Student Book

answer Key

have made
Chapter 1 Government grants it possible for universities to offer

A3: After You Read (p. 3) a wide variety of less commonly taught languages.
has been growing have added
1. Answers will vary. Some examples are: Because demand so much, many universities tutorial
Chinese is spoken by a large number of people
worldwide, and it is also the third most commonly instruction and intensive summer courses abroad to
spoken language in U.S. homes. In addition, China
their programs.
is becoming a major world power, so Chinese will be
B. 1. a 4. a
important for business and politics in the future.
2. a 5. b
2. Answers will vary.
3. b 6. a
Examining Form (p. 3) B2: Contrasting Verb Forms (p. 7)
A.
Simple Present vs. Present Continuous
preSent 1. Do you speak 4. Do you have
Simple preSent preSent perfeCt 2. are listening 5. hasn’t
preSent ContinuouS perfeCt ContinuouS
3. Are you having
begins is learning has spent has been studying
ends is growing has skyrocketed has been taking Simple Present vs. Present Perfect
shows are echoing have noticed 6. I’ve loved 8. We’ve lived
learn are trying has enrolled 7. isn’t 9. haven’t looked at
rushes has designated
Present Perfect vs. Present Perfect Continuous
1. Simple present: There are two forms of simple present 10. I’ve been living 12. have you been reading
verbs: base form and base form + -s/-es. 11. Have you visited 13. has won
Present continuous: The form of the main verb is base
form + -ing. B3: Comparing Simple and Continuous Meanings (p. 8)
Present perfect: The main verb is the past participle A. 1. am thinking 4. has / is having
form: base form + -d/-ed or irregular past participle. 2. think 5. is looking
Present perfect continuous: The form of the main verb 3. has 6. look
is base form + -ing. B. Answers will vary.
2. Simple present: There are no auxiliaries with simple B4: Background Information and Present
present affirmative statements. (Negative statements Situations (p. 8)
use don’t/doesn’t and questions use do/does.)
Answers will vary. Some examples are:
Present continuous: The correct form of be (am, is, are)
2. I’ve been working at the same job for ten years, so I
comes before the main verb.
know how to do my job well.
Present perfect: The correct form of have (have, has)
3. She hasn’t eaten in hours, so she’s pretty hungry.
comes before the main verb.
4. I’ve lost my roommate, so I’m looking for a new one.
Present perfect continuous: The correct form of have
5. He hasn’t felt well lately, so he’s trying to take better
(have, has) + been comes before the main verb.
care of himself.
B. Answers will vary.
6. I’ve already finished packing the boxes, so I don’t need
Examining Meaning and Use (p. 4) any help.
1. a 3. b 7. I’ve been working with a tutor, so my writing is really
2. b 4. a improving.

B1: Listening (p. 7) B5: Talking About Accomplishments and Progress (p. 9)
have Answers will vary.
A. Most American universities foreign language
continue B6: Using Forms in Combination (p. 9)
requirements. Students usually languages such as Answers will vary.
French or Spanish that they began in high school. B7: Thinking About Meaning and Use (p. 10)
are studying
However, more and more university students 1. ? 4. ? 7. ? 10. T
2. T 5. T 8. T
languages such as Serbo-Croatian, Korean, and Arabic. 3. ? 6. F 9. ?

54 Answer Key
B8: Speaking (p. 10) 1. Simple past: The main verb is the past form: base form
Answers will vary. + -d/-ed or irregular past form.
Past continuous: The form of the main verb is base
C1: Editing (p. 11) form + -ing.
tend Past perfect: The main verb is the past participle form:
1. Students of Chinese tends to have difficulty with base form + -d/-ed or irregular past participle.
pronunciation.
Past perfect continuous: The form of the main verb is
are base form + -ing.
2. Many schools now teaching Chinese and Urdu.
have have 2. Simple past: There are no auxiliaries with simple past
3. Raoul and Carlos has been working full time and has affirmative statements. (Negative statements use
been attending night classes.
didn’t and questions use did.)
always Past continuous: The correct past form of be (was, were)
4. Always, I have liked studying a new language.
have comes before the main verb.
5. Recently, I been playing guitar. Past perfect: Had comes before the main verb.
has Past perfect continuous: Had been comes before the
6. Chang have not been traveling lately.
main verb.
C2: Recognizing Present Contexts (p. 12) B. Answers will vary.
Answers will vary. Some examples are: Examining Meaning and Use (p. 18)
A. 3 The Internet has made shopping and doing
1. b 3. b
business easier.
2. b 4. a
X The classroom of the future is not necessarily a
physical space. B1: Listening (p. 20)
X / 3 Learning a language has changed me in certain ways. has opened visited
3 My state (or country) is different because of the A. An interesting new art exhibit downtown. When I
inluence of other cultures. was paying
it on Saturday, no one attention to the beautiful
X I have traveled to many countries. was looking
X My teacher showed us several techniques for paintings. Instead, everyone out the window at a
learning new vocabulary. haven't learned
3 There are many English words in my language. crowd of demonstrators across the street. I still why.
B. Answers will vary. had
Meanwhile, I the whole gallery to myself for almost
C3: Talking About Your Life (p. 13) was
half an hour. It really quite unusual.
Answers will vary. B. 1. a 4. a
C4: Writing Tip (p. 13) 2. a 5. a
3. b 6. b
Answers will vary.
B2: Contrasting Verb Forms (p. 20)
Simple Past vs. Past Continuous
Chapter 2 1. B: was having dinner
A3: After You Read (p. 17) 2. B: realized
3. B: were sleeping
1. Answers will vary. Some examples are:
4. B: fell
The writer was driving through Brazil when his car
5. B: was holding
overheated because of a hole in the radiator. The people from
a local village said they could fix it with green bananas. While Simple Past vs. Present Perfect
he was waiting for them to fix it, he talked to a local man who 6. B: I’ve known
told him that a nearby rock marked the center of the universe. 7. B: I got
Soon a boy returned with the green bananas. The hole was 8. B: have never eaten
sealed with the green bananas and his trip continued. 9. B: I had
2. Answers will vary. Some examples are: B3: Simple Past vs. Present Perfect (p. 21)
His experience with the green bananas showed him 2. No. The interviewee continues to work at the same job.
that everyone and everything may have special potential. It is not a completed past situation.
The rock helped him realize that everyone has a place that 3. Yes. She joined the team at a specific time in the past,
they consider the center of the world. so the simple past can also be used.
3. Answers will vary. 4. Yes. The friend saw the movie at a specific time in the
Examining Form (p. 17) past, so the simple past can also be used.
A. 5. No. The woman still lives there. It is not a completed
situation in the past.
Simple paSt paSt perfeCt 6. No. The friend is asking about an indefinite time in the
paSt ContinuouS paSt perfeCt ContinuouS past, not a specific time.
forced was straining had (just) had had been
gathered was wondering had (never) wondering
sent was teasing paid
took had shown

Answer Key 55
 2

B4: Using Time Clauses (p. 22) Rosa and Raymond Parks Center for Self-Development
1. became, saw
to help inner-city teenagers.
2. was teaching, learned
B. Answers will vary.
3. applied, chose
4. left, met C5: Thinking About Meaning and Use (p. 28)
B5: Describing a Past Event (p. 22) 1. ? 4. F 7. T
2. F 5. F
Answers will vary.
3. T 6. ?
Examining Meaning and Use (p. 23)
C6: Speaking (p. 28)
1. a She finished packing.
Answers will vary.
b It’s unclear that she finished packing.
2. b This focuses on how long it took. D1: Editing (p. 29)
a This focuses on how much was accomplished. , it
3. b We began lunch and then she turned off her phone. 1. When they returned to the city. It was raining and the
a She turned off her phone and then we began lunch. wind blew. was blowing
not did
C1: Listening (p. 25) 2. Al had been not sleeping enough, so he not do well on
the exam.
A. 1. a 3. a 5. a
b 4. b 6. b were
2. 3. How long Professor Levine and his colleague was
B. 1. a 3. b 5. a traveling in Brazil?
2. b 4. b 6. a leading until
4. He was traveling and lead tours. Until he injured his
C2: Contrasting Verb Forms (p. 25) back two years ago.
1. had been playing immediatley
5. The employees brought immediately a list of
2. attended complaints to their new boss.
3. didn’t have announce
4. hadn’t arrived 6. The team didn’t finish their investigation or announced
5. had ended their findings.
6. checked, had been/was 7. By the time the storm arrived, residents of the coastal
7. had been waiting, arrived
had
8. hadn’t studied/didn't study, was town been evacuated.
C3: Giving Background Information (p. 26) didn't
8. Why they didn’t finish after they had eaten and had
Answers will vary. rested?
C4: Combining Verb Tenses (p. 27) D2: Recognizing Shifts in Time (p. 31)
1 2. past to present 4. present
A. 1. The year was 1955. Rosa had been working all day 3. past 5. past to present
2
as a seamstress when she took a seat on a city bus. D3: Practicing Shifts in Time (p. 31)
Answers will vary. Some examples are:
She was tired.
2. Nowadays, I’m hardly ever at home on the weekends.
2 1
2. She was arrested when she refused to give up her I go the gym and then I go out with friends.
3. Now I limit my travel so that I can spend more time
seat on the bus to a white person. with my family. Now I can see my son grow up.
4. Now I always lock my door.
3. Rosa was a member of the NAACP. Before she 5. A few years ago, I only listened to pop music. Then a
2 1 friend introduced me to jazz. Now I go to jazz concerts
was arrested, she had been active in the ight for most weekends.
6. Now that I’m older, I look back on the many exciting
equal rights. times I spent with my friends and laugh.
4. Rosa and her lawyers iled a lawsuit. Her case went all D4: Writing Tip (p. 32)
1 Answers will vary.
the way to the Supreme Court. She was still working
2
as a seamstress when the court ruled in her favor.
Chapter 3
5. She soon lost her job. By the time she inally found A3: After You Read (p. 35)
2
another job as an administrative assistant, she had 1. Answers will vary. Some examples are:
1 The dam will produce electricity and provide water for
been unemployed for eight years. a huge area of farmland, but it will also flood villages,
1 remove 30,000 people from their homes, and destroy
6. After her husband Raymond died, she founded the many valuable archaeological sites.
2. Answers will vary. Some examples are:

56 Answer Key
 will make
The mosaics come from a wealthy house in the ruins hope it people more aware of the need to protect
of Zeugma. They will all be sent to a local museum as
well where they will be displayed. ancient ruins. Next month, officials from over 40
3. Answers will vary. are meeting
nations in Turkey to discuss this important issue.
Examining Form (p. 36) B. 1. b 4. b
2. a 5. a
A.
3. a 6. b
Simple future will become B2: Contrasting Verb Forms (p. 40)
is going to produce A. 1. I’ll sign
are going to hear 2. The cat is going to knock
Be going to future
are going to clean 3. She’ll do
're going to remove 4. we get
future ContinuouS will be gathering 5. I’m not leaving
6. I’ll be relaxing
preSent ContinuouS is ending 7. is going to start
aS future
8. will life change
Simple preSent begins 9. will have landed
aS future 12. you’ll have been working, I’ll be happy
B. Answers will vary.
future perfeCt will have vanished
B3: Contrasting Simple and Continuous Future
future perfeCt will have been working
ContinuouS Forms (p. 41)
1. a, b, c 5. c
1. Simple future: The verb is in the base form. 2. c 6. b, c
Be going to future: The verb is in the base form. 3. a, c 7. a, b, c
Future continuous: The form of the main verb is 4. a, b, c 8. c
base form + -ing.
B4: Talking About a Sequences of Events in the
Present continuous as future: The form of the main
Future (p. 42)
verb is base form + -ing.
Simple present as future: There are two forms of A. Answers will vary. Some examples are:
simple present verbs: base form and base 2. Once she buys a Spanish phrase book, she’s going
form + -s/-es. to study key vocabulary.
Future perfect: The main verb is the past participle She’s going to study key vocabulary once she buys
form: base form + -d/-ed or irregular past participle. a Spanish phrase book.
Future perfect continuous: The form of the main 3. After she checks the weather in Chile, she’s going to
verb is base form + -ing. make sure to pack the right clothing.
2. Simple future: Will comes before the main verb. She’s going to make sure to pack the right clothing
Be going to future: The correct form of be (am, is, after she checks the weather in Chile.
are) + going to comes before the main verb. 4. As soon as she arrives in Chile, she’s going to
Future continuous: Will be comes before the main verb. register at her new school.
Present continuous as future: The correct form of be She’s going to register at her new school as soon as
(am, is, are) comes before the main verb. she arrives in Chile.
Simple present as future: There are no auxiliaries 5. By the time she inishes the program, she’s going
with simple present afirmative statements. to/she’ll be luent in Spanish.
Future perfect: Will have comes before the main verb. She’s going to/She’ll be luent in Spanish by the
Future perfect continuous: Will have been comes time she inishes the program.
before the main verb. B. Answers will vary.
3. Simple future, future continuous, future perfect, and B5: Making Plans with Be Going To and Will (p. 43)
future perfect continuous begin with will. Answers will vary.
B. Answers will vary.
B6: Making Predictions with Be Going To, Will, and
Examining Meaning and Use (p. 36) the Future Continuous (p. 44)
1. a 2. a 3. b Answers will vary.
B1: Listening (p. 39) B7: Talking About Future Goals with the Future
A. Over the next three months, the waters of the
Perfect (p. 44)
will be collecting Answers will vary.
Euphrates behind the dam. In just over a month,
will have become B8: Speaking (p. 45)
the area a reservoir, and two weeks after that, the Answers will vary.
will have disappeared, Is the
newly discovered villa, too. The story of Zeugma
going to affect will tell
government policy? Only time, but archaeologists

Answer Key 57
B9: Thinking About Meaning and Use (p. 45) Examining Form (p. 53)
1. F 5. T A.
2. T 6. T
ContinuouS
3. F 7. ? Simple modal paSt modal
modal
4. ? 8. ?
must get may be coming may have wasted
C1: Editing (p. 47) could be shouldn't have
should (I) do relied
might be could have had
Hundreds of architectural and cultural sites worldwide can lead
‘d better wait
are in danger. Across the world, archeological sites, valuable
unless 1. Simple modal, continuous modal, and past modal:
buildings, and works of art will disappear forever Unless
These modals do not change form.
we act now to save them. Many organizations are working 2. Simple modal: The main verb does not have an ending.
Continuous modal: The main verb is in the –ing form.
hard to raise public awareness. For example, next month the Past modal: The main verb is in the past
is
World Monuments Watch will going to publish a list of 100 participle form.
3. Simple modal: There is no other auxiliary.
threatened sites. In many cases if immediate measures are Continuous modal: Be comes before the main verb.
Past modal: Have comes before the main verb.
not taken, these artifacts won’t survive. But if even only one B. Answers will vary.
not
site is saved, the organizations feel their efforts will have Examining Meaning and Use (p. 54)
been not wasted. 1. a 3. a
2. b 4. b
Money will be necessary. Unless the organizations
are B1: Listening (p. 57)
will be able to raise funds, they will not be able to rescue
A. In ancient times, astrology was often used by rulers to
or won’t protect many recognized historical treasures. could
advise them what they do. It was based on the idea
Cooperation among nations, government officials, and had to be
is that there a correlation between events like famine
researchers are going to be even more vital. If society
have or war and cosmic events. Unlike the way astrology is
can rescue this valuable cultural heritage, then it will has were not supposed to use
used today, common people astrology. Instead, only
preserved an important legacy. could learn
their leaders about their fate. Since a quarter of the
C2: Recognizing Shifts in Time (p. 48)
A. 1. shift 3. shift 5. future Earth’s population still believes in astrology today,
2. future 4. shift 6. shift could have lasted
some interesting questions remain: How astrology so
B. Answers will vary. Shouldn't interest have faded
long? Interest by now? What makes people think that
C3: Talking About Plans (p. 49)
must be
A. 2. vague 4. vague 6. speciic there a connection between their lives and the sun,
3. speciic 5. vague
B. Answers will vary. moon, stars, and planets?
B. 1. b 4. a
C4: Writing Tip (p. 49) 2. a 5. a
Answers will vary. 3. b 6. b
B2: Contrasting Modal Forms (p. 57)
Chapter 4 1. ought to 8. must
2. had better have 9. can’t
A3: After You Read (p. 53) 3. should have stayed 10. couldn’t
1. Answers will vary. Some examples are: 4. were supposed to go 11. may not
People often want their horoscopes to be true and 5. had to 12. had to
because the language used in horoscopes is very 6. shouldn’t 13. don’t have to
general, it is easy to find evidence to support this. 7. have got to 14. I’m not supposed to
2. Answers will vary. Some examples are:
His horoscope warned him to wait until the full moon
B3: Choosing Modals or Phrasal Modals (p. 58)
passed before he made any big purchases. By the time 2. had better / should / ought to / have (got) to
that had happened, someone else had bought the 3. have (got) to / must
house. Dr. Bilton tells the story to show why people 4. don’t have to
shouldn’t rely on astrology. 5. are not supposed to / shouldn’t
3. Answers will vary. 6. didn’t have to
7. should have / ought to have

58 Answer Key
 8. had to up differently than her old computer.
9. weren’t supposed to The battery could be dead. Or it might not be
10. couldn’t plugged in.
B. Answers will vary.
B4: Discussing Rules and Requirements (p. 59)
A. 1. must 6. must not C4: Expressing Possibility and Certainty About the
2. cannot 7. should not Future (p. 65)
3. have to 8. may not Answers will vary.
4. must 9. do not have to
C5: Expressing Possibility About the Past (p. 66)
5. may not 10. do not have to
B. Answers will vary. Answers will vary.

B5: Giving Past, Present, and Future Advice (p. 60) C6: Thinking About Meaning and Use (p. 67)
1. a 5. b
Answers will vary.
2. a 6. a
B6: Making Statements with Modals (p. 61) 3. b 7. b
Answers will vary. 4. a 8. b

Examining Meaning and Use (p. 62)
b I don't know if it arrived.
a I'm absolutely certain that it arrived.
c I'm certain it arrived based on the evidence.
C1: Listening (p. 64)
1. b 3. a 5. a
2. b 4. b 6. a
C2: Restating Sentences with Modals of
Possibility (p. 64)
Answers will vary. Some examples are:
Present / Future Modals of Possibility
2. He should be playing on Friday.
3. He must not remember me.
4. Our trip can’t be canceled / can't have been canceled.
5. Bill might / may be trying to call us.
Past Modals of Possibility
6. He must have known I was waiting for him.
7. He could / may / might have been lying. Or he might
have been exaggerating.
8. By now, he should have found the note I left.
9. It can’t have / couldn't have been easy for him to
admit his mistake.
10. She might / may not have done it.
C3: Expressing Possibility About the Present (p. 65)
A. Answers will vary. Some examples are:
2. He can’t be at the store. It’s closed.
He should be home. The clock could be wrong.
He has to be on his way home. He may be stuck
in trafic.
He could be running some errands before he
comes home.
3. Sean can’t be home if he doesn’t answer the door.
Sean could be ignoring Ron.
Sean may not be home. There could be a burglar
inside.
Sean must be in a bad mood.
4. It must be his birthday. Those are presents must be
from his family.
They could be something he ordered online—maybe
a new computer.
He might be starting a new business, and the boxes
are some material he needs.
5. It should start up today if it started up yesterday.
She may not be starting it up correctly. It might start
C7: Speaking (p. 67)
Answers will vary.
D1: Editing (p. 68)
Deciding when to tell children the truth about Santa
Claus can to be difficult for parents. Currently, as many as
700 million children worldwide believe in Santa. Many of
these children have looked forward to Santa’s visit since
talk
they could walk and talked. In addition, many parents
to
think that children ought believe in Santa as long as
may be
possible. They maybe having fond memories of their
shouldn't
own childhood beliefs. They think, “Why not should my
children believe?”
Older children in particular, however, may experience
are
negative effects. First of all, parents is supposed to tell the
truth. If a child feels tricked, he may not believe anything
they tell him for some time. Second, the child might have
resent
resented his parents, especially if his belief in Santa
causes embarrassment.
This is exactly what happened to Kevin Glover. Now
21, he still recalls the day he told his 11-year-old friends
that he’d asked Santa for a bike. “They laughed at me,”
says Kevin. “I ran home and screamed at my parents for
have
lying to me. I really think they should not waited so long
to tell me the truth.”
D2: Reacting to Situations (p. 70)
A. Situation 1 Situation 2
1. C 1. A
2. G 2. C
3. A 3. G
B. Answers will vary. Some examples are:
1. People are buying smaller, more fuel-eficient cars.
Guess: People might be trying to save money on gas.

Answer Key 59
 Advice: Automotive companies should pay attention 1. Simple present: The passive form has two words.
to the trend. Simple past: The passive form has two words.
Conclusion: This must be good news for companies Simple present perfect: The passive form has three
that make large cars. words.
2. After World War II ended, there was a dramatic Modal: The passive form has three words.
increase in the birthrate. 2. The form of the main verb is the past participle.
Guess: The government may have had to build new 3. A form of be comes immediately before the main verb.
schools. B. Answers will vary.
Advice: People shouldn’t have had so many
children.
Examining Meaning and Use (p. 75)
Conclusion: People must have been happy that the 1. b 3. a
war had ended. 2. b 4. b
3. The World Cup is gaining popularity in the United B1: Listening (p. 78)
States.
A. 1. b 4. b
Guess: Soccer may be more popular than football.
2. a 5. a
Advice: Soccer teams in other countries had better
3. a 6. a
get ready for tougher competition from the U.S.
B. 1. b 4. b
Conclusion: Immigrants to the U.S. must be
2. b 5. a
inluencing popular culture.
3. a 6. b
4. Last year 10 percent fewer new students started
college. B2: Recognizing Passive Sentences (p. 79)
Guess: They may not have been able to pay for it. 1. — 6. —
College is expensive. 2. 3 7. 3
Advice: Young people should realize how important 3. 3 8. 3
education is. 4. — 9. —
Conclusion: The government must not be providing 5. 3 10. 3
enough inancial aid.
B3: Choosing Active or Passive Verb Forms (p. 79)
D3: Working with Adverbs (p. 71) 1. have been given 6. has been injured
Answers will vary. 2. will have seen 7. check
D4: Writing Tip (p. 71) 3. are sent 8. have been broken
4. explain 9. were asked
Answers will vary.
5. was proposed 10. understand
B4: Writing Active and Passive Sentences (p. 80)
Chapter 5 2. The printer printed the document in under a minute.
A3: After You Read (p. 75) The document was printed in under a minute.
3. The police are going to fine the driver $75.
1. Answers will vary. Some examples are:
The driver is going to be fined $75.
Sir Francis Galton’s test tried to measure intelligence
4. More comfortable seats have already replaced the
by examining the size and shape of a person’s head.
benches in most train cars.
2. Answers will vary. Some examples are:
The benches have already been replaced by more
Alfred Binet’s original test had children perform
comfortable seats in most train cars.
tasks such as follow commands, name objects, and
5. The visiting professor is supposed to give a lecture in
put things in order. Then he compared the children’s
the main hall today.
performances.
A lecture is supposed to be given by the visiting
3. Answers will vary. Some examples are:
professor in the main hall today.
The modern Stanford-Binet IV test is given orally.
6. Someone must have left this package on my desk this
The examiner asks questions until no items can be
morning.
answered correctly.
This package must have been left on my desk this
4. Answers will vary.
morning.
Examining Form (p. 53) B5: Changing Sentences from Active to Passive (p. 81)
A.
2. Three men who were driving a car through Oregon
Simple Simple perfeCt were stopped by police.
modal
preSent paSt perfeCt 3. Can’t be changed. “Laugh” and “fall” are intransitive
paSSive
paSSive paSSive paSSive verbs.
is called was based has been could be used 4. Can’t be changed. “Suit” is a transitive verb with no
are asked was proposed revised could be passive form.
is given were developed distinguished
is examined were assigned would be 5. Patients are always encouraged to exercise by their
assigned doctors.
can be answered 6. My mother was surprised and scared by the accident.
7. Can’t be changed. “Weigh” is intransitive in this
sentence.

60 Answer Key
 8. The baby was weighed by the nurse. B. Answers will vary.
9. Can’t be changed. “Stay” is an intransitive verb.
10. By this time next year, all of the office computers will
B9: Thinking About Meaning and Use (p. 84)
have been upgraded. 1. b 4. a
11. Can’t be changed. “Cost” is a transitive verb with no 2. b 5. a
passive form. 3. a 6. b
12. In fact, the problem could be solved. B10: Speaking (p. 84)
13. An investigation is going to be opened early next year.
Answers will vary.
14. This problem may have to be talked about later.
15. Can’t be changed. “Become” is a transitive verb with C1: Editing (p. 85)
no passive form. being
2. Is this book been recommended for our class, or will it
B6: Omitting or Including Agents (p. 81) be required?
1. Mount Everest was identified as the world’s highest Has
Is this book been recommended for our class, or will it
mountain in 1852. be required?
Unfortunately, all of these teams had been turned back not have been
by bad weather and the dangers of the high altitude. 3. Many of the scientist’s ideas should have not been
2. In the United States, drivers’ licenses are issued by dismissed by modern researchers.
individual states. collecting
4. The research team is now being collected the data.
A passport, birth certificate, or a Social Security card
are
are accepted as proof of identity by most, but not all, 5. The results of the survey not going to be mailed until
states. next week.
3. The identity of the inventors of many everyday objects given
6. The winners were awarded scholarships and gave
is not known. positions as research assistants.
Even today, the identities of inventors of world- offered
changing items like the microchip are overlooked. 7. Only the top 10 percent of the class will be offer
4. The answers to many basic questions can be found scholarships.
through a simple web search. C2: Keeping the Focus (p. 86)
For more specific information, a variety of online
A. 1. The focus remains on “twin studies” throughout.
databases can be consulted.
2. The second sentence is in the passive to keep the
B7: Describing Processes (p. 82) focus on twin studies.
Answers will vary. Some examples are: B. 1. The focus shifts. The paragraph begins with a focus
A. 1. The Melissa Virus was programmed into a Word on “twin studies” and then shifts to “Sir Francis
document. Galton.” Then it shifts to “One of his methods” and
2. The document was then uploaded to an Internet then back to him.
newsgroup. 2. The second sentence has no passive form.
3. It was downloaded from the newsgroup site C3: Organizing Information (p. 87)
because it looked important.
2. yes
4. When the document was opened, the virus was
Today, he is recognized as one of the founders of
triggered.
modern educational philosophy.
5. Fifty new e-mails were created using the computer’s
3. no
address book.
Better in the active voice. The focus of the paragraph
6. The document was attached to these e-mails.
and sentence stays on the artists.
7. Then the e-mails were sent.
4. yes
8. When these new e-mails were opened, 50 more e-
Skinner was awarded a Ph.D. in 1931 by Harvard
mails were created.
University.
9. These 50 new virus-infected e-mails were forwarded
5. yes
to 50 more people, and so on.
However, homework is expected by principals and even
10. E-mail systems were overwhelmed, so they had to
some parents to be a major part of the curricula.
be shut down.
B. Answers will vary. C4: Writing Tip (p. 87)
B8: Introducing Information Objectively (p. 83) Answers will vary.
A. 2. It is being reported that tourism has increased in
the region. Chapter 6
3. It is known that pollution is affecting many
rainforests around the world. A3: After You Read (p. 91)
4. It has been shown that this drug decreases the 1. Agriculture, tourism, and technology
desire to smoke cigarettes. 2. Answers will vary. Some examples are:
5. Previously it had been thought that economy would Traditionally the economy was based on agriculture.
recover quickly. Today, the economy is strongly supported by tourism,
6. It is assumed that scientists will one day ind a cure and the opportunities in technology are growing.
for cancer. 3. Answers will vary.

Answer Key 61
Examining Form (p. 91) an item of news a pile of mail
A. Singular: information, democracy, tourism, steps, a piece of clothing a sheet of ice
organization a piece of music a sheet of music
Plural: advantages, bananas, cattle, monkeys, species B. 2. set of 5. pot of
B. 1. No (information, tourism) 3. bunches of 6. games of
2. No (cattle) 4. pinch of 7. lash of
3. species B6: Subject-Verb Agreement with Nouns (p. 98)
Examining Meaning and Use (p. 92) 1. has, seems, explains, is
1. b 2. has, wants, thinks, is / are, is
2. b 3. is, show, have, threaten
3. b Examining Meaning and Use (p. 99)
B1: Listening (p. 95) 1. b 3. a
years 2. a 4. a
A. For the past few , I’ve been visiting Costa Rica regularly
business pleasure a chance a business C1: Listening (p. 101)
for and for . My trips began when I had to start there. air quality of office buildings
information A. Poor is one of the major problems well-insulated .
At that time, I quickly tried to find about the Costa Rican low cost widely available houseplants
chance Fortunately, a solution is . Studies show that help
economy. It was only by , however, that I also found a indoor toxic chemicals they also with
rest clean air. They remove and add oxygen. Plants fuzzy
perfect place for , relaxation, and fun.
B. 1. b 4. a leaves may also remove smoke and grease particles.
2. b 5. b B. 1. b 4. a
3. b 6. a 2. a 5. a
3. b 6. a
B2: Contrasting Nouns (p. 96)
1. is 8. ideas C2: Using Adjective and Noun Modifiers (p. 102)
2. is 9. difference Answers will vary. Some examples are:
3. those 10. was 1. tall, handsome CEO
4. were 11. takes off 2. petite, fun-loving English teacher
5. has been 12. have been 3. multi-colored three-ringed plastic binders
6. sugar 13. are 4. extra-bright legal-sized paper
7. are 14. don’t 5. stocky young Caucasian
6. distinctive black and white wool cap
B3: Using Different Types of Nouns (p. 96) 7. long, green diamond-studded gown
Answers will vary. Some examples are:
1. art 7. The National Review C3: Working on Compound Modifiers (p. 103)
2. men, river 8. jury A. 1. a first-floor apartment
3. New York 9. patience 2. a ifteen-minute presentation
4. group 10. parents 3. a long-term commitment
5. health 11. The History of Furniture, 4. a family-owned business
6. restaurant, lines The New School 5. a two-way street
12. company 6. an 18-page instruction booklet
7. a small-business loan
B4: Identifying Count and Noncount Nouns (p. 97) 8. a ten-dollar discount ticket
A. 1. equipment: N 9. material: C 9. a strange-looking wild animal
2. injury: C 10. speed: C 10. the best-known college
3. fun: N 11. knowledge: N 11. a two-karat diamond
4. safety: N 12. movement: C 12. a world-famous artist
5. consumer: C 13. physics: N B. Answers will vary.
6. research: N 14. information: N
7. use: C 15. advice: N C4: Recognizing Adjectives vs. Compound Modifiers
8. shape: C (p. 103)
B. 1. a. N 4. a. C -
3. The prize winning film was a Spanish movie called The
b. C b. N Sea Inside.
2. a. C 5. a. N
b. N b. C 4. OK
3. a. N b. C , and
5. The group of skiers was caught in an unexpected
C. Answers will vary. powerful avalanche.
B5: Using Expressions with Of (p. 98) -
6. The lamp was made of a strange looking yellow plastic.
A. Answers will vary. Some examples are:
an item of clothing a pile of clothing 7. OK

62 Answer Key
 , , and information
8. Beth is the most hardworking supportive helpful informations. Phase two can now begin. It will require
volunteer we have.
researchers to categorize the data from phase one. Plant
10. OK are
and growth, soil, and air quality is the main categories the team
11. I just found a cool leather chrome chair at the thrift store.
- seeks to examine. Phase three will measure changes in the
12. Some loud mouthed guy interrupted the politician’s air
speech. plants, soil, and surrounding airs over time. The final phase
is
C5: Using Compound Nouns (p. 104) will involve analysis of these changes. The analysis are
A. 2. show business 6. homework
going to be used to plan wildlife preserves.
3. Global warming, 7. lashlight, sleeping bag,
fossil fuels camping trip D2: Using Pronouns (p. 109)
4. scuba diving 8. junk food, French fries Answers will vary. Some examples are:
5. security guard 2. The police raided several Internet cafés to gather
B. 2. takeout 7. food poisoning evidence for their investigation. They said it would be
3. greenhouse 8. solar system used in an upcoming trial.
4. storage unit 9. mail order 3. Famous fashion model Katie Krass will be throwing
5. common sense 10. sit-up a huge party on the island of Ibiza to celebrate her
6. death penalty upcoming wedding to rocker Johnnie Apples. The
C. Answers will vary. celebration will be held on Ibiza because she loves it
C6: Using Prepositional Phrases (p. 105) and because she first met her fiancé there.
4. It seems that a group of world-renowned scientists
A. 2. in 5. to 8. of
cannot agree on how many planets there are in
3. of 6. of 9. with
our solar system. They are meeting for a four-day
4. of 7. for 10. on
conference in Belgium, where they will spend their
B. 1. I was stunned by the landscape’s beauty.
time / the time discussing this issue.
4. I’m very lucky to have my parents’ support.
8. Picasso’s paintings have always confused me. D3: Writing Tip (p. 110)
C. Answers will vary. Answers will vary.
C7: Using Modifiers Effectively (p. 105)
Answers will vary. Some examples are: Chapter 7
1. Robbers broke into the Smith family’s house last night
and stole the family’s computer. A3: After You Read (p. 113)
2. A new world history book has been published by a 1. Answers will vary. Some examples are:
history professor from Oxford University. There are many challenges as cities continue to grow,
3. The meeting is with the university chancellor and the but we can make our city more livable by planning early.
student government president. 2. Answers will vary. Some examples are:
4. The university’s Journalism Department plans to hire Key idea 1: Neighborhoods should be seen as places
several new faculty members. where we get new energy and life. They need to have
5. The city council’s public works committee has all the services (like parks and libraries) that people
approved a one-million-dollar water-treatment facility. need.
C8: Working on Pronoun Agreement (p. 106) Key idea 2: Walking is healthier for people and for cities.
Walking should be encouraged by improving conditions
1. it / they 4. it 6. it
like sidewalks and building “up” rather than “out.”
2. they 5. It 7. them
Key idea 3: We need to build more affordable housing so
3. them
that people of all economic levels can live in the city. New
C9: Thinking About Meaning and Use (p. 106) taxes could be invested in the building of this housing.
1. b 4. b 7. a 3. Answers will vary. Some examples are:
2. a 5. b 8. b The tone of the manifesto is positive. There are
3. b 6. b descriptions of preventing negative consequences and
ensuring a better tomorrow.
C10: Speaking (p. 107) 4. Answers will vary.
Answers will vary.
D1: Editing (p. 108)
has year
A local conservation team have received a three-years

grant to study the effects of urban development on local

has
plant species. The first of the four phases have already

been completed. The goal of phase one was to collect

Answer Key 63
Examining Form (p. 114) B. 1. A 8. Ø 15. the
A. 2. an 9. Ø 16. a
3. Ø 10. the 17. the
other 4. Ø 11. the 18. the
A/An The Ø
determinerS 5. a 12. A 19. Ø
a healthy the news neighborhoods many 6. Ø 13. the 20. the
neighborhood the travel challenges
a public park construction sidewalks our advice 7. a 14. a 21. the
a city the foot its residents B5: Contrasting Articles (p. 119)
traffic that trend
the revenues this tax A. 1. an, the 7. a, an
its friendly 2. the, the 8. Ø, a
attitude 3. an, Ø, a 9. Ø, the, the
affordable
housing 4. a, Ø, the 10. a
5. a, the, a 11. a
B. Singular count nouns are used with a/an, the and other 6. the, the 12. Ø, a, Ø
determiners. Plural and noncount nouns are used with B. Answers will vary.
the, no article, or other determiners.
Examining Meaning an Use (p. 120)
Examining Meaning and Use (p. 114) 1. b
1. a 3. a 2. b
2. b 4. a 3. a
B1: Listening (p. 117) C1: Listening (p. 121)
A recent the the 1. b 4. b
A. Recent study of new housing in area shows that there 2. b 5. a
are many barriers to building affordable housing. 3. b 6. a
a C2: Using Possessive Adjectives to Identify Specific
Not only is there lack of government subsidies, but
the Nouns (p. 122)
there is also limited land for new construction in Answers will vary. Some examples are:
their In 1914, Sir Ernest Shackleton placed this ad in a
region. Developers need tax credits that lower debt
The subsidies newspaper. He was looking for recruits for his expedition
on construction projects. Subsidies allow them to to the South Pole. The crew and their/his ship, the
the a Endurance, would sail to the South Pole, where they
offer lower rents to public, and as result, affordable would use their dogs to attempt the world’s first crossing
a of the Pole by foot. In the end, they never even made it to
housing becomes reality.
B. 1. a 4. b the Antarctic continent. their ship became frozen in ice in
2. a 5. b the Weddell Sea and its hull was crushed by the ice.
3. b 6. a Using lifeboats, Shackleton and his crew sailed for
seven days to Elephant Island. Later, Shackleton chose
B2: Using A/An and The (p. 117) five men to sail one of the boats on to find help. Using
1. e the 6. j the primitive navigation equipment, they sailed for 17 days on
2. c The 7. f a the stormy seas and miraculously landed back where they
3. a a 8. d a had begun their journey—on the island of South Georgia.
4. h the 9. g the But the story doesn’t end there. Once on South
5. b the 10. i a Georgia Island, the six men hiked over glaciers and
towering mountains to get help from a whaling station.
B3: Reasons For Using Specific Nouns (p. 118) They then sailed back to Elephant Island to rescue the
A 1. the (Reason 2 and 4) remaining men. Twenty-two months had passed since they
2. The (Reason 3 and 4), a had left on their expedition.
3. the (Reason 5) The next time you are complaining because your
4. a, a, the (Reason 3) airplane has been delayed for a few hours, remember
5. a, the (Reason 6), The (Reason 1), a that your inconvenience is nothing compared to what
B. See answers above. Shackleton and his men experienced!
B4: Using Articles in Newspapers (p. 118) C3: Using Demonstrative Adjectives to Identify
A. Answers will vary. Some examples are: Specific Nouns (p. 123)
2. The City Council is going to hold hearings on the A. 1. this 5. that
latest scandal. 2. those 6. those
3. A major summer storm is going to hit the Cayman 3. These 7. that
Islands. 4. this 8. This
4. A popular tourist destination has closed after an B. 1. We have many workers that are hired from overseas,
accident. and these foreign-born employees are good for our
business. While Americans fill the majority of our
jobs, the guest workers take those high-tech jobs

64 Answer Key
 that Americans are not qualified for. They work
hard, and we should welcome them to this country
with open arms.
2. Do you remember that strike that took place
last year? It had a huge impact on this industry.
American workers require a certain salary and union
beneits, whereas those guest workers at Carlton
will work for less money and fewer beneits. That’s
why the corporations like to hire them. All I can say
is that this problem is going to worsen before it gets
better. And in the meantime, many well-educated
Americans can’t ind work in this ield.
C4: Working with Generic Nouns (p. 124)
Answers will vary.
C5: Connecting Information in a Paragraph (p. 125)
A. 5. Although the factors were changed, the employees’
productivity appeared to increase each time a
measurement was taken.
2. In 1927, Elton Mayo and two associates from the
Harvard Business School decided to answer this
question.
7. The workers felt satisfaction because both the
researchers and their supervisors had taken an
interest in them and because they had formed a
sort of community with their co-workers during the
course of the experiment.
4. Before the researchers took a measurement, they
changed a different physical factor in the plant that
might affect productivity (such as increasing or
decreasing the temperature, light, or noise level.)
3. Mayo and his colleagues measured the productivity
of a group of employees at the Hawthorne Works
Electrical Plant in Illinois over a period of ive years.
1. What physical conditions cause employees to be
more productive?
8. This result, now known as “The Hawthorne Effect,”
demonstrates that social factors are more important
than physical factors in motivating employees.
6. Surprised by these results, the researchers
interviewed the workers and came to the following
conclusion:
B. 5 “the factors” refers to “different physical factor in
the plant” in sentence #4.
4 “the researchers” refers to Mayo and his colleagues
in sentence #3.
6 “these results” refers to the increased productivity
mentioned in sentence #5.
3 “his colleagues” refers to Mayo's two associates in
sentence #2.
8 "this result" refers to the reason workers felt
satisfaction in sentence #7.
C6: Thinking About Meaning and Use (p. 126)
1. a. T 4. a. T
b. F b. F
2. a. F 5. a. T
b. T b. F
3. a. F 6. a. F
b. T b. F
C7: Speaking (p. 126)
Answers will vary.
D1: Editing (p. 127)
Before leaving on my trip, I read The Global
a
Wanderer’s Guide to Egypt, the useful guide to visiting
that country. The first part of the book gives a practical
tips on traveling within Egypt. For example, travelers
the
are told where to collect their bags at an airport and
the the
given directions on how to get to Pyramids outside city
of Giza. Other tips are directed at keeping healthy and
a
comfortable: The book recommends carrying bottle of
water when touring in the heat and gives an advice on
The
where to have tea in the afternoon. A last part of the book
deals with customs. For example, it reminds people that
their
they must take off the shoes before they enter a mosque. I
highly recommend that you read this book before you plan
your
the trip to Egypt.
D2: Using Articles and Pronouns (p. 128)
A. 2. The city of Mumbai may seem overwhelming to Ø
visitors at first. The city, located on the west coast,
is the commercial and entertainment capital of
India. It is also the most populous city. Recently, the
population was reported to be more than 13 million.
3. The people of India speak many different
languages. Although there are 15 oficial languages,
its inhabitants can speak countless other languages
and dialects. For Ø national, political, and
commercial communication, however, they usually
speak English or Hindi.
4. The Taj Mahal was built in the 17th century by
the Indian emperor Shah Jahan as a tomb for
his beloved wife, Mumtaz Mahal. The tomb was
built on the banks of the sacred Jumna River near
the medieval city of Agra. It was built from white
marble.
B. Answers will vary.
D3: Writing Tip (p. 129)
Answers will vary.
Chapter 8
A3: After You Read (p. 133)
1. Answers will vary. Some examples are:
how many hours per week do people spend online?
A typical e-mail user spends 7–8 hours online.
What are people’s main online activities?
A majority of e-mail users (52%) say that spending and
receiving e-mail is their most common online activity.
how has e-mail affected people’s use of the telephone
and the u.S. mail?
Many e-mail users say they now use the telephone and
regular mail less than they used to, and about one in
five indicate they use the telephone and regular mail
“much less frequently.”
Answer Key 65
 2. Answers will vary. trafic
3.
moving up in the world, chances to succeed
4.
Examining Form (p. 133) help around the house, do well in school
5.
QuantifierS long hours on farms, do less physical labor
6.
QuantifierS QuantifierS not played simple games outdoors, sports, and
folloWed By 7.
folloWed By folloWed By
nonCoutn expensive hobbies
Count nounS nounS
nounS B. Answers will vary.
both men and some of the some
women information hardly any Examining Meaning and Use (p. 140)
almost all e-mail both e-mail and very few c Two members don’t get tickets at all.
users the Internet
each user a lot of time b All members get tickets.
a lot of users a An individual member gets a ticket.
few differences d Two members get tickets for themselves.
some of the women
many people C1: Listening (p. 141)
quite a few users
A. Purchasing a computer nowadays often involves
A. 1. Both, a lot of, and some of are used with both count either Neither of these
and noncount nouns. choosing a laptop or a desktop model. models
2. Quantiiers not followed by a noun are used as each has
is perfect for everyone’s needs, and type certain
pronouns. They can stand alone because the noun
every
is clear from the context. shortcomings. It’s important for consumer to find out
B. Answers will vary. each
both the advantages and the disadvantages of from
Examining Meaning and Use (p. 134)
1. b 3. b the standpoint of price, quality, and need.
2. a 4. a B. 1. b 4. b
2. a 5. b
B1: Listening (p. 137) 3. b 6. a
Many
A. Internet users shop online, especially adults who C2: Contrasting Quantifiers (p. 142)
little The majority of online 1. both 6. all
have time to shop. online shoppers are between the
2. neither 7. Each of
A lot of them 3. every 8. either
ages of 30 and 49. Them appreciate the convenience
the large number of Few seniors 4. All 9. Neither
and choices available online. Seniors over age 65 5. each 10. both
many
shop online, although would probably benefit from C3: Using Each, Every, Both, Neither, and Either (p. 142)
some of
the convenience of purchasing their medications and 1. both 4. every
2. every 5. either
groceries from home. 3. each 6. neither
B. 1. a 4. a
2. a 5. b
C4: Using of (p. 143)
3. b 6. a 1. of 5. of 9. – / of
2. – 6. – 10. of
B2: Contrasting Quantifiers (p. 137) 3. of 7. of
1. much 6. many 4. – 8. of
2. a few 7. any
3. little 8. any
C5: Thinking About Meaning and Use (p. 143)
4. Lots 9. plenty of 1. 3 4. – 7. –
5. a little of 10. some 2. – 5. 3 8. 3
3. 3 6. 3 9. 3
B3: Quantifiers with Specific and Nonspecific
Nouns (p. 138) C6: Speaking (p. 144)
A. 1. – 7. of Answers will vary.
2. of 8. – D1: Editing (p. 145)
3. – 9. of
4. – 10. – 1. Most of adults use a computer at home, work, or school.
5. of 11. of student
6. – 2. Each students registered for courses online.
B. Answers will vary. many / a lot of
3. My high school friends spent much hours text messaging.
B4: Making Comparisons with Quantifiers (p. 139) the
4. You might be interested in some of articles in
A. Answers will vary. Some examples are: this magazine.
1. in cities is
2. crime 5. Either answer are correct.

66 Answer Key
 little answering
6. There’s a few space left in the closet for your clothes. and even e-mails during vacation. Studies show,
has to relax enjoy
7. Neither of my brothers do not have children. however, that employees need and themselves on their
Much removing
8. Many of my e-mail is spam. vacations by fully themselves from work. Employees
understood to feel
9. Hardly any of the students didn’t understand the lecture. who can do this are much less likely stressed when

10. In general, most of users are happy with their they return.
e-mail providers. B. 1. b 4. b
D2: Using Pronouns (p. 146) 2. a 5. b
3. b 6. a
A. 1. c Several of them 4. b A few
2. f Some 5. d most B2: Contrasting Gerunds and Infinitives (p. 155)
3. a many of them 6. e None of them 1. studying 8. to win
B. Answers will vary. 2. to take 9. to discuss
D3: Writing Tip (p. 147) 3. coordinating 10. answering
4. saying 11. fixing
Answers will vary.
5. to file 12. singing
6. to run 13. to stop, doing
Chapter 9 7. having 14. to be hiding
B3: Verbs Followed by Gerunds and Infinitives (p. 156)
A3: After You Read (p. 151)
A. 1. a. eating
1. The purpose of the research study was to determine
b. to eat
the causes of overwork.
2. a. to call
2. Answers will vary. Some examples are:
b. calling
Workers feel overworked because: (1) They have too
3. a. seeing
many tasks at the same time and are interrupted often;
b. to see
(2) They have to do things that waste their time; (3)
B. Answers will vary.
They have to be in contact with work during free time.
3. Answers will vary. B4: Completing Sentences with Gerunds and
Infinitives (p. 156)
Examining Form (p. 151)
Answers will vary.
A.
Infinitives B5: Changing Gerunds to Infinitives (p. 157)
in a sentence beginning with it: it’s easy to overlook; A. Having constant food cravings can be very unsettling.
It’s difficult to get my work done on time. Changing your eating habits
directly after a verb: tend to focus; asked to do; begin First, learning the triggers for your cravings is very helpful.
to blur the lines between work time and free time In addition, occupying your mind with other thoughts
after a verb + object: may be asking some employees can be helpful.
to multitask too much Finally, if you must eat something, substituting healthy
after an adjective: likely to be highly overworked foods for fatty ones is a smart move.
after a noun: the inability to focus on one’s work; B. It can be very unsettling to have constant food cravings.
a very important skill to develop in today’s economy It takes a lot of discipline to change your eating habits.
Gerunds It is very helpful to learn the triggers for your cravings.
after a subject: Multitasking It can be helpful to occupy your mind with other thoughts.
directly after a verb: try focusing on their jobs; It is a smart move to substitute healthy foods for
have begun asking employees how strongly they agree fatty ones.
with this statement; contact you to discuss work-related B6: Verbs Followed by Object + Infinitive (p. 157)
matters Answers will vary. Some examples are:
after a verb + object: waste a lot of time doing tasks; 1. b. Don’t look at anyone else’s paper during the test.
have more difficulty focusing at work She warned us not to look at anyone else’s
after a preposition: a result of multitasking paper during the test.
B. Answers will vary. 2. a. Sit down. He ordered his dog to sit down.
Examining Meaning and Use (p. 152) b. Roll over. He told his dog to roll over.
1. b I’ll begin by making dinner after you arrive. 3. a. Please help me with the dishes. She asked
a I’ll begin making dinner before you arrive him to help her with the dishes.
2. b You helped him. b. Let’s go shopping. She invited him to go
a He helped you. shopping.
4. a. You should be kind to other people. They
B1: Listening (p. 155) advised them to be kind to other people.
breaking b. Finish your homework. They urged them to
A. Some employees can’t imagine all ties with work, finish their homework.
checking
even for a short vacation. They admit their voice mail

Answer Key 67
B7: Performer of an Action (p. 158) C4: Thinking About Meaning and Use (p. 163)
A. 3. Your calling every day means a lot me. A. 1. Same 6. Different
4. I don’t like her bossing everyone around all the time. 2. Different 7. Same
5. I can’t tolerate your playing music at all hours. or I 3. Same 8. Same
can’t tolerate you playing music at all hours. 4. Same 9. Same
6. My parents' allowing me to attend the party was a 5. Different 10. Different
lucky turn of events. or Their allowing me to attend
the party was a lucky turn of events.
C5: Speaking (p. 163)
B. 2. It takes too much time for her to walk to work. Answers will vary.
3. It’s convenient for her to pick up the kids in D1: Editing (p.164)
the afternoon.
4. I advised him not to go on the trip. Work-centric people focus almost exclusively on their
5. I encouraged them to tell the truth.
6. It’s not a good idea for you to be friends with Kelly. work life. Dual-centric people, on the other hand, tend
C. Answers will vary. to focus
focusing on both their families and their work. They enjoy
Examining Meaning and Use (p. 159) staying
working with colleagues as well as to stay at home with
1. b We don’t want to make calls.
a We don’t want to get calls. their families. Most “dual-centrics” say they want to work
2. b I left.
hard, play hard, and enjoy life.
a I might leave.
3. b She’ll announce the results. The big question is how do dual-centric people manage
a Someone will tell her the results.
4. b The exam is tomorrow. to balance their lives so well? Setting a strict boundary
a The exam was yesterday. is
between home life and office life are obviously one strategy.
C1: Listening (p. 160) not taking
They do this by taking not phone calls from the office while
1. a 5. a
to
2. b 6. a they are at home. They also take time off. When they decide
3. b 7. a
4. b 8. b go on vacation, they take it—no matter what.

C2: Using Passive Gerunds and Infinitives (p. 161) Interestingly, although dual-centric people usually
A. Being overworked work fewer hours, they don’t have fewer responsibilities
to be challenged
to be done on the job. They are just as productive as other workers,
being told keep
but they have decided to set and keeping boundaries
to be
evaluated between work life and home life.
Being treated
to be solved D2: Referring to Gerunds and Infinitives (p. 165)
B. Answers will vary. A. 2. Walking to work d it
3. Hiring smart people and giving them a large budget
C3: Perfect Infinitives and Gerunds (p. 162) and complete freedom a this business model
A. 1. to have disappeared 4. to travel around the world b it
2. having taken 5. To achieve my goal of inishing a marathon f The
3. having seen experience
4. to have left 6. Choosing a suitable career e this challenge
5. not to have understood B. Answers will vary.
6. to have committed
7. to have caught D3: Reporting Opinions and Ideas (p. 166)
8. having conducted A. 2. The average commute is estimated to take 45 minutes.
9. to have indicated 3. The number seven is believed to be lucky.
10. to have carried 4. Prices are expected to rise dramatically.
B. 3. However, he does remember seeing the painting . . . 5. Spiders and other insects are thought to be helpful.
4. can’t rewrite 6. Parents are said to be too permissive these days.
5. At irst, he pretended not to understand . . . B. Answer will vary.
6. can’t rewrite D4: Writing Tip (p. 167)
7. The police were happy to catch Mr. White, . . .
Answers will vary.
8. After conducting a thorough examination . . .
9. Clues found at the scene seem to indicate . . .
10. can’t rewrite

68 Answer Key
 who
Chapter 10 Sigmund Freud, is considered the father of modern
which
A3: After You Read (p. 171) psychology, published a famous book is called The
1. Answers will vary. Some examples are: Interpretation of Dreams. Today, people still believe
The purpose of the article is to discuss some of the more in which
personal details about Einstein’s life that are less familiar. they have dreams information about the future is
2. Answers will vary.
revealed. Moreover, there are numerous reports of artists
3. Answers will vary.
whose
and inventors dreams inspire them, and many actually
Examining Form (p. 171)
where
1. Nouns modified by highlighted clauses are: keep notebooks they record their dreams.
Einstein’s incredible intellect that captured the public’s B. 1. a 3. a 5. b
imagination, . . . 2. b 4. a 6. b
the hundreds of books about him that are currently in
print, which include several published in the past year
B2: Contrasting Subject and Object Relative
alone.
Clauses (p. 176)
details about his life that you may not know. 1. were 6. are
a mild personality disorder or a learning disability which 2. you are 7. I bought
affected his speech. 3. you got 8. happened
a child whose interests included playing the violin and 4. aren’t 9. I am
listening to classical music 5. we were 10. I hadn’t
his school, where success was determined by one’s B3: Combining Sentences (p. 176)
ability to memorize facts
A. 2. Free speech is a freedom which many people in the
mathematics, and in Latin, which he respected
United States take for granted.
because of its emphasis on logic.
3. A storm which hit the U.S. state of Florida in 2004
a playful man who was easy to talk to . . .
caused millions of dollars in damage.
his cousin Elsa, whom he eventually married.
4. The job was given to another man who had been at
Eduard, who excelled in the arts, . . .
the company for only one year.
2. The different relative pronouns in these clauses are
5. They are a really good group of workers who we
that, which, whose, where, whom, and who.
appreciate and respect a lot.
3.
6. The city built a light-rail system which connects the
relative pronoun + suburbs and downtown.
relative pronoun + verB SuBjeCt + verB B. All of the sentences can be rewritten using that as a
that captured the public’s that you may not know relative pronoun.
imagination whose interests included
which include several playing the violin and B4: Writing Definitions with Relative Clauses (p. 177)
published in the past year listening to classical music A. Answers will vary. Some examples are:
alone where success was 1. A generous person is someone who does good
which affected his speech determined by one’s ability
who was easy to talk to to memorize facts things for other people.
who excelled in the arts which he respected because 2. A best friend is a person that you can call at any
of its emphasis on logic time—day or night.
whom he eventually married 3. A good job is one that pays well and gives you
B. Answers will vary. satisfaction.
4. A classic book is one that everyone should read.
Examining Meaning and Use (p. 172) 5. A home is a place which makes you feel comfortable
1. b This sentence is about a person. and happy.
a This sentence is about a book. 6. A good teacher is a person who can explain things well.
2. a You have to make some calls. 7. A museum is a place that houses great art.
b Some students have to make some calls. 8. A holiday is a time that people visit their families.
3. a We have one TV. B. Answers will vary.
b We have more than one TV. C. Answers will vary.

B1: Listening (p. 175)
A. In both ancient and modern times, the idea of dreams
that
has been something captures peoples’ imaginations.
which
A dream is a series of images, events, and feelings
occur in your mind while you are asleep. In ancient
times, dreams were believed to be messages the
gods sent to warn people about the future. In 1900,
B5: Other Relative Pronouns (p. 177)
A. Answers will vary. Some examples are:
1. I remember the day when my sister was born.
2. I know a great restaurant where you can get
delicious mussels.
3. Two thousand and one was the year when I started
school.
4. Someday I’d like to live in a place where I’m not cold
all the time.
5. I don't know the reason why I dislike my boss.
6. Taipei is a city where you can stay out all night.
B. Answers will vary.

Answer Key 69
B6: Object Relative Clauses with Prepositions (p. 178) 6. My twin brother, Marcus, is the one who i'm the
A. 1. e Immigration is an issue that/which I’m very closest to.
concerned about. 7. My neighbor has an old van that always breaks down.
2. a Einstein is a famous person from history that/ 8. Our family reunion, which happens every other year,
who I’d like to have a conversation with. is always a lot of fun.
3. f Physics is an academic subject that/which I B. Answers will vary.
excel in. C. Answers will vary.
4. d Rio de Janeiro is a city that/which I would like B10: Using Which to Modify a Clause (p. 180)
to live in someday.
A. 1. I told my mother I’d go shopping with her today,
5. c Acting and writing are two jobs that/which I’m
which means I won’t be home until late.
well suited for.
2. My computer isn’t working, which is going to make
6. b My birthday is an event that/which I always get
it hard for me to inish my work.
excited about.
3. The board meets regularly on the irst Tuesday of
B. 1. Immigration is an issue about which I’m very
the month, which isn’t very convenient for me.
concerned.
4. My sister forgot to pick me up again today, which
2. Einstein is a famous person from history with whom
proves she’s not very responsible.
I’d like to have a conversation.
5. We’re going to go to dinner instead of a movie,
3. Physics is an academic subject in which I excel.
which is what I wanted to do in the irst place.
4. Rio de Janeiro is a city in which I would like to live
6. The professor is giving us an extra week to inish our
someday.
papers, which is exactly what I hoped she would do.
5. Acting and writing are two jobs for which I’m well
B. Answers will vary. Some examples are:
suited.
1. I lost my cell phone this morning, which is extremely
6. My birthday is an event about which I always get
annoying.
excited.
2. I have to catch up on my homework, which means
C. Answers will vary.
I’m not going to be able to go out all weekend.
B7: Omitting Relative Pronouns (p. 178) 3. The weather is supposed to be terrible today, which
is going make it hard to work outside.
1. Television is an invention that we cannot credit to a 4. The movie doesn’t end until midnight, which means
single inventor. I'll get home very late..
2. The ideas that many inventors come up with can Examining Meaning and Use (p. 181)
appear strange to people that aren’t inventors.
1. 3 The guy was rude.
3. The person who invented the ballpoint pen was a 2. 3 You should speak to one person.
Hungarian journalist. 3. 3 My necklace is from Brazil.
4. There’s a new book about Thomas Edison which I’ve C1: Listening (p. 182)
read that I highly recommend. called
A. Personal data assistants, PDAs, are handheld electronic
5. Guglielmo Marconi was the inventor whom I think designed
invented the radio. devices to help busy working people. These small
considered
6. Elias Howe was the inventor who created the sewing devices, now essential by many in the business world,
machine and the zipper. made
have become extremely versatile. The models by all
7. Many men and women who we think of as our greatest including
inventors were considered strange by their colleagues. leading manufacturers help users perform many tasks
8. The light bulb and the phonograph are the inventions browsing the Internet, sending and receiving e-mail,
that Thomas Edison is most famous for.
playing computer games, and even making phone calls.
B8: Contrasting Relative Pronouns (p. 179) using
1. that / who 7. who / whom / Ø A person a PDA, therefore, may have a dozen electronic
2. where / in which 8. where available
3. whose 9. who tools at the same time.
4. that / which 10. who B. 1. b 4. a
5. whose 11. to whom 2. b 5. b
6. which 12. that / when / Ø 3. b 6. a

B9: Restrictive and Nonrestrictive Relative
Clauses (p. 179)
A. 2. I have one older brother, who lives in los angeles.
3. He is an actor who you may have seen in several TV
commercials.
4. My sister, whose family recently moved to dallas, is
only ten months older than me.
5. She lives in a housing development where almost
everyone works for the same company.
C2: Adding Information with Appositives (p. 183)
A. 2. The telegraph, a machine for transmitting written
information by wire, sends information using a
coded series of dots and dashes.
3. One of the foundations of modern biology is
the work of Charles Darwin, the naturalist who
proposed the theory of natural selection.

70 Answer Key
 4. Linguistics, the scientiic study of human language, technological advances. One example of a superscraper is
was irst recognized as an academic discipline in
the early 1800s. the Burj Dubai building in Dubai.
5. Unlike the Olympics, the X Games, an event C4: Combining Sentences (p. 184)
featuring action sports, are held every year. A. Answers will vary. Some examples are:
6. The United Nations, an international organization 2. Many runners, exhausted from their efforts,
founded in 1945, aims to facilitate cooperation collapsed before they reached the inish line.
between countries. 3. The meeting determining the winner was held in
B. Answers will vary. secret. or The meeting, held in secret, determined
C3: Using Adjective Phrases (p. 183) the winner.
4. I saw a strange object lying across the sky.
looking
Anyone who looks at that symbol of the modern age, 5. The runner up, hoping to win the contest, was very
that disappointed.
which is the skyscraper, can easily tell it wasn’t the idea 6. We think the plan suggested by the group leader is
of a single person. Rather, the skyscraper is the result of good.
7. You can get help at the Writing Center, located on
a series of technical innovations that were made in many the lower level of the library.
8. My boss, an avid car collector, just bought an
fields over the course of many decades. First, in the mid- original Model T built in 1908.
allowing
19th century, a process that allowed steel to be produced C5: Thinking About Meaning and Use (p. 185)
inexpensively was developed by William Kelly, who was an 1. b 5. b
2. a 6. b
American, and Henry Bessemer, who was an Englishman. 3. b 7. a
4. a
Cheap steel made it possible to build structures higher
C6: Speaking (p. 185)
than had been done with traditional materials. Reinforced
Answers will vary.
concrete, which uses steel bars to strengthen the material,
D1: Editing (p. 186)
was also used. Moreover, since most people find it difficult are
1. There are several people in my class who is planning
to climb more than six stories of stairs, the development to major in English.
that was which
of the elevator was another innovation essential for the 2. Last year, I visited the Grand Canyon, that I found awe-
inspiring.
building of skyscrapers. for
3. Radium is the invention which Marie Curie is famous. or
The engineering that was required to build skyscrapers for
Radium is the invention which Marie Curie is famous .
was in place by the middle of the 1880s, when the Home
4. The hardware store did have the tools that I needed
Insurance Building in Chicago, which was the world’s first them to repair my bicycle.
who ,
skyscraper, was built. Initially, the architectural styles that 5. My friend, you met yesterday told me about a new
restaurant.
were used in the design of these tall buildings imitated who / that
6. Architects use space creatively are always in great
past eras, such as the Renaissance. However, in the 20th demand.
using
century, a style developed that many people most strongly Architects use space creatively are always in great
demand.
associate with the skyscraper—art deco. This style, which
D2: Introducing Paragraphs (p. 187)
reached the height of its popularity in the 1920s-1930s, A. Answers will vary. Some examples are:
2. The United Nations is an organization that works to
represented a forceful modern belief in the promise of the reduce global conlicts.
future. The Chrysler Building and Empire State Building, 3. The Louvre, which is located in Paris, is the best
museum I know.
which are two of the most famous skyscrapers in New York, 4. Living in foreign country is an experience that you
never forget.
were built in the art deco style.
5. Nature preservation areas are places where
belonging
A new type of building which belongs to the endangered species can be protected.
B. Answers will vary.
“skyscraper family” is the next step in skyscraper
D3: Writing (p. 188)
development. Called “superscrapers,” these buildings Answers will vary.
are even taller and are being constructed using the latest

Answer Key 71
Chapter 11 B2: Contrasting Conjunctions (p. 195)
1. and 6. so 11. and, for
A3: After You Read (p. 191) 2. but 7. yet 12. nor
1. Answers will vary. Some examples are: 3. nor 8. so
Conflict resolution in animal groups is sometimes 4. yet 9. so
necessary because the size of the group must be 5. or, but 10. but, and
maintained.
2. Answers will vary. Some examples are: B3: Connecting Ideas (p. 195)
The loser, winner, or third party may initiate conflict A. Answers will vary. Some examples are:
resolution. 1. and it’s expensive.
3. Answers will vary. Some examples are: but I want to try it anyway.
When they raised the stumptail and rhesus monkeys so I don’t think you should try it.
together, they discovered that the stumptail had a 2. for it is affecting my health.
positive influence on the rhesus monkeys’ behavior. or I want lose some weight.
4. Answers will vary. so I’m going to join a support group.
3. nor did he have his passport.
Examining Form (p. 191) yet they still let him on the light.
A. so they wouldn’t let him on the plane.
ConneCt ideaS 4. or you could try to help yourself.
ConneCt ideaS in a but you should also make sure that everyone is OK.
BetWeen SentenCeS
Single SentenCe and you could stay there until help arrives.
or paragraphS
yet most importantly B. Answers will vary. Some examples are:
so for instance 1. I don’t like to eat meat, but sometimes I can’t avoid
but however it.
and like
furthermore I don’t like to eat chocolate, nor do I like ice cream.
in fact 2. In my free time, I enjoy swimming, and I also like golf.
nevertheless In my free time, I enjoy swimming, but I never have
on the other hand time to do it.
3. I think it’s important to save money, for it provides
B. Answers will vary.
security.
Examining Meaning and Use (p. 192) I think it’s important to save money, yet I almost
c The second clause is a bit surprising or unexpected. never manage to do it.
a The two clause show choices. 4. In the next year, I might start my own business, so I
d The second clause is a result of the first. want to apply for a loan.
b The second clause tells why the first clause is true. In the next year, I might start my own business, or I
may go to a graduate school.
B1: Listening (p. 194)
, but B4: Omitting Words in the Second Clause (p. 196)
A. A day at the zoo may be a treat for you is it really
, so My best friend and I decided to take a vacation
paradise for the animals? This is a controversial issue
together. At first, we couldn’t decide what to do: spend
let’s look at the some of the most important pros
, and time at the beach or spend time in the mountains. After
and cons. Zoos provide food and shelter for animals
much discussion, we settled on a cruise through the Virgin
they protect endangered species. These may sound
, yet Islands. The plan was to fly to St. Thomas, and to do some
like good ideas in theory what actually happens at
quick sightseeing, and to board the cruise ship.
many zoos is another matter. Are the animals being
or The night before our departure, I washed my clothes,
protected are they being kept from their natural
, nor is there and packed my clothes. My brother called me at around
environment? There is no simple answer a simple
midnight, and he wished me a safe journey.
solution. We’re just asking you to think about it. For
On the day of our flight, my friend and I were very
more information, contact your local animal rights
excited. However, when we got to the airport, we found
advocacy group.
B. 1. b 4. a out that our flight was overbooked, and the next one
2. a 5. a
didn’t leave for 48 hours. Taking the later flight would
3. a 6. b
mean that we’d miss our ship’s departure from St. Thomas.

72 Answer Key
 Although I’m usually a patient person, this time I lost 2. As a result, I’m exhausted most of the time.
Despite this, I’ve still managed to find time for my
my temper. After all, it wasn’t our fault. We hadn’t checked friends.
in late nor had we forgotten our tickets or passports. 3. At the same time, you’ll lose fat.
Most importantly, you’ll look and feel better.
We’d gotten our tickets months in advance, and we had 4. On the contrary, many patients report that it doesn’t
hurt at all.
confirmed our seats on the flight. After much discussion,
Because of this, they are afraid to try it.
we decided to buy tickets on a different airline so we 5. Likewise, many smaller businesses have faced
problems as well.
could get to St. Thomas in time. The new tickets were not However, they have also benefited from increased
opportunities.
cheap!
6. First, you should make sure you are well rested.
Now it’s three months later, yet we’re still arguing with For example, you could look for a low-stress job.
7. Moreover, I’ve also talked about what to do during the
the airline. They have apologized, and they have offered interview.
to give us a $50 travel voucher or to give us a rental car In conclusion, the main point is that you must do your
research thoroughly before the interview.
coupon, but we want a complete refund. We haven’t yet
C4: Connecting Information in a Paragraph (p. 203)
been reimbursed for our unused tickets, but we still hope A. 7 First, elephants are known to be very compassionate.
3 Also, dolphins, like humans and chimpanzees, have
that it will happen. The vacation was wonderful, but it was
demonstrated this ability to a limited degree.
also very expensive! 6 Recently, scientists decided to begin work with
elephants. “Why elephants?” you may ask.
Examining Meaning and Use (p. 197) 10 Next, they put Happy in front of a mirror, where she
c a contrasting idea began to touch the tip of her trunk to the X mark on
e a time relationship her face.
a a similarity 1 We all know that human beings can recognize
d a result themselves in a mirror.
b more detailed information 13 However, some scientists remain skeptical of the
research and its results, saying that it is too simplistic.
C1: Listening (p. 201)
4 Scientists are always looking for other mammals to
Like any study that demonstrate self-awareness. The problem
A. Any close-knit group in the animal kingdom, people
In fact, a is that most animals are obviously not intelligent
who work together don’t always get along. A majority enough to recognize themselves in a mirror.
11 Furthermore, Happy seemed to be following
of managers cite employee conflicts as a major
her own movements in the mirror as if she was
, therefore,
problem. Training employees in conflict resolution mesmerized. She was recognizing the image in the
mirror as her own.
has become a big business itself. One Seattle conflict 2 Similarly, chimpanzees have been shown to exhibit
, for instance, the same level of self awareness.
resolution center reports that business has tripled
14 Despite this negativity, the researchers who worked
over the last five years. “It’s not that employees are with Happy remain optimistic and have pledged to
On the contrary, they're do further testing with the elephants.
fighting more,” says director Mark Mason. “They’re 9 To begin the tests, scientists gave an elephant
just more aware that something can and should be named Happy a “mark test.” They painted a white X
on her right cheek. The mark would be visible to her
done about workplace conflicts.” only when she looked in a mirror.
B. 1. a 4. a 8 In addition, their large brains make them intelligent
2. a 5. a candidates for this kind of test.
3. b 6. a 5 Dogs, for example, will bark at their own image in
a mirror—thinking it’s another dog. They have no
C2: Contrasting Transition Words (p. 201) sense of self-recognition.
1. However 6. Because of this situation 12 This research about self-awareness and
2. For example 7. Similarly recognition around Happy and other elephants has
3. Most importantly 8. in fact generated a great deal attention in the press and
4. As a result 9. Despite this the scientiic world.
5. Moreover B. Answers will vary. Some examples are:
C3: Connecting Ideas (p. 202) Paragraph 1: 1, 2, 3, 4, 5
Paragraph 2: 6, 7, 8
Answers will vary. Some examples are:
Paragraph 3: 9, 10, 11
1. Similarly, if you don’t exercise, you will also gain
Paragraph 4: 12, 13, 14
weight.

Answer Key 73
C5: Thinking About Meaning and Use (p. 204)
1. a 6. a Answers will vary. Some examples are:
2. b 7. b 1. In the 1980s, business managers began recognizing
3. a 8. a that competition was hurting productivity, so they
4. b 9. b sought ways to encourage collaboration. Personality
5. a 10. b testing was introduced to help employees understand
C6: Speaking vs. Writing (p. 205)
Answer will vary.
D1: Editing (p. 206)
1. Scientists have studied and have demonstrated the
great capacity of the chipanzee for both learning and
teaching.
2. Humans pass down knowledge and traditions from
likewise,
parents to children; chimpanzees train, likewise, their
offspring in particular behaviors. . . .
3. Researchers presented the same problems in two
groups of chimps. The first group found one set of
solutions to the problems, meanwhile, the second
group devised completely different solutions. . . . or
Researchers presented the same problems to two
groups of chimps. The first group found one set of
. Meanwhile,
solutions to the problems, meanwhile, the second
group devised completely different solutions.
4. Previous studies suggested that chimps simply
conform to the behaviors of the group, but new
research conflicts with that idea, however. or
Previous studies suggested that chimps simply
. New
conform to the behaviors of the group, but new
research conflicts with that idea, however.
5. “It’s quite meaningful,” said Dr. Feagan, a lead
can
researcher. “Chimps learn and can transmit knowledge
over many years. This helps us gain a deeper
understanding of early human history.”
however / in contrast
6. Chimpanzee culture is quite sophisticated; in addition,
other primates do not share such complex social
organization.
7. Chimpanzees have a complicated communication
Therefore, scientists
system. Scientists can learn, therefore, a great deal
from observing them in the wild. or
Chimpanzees have a complicated communication
, therefore,
system. Scientists can learn, therefore, a great deal
from observing them in the wild.
74 Answer Key
D2: Choosing Conjunctions vs. Transitions (p. 208)
themselves and each other. In addition, workshops on
conflict resolution became popular in large companies
and organizations.
2. Dogs are territorial creatures and will fiercely defend
their own territory against other animals. However,
dogs usually behave differently when they are in
neutral territory. They typically get along well with
other dogs when they meet in public.
3. It is true that children can be taught ways to work
out their differences, but young children can be
quite immature. Therefore, experts teaching conflict
resolution only after a child can speak well.
4. When experts examined the brains of birds, they
did not see physical signs of intelligence. They
therefore assumed that birds were not intelligent.
New technology, however, offers much improved brain
imaging. In fact, recent research shows that birds are
smarter than was previously thought.
5. Professor Logan became a celebrity after his
appearance on a television talk show. However, he
has always been a serious scholar. For example, he
has earned three research grants and published two
articles just in the past two years. Because of this, he
is well qualified to head the committee.
D3: Indicating Point of View (p. 209)
2. Unfortunately 5. strangely / ironically
3. Incredibly 6. unexpectedly
4. Coincidentally
D4: Writing Tip (p. 209)
Answers will vary.
Chapter 12
A3: After You Read (p. 213)
1. Pre-exam rituals mentioned include: (1) Taking a meat
cutlet to school on the day of an exam; (2) eating
candy bars around exam time; (3) using brand new or
hand-me-down pencils during an exam; (4) not shaving
during exam week; and (5) wearing the same perfume
while studying and during an exam.
2. Dr. Foley’s main point is that students who engage
in pre-exam rituals may do better on their exams. Dr.
Lewis’s main point is that we need to relieve exam
anxiety so that students won’t have to engage in pre-
exam rituals.
3. Answers will vary.
4. Answers will vary.
Examining Form (p. 213)
A. Before he leaves home
although the words for meat cultet and to win are
written differently
While there is no proof that the chocolate bars do
anything
Wherever there are students being tested,
because they have never been used to write or erase
 any mistakes 5. a Since you’re walking there at night, you shouldn’t
so that he can harness their “lucky power” on his exam go alone.
while they are studying for their finals 6. f She passed the test even though she had a fever.
Once they arrive at the exam hall 7. c I want to buy a personal computer so that I can
although exam superstitions can be fun and even work from home.
beneficial 8. e While I was coming to work today, I saw a horrible
accident.
Examining Meaning and Use (p. 214)
1. a B6: Replacing Adverb Clauses with Prepositional
2. a Phrases (p. 220)
3. b Answers will vary. Some examples are:
2. Because of a knee injury, he can’t go dancing anymore.
B1: Listening (p. 217) 3. We’re going to dinner after the movie.
Even though my 4. I got extremely thristy while running in the marathon.
A. My brother denies it, he’s really quite superstitious. For
5. Despite her hard work, she did not receive the promotion.
before
example, he always puts a lucky charm in his pocket 6. The after-school program has been canceled because
Once a of a funding cut.
he leaves for an exam. A soccer tournament begins, he
so that B7: Completing Sentences with Adverb Clauses (p. 220)
won’t shave. He stays home on Friday the Thirteenth
A. Answers will vary. Some examples are:
he can avoid bad luck. And of course, he won’t walk 1. Everywhere I went on my last vacation, I bought a
because souvenir.
under a ladder he’s sure that’s asking for trouble. 2. I went to college to study music so that I could
Whenever he's teach elementary school music.
He’s asked about this behavior, he says he’s just being
3. Although I don’t like it when people forget my
careful, not superstitious! name, it’s sometimes understandable.
B. 1. b 4. b 4. Because I made a resolution to exercise more, I’ve
2. b 5. b joined a gym.
3. a 6. a 5. Wherever you go in Paris, you can ind wonderful
restaurants.
B2: Contrasting Subordinators (p. 217) 6. You should study harder in order that you might do
1. when 7. until well in school.
2. Even though 8. when B. Answers will vary.
3. while 9. in order to
4. Since 10. Though B8: Answering Question Using Adverb Clauses (p. 221)
5. so that 11. because Answers will vary. Some examples are:
6. As 2. After the book came out, the media reported on the
book’s claims and called it the Mozart effect.
B3: Showing Time (p. 218) 3. While some hospitals started giving out classical music
A. 1. learned 7. improved CDs, some schools were required to play classical music.
2. stuff / are stufing 8. are chopping / chop 4. Every newborn was given a CD so that they could listen
3. said / was saying 9. entered to it and become more intelligent.
4. read / have read 10. be 5. Although some scientists support the research, others
5. hits 11. is sent / will be sent are skeptical.
6. inish / have inished 12. come / are coming 6. Despite the fact that the Mozart effect hasn’t been
B. Answers will vary. proven, some parents still believe in it.
B4: Giving Reasons and Showing Concession (p. 219) 7. We won’t know the truth until more research is done.
A. Answers will vary. Some examples are: Examining Meaning and Use (p. 222)
2. Although I would want to help, I don’t think I could lie. 1. b 3. b
3. I wouldn’t date someone ten years older than I am 2. b 4. a
because I don’t think we’d have a lot in common.
4. Since I have a family to take care of, I could never C1: Listening (p. 224)
work for 80 hours a week. Having just picked up
A. Just our new car, my father parked outside our house.
5. I’d rather be poor and happy because I think
admiring
happiness is more important than wealth. I stood there in awe, every inch of it. Then without
B. Answers will vary.
warning, a shower of salt landed on the car. I looked
B5: Combining Sentences (p. 219) just as
2. b While Joe is about five foot six, his brother Josh is around my mother’s hand was returning to her pocket
over six feet tall. rushing while explaining
for more salt. “Stop,” yelled my father, to her side
3. g I took the day off from work so that I could see my Not interested, my
son’s piano recital. how the salt would damage the paint. My mother
4. h You can see the stage clearly wherever you sit in Deciding not
the theater. insisted that bad luck could damage it more. Not to

Answer Key 75
 challenge this superstition, my father permitted her to have his own adventure in that cold wasteland. That desire
. Though surprised at
throw more salt; my father’s reaction, I was glad that led him to participate in a marathon run that was held
Upon finishing the run and
our new car would be “protected!” in Antarctica last year. When he finished the run and he
B. 1. a 4. a returning from his trip
2. b 5. a returned from his trip, he knew that he wanted to go back.
3. a 6. a When it was announced that there would be another race
C2: Reducing Adverb Clauses (p. 225) this year, he jumped at the opportunity to participate.
Showing Time
This year’s race will be longer: It’s a double marathon
2. can’t be reduced
3. 3 Since winning the World Cup, the team has given (100 kilometers). Mike is one of only two runners from the
many interviews.
4. 3 When not winning Olympic medals, she’s busy previous year’s race who will be returning to the Antarctic
volunteering at her favorite charity. Having completeed a marathon there before
to compete. Because he has completed a marathon
5. can’t be reduced
6. 3 Upon/On reaching the top of the mountain, the there before, he knows how challenging it can be. He’s
hikers drank a lot of water.
taking four layers of clothing, which he will wear at all
Giving Reasons Although excited about the
7. 3 Being injured, she had to forfeit the match. times during the race. Although Mike is excited about the
8. can’t be reduced physical challenge
9. 3 Having never given a speech before, he’s very physical challenge, Mike is not returning to the South Pole
nervous. or Never having given . . . simply because of the race. He’s going back because he’s
10. 3 Knowing that I liked sweets, they gave me a box of
chocolate. fallen in love with the place.
11. can’t be reduced
It’s not going to be easy, though. While he’s running
Showing Concession
12. can’t be reduced across the snow and ice, the environment will provide
13. 3 Though planning a trip to Italy, they hadn’t begun
to save money for it. many challenges. It will be windy, lonely, and of course,
14. 3 Though not dating anyone special, I have gone out cold. However, the one thing he won’t he won’t have to
a couple of times recently.
15. 3 Although not trying to make me angry, he’s worry about is sunlight. There will be plenty of it, as the
managed to offend me twice!
sun never sets this far south.
16. 3 Although difficult, swimming is wonderful aerobic
exercise. Training for the upcoming race has proven to be a
17. can’t be reduced Not having anywhere cold enough to train for his run
challenge. Since Mike doesn’t have anywhere cold enough
C3: Omitting Subordinators in Adverb Phrases
Showing Time (p. 226) to train for his run, he has had to think creatively. To
2. 3 Getting into a taxi, Eliza dropped her cell phone in address this problem, he’s called up businesses, asking
the street.
3. can’t omit the subordinator if he could rent space in their walk-in freezers for training
4. 3 Having exercised at the gym on my lunch break, I Thinking he was a prank caller
went back to the office. purposes. Because they thought he was a prank caller,
5. can’t omit the subordinator most of the people he called hung up on him. However, one
6. 3 Having learned English, she has better job
opportunities. person listened to his story and then agreed to let him do it.
7. 3 Leaving the hotel, he was stopped by a security Before departing
Mike will be leaving soon to head down south. Before
guard.
8. 3 Looking through some old papers, I found a photo he departs, he will undoubtedly be thinking about his next
of my mother as a girl.
adventure. Rumor has it that he’d like to cross the entire
C4: Using Adverb Phrases (p. 227) Knowing the degree
Antarctic sometime in the near future. Because we know
Mike Pierce was interested in the Antarctic. Years ago, of his determination and drive
while studying the history of the area the degree of his determination and drive, we won’t be
while he was studying the history of the area, he became
surprised if he reaches that goal!
interested in the daring exploits of the early explorers to
Having read the exciting stories about C5: Correcting Dangling Participles (p. 228)
the South Pole. After reading the exciting stories about Answers will vary. Some examples are:
their trips to the South Pole 2. Since I wasn’t paying attention, the ball hit me in the
their trips to the South Pole, he decided he wanted to face. or Not paying attention, I was hit in the face by
the ball.

76 Answer Key
 3. After we took a break, the meeting continued. or
Having taken a break, we continued the meeting.
4. Because it was in a horrible condition, I needed to
do a lot of work on the house. or Being in a horrible
condition, the house needed a lot of work.
5. Though I wasn’t looking for a job, my old company
made a generous offer to me. or Though not looking for
a job, I received a generous offer from my old company.
6. While I was walking back home yesterday, a car nearly
hit me. or Walking back home yesterday, I was nearly
hit by a car.
C6: Thinking About Meaning and Use (p. 229)
1. 3 5. – 9. –
2. – 6. – 10. 3
3. – 7. 3 Giving Background Information
4. 3 8. 3 5. Because there are now so many cable channels, TV
C7: Speaking (p. 230)
Answers will vary.
D1: Editing (p. 231)
, value highly.
Even thought rock climbing is dangerous more and
more people are taking up the sport. When you are rock
, Because
climbing you are trying to get from the bottom to the top
of a rock. Although this description sounds quite simple,
but there is a lot more to it. One of the main tasks for a
because
climber is to stay out of danger. Because it is quite easy to
fall and injure yourself.
Near the ground, most rocks have many handholds—
cracks and outcrops—so even an amateur can usually
climbing
climb smaller rocks easily. However, after climbed for
a while, you usually find the rock becoming smoother,
and the handholds getting farther apart and smaller.
At this point, you are not only higher but also in a more
dangerous position. Because the terrain becomes
challenging, so you must take safety measures—primarily
by using safety ropes.
While / When / As
Though you are climbing, you should try to do most
of the work with your legs. Ideally, you should keep your
body centered over your feet so that you stay balanced.
By keeping your feet directly beneath your body, you can
use the strength of your legs to push upwards. In certain
so that
cases, you must spend a great deal of energy in order to
you can move just a few inches, but most climbers say
Upon / After
that it is worth it. As reaching the top of a difficult rock, a
climber often feels a sense of euphoria.
D2: Connecting Ideas (p. 233)
Answers will vary. Some examples are:
Acknowledging Other Opinions
1. While some designers do not like to work on computer,
most modern designers have welcomed the change.
2. although some people argue that it’s a waste of time
/ it’s a fad / its popularity won’t last, most people who
meditate regularly report positive results, such as
stress relief and an improvement in overall health.
Restating an Idea Already Introduced
3. Before starting a race, they drink plenty of water, but
they do not eat any solid food.
4. When writing an academic paper, students must
reference all material from other sources.
networks must be very creative in order to attract
viewers.
6. however, although teamwork is not usually taught /
emphasized in school, it’s something most employers
D3: Using Concise Language (p. 234)
Answers will vary. Some examples are:
In light of the fact that rabies is both deadly and
agonizing, many people believe that more should be done to
prevent it from spreading. Rabies is a disease spread through
When
the saliva of certain animals. In a situation in which someone
is bitten by a rabid animal, he or she must seek immediate
after
treatment. About 72 hours subsequent to being bitten, the
symptoms begin to take hold and they cannot easily be
reversed. Symptoms begin with flu-like feelings which then
While
lead to disorientation and a loss of mental control. Despite
the fact that a lot of money has gone into researching rabies,
scientists still know very little about the disease.
D4: Writing Tip (p. 235)
Answers will vary.
Chapter 13
A3: After You Read (p. 239)
1. The three topics are the moon, asteroids, and stars.
2. Answers will vary.
3. Answers will vary.
Answer Key 77
Examining Form (p. 239) B3: Using Future Real Conditionals (p. 245)
A. A. 2. b If you unplug electronic devices that you’re not
using, you’ll save on your utility bill.
preSent If you see an object 3. f If you plant shade trees around your home,
in the in the sky that isn’t you’ll reduce your air conditioning bill.
if ClauSe twinkling, that
probably means it’s a 4. a If you buy food from local farmers, you’ll keep
preSent planet, not a star. money in your community.
in the 5. d If you form a carpool with coworkers, you’ll help
main ClauSe cut down on air pollution.
paSt in the If there were no Moon, If the moon didn’t 6. c If you take fewer showers, you’ll lower your
if ClauSe there would be no exist, the Earth water consumption.
lunar tides. would be spinning B. Answers will vary.
modal in much faster.
the main B4: Using Conditionals with Modal Forms (p. 245)
ClauSe
A. Answers will vary. Some examples are:
paSt If XPR-209 had hit the If it had collided Possibility
perfeCt Earth, it would have with our planet, we
in the caused extensive might have survived. 2. If Nancy is late for the meeting, she might be stuck
if ClauSe damage. in trafic somewhere.
3. If Joe has to work through lunch, he may not be able
paSt modal to eat at all.
in the main
ClauSe 4. If Tina’s computer keeps crashing, it could have a virus.
Advice
B. Answers will vary. 5. If you can’t inish your homework now, you’d better
do it later.
Examining Meaning and Use (p. 240) 6. If you are exhausted, you should take a break.
1. a 3. a 7. If you are unhappy in your current job, you should
2. b 4. b look for a new one.
B1: Listening (p. 244) 8. If you wake up early tomorrow, you can help me
make breakfast.
If you
A. You drive a hybrid car, you get better gas mileage and B. Answers will vary.
Even if you
you create less carbon dioxide and other pollution. You B5: Using Mixed Time Real Conditionals (p. 246)
are Answers will vary. Some examples are:
can’t afford a hybrid, however, there still things that If he enjoyed Paris, he’s going to love Prague.
every car owner can do. First, if you get regular tune- If he ate something spoiled, he probably doesn’t feel very
you'll get well today.
ups, then better gas mileage and you’ll pollute the air If he was off last week, he’ll have to work a double shift
you'll if keep next week.
less. Second, also get better mileage you your tires
If he was out late last night, he’s probably pretty tired today.
whenever If he wasn’t at school yesterday, he may be out of town.
properly inflated. Finally, drive at a medium speed you
If your burns If he committed the crime, he’ll be convicted.
can. Your engine works harder than necessary, it more
creates B6: Using Alternatives to If (p. 247)
gas and more emissions. A. 2. You can’t take Biomedical Ethics unless you’ve
B. 1. b 4. a completed Introduction to Critical Thinking.
2. a 5. b 3. You can take Brain, Mind, and Behavior only if you
3. b 6. a have three credits in psychology or biology.
B2: Using Present Real Conditional: Timeless (p. 244) 4. You can take Intermediate Algebra providing that
you have a strong mathematics background.
A. 2. d If you are orbiting above the Earth, the Great
5. You can take Introduction to Critical Thinking even if
Wall of China is the only visible manmade
you don’t have a philosophy background.
structure.
6. You can’t take Principles of Psychology unless you
3. e If you cross the International Date Line, you
are a irst-year student.
lose or gain a day.
7. You can take world religions as long as you are a
4. f If an earthquake causes a violent shift on the
religious studies major.
ocean loor, a tsunami can happen.
B. Answers will vary. Some examples are:
5. a If the Moon temporarily blocks the Sun in the
2. You shouldn’t buy an expensive home unless you
sky, it’s called a solar eclipse.
can afford the mortgage payments.
6. b If you eat late at night, the food in your stomach
3. It’s OK to get a large dog providing that you have a
immediately turns into fat.
large home.
7. c If you tap the top of a soda can, it stops the
4. You should go back to school for a second degree
contents from foaming.
only if it will help you to get a better job when you
B. Statements 1, 2, 6, and 7 are false.
graduate.

78 Answer Key
 5. You shouldn’t skip class, even if it is boring. 6. If my car hadn’t broken down, I wouldn’t need to
6. You can give money to charity as long as you have take the bus to work everyday.
enough money to pay your bills. B. Answers will vary.
C. Answers will vary. C. Answers will vary.
Examining Meaning and Use (p. 248) C6: Using As if and As though (p. 253)
1. a A. 2. e 4. h 6. c 8. f
2. b 3. b 5. a 7. d
3. a B. Answers will vary. Some examples are:
1. My older brother bosses me around as if he’s my
C1: Listening (p. 250) father.
would have if 2. I didn’t recognize her, but she said “hello” as
A. Do you ever wonder what happened you had acted
Would your though we had met before.
differently at some important point in your life? Your 3. While we were in France, she acted as though she
have been be could speak French, even though she only speaks
whole life different? What would your life like now? English.
If you had would 4. I was so hungry that I felt as if I could eat everything
You the chance, you go back and make changes?
wouldn't make on the table.
Many people think they the same mistakes again. 5. He’s so critical of other people. He behaves as
as though know though he’s never made a mistake.
They act they all the right answers now. Well, I’m not
6. Due to the blizzard, our three-hour bus trip took
so sure. seven hours. It seemed as if it was the longest
B. 1. b 4. a journey of my life.
2. b 5. a 7. When I heard the news about the car accident I felt
3. b 6. b as though I would faint.

C2: Present/Future Unreal Conditionals (p. 251) C7: Thinking About Meaning and Use (p. 254)
A. Answers will vary. Some examples are: 1. b 4. b 7. a 10. a
2. If I were you, I’d start by studying a little bit each day. 2. a 5. a 8. b 11. b
3. If I were you, I might get a tutor. 3. a 6. b 9. a 12. b
4. If I were you, I’d ask for a raise.
5. If I were you, I wouldn’t go on the date.
C8: Speaking (p. 255)
6. If I were you, I’d sell it and start taking public Answers will vary.
transportation. D1: Editing (p. 256)
B. Answers will vary.
1. You should read The Worst-Case Scenario, if you want
C3: Omitting If Clauses (p. 251) to learn how to survive in different bad situations.
Answers will vary. You should back away slowly if
2. If you should back away slowly, you need to escape
C4: Using Past Unreal Conditionals (p. 252) from a mountain lion.
A. Answers will vary. Some examples are:
3. The lion will pay more attention to you if you’ll try to
2. If she hadn’t tripped, she could have won the race. run from it.
3. If it hadn’t rained, the wedding would have been will punches
held outdoors. 4. You would suffer an internal injury if someone you
4. If she hadn’t answered the inal question correctly, hard in the stomach.
she wouldn’t have won a new car. if
5. However, you can protect yourself from injury. If you
5. If he hadn’t known CPR, she could have died. tighten your stomach muscles.
6. If I hadn’t worked on a farm when I was a teenager, I
might not have become a veterinarian. 6. If I’ll get a raise, I’ll definitely save more money.
7. If they hadn’t won three matches in a row, the game If you hear three shots,
7. You hear three shots if it means the race has begun.
wouldn’t have ended quickly.
8. If my realtor hadn’t given me bad advice, I wouldn’t ,
8. If you need more money I can lend you some.
have lost money when I sold my house. If
B. Answers will vary. 9. Whenever I had paid attention last semester, I would
have passed the course.
C5: Using Mixed Time Unreal Conditionals (p. 252) had
10. I would take a trip abroad if I would have some
A. Answers will vary. Some examples are: vacation days left.
2. If I were good at math, I could have become an
astronomer. D2: Working on Implied Conditionals (p. 258)
3. If I hadn’t won the lottery, I wouldn’t be living in A. 2. The program could have worked if people had
Beverly Hills now. followed the rules.
4. If I hadn’t lost my wallet, I wouldn’t be spending 3. If people don’t visit their doctors regularly, serious
time buying a new one. problems can go undetected.
5. If I didn’t like to photograph old temples, I wouldn’t 4. If people don’t have good eating habits, they risk
have visited Angkor Wat last year. health serious problems.

Answer Key 79
 5. If people don’t recycle the garbage they create, B1: Listening (p. 268)
there won’t be enough places to dump it all. Whether we or not
6. Her presentation would have been more impressive A. We admit it , our reliance on electronic equipment is
if she had prepared thoroughly. The belief that
ruining the environment. That new equipment is better
7. If the legislation had been passed, it would have
helped clean the air. that
and faster means consumers are filling garbage dumps
B. Answers will vary.
C. Answers will vary. with an unprecedented amount of toxic waste from
D3: Writing Tip (p. 259) discarded electronics. As a consumer, it is essential that
Answers will vary. be
you aware of this problem. Here are some suggestions
what you can
Chapter 14 about do:
where is
A3: After You Read (p. 263) 1. Find out your local electronic recycling center .
Answers will vary. Some examples are: whether or not
2. Decide you can repair or upgrade your old equipment.
1. E-waste consists of electronic items (such as cell
the idea that
phones and computers) that are thrown away. 3. Challenge newer is always better.
2. E-waste ends up in landfills. Many electronic devices B. 1. a 4. b
contain toxins that can learch into the soil and the 2. a 5. b
groundwater. 3. a 6. a
3. Consumers throw away the devices because they break
more easily and because advertisers encourage them B2: Identifying Noun Clauses (p. 268)
to buy new ones all the time. It was with high hopes that this reviewer attended
4. One solution is for consumers to donate their the opening night production of Henry at Broadway’s
computers and other items for recycling. Another Limelight Theater. Unfortunately, the show did not live up
solution could be for companies to build sturdier to my expectations. I found myself wondering aloud why I
electronic devices. had bought a ticket to see it. In a nutshell, I thought that
Henry was terrible.
Examining Form (p. 264) The play is supposed to be a comedy. However, one of
A. the main problems was that the script simply wasn’t funny.
ThAT ClauSeS The person sitting next to me actually fell asleep—twice.
In addition, the plot was difficult to follow because of to
in a SentenCe that many of today’s
electronic devices are “made poor writing. For example, by intermission it wasn’t clear if
Beginning With iT the leading couple knew each other, yet by the end of the
to break”
that most people don’t think play they were getting married!
twice about tossing even Of course, I may not have been able to hear
after be large electronic items everything. The Limelight was renovated last year, but
that many electronic parts are
extremely toxic the acoustics remain a problem. It’s often difficult to hear
that you throw away your what’s happening on stage. The actors need to speak up
home telephone every other or they need better microphones!
year One other problem was the costumes. Although the
that 20 million computers play is supposed to take place in the 19th century, the
after a verB a year are discarded in the actors costumes looked surprisingly modern. How the
United States alone
that they are built less sturdily director didn’t notice this is a mystery to me.
than they were a generation I think the producers should listen to how the audience
ago responded at the end of the show—with lukewarm
after a noun
that it won’t harm the applause at best. I suggest that they go back to the drawing
environment board on this one: the script needs a complete revision and
Wh- and if/WheTher ClauSeS the two leading actors should be replaced.
Whether Vanessa needs a So, when it comes to seeing Henry on Broadway, don’t
aS a SuBjeCt
new cell phone or not worry about whether you’re missing a good production or
after a how to recycle their hardware not. Trust me: you’re better off saving your money and using
prepoSition it for something else—like a good dinner with friends.
what happens to your old
after a verB
cell phones and computers B3: Introducing Noun Clauses (p. 269)
where they are going 1. Where 7. that 13. whose
if recycling is even possible
2. that 8. how 14. why
after an adjeCtive what happens to your old cell
phones and computers 3. where 9. that 15. what
4. whether 10. if 16. when
B. Answers will vary. 5. That 11. what
6. when 12. that
Examining Meaning and Use (p. 264)
1. b 3. b
2. a 4. b

80 Answer Key
B4: Combining Sentences (p. 270) B8: Using Infinitives in Place of Noun Clauses (p. 273)
Answers will vary. Some examples are: 2. It’s essential for you to pack some sturdy walking shoes.
2. We realized that the ground was shaking. 3. I have to ask you to tell the truth. Do I need to get in
3. I don’t know if I can tell you the answer. better shape for the trip?
4. I can’t read what that sign says. 4. The hills are very steep, so I advise you to exercise and
5. Who is going to win hasn’t been determined yet. OR to get in shape.
It hasn’t been determined yet who is going to win. 5. I don’t know how to get there.
6. That we don’t have enough money is a problem. OR 6. It’s necessary to travel by train. There are almost no
The problem is that we don’t have enough money. OR cars in the villages.
It's a problem that we don't have enough money. 7. I can’t decide when to go.
7. I want hear about what you saw while you were on 8. I advise you to avoid the high season in the summer.
vacation. It’s very crowded then.
8. I’m not certain if he has the time to help me. 9. I wonder how long to stay.
10. It’s best to stay a few nights. That way you can spend
B5: Using That Clauses After Verbs (p. 270) one whole day in the area.
A. Answers will vary. Some examples are:
2. I suppose that their lifestyles changed a lot. When B9: Completing Sentences (p. 273)
you win that much money, you can afford to do a lot A. Answers will vary. Some examples are:
of new things. 2. It’s important that we talk about what we’re doing
3. I think most of the lottery winners probably took for your birthday.
exotic vacations. That’s what I would do. 3. I truly believe that voting is important in a healthy
4. I would guess that they moved into bigger houses. society.
5. I don’t believe that they moved to new areas. Most 4. What frustrated me most when I irst studied
people want to stay where their family and friends English was that I couldn’t pronounce anything well.
live. 5. I’m concerned about whether or not I’ll do well on
B. Answers will vary. my inals this semester.
6. I ind it annoying that my friends don’t keep in
B6: Using Wh- Clauses and If/Whether Clauses (p. 271) touch better.
A. Answers will vary. Some examples are: 7. The problem with cell phones is that people abuse
2. Question: Are we meeting tomorrow or not? them.
Noun clause: I’m confused about whether we’re 8. It’s obvious that convenience and affordability are
meeting tomorrow or not. an important part of American culture.
3. Question: Are you going to attend the party? 9. There is a possibility that I’ll be going to Italy this year.
Noun clause: I’d like to know if/whether you’re 10. Some people think I’m not very nice. The truth is
going to attend the party. that I’m shy.
4. Question: Did you leave your keys in the car? B. Answers will vary.
Noun clause: I wonder if/whether you left your keys
in the car. B10: Thinking About Meaning and Use (p. 274)
5. Question: Did you turn off the lights? 2. Different 7. Different
Noun clause: I can’t remember if/whether you 3. Same 8. Same
turned off the lights or not. 4. Different 9. Same
B. Answers will vary. Some examples are: 5. Different 10. Same
2. Question: Which language does she speak? 6. Different
Noun clause: It depends on which language she B11: Speaking (p. 275)
speaks.
Answers will vary.
3. Question: How did Alexander Fleming discover
penicillin? C1: Editing (p. 276)
Noun clause: We learned about how Alexander
Fleming discovered penicillin. Are video games too violent? Do they provide any
4. Question: Why were they absent? that
benefit? I believe what today’s debate about video games
Noun clause: We need to ind out why they were
absent. is actually nothing new. During my childhood, radio was
B7: Using Wh- Clauses as Subjects (p. 272) what my brother and I listened to it for entertainment.
Answers will vary. Some examples are:
2. What this means is that the birth rate is not high Even then, my grandmother was worried that we were
enough to replace an area’s population. being exposed to too much violence, so she suggested
3. Why this has happened is because more women live in not allow
cities and work outside the home. that my mother didn’t allow radio in the house.
4. Where this is the biggest problem is Hong Kong,
Singapore, Ukraine, and Lithuania. However, I remember spending many wonderful
5. How this issue could be solved is if families were given afternoons sitting next to my brother listening to whatever
money to have bigger families. (for us) that
show was on that day. It was not a problem we could not

Answer Key 81
 that
see the images. The sound effects were so well-done; we 2. People often touch their nose when they are lying.
What we did They also cross their arms, laugh inappropriately, lean
could picture everything perfectly. What did we do was use forward, use hesitations, and lick their lips.
our imaginations. And when the show was over, we would 3. The polygraph was invented because we are not good
at detecting liars. However, it cannot tell us who is a
go outside and pretend we were the characters. liar. It can only tell us that a person is stressed.
4. Answers will vary.
Computer video games tap into the imagination in a
Examining Form (p. 284)
similar way. My nephew loves to play video games. What
A.
he can see
engages his mind is not whether or not can he see the
preSent in the reporting paSt in the reporting
picture. It’s his imagination that he uses to direct the ClauSe ClauSe
researchers say that there Michel de Montaigne said
events of game. After finishing a game, he often goes might well be a connection that lies came in all sorts of
between lying and the nose on shapes and sizes.
outside and plays with his friend—just like I did. your face They told you how delicious
Researchers studying your cooking was.
C2: Condensing Information and Clarifying mendacity explain that most They asked politely whether
Ideas (p. 277) of us try to dupe someone at you could give them the
least once a day. recipe.
A. 2. At the end of the day, many travelers to foreign They also say that we frequently he informed the police that he
countries do not know what they will eat, where they try to find out whether others did not do it
will sleep, or how they will pay for their next ticket. are deceiving us. Carlo Collodi warned the
3. Historians are still wondering if the great Mayan Some say it is an invaluable young that lying could make
tool, their noses grow longer with
culture declined because of environmental causes others reply that nothing could each lie they told.
or if social and political issues caused its decline. be further from the truth Hirsch told USA Today that
4. In the United States, it is inappropriate to ask an They warn that a polygraph when people were lying, the
acquaintance how old you are, how much money cannot and never will tell us tissue in the nose began to fill
you make, or how much you weigh, as these are all who’s a liar. with blood, causing swelling.
Hirsch also said that people’s
considered private. stuttering rate and errors in
5. Anthropologists disagree about many questions speech increased when they
such as whether or not early humans irst appeared weren’t telling the truth.
in Africa, and if tool-making was responsible for an
B. Answers will vary.
increase in human brain capacity.
6. When choosing a career, it is important to identify Examining Meaning and Use (p. 284)
what tasks you are good at, what environment you 1. We asked Maria a question.
enjoy, and what sort of rewards you expect. 2. The computer hasn’t been repaired yet.
B. Answers will vary. Some examples are: 3. Luis went home the day he said this.
2. What this implies is that there are certain occasions 4. I need to call Jim’s boss.
when it is OK to lie.
3. What this suggests is that they are not exercising or B1: Listening (p. 288)
eating a healthy diet. said that loved
A. A man he his birthday gifts. In fact, he was really
4. What we can conclude is that global warming is a
assured her father
real phenomenon. disappointed with them. A child watching TV that she
C3: Making Objective Comments (p. 278) had completed told a caller that
her homework. She really hadn’t. A woman she had to
Answers will vary. Possible answers:
2. It is widely assumed that power corrupts people. get off the phone because the doorbell was ringing. It
3. It is thought that city people are unfriendly. say claim
wasn’t! Psychologists that these are all lies. They that
4. It was once assumed that smoking was perfectly safe.
5. It is well-known that exercise improves one’s energy. if a person intends to be misleading, then he or she is
6. It is understood that reading is a pathway to admit
intelligence. lying. Indeed, psychologists that these are small lies,
are
C4: Writing Tip (p. 279) often called “white lies,” but since they all attempts to
Answers will vary. deceive, they still fall under the category of lying.
B. 1. b 4. a
2. b 5. b
Chapter 15 3. a 6. a
A3: After You Read (p. 283) B2: Identifying Reported Speech (p. 289)
Answers will vary. Some examples are: 1. — 6. —
1. The writer feels that a little lie is not as bad as a big 2. 3 7. 3
lie. He gives the examples of: friends lying to you to 3. 3 8. —
spare your feelings versus someone who lies about 4. — 9. 3
killing someone. 5. 3 10. —

82 Answer Key
B3: Choosing Reporting Verbs and Introducing 4. She suggested that I see a dentist about my tooth.
Reporting Clauses (p. 289) 5. He replied that he’d love to take on the project for me.
1. told 6. if 6. He insisted that I accept his gift.
2. said 7. that B9: Changing Demonstrative Adjectives and
3. told 8. when Pronouns (p. 293)
4. said 9. that
Answers will vary. Some examples are:
5. asked 10. what
2. He said my cartoons/the cartoons on my desk were
B4: Choosing Verb Forms in Past Tense the funniest he’d ever seen.
Reporting (p. 290) 3. She wondered if the jeans she was wearing looked big
1. b 6. a on her. She asked whether her jeans looked big on her.
2. a 7. a 4. She thought the dress I was wearing looked gorgeous.
3. b 8. b She said my dress was gorgeous.
4. b 9. b 5. Scott asked me to read the application he was about
5. b 10. a to send in. Scott asked if I could read the application he was
working on before he sent it in.
B5: Making Other Changes in Reported Speech (p. 290)
1. she 6. his
B10: Paraphrasing in Reported Speech (p. 294)
2. they 7. earlier Answers will vary. Some examples are:
3. her 8. the next day 2. Joe asked if he could start a project later because he
4. him 9. that day had a vacation booked. Jill said OK. Joe wondered if
5. our 10. the day before it would be OK if he started the project later because
he had a vacation booked. Jill said it wouldn’t be a
B6: Writing Quoted Speech (p. 291) problem.
A. Answers will vary. Some examples are: 3. Jill asked Joe if she should marry José. Joe said she
2. “What have you learned about life?” should. Jill asked Joe whether or not she should marry
3. “I was dancing when I lost my necklace.” José. Joe said that José is great and Jill should marry him.
4. “I’ll call you today.” 4. Jill asked what Joe thought of her suit. He said he liked
5. “You must talk to me if you have any problems.” OR the blue one better. Jill wasn’t sure if she liked her new
“You have to talk to me if you have any problems.” suit and asked Joe. He said that he thought she looked
6. “You can use my phone any time you need it.” better in the blue one.
B. Answers will vary. Some examples are: 5. Joe asked if Jill had gotten a job she had interviewed
2. She asked if I had eaten in the new cafeteria yet. for. Jill said her experience was perfect, so they offered
3. They said/told me that they had discussed the it to her. Joe asked Jill whether she got the job. Jill said
question with their boss a week earlier. she had because her experience had been perfect and
4. He asked what I was going to do if I had to move. they offered her the job right there.
5. She asked if I could believe that she used to live
there.
B11: Present Tense Reporting (p. 295)
6. He said/told me that she could arrive any time the 2. Some experts claim that people only use ten percent
next day. of their brains.
3. Liz says she has to look for a new apartment.
B7: Keeping the Same Verb Form (p. 291) 4. My brother admits he didn’t go to my ball game last
A. 1. I said I would take the purple sweater, but they gave night.
me the red one! (must change verb form) 5. Your boss tells me you’re doing very well at your job.
3. He asked me what my grandfather was like. (past 6. My mother explained that she used to ski, but she
informal report) doesn’t anymore.
4. The experts have all told us that global warming is a 7. My sister admits she lost my CD,
serious matter. (general truth) 8. Doctors tell us that fatty foods are bad for us,
5. B: He said you need to hurry! The train’s coming
into the station. (immediate report)
B12: Thinking About Meaning and Use (p. 296)
6. But my mother said if I really wanted to go, I could 1. F 5. F
use her car. (must change verb form) 2. T 6. F
7. I wanted to ask Jill a question, but she said she didn’t 3. F 7. ?
have the time to talk. (must change verb form) 4. ? 8. T
8. She asked me if I’m going to see Angelo soon. B13: Speaking (p. 296)
(future event)
Answers will vary.
B. Answers will vary.
C1: Editing (p. 297)
B8: Using Other Reporting Verbs (p. 292)
Answers will vary. Some examples are: I recently saw a program on TV about a new exhibit
2. He questioned whether I was really committed to my
job. on traditional textiles and fabrics. The interviewer, a
3. She explained (to me) that you have to log on first, and young man, was talking with the exhibit curator and asked
then enter a password.

Answer Key 83
 included
what did the exhibit include besides things like blankets
that
and clothing. The curator explained, “That because

traditional textiles are rich in symbolism and color, they

him
had had a significant effect on certain artists.” She told

that because of this influence, the exhibit also included

works by painters who had been influenced by woven

designs. I remember thinking at the time, “That’s very

thought-provoking. I’d love to see this exhibit.” Then, the

interviewer added that entrance to the exhibition was

included with the regular museum admission fee, and

if thought would
asked the curator did she think more people visit it for

that reason? The curator responded him that the museum

never charges additional fees for special exhibitions

because they want as many people as possible to enjoy

them. I can’t wait to see it.

C2: Using Alternatives to Reporting Verbs (p. 299)
A. Answers will vary. Some examples are:
2. According to my brother, the movie was awful.
3. Sociologists once made the claim that women were
less intelligent than men.
4. My parents have often made the assertion that
honesty is the best policy.
5. In my favorite teacher’s view, any dream can come
true if you have the courage to pursue it.
6. Andy Warhol, the notable artist, once made the
observation that everyone will be famous for ifteen
minutes.
B. Answers will vary.
C3: Writing Tip (p. 299)
Answers will vary.

84 Answer Key