HEAT TRANSFER TO FLUIDS WITH PHASE

CHANGE
 Introduction (Contd…)

Condensation Boiling
Definition Definition
Drop wise condensation and film-type Heat transfer to boiling liquids
condensation
Coefficient of film wise condensation Pool boiling of saturated liquid
- Vertical Tubes
- Horizontal Tubes
Condensation of superheated vapors Maximum flux and critical temperature
drop
Condensation of mixed vapors Kettle reboilers
Effect of non condensable Minimum heat flux and film boiling
Heat Transfer to fluids with Phase Change 2
 Without Phase Change

• In heat transfer without phase change only sensible heat transfer takes place
between hot and cold fluids
– Cold fluid inlet temperature, 𝑇𝑐𝑖

– Cold fluid outlet temperature, 𝑇𝑐𝑜

– Hot fluid inlet temperature, 𝑇ℎ𝑖

– Hot fluid outlet temperature, 𝑇ℎ𝑜

• Here 𝑇𝑐𝑖 ≠ 𝑇𝑐𝑜 and 𝑇ℎ𝑖 ≠ 𝑇ℎ𝑜

Heat Transfer to fluids with Phase Change 3

 With Phase Change

• In heat transfer with phase change only latent heat transfer takes place between
hot and cold fluids
– Cold fluid inlet temperature, 𝑇𝑐𝑖

– Cold fluid outlet temperature, 𝑇𝑐𝑜

– Hot fluid inlet temperature, 𝑇ℎ𝑖

– Hot fluid outlet temperature, 𝑇ℎ𝑜

• Here 𝑇𝑐𝑖 ≠ 𝑇𝑐𝑜 and 𝑇ℎ𝑖 = 𝑇ℎ𝑜

Heat Transfer to fluids with Phase Change 4

 Types of condensation

• Condensation is the change of the physical state of matter from the gas phase into
the liquid phase

• Condensation of pure substance (only 1 component)

– Eg. steam

• Condensation of mixed vapors (more than 1 component)

– Water and alcohol, benzene and toluene vapor mixture

• Condensation of mixed condensable and non condensable vapors

– Steam and air mixture

Heat Transfer to fluids with Phase Change 5

 Introduction (Contd…)

• Consider a vertical flat plate which is exposed to a condensable vapour. If the

temperature of the plate is below the saturation temperature of the vapour,
condensate will form on the surface and flows down the plate due to gravity.

• Condensation may be of two types,

– film condensation and

– dropwise condensation

Heat Transfer to fluids with Phase Change 6

 Film wise condensation

• If the liquid (condensate) wets the surface, a

smooth film is formed and the process is called film
type condensation.
• In this process, the surface is blocked by the film,
which grows in thickness as it moves down the
plate.
• A temperature gradient exists in the film and the
film represents thermal resistance in the heat
transfer.
• The latent heat is transferred through the wall to
the cooling fluid on the other side of the wall.

Heat Transfer to fluids with Phase Change 7

 Drop wise condensation

• In dropwise condensation, the condensate begins to form

at microscopic nucleation sites. The drops grow and
coalesce with their neighbours to form visible fine drops.
The fine drops in turn, coalesce into rivulets, which flow
down the tube under the action of gravity.

• In drop wise condensation, large areas of the tube surface

are covered with an extremely thin film of liquid of
negligible thermal resistance.

Heat Transfer to fluids with Phase Change 8

 Drop wise condensation (Contd…)

• Because of this the heat transfer coefficient at these areas is very high; the
average coefficient for drop wise condensation may be 5 – 8 times that for film-
type condensation. For normal design, film-type condensation is assumed.

Heat Transfer to fluids with Phase Change 9