TableModel to control Cell
editability, column data types and headings
• Write code to use non-default editor and renderer
classes in a JTable, or specific column of a JTable

Think Beyond
• In what other ways could you use a table? Might you be
able to use it as the basis of a spreadsheet? If so, how
might you go about this?

Module 9
Using the JTree

Overview
• Course map
• Relevance
• Objectives

JTree Foundations
• JTree uses MVC model
• Data model is TreeModel
• Single value, contiguous range, multiple range selection
defined in TreeSelectionModel
• TreeCellEditor and TreeCellRenderer interfaces
are used
• Constructor takes a TreeModel to initialize data

The DefaultTreeModel and

DefaultMutableTreeNode
• Construct DefaultMutableTreeNode objects with:
• Node user object (defines display name)
• boolean allowsChildren
• Use add method to build the tree of nodes
• Then construct DefaultTreeModel with root node as
argument

Using DefaultTreeModel and

3 import javax.swing.tree.*;
4
5 public class TreeTest {
6 private static Object [] nodeNames = { "one", "two", "three",
7 "four", "five", "six", "seven", new Integer(8),
8 new Integer(9), new Float(10) };
9 private static boolean [] leaf = { false, true, true, false,
10 true, true, false, true, true, true };
11
13 JFrame jf = new JFrame("Tree Test");
14 DefaultMutableTreeNode [] nodes = new DefaultMutableTreeNode[10];
15 for (int i = 0; i < nodes.length; i++) {
16 nodes[i] = new DefaultMutableTreeNode(nodeNames[i], !leaf[i]);
17 }


18 nodes[0].add(nodes[1]);
27
28 JTree jt = new JTree(nodes[0]);
29 jf.getContentPane().add(jt, BorderLayout.CENTER);
30 jf.pack();
32 }
33 }



The TreeModel Interface

• add/remove TreeModelListener(...)
• Object getChild(Object parent, int index)
• int getChildCount(Object parent)
• int getIndexOfChild(Object parent, Object
child)
• Object getRoot()
• boolean isLeaf(Object node)
• valueForPathChanged(TreePath path, Object
newValue)

More About JTree

• DefaultTreeModel
• asksAllowsChildren
• Editors and renderers function as in JTable
• Apply to whole tree
• Hence JTree has methods setCellRenderer and
setCellEditor
• getTreeCellEditorComponent and
getTreeCellRendererComponent are similar to
table equivalents, but arguments to suit a tree

Exercise: Using JTree and

DefaultTreeModel
• Objective: Use DefaultMutableTreeNode to construct
a DefaultTreeModel, then use that tree model to
construct a JTree
• Preparation: Run the program CompTree in the
solutions directory
• Tasks:
• Edit the file CompTree.java

Check Your Progress

• Write code to present a JTree based on simple constant
initialization data
• Write code to use a non-default editor or renderer with
a JTree

Think Beyond
• Could you handle a tree that is of theoretically
unlimited depth? Can you conceive of such a situation
arising?

Module 10
Text Editing With Swing

Overview
• Course map
• Relevance
• Objectives

Basic Text Editing

Migration support:
• JTextComponent
• JTextField
• JPasswordField (instead of JTextField)
• JTextArea
• JScrollPane

Using the JTextPane

• Text with
• Attributes
• Styles
• Pictures
• Components
• Content awareness inherited from JEditorPane
• Hypertext markup language (HTML) and rich text
format (RTF) built in
• Extensible – see next module

Styles and JTextPane

• JTextPane uses a DefaultStyledDocument by default
• StyleContext
• Hierarchical collection of styles
• Style objects are named MutableAttributeSets
• StyleConstants is a convenience class:
• Static setXxxx(mutableAttribSet, value)
methods
• For Bold, Italic, Underline, and so forth
• Styles may be applied to paragraphs or character
runs
Constructing Styles
• Create a StyleContext
StyleContext sc = new StyleContext();
• Create a "root" style entry
Style plain = sc.addStyle("Plain", null);
• Create "derived" style entries
Style hd1 = sc.addStyle("Head1", plain);
• Define attributes for the styles:
StyleConstants.setFontSize(hd1, 18);
StyleConstants.setBold(hd1, true);

Applying Styles
• To a paragraph:
myJTP.setLogicalStyle(hd1);
• To the current selection or input:
myJTP.setCharacterAttributes(hd1, true);
• True argument specifies "replace" arguments; that is,
delete any preexisting ones

Placing Components in JTextPane

Method 1:
• Create a Style and a JComponent
• Apply Component to Style with
StyleConstants.setComponent(style, jcomp)
• Apply Style to Character with
jtp.setCharacterAttributes
• Do not setLogicalStyle
Method 2:
• Use insertComponent
Use a Component only once
Images in JTextPane
Method 1:
• Create a style and an Icon
• ImageIcon
• Apply Icon to Style
• StyleConstants.setIcon(style, icon)
• jtp.setCharacterAttributes
• Do not setLogicalStyle
Method 2:
• Use insertIcon
Content type might reject icons or components
Exercise: Using JTextPane and Styles

• Objective: Become familiar with the use of JTextPane
and Styles
• Preparation: Run the program Editor in the solutions
directory
• Tasks:
• Edit the files Editor.java, FontPane.java,
StylePane.java, and StyleView.java

Check Your Progress

• Use the JTextField, JPasswordField, and JTextArea
in place of the text components of AWT
• Write code to implement styles in the JTextPane/
DefaultStyledDocument combination and apply
styles to both character runs and paragraphs
• Write code to incorporate components and images into
a document with the JTextPane

Think Beyond
• What is the role of a model in the text editing
components you have just studied?
• What features do these models need?
• Is one model sufficient for all text documents?

Module 11
More Swing Features

Overview
• Course map
• Relevance
• Objectives

Swing Is Not Thread Safe

• Difficult to implement efficiently
• Custom components would also need thread safety
• Few developers are skilled with threads
• Prone to deadlock
• Easy to do without

Swing Is Not Thread Safe

• GUI processing should be done in AWT thread
• There are some exceptions:
• Can (usually) construct GUI in main or init
• Some methods are documented as thread safe
• repaint, revalidate, invalidate
• add/removeXXXListener

Calling Methods From Other Threads

• Why would you use another thread?
• Time-consuming processing in AWT thread is bad
• Repetitive/timing operations
• Input/output (I/O) handling

Communicating Between Threads

• Two ways to request AWT thread to perform work
• SwingUtilities.invokeLater(Runnable)
• SwingUtilities.invokeAndWait(Runnable)
• javax.swing.Timer class
• Can add ActionListener objects
• actionPerformed called in the AWT thread
• Can abandon overrun ticks

Swing Component Appearance

• Simple control
• Colors
• Fonts
• Borders
• Full control
• Pluggable look and feel
• Custom look and feel

Using Borders
• JComponent has method setBorder(Border)
• Border instances may be shared
• Use BorderFactory.getXXXBorder(...)
• CompoundBorder allows nesting
• EmptyBorder replaces setInsets

Border Appearance

Controlling Look and Feel

• Default look and feel is "Metal"
• Platform’s own look and feel may also be supported
• Microsoft Windows
• Motif
• Macintosh
• Copyright might restrict look and feel availability

Controlling Look and Feel

• Install an explicit look and feel with:
UIManager.setLookAndFeel(
"javax.swing.plaf.metal.MetalLookAndFeel");
• May change look and feel of running program

• May even create own look and feel (not covered in this
class)

Focus Handling
• Swing has its own focus manager
• Use AWT focus manager in mixed displays
(Raw AWT components do not support Swing focus)
• Call disableSwingFocusManager on
class javax.swing.FocusManager
• Install new FocusManager with
FocusManager.setCurrentManager(fm)

Controlling Default Focus

• To make a component default focus target:
• Add first to Container
• Or subclass DefaultFocusManager, overriding
getFirstComponent(Container)
• Or subclass JComponent, overriding
getComponents

Focus Traversal
• By default, focus traversal follows X,Y location
• Can impose specific traverse order with
aJComponent.setNextFocusableComponent.
• Can subclass DefaultFocusManager, or a
JComponent can handle focus within itself.
• JComponent sends keys to FocusManager first:
public void processKeyEvent(
Component focusedComponent,
KeyEvent anEvent)

Exercise 1: Observe Default Focus

Traversal
• Objective: Observe the default focus behavior in Swing
layouts
• Task:
• Run the program Focus1 in the solutions directory
and notice how the focus is transferred

Exercise 2: Control Focus Traversal

• Objective: Investigate the use of
setNextFocusableComponent to control tab focus
order
• Preparation: Run the program Focus2 in the solutions
directory
• Tasks:
• Edit the file Focus2.java

Exercise 3: Control Default Focus

Position
• Objective: Investigate the significance of component-
adding order to the default focus position
• Preparation: Run the program Focus3 in the solutions
directory
• Tasks:
• Edit the file Focus3.java

Exercise 4: Install a Look and Feel

• Objective: Control the look and feel of a running
program
• Preparation: Run the program LnF in the solutions
directory
• Tasks:
• Edit the file LnF.java

Check Your Progress

• Write code that adheres to the single-threading rule of
Swing
• Describe the reasons for Swing’s single-threading rule
• List the exceptions to Swing’s single-threading rule
• Write code that uses Border objects to modify the
appearance of Swing components, including using
nested borders

Check Your Progress

• Write programs that allow the users or system
administrators to install a look and feel according to
their preference
• Write code to control the default focus, and keyboard
focus traversal order, of a GUI

Think Beyond
• What circumstances might warrant creating your own
look and feel?

Module 12
Utility Panes

Overview
• Course map
• Relevance
• Objectives

Utility Panes
• JFileChooser
• JTabbedPane
• JScrollPane
• JSplitPane

The JFileChooser

JFileChooser Example
4
5 public class ChooserTest extends JPanel
6 implements ActionListener {
7
8 private JButton goButton;
9 private JLabel display;
10 private JFileChooser jfc = new JFileChooser();
11
12 public ChooserTest() {
13 goButton = new JButton(“Pick File”);
14 add(goButton);
15 display = new JLabel(“Chosen file will be shown here”);
16 add(display);
17
18 goButton.addActionListener(this);
19 }
20
21 public void actionPerformed(ActionEvent ae) {
22 int status = jfc.showOpenDialog(this);
23 if (status == 0) {
24 display.setText(“You chose: “
25 + jfc.getSelectedFile().getName());
26 }
27 else {
28 display.setText(“File chooser was cancelled”);
29 }
30 }
31
33 JFrame jf = new JFrame(“FileChooser test”);
34 ChooserTest it = new ChooserTest();
36 jf.pack();
38 }
39 }

Using the JFileChooser

• Controlling messages
• showOpenDialog
• showSaveDialog
• showDialog(parent, approveText)
• Filtering
• FileFilter class
• boolean accept(File) method
• String getDescription method

The JTabbedPane

Using the JTabbedPane

• Construct with optional orientation for tabs
• addTab(String label, Component pane)
• indexOfComponent(Component)
• indexOfTab(Icon)
• indexOfTab(String)
• insertTab(String, Icon, Component, String,
int)
• getComponentAt(int)

JTabbedPane Example
2 import java.util.*;
5
6 public class TabTest extends JPanel
7 implements ItemListener {
8
9 private JTabbedPane jtp;
10 private JCheckBox netCheckBox;
11 private JPanel systemPane = new JPanel();
12 private JPanel audioPane = new JPanel();
13 private JPanel internetPane = new JPanel();
14
15 public TabTest() {
17 jtp = new JTabbedPane();
18
19 netCheckBox = new JCheckBox(
20 "Internet Connection", true);
21 netCheckBox.addItemListener(this);
22 systemPane.add(netCheckBox);
23
24 audioPane.add(new JLabel("Audio configuration"));
25 internetPane.add(new JLabel("Internet configuration"));
26

JTabbedPane Example
27 jtp.addTab("System", systemPane);
28 jtp.addTab("Audio", audioPane);
29 jtp.addTab("Internet", internetPane);
30
31 add(jtp, BorderLayout.CENTER);
32 }
33
35 JFrame jf = new JFrame("Tabbed Pane Test");
36 TabTest tt = new TabTest();
37 jf.getContentPane().add(tt, BorderLayout.CENTER);
38 jf.pack();
40 }
41
43 int index = jtp.indexOfComponent(internetPane);
44 if (index != -1) {
45 jtp.setEnabledAt(index, netCheckBox.isSelected());
46 }
47 jtp.repaint();
48 }
49 }

Using the JSplitPane

JSplitPane Example
4
5 public class SplitTest extends JPanel {
6
7 public SplitTest() {
8 JSplitPane sp = new JSplitPane(
9 JSplitPane.HORIZONTAL_SPLIT,
10 new JTextArea("This is one text area"),
11 new JTextArea("This is another text area"));
13 add(sp, BorderLayout.CENTER);
14 }
15
17 JFrame jf = new JFrame("SplitPane Test");
18 SplitTest st = new SplitTest();
19 jf.getContentPane().add(st, BorderLayout.CENTER);
20 jf.pack();
22 }
23 }

Controlling the Divider

• JComponent.setMinimumSize
Property Name get() set() Description

dividerLocation ✔ ✔ The current position (in pixels relative to the
upper-left corner of the pane) of the divider
dividerSize ✔ ✔ The size of the divider in pixels (width or height
depending on the orientation of the split)
lastDividerLocation ✔ The last position of the divider after a resize
occurred
continuousLayout ✔ (is) ✔ boolean value that determines whether or not
the pane tries to repaint both components continu-
ously as the user slides the divider
minimumDividerLocation ✔ The minimum size of the “left” component
maximumDividerLocation ✔ The maximum size of the “left” component (usu-
ally dictated by the minimum size of the “right”
component)
orientation ✔ ✔ The vertical or horizontal orientation of the split
pane (use the SwingConstants values to change or
compare)

Using the JScrollPane
Column Header
Corners
Viewport
Row Header
Vertical Scrollbar
Horizontal Scrollbar

Assigning Components to Regions of a

JScrollPane
1 JTextArea jta = new JTextArea();
2 jta.setMinimumSize(new Dimension(200,150));
3 JScrollPane jsp = new JScrollPane(jta);
4 JLabel fileNameLabel = new JLabel("", JLabel.CENTER);
5 jsp.setColumnHeaderView(fileNameLabel);
6 jsp.setCorner(JScrollPane.UPPER_RIGHT_CORNER, upButton);
7 jsp.setCorner(JScrollPane.LOWER_RIGHT_CORNER, downButton);

Controlling Scrolling
jsp.setVerticalScrollBarPolicy(
JScrollPane.VERTICAL_SCROLLBAR_ALWAYS);
jsp.setHorizontalScrollBarPolicy(
JScrollPane.HORIZONTAL_SCROLLBAR_ALWAYS);

The JOptionPane

Using the JOptionPane

• Option pane provides dialog utility methods
JOptionPane.showMessageDialog(null, "Alert",
"Warning", JOptionPane.WARNING_MESSAGE)
• Message type is one of

• ERROR_MESSAGE
• INFORMATION_MESSAGE
• WARNING_MESSAGE
• QUESTION_MESSAGE
• PLAIN_MESSAGE

Using the JOptionPane

• Additional methods support questions
int response = JOptionPane.showConfirmDialog(
null,
"What next?",
"Choose your destiny",
JOptionPane.YES_NO_CANCEL_OPTION,
JOptionPane.INFORMATION_MESSAGE
);
• Return indicates chosen option

• Can specify option buttons explicitly

Exercise: Using the Utility Panes

• Objective: Use the JTabbedPane, JScrollPane,
JSplitPane, and JOptionPane classes
• Preparation: Run the program MultiEx in the
solutions directory
• Tasks:
• Edit the file MultiEx.java

Check Your Progress

• Create programs that utilize the new Swing containers
JTabbedPane, JSplitPane, and JScrollPane
• Create a program that can build a JDirectoryPane to
display the files in a directory
• Create programs that use the JOptionPane to display
dialog boxes

Think Beyond
• How would you create displays that have more than
two split regions?

Module 13
Program Localization

Overview
• Course map
• Relevance
• Objectives

Unicode and Other Character Sets

• JDK and JVM use Unicode
• Source
• Runtime
• Conversion is needed between platform conventions
• Reading/writing to local host
new InputStreamReader(inStream)
new OutputStreamWriter(outStream)
• Over network to remote hosts
new InputStreamReader(inStream, "8859_1")
new OutputStreamWriter(outStream, "8859_1")

Localizing Code
• Customize for language, company standards, product
versions
• Properties can specify runtime configuration
• Command line
java -Dname=value Class
• Property file
Properties.load(inputStream)
• System properties
System.getProperties();
• Read properties with getProperty, and
getBoolean, getInteger, getFont,
getColor...
Locale
• Language (ISO-639 codes: en, fr, es...)
• Country (ISO-3166 codes: US, CA, GB...)
• Variant (POSIX, MAC, WIN...)
• Locale.getDefault

ResourceBundle
• A container class that groups objects for a locale
• Access an Object by key (String)
• To get a bundle for the current locale:

• Use ResourceBundle.getBundle(rootName)
• Give fully qualified root classname
• Target classnames should have locale extensions—
example: Support_en_GB.class
• Provide option to request specific locale

Using a ResourceBundle
• getObject(key)
• getString(key)
• getStringArray(key)
String myText = theBundle.getString("myText");

Creating a ResourceBundle
• Subclass and implement two methods
• Object handleGetObject(String key)
• Enumeration getKeys()
• Use a Hashtable to store Object instances
• Or use ListResourceBundle directly

ListResourceBundle
• Extends ResourceBundle
• Implements handleGetObject
• Provide Object [][] getContents()
class MyResource_fr extends ListResourceBundle {
public Object[][] getContents() {
return contents;
}
static final Object[][] contents = {
{"count", "3"}, {"Yes", "Oui"},
{"No", "Non"}, {"Exit", "Quitter"}
};
}

Formatting Messages
• Substitute runtime values into a template
• Template should be localizable
• Use java.text.MessageFormat

Basic Use of MessageFormat

• Build array of argument values (as Object instances)
• Use {...} as substitution placeholder in template
Object[] values = {
"red", new Integer(99), new Date()
};
String t ="At {2,time} on {2,date}, " +

"there were {1,number,integer} {0} ballons";
String output = MessageFormat.format(t, values);

Localizing Formatted Messages

• Use ResourceBundles
• For argument strings
• For format strings
Object[] values = {
bundle.getString("colorname"),
new Integer(99), new Date()
};
String t = bundle.getString("formatstring");
• Order of use of arguments is not important

• Arguments may even be unused

More Control of Message Formatting

• Braces specify one of:
• time
• date
• number
• choice

Date Formatting
• Time/date takes modifiers which may be one of
• short
• medium
• long
• full
• Explicit pattern such as:
yyyy.MM.dd G 'at' hh:mm:ss z
• Documentation: java.text.SimpleDateFormat

Numeric Formatting
• Number modifiers are:
• currency
• percent
• integer
• Explicit pattern such as:
#,##0.00
• Documentation: java.text.DecimalFormat

Choice Formatting
• ChoiceFormat converts a double value to a String
• According to limits—specified as double
double [] staffIDs = { 0.0, 1.0, 2.0, 3.0, 4.0 };
String [] staffNames = {
"Fred", "Jim", "Sheila", "Andy", "Chris"
};
ChoiceFormat staffFormat = new

ChoiceFormat(staffIDs, staffNames);
String output = staffFormat.format(2);

Nested Formatting
• Formats may be nested
• Create a MessageFormat
• Specify formats to use with setFormats
• Position of {} in format string determines which format
• Index in {} determines which argument
• A ChoiceFormat uses arguments from the outer format
• Other formats use nested arguments

Nested Formatting
1 import java.text.*;
2
3 public class NestedForms {
5
6 double [] plurals = { 0.0, 1.0, 2.0 };
7 String [] pluralStrings = {"there are no files",
8 "there is one file",
9 "there are {1} files"};
10 ChoiceFormat plural =
11 new ChoiceFormat(plurals, pluralStrings);
12
13 MessageFormat dirMsg =
14 new MessageFormat("In directory {0} {1}");
15 Format [] dirForms = { null, plural };
16 dirMsg.setFormats(dirForms);
17 Object [] dirArgs = { "tools", null };
18 for (int fileCount = 0; fileCount < 4; fileCount++) {
19 dirArgs[1] = new Integer(fileCount);
20 System.out.println(dirMsg.format(dirArgs));
21 }
22
23 MessageFormat collected =
24 new MessageFormat("My friend {0} tells me {1}");
25 Format [] collectedForms = { null, dirMsg };
26 collected.setFormats(collectedForms);
27 Object [] collectedArgs = { "Ruth", dirArgs };
28 System.out.println(collected.format(collectedArgs));
29 }
30 }

Exercise: Program Localization

• Objective: Become familiar with resource bundle usage
and message formatting
• Preparation: Run the program Messages in the
solutions directory
• Tasks:
• Read the file README in the labs directory.
• Edit the file Messages.java

Check Your Progress

• Write code to convert between a platform character
encoding standard and Unicode
• Write code that reads properties from the invoking
command line
• Write programs that use the ResourceBundle and
Locale mechanisms to implement behavior that is
appropriate to the language and customs where the
program is being run
• Write code that uses the features of the java.text
package to format output messages appropriately for
where the program is being run

Think Beyond
• What proportion of your programs relates to creating
text messages?
• How much of that can you now move outside of your
source code?
• Does this have any implications for maintenance?

Module 14
Creating Custom Components

Overview
• Course map
• Relevance
• Objectives

Component Requirements
• Appearance (look)
• Via paint methods
• Response to UI actions (feel)
• Via events
• Source events to other listeners

Creating a New Component

• Any or all of look and feel may be inherited from parent
• AWT components, heavyweight or "with-peers" are
hard to modify
• Lightweight components can be created in JDK 1.1 and
Swing
• Pluggable look and feel difficult in "from-scratch"
component

Lightweight Components
• Rendering handled in Java programming language
code
• Events handled in Java code
• Hence entirely under control of Java code
• Subclassing/overriding works
• Components may be non-rectangular
• contains methods
• paint(Graphics) method
• setClip(Shape) method

Event Handling
• React to GUI activity by getting events
• Use processXXXEvent methods
• Do not listen to yourself
• Select appropriate events with enableEvents

Event Sourcing Choices

• Unicast or multicast?
• New or existing Event type?
• Event listener type?
• Provide addXXXListener /removeXXXListener

Add/Remove Listener Methods

Vector list; // registered event listeners
public void addMyEventListener(

listeners.addElement(l);
}
public void removeMyEventListener(
listeners.removeElement(l);
}

Event Firing Convenience Method

private void issueEvent(Info i) {
MyEvent ev = new MyEvent(this, i);
Vector v = (Vector)(list.clone());
Enumeration e = v.elements();
while (e.hasMoreElements()) {
((MyEventListener)(e.nextElement())).
doMyEvent(ev);
}
}

Example
80 class XYEvent extends AWTEvent {
81 private Point p;
82
83 public XYEvent(Object source, Point p) {
84 super(source, 0);
85 this.p = p;
86 }
87
88 public Point getPoint() {
89 return p;
90 }
91 }
• Define an Event class

Example
80 interface XYListener {
81 public void pointSet(XYEvent e);
82 }
50 public void addXYListener(XYListener l) {

51 listeners.addElement(l);
52 }
53
54 public void removeXYListener(XYListener l) {
55 listeners.removeElement(l);
56 }
• Prepare for listeners

Example
10 public XYInput() {
11 enableEvents(AWTEvent.MOUSE_EVENT_MASK);
12 setPreferredSize(new Dimension(256, 256));
13 }
24 protected void processMouseEvent(MouseEvent ev) {

25 if (ev.getID() == MouseEvent.MOUSE_CLICKED) {
26 clickedAt = ev.getPoint();
27 XYEvent e = new XYEvent(this, clickedAt);
28 sendEvent(e);
29 repaint();
30 }
31 super.processMouseEvent(ev);
32 }
• Handle mouse input

Exercise: Create a New Component

• Objective: Create a non-rectangular component that
responds to both keyboard and mouse input
• Preparation: Run the program XYKeyInput in the
solutions directory
• Tasks:
• Read the file README in the solutions directory
• Edit the file XYKeyInput.java

Check Your Progress

• Create new lightweight components by subclassing
java.awt.Component or Swing components
• Write code to handle GUI events so that a specified
“feel” is achieved
• Write code to define appropriate events and event
listeners to notify other objects of behavior in a new
component
• Write code to register and deregister event listeners,
and to notify listeners when behavior occurs in a new
component

Think Beyond
• What sort of custom components can you think of that
you might be called upon to create?

Module 15
GUI Data Transfer

Overview
• Course map
• Relevance
• Objectives

Data Types
• Drag or copy can pick up many data types
• Text, Unicode text, file, URL, image, class...
• Transfers use java.awt.datatransfer.DataFlavor
• Uses MIME to describe data types
• text/plain; charset=unicode
• application/x-java-serialized-object
• Source of a copy might offer multiple types
• In preference order
• Destination of a copy might accept multiple types

The System Clipboard

• Supports cut-and-paste
• Concept shared by most platforms
• JDK hides variations
• Program your own cut/copy/paste initiators

Paste From Clipboard

• Get the Toolkit (from a realized Component instance)
• Get the system Clipboard from the Toolkit
• Get the current clipboard contents as a Transferable
• Check data flavors supported by this Transferable
• If one is suitable, extract the data in that form and use it

Paste From Clipboard

1 import java.awt.datatransfer.*;
2 // "this" is a Component instance
3 Clipboard c = getToolkit().getSystemClipboard();
4 Transferable t = c.getContents(this);
5 DataFlavor [] flavors =
t.getTransferDataFlavors();
6 for (int i = 0; i < flavors.length; i++) {
7 try {
8 Object o = t.getTransferData(flavors[i]);
9 System.out.println("Flavor " + i + " gives " + o.getClass().getName());
10 if (o instanceof Something_I_Can_Handle) {
11 // then handle it... for example:
12 // if (o instanceof String) { setText((String)o); }
13 break; // once handled, lower preference flavors may be ignored
14 }
15 }
16 catch (UnsupportedFlavorException ex) {
17 ex.printStackTrace();
18 }
19 }

Copy to Clipboard
• Get the system clipboard
• Encapsulate data to copy in a Transferable
• StringSelection is a Transferable for text
• Set the clipboard contents and claim ownership of it
• ClipboardOwner interface has callback method:
lostOwnership(Clipboard, Transferable)

Copy to Clipboard
2 class... implements ClipboardOwner {
3 Clipboard c = getToolkit().getSystemClipboard();
4 // Create a Transferable to put into the clipboard
5 // StringSelection is simplest, and pre-defined
6 StringSelection ss = new StringSelection(text.getText());
7 c.setContents(ss, ss);
8 public void lostOwnership(Clipboard c, Transferable t) {

9 System.out.println("Lost clipboard");
10 }

Implementing Transferable
• Object getTransferData(DataFlavor)
throws UnsupportedFlavorException
• DataFlavor [] getTransferDataFlavors()
• boolean isDataFlavorSupported(DataFlavor)

Exercise 1: Implementing Cut-and-

Paste
• Objective: Implement cut-and-paste with text data
• Preparation: Run the program CutPaste in the
solutions directory
• Tasks:
• Edit the file CutPaste.java

Drag-and-Drop
• Essentially similar to Cut/Paste – DataFlavor
• More "automatic"
• Drag-and-drop gestures predefined
• Special behavior during drag, such as cursor change
• Might need callbacks to monitor progress
• X Windows has multiple drag/drop schemes
• Multiple drop actions (copy/move/link)
• Source, destination, and user requested actions

DropTarget and
DropTargetListener
• DropTarget associates a Component and
DropTargetListener
• DropTargetListener gets progress calls particularly
void drop(DropTargetDropEvent)
• Call acceptDrop or rejectDrop
• DropTargetDragEvent and DropTargetDropEvent
• Carry the action type—getDropAction
• Carry the Transferable—getTransferable
• Call dropComplete when drop ends successfully
DropTarget and
DropTargetListener
2 import java.awt.dnd.*;
4 import java.io.*;
5
6 public class DroppableList extends List
7 implements DropTargetListener{
8
9 public DroppableList() {
10 // this is both target component and listener
11 new DropTarget (this, this);
12 }
13
14 private void validateDrag(DropTargetDragEvent e) {
15 int action = e.getDropAction();
16 if (action == DnDConstants.ACTION_MOVE) {
17 e.acceptDrag(action);
18 }
19 else {
20 e.rejectDrag();
21 }
22 }
23
24 public void dragEnter(DropTargetDragEvent e) {
25 validateDrag(e);
26 }
27
28 public void dragOver(DropTargetDragEvent e) {
29 validateDrag(e);
30 }
31
32 public void dropActionChanged(DropTargetDragEvent e) {
33 validateDrag(e);
34 }
35

DropTarget and
DropTargetListener
36 public void dragExit(DropTargetEvent e) { }
37
38 public void drop(DropTargetDropEvent e) {
39 int action = e.getDropAction();
40 Transferable tr = e.getTransferable();
41 if ((action == DnDConstants.ACTION_MOVE) ||
42 tr.isDataFlavorSupported(DataFlavor.stringFlavor)) {
43 e.acceptDrop(action);
44 try {
45 String s = (String)tr.getTransferData (
46 DataFlavor.stringFlavor);
47 add (s);
48 e.dropComplete(true);
49 }
50 catch (Exception ex) {
51 e.rejectDrop();
52 }
53 }
54 else {
55 e.rejectDrop();
56 }
57 }
58 }

DragSource, DragSourceListener,
and DragGestureListener
• ds = DragSource.getDefaultDragSource()
• ds.getDefaultDragGestureRecognizer(
comp, act, gl)
• Callback method for recognizer is
dragGestureRecognized
• Call ds.startDrag(event, cursor,
transferable, dsl)
• Or other overloading method
• DragSourceListener callbacks track progress of drag

DragSource,
DragSourceListener, and
DragGestureListener
2 import java.awt.dnd.*;
4
5 public class DraggableLabel extends Label
6 implements DragSourceListener, DragGestureListener {
7
8 DragSource dragSource;
9 public DraggableLabel(String s) {
10 super(s);
11 dragSource = new DragSource();
12 dragSource.createDefaultDragGestureRecognizer(
13 this, DnDConstants.ACTION_MOVE, this);
14 }
15
16 public void dragGestureRecognized(DragGestureEvent e) {
17 StringSelection text = new StringSelection(getText());
18 // specify null for the DragSourceListener if you are
19 // not interested in the callbacks.
20 dragSource.startDrag(
21 e, DragSource.DefaultCopyDrop, text, this);
22 }
23
24 // if no callbacks needed, you do not have to implement
25 // DragSourceListener at all.
26 public void dragDropEnd(DragSourceDropEvent e) { }
27 public void dragEnter(DragSourceDragEvent e) { }
28 public void dragExit(DragSourceEvent e) { }
29 public void dragOver(DragSourceDragEvent e) { }
30 public void dropActionChanged(DragSourceDragEvent e) { }
31 }

Exercise 2: Implementing Drag-and-

Drop
• Objective: Implement drag-and-drop with text data
• Preparation: Run the program DragDrop in the
solutions directory
• Tasks:
• Edit the file DragDrop.java

Check Your Progress

• Write programs that support cut-and-paste operations
• Write programs that support drag-and-drop operations

Think Beyond
• What reusable components can you create for use with
GUI data transfer?

Module 16
Using the GridBagLayout

Overview
• Course map
• Relevance
• Objectives

Layout Managers
• Position and size components in a Container
• Lay out GUIs according to a policy
• Absolute coordinates can be used but are platform
dependent
• Basic layout managers:
• FlowLayout
• GridLayout
• BorderLayout
• Somewhat limited

The GridBagLayout
• Divides region into rows and columns
• Components may be sized to fit width, height, both, or
neither of their "region"
• "Region" is one or more contiguous rows and one or
more contiguous columns

The GridBagLayout
• Row/column count determined by cell usage
• Row/column basic size determined by contents

The GridBagLayout
• Use of "spare" space determined by weight
• Region is one or more contiguous rows and columns
• Components may fit width and/or height of the region

The GridBagLayout
• Components are located within region by "anchor"
• Fill can make anchor ineffective

The GridBagConstraints Class

• For each component, specify:
• Top left corner of cell with gridx, gridy
• Cell size with gridwidth, gridheight
• "Stretchiness" with fill
• anchor
• Specify row and column stretchiness with weightx,
weighty

Designing with GridBagLayout

1. Sketch all components
2. Sketch all components on resized container
3. Identify all gridlines and hence row/column count
4. Identify stretchy rows/columns and allocate weights
5. Identify starting row/column for each component
6. Identify width/height for each component
7. Identify fill for each component
8. Identify anchor for each component
9. Assert row/column weights on one component each
Example
Basic, unexpanded layout proposal
Basic, expanded layout proposal

Example
0 1 2 3 4
Extra column
0 1 2 3 4
Loose component

Example
1
2 3 4 5
9
6 7
10
11
12
Component gridx gridy gridwidth gridheight
1 0 0 5 1
2 0 1 1 1
3 1 1 1 1
4 2 1 1 1
5 3 1 2 1
6 0 2 1 4
7 1 2 3 4
8 4 2 1 1
9 4 3 1 1
10 4 4 1 1
11 4 5 1 1
12 0 6 5 1

Example
0 1 1 2 3 4
0 1
1 2 3 4 5
2 8
3 9
7
6
4 10
5 11
6 12

Example

Example
3
4 public class ExampleGB {
6 JFrame f = new JFrame(“GridBag Example”);
7 Container c = f.getContentPane();
8 c.setLayout(new GridBagLayout());
9 GridBagAdder.add(c, new Canvas(), 3, 2, 1, 1, 1, 0,
10 GridBagConstraints.NONE, GridBagConstraints.CENTER);
11 GridBagAdder.add(c, new JButton(“1”), 0, 0, 5, 1, 0, 0,
12 GridBagConstraints.HORIZONTAL, GridBagConstraints.CENTER);
14 GridBagConstraints.BOTH, GridBagConstraints.CENTER);
35 f.pack();
36 f.setVisible(true);
37 }

Example
38 static class GridBagAdder {
39 // OK to reuse this as we overwrite all elements every time
40 // Note that this is not threadsafe however!
41 static GridBagConstraints cons = new GridBagConstraints();
42 public static void add(Container cont, Component comp, int x, int y,
43 int width, int height, int weightx, int weighty, int fill, int anchor) {
44 cons.gridx = x;
45 cons.gridy = y;
46 cons.gridwidth = width;
47 cons.gridheight = height;
48 cons.weightx = weightx;
49 cons.weighty = weighty;
50 cons.fill = fill;
51 cons.anchor = anchor;
52 cont.add(comp, cons);
53 }
54 }
55 }

RELATIVE and REMAINDER

• Shorthand for position/size
• For gridx/gridy
RELATIVE => Next position
• For gridwidth/gridheight
RELATIVE => Extends to last but one
• For gridwidth/gridheight
REMAINDER => Extends to last one
• Careful use of these aids maintenance but:
• Makes adding order significant
• Might cloud readability of code

Exercise: Using GridBagLayout

• Objective: Implement a GUI layout using
GridBagLayout
• Preparation: Run the program Layout in the solutions
directory
• Tasks:
• Edit the file Layout.java

Check Your Progress

• Write code to implement a specified layout using
GridBagLayout

Think Beyond
• Are there any layout effects that you cannot handle
using the layout managers you now understand?

Appendix A
Delegation Event Handling

Overview
• Relevance
• Objectives
GUI Construction With Java Foundation Classes Appendix A, slide 2 of 6

JDK 1.1 Event Model

• JDK 1.1 introduces delegation model
• AWT, the JavaBeans component model, and Swing all
use it
• Swing requires it

What Is Event Handling?

• An event is an information object.
• When something happens:
• A descriptive event object is created
• The event is passed as argument to listener methods
• To be called, a listener must register first.
• Events are only processed by interested parties.

Coding With Events

• To receive events, call an addXXXListener method
JButton b = new JButton("Press Me");
b.addActionListener(this); // inform me...
• Implement the appropriate XXXListener interface

public class MyButtonHandler implements
ActionListener {
public void actionPerformed(ActionEvent e) {
System.out.println("Got event " + e +
" from object " + e.getSource());
}
}

Event Classes
• java.awt.event.* lists many GUI events, such as:
• ActionEvent
• MouseEvent
• Subclasses of java.util.EventObject
• Utility methods, such as:
• getSource() - java.util.EventObject
• getActionCommand() - ActionEvent
• getKeyChar() - KeyEvent
• getModifiers() - InputEvent / MouseEvent

Appendix B
Printing

Overview
• Relevance
• Objectives
GUI Construction With Java Foundation Classes Appendix B, slide 2 of 5

AWT Printing
• java.awt.Toolkit gives access to system facilities
• A java.awt.Component has a reference to the
Toolkit
• The Component must have been visible
• From the Toolkit, get a PrintJob
• From a PrintJob, get a Graphics
• Each Graphics represents a page
• dispose() the Graphics to spool the page
• end() the PrintJob to complete

Example
Component c;
Toolkit tk = c.getToolkit();
PrintJob pj = getPrintJob(f, title, props);
Graphics g = pj.getGraphics();
while (more_pages_to_print) {
g.drawLine(...);
g.drawString(...);
c.paint(g);
g.dispose(); // output this page

}
pj.end();

AWT Printing Limitations

• With AWT, printing is 72 dpi.
• JComponent paintAll or paint methods need a non-
null clip in their Graphics.
• Non-lightweight components might not render on a
printer using the paint method.

Appendix C
Adding Fonts to the Java Runtime

Overview
• Relevance
• Objectives
GUI Construction With Java Foundation Classes Appendix C, slide 2 of 6

Fonts
• Multiple fonts can be installed
• Toolkit.getFontlist or
• GraphicsEnvironment.getAvailableFontFamilyNames
• Create font aliases
• Install new fonts
• Fonts might not cover all Unicode characters
• Fonts might not be in Unicode order

Font Configuration
• font.properties file
• In jre/lib directory under JDK or JRE installation
• font.properties.<locale>
• Adding an alias
• alias.timesroman=serif
• Installing a new font
• Platform specific
• Look at Solaris environment and Microsoft Windows

Adding a Font to Microsoft Windows

• Font specification references like:
serif.0=Times New Roman,ANSI_CHARSET
• Digit allows multiple font files for Unicode
• Win32 Charset entry:
ANSI_CHARSET, SYMBOL_CHARSET, and others
• Non-Unicode conversions
• NEED_CONVERTED
• Provide corresponding index converter class:
fontcharset.serif.1=\
sun.awt.windows.CharToByteWingDings

Adding a Font to a Solaris System

• Similar font specification
serif.plain.0=
-linotype-times-medium-r-normal--*-%d-*-*-p-*-
iso8859-1
• Attributes are part of the name

• X11 font names, with %d for scale
• All X11 fonts need conversion for Unicode indices
• NEED_CONVERTED is assumed
• fontcharset entry required

Appendix D
Undo/Redo Handling

Overview
• Relevance
• Objectives
GUI Construction With Java Foundation Classes Appendix D, slide 2 of 5

Undo/Redo Features
• Document issues UndoableEditEvent objects.
• Payload is UndoableEdit.
• UndoableEdit has
• undo()
• redo()
• getPresentationName()
• and others - die(), canUndo(), canRedo()...
• javax.swing.undo.UndoManager collects and
groups UndoableEditEvent objects.

Undo Example
4 import javax.swing.event.*;
5 import javax.swing.text.*;
6 import javax.swing.undo.*;
7
8 public class Undoer {
10 JFrame frame = new JFrame("Undoable Edits");
11 JTextPane pane = new JTextPane();
12 frame.getContentPane().add(pane, BorderLayout.CENTER);
13 DisplayableUndoManager undoer =
new DisplayableUndoManager(pane);
14 frame.getContentPane().add(undoer, BorderLayout.SOUTH);
15 frame.pack();
16 frame.setVisible(true);
17 }
18 }
19
20 class DisplayableUndoManager extends JPanel
implements UndoableEditListener {
21 private UndoManager undoManager = new UndoManager();
22 private JTextField nextUndo = new JTextField("", 30);
23 private JTextField nextRedo = new JTextField("", 30);
24 private JButton undoButton = new JButton("Undo");
25 private JButton redoButton = new JButton("Redo");
26 private JPanel leftPanel = new JPanel();
27 private JPanel rightPanel = new JPanel();
28
29 public DisplayableUndoManager(JTextComponent editSource) {
30 leftPanel.setLayout(new GridLayout(2, 1));
31 leftPanel.add(undoButton);
32 leftPanel.add(redoButton);
33
34 rightPanel.setLayout(new GridLayout(2, 1));
35 rightPanel.add(nextUndo);
36 rightPanel.add(nextRedo);
37

Undo Example
39 add(leftPanel, BorderLayout.WEST);
40 add(rightPanel, BorderLayout.CENTER);
41
42 nextUndo.setEnabled(false); // just for viewing.
43 nextRedo.setEnabled(false); // ditto
44
45 editSource.getDocument().addUndoableEditListener(this);
46 undoButton.addActionListener(
47 new ActionListener() {
49 undoManager.undo();
50 refresh();
51 }
52 }
53 );
54
55 redoButton.addActionListener(
56 new ActionListener() {
58 undoManager.redo();
59 refresh();
60 }
61 }
62 );
63 }
64
65 public void undoableEditHappened(UndoableEditEvent ev) {
66 undoManager.undoableEditHappened(ev);
67 refresh();
68 }
69
70 private void refresh() {
71 nextUndo.setText(undoManager.getUndoPresentationName());
72 nextRedo.setText(undoManager.getRedoPresentationName());
73 undoButton.setEnabled(undoManager.canUndo());
74 redoButton.setEnabled(undoManager.canRedo());
75 }
76 }

Course Contents
About This Course .......................................................................................................Preface-1

Course Overview ......................................................................................................................... Preface-2
Course Map ................................................................................................................................... Preface-3
Module-by-Module Overview ................................................................................................... Preface-4
Course Objectives ......................................................................................................................... Preface-6
Topics Not Covered ..................................................................................................................... Preface-7
How Prepared Are You? ............................................................................................................. Preface-8
Introductions ................................................................................................................................ Preface-9
How to Use the Course Materials ............................................................................................ Preface-10
Icons ............................................................................................................................................. Preface-11
Typographical Conventions ..................................................................................................... Preface-12
Introduction ............................................................................................................................1-1
Overview .................................................................................................................................................. 1-2
Course Contents ...................................................................................................................................... 1-3
What Is JFC? ............................................................................................................................................. 1-4
What Is Swing? ........................................................................................................................................ 1-5
Printing ..................................................................................................................................................... 1-6
Why Not Use AWT? ............................................................................................................................... 1-7
What Should a Replacement for AWT Offer? ..................................................................................... 1-8
Costs of Using JFC/Swing ................................................................................................................... 1-10
Exercise: Investigate Swing Component Set ..................................................................................... 1-11
Check Your Progress ............................................................................................................................ 1-12
Think Beyond ........................................................................................................................................ 1-13
GUI Construction With Java Foundation Classes i

Swing Foundations .................................................................................................................2-1

Overview .................................................................................................................................................. 2-2
Comparing Swing and AWT Components ......................................................................................... 2-3
Converting From AWT to Swing .......................................................................................................... 2-4
New Components in Swing ................................................................................................................... 2-5
Top Level Swing Containers ................................................................................................................. 2-6
Using a RootPaneContainer ..................................................2-7
JFrame Essentials .................................................................................................................................... 2-8
Exercise: Converting an AWT GUI to Swing ...................................................................................... 2-9
Think Beyond ........................................................................................................................................ 2-11
Basic Swing Components ......................................................................................................3-1

Overview .................................................................................................................................................. 3-2
The Icon Interface ................................................................................................................................... 3-3
Creating an Icon ...........................................................3-4
Implementing the Icon Interface ......................................................................................................... 3-5
The JLabel Class .................................................................................................................................... 3-6
JLabel Example ...................................................................................................................................... 3-7
Tooltips ..................................................................................................................................................... 3-8
Buttons ...................................................................................................................................................... 3-9
The JButton Class ................................................................................................................................ 3-10
JButton Example .................................................................................................................................. 3-11
The JCheckBox Class ............................................................................................................................ 3-13
JCheckBox Example ............................................................................................................................. 3-14
The JRadioButton Class ..................................................................................................................... 3-15
JRadioButton Example ....................................................................................................................... 3-16
The JComboBox Class ............................................................................................................................ 3-19
JComboBox Example ............................................................................................................................. 3-20
The JMenu Class .................................................................................................................................... 3-22
GUI Construction With Java Foundation Classes ii

JMenu Example ...................................................................................................................................... 3-23

Additional Features of JMenu .................................................3-26
Exercise: Using Basic Swing Components ........................................................................................ 3-27
Think Beyond ........................................................................................................................................ 3-29
More Swing Foundations ......................................................................................................4-1

Overview .................................................................................................................................................. 4-2
JComponent Accessibility ...................................................................................................................... 4-3
Actions ...................................................................................................................................................... 4-4
Keystrokes ................................................................................................................................................ 4-5
Attaching an Action to a KeyStroke ...........................................4-6
Exercise 1: Investigate Action Objects .................................................................................................. 4-7
Exercise 2: Investigate Keystroke Handling ........................................................................................ 4-8
Check Your Progress .............................................................................................................................. 4-9
Think Beyond ........................................................................................................................................ 4-10
JDK 1.2 Printing ......................................................................................................................5-1

Overview .................................................................................................................................................. 5-2
Two Modes of Printing .......................................................................................................................... 5-3
JDK 1.2 Printing ....................................................................................................................................... 5-4
Implementing the Printable Interface .............................................................................................. 5-5
Using the PrinterJob .......................................................5-6
The Printable and Pageable Interfaces ........................................................................................... 5-7
Example of Using Pageable and Book ..........................................5-8
The PageFormat Class ........................................................................................................................... 5-9
Exercise: Using JDK 1.2 Printing ......................................................................................................... 5-10
Think Beyond ........................................................................................................................................ 5-12
GUI Construction With Java Foundation Classes iii

Models, Views, and Controllers ...........................................................................................6-1

Overview .................................................................................................................................................. 6-2
MVC Overview ....................................................................................................................................... 6-3
Benefits of MVC ...................................................................................................................................... 6-7
Implementing MVC in JDK 1.1 ............................................................................................................. 6-8
Event Sourcing ........................................................................................................................................ 6-9
Handling Listeners ............................................................................................................................... 6-10
Dispatching the Event .......................................................................................................................... 6-11
MVC in Swing ....................................................................................................................................... 6-12
Exercise: MVC Demonstration Using the 1.1 Event Model ............................................................ 6-13
Think Beyond ........................................................................................................................................ 6-15
Swing MVC Components ......................................................................................................7-1

Overview .................................................................................................................................................. 7-2
MVC in Swing ......................................................................................................................................... 7-3
Using a JList ..............................................................7-4
Using a ListModel ..........................................................7-5
Exercise 1: Sharing a Model With MVC .............................................................................................. 7-6
Actions, KeyStrokes and Models .......................................................................................................... 7-7
Defining an Action .........................................................7-8
Action and Model Interactions ............................................................................................................. 7-9
Exercise 2: Defining Action Classes .................................................................................................. 7-10
Think Beyond ........................................................................................................................................ 7-12
Using the JTable ....................................................................................................................8-1

Overview .................................................................................................................................................. 8-2
JTable Fundamentals ............................................................................................................................ 8-3
Essential JTable Support Classes ........................................................................................................ 8-4
GUI Construction With Java Foundation Classes iv

The TableModel interface ..................................................................................................................... 8-5

The TableColumnModel Interface and TableColumn Class ............................................................. 8-6
Using a JTable .............................................................8-7
Using an AbstractTableModel ...............................................8-8
Controlling Table Appearance .............................................................................................................. 8-9
Using a CellRenderer ......................................................8-10
Writing a CellRenderer ....................................................8-11
Using a CellEditor ........................................................8-12
Exercise 1: Using JTable and TableModel ......................................8-13
Exercise 2: Controlling Editability With the TableModel ...........................8-14
Exercise 3: Using a Cell Renderer ....................................................................................................... 8-15
Exercise 4: Using a Cell Editor ............................................................................................................ 8-16
Think Beyond ........................................................................................................................................ 8-18
Using the JTree ......................................................................................................................9-1

Overview .................................................................................................................................................. 9-2
JTree Foundations ................................................................................................................................. 9-3
The DefaultTreeModel and DefaultMutableTreeNode ............................9-4
Using DefaultTreeModel and DefaultMutableTreeNode ..........................9-5
The TreeModel Interface ........................................................................................................................ 9-8
More About JTree ..........................................................9-9
Exercise: Using JTree and DefaultTreeModel ..................................9-10
Think Beyond ........................................................................................................................................ 9-12
Text Editing With Swing .....................................................................................................10-1

Overview ................................................................................................................................................ 10-2
Basic Text Editing .................................................................................................................................. 10-3
Using the JTextPane .......................................................10-4
GUI Construction With Java Foundation Classes v

Styles and JTextPane ......................................................10-5

Constructing Styles ............................................................................................................................... 10-6
Applying Styles ..................................................................................................................................... 10-7
Placing Components in JTextPane ............................................10-8
Images in JTextPane .......................................................10-9
Exercise: Using JTextPane and Styles ............................................................................................ 10-10
Check Your Progress .......................................................................................................................... 10-11
Think Beyond ...................................................................................................................................... 10-12
More Swing Features ............................................................................................................11-1

Overview ................................................................................................................................................ 11-2
Swing Is Not Thread Safe .................................................................................................................... 11-3
Calling Methods From Other Threads ............................................................................................... 11-5
Communicating Between Threads ..................................................................................................... 11-6
Swing Component Appearance .......................................................................................................... 11-7
Using Borders ........................................................................................................................................ 11-8
Border Appearance ............................................................................................................................... 11-9
Controlling Look and Feel ................................................................................................................. 11-10
Focus Handling ................................................................................................................................... 11-12
Controlling Default Focus .................................................................................................................. 11-13
Focus Traversal .................................................................................................................................... 11-14
Exercise 1: Observe Default Focus Traversal .................................................................................. 11-15
Exercise 2: Control Focus Traversal ................................................................................................. 11-16
Exercise 3: Control Default Focus Position ..................................................................................... 11-17
Exercise 4: Install a Look and Feel .................................................................................................... 11-18
Think Beyond ...................................................................................................................................... 11-21
Utility Panes .........................................................................................................................12-1

Overview ................................................................................................................................................ 12-2
GUI Construction With Java Foundation Classes vi

Utility Panes ........................................................................................................................................... 12-3

The JFileChooser .........................................................12-4
JFileChooser Example ....................................................................................................................... 12-5
Using the JFileChooser ....................................................12-6
The JTabbedPane ..........................................................12-7
Using the JTabbedPane .....................................................12-8
JTabbedPane Example ......................................................................................................................... 12-9
Using the JSplitPane .....................................................12-11
JSplitPane Example ......................................................................................................................... 12-12
Controlling the Divider ...................................................................................................................... 12-13
Using the JScrollPane ....................................................12-14
Assigning Components to Regions of a JScrollPane ............................12-15
Controlling Scrolling .......................................................................................................................... 12-16
The JOptionPane .........................................................12-17
Exercise: Using the Utility Panes ...................................................................................................... 12-20
Think Beyond ...................................................................................................................................... 12-22
Program Localization ..........................................................................................................13-1

Overview ................................................................................................................................................ 13-2
Unicode and Other Character Sets ..................................................................................................... 13-3
Localizing Code ..................................................................................................................................... 13-4
Locale ...................................................................................................................................................... 13-5
ResourceBundle ..........................................................13-6
Using a ResourceBundle ....................................................13-7
Creating a ResourceBundle .................................................13-8
ListResourceBundle ......................................................13-9
Formatting Messages .......................................................................................................................... 13-10
Basic Use of MessageFormat ................................................13-11
Localizing Formatted Messages ........................................................................................................ 13-12
GUI Construction With Java Foundation Classes vii

More Control of Message Formatting .............................................................................................. 13-13

Date Formatting .................................................................................................................................. 13-14
Numeric Formatting ........................................................................................................................... 13-15
Choice Formatting .............................................................................................................................. 13-16
Nested Formatting .............................................................................................................................. 13-17
Exercise: Program Localization ......................................................................................................... 13-19
Think Beyond ...................................................................................................................................... 13-21
Creating Custom Components ............................................................................................14-1

Overview ................................................................................................................................................ 14-2
Component Requirements ................................................................................................................... 14-3
Creating a New Component ................................................................................................................ 14-4
Lightweight Components .................................................................................................................... 14-5
Event Handling ..................................................................................................................................... 14-6
Event Sourcing Choices ........................................................................................................................ 14-7
Add/Remove Listener Methods ......................................................................................................... 14-8
Event Firing Convenience Method ..................................................................................................... 14-9
Example ................................................................................................................................................ 14-12
Exercise: Create a New Component ................................................................................................. 14-13
Think Beyond ...................................................................................................................................... 14-15
GUI Data Transfer ...............................................................................................................15-1

Overview ................................................................................................................................................ 15-2
Data Types ............................................................................................................................................. 15-3
The System Clipboard .......................................................................................................................... 15-4
Paste From Clipboard ........................................................................................................................... 15-5
Copy to Clipboard ................................................................................................................................ 15-7
Copy to Clipboard ................................................................................................................................ 15-8
GUI Construction With Java Foundation Classes viii

Implementing Transferable ................................................15-9

Exercise 1: Implementing Cut-and-Paste ........................................................................................ 15-10
Drag-and-Drop .................................................................................................................................... 15-11
DropTarget and DropTargetListener .......................................15-12
DragSource, DragSourceListener, and DragGestureListener ...................15-15
Exercise 2: Implementing Drag-and-Drop ...................................................................................... 15-17
Think Beyond ...................................................................................................................................... 15-19
Using the GridBagLayout ..................................................................................................16-1

Overview ................................................................................................................................................ 16-2
Layout Managers .................................................................................................................................. 16-3
The GridBagLayout ........................................................16-4
The GridBagConstraints Class ........................................................................................................ 16-8
Designing with GridBagLayout ..............................................16-9
Example ................................................................................................................................................ 16-10
RELATIVE and REMAINDER .......................................................................................................... 16-17
Exercise: Using GridBagLayout .............................................16-18
Think Beyond ...................................................................................................................................... 16-20
Delegation Event Handling ..................................................................................................A-1

Overview ................................................................................................................................................. A-2
JDK 1.1 Event Model ............................................................................................................................. A-3
What Is Event Handling? ...................................................................................................................... A-4
Coding With Events ............................................................................................................................... A-5
Event Classes .......................................................................................................................................... A-6
Printing ................................................................................................................................... B-1

Overview ..................................................................................................................................................B-2
GUI Construction With Java Foundation Classes ix

AWT Printing ..........................................................................................................................................B-3

Example ....................................................................................................................................................B-4
AWT Printing Limitations .....................................................................................................................B-5
Adding Fonts to the Java Runtime ..................................................................................... C-1

Overview ................................................................................................................................................. C-2
Fonts ......................................................................................................................................................... C-3
Font Configuration ................................................................................................................................ C-4
Adding a Font to Microsoft Windows ................................................................................................ C-5
Adding a Font to a Solaris System ....................................................................................................... C-6
Undo/Redo Handling ............................................................................................................D-1

Overview ................................................................................................................................................. D-2
Undo/Redo Features ............................................................................................................................. D-3
Undo Example ........................................................................................................................................ D-4
GUI Construction With Java Foundation Classes x


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GUI Construction With Java

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GUI Construction With Java Foundation Classes November 1998

About This Course

GUI Construction With Java Foundation Classes November 1998

• Java Development Kit (JDK™) fully supports

• Course provides skills to:

• Develop graphical user interfaces (GUIs)

GUI Construction With Java Foundation Classes Preface, slide 2 of 12

Basic Swing More Swing

JDK 1.2 Printing

Models Views and Controllers

Using the JTable Using the JTree

More About Swing

More Swing Utility Panes

Further User Interface Issues

GUI Data Using the

GUI Construction With Java Foundation Classes Preface, slide 3 of 12

GUI Construction With Java Foundation Classes Preface, slide 4 of 12

GUI Construction With Java Foundation Classes Preface, slide 5 of 12

GUI Construction With Java Foundation Classes Preface, slide 6 of 12

Topics Not Covered

GUI Construction With Java Foundation Classes Preface, slide 7 of 12

How Prepared Are You?

GUI Construction With Java Foundation Classes Preface, slide 8 of 12

GUI Construction With Java Foundation Classes Preface, slide 9 of 12

How to Use the Course Materials

GUI Construction With Java Foundation Classes Preface, slide 10 of 12

GUI Construction With Java Foundation Classes Preface, slide 11 of 12

• Courier bold – Input you type

• Courier italic – Variables and command-line

• Palatino italics – Book titles, new words or terms, words

GUI Construction With Java Foundation Classes Preface, slide 12 of 12

GUI Construction With Java Foundation Classes November 1998

GUI Construction With Java Foundation Classes Module 1, slide 2 of 13

GUI Construction With Java Foundation Classes Module 1, slide 3 of 13

GUI Construction With Java Foundation Classes Module 1, slide 4 of 13

GUI Construction With Java Foundation Classes Module 1, slide 5 of 13

GUI Construction With Java Foundation Classes Module 1, slide 6 of 13

Why Not Use AWT?

GUI Construction With Java Foundation Classes Module 1, slide 7 of 13

What Should a Replacement for AWT

GUI Construction With Java Foundation Classes Module 1, slide 8 of 13

What Should a Replacement for AWT

GUI Construction With Java Foundation Classes Module 1, slide 9 of 13

Costs of Using JFC/Swing

GUI Construction With Java Foundation Classes Module 1, slide 10 of 13

Exercise: Investigate Swing

GUI Construction With Java Foundation Classes Module 1, slide 11 of 13

Check Your Progress

• Describe the key features of Swing

GUI Construction With Java Foundation Classes Module 1, slide 12 of 13

GUI Construction With Java Foundation Classes Module 1, slide 13 of 13

GUI Construction With Java Foundation Classes November 1998

GUI Construction With Java Foundation Classes Module 2, slide 2 of 11

Comparing Swing and AWT

GUI Construction With Java Foundation Classes Module 2, slide 3 of 11

Converting From AWT to Swing

GUI Construction With Java Foundation Classes Module 2, slide 4 of 11

New Components in Swing

GUI Construction With Java Foundation Classes Module 2, slide 5 of 11

Top Level Swing Containers