See discussions, stats, and author profiles for this publication at: https://www.researchgate.

net/publication/323565036

Study and examination of transformer oil while exposed to air during

operation

Conference Paper · December 2017

DOI: 10.1109/MEPCON.2017.8301218

CITATIONS READS

2 237

4 authors, including:

Sobhy Serry Dessouky Ahmed E. Kalas

Port Said University, Faculty of Engineering, Port Said, Egypt Port Said University
91 PUBLICATIONS   212 CITATIONS    36 PUBLICATIONS   230 CITATIONS   

SEE PROFILE SEE PROFILE

R.A.Abd El-Aal
Faculty of Engineering, Port-Said University
19 PUBLICATIONS   26 CITATIONS   

SEE PROFILE

Some of the authors of this publication are also working on these related projects:

Experimental and analytical investigation of multi-phase induction machines View project

THE EFFECT OF DROPLETS ON SOLID INSULATING SURFACES UNDER UNIFORM A.C ELECTRIC FIELD View project

All content following this page was uploaded by R.A.Abd El-Aal on 10 August 2019.

The user has requested enhancement of the downloaded file.

 2017 Nineteenth International Middle East Power Systems Conference (MEPCON), Menoufia University, Egypt, 19-21 December 2017.
Study and Examination of Transformer Oil While
Exposed to Air During Operation
Sobhy S. Dessouky1, Ahmed E.Kalas2,
R.A.Abd El-Aal3,
1, 2, 3 Electrical Engineering Dept. Faculty of Engineering.
Port-Said University. Port Said, Egypt
1sobhyserry@yahoo.com
2kalas_14@yahoo.com
3 ramadan.ali@eng.psu.edu.eg
Abstract - The immersed papers in transformers oil and the
overall transformers oil tank that form the insulating materials
are subjected to thermal and/or electrical fault from time to time
which produce gases within the unit. The type of these gases can
be classified according to the type of the fault and the generation
gas rate can indicate the severity of the fault within the
transformer, we can use these gases to diagnose it.
During the normal investigation on a transformer inside one of
electrical power station, it is found a problem in transformer oil,
which is subjected to the atmospheric air during operation.
Oxygen gas history of this transformer indicates that high oxygen
gas levels dissolved in transformer oil within the interval between
year 2003 and 2009.
This paper deals as a case study a such transformer oil to
discovered the new problem and further contribution when
examination of transformer oil while exposed to air during
operation. In this vein, the air leakage was discovered in 2009.
In addition, oxidation of insulating paper and oil forms acids as
the transformer ages, an increase in the acidity is a function of
the rate of deterioration of the oil with Sludge. The acidity
increased from 2004 to 2009 with rate approximately 6.9 times
normal rate due to air leakage atmospheric contamination,
moisture, oxygen, at normal operating temperature 80°C to
120°C where the insulating paper decomposition and
deterioration forms furan compounds. Accelerate aging due to
oxygen, moisture, and acidity, which reduce the lifetime of the
transformer.
Keywords — leakage, oxygen, acidity, Sludge, decomposition,
deterioration, furan.
I. INTRODUCTION
Power transformers are the most costly, vital, and essential
components of electrical power system, to ensure reliability
and economic power supply, we should utilize the constructed
transformers in the power system optimally [1]. Transformer
life is determined by the life of its insulating paper. Many
transformers in many electrical power systems have today
reached their design lifetime but they are still in operation, and
it has a good economic effect if they can continue to operate
safely over design lifetime many years. To maximize the
efficiency and lifetime of transformer it is important to be
aware of possible faults that may happen and to know how to
minimize them [2]. The functions of insulating oil are transfer
heat; provide a major part of the insulation, and diagnoses for
transformers, oil circuit breakers, reactors, capacitors, bushing
insulators and other related electrical equipment [3, 4].
978-1-5386-0990-3/17/$31.00©2017 IEEE
Abdel moneim M. Hassan4
4Abo-Sultan Steam Power Plant.
Ismailia. Egypt
4abdelmoname333@yahoo.com
II. OIL PRESERVATION SEALING SYSTEMS.
The function of sealing systems is to block up for air and
moisture from contaminating insulating materials within
transformer i.e. oil and insulating paper, to prevent oil inside
the transformer from coming into contact with air (air/oil
interface) sealing system was designed. Air contains moisture,
oxygen, which causes oil oxidizes, increase oil acidity, and
sludging. Oxygen and moisture causes greatly accelerated
deterioration of the oil and cellulose. Oxygen-moisture
combination will reduce lifetime of the transformer. Sealing
systems designs on many power transformers are free
breathing, inert gas (nitrogen) pressure design, auxiliary tank
sealing system, and current practice is conservator designs
with bladders for transformer voltages 115 kV and above and
capacities above 10 mega-volt-amps. Below these values, we
use inert gas pressure system transformers [5]. This paper
investigates the impact of atmospheric air leakage in
transformer oil seal system Fig. (1) as a case study for 16
MVA 15/6.3/6.3KV OLTC transformer.
III. UNDER STUDY TRANSFORMER GASES HISTORY
The properties of the oil contribute to long life and low
maintenance requirements, and oil functions are insulation,
cooling, preserve the core, assembly, and diagnostic.
Thermal degradation of the oil and insulating paper is one
of the major faults in transformer; Dissolved gas in oil
analysis (DGA) is reliable and sensitive technique for primary
fault detection condition within oil-immersed transformers and
transformer diagnostic by presence of certain key gases that
dissolved in the oil. The dissolved gases analysis ASTM
D3612 for transformer under study obtains from central
chemical laboratories of EEA. There are many methods
developed for analyzing these gases and interpreting their
significance: Key Gas, Rogers Ratios, Doernenburg,
Logarithmic Nomograph, IEC Ratio, Basic gas ratios and
Duval Triangle etc. [3, 6-8].
A. Atmospheric Gases History of Transformer Under Study.
Transformer samples take at least annually. The oxygen
and nitrogen can be compared with previous DGAs; and a
good indication of a leak if they increased, if the transformer
oil has ever been degassed, oxygen and nitrogen should be low
in the DGA. It is extremely important to keep accurate records
over a transformer’s life, when a problem occurs; recorded
information helps greatly in troubleshooting [5]. A decrease of
the O2/N2 ratio indicates excessive heating. Once again,
combining this ratio with other diagnostic tools that indicate
thermal faults will give you more confidence in your
conclusions about thermal faults [8]. Fig. (2) Shows (O2 & N2)
gas history of the under study transformer.
Fig. 1. Atmospheric air leakage in under study transformer
B. CO2/CO ratio history of transformer under study.
Degradation of oil impregnated paper increases quickly as
temperature increase to produce CO2 and CO, if the ratio of
CO2/CO less than three it is an indication of probable that
paper involvement in electrical fault (sparking or arcing), get
along with some carbonization of paper [5, 9]. If the ratio of
CO2/CO is about seven it is considered to normal case. If the
ratio of CO2/CO above ten it is generally refer to a thermal
fault with the involvement of cellulose. This is only true if the
CO2 came from within the transformer (no leaks), and these
ratios are only meaningful if there is a significant amount of
both gases. Note that these gases can be produced from oil
degradation, and CO2 can be present dissolved in the
transformer oil from atmospheric leaks so must be considered.
The oil sample can also pick up O2 and CO2 if it is exposed
to air during sampling or handling at the laboratory [5]. If a
fault is suspected, look carefully to see if CO is increasing
around 70 ppm or more per month (generation limit from IEC
60599), there is probably a fault [5, 6, 10]. It must be subtract
the previous amount of CO2 and CO from present amount to
get only gases caused by the present fault to use in the ratio.
This will eliminate CO2 and CO produced by normal aging
and other sources. Fig (3) shows carbon dioxide (CO2) /carbon
monoxide (CO) i.e. ratios of carbon oxides group gases history
of the under study transformer.
percent Fig. 2. O2 & N2 gas history of transformer
30
25
20
15
10
Date
Fig. 3. CO2 /CO ratio history
When (CO2/CO ratios more than ten or less than three)
refers to excessive cellulose degradation may be donning, and
then we must ask for a furan analysis with the next DGA.
This will give you a good indication of useful life left in
the transformer insulating paper, which is a function of
transformer end lifetime. All this test does is given an
indication of the health of the paper; it is not a sure thing. So
furan analysis used by many experts to give an indication of
transformer remaining life, when CO2/CO ratios more than ten
or less than three, Oil laboratories do this test on a routine
basis [5].
C. Hydrogen Gas History of Transformer Under Study.
Gas type and amounts are determined by the fault
temperature occurs in the transformer, intensity, duration and
energy of the event. low energy events such as partial Which indicate that the atmospheric air leakage in the
discharge (PD), which produces hydrogen and little transformer seal system is in interval between 2003 and 2009.
amounts of methane and ethane, and very high energy such as Note that air leakage was discovered in 2009.
arcing, which generate acetylene, at temperature more than
700°C which requires the most energy. Hydrogen appears in
Oxygen gas (ppm) history
almost all fault conditions, therefore an indicator and not a
diagnostic gas. It must be combined in a ratio-based analysis
30000
with other gases in order to begin to diagnose an incipient
fault. Therefore, it is important to measure hydrogen. Fig. (4)
25000
Shows hydrogen gas H2 history of the under study
transformer.
20000
Mineral oil insulating fluids are composed essentially of
saturated Hydrocarbons straight, and branched chain called
15000
paraffin's, whose general Mineral oil insulating fluids are
composed essentially of saturated Hydrocarbons straight and 10000
branched chain called paraffin's, whose general molecular
formula is CnH2n+2, or mono and condensed chain called 5000
naphathene whose general formula is CnH2n, or linear and
angular condensed chain called aromatics whose general 0
formula is CnH2n-6, With n in the range of 20 to 40. The

15/11/1998
07/03/99
27/3/2000
29/5/2000
07/07/03
14/10/2003
17/5/2004
29/6/2004
04/01/06
12/11/07
04/05/08
18/5/2009
05/08/09
04/05/10
01/06/11
30/11/2011
08/05/12
18/7/2012
23/9/2012
13/11/2012
21/1/2013
26/2/2013
05/03/13
08/05/13
03/04/13
27/11/2013
06/05/14
08/10/14
05/11/14
cellulosic insulation material is a polymeric substance whose
general molecular formula is [C12H14O4 (OH) 6] n, with n
Date
between range of 300 to range of 750 [2, 6, 10].

Fig..5. Oxygen gas (O2) history of the under study transformer

Hydrogen gas (ppm) history

140
V. DIAGNOSTIC CHARACTERISTICS OF FAULTY
120
TRANSFORMER INSULATION.

100 Faulty conditions can be represented in terms of partial

discharge activity, faulty gases production, and conductance,
80 capacitance and dielectric loss factor changes of a defective
area. Typical scenario of initially defect-free insulation failure
60
is the following:
40
Contamination (particles, water, bubbles) → Occurrence of
moderate PD → Occurrence of destructive PD → Gas
20 generation → Progressing PD, accompanied with gas
generation→ Tracking / treeing, accompanied with gassing
0
and changing dielectric characteristics, critical pre-failure
15/11/1998
07/03/99
27/3/2000
29/5/2000
07/07/03
14/10/2003
17/5/2004
29/6/2004
04/01/06
12/11/07
04/05/08
18/5/2009
05/08/09
04/05/10
01/06/11
30/11/2011
08/05/12
18/7/2012
23/9/2012
13/11/2012
21/1/2013
26/2/2013
05/03/13
08/05/13
03/04/13
27/11/2013
06/05/14
08/10/14
05/11/14

PD→ Breakdown. Relevant diagnostic characteristics are:

(1) PD parameters: apparent charge magnitude, rate of pulse
Date repetition, power of discharges, PD trace.
(2) Content of faulty gas.
(3) Gas production rate due to degradation of insulating
Fig. 4. hydrogen gas H2 history of the under study transformer
materials rate, which is a function of discharge power.
(4) Change of conductivity, capacitance of the defective
insulation space, and power factor.
IV. DETERMINATION OF ATMOSPHERIC AIR The technique of diagnostic has view to discriminate
LEAKAGE DATE. between really dangerous problems (e.g. destructive partial
discharge in the oil-barrier substance), and problems, which
Oxygen is formed from degradation of cellulose i.e. does not affect on the transformer functionality to a danger
insulating paper of transformer. Carbon dioxide (CO2), oxygen extent, and the transformer which could be kept in service at
(O2), nitrogen (N2), and moisture may be also getting from the least for some while. Apparently, consideration about possible
air if there is an oil/air interface, or if there is a leak in the critical transformer condition must be supported by design
transformer oil tank sealing system. Our transformer has a review, especially to assess “the sensitive points of the
pressurized nitrogen blanket above the oil. Fig. (5) Shows equipment [11].
Oxygen gas (O2) history of the under study transformer.
 Applying the dissolved gases analysis diagnostic methods
at dates before purification because concentrations of gases
are high and the result is more accurate. Table (1) shows the
Summary of the fault diagnoses by various methods.
VI. ACIDITY HISTORY FOR TRANSFORMER
UNDER STUDY
Life history of the transformer must be examined
carefully. It is, very important to get accurate dissolved gas
analysis data records of every transformer. This information is
important to do an evaluation for the equipment when it
becomes necessary. Acidity or acid number is the quantity of
potassium hydroxide (KOH) in milligrams (mg) that it
requires to neutralize the acid in one gram (gm) of transformer
oil. The higher acid number is, the more acid is in the oil.
Practically no acid contain in new transformer oils. The
acidity history IP 1/64 of under study transformer obtains from
central chemical laboratories of EEA. Oxidation of oils and
insulation forms acids as the transformer ages, to form sludge
as product, and precipitate out inside the transformer tank. The
acids attack metals inside the tank and form soaps (more
sludge).
Sludge has been found to begin when the acidity reaches
0.03 mg KOH/gm. it is important that the oil should be
reclaimed before it gave this value. As with all others, the
decision must not be taking fore one (DGA) test, but look to
increasing in the acid number each year. Plan and begin
budget planning before the acidity reaches 0.02 [12, 13].
Fig. (6) shows natural acidity contains mg KOH/gm history of
the under study transformer. Equipment could be kept in
service at least for some while. Apparently, consideration
about possible critical transformer condition must be
supported by design review, especially to assess “the sensitive
points of the equipment [14]. Acids in the oil originate from
oil decomposition / oxidation products, also the atmospheric
contamination as an external source can also be forms organic
acids which are detrimental to the insulation system and when
water is present it can made corrosion inside the transformer,
if there is an increase in acidity which gave an indication to
the rate of deterioration of the oil with Sludge. The acid
number of the oil in a transformer should never be allowed to
exceed 0.03 mg KOH/g oil. This is the critical acidity and
deterioration quickly increases when this level is reached.
Cellulose can degrade by a chemical process referred to as
hydrolysis. During hydrolysis, water is consumed in the
breaking of the polymeric chains in the cellulose molecules.
The process is catalyzed by acids. Acids are present in the oil
that is in contact with the cellulose. Carboxylic acids are
produced from the oil as a result of oxidation. The acid
content of the oil increases as the oil oxidizes. With an
increase in acidity, the degradation of the cellulose increases
to produce Furanic compounds as shows in Eq. (1) [15, 16].
Applying the dissolved gases analysis diagnostic methods at
dates before purification interval because concentrations of
gas are high and the result is more accurate for the fault
interval. Table (1) shows the Summary of the fault diagnoses
by various methods.
Cellulose Glucose + CO + CO2 + H2O + acids... (1)
Paper Furanic Compounds

TABLE .1. SUMMARY OF THE FAULT DIAGNOSES BY VARIOUS METHODS

Date Kay Gas IEC Rogers CO2/CO Duval
Slight may be seal leaks
Thermal fault
15/11/1998 Normal Normal Overheating or/and oil oxidation,
t > 700 °C
200-300 °C t<150°C
Thermal fault of low general
29/05/2000 Normal temperature conductor Normal Thermal fault
< 150 ˚C overheating 300 < t < 700 °C
Thermal fault of medium may be seal leaks or/and
temperature range 300˚C- winding oil oxidation, t<150°C Thermal fault
07/07/2003 Normal 700˚C circulating 300 < t < 700 °C
currents
Thermal fault of medium
Normal temperature range 300˚C- Cannot be Normal Thermal fault
17/05/2004 700˚C applicable 300 < t < 700 °C
Partial discharges of low
18/05/2009 Overheated energy density Cannot be Normal Thermal fault
cellulose applicable t > 700 °C
may be seal leaks or/and
05/08/2009 normal normal normal oil oxidation, t<150°C Thermal fault
300 < t < 700 °C
Thermal fault of medium winding
04/05/2010 normal temperature range 300 ˚C- circulating normal Thermal fault
700 ˚C currents 300 < t < 700 °C
Thermal fault
18/07/2012 normal normal normal normal 300 < t < 700 °C
Overheated Thermal fault
27/11/2013 cellulose normal normal normal 300 < t < 700 °C
general
08/10/2014 Overheated Thermal fault of low conductor normal Thermal fault
cellulose temperature < 150 ˚C overheating 300 < t < 700 °C

Acidity equation for line as shown in Fig. (7-a) from
15/08/1983 to 11/09/2002 is represented by empirical
formula.
Acidity = 0.011849842 + 0.00047323746 * t.
With standard error = 0.00486788, Correlation coeff =
0.55575104, Also acidity equation for line as shown in
Fig. (7-b) from 27/04/2004 to 21/01/2013 is represented by
empirical formula.
Acidity = - 0.051840743 + 0.0032608689 * t.
With standard error = 0.01875097, Correlation coeff =
0.60060734, Where t is transformer operating time (years).
times normal rate due to oil sealing system failure as shown
in Figs (7-a), (7-b).
Acid also attacks cellulose and accelerates insulation
degradation. Table (2) shows the furan compounds
(2) compared with another transformer has the same
specifications and operating condition which indicate that
increase in furan compounds which decrease degree of
polarization for paper insulation to accelerate transformer
ageing and reduce transformer life time due to air leakage in
transformer oil tank during the interval between 2003and
2009.
(3)
S = 0.00486788
r = 0.55575104
0 .08

0 .07

0 .06

A c id ity (K O H /gm )
0 .05

0 .04

0 .03

0 .02

0 .01

0 .00
0.0 5.0 10.0 15.0 20.0

Transformer operating time (years)

Fig.(7-a)
Fig.6. Natural acidity contains mg KOH/gm history Fig. (7-a) Rate of Acidity before Air Leak In the Oil Seal System

The line in fig (7-a) represented the oil acidity rate before S = 0.01875097
r = 0.60060734
(air/oil interface) in 2003 with standard error = 0.486788 %,
8
correlation coefficient = 55.575104 %, the line in fig (7-b) 0.0

represented the oil acidity after (air/oil interface) in the 0.0

7
interval between 2004 to 2013 with standard error =
6
0.0
Acidity (KOH/gm)

1.875097 %, correlation coefficient = 60.060734 %, So this

result is not accurate but it gave indication only for acidity 0.0
5
increase rate in the oil of transformer under study which
4
depends on transformer dynamic load cycle, transformer 0.0

condition, area and interval of (air/oil interface), 0.0

3
atmospheric contamination, moisture and oxygen, at normal
2
operating temperature 80°C to 120°C, the used transformer 0.0

oil is naphthenic based mineral oil with kinematics viscosity 0.0

1
25 in centistokes (cSt) at 20 °C or 11 cSt at 40 °C by ASTM 0
D-445 method and dielectric strength ≥ 70 kV/2.5mm by 0.0
20.0 25.0 30.0 35.0 40.0
IEC-156 method or 28 kV/mm by ASTM D-1816 method.
The rate of acidity before air leak in the seal system is Transformer operating time (years)
0.00047323746, after air leak in the seal system the rate of
acidity increased to 0.0032608689 and the rate of acidity Fig.(7-b)
increase is 0.0032608689/0.00047323746 = 6.8906 times Fig. (7-b) Rate of Acidity after Air Leak In the Oil Seal System
i.e. the formation rate of acidity increased approximately 6.9
TABLE .2. COMPARISON BETWEEN THE TRANSFORMER UNDER TEST AND REFERENCES
ANOTHER TRANSFORMER AT THE SAME SPECIFICATIONS
[1] Sanjay.G.Patki, S.G.Patil and Jaspal. S. Wadhwa: “Assessing Remnant
Under study Same Life of Transformer Based on Furan Content in Transformer Oil and
Transformer specification Degree of Polymerization of Solid Insulation” Fifteenth National
Power Systems Conference (NPSC), Bombay, pp 1, pp 508-511,
Transformer power (MVA) 16 16
2008.
Transformer voltage (KV) 15/6.3/6.3 15/6.3/6.3
Naphthenic Naphthenic [2] M. S. Naidu and V. Kamaraju “High Voltage Engineering” printed in
Oil type Mineral oil Mineral oil United States of America, ISBN 0-07-462286-2, pp. 74-78, 1996.
Operating date 15/8/1983 19/3/1983 [3] Er. Lee Wai Meng “Dissolved Gas Analysis (DGA) of Mineral Oil
Sample date 21/1/2013 20/7/2011 Used in Transformers” The Singapore engineer May 2009, pp 1-4,
2-Furaldehyde 3407 149 2009.
5-Hydroxy-methyl-furaldehyde [4] Les Hewitson, Mark Brown and Ben Ramesh “Practical Power System
279 4 Protection” Elsevier ISBN 0 7506 6397 9, pp 75-76, 227-229, 2004.
2-Acetylfuran 71 6 [5] Technical service group “Transformer Maintenance. Facilities
5-Methyl-2- furaldehyde 0 7 Instruction, Standards and Techniques” United states department of
2- Furyl alcohol 0 0 the interior bureau of reclamation Denver, Colorado, pp 11- 65, 2000.
Total Furanic [6] Joseph B. DiGiorgio “Dissolved Gas Analysis of Mineral Oil
Compound (ppb) 3757 166 Insulating Fluids” DGA Expert System, Northern Technology and
Testing, pp 1-20, 2013.
[7] Abdel M. M. Hassan, R.A.Abd El-Aal, A. E.Kalas and S. S. Dessouky "
Modification of Duval Triangle for Diagnostic Transformer Fault
through a Procedure of Dissolved Gases Analysis" Transactions on
VII. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION Environment and Electrical Engineering ISSN 2450-5730 Vol 1, No 3
Oxygen history of the under study transformer indicates 2016.
that air leakage in the transformer oil seal system is in [8] Serveron “DGA Diagnostic Methods” Printed in USA. PN 880-0129-
interval between 2003 and 2009. Note that atmospheric air 00, pp 1-11, 2007.
leakage was discovered in 2009. In addition, CO2/CO ratio [9] Ciulavu C.A “Techniques for Incipient Fault Diagnosis” JSE, Journal of
Sustainable Energy Vol. 4, NO. 2, pp 1-6, 2013.
was increased within this interval. Also, oxidation of the
[10] N.A.Muhamad, B.T.Phung, T.R. Blackburn and K.X Lai
insulating paper and oil forms acids as the transformer ages. “Comparative Study and Analysis of DGA Methods for Transformer
An increase in the acidity is an indication of the rate of Mineral Oil” Electrical Insulation Conference and Electrical
deterioration of the oil with sludge. An increase in the Manufacturing & amp; Coil Winding Conference, Proceedings pp1-5
acidity from 2004 with rate approximately 6.9 times normal 1999.
rate due to air leakage, atmospheric contamination, moisture [11] Mohamed Ghaffarian Niasar “Partial Discharge Signatures of Defects
in Insulation Systems Consisting of oil and Oil-impregnated Paper”,
and oxygen, at normal operating temperature 80°C to 120°C ISBN 978-91-7501-573-6, Sweden, pp 2-17, 2012.
the paper decomposition and deterioration forms furan [12] Ankush Chander and Nishant “Failure Analysis of a Power
compounds to decrease the degree of polarization for Transformer Using Dissolved Gas Analysis- A case study” IJRET,
insulation paper. So accelerate aging due to oxygen, International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology
Vol. 3, Issue: 05, pp 300-302, 2014.
moisture, and acidity, Acids are present in the oil that is in
[13] I.A.R. Gray “A guide to Transformer Oil Analysis” Guide to the
contact with the cellulose. Carboxylic acids are produced interpretation of dissolved and free gases analysis, pp.1-12, 2007.
from the oil as a result of oxidation. The acid content of the [14] IEC Publication 60599: “Mineral oil-impregnated electrical equipment
oil increases as the oil oxidizes. With an increase in acidity, in service” Guide to the interpretation of dissolved and free gases
the degradation of the cellulose increases to produce furanic analysis, 2007.
compounds which reduce transformer lifetime beside other [15] James H. Harlow “Electric Power Transformer Engineering” printed
causes. in United States of America, ISBN 0-8493-1704-5, pp 47-49, 206-
254, 2004.
[16] William M. Morgan “Preventive to Predictive. The Future of
Transformer Oil Testing” International Technical Conference, pp1-7,
VIII. CONCLUSION 2001.
Due to atmospheric air leakage inside transformer oil
tank (air/oil interface), the atmospheric contamination,
moisture and oxygen, at normal operating temperature 80 -
120°C the insulating paper and oil oxidize forms acids as
the transformer ages. We can use the history of oxygen gas
levels dissolved in the oil to determine the leak interval and
to be sure it by increasing the rate of oil acidity, the ratio of
CO2/CO and furan compounds rate which accelerate aging
and reduce transformer lifetime. .

View publication stats