Module in Practical Research 2: Your Lesson For Today!

Module Code: PASAY-PR2-Q2-W3-D1
Name: ____________________________________________________ Track/Strand: _______________

Teacher: ___________________________________________________ Grade Level: _______________
DEPARTMENT OF EDUCATION – NATIONAL CAPITAL REGION

SCHOOLS DIVISION OF PASAY CITY
MODULE IN PRACTICAL RESEARCH 2

Second Quarter/ Week 3/ Day 1
OBJECTIVE: Describe research interventions
YOUR LESSON FOR TODAY!

As students, you sometimes compare your scores to your classmates and ask why his /her
score higher than mine. Probably, you even think the change in your grades, if it
increased or decreased. A person who is conscious about his/her weight may undergo a
dietary plan, telling your peers to be a good model to others. And teachers conduct pre –
test and post test to measure the assessment scores. These are some examples of
interventions. When you want a change – in behavior, physical activity, performances,
enhance peer support, and opportunities, are reasons of interventions.
WHAT’S NEW!
Intervention research examines the effects of an intervention on an outcome of interest. The
primary purpose of intervention research is to engender a desirable outcome for individuals in
need (e.g., reduce depressive symptoms or strengthen reading skills).
Intervention resea
ch is the systematic study of purposive change strategies. It is characterized by both the design
and development of interventions. ... In contrast, prescriptive interventions tend to be based on
manuals that specify practice activities and guide the exchange between intervention agents and
participants.
W HE N S HOU L D Y OU D E V E L OP A N I N T E R V E N T I ON ?
It makes sense to develop or redesign an intervention when:
• There is a community issue or problem that local people and organizations perceive as an unfilled need
• Your organization has the resources, ability, and desire to fill that need, and
• You have decided that your group is the appropriate one to accomplish it
W HY S HOU L D Y OU D E V E L OP I N T E R V E N T I ON S ?
There are many strong advantages to using interventions as a means to achieve your goals. Some are very
apparent; some possibly less so. Some of the more important of these advantages are:
• By designing and implementing interventions in a clear, systematic manner, you can improve the health
and well-being of your community and its residents.
• Interventions promote understanding of the condition you are working on and its causes and solutions.
Simply put, when you do something well, people notice, and the word slowly spreads. In fact, such an
intervention can produce a domino effect, sparking others to understand the issue you are working on
and to work on it themselves.
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Example of a research based intervention
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Generalization
Ho w d o y o u d e v e lo p a n in t e r v e n t io n ?
1 . D e c id e w h a t n e e d s t o h a p p e n
2 . U s e a me a s u r e me n t s y s t e m t o g a t h e r in f o r ma t io n a b o u t t h e le v e l o f t h e p r o b le m
3 . D e c id e w h o t h e in t e r v e n t io n s h o u ld h e lp
4 . I n v o lv e p o t e n t ia l c lie n t s o r e n d u s e r s o f t h e in t e r v e n t io n
5 . I d e n t if y t h e is s u e s o r p r o b le ms y o u w ill a t t e mp t t o s o lv e t o g e t h e r
6 . A n a ly z e t h e s e p r o b le ms o r t h e is s u e t o b e a d d r e s s e d in t h e in t e r v e n t i o n
7 . S e t g o a ls a n d o b je c t iv e s
8. L earn w hat ot hers have d one
9 . B r a in s t o r m id e a s o f y o u r o w n
10. Tr y t o d e c id e w h a t in t e r v e n t io n s o r p a r t s o f in t e r v e n t io n s h a v e w o r k e d ,
a n d w h a t mig h t b e a p p lic a b le t o y o u r s it u a t io n
11. I d e n t if y b a r r ie r s a n d r e s is t a n c e y o u mig h t c o me u p a g a in s t
12. I d e n t if y c o r e c o mp o n e n t s a n d e le me n t s o f t h e in t e r v e n t io n
13. D e v e lo p a n a c t io n p la n t o c a r r y o u t t h e in t e r v e n t io n
14. P ilo t - t e s t y o u r in t e r v e n t io n
15. I mp le me n t y o u r in t e r v e n t io n
16. C o n s t a n t ly mo n it o r a n d e v a lu a t e y o u r w o r k
WHAT IS IT?
PRACTICE EXERCISES 1
A research is to be conducted and need an intervention plan. Design an intervention for the study.
“A study on the effect of an after school physical activity program on childhood obesity rates”
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Develop an intervention plan on this study: “A comparison of the effect of personalized instruction vs.
traditional instruction on computation skill.”
MODULE WRITER: DENNIS M. MASIRAG

PASAY CITY SOUTH HIGH SCHOOL
References:
Curious Firsties: Analyzing Your RtI: Research Based Interventions

S-005 Intervention research: True experiments and quasi- experiments. - ppt download (slideplayer.com)
Table 1 from An Action Research to Facilitate Science Teacher Educator in Infusing Environment Education
Themes | Semantic Scholar
Chapter 18. Deciding Where to Start | Section 1. Designing Community Interventions | Main Section |
Community Tool Box (ku.edu)
Page 5 of 20



OBJECTIVE: Classify the different quantitative data collection techniques

Planning your research is indispensable for a successful study. After formulating good research
questions for your title, the question of how are you going to gather necessary data emerges.
What data collection techniques are you going to use? How are you going to establish the
reliability and validity of these techniques you are going to use? For you to be able to know the
appropriate techniques such as interview, survey, observation, and document review, which you
will use in your research, read carefully the lesson below. Data Collection is the process of
gathering and measuring information on targeted variables in an established system, which then
enables one to answer relevant questions and evaluate outcomes (Wikipedia).
WHAT I NEED TO KNOW
Quantitative data collection is commonly used for gathering data of large population. What do you think are the
pros and cons of each type of data collection?
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WHAT’S NEW!
Factors to be considered before collection of data
• Objectives and scope of the inquiry (research question)
• Sources of information (type, accessibility)
• Quantitative expression (measurement, scale)
• Techniques of data collection
• Unit of collection
METHODS OF QUANTITATIVE DATA COLLECTION
Interview Observation Document Review

Survey/
Interviews conducted Researchers collect Document review is a
Questionnaires
to collect quantitative quantitative data through process used to collect
data are more The surveys are systematic observations by data after reviewing the
designed in a using techniques like counting existing documents. It is
structured wherein
manner to the number of people present an efficient and effective
the researchers ask legitimize at the specific event at a way of gathering data as
only a standard set of behavior and trust documents are
specific time and at a specific
questionnaire of the respondents. manageable and are the
venue or number of people
(interview schedule) attending the event in a practical resource to get
and nothing more designated venue. qualified data from the
than that. past.
3 Major Types of Interviews

o Telephone interviews
▪ For years telephone interviews ruled the charts of data collection methods. However, nowadays
there is a significant rise in conducting video interviews using the internet, Skype or similar
online video calling platforms.
o Face-to-face interviews
▪ It is a proven technique to collect data directly from the participants. It helps in acquiring quality
data as it provides a scope to ask detailed questions and probing further to collect rich and
informative data.
o Computer Assisted Personal Interviewing (CAPI)
▪ It is nothing but a similar setup of the face-to-face interview where the interviewer carries a
desktop or laptop along with him at the time of interview to upload the data obtained from the
interview directly into the database.
2 major types of survey questionnaires are used to collect online data

o Web-based questionnaire
▪ This is one of the ruling and most trusted methods for internet-based research or online research.
In a web-based questionnaire the receive an email containing the survey link, clicking on which
takes the respondent to a secure online survey tool from where he/she can take the survey or fill in
the survey questionnaire.
o Mail Questionnaire
▪ In a mail questionnaire the survey is mailed out to a host of sample population enabling the
researcher to connect with the wide range of audience. The mail questionnaire typically consists
of a packet containing a cover sheet that introduces the audience about the type of research and
reason why it is being conducted along with a prepaid return to collect data online.
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Types of Questionnaires
o Open – unlimited responses
o Closed – limits the scope of responses
o Combination – combination of open and closed questionnaires
4 Types of Questions
o Multiple Choice
▪ Allows respondents to select answer/s from the list
o Ranking
▪ Asks respondents to rank the given items
o Scales
▪ Respondents to give his/her degree of agreement to a statement
o Open – ended Essay Type
▪ Single line input, etc.
Features of a good questionnaire

1. It should contain a good letter to the respondents which states
a. the purpose of the survey
b. an assurance of confidentiality
c. the name of the researcher or writer of the questionnaire
2. There is a descriptive title/name of the questionnaire
3. It is designed to achieve objectives
4. The directions are clear
5. It is designed for easy tabulation
6. It avoids the use of double negatives
7. It also avoid double-barrelled questions
8. It phrases questions well for all respondents
Note
A self – made questionnaire by the researcher should be content validated by experts, as well as be tested as the
samples in one’s study. On the other hand, permission form the author should be sought if validated
questionnaires will be used.
2 Types of Observation
o Naturalistic observation
▪ needs keen observations skills and senses for getting the numerical data about the “what” and not
about “why” and ”how”.
o Structured observation
▪ In this type of observation method the researcher has to make careful observations of one or more
specific behaviors in a more comprehensive or structured setting compared to naturalistic or
participant observation.
3 primary document types that are being analyzed for collecting supporting quantitative research data
o Public Records
▪ Under this document review, official, ongoing records of an organization are analyzed for further
research.
• Example: annual reports policy manuals, student activities, game activities in the university,
etc.
o Personal Documents
▪ deals with individual personal accounts of individuals actions, behavior, health, physique, etc.
• Example, the height, and weight of the students, distance students are traveling to attend the
school, etc.
o Physical Evidences
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▪ Physical evidence or physical documents deal with previous achievements of an individual or of

an organization in terms of monetary and scalable growth.
▪ Examples of Document Review

• Course syllabi • Strategic plans
• Faculty journals • Newspapers
• Meeting minutes
Generalization
Interview • Questions are given in a specific order and a same way to the
interviewees.
• It possesses three major parts (1) the opening; (2) the body; (3) the
closing.
Survey • Surveys can be researcher – made, validated by their teacher and

experts in the field
• Surveys can be adapted, published and validated by experts, and
used in other researches
Observation • Non – responsive sample subjects are a non – issue
• Analysis may rely heavily on experts who must know what to
observe
WHAT IS IT?
Determine which data collection is most appropriate to use in the following studies:
____________ 1. A description of the tobacco use habits of teenagers
____________ 2. A description of the extension to which elementary teachers use math manipulative
____________ 3. A comparison of the effect of personalized instruction vs. traditional instruction on
computation skill.
____________ 4. The effect of positive reinforcement on attitude toward school
____________ 5. The effect of a new treatment plan on breast cancer
____________ 6. The effect of magnet school participation on student’s attitude
____________ 7. The effects of gender on Algebra class
____________ 8. The relationship between intelligence and self – esteem
____________ 9. The relationships between the types of activities used are math classrooms and students
____________ 10. A description of how second – grade students spend their time during summer vacation.
Dennis conducts a study that will further get to know the frequency of students with and without internet
connection among senior high school students at Pasay City South High School.
What do you think is the most appropriate quantitate data collection technique to be used? Justify your answer.
Page 9 of 20

EVALUATION
Direction: Write true if the statement is correct and false if it is wrong.
_______ 1. Interview schedule is a list of questions you are going to ask during your interview.
_______ 2.A structured Interview is when there are no specific set of predetermined questions.
_______ 3. In quantitative data collection using the interview, the interviewers (researchers) can change the
questions at any time and ask follow – up questions to the interviewee’s responses.
_______4. Consistency of data collection in the interview can be increased by asking the same set of questions
to the interviewees in the same order in the exact same way.
_______ 5. Reliability of the interview is established by following the standard, the format, and the specific
order of questions.
_______ 6. In a structured observation, researchers gathered data with direct involvement with the participants.
_______ 7. Structured observation has high validity when participants know they are being watched.
_______8. Naturalistic observation is more reliable because there is no manipulation of variables.
_______ 9. Questionnaire is more applicable to use rather than observation and interview when your research
concerns about the demographic profile of students in Pasay City South High School.
_______10. Interview can be used in experimental research.
_______ 11. Open ended questions are more on quantitative data.
_______12. If the researchers become too involved they may lose the objectivity and become bias. This
reducing validity.
_______ 13. Group interviews are less reliable as they use open questions and may deviate from the interview
schedule.
_______ 14. The questionnaires are standardized. All respondents are asked exactly the same questions on the
same order. Easy to check its reliability.
_______ 15. Unstructured interview has increased validity because it gives the interviewer the opportunity to
probe for a deeper understanding, ask clarification and allow the interviewee to steer the direction of the
interview.

References:
Bhat, A. (n.d.). QuestionPro. Retrieved September 2, 2020, from Five methods used for quantitative data
collection : www.questionpro.com
Blay, B. E. (2013). Elementary Statistics . Mandaluyong City 1550 Philippines: Anvil Publishing, INC.
Wikipedia. (n.d.). Data Collection .
Page 10 of 20



OBJECTIVE: Categorize different stages in the analysis of data

Data analysis is the process of systematically applying statistical and/or logical
techniques to describe, illustrate, condense and recap, and evaluate data. The value of
preparing data for analysis follows a four – step approach: data validation, editing and
coding, data entry, data tabulation. In this module you will learn about different
approaches in handling your data.
WHAT’S NEW!
Consideration in data analysis
1. Concurrently selecting data collection methods and appropriate analysis
2. Data recording method
3. Reliability and validity
4. Manner of presenting data
5. Providing accurate and honest analysis
Data Preparation
- The aim is to convert raw data into something meaningful and readable. It includes the following steps
STEP 1. Data validation

- The purpose is to find out, as far as possible, whether the data collection was done as per the pre –set
standards and without any bias.
Four Validation Process
Fraud Screening Procedure Completeness
to infer whether to make sure to check whether to ensure that

respondents respondents were data collection researchers gave all
underwent data chosen as per the procedure was duly questions to the
collection process research criteria followed respondents.
STEP 2. Data Editing

- To avoid errors such as filling items incorrectly or skip them accidentally. The researchers should
conduct basic data checks, checks for outliers, and clear out data points.
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Methods to deal with missing values
Listwise Deletion Mean/median/ mode Last Observation Resurveying

imputation Carried Forward
All rows that have Send a surveyor
one or more column All missing values in a particular The preceding data back to a respondent
values missing are column are substituted with the is used to replace to recollect a data
calculation of the
deleted. missing value point.
mean/median/mode using all the
values available in that column.
Original Data
Listwise Deletion
Name Age Gender
Name Age Gender
Dennis 30 M
Dennis 30 M
Denise 28 F
Denise 28 F
Dens M
Dennie 21 M
Dennie 21 M
Dencio 24
Mean/median/ mode imputation

• Pro: No loss in sample size, no skewing of data
• Con: Cannot be applied on categorical/ non numeric variables
Original Data Data after LOCF
Name Pet Food Drinks Name Pet Food Drinks
Jerome Dog Meat Coffee Jerome Dog Meat Coffee
Paulo Dog Meat Coffee Paulo Dog Meat Coffee
Cris Meat Cris Dog Meat Coffee
Anthony Fish Anthony Fish Meat Coffee
Paulo Cat Chicken Tea Paulo Cat Chicken Tea
Jake Cat Chicken Tea Jake Cat Chicken Tea
Chrisitan Chicken Tea Chrisitan Cat Chicken Tea
STEP 3. Data Coding

- It refers to grouping and assigning values to responses from the survey.
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- Example creating age brackets.
Four step process to develop codes for responses

1. Generate a list of as many potential responses as possible
2. Consolidate responses
3. Assign a numerical value as code
4. Assign a coded value to each response
STEP 4: Data tabulation

- The counting the number of observations (cases) that are classified into certain categories
- One way tabulation
o Categorization of single variables existing in a study
- Cross tabulation
o Simultaneously treating two or more variables in a study
o Categorizing the number of respondents who have answered two or more questions
consecutively.
Quantitative Analysis of Data Methods

Descriptive Analysis Inferential Analysis
• Measures of central tendency (mean, median, mode) • Pearson Product Momentum/Pearson r
(correlation)
• Weighted mean (rating scales)
• Spearman Rho (ranking)
• Percentage Frequency Distribution
• Regression analysis
• Range, standard deviation
• T – test
• Minimum and maximum values
• Z- test
• Skewness
• Analysis of Variance (ANOVA)
• Kurtosis
Generalization
There are four steps in data analysis. These are the following:
1. Data Validation
2. Data editing
3. Data coding
4. Data tabulation
To validate the data gathered you should do the following:
1. Fraud
2. Screening
3. Procedure
4. Completeness
To deal with missing values, you can do the following:

1. Listwise Deletion
2. Mean/Median/Mode Imputation
3. Last Observation Carried Forward
4. Resurveying
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WHAT IS IT?
PRACTICE EXERCISES 1 (5 points each)

In your research, you have surveyed 100 respondents since it is the needed sample of your
research paper. It happened that many of the respondents did not answer some questions. How will you
deal with this situation? Elaborate your answer.
Your research teacher asks you to explain the data validation you did in your data. Explain by writing
the steps that you made. Write your answer below.
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The following are the respondents’ ages in your survey. Your research teacher told you to use coding in
this type of data.
12 y/o – 10 25 y/o – 28 45y/o – 15
18y/o – 15 33y/o – 12 38y/o - 20
EVALUATION
For items 1 – 5. Write true if the statement is correct and false if it is wrong
__________1. Lack of clearly defined and objective outcome measurements can be overcome by statistical
analysis tools.
__________2. Quantitative research predetermines analysis of data .
__________3. The chief aim of analysis is to distinguish between right from wrong.
__________4. If one of the values of your data is missing, simply replaced it on your own convenience.
__________5. Data analysis in quantitative research is done to remove the researcher’s insights/inputs.
For items 6 – 8. What are the steps in data analysis?
__________6.
__________7.
__________8.
For items 9 – 11. Tell which data validation process is described below.
__________ 9.
__________10.
__________11.
For items 12 – 15. Identify which methods to deal with missing values are illustrated below
__________ 12. Gon and Kiluwa are participants of a research. They accidentally skipped out one answer on
the survey. Hisuka then reaches to them to fill out the survey.
__________ 13. Recca has summarized the data he has. Later, he found out that one column lacks data. He
replaced the data by inputting the average of all data he has.
__________ 14. Hermione, a school nurse, gets BP’s of students everyday ad summarizes it every Saturday. .
She observed that Harry’s BP for the 3 days are 120/80, 120/80, 120/80and the fifth day is 110/80.Harry was
absent on the fourth day and she placed 120/80 on the fourth day.
__________ 15. . Dennis, Jerico, Vincent, Alfred, Eugene, and Jeremiah are respondents of the research.
Jeremiahs’s data is not filled up. Suzi, as researcher, removed Jeremiah’s.
References:
Bhata, M. (September 5, 2018). Your Guide to Qualitative and Qunatitative Data Analysis Mehtods. humans of
data.
Hair, J. F., Celsi, M. W., Ortinau, D. j., & Bush, R. P. (2013). Preparing Data for Quantitaitve Analysis.
Essentials of Marketing Research .
Page 15 of 20



OBJECTIVE: Write the research methodology

This chapter describes the research design, respondents and sampling procedure, research
instruments, data gathering procedure and statistical tools that were utilized in the study.
WHAT I NEED TO KNOW
Differentiate research methods and research methodology.
Research Methods Research Methodology
WHAT’S NEW!
What is research methodology?
Research methodology simply refers to the practical “how” of any given piece of
research. More specifically, it’s about how a researcher systematically designs a
study to ensure valid and reliable results that address the research aims and
objectives.
For example, how did the researcher go about deciding:
• What data to collect (and what data to ignore)
• Who to collect it from (in research, this is called “sampling design”)
• How to collect it (this is called “data collection methods”)
• How to analyze it (this is called “data analysis methods”)
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✓ In a dissertation, thesis, academic journal article (or pretty much any formal piece of research), you’ll
find a research methodology chapter (or section) which covers the aspects mentioned above.
Importantly, a good methodology chapter in a dissertation or thesis explains
not just what methodological choices were made, but also explains why they were made.
✓ In other words, the methodology chapter should justify the design choices, by showing that the chosen
methods and techniques are the best fit for the research aims and objectives, and will provide valid and
reliable results. A good research methodology provides scientifically sound findings, whereas a poor
methodology doesn’t.
How to write a research methodology

The methodology chapter explains what you did and how you did it, allowing readers to evaluate the reliability
and validity of the research. It should include:
• The type of research you did

• How you collected your data
• How you analyzed your data
• Any tools or materials you used in the research
• Your rationale for choosing these methods
The methodology section should generally be written in the past tense.
Tips for writing a strong methodology

✓ Focus on your objectives and research questions
The methodology section should clearly show why your methods suit your objectives and convince the
reader that you chose the best possible approach to answering your problem statement and research
questions.
✓ Cite relevant sources

Our methodology can be strengthened by reference to existing research in the field, either to:
• Confirm that you followed established practices for this type of research
• Discuss how you evaluated different methodologies and decided on your approach
• Show that you took a novel methodological approach to address a gap in the literature
✓ Write for your audience
Consider how much information you need to give, and don’t go into unnecessary detail. If you are using
methods that are standard for your discipline, you probably don’t need to give lots of background or
justification. But if you take an approach that is less common in your field, you might need to explain and
justify your methodological choices.
✓ Discuss obstacles
If you encountered difficulties in collecting or analyzing data, explain how you dealt with them. Show how you
minimized the impact of any unexpected obstacles. Pre-empt any major critiques of your approach and
demonstrate that you made the research as rigorous as possible.
The following are examples of what is included in the chapter research methodology
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RESEARCH DESIGN
✓ This study is a non – experimental or an experimental research.
✓ This design is appropriate in the study because ________________
✓ Specifically, this is a (descriptive or correlational design) or (quasi – experimental or true

experimental).
✓ (define the design)
RESPONDENTS AND SAMPLING PROCEDURE
✓ The respondents of the study were Grade 12 HUMSS students. Initially, there were 200 students but
were reduced to 137 after getting the actual number of respondents through the use of Slovin’s Formula.
✓ The study used a (probability or non – probability sampling technique) particularly (simple random
sampling, systematic random sampling, stratified random sampling) or (quota sampling, snowball,
convenience sampling).
✓ A random number table was generated through MS Excel with the formula = 𝑁 ∗ 𝑅𝐴𝑁𝐷() for random
sampling.
✓ The lottery method was executed for random sampling.
RESEARCH INSTRUMENT
✓ The instrument used in this study was the (interview schedule, checklist, questionnaire) developed (or
adapted) by the researchers. The instrument was validated by experts in the field.
✓ The instrument is consisting of 2 parts. Part I is a yes or no questions to find answers on

_________________. Part II is a 5 – point Likert scale to attest the level of _____________.
COLLECTION OF DATA
✓ The study utilized (interview, observation, survey, document review) method in the collection of data.
The following were the procedures in the data collection phase:
1. Constructed the research instrument.
2. Planned the sampling technique and identified the respondents of the study.
3. Prepared different letters for consent purposes.
4. Let the research adviser/teacher checked the instrument.
5. Sought for validation and approval for the conduct of data collection.
6. Reproduced the instrument and conducted the collection phase.
7. Retrieved the materials for data analysis.
8. Summarized the data collected.
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DATA ANALYSIS
To quantify the data collected, the following statistical tools were utilized in the study. (Describe the tool used
and how it will be utilized in the study.
Practice Exercise 1
Use your own research and write your research methodology.
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Practice Exercise 2
Use your research and supply the missing.
References:
What Is Research Methodology? Simple Definition (With Examples) - Grad Coach
How to Write a Research Methodology in Four Steps (scribbr.com)

Page 20 of 20

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