Republic of the Philippines

MARINDUQUE STATE COLLEGE

SCHOOL OF GOVERNANCE
Panfilo Manguera Sr. Rd., Tanza, Boac, Marinduque 4900 (Main Campus)
Tel. No.: 332-03-23 Email Address: icje@mscmarinduque.edu.ph
Website: www.marinduquestatecollege.edu.ph

Module 2.4

Chapter 2: Literary Genres

Literature According to Form (DRAMA)

Learning Objectives:

 Differentiate/compare and contrast the various 21st century literary genres and the ones
from the earlier genres/periods citing their elements, structures and traditions.
 Infer literary meaning from literal language based on usage.
 Analyze the figures of speech and other literary techniques and devices in the text.
 Explain the literary, biographical, linguistic and sociocultural contexts and discuss how
they enhance the texts meaning and enrich the reader’s understanding.

DRAMA/PLAY

- offers another classical literary form that has continued f to evolve over the years. It is a
story told in dialogue form by actors on stage for an audience. It is meant to be performed, but it
is possible just to read à play. When you read a play, you can make it alive by staging it in your
imagination. The play you are reading is a script. It contains not only the words that the actors
speak but also the stage directions the playwright provides to indicate how to put on the play.
Stage directions tell what the stage should look like

Moreover, it considers serious issues and suggests solutions. It captures the attention ot
the audience by featuring serious characters who portray a serious story. Dramatic actors can
deliver both serious and humorous lines and use the strength of their character to bring realism to
what are frequently difficult situation.

It is a story in dialogue by performers before an audience. When we think of drama, we

think of stage plays and the exciting world of the theatre-actors, costumes, stage sets, and lights.
But drama includes more than the theatre; television plays and radio plays are drama foo. Even
movies are a form of drama. In all of these kinds of drama, actors make a world come alive
before an audience

The word drama leaves a thrill in the air since it is meant to be performed. The story of
the drama is told mainly through dialogue or conversation between characters. From what the
characters say, you discover what they are feeling and what they are like. In addition, stage
directions describe how the characters would move or act before an audience. The sets are the re-
creation of settings on the stage; the props, the physical objects the characters use; the costumes;
the clothes the character wear; and the sound effects, the planned noise that accompanies the
play, how they speak their lines and where they move.

Each of these devices helps create the world of the play on the stage. A short play may be
divided into scenes.

Telling a story, listening to a song, watching a television program, or video, participating

in a play all involve at least the following important things:

1. The story as presented in a book, song, plays, movie, or television show;

2. The performer who is the writer, singer, actor, or television personality, and

3. The audience that is responding internally to the story and the performers.

In the context of the theatre, the story is called the PLAY. Just as you read short stories
actively, you should also read drama actively. Reading actively includes trying to see the play in
your mind while you continually question the meaning of what the actors are saying and doing.

Strategies of Reading Drama

Visualize: Use the directions and information supplied by the playwright to picture the
steps and the characters in action. Hear their voices. Go beyond the stated words and actions to
create the scene in your mind

Question: As you meet the characters, ask yourself what each character is like. What
situation does each character face? What motives and traits does each reveal by his or her words
and actions.

Predict: Building on the play's conflict and the character's words and actions, predict
what you think will happen. How will the conflict be resolved? What will become of each
character?

Summarize: Pause occasionally to review what has happened. Put the character's actions
and words together. Why is the story being told?

Pull it Together: Put all the elements of the play. What does the play mean? Is it purely
entertainment or is there a message? What does it say to you?
TRAGEDY

A tragedy is a serious play that ends unhappily because the main character has a serious
flaw or is caught in a perilous circumstance that must be overcome. Tragedy invites a thoughtful
response that takes the audience beyond the confines of its own time and place. Tragedy has
universal appeal because it involves strong emotions that cause conflict and move the audience
to sympathize with the main character. Its main character is trapped in circumstances that must
be overcome or the flaw that will destroy the character's life. A tragedy tells a story of a
character caught in the power of strong emotions and problems created by love, anger, hate,
ambition or revenge.

Characteristics

 Tragedy is Psychological. The main character usually suffers ina tragedy. But through
the conflict, pain and suffering, the main character usually gains a greater sense of
purpose or knowledge of self or others. The character either becomes a better person or is
wounded or destroyed by the internal or psychological conflict.

 Tragedy is Emotional. The audience usually experiences the story of the tragic hero. It
usually feels sympathy or pity. The audience realizes that the great qualities of the tragic
hero will not protect him or her from the struggle or fall. There is a sense of doom, the
sense that what is going to happen is inevitable.

The Tragic Hero. The main character or protagonist in a tragedy usually has a strong
personality with distinct principles and goals, for which he or she will have to make many
sacrifices to achieve. The main character in a tragedy stands above the other characters because
of noble birth, high rank, great virtues or vices, or unusual circumstances. The protagonist is a
person of principle or dreams, which are often in conflict with values of society or the common
laws of the time. Sometimes the conflict is internal, and a protagonist is caught in difficult
choices.

Almost always, a tragic hero is ready and willing to sacrifice for all for a dream or goal.
A protagonist never asks another to do what must be done. He or she seems willing to pay the
personal price for the pursuit of the goal.

TYPES OF TRAGEDY

Classical Tragedy. The Greeks and Romans had a host of gods and heroes, arnd the
opportunity for conflict, struggle, and sacrifice was great. In the play Antigone, by Sophocles,
the tragic hero, Antigone, disobeys the ruler's order that her brother be denied a proper and
honorable burial. When she gives her brother a token burial by placing dust on the body, she
pays for the devotion with her life.

Modern Tragedy. Many of the themes of the traditional tragedies of Shakespeare or

classical tragedies of the Greeks and Roman find modern expressions. People of all ages and
countries have enjoyed Shakespeare's Romeo and Juliet for instance. This same tragic theme is
played out in West Side Story, an updated tragedy about star-crossed lovers caught in a war
between two New York City gangs.

COMEDY

A comedy is a play with a happy ending and humorous treatment of characters and
situations. in contrast with tragedies with its unhappy endings, comedies resolve funny situations
with charm, wit and laughter. Comedies are peopled with amusing situations that usually have a
happy ending. It has universal appeal because, through clever dialogue and silly
musunderstandings, we learn about ourselves. We gain insight into the charming or annoying
aspects of human nature.

The Basic Elements of Drama

Characterization

Dramatis personae are the characters in a play. Usually the names of the persons who
appear in a play, the dramatic characters are listed at the beginning, often with a brief
description.

As you read the play, pay attention not only to the dialogue of the characters but also to
the stage directions say about their entrances and exits, clothing, tone of voice, facial expression,
gestures, and movements.

As in fiction, the protagonist, or main character of a play opposes the antagonist, or the
character or other elements that defy his or her stability. It is also important to notice that
characters and dramatic action are intrinsically connected.

Plot

Plot may be defined as the arrangement of the dramatic action of a play. A typical plot
structure follows a pattern of rising and falling action along the five major steps; the exposition
(or presentation of the dramatic situation), the rising action, the climax, the falling action, and the
conclusion. To understand how the plot develops, consider the dramatic crisis that follows the
major conflict, as well as subplots, or secondary lines of action connected with the main plot.
Theme

Theme is the central idea, or ideas dramatized in a play. Although you can look for a
play's theme in the title, conflict, characters, or scenery, the ideas and the meanings you identify
with will depend on your own set of beliefs, assumptions, and experiences.

Gems for the Thought

The Role of Laughter. Not all comedies will make all audiences laugh out loud. Because
laughter is so unpredictable, comedies are more difficult to perform than tragedies or other kinds
of dramatic plays.

The Differences between Tragedy and Comedy

STORY TRAGEDY COMEDY
ENDING Universal themes Specific time and place
PROTAGONIST Unhappy, inevitable Happy, unpredictable
GOALS Average or noble Average or less than average
AUDIENCE Failure to achieve emotional Successful resolution, physical
appeal romantic, intellectual appeal

Types of Comedy

There are comedies that appeal to physical humor, those that appeal to the heart and those
that require real thought. Those that use slapstick or sight gags make us laugh.

In comedies that appeal to the heart, the audience feels tenderness toward and
compassion for the protagonist. Many of Shakespeare s comedies, such as a "Midsummers
Night's Dream" and "As You Like It" are enjoyed for the romantic elements and witty dialogue.

Other Types of Play

Musicals: A type of play that contains both song and dance. It is a type of play that can
be either humorous or serious in nature. It contains both song and dance. Modern musicals like
"Les Miserables" or "Miss Saigon" continue to draw large audiences. Actors in musicals need
singing and dancing skills as well as acting ability.

Mysteries: A type of play that focuses on a crime or situation that requires the use of
clues to figure out the solution. It is a long-time favorite of audiences. These plays can either be
serious or comic, and some invite audience participation. Audiences enjoy trying to figure out
the complex motives of various characters. The twists and turns of the story create suspense and
emotional involvement on the part of the audience.
 THE STAGE

Wings (offstage) Wings (offstage)

Upstage Upstage Upstage

Right Center Left
Right Center Left
Downstage Downstage Downstage
Right Center Left

Kinds of Theatre

Greek theater developed in Athens in connection with religious celebrations in honor of

Dionysus, the god of wine and revelry. Athenian drama festivals also gained social and political
meaning, becoming an intrinsic part of Athenian cultural life. The Greek theater can hold
seventeen thousand spectators.

Greek of Amphitheater at Epidaurus

Elizabethan theater, including Shakespearean theater, refers to plays written during the
reign of Queen Elizabeth I of England (1558-1603). It is small with a seating capacity of three
hundred spectators. In Elizabethan theater, as in Greek theater, female roles were performed by
the male actors. The first actresses prepared on the English stage only after the Restoration of
Charles II in 1660.

Neoclassical theater is an the elegant and sophisticated dramas of Pierre Corneille (1606
1684), Jean-Baptiste Poquelin Moliere (1622-1673), and jean Racine (1639-1699) established the
principles of a new theatrical style. Dating from seventeenth-century France, neoclassical plays
of the Golden Age of French drama were performed indoors in a proscenium theater (area
located between the curtain and the orchestra) equipped with a raised stage and painted ltalianate
scenery. Mythological heroic figures and biblical sources became the subject matter of
neoclassic tragedies, while the manners, values, and sexual intrigues of the upper and the middle
classes supplied the subject matter for comedies. Neoclassic theater employed several theatrical
conventions, most of which were established as rules or formulas by which the Acedemie
Francaise, founded by Cardinal Richelieu in 1637, evaluated the artistic merits of a play. Moliere
uses many of the fundamental neoclassical conventions, such as the face-act structure, the
principles of decorum (conformity to social conventions) and verisimilitude (the appearance of
being true or near), and the unities of time, place, and action.

Realistic theater dates from the nineteenth-century Europe. One of its purposes was to set
the daily reality of middle-class life against antagonistic social conventions. The physical
conditions of the picture-frame stage, with proscenium arch, favored the exhibiting of realistic,
lifelike pictures of everyday life.

Theater of the Absurd developed in the second half of the twentieth century, portrays
human beings as antiheroes caught in a world that is basically irrational, unpredictable, and
illogical.

Gems for the Thought

Shakespearean plays employ the theatrical conventions of soliloquy and aside.

A soliloquy is a speech delivered by a character who is alone on the stage. Through

these speeches, such as Hamlet's famous soliloquy "O, what a rogue and pleasant slave am l"
(act 2, Scene line 475) actors reveal their thought, feelings, inner struggles, and physical
complexity, securing their ties with the audience.

An aside is a short speech that a character delivers in an undertone directly to the

audience and that is not heard by the other actors on stage.

LITERARY DEVICE. It refers to specific aspects of literature in the sense of its universal
functions as an art from which expresses ideas through language. Both literary elements and
literary techniques can rightly be called literary devices. It could be a combination of literary
technique and figure of speech. It is also the writer's style of the language in terms of choice of
words and the manner of presentation. Style varies from one writer to another. In other words, it
the writer's word power and artistry.

Allegory and Allusion (reference to a character in history and mythology) and

constructed with Rhyme Scheme. It is a literary device which refers to a larger abstract concept
usually symbolic or important event with characters in history as reference.

Hold fast to the gift of fire!

I am rage! I am wrath! I am ire!
The vulture sits on my rock,
Licks at the chains that mock
Emancipation's breath,
Reeks of death, death, death.

Political Parable and Allusion (reference to historic place). This is literary device that
refers to the significant accounts of the times which have reference to a place in history.

Strike! Strike! Strike!

A dormant hate erupts
Bundok Buntis, Arayat! Kanlaon
 Symbolism and Allusion (reference to historic event). It is literary device that which
symbol is combined with a specific event in history as reference relative to the development of
the poem.

Stay for supper of turnips on our table

since 1946 swollen with the same hard tears.

Imagery with Rhyme Scheme. This is a literary device which describes something in
details that stimulate visual and sound images because of the similar sounds at the end of the
lines.

A light serene, ethereal glory, rests

Its beams effulgent on each cresting wave;
The silver touches on the moonlight lave
The deep's bare bosom at the breeze molests;
While lingering whispers deepen as the wavy crests
Roll with weird rhythm, now, gay, now gently grave;
And floods of lambent light appear the sea to pave-

Interllary Chapters. These are chapters that are "in between". They have almost nothing
to do with the story.

Metaphor with Symbolism. This is literary device which the comparison of two unlike
things is joined with a tangible thing that represents an abstract idea.

If a poem was just

a bouquet of flowers,
I'd rather be given
a bundle of swamp shoots
or a bundle of sweet potato tops
gathered from a mud puddle
or filched from the bamboo tray
of a vegetable vendor,
because I hunger
and my innards have not a nose,
they have no eyes.
Want has long benumbed
my taste buds,
so don't, revered poets of my country,
don't offer me verses
 if a poem was just
a bouquet of flowers.

Microsom. This is a form of symbolism that uses a small thing to depict something on a
larger scale.

SOUND DEVICES are a poet's way of making language more expressive and musical.
Two of the most frequently used of these devices are alliteration and onomatopoeia.

Alliteration is the repetition of the same consonant sounds at the beginning of words.
This sound device can reinforce meaning as well as contribute to the "music poem.

Sand and sandwiches spread for luncheon

Onomatopoeia is the use of a word that imitates or suggests the sound of what the word
refers to.

And you hear the kyouck

and the gobble of the struttin turkey-cock

Euphony: pleasant words

Come,
Let us roam the night together
singing

Cacophony: harsh, jawing sounds, twisted, crushed, junked automobiles

Consonance: repetition of internal consonant sounds

"The spotted kitten slept quietly on matted fur"

Assonance: repetition of vowel sounds

"young, fuzzy puppy"

Parallelism: repetition of grammatical patterns

"through the door and up the stairs"

Repetition: the repeated use of a sound, word, phrase, sentence, rhytmical pattern or
grammatical pattern. Forms of repetition include alliteration, consonance, meter, parallelism and
rhyme.
LITERARY TECHNIQUES. It refers to any specific, deliberate constructions which an author
uses to convey meaning in a particular way. It is an author's use of literary technique usually
occurs with a single word of words, or a particular group of words or phrases. They represent
deliberate, conscious choices by individual author.

*Allegory is a technique for expanding the meaning of a literary work by having the
characters, and sometimes the setting and the events, represent certain abstract ideas, qualities or
concepts- usually moral, religious, or political in nature.

The abstractions of allegory are fixed and definite and tend to take the form of specific
ideas once identified can reading be understood. Because they remain constant, they are easily
remembered.

The most famous sustained allegory in the English language is John Bunyan's "The
Pilgrim's Progress". It is a moral and religious allegory of the Christian soul in search of
salvation. It tells the story of an individual, appropriately named Christian who sets off in search
of celestial city (heaven) and along the way is forced to confront obstacles whose names and
personalities embody the ideal virtues, and vices for which they stand: Mr. Wordly Wiseman,
Mistrust, Timorous, Faithful, Giant Despair, the Slough of Despond, The Valley of the Death.

*Allusion. An implicit reference to a historical, literary, or biblical character, event, or

element.

Ex. The title of Faulkner's The Sound and then Fury alludes a line from
Shakespeare's
Macbeth: "(Life) is a tale told by an idiot."

*Characterization. Writers use many techniques to reveal information about characters.

A character's personality may be described directly or through another character's words. The
physical description of a character may also reveal about him or her. The actions ot a character
are important in revealing information as well.

Direct Characterization. It is a technique of building up a character by means of

telling who, what, or howa character is. Characterization comes out from a
character through descriptive words about his physical appearance and/or mental
and emotional attitude or disposition.

Indirect Characterization. It is a technique which revelation of the character is

done by showing rather than by saying. Instead of telling who, what, or how -a
character is identified by author's description of how he/she moves, thinks, acts or
interacts. He/She is given mannerisms, gestures and utterances.

(With this type of characterization, it is important that the reader observes closely what, when,
where, why and how has the character said or done to whom.)
 *Doppelganger. A mysterious figure, often haunting who is in some way the double of
another character.

*Epiphany. A sudden, powerful, and often spiritual or life-changing realization that a

character reaches in an otherwise ordinary or everyday moment.

(Many of the short stories in James Joyce's Dubliners involve moments of epiphany.)

*Hubris. Excessive pride that leads to the protagonists downtall.

*Imagery is a portrayal, in words, of a sight, sound, taste, or smell. Poets use images
Creare Plctures, in words, of people, places, and things, and to create teelings, or moods.

* Interior Monologue. A record of a character's thoughts and impressions; a technique

for presenting the character's stream of consciousness. The term "interior monologue" may be
used as a synonym for "stream of consciousness," but is often restricted to refer to a more
structured sequence of rational thoughts.

*Irony. The use of detachment to draw awareness to the discrepancy between the
apparent literal meaning of words and their intended implication, between the stated and the
actual.

*Oedipus Complex. In psychoanalysis, the (subconsciously sexual) attachment of a

young boy to his mother.

*Tragic Flaw. In critical theory, the flaw that leads to the downfall of a tragic hero. (In
Othello - jealousy is Othello's tragic flaw)

*Symbolism is a literary technique that enhances fiction through helping readers

organize and enlarge the experience of the work. Symbols in literature are in the forms of words,
images, objects, settings, events and characters which are often used deliberately to suggest and
to reinforce meaning to provide enrichment. Symbols are usually classified as being traditional
and original depending on the source of the association that provides their meaning.
Gems for the Thought
Kinds of Symbol

Traditional Symbols are those whose associations are the common property or a society or
culture and are so widely recognized and accepted that they can be said. The symbolic
associations that generally accompany the forest and the sea, the moon and the sea, night
and day, the colors black, white, red and the seasons of the year are examples of traditional
symbols. They are so much part of the culture that their significance are pretty much
granted.

Original Symbols are those whose associations are neither immediate nor traditional,
instead, they derive their meaning largely if not excessively from the context of the work in
which they are used. The most famous example of an original symbol is Herman Melville's
"Moby Dick. White whales are often associated in the popular imagination with brute
strength and cunning.

Uses of Symbols (Fiction)

For Setting. Symbols are particularly useful in framing and encompassing the events of the
plot and thus provides the work as a whole an overarching pattern of unity.

For Plot. The symbolic nature of plot or plot elements may not in fact become clear until
the reader is done reading the whole work. He has to look backward to see how the
individual parts of the plot relate to the whole.

For Characters. Symbolism is frequently employed as a way of deepening the reader's

understanding of characters. Some characters are given symbolic names to suggest
underlying moral, intellectual or emotional qualities.(The personalities of major characters
are often revealed and clarified through the use of symbols rooted In the language that
describes them, their complexity as human beings usually prevents them being defined as a
single symbol. This is not true to minor characters.)

*Sequence and Cause. Effect Relationships is a literary technique which a writer uses to
signal sequence with such words as first, then, or later that day, or the writer may let the reader
infer the order. The sequence of events in a story is presented with details are written in
chronological order, or time sequence. One event follows another just as they occurred in time.
The sequence of events may be arranged to reveal cause-effect relationships. In cause-effect
relationships, one event may cause a later event to happen. The first event is the cause of the
second event, the effect. Such words like hence, because, therefore and since may signal the
relationship. Many times, however, a writer uses no special words. Then, the reader must infer
whether events have a cause-effect relationship.
 *Stream of Consciousness is literary technique often confused with interior monologue,
but the latter technique works the sensations of the mind into a mere formal pattern: a flow of
thoughts inwardly expressed, similar to soliloquy. The technique of stream of consciousness,
however attempts to portray the remote, preconscious state that exists before the mind organizes
sensations. Consequently, the recreation of a stream frequently lacks the unity, explicit, and
selectivity of direct thought.

Gems for the Thought

Steam of Consciousness was first used in the late 19h century, employed to evince
subjective as well as objective reality. It reveals the character's feelings, and actions, often
without logical sequence (as in actual thought), without commentary by the author.

(N.B. Literary technigues and figures of speech may be also used and observed in fiction.)

*Parallelism. It is literary technique which refers to the use of similar identical language,
structure or ideas in different part of the poem.

banner waving
machine-guns firing
and canons dragging

*Periphrasis. It refers to a literary technique which repetition of a word or words which

may appear superfluous but it extends the message that is trying to give, "beating behind the
bush" so as to speak.

But that is beside the point

the point being that you have definitely had a point.

*Repeated Grammar Structure. This is a literary technique which a part or some parts
of the poem is repeated in the whole poem.

I saw it. I saw the banks that failed.

And the crowds rioting. I saw the crops plowed under,
And the masses starving. I saw the fields flower once more,
And the stock exchange rise in panic again
I saw the rise and fall of nations.
I saw mount intricate
FIGURES OF SPEECH. Refers to the specific kind of figurative language that uses words,
phrases, and sentences in a non-literal definition but rather gives meanings.

*Antanagoge is a figure in rhetoric in which, not being able to answer the accusation of
an adversary, a person returns the charge, by charging his adversary with the same crimes.

When life gives you lemons, make lemonade.

Many are the pains and perils to be passed,
But great is the pain and glory at the last.

*Apostrophe addresses an inanimate object, an idea or a person who is absent/long dead.

To you, who love so joyously, farewell,

you who own my heart, the other half of my body;
farewell indeed, I let go freely,
farewell, my beloved, to you farewell.

Immortal hero! Legendary colossus!

Emerge from the ossuary's abyss
where you sleep the slumber of glory.
Come; our love that your memory inflames,
calls you from the shadowy eternity
to crown with flowers your memory.

*Deus Ex machina. The use of a forced, unexpected event to resolve the conflicts in a
story. Fortinbras's appearance at the end of hamlet is a dues ex machine that assures the
succession to the Danish throne.

*Epanalepsis is a figure of speech defined by the repetition of the initial word or words
of a clause or sentence at the end.

I got my mind on my money, and my money on my mind.

*Hyperbole is used as an exaggeration, Often, hyperbole is used for some humorous

effect, however, it can also be used to stress a serious point.

You could have been knocked over with a feather.

*Irony is a contrast between what appears to be true and what is actually true. (Verbal
Irony occurs when a character says one thing but means the opposite.)
 *Litotes. Understatement expressed through negating the opposite.

She's no fool.

*Metaphor implies a comparison of a direct statement and that equates two seemingly
unlike things or ideas. It is often used to refer to any kind of imaginative comparison which does
not use the words "like" or "as."

Life is but a walking shadow.

*Metonymy uses one word to stand for a related term or replacement of word that relates
to the thing or person to be named for the name itself.

Our company just brought a new Xerox machine.

*Naphora is emphasizing words by repeating them at the beginning ot neighboring

clauses. In contrast, an epiphora is repeating words at the clause's ends.

Strike as I would
Have struck those tyrants!
Strike deep as my curse
Strike! And but once

*Oxymoron two contradictory words used together.

Childhood is so bittersweet.

*Personification gives of human attributes/characteristics to inanimate objects, an

animal, force of nature, or an idea.

The lady in yellow rises

her hands in the defiant sign,
fingers roar in the sudden air.
In the park of a freed people,
bermuda grasses weep in sweet pain,
The fountains leap and sing
A spring of happiness rises, like a hymn

*Sarcasm refers to a bitter, cutting remark often ironical which is intended to hurt or to
prove a point.
 Though my race has been pushed around in
his own land for nearly half a thousand years;
Though my race has been pitted against
themselves down the centuries
I find joy to discover that they are whole and
have remained unbroken in spirit

*Simile refers to the word or phrase such as "as" or "like" to compare seemingly unlike
things or ideas.

You fell like a fruit already yellow,

but with you fell the seed,

*Synecdoche refers to the naming of the parts to suggest the whole, or a whole to suggest
a part.

God bless the hands which prepared this food.

Chapter Exercises 2.4
Identification:

Direction: Tell what figure of speech is used in the following

expressions. Write the letter of your choice before the number.

a. Simile g. Oxymoron
b. Metaphor h. Hyperbole
c. Personification i. Metonymy
d. Apostrophe j. Epanalepsis
e. Synecdoche
f. Irony

1. O my Luve’s like a red, red horse.

2. Her words are daggers.
3. The bamboo leaves dance with the gentle breeze.
4. Oh, brave new world that has such people in it.
5. All hands on deck.
6. It is very kind of you to remind me of my humiliation.
7. Even in his plain dress, I find him not all displeasing.
8. Sleep, not in peace, Rizal
9. Life is a precious possession, death is a loss.
10. Cheating, as a mortal sin is very bad.

II. Construct Ten (10) sentences with a figure of speech.

1. _______________________________________________________________________
2. _______________________________________________________________________
3. _______________________________________________________________________
4. _______________________________________________________________________
5. _______________________________________________________________________
6. _______________________________________________________________________
7. _______________________________________________________________________
8. _______________________________________________________________________
9. _______________________________________________________________________
10. _______________________________________________________________________