FORMATIVE ASSESSMENT 1

NAME:_________________ Sec:______ DATE SUBMITTED: _________ SCORE:

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INTRODUCTORY STATISTICS

1. The following examples are drawn from abstracts published in academic journals. For
each, identify the focal variables.

A. A total of 42 children (Mage = 40.45 months; 22 boys and 20 girls) who showed no

initial ability to deceive were randomly assigned to an experimental condition or a
control condition. In both conditions, they played a hide-and-seek game against an
adult opponent on 4 consecutive days, but only the children in the experimental
condition were taught how to deceive the opponent in order to win the game. Unlike
children in the control condition, children in the experimental condition significantly
improved their executive function and theory of mind skills (Ding et al., 2018).
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B. We replicated and extended Shoda, Mischel, and Peake’s (1990) famous

marshmallow study, which showed strong bivariate correlations between a child’s
ability to delay gratification just before entering school and both adolescent
achievement and socioemotional behaviors. Concentrating on children whose mothers
had not completed college, we found that an additional minute waited at age 4
predicted a gain of approximately one tenth of a standard deviation in achievement at
age 15 (Watts et al., 2018).
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C. A randomized controlled trial included an intervention cluster (n = 20) received a 14-

session parent and adolescent programme delivered by trained community members
and a control cluster (n = 20) received a hygiene and hand-washing promotion
programme. At 5-9 months postintervention, the intervention was associated with
lower abuse, corporal punishment, improved positive parenting, involved parenting,
and less poor supervision (Cluver et al., 2018).
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D. In Experiment 1, we followed 93 yoga students over 15 weeks, assessing self-

centrality and self-enhancement bias after yoga practice (yoga condition, n = 246) and
without practice (control condition, n = 231). In Experiment 2, we followed 162
meditators over 4 weeks (meditation condition: n = 246; control condition: n = 245).
Self-enhancement bias was higher in the yoga (Experiment 1) and meditation
(Experiment 2) conditions, and those effects were mediated by greater self-centrality.
Additionally, greater self-enhancement bias mediated mind-body practices’ well-
being benefits. Evidently, neither yoga nor meditation fully quiet the ego; to the
contrary, they boost self-enhancement (Gebauer et al., 2019).
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E. As part of a larger parent study, 213 healthy participants completed the Short
Loneliness Scale (LON) and the Social Network Index (SNI) at baseline. They were
given nasal drops containing rhinovirus 39 (RV39; i.e., a common cold virus), then
quarantined for 5 days during which they reported on subjective cold symptoms in
addition to being monitored for objective indicators of infection. Data from 160 of the
participants (who were infected with the virus) were used in the present analyses.
Baseline loneliness predicted self-reported cold symptoms over time (assessed via
area under the curve), over and above demographic variables, season of participation,
and depressive affect (LeRoy et al., 2017).
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2. Refer to the World Values Survey 2010-2012 Wave 6 Questionnaire. What is the
level of measurement of the following variables (nominal/ordinal/interval/ratio)?
A. V2 Country code _______________
B. V4-9 Importance in life _______________
C. V12-22 Important child qualities _____________
D. V25-35 Active/inactive membership ____________
E. V55 Freedom of choice ___________
F. V58 Number of children _____________
G. V60-61 Aims of country ____________
H. V90-94 Political action recently done ___________
I. V144 Religious denomination ___________
J. V198 Justifiable ___________
K. V229 Employment status __________
L. V238 Social class (subjective) __________
M. V242 Age ___________
N. V249 Age completed education ___________
O. V251 Respondent’s interest ____________

3. A recently developed achievement test was administered to high school students in

Metro Manila. This is a standardized test that is known to be normally distributed
with a mean of 500 and a standard deviation of 100.
A. Determine the z score of each of the following scores on the test.
X − X́
Use the formula: z=
s

i. 500 ______
ii. 650 ______
iii. 190 ______
iv. 380 ______
v. 700 ______
vi. 820 ______