დიმიტრი ყიფიანი ტ.2

saqarTvelos parlamentis erovnuli biblioTeka
korneli kekeliZis saxelobis xelnawerTa

erovnuli centri
giorgi leoniZis saxelobis qarTuli literaturis

saxelmwifo muzeumi
dimitri yifiani
Txzulebani
aT tomad
dimitri yifiani
Txzulebani
tomi II
publicistika
literaturuli werilebi
saistorio Txzulebebi
Seadgina, rusuli teqstebi Targmna, SeniSvnebi,

komentarebi da saZieblebi daurTo
Tamaz jologuam
erovnuli biblioTekis
gamomcemloba
Tbilisi 2017
UDC 821.353.1-92
y-561
dimitri yifianis TxzulebaTa aTtomeulis meore tomSi Se-

sulia avtoris publicisturi, literaturuli da saistorio
Txzulebebi. Semdgom tomebSi Seva dimitri yifianis nawerebi
batonymobisa da Tbilisis saTavadaznauro-saadgilmamulo
bankis Sesaxeb, iuridiuli Txzulebebi, saxelmZRvanelo àxali
qarTuli grammatika~, recenziebi, avtobiografiuli nawerebi
(maT Soris, dRiurebi da memuarebi), sajarod warmoTqmuli si-
tyvebi, sxvadasxva tipis Canawerebi, daumTavrebeli Txzulebe-
bi da, dasasrul, oficialuri, saqmiani da kerZo mimowera.
dimitri yifianis nawerebi, romelTa mniSvnelovani nawili
aqamde ar gamoqveynebula, mravalmxriv saintereso masalaa XIX
saukunis qarTuli sazogadoebriv-politikuri cxovrebisa da
sazogadoebrivi azris istoriisaTvis da, vfiqrobT, daainter-
esebs rogorc specialistebs, ise mkiTxvelTa farTo wres.
redaqtorebi:
bego beJuaSvili
revaz gogia
ISBN 978-9941-463-37-2 (dimitri yifiani. Txzulebani)

ISBN 978-9941-27-609-5 (II tomi)
© Tamaz jologua, 2017
sarCevi
publicistika
adgil-mamulis mdgomareobisaTvis
saqarTveloSi�� 11 222
`sazogadoebis~ mizanTa ganxorcielebis
gzebis Sesaxeb�� 22 230
kavkasiaSi marTlmadideblobis aRdgenisaTvis�� 34 234
sazogadoobisa da qveynis momavlisaTvis�� 36 238
isev `moskovskie vedomostis~ 194-e nomerSi
gamoqveynebuli mowinave statiis gamo�� 39 243
princesa ekaterine dadianis Sesaxeb�� 50 257
tfilisis guberniis aznaurobis
winamZRomlisagan�� 52 263
qviSxeTi, 16 agvistos�� 54 267
daviT aleqsandres Zes miqelaZes�� 59 270
`meomarT col-SvilisaTvis sazrunveli
sazogadoebis~ gamo�� 61 276
niko nikolaZis sapasuxod�� 63 277
`qarTuli saTeatro amxanagobis~ Sesaxeb�� 66 278
pasuxi vladimer miqelaZes�� 69 282
batoni ianovskis orgvari Secodeba�� 72 288
nacionaluri hipnotizmisa da
politikuri halucinaciebis samyaro�� 77 293
`wera-kiTxvis sazogadoebazed~�� 93 303
baton gazeT `kavkazis~ redaqtors�� 96 307
bankis saqmezed�� 102 321
xizanTa sakiTxi�� 106 328
pasuxi ilia WavWavaZes�� 114 330
aleqsandre WavWavaZis gardacvaleba�� 131 336
Jurnal `ciskris~ Sesaxeb�� 136 342
7
winaTqma Targmanisa: Janlisi.
`zvima. qinaqinis anbavi~�� 138 343
`romeo da julietas~ Targmanis beWdvisas
daSvebuli Secdomebis gamo�� 140 344
grigol dadianis iambiko�� 145 347
mitCellis wasakiTxavebi�� 147 350
CñÀni nacar qeqiebi�� 150 355
winaTqma Targmanisa:
hiugo. òTxmoc-da-cametidam~�� 165 362
kidev ramdenime sityva
a. p. berJes xsovnisaTvis�� 167 363
Tamar mefis saukune�� 173 366
nino _ saqarTvelos ganmanaTlebeli�� 177 370
ramdenime mosazreba
saqarTvelos istoriis masalebze�� 180 376
SeniSvnebi da komentarebi
teqstisaTvis��219
damowmebani��387
Semoklebani��414
saZieblebi
pirTa�� 416
geografiul saxelTa��509
8
publicistika
saqarTveloSi
winamdebare statiis sagnad SevarCieT Tema, romelic

sagangebo mniSvnelobisaa da, Sesabamisad, yuradRebasac
gansakuTrebuls imsaxurebs. naTlad da mkafiod rom war-
movadginoT saqarTveloSi adgil-mamulTan dakavSirebuli
viTareba da saqmis gaumjobesebisTvis saWiro RonisZiebebi,
aucilebelia, Tundac gakvriT SevexoT sakiTxs _ ra mdgo-
mareoba iyo am mxriv saqarTveloSi 1802 wels1 da ra viTare-
baa amJamad.
saqarTvelo gars Semojarul mtrebTan uTanasworo
brZolaSi saukuneTa ganmavlobaSi icavda Tavis sarwmu-
noebas, magram, am brZolaSi qancgawyvetilma, bolos da
bolos, Tavisi bedi erTmorwmune da Zlevamosili ruseT-
is mfarvelobas miando. 1802 wlisaTvis am patara samefos
mkafiod aCnda Rrma kvali im ubedurebebisa, sparselebma,
Turqebma da lekebma rom daatexes Tavs. uZvelesi, Tumca
dasustebuli taxtis memkvidreTa Soris atexilma SfoTma
da ganxeTqilebam, cota ufro adre aRa-mahmad-xanis Semose-
vam da samrewvelo Tbilisis ganadgurebam, axalcixis faSis
mier daqiravebul lekTa ganuwyvetelma, qveynis mTel ter-
itoriaze yoveldRiurma TareSma sabolood gamoacala
Zala qveynis mmarTvelobiT sistemas. SeuZlebeli iyo moS-
lili meurneobis aRdgena im pirobebSi, roca glexs xvnis
dros guTanTan erTad iaraRic unda sWeroda xelSi, roca
ojaxis patrons mzis CasvlisTanave Tavisi saxloba saime-
11
dod dacul koSkSi unda gamoeketa, roca yvelas, visac ki
iaraRis xelSi aReba SeeZlo, ganuwyvetliv tyeebsa da xeveb-
Si mimofantuli lekebisTvis unda edevna, roca es lekebi
TviT didgvarovani ojaxebidanac ki colebsa da bavSvebs
itacebdnen da sarfiani saqoneliviT sparseTsa Tu TurqeT-
Si hyiddnen.
marTvis feodaluri wesi kavkasiaSi mTeli Tavisi Zalmo-
silebiT batonobda da es wesi safuZvlianad gamoiyenebo-
da rogorc qarTuli samefos bolo, ise axali mmarTvelo-
bis pirvel wlebSi _ am periodSi kavSir-urTierTobebi
mTlianad iaraRis Zalas emyareboda da, Sesabamisad, Tava-
disa Tu aznauris cxovreba gamocdili meomrebisagan Semd-
gar mxlebelTa gareSe warmoudgeneli iyo.
TavisTavad cxadia, mxaris amgvarma savalalo yofam _
ase vTqvaT, samoqalaqo cxovrebis agoniam _ yvela im mimar-
Tulebis daknineba gamoiwvia, xalxis arsebobisaTvis rom
aris aucilebeli: literaturisa, politikisa, ekonomikisa,
vaWrobisa, soflis meurneobisa. moiSala sazogadoebriv
fenaTa urTierTobis wesi da xalxs TviTarsebobis SenarCu-
nebis erTaderT saSualebad darCa sarwmunoeba _ adamianis
es erTaderTi sayrdeni ukiduresi Znelbedobis Jams. amgvar
mdgomareobaSi iyo saqarTvelo 1802 wlamde.
ar gasula naxevari saukune, rac axali mmarTveloba dam-
kvidrda da saqarTvelos yofa Zirfesvianad Seicvala: ga-
reSe mtrebs vera vxedavT, SinaaSlilobebs bolo moeRo,
lekebi ukve TavisTvis arian _ TavianT mTebSi, da imgvarsave
ubedurebaSi imyofebian, ra ubedurebasac saqarTveloSi Te-
savdnen, mxolod mosazRvre kaxeTs Tu moiTareSeben xandax-
an. swavla-ganaTleba iseTi siswrafiT viTardeba, rom qarT-
vel Tavadaznaurobas Tavis wreSi ukve aRar uwevs TiTebze
CamoTvla iseTi adamianebisa, warmatebiT rom SeuZliaT Tavi
gaarTvan samxedro Tu samoqalaqo samsaxurs. STamomavlobi-
saTvis ganaTlebis micema Cveulebriv ambad iqca.
12
ase damkvidrda mxaris daaxloebiT naxevarsaukunovan cx-
ovrebaSi keTildReoba; yovel SemTxvevaSi, amoiZirkva fesvebi
borotebisa, keTildReobis damkvidrebas rom uSlida xels.
mas Semdeg, rac CvenSi miRweulia sakuTrebis daculoba
da TiToeuli adamianis pirovnuli xelSeuxebloba, rogorme
adgilidan unda daiZras soflis meurneobis, sazogadoebrivi
keTildReobis am safuZvelTa safuZvlis, ganviTarebis saqme.
im mravalferovan cvlilebebTan erTad, xelisuflebis
ZalisxmeviT rom xorcieldeba, gvxvdeba sferoebi, rom-
lebic TviTdinebazea miSvebuli. kerZo sameurneo inicia-
tivebisa da saxelisuflebo interesTa Tanxvdenilobis ga-
reSe Zneli iqneba mxaris materialuri yofis gaumjobeseba.
Cveni statiis Temac sakiTxTa am rigs miekuTvneba, ker-
Zod, gauyofel mamulebs, zogjer mTeli gvaris mamulsac
ki, rac, Tavis mxriv, gansazRvravs sakuTriv saqarTveloSi
adgil-mamulTan dakavSirebuli problemis Taviseburebas.
vnaxoT, miwis mflobelobasTan dakavSirebiT ram gan-
apiroba saqarTveloSi arsebuli viTareba.
saqarTvelos Zveli yofisa da zneobiTi principebis Sesaxeb
met-naklebad sando _ yovel SemTxvevaSi, sinamdvilesTan sak-
maod miaxloebul _ cnobebs vpoulobT vaxtang batoniSvilis
mier XVIII saukunis dasawyisSi Sekrebil da gamocemul kanon-
Ta krebulSi.2 ai, ra aris iq naTqvami mamulis gayofis Sesaxeb:
`23. axla maSindelze qarTvels batonsac bevri adgili ak-
lia da misi Tavadic mamulze damcrobila, gayrila da misi
sidide TviTanve dauCagravs... mosamarTleT kargad gasin-
jeT da gamoiZieT: rogorc kaci mamuliT, kacobiT, batonis
samsaxuriT, cixiTa, monastriT da ufrosis kacis moyusad
mokidebiT amaRldebis [da] sisxli gaudiddebis, isre gayri-
Ta da mamulis moklebiT sisxlic moakldebis...
35. didebuli Tavadi es aris: gauyreli erTi Tavi TviTon
aragvis erisTavi, gauyreli erTi Tavi TviTon qsnis erisTa-
vi, gauyreli erTi Tavi TviTon amilaxori, gauyreli erTi
13
Tavi TviTon orbeliSvili.
rosca gauyreli yofila, _ ciciSvilic amaTTan.
amaTTan ki ara da, _ somxiTis meliqic iTqmis...
98. ukeTu Zmani anu mama-Svilni, anu biZa-Zeni, anu bi-
Za-Svilni, gina sxva naTesavni, erTsaxlni da erTad memamu-
leni, veRar moTavsden da gaiyarnen, am wesiTa da rigiT aris
maTis daSorvebis rigi.
rodesac saxlis jalabni aiSalnen da damdurden, moyvare-
man da ymam maTi aSla Seityon, da TiTqmis batonTanac miaw-
ion, da maTi saqme moÃsendes, manamdin ar gaiyarnen da an isrev
kargad erTsaxloba ar mouÃdes, nurc ymasRa arbeven da nurc
pursa da Rvinos urigod xarjvas dauwyeben, Torem, Tu gayra
mouÃdebisT, erTmaneTs uangariSeben da cudad ar SerCebisT.
rodesac magaze gamoCenili Seiqnan, rome aiSalneno da
veRar moTavsdebiano, batonma kaci uCinos, nuRarc mamuls
arbevinebs, nuRarc urigod axarjvinebs.
batonma unda daibaros, ufrosi swvarTos da daaxedos,
umcrosi datuqsos; Tu ymani sCxubevden, avad moepyran, nu
moiSlebiT, nu gaiyrebiT-Tqo; amgvarebi daaxedon, urCion
Tavis moyuriT, karis kaciT, gauyrelobas ecadnen...
99. adams aqeT queyana gayriT aris moSenebuli, rom ar
iqnas, arc iqnebis...
100. gayraSi es oTxi aris: s a u f r o s o, g a s a m y r e l o,
s a u m c r o s o da s a S u a l o.
s a u f r o s o asre aris da asre unda. risac an aznaurisa,
an glexisa patronni iyunen, umamulos, boganos gardaisad
yuela mefis mdivansa aanusxvinon, iangariSon. ramdenic kom-
li dadges, ocs komlze erTs ukeTess, romelic unda, ufro-
si gamoirCevs da erTs uaress _ sxva Zmebi, romelic imaT
undaT, imas miscemen. da ramdenic oci komli eyolebis, yue-
laze asre iqmonen. darCebis bogano da imazedac asre unda
iqnas. magrame bogano amas quian, rome venaÃi ara qondes...
101. g a s a m y r e l o Ãelmwifisa aris. ra rom ufro-
14
si saufrosos aRebas gaaTavebs, merme ocisTavs, rogoric
Ãelmwifes eprianebis, imisTanas glexs aiRebs, Tu unda erTs
alags, Tu unda dafantviT...
[1041]. zvarsa da xodabuns gareT baRi, wisquili, bostani,
rac glexis gasayolad darCebis rame, glexzed ar daadvan,
yuela gasayofi aris...
109. Z v e l i r i g i asre aris. sanamdin Zmani erTad arian,
Wiri, lxini, saSovari, uSovroba, wanarTmevi Tu naboZebi, na-
povni Tu dakarguli, rac ram feri, yuela erTi aris, Zmurad _
ufrosman _ saufroso, umcrosman _ saumcroso, asre yofila...
115. ...purs, ramdenic arian Svili Tu SviliSvili, nabi-
Wvari, yvelaze miscemen. Rvinos, ramdensac saxliSvils mu-
Sis Tavs dgoma SeuZlia, isre barzed gaiyofen~.3
vaxtangis kanonebi mkafio gamoxatulebaa imisa, rom mam-
ulis gayofa-danawileba saqarTveloSi saziano saqmed iyo
miCneuli, yvelaferi keTdeboda amgvari procesebis Ses-
aferxeblad da aseT viTarebas qarTvelTa umravlesoba
dRemde mxars uWers. qarTuli kanonmdebloba am gziT xels
uwyobda feodalizmis safuZvlebis SenarCunebas.4
Cven sxva droisaTvis gadavdebT msjelobas feodalizmis
gamaZlierebeli iseTi samarTlisa da kanonebis warmomSob
mizezebze, romlebmac vneba miayenes saxelmwifosa da mis Ti-
Toeul qveSevrdoms. amJamad SevexebiT mTels gvareulobeb-
Si mamulis gauyoflobis principsa da imas, Tu ra gavlenas
axdens amgvari viTareba rogorc sazogadoebriv keTildRe-
obaze, ise xalxis zneobiT mdgomareobaze.
mflobelobis iseT patriarqalur wess, roca gvaris
ufrosi erTpirovnulad da sityvis Seubruneblad gan-
agebda mTeli gvaris meurneobas da roca igi gvaris war-
momadgenlebs mamaSvilurad unawilebda mosavals, TiTqos
mSvidobiani, uzrunveli da dovlaTiani cxovreba unda dae-
mkvidrebina. mamulis gayofa, piriqiT, warmoSobda zolmi-
wianobas,5 gvaris erTmmarTveli ufrosis ararsebobis gamo
15
irRveoda ojaxuri kavSirebi, iSleboda gvaris Semakav-
Sirebeli zneobiTi da materialuri safuZvlebi, qonebis
Tanabar mflobelTa Soris _ TviT Zmebs Sorisac ki _ war-
moiSoboda mtroba, ayalmayali, sisxlisRvra.
vaxtangis kanonebi imasac adasturebs, rom mezoblebsa da
naTesavebs Soris xSiri iyo TviTneboba, urTierTmtroba,
Surisgeba, _ da am borotebas gauyofeli mamulebis mflo-
belTa uflebrivi mouwesrigebloba warmoSobda.
roca qveyana mSvidobiani cxovrebiT, sarfiani vaWro-
biT, uxvi mosavliT tkbeboda, gvarovnuli qonebis marT-
va-gamgeblobis patriarqalur wess marTlac SeeZlo mokle
xanSi ganemtkicebina saqarTvelos Zliereba da keTildRe-
oba. qveyanas SeeZlo mieRwia iseTi mdgomareobisaTvis, in-
teresebisa da kapitalis maqsimaluri SeerTeba-Serwymis
SemTxvevaSic ki amaod rom cdilobdnen ganviTarebuli
saxelmwifoebi. piris mier sxva piris an sxva gvaris qoneb-
is xelyofisaTvis kanoniT gaTvaliswinebuli sasjeli unda
ezRo im gvars, romelsac damnaSave miekuTvneboda. kanonis
winaSe pasuxismgeblobis es wesi TviTnebobisa da vnebaT-
aRelvis Semakavebeli faqtori xdeboda da mniSvnelovan-
wilad gansazRvravda kidec saxelmwifoSi arsebul zneobiT
garemos. xolo daurRveveli gadacdomisaTvis dawesebuli
sisxlis sazRauri koleqtiurad ufro advili gadasaxde-
li iyo, vidre calke pirisaTvis da es ar iwvevda damnaSavis
ojaxis gaRatakebas.
magram zogjer mflobelobis amgvari patriarqaluri
wesidan sargeblis nasaxic ar rCeboda _ arcTu iSviaTad
gvaris meTauri moklebuli iyo iseT Tvisebebs, rogori
TvisebebiTac Wkviani da pativsacemi ganmkargulebeli da
miukerZoeblad msajuli unda iyos aRWurvili. am mizeziT
warmoSobili SfoTi, TviTneboba, Zalmomreoba, Zarcva-gle-
ja da mkvlelobebi aryevda umaRlesi wodebis cxovrebas da
simarTlec yovelTvis ufro Zlieris mxares iyo. isic cxa-
16
dia, rom, erTi malorosiuli andazisa ar iyos _ `roca ba-
tonebi Cxuboben, saqoCreebi glexebs ewviT~.
advili warmosadgenia, ra emarTebodaT aseT viTarebaSi
gvaris umweo wevrebs, rogor SeiZleboda gaumjobesebuli-
yo mamulis saqme da ragvarad waxalisdeboda xolme Sroma
glexisa _ piradadac da Tavisi avladidebiTac batons rom
ekuTvnoda. arc imis warmodgena unda iyos Zneli, rogor
pirobebs Seqmnida adgil-mamulis mflobelobis amgvari
wesi iseT qveyanaSi, romelic gareSe mtrebis Tavdasxmebisa
Tu Sinauri areulobebis gamo mudmiv ryevebs ganicdida.
mamulis gauyoflobis principma, romelic vaxtangis
kanonebidan momdinareobda, axali viTarebis Sesabamisad
saxe icvala _ gaCnda moTxovnileba, adamians scodnoda, Tu
ra sakuTrebis patroni iyo igi. aman soflis meurneobaSi
axali problemebi warmoSva. erTi mxriv, kerZo interesebiT
gamowveulma winaaRmdegobebma, xolo, meore mxriv, Seusa-
bamobam iniciativasa da am iniciativis ganxorcielebisaTvis
saWiro saSualebebs Soris gamoiwvia swrafva sakuTrebis
danawilebisa da am gziT _ meurneobriobis gaumjobesebi-
saken. yovelive amas emateboda calkeuli magaliTebi, rom-
lebic ver Tavsdeboda qarTul kanonmdeblobaSi: ymebis
mxridan mebatoneze damokidebulebisagan Tavis daRweva _
Tavisuflebis Zieba6 da, Sesabamisad, muSaxelis naklebobiT
gamowveuli zarali, romelic mebatones adgeboda.
miuxedavad imisa, rom mxareSi amJamad mSvidobianobaa, mi-
uxedavad mravalferovani da xelsayreli klimatisa, miuxe-
davad nayofieri niadagisa, aqaurebi mxolod aucilebel _
ase vTqvaT, saarsebo _ sazrdos moiweven: pursa da Rvinos.
puric arasodes yofila Warbad. 1799 wels, TbilisSi ruseb-
is Semosvlisas,7 gaWirvebiT xerxdeboda samiaTasiani jaris
gamokveba. aqedan mokidebuli xelisuflebis ZalisxmeviT
saqarTveloSi miwaTmoqmedeba im zomamde ganviTarda, rom
amJamad sakuTari puriT 15-aTasiani jaris Senaxvaa SesaZle-
17
beli. * Rvinis mxriv viTareba arsebiTad ar Secvlila. miuxe-
davad warmoebis primitiuli xerxebisa, aqaur Rvinos kargi
Tvisebebi aqvs da adgilobrivad kargad iyideba. amasTanave,
garda qalaqis gareubnebSi mcireodeni bostneulis mov-
la-moyvanisa, ar iqmneba axali sasoflo-sameurneo mimar-
Tulebebi da amitomac miwis mflobelebi TavianTi glexebi-
anad jer kidev ver axerxeben Warbi mosavlis mowevas.
amasobaSi, bunebrivia, umaRlesi wodebis Segnebaca da moTx-
ovnilebebic Seicvala da gaizarda, mflobelobis sistema da
soflis meurneobis mdgomareoba ki TiTqmis imave mdgomare-
obaSi darCa, ra mdgomareobaSic igi aswleulebis win iyo.
mamulebis umetesoba winandeburad gauyofelia, Tumca
ukve aRar arseboben gvaris meTaurebi, romlebic ganagebd-
nen saerTo meurneobasa da mosavals gvaris wevrTa Soris
anawilebdnen. amJamad arian mxolod ojaxis ufrosebi,
romlebic, floben ra saerTo-gvarovnuli mamulis naw-
ils, fiqroben im sargebelze, romelsac maT mamulis for-
maluri gayofa moutans, Tumca isinic iswrafvian ara meur-
neobriobis gaumjobesebisaken, aramed cdiloben, arsebul
viTarebaSive mamulisagan maqsimalurad `gamowuron~ ar-
sebobisaTvis saWiro sarCo-sabadebeli. kerZo interesi,
SesaZlebelia, zogjer cudad gagebulic, maT aiZulebs if-
iqron _ gaumjobesebuli mamuli gayris SemTxvevaSi iqneb
gvaris sxva wevrs Sexvdes da, amdenad, Sroma wyalSi Cagve-
yaroso. adgil-mamulis xelSeuxebloba kanoniTaa daculi,
Tumca zogierTni cdiloben kanonis Tavisebur ganmarte-
bas da amis safuZvelze sxvisi sakuTrebis xelyofas _ jer
droebiT, Semdeg ki saboloo miTvisebas. am tipis saqmeebze
aRZruli dava adamianebs ukargavs mamulis Semdgomi keT-
ilmowyobis yovelgvar survils, xolo dro, saukeTeso
* danarCeni jarisTvis saWiro puri SemoaqvT aleqsandropolis,

axalcixis, erevnisa da im muslimuri mazrebidan, romlebic sa-
kuTriv saqarTvelos farglebSi ar Semodis. [d. y.]
18
kapitali meurneobriobis mosawyobad, saqmis gaumjobese-
basa da samuSao Zalebis gaZlierebas ki ar uwyobs xels, ar-
amed _ dasustebasa da ganadgurebas. xSiria iseTi davebic,
romlebsac SeuZlebelia samarTlianobasTan raime kavSiri
hqondes. da adamianebic, romlebsac SeuZliaT mamulis ukeT
mowyobiT sakuTar Tavsac da sazogadoebasac sargebeli
moutanon, cdiloben Tavi aaridon aTasgvar usiamovnebasa
da davidarabas da cxovrebis saxsars samsaxurebriv Sroma-
sa Tu savaWro saqmeebSi eZeben. naklebad ganaTlebuli Tav-
adaznauroba soflis mamulebSi rCeba da swored maT Soris
xdeba soflis meurneobis ganviTarebis Semaferxebeli yo-
velgvari uwesrigoba: Cxubi, aliaqoTi, ciloba, gauTave-
beli sasamarTlo garCevebi. cxadia, maT Soris keTilgan-
mzraxveli, gonieri da alRoiani adamianebic moipovebian,
magram isinic an zogjer qvena grZnobebs daemorCilebian
xolme, an meurneobis axal wess ki SeimuSaveben, magram ga-
mocdileba ar hyofniT misi ganxorcielebisaTvis, an kidev
TavianTi naklebunarianobis gamo ver axerxeben moweuli
mosavlis gasaRebas.
ai, Sedegi imisa, mamulebi gauyofeli rom aris da arc sa-
kuTrebis sazRvrebia dadgenili.
soflis meurneobisaTvis sxva da aranaklebi boroteba isaa,
rom umetesi nawili qarTveli memamuleebisa _ erTni arcTu
safuZvlianad gaazrebul wamowyebaTa gamo, meoreni ki imis
surviliT, rom warmomavlobiTi Rirsebis Sesaferisad icx-
ovron _ iReben iseT valebs, romelTa gastumreba ar Seu-
ZliaT da amitom maTi mamulebi xSirad Calis fasad rCebaT
vaWarTa klasis warmomadgenlebs. es ukanasknelni, Tavis mx-
riv, swydebian Semosavlian savaWro saqmeebs da zemoxsenebul
mizezTa gamo verc mamulis gaumjobesebas axerxeben. maT is
Semosavalic akldebaT, vaWrobiT rom moipovebdnen. amdenad,
savaWro saqme xSirad hkargavs unarian movaWres, Tavadaznau-
robis rigebs ki axal-axali uxeiro memamuleebi ematebian.
19
xelisufleba cdilobs meurneobis gamococxlebas: ar
igebs kulturuli mcenareebis Tesls, qmnis produqtis ga-
saRebis axal saSualebebs, gahyavs savaWro-satransporto
gzebi, moskovis savaWro depo gvTavazobs Suamavlobas aqa-
uri produqciis ruseTSi gatana-gasaRebis saqmeSi.8
rasakvirvelia, meurneobis axali dargebi rom Seiqmnas an
Zveli gaumjobesdes, pirvel rigSi, saWiroa sakuTrebis saz-
Rvrebis dadgena, warmoebis wesis gansazRvra da, dasasrul,
saqmis codna, romlis gareSec nebismieri saqmis dawyeba, ama-
Si yvela dameTanxmeba, gonivrul saqcielad ver CaiTvleba.
sazRvrebis dadgenis sakiTxTan dakavSirebiT qarTveli
memamuleebi saqmeSi imdenad Caxedulni da gonierni ki ar-
ian, rom esmiT, ramdenad did zarals naxuloben TavianTi
mamulebis gauyoflobis gamo. keTilgonierebisa da saTana-
do survilis SemTxvevaSi maT am problemis gadaWra imiT
SeuZliaT, rom ar daelodon saxelisuflebo gadawyvetile-
bebs da problema mSvidobianad gadaWran erTmaneTs Sors.
amisaTvis ki saWiroa alagmva wvrilmani vnebebisa, Sewyveta
Cxubisa da davisa, romlebic xels uSlis saqmis keTilad da-
boloebas. gzebi amocanis ganxorcielebisa TavisTavad ga-
moCndeba, Tuki dro ar daixarjeba amao da mavne mezoblur
dava-cilobaSi an kidev arakeTilsindisieri saSualebebiT
sxvisi sakuTrebis mitacebaSi; xolo imisaTvis, rom SeviZ-
inoT saqmisaTvis saWiro codna, xelisufleba gviCvenebs sa-
Tanado gzebsa da iZleva saamiso saxsrebs.
qarTveli memamuleebi, cxadia, ukve darwmunebulebi ar-
ian _ maTi saerTo xelmokleoba ganpirobebulia Cven mier
dasaxelebuli mizezebiTa da kidev imiT, rom ver axerxe-
ben winaswar ganWvriton sxvaoba xarjebsa da Semosavlebs
Soris. maTi Semosavlebis zrda damokidebulia erTaderT
da naRd kapitalze _ maTsave noyier da mosavlian miwaze.
Tu memamuleebi Tavad ar miaqceven saTanado yuradRebas
sakuTari meurneobis gaumjobesebas, miwis damuSavebis
20
RonisZiebaTa srulyofas, ar Seqmnian mosavlis moyvanis
xerxebsa da saSualebebTan danaxarjis mimarTebis momge-
bian sistemas, xelisufleba mxolod Tavisi resursebiT
maT ver daicavs meurneobis Semdgomi rRveviT gamowveuli
Sedegebisagan. gana didi xania gasuli im droidan, roca
rusi Tavadaznauroba warmoebas xels ar hkidebda? magram
axali drois moTxovnebma igi aiZula, ukuegdo mavne crur-
wmenebi da naxeT, dRes warCinebulTa fenis ramdeni warmo-
madgenelia Zlieri fabrikanti Tu mrewveli. isini Cinebul
magaliTad gamoadgebian qarTvel Tavad-aznaurebs. Tuki
specialuri codnis simwiris gamo qarTvel memamuleTagan
bevri ver SeZlebs sakuTari mamulidan maqsimaluri sarge-
blis miRebas, ukidures SemTxvevaSi is maincaa saWiro, rom
amgvari codna maTs Svilebs mieces. amaSi maT xelisufleba
Zlier daxmarebas uwevs.
da mainc, yvela iniciativas, upirveles yovlisa, win unda
uZRodes: mamulebis gayofa da mijnebis dadgena. muSaxeli
aris _ igive glexebi, romlebsac saqmisadmi keTilgonivru-
li midgomis SemTxvevaSi SeuZliaT rogorc sakuTari ojax-
is, ise mebatoneebis gamdidreba. keTilgonivruli da yai-
raTiani marTvis magaliTebs zogierTi qarTvelis mamulSi
ukve vxedavT.9 samwuxarod, aseTi magaliTebi iSviaTia, ma-
gram imis maCvenebeli ki aris, rom sasoflo meurneobis gar-
daqmna da crurwmenebis daZleva SesaZlebelia da arc ise
Zneli, rogorc es erTi SexedviT SeiZleba Candes.
RmerTma qnas, xsenebul mcirericxovan memamuleTa magal-
iTebma _ pativiscemisa da madlierebis Rirsma magaliTebma
_ danarCenebSic aRZras mibaZvis survili da maTac SeZlon
survilisa da moqmedebis SekavSireba. marTebloba ki saso-
flo-sameurneo warmoebis aRorZinebiT aamaRlebs aqaur-
Ta keTildReobis donesa da amiT Cveni mxarisa da ruseTis
ormxriv interesebsac Seawonasworebs.
[1848]
21
`sazogadoebis~ mizanTa
ganxorcielebis gzebis Sesaxeb
Cveni `sazogadoeba~1 arsebobis meSvide wels iTvlis.

Tavidan igi didi imedebiT Seudga saqmianobas, Tumca gan-
vlili 6 wlis ganmavlobaSi mxolod nawilobriv miaRwia
dasaxul miznebs. amJamad axali prezidentis, Tavad aleqsan-
dre ivanes Zis,2 xelSi SegviZlia es miznebi srulfasovnad
ganvaxorcieloT. TiToeuli CvenganisTvis kargadaa cnobi-
li is TanagrZnoba, romelsac misi brwyinvaleba3 iCens Cveni
mxaris saWiroebaTa mimarT da, maSasadame, TiToeuli Cven-
gani darwmunebulia _ saerTo saqmis warmatebisaTvis igi
arc axla daiSurebs Sromas, Semweobasa da keTilganwyobas,
romelTa gareSe verc erTi sazogado saqme ver gakeTdeba.
vsargeblobT dRevandeli sazeimo SekrebiT, mowyaleo
batonebo, da gulaxdilad mogaxsenebT im xelis SemSlel
dabrkolebaTa Sesaxeb, romelTa dasaZlevad gvWirdeba dax-
mareba da saerTo azris SemuSaveba.
me rom ara mqonoda pativi, daarsebis dRidanve vyofil-
iyavi Cveni `sazogadoebis~ sabWos wevri, rogorc gareSe
pirs, samarTlianobis gancda mikarnaxebda, qebis sityvebiTa
da madlierebiT melaparaka `sazogadoebis~ mier gakeTebu-
li saqmeebis Sesaxeb, CamomeTvala yvela misi met-naklebad
mniSvnelovani miRweva soflis meurneobis sxvadasxva dar-
gis gaumjobeseba-ganviTarebis saqmeSi.
bevri sasargeblo saqme gakeTda meabreSumeobis, meRvineo-
bis, xvna-Tesvis, mebaReobis, mebostneobis mimarTulebebiT.
22
Tu gavixsenebT dadebiT Sedegebs, warmatebiT ganxorciel-
ebul wamowyebebs, _ SeiZleba Tavi davimSvidoT, rom Cveni mo-
qmedebebi ar yofila unayofo, gansakuTrebiT, `sazogadoeb-
is~ arsebobis pirveli sami wlis ganmavlobaSi. bolo 4 wlis
saqmianobam ki sxva saxe da xasiaTi miiRo da igi gajerebuli
iyo sabrZolo, lamis saomari, suliskveTebiT, rac Zlier
damazianebelia soflis meurneobis ganviTarebisaTvis.
movaleoba, gamomdinare Cemi mdgomareobidan, romelsac
mesamed maniWebs `sazogadoeba~, movaleoba sabWos wevrisa,4
mavaldebulebs vTqva: rac ufro gamaxvilebulad warmova-
CenT saqmis warmatebul mxares, miT ufro metia safrTxe,
yuradRebis miRma dagvrCes imave saqmis susti mxareebi.
amitom Tavs vikaveb Cveni miRwevebis CamoTvlisagan da,
veTanxmebi ra `sazogadoebis~ namdvili wevris, baron a. p.
nikolais, mier axlaxan Tqven winaSe warmoTqmul azrebsa da
Sexedulebebs,5 Cemi mxridanac SeZlebisdagvarad visaubreb
iseT garemoebebze, romlebic xelis SemSlelia momaval
warmatebaTa gzaze.
ama Tu im saqmis organizeba mecnieruli codnis gamoy-
enebiT, rasakvirvelia, Seicavs naTel mxareebs da swrafad
aaxloebs am saqmis muSaks dasaxul mizanTan; miuxedavad ami-
sa, saerTod mecnierebisaTvis ar aris damaxasiaTebeli nax-
tomebi. piriqiT, ucilobeli piroba yovelgvari codnisa,
yovelgvari ganviTareba-gaumjobesebisa _ es aris logikaze
dafuZnebuli Tanamimdevruloba.
erTaderTi sayveduri, romelic SeiZleba sakuTar Tavs
vuTxraT, isaa, rom, garkveuli azriT, Cven swored es Tan-
amimdevruloba uarvyaviT. Tumca aqve Tavis gasamarTle-
blad isic unda vTqva, rom gvamoZravebda mxurvale survi-
li, kavkasiis sameurneo cxovrebaSi rac SeiZleba swrafad
dagvemkvidrebina dasavleTSi SemuSavebuli da aTvisebuli
racionaluri wesi meurneobriobisa.
viTvaliswinebdiT ra Cveni niadagis nayofierebas, gvsur-
23
da gadmogveRo yvelaferi saukeTeso, rac ki dedamiwis
sxva nawilebSi gvxvdeba _ gamoviwerdiT xolme Teslsa Tu
nergebs, miwis dasamuSavebel iaraRebsa Tu manqanebs, vwer-
diT da gamovcemdiT maTi gamoyenebisaTvis saWiro miTiTe-
bebsa Tu instruqciebs, vamaragebdiT yovelive amiT aqaur
miwis mflobelebs da es yvelaferi keTdeboda uCveulo
xelgaSlilobiTa da guliTadobiT, radganac swrafi war-
matebis survili gvamoZravebda.
SemovitaneT nimuSebi yirimidan, Sveicariidan, ital-
iidan, safrangeTidan, amerikidan da CineTidan, magram
maTgan bevrma, sakmaod bevrma, ver gaixara Cvens miwaze. es
miT ufro samwuxaro iyo CvenTvis, rac ufro vakvirdebod-
iT axali meurneobis mowyobis brwyinvale magaliTebs _
sakmarisia germaniidan an irlandiidan gamosuli asiode
axalmosaxle sadme gamoCndes, xev-xuvebi iqneba es, Tu amer-
ikis savana, iq myisve aRmocendeba SesaniSnavi saZovrebiT
garSemortymuli da Tanamedrove yofisaTvis aucilebeli
saSualebebiT aRWurvili, ayvavebuli soflebi da qalaqebi.
Tumca esec aris: am axalmosaxleebs Tan CaaqvT saqmis cod-
na da arc adgilobriv tradiciul meurneobasTan uwevT
brZola _ iq an ar xvdebaT mosaxleoba, an Tu xvdebaT, maT
aviwroeben da ayrasa da gadasaxlebas aiZuleben.
Tu axlodan davakvirdebiT, davinaxavT, rom evropuli
sazogadoebebi siaxleebsa da progress soflis meurneoba-
Si advilad iziareben da swrafad, yovelgvari garTulebis
gareSe iTviseben. CvenTan ki dabrkolebebs yovel fexis nabi-
jze vawydebiT.
magram isic unda iTqvas, rom iq siaxleebi SeuCereblad
inergeba ara mxolod soflis meurneobaSi, aramed sazog-
adoebrivi cxovrebis yvela sferoSi; iq azrTa gacvla-ga-
mocvla, codnis gaRrmaveba iseTi siswrafiT mimdinareobs,
Cven warmodgeniTac rom ver warmovidgenT.
CvenSi metismetad mwiria _ ufro zustad, saerTod ar
24
arsebobs _ Sesaferisi pirobebi im qveynebTan SedarebiT,
romlebSic evropidan gamosulebi saxldebian da dafuZneb-
isTanave uaRresad ganviTarebul soflis meurneobas qmni-
an; CvenSi arc iseTi pirobebia, ra pirobebSic ganuwyvetliv
umjobesdeba da viTardeba soflis meurneoba, magaliTad,
belgiaSi, uelsis samTavroSi, rainispira germaniaSi.
CvenSi mkvidri mosaxleoba uZvelesi, winareistoriuli
droebidan upiratesad Tavs miwaTmoqmedad miiCnevs; maSas-
adame, am saqmeSi did gamocdilebas flobs da yvela siaxles
ise ekideba, rogorc moxucebuli adamiani moekideba ymawv-
ilis rCevas _ usmens, magram ar ujerebs. moxucebuloba
moiTxovs ara mWevrmetyvelebas saqmis gareSe, aramed saqmes
mWevrmetyvelebis gareSe.
da ai, aq Cans Cveni mTavari xarvezi: CvenSi ara marto mwir-
ia siaxleebis danergvisaTvis aucilebeli azri, aramed _ es
didi mwuxarebiT unda vTqva _ TvalsaCinoebisaTvis aseTi
magaliTebis dasaxelebac ki didadaa gaZnelebuli. marTa-
lia, namdvilad iyo calkeuli warmatebuli magaliTebi,
magram saerTo suraTma saqmisadmi ukiduresad uaryofiTi
damokidebuleba warmoSva. neba miboZeT, mowyaleo batone-
bo, oriod-samiode aseTi magaliTi davasaxelo:
1. 1820-ian wlebSi safrangeTidan Camovida ganswavluli
negocianti kastela. erTi mxriv, mecnieruli gamocdilebiT,
xolo, meore mxriv, Cveni xelisuflebis mier micemuli didi
kreditiT aRWurvilma kastelam TbilisSi xeli mohkida am-
ierkavkasiaSi meabreSumeobis gaumjobesebis farTomasSta-
biani gegmis ganxorcielebas. gaCnda am mimarTulebiT mxaris
ganviTarebis didi imedi, magram yvelaferi imiT dasrul-
da, rom xazina iZulebuli gaxda, frangi negociantis mier
organizebuli saqme Tavis gamgeblobaSi mieRo. kastelas
wamowyeba TandaTan ingreoda da misi abreSumsaxvevi fabri-
ka saxazino qonebad iqca. kidev ufro saocaria bolo am fab-
rikisa _ igi amJamad saswavlo batalionis yazarmaa.
25
2. Tbilisidan 6-7 kilometriT qvemoT, mtkvris napiras,
mwir da unayofo miwaze daarsda sanimuSo ferma. am wamow-
yebiT unda davrwmunebuliyaviT, rom mecnierebiT ganmt-
kicebul codnas SeuZlia unayofo miwa simdidris wyarod
aqcios. fermis gamarTva da Senaxva xazinas uzarmazari
Tanxa daujda, magram ramdenime wlis Semdeg igi Calis fas-
ad gaiyida am sityvis pirdapiri mniSvnelobiT. amis Semdeg
TbilisTan axlos, avlabris gadaRma, kidev erTi ferma gaS-
enda. am fermisagan amJamad darCenilia ramdenime Senoba,
romlebSic davrdomilTa TavSesafris mowyoba iyo ganz-
raxuli. da vinaidan sanimuSo ferma metismetad gvWirde-
boda, yofili abreSumsaxvevi fabrikis mezoblad sakmaod
did Tanxad SeZenil iqna avaq-xan megrabovis baRi. amJamad am
baRis saxelwodebaa mebaReobis skola da es skola mebaReTa
gamozrdas gvpirdeba.
3. rogorc aq baronma a. p. nikolaim axsena, setyva xSir-
ad meurnis mTeli wlis naSroms anadgurebs. vinaidan ev-
ropaSi arsebobda rwmena setyvis sawinaaRmdego danadgar-
is uZlieresi efeqtis Sesaxeb, erT-erT mamulSi davdgiT
kidevac aseTi danadgari. magram ise gamovida, rom pirvel-
mave setyvam mxolod da mxolod da maincadamainc mosavali
miwis im nakveTze gaanadgura, romelic am danadgars unda
daecva.
aseTi magaliTebi ukiduresad aRrmavebs siaxleebisadmi
Cveni miwis mflobelebis undoblobas.
kiTxvas: ratom mTavrdeboda ase savalalod dasaxelebu-
li da sxva msgavsi wamowyebebi da, ase da amgvarad, ratom
ispoboda momavali warmatebebis imedi? _ vfiqrob, aseTi
pasuxi unda gaeces: an saqmes sakmarisi codna ar edo safuZv-
lad, an kidev saTanadod ar iyo gaTvaliswinebuli adgilo-
brivi pirobebi: niadagis Tvisebebi, Cveni mxaris calkeul
nawilebSi havis simSralisa Tu tenianobis xarisxi, qaris
siCqare Tu ZiriTadi mimarTulebebi, adgilobrivi kav-
26
Sir-urTierTobebisa Tu Sromis produqtis gasaRebis Tav-
iseburebebi, dasasrul _ ama Tu im teritoriaze ama Tu im
produqtis warmoebis tradiciuli wesebi da saSualebe-
bi. ar iyo saTanadod gaTvaliswinebuli agreTve xalxis
zne-Cveulebebi, romlebic ase advilad ar icvleba xolme,
arc miwis muSa Tu miwis mflobel klasTa unari, advilad
SeeTvisebinaT siaxleebi, arc zogadad is klimaturi Tav-
iseburebebi, romlebiTac ase mdidaria Cveni mxare.
Tu Tqvenc ityviT, mowyaleo batonebo, swored am sakiTx-
ebis codna unda dasdeboda safuZvlad yvela Cvens wamowye-
bas, magram, esec unda iTqvas _ Cven dResac ara varT saamisod
mzad, anu Cvens `sazogadoebas~ jer kidev ara aqvs gaazrebu-
li is, rac misma TiToeulma wevrma, cal-calke aRebulma, an
icis, an advilad SeuZlia gaigos.
asea Tu ise, meurneobriobis gaumjobesebis saqmem mainc
unda waiwios win, Tundac kerZo iniciativebis xarjze _
Cvens sazogadoebaSi moipovebian saTanado codniTa da mow-
inave ideebiT aRWurvili calkeuli adamianebi, romlebmac
konkretuli saqmec ician, zogadad saqmis arsSic erkvevian
da droebiT warumateblobebsac ar mouxrian Tavs.
diax! xelisufleba zrunavs codnisa da ganaTlebis
gavrcelebaze da amis wyalobiT Cven Soris dRes arian iseTi
meurneebi, romlebsac verafriT uunarobas ver davwamebT.
arian maT Soris iseTebic, romelTa mimarT SeuZlebelia pa-
tiviscemiT ar ganimsWvaloT _ TavianTi sasargeblo wamow-
yebebis ganxorcielebisas isini Tamamad usworeben Tvals
dabrkolebebsa Tu sirTuleebs, Tumca im mizezTa gamo, rom-
lebzec qvemoT mogaxsenebT, an mimdevrebis gareSe rCebian,
an kidev samwuxaro marcxisTvis arian ganwirulni.
1. goris mazraSi Tavadma daviT diasamiZem, romelic
arc ise gaTviTcnobierebulia meurneobis racionalurad
marTvis Teoriul sakiTxebSi, magram praqtikuli WkuiTaa
dajildoebuli, Tavis saqaSeTis mamulSi iseTi meurneoba
27
moawyo, rom ara marto bolo mouRo mezoblebis qiliksa
da misi wamowyebisadmi agdebul damokidebulebas, aramed
saqmeSi Caxeduli specialistebis qebac ki daimsaxura. yve-
la sakuTari TvaliT xedavda SesaniSnavad awyobil saqmes
da yvela darwmunda diasamiZis wamowyebis gonivrulobaSi.
magram es kerZo SemTxveva sxvebs magaliTad ar gamoadgaT.
veravin mibaZa mas im martivi mizezis gamo, rom mTeli Tavisi
saqaSeTis mamuli Tavad diasamiZes pirad sakuTrebad hqon-
da damtkicebuli, sxva mamulebi ki saqaSeTSi ar aris gami-
jnuli, mkafiod ar aris ganawilebuli mflobelTa Soris,
patar-patara nakveTebad aris daSlili da TanamflobelTa
gauTavebeli davisa da Sexla-Semoxlis sagans warmoadgens.
saWiroa pirdapir iTqvas simarTle soflis meurneobis
ganviTarebis damabrkolebeli erTi SemaSfoTebeli viTare-
bis Sesaxeb _ dRemde TiTqmis arc erT qarTvel memamules
darwmunebiT ar SeuZlia Tqvas, rom xvalac misi sakuTreba
iqneba is, romelsac dRes flobs. diasamiZe am mxriv iSviaTi
gamonaklisia.
2. 40-iani wlebis dasawyisSi goris mazraSive Tavadebma
elizbar da dimitri erisTovebma sakuTar mamulSi SuSis qa-
rxana aaSenes. isini ucdomeli angariSiT xelmZRvanelobd-
nen _ amierkavkasiaSi SuSis warmoeba ar arsebobs da, Ses-
abamisad, SeuZlebelia es saqme warmatebuli ar iyoso. am
wamowyebas Seswires maT mTeli TavianTi SeZleba, Sroma,
dro, realuri da savsebiT damsaxurebuli samsaxurebrivi
perspeqtiva da saqme bolomde miiyvanes. es qarxana dResac
arsebobs. rogorc qarxnis mSeneblobis, ise produqciis ga-
saRebis gzebisa da saSualebebis Ziebisas Tavadma erisTove-
bma mtkiced da Seupovrad ibrZoles mravali dabrkolebisa
Tu sirTulis dasaZlevad.
magram rasac gauZles erisTovebma, imas sxva ver gauZlebs
da maTi saqme arc am SemTxvevaSi gamoadgebaT sxvebs magal-
iTad.
28
3. 40-ian wlebSive maZiebeli Wkuis Tavadma solomon gur-
geniZem Tavi mouyara cnobebs meurneobis gaumjobesebis
Sesaxeb da Tavis mamulSi meRvineobas, meabreSumeobasa da
meTambaqoeobas mihyo xeli. dawyebuli saqmis masStabi aRe-
mateboda Tavad gurgeniZis SeZlebas. im angariSiT, rom rac
metia Tanxa, miT ufro advilia saqmis warmatebiT dagvirg-
vineba, Tavadma gurgeniZem `prikazidan~ vadiani sesxi aiRo.6
pirveli ori weliwadi mas marTlac warmatebas uqadda, ma-
gram axalCayrili venaxi da TuTis xeebi xarjs or weliwad-
Si ver aanazRaurebs. amas isic davumatoT, rom am wamowyeb-
is mimarT mezoblebi imTaviTve cudad ganewyvnen, arc sxva
vinme gamoCnda xelis gammarTavi da Tavadi gurgeniZe daiR-
upa _ mTeli Tavisi sarCo-sabadebeli dakarga.
Zneli warmosadgenia, axlo momavalSi vinmem mibaZos Tav-
ad gurgeniZis TavisTavad qebis Rirs ganzraxvas. da es imi-
tom, rom, veWvob, vinmes gaazrebuli hqondes misi gaCanageb-
is namdvili mizezi. namdvili mizezi ki `prikazidan~ sesxis
gacemis maSindel da axlandel pirobebs Soris gansxvaveba-
Si unda veZeboT. maSin `prikazs~ erTi pirisTvis SeeZlo mie-
ca sesxi mxolod 3 wliT da ara umetes 3 500 maneTisa. xolo
axali meurneobis ase swrafad gamarTva da, Sesabamisad, va-
lis daTqmul vadaSi gadaxda uaRresad Znelia, miT ufro,
aqauri memamuleebisaTvis.
dRes aseTi ram aRar moxdeba imdenad, ramdenadac sesxis
moculoba amJamad dagiravebuli qonebis RirebulebiT gan-
isazRvreba da sesxis dafarvis vadac 37 wlamdea gazrdili.
magram Tavad gurgeniZis gakotrebam sxvebze iseTi STabe-
Wdileba iqonia, rom aseTi wamowyeba xalxSi ukve ugunure-
bad iTvleba.
4. Tavadma giorgi amilaxvarovma, Zveli droebis adamian-
ma, miuxedavad garkveuli SiSisa, gadawyvita daejerebina
Cveni `sazogadoebis~ rCevebisaTvis da mebostneobisaTvis
mieyo xeli. `sazogadoebis~ mier micemuli TesliT man didi
29
raodenobiT moiyvana CvenSi im droisaTvis uCveulo bost-
neuli _ yvavilovani da briuselis kombosto. man da misma
swavlulma mebaRem, romlis samsaxurze gaweuli xarji, sx-
vaTa Soris, arc ise mcire iyo, warmogvidgines nimuSebi da
Cvenganac sakmaod rigiani wamaxalisebeli premiebi daimsax-
ures. premia maSin CvenSi bostneuliT movaWre frang lui
Saronsac mieca imis miuxedavad, rom Sarons Tavisi bost-
neulisTvis cecxlis fasi hqonda dadebuli _ iyo myidveli
da iyideboda.
magram amilaxvarovis sabostne meurneoba mdebareobda
ara aq, aramed goris maxloblad. iq kombostos moyvarulebi
ar aRmoCndnen, mosavlis TbilisSi Camotana ki sakmaod Zne-
li iyo. Tavad amilaxvarovs hqonda saTanado neba, sakuTar
TavSi siaxleebis SiSi daeZlia, magram misi es neba pirve-
live warumateblobis Semdeg daimsxvra. darwmunda ra, rom
mis mier moyvanili mSvenieri kombosto aRaravis sWirdebo-
da da oxrad unda darCeniliyo, man Tavis sabostneSi kameCis
naxiri SeuSva da briuselis SesaniSnavi sabostne meurneo-
bisagan oTaraSenSi sevdis aRmZvreli mogonebaRa darCa.
5. Cveni `sazogadoebis~ rCevebiTa da wamaxalisebeli
RonisZiebebiT gatacebulma Tavadma d. v. orbelianma Tavis
borCalos mamulSi, iq, sadac mosavliani puris yanebi hqon-
da, meTambaqoeobas mohkida xeli. Cvenc xeli gavumarTeT
amerikuli Tambaqos saukeTeso jiSebis TesliTa da swav-
luli meTambaqoec mivamagreT. Tavadma dimitri orbelian-
ma, romelsac CvenSi erT-erTi saukeTeso meurneoba hqonda,
sami wlis ganmavlobaSi am axal saqmes Seswira Tavisi dro
da mamulidan miRebuli mTeli Semosavali. mosavali uxvi
da xarisxiani movida, magram gasaRebas pirveli ori wlis
ganmavlobaSi xelisuflebis energiuli daxmareba dasWir-
da. mesame wels Tavadi gasaRebis mxriv SemaSfoTebel dab-
rkolebebs waawyda _ am wlis mosavali sardafebSi daulpa
da misi Cinebulad mowyobili meurneobis saqme ise wari-
30
marTa, rom Tavadi orbeliani sabolood isev mamapapur xv-
na-Tesvas daubrunda.
aris, rasakvirvelia, SemTxvevebi, roca calkeuli kerZo
wamowyebebi ase savalalod ar dasrulebula. davasaxeleb
ramdenime magaliTs: b-ni mari da Tavadi m. erisTovi guria-
Si; Tavadi n. CijavaZe da l. qorqaSvili imereTSi; Tavadebi
i. k. bagration-muxranski, g. r. erisTovi, k. m. erisTovi, r.
i. erisTovi, T. z. guramovi qarTlSi; s. i. andronikovi, d. i.
abxazovi kaxeTSi; l. i. meliqovi, orbelianovTagan zogier-
Ti da a. e. gurginbekovi somxiTSi. eseni da kidev ara erTi
da ori ganuwyvetliv aumjobeseben sakuTar meurneobebs
imdenad, ramdenadac ki es SeuZliaT iseT pirebs, imavdrou-
lad saxelmwifo samsaxurSic rom dganan.
aseTi calkeuli pirebi qebas, daxmarebasa da waxalisebas
imitomac imsaxureben, rom isini Cven mier dasaxelebuli
magaliTebiT gamowveuli fsiqologiuri wnexis qveS imyofe-
bian. maTs magaliTs jer kidev ar SeuZlia qarTvel memamu-
leebSi aRmofxvras iseTi Tvisebebi, rogorebicaa: uyaira-
Toba, uzrunveloba da ugergiloba sameurneo saqmeebSi.
vadastureb baron aleqsandre pavles Ze nikolais azrs
imis Sesaxeb, rom zogadad aqauri memamuleebi sulac ara
varT Tavisufalni CamoTvlili Tvisebebisagan.7 vambob
amas, rogorc wevri `sazogadoebisa~ da adamiani, romelsac
viTarebis Zirfesvianad Secvla surs.
imeds vitoveb, keTilganwyobiT moismenT Cemgan, rogorc
qarTvelisagan, mosazrebebs imis Sesaxeb, Tu ra garemoebebi
unda iqnes gaTvaliswinebuli manam, sanam qarTvel memamu-
leebs zemoT naxseneb mankier TvisebaTa gamo samarTliano-
bis saxeliT davdebT msjavrs.
mizez-Sedegobriobis gardauvali kanonis mixedviTa da
qarTveli xalxis cxovrebis Taviseburebebidan gamomdin-
are, CvenSi unda Camoyalibebuliyo iseTi viTareba, romel-
ic arafriT xels ar uwyobs meurneobis ganviTarebas. sauku-
31
neTa ganmavlobaSi cxovrebis mxolod da mxolod samxedro
wesiT vcxovrobdiT da, SeuZlebelia, aseT viTarebaSi ar
SegveZina iseTi Tvisebebi, ucxo rom aris _ yovel SemTxveva-
Si, xelis SemSleli maincaa _ mSvidobiani sameurneo Sromi-
saTvis. Cveni mTavari saqme rwmenisa da samSoblos mtrebis
winaaRmdeg gaCaRebuli samkvdro-sasicocxlo brZola iyo.
qarTveli memamule pirvel rigSi meomari iyo. meomars ki
simamace da guluxvoba, zogjer mflangvelobac, moeTxove-
boda da ara _ momWirneoba da angariSianoba meurneobaSi,
romlisTvisac is isedac ver moiclida. brZolis velidan
Sinisaken momavali, igi, rasakvirvelia, Tvals ki gadaavleb-
da Tavis vel-mindvrebs, magram mxolod imisTvis, rom miwis
muSakebisTvis an qebis sityvebi eTqva, an alafidan raime
eCuqebina. cxen-iaraRs rom iyo gadayolili, es gardauva-
li aucileblobiT iyo nakarnaxevi da TavisTavad iwvevda
meurneobisadmi mis gulgrilobas, ojaxur cxovrebaSi ki
igi mcirediTac kmayofildeboda.
mravali Taobis mier gamomuSavebuli cxovrebis wesis
gardaqmna Cveni mamebis TaobaSi daiwyo da igi praqtikuli
meurneobis gaumjobesebisaken ki ara, axali ideebisa da az-
rovnebis Camoyalibebisken iyo mimarTuli. gaCnda survili,
gvemsaxura im xelisuflebisaTvis, romelmac Cvenc gadag-
varCina safrTxeebisagan da Cveni rwmenac ixsna; saxelmwi-
fo samsaxurSi yofnas ki, Tavis mxriv, is Sedegi moaqvs, rom
meurneobis gaumjobesebisaTvis dro aRar rCeba.
ase rom, Tu gvinda samarTlianebi viyoT, pirveli rigSi,
Tavi unda davaneboT adamianebis gamtyunebas im sisusteebis
gamo, romlebic obieqturi garemoebebiTaa ganpirobebuli
da romelTagan gaTavisufleba maT ise surT, rogorc avad-
myofs surs mZime sneulebisagan gankurneba. avadmyofi ki
ver ganikurneba, Tu mas mkurnalobis nacvlad ganuwyvetliv
imas SevaxsenebT, rom igi avadaa.
me aq kidev erTxel daveTanxmebi Sexedulebebs, ga-
32
moTqmuls baron aleqsandre pavles Zis mier da, mowyaleo
batonebo, Tqveni keTilganwyobili yuradRebiT borotad
rom ar visargeblo, Cemi moxsenebis dasasruls pirdapir
SemogTavazebT Semdeg winadadebebs:
1. Cveni momavali moqmedebebi unda daviwyoT aqaur sof-
lis meurneobaSi Seqmnili viTarebisa da aqauri pirobebis
Zirfesviani SeswavliT.
2. amgvari SeswavlisaTvis saWiro programis Sesad-
genad da saTanado saSualebebis SesamuSaveblad, agreTve,
mopovebuli informaciis sistematizaciis mizniT `sa-
zogadoebasTan~ unda davaarsoT specialistebisagan da-
kompleqtebuli sagangebo komiteti da SesaZleblobebis
farglebSi gamovyoT am saqmisaTvis saWiro fuladi saxsre-
bi.
3. am pirveli rigis amocanebis paralelurad kvlav gav-
agrZeloT zrunva meurneobis mTavari dargebis ganviTare-
baze, Tumca es ukanaskneli mainc meore rigis amocanad unda
davsaxoT, xolo yuradReba ZiriTadad zemoxsenebuli wina-
dadebebis ganxorcielebaze unda iqnes gamaxvilebuli. mo-
qmedebis Semdgomi gegmebi muSaobis procesSi TavisTavad
gamoCndeba.
4. sagangebo komitets muSaobis dasawyebad unda gadaeces
rogorc baron a. p. nikolais mier aq wakiTxuli moxseneba,
ise Cemi winadadebebi, agreTve, analogiuri winadadebebi,
romlebic `sazogadoebis~ sabWoSi Setanilia f. f. bobile-
vis mier8 da romelTa wakiTxva drois simciris gamo aq ver
moxerxda.
darwmunebuli var, SemoTavazebuli RonisZiebebi dagvay-
enebs Cveni miznebis ganxorcielebis arcTu mokle, magram
swor gzaze.
[dekemberi. 1856]
33
kavkasiaSi marTlmadideblobis
aRdgenisaTvis
xelmwife-imperatoris umaRlesi gankargulebiTa1 da im-

peratrica maria aleqsandres asulis mfarvelobiT TbilisSi
arsdeba `kavkasiaSi qristianobis aRmdgeneli sazogadoeba~.
`sazogadoebis~ namdvili wevri gaxdeba is, vinc `sazoga-
doebis~ wesdebiT dadgenil sawevro gadasaxads Seitans.
wevrebisaTvis iqmneba 4 sxvadasxva xarisxis specialuri
samkerde niSani. niSnis xarisxi ganisazRvreba yovelwli-
uri sawevro Senatanis odenobiT.
ase da amgvarad, `sazogadoebis~ wevrebs axla ukve ara da-
farulad, aramed RvTisa da kacTa winaSe Riad da daufaravad
SeuZliaT emsaxuron qristianul-marTlmadideblur sjuls.
kavkasiis araerT nawilSi marTlmadidebloba arsebobda
da arsebobs mociqulTa droidan.
saqarTvelo mravali saukunis ganmavlobaSi iyo sisxliani
movlenebis arena, magram jer kidev andria pirvelwodebu-
lis, Semdeg ki _ IV saukuneSi _ mociqulTa sworis, wm. ninos,
mier naqadagebma rwmenam SeinarCuna Tavisi xelSeuxebeli
siwminde. mimdinare aswleulis dasawyisSi qveynis marTva
gadaeca ruseTis xelmwifes, misi mfarvelobis qveS moeqca
marTlmadidebluri siwmindisa da WeSmaritebis damcveli
qarTuli eklesiac. magram im mxareebSi, romlebic rusuli
mmarTvelobis damkvidrebamde moswyda saqarTvelos same-
fos, qristianoba bundovani mogonebebis an zogierTi da-
maxinjebuli wes-Cveulebis saxiT aris SemorCenili.
34
adrindeli qristianuli rwmenis utyv mowmeebad kavkasi-
is mTebsa Tu xeobebSi dResac dgas taZrebi, eklesia-monas-
trebi, jvrebi.
saqarTvelos samefos SeerTebiT ruseTma orgvari pasux-
ismgebloba itvirTa: daicvas wminda sjuli saqarTveloSi
da aRadginos marTlmadidebluri rwmena iq, sadac igi Ser-
yeulia.
saqarTveloSi sisxlis zRvaa daRvrili rwmenis gadasar-
Cenad. dRes Cveni samociqulo eklesia daculia safrTxeebi-
sagan, magram es ar aris sakmarisi _ Cven Cveni eklesiis wiaRs
dakarguli Svilebi unda davubrunoT.
da es unda gavakeToT ara ngreviT, ganadgurebiT, erT xelSi
cecxliTa da meoreSi maxviliT, aramed win unda wavimZRvaroT
qristes moZRvreba, saxarebiseuli siyvaruli da lmobiereba.
salocavi qoxebis ageba ki ara, aramed mitovebuli
eklesiebis aRdgena, axali taZrebis aRmarTva, eklesiaTa
Semkoba-gamSveniereba, mrevlisTvis Rirseul mRvdelmsax-
urTa mivlineba, saeklesio wignebis adgilobriv enebze
Targmna, mozardebisaTvis samrevlo skolebis daarseba _ es
RonisZiebebi migviyvans wminda mizanTan, raTa gandgomil-
ma sulierma Svilebma RvTis taZrebSi aRavlinon: `viTar
sayuarel arian sayofelni Senni, ufalo ZalTao!.. virCie me
mivrdomad saxlsa RmrTisasa, ufrois vidreRa ara damkuid-
rebad sayofelsa codvilTasa~.2
radgan rwmena saqmis gareSe mkvdaria, ai, dasaxulia is
wminda mizani, romlis ganxorcielebiTac davamtkicebT _
sarwmunoeba Cveni cocxalia da cxovelmyofeli.
mSobliuri marTlmadidebeli eklesiis Svilebo, gavu-
wodoT daxmarebis xeli Cvens SecTomil Zmebs da RvTisagan
boZebuli monagebidan gaviRoT garkveuli wili qristes si-
yvaruliT gamsWvaluli saqmis sasargeblod.
[1860]
35
sazogadoobisa da qveynis
momavlisaTvis
Cvenma ymebma Tavisufleba miiRes; _ imaTis samsaxuris

magierad Cven gveZleva _ xelmwifis siuxveTagan fuli.1
samarTliT da winaT-mxedvelobis valdebulebiT rigi
iqneboda, rom es fuli sulerTianad, an umetesi nawili
mainc, Sesanaxavad gadagvedva Cvenis Svilebisa da memkv-
idreebisaTvis.
magram ityvian romelnime, am Jamad TviTan Cven gviWirs
saqmeo da amasTan kanonic xom gvaZlevs nebasa, Cveni saku-
Treba rogorc gvinda, ise movixmaroTo da Cvens STamomav-
lobas rom ara daugdoTra, vis ra dava aqvso.
diaR marTali da diaR safuZvliani iqneba es sityva; _ ma-
gram CvenSi me iseTi Svilebis patroni mama aravin megule-
ba, rom am sityvas daadges da SvilebisaTvis sul aRar iz-
runos; _ arc ara vin uSvilo meguleba iseTi, rom ityodes,
me kargaT viyo da qveyana wyalsamc wauRiao. _
amisgamo ara imaT, aramed yovelTave Tavad-aznaurT mog-
marTavT Cveni sazogadoobis wevrTa, romelTac SegiZliaT
naTelis gonierebiTac cxadad dainaxoT da ganwmendil-
is guliTac kargad aswonoT, vis ra valdebuleba gaZevsT
winaSe RvTisa, an ra pasuxis gamcemni unda iyvneT Tqvenis
Svilebisa, Tqvenis sazogadoobisa da qveynis winaSe, _ Tu
dRevandeli niWi unayofod moixmareT.
me amas aras dros ar getyviT, rom rasac fuls moeliT,
sul Tqvens STamomavlobas SeunaxoT; _ ara!.. Tqven TviTan
36
didad dagWirdebaT fuli; miiReT da RvTis SewevniT moix-
mareT TqvenTvis, sakuTrad Tqvenis dRevandelis saWiroeb-
isaTvis, umetesi nawili. _ me mxolod amas girCevT, gTxovT
da gevedrebiT, rom erTi m e x u T e d i mainc gadasdvaT, sa-
kuTrad T q v e n T v i s v e saxvaliod, da Tqvenis Svilebisa,
Svilis-Svilebisa da uSoresis STamomavlobisaTvis.
aqedam ai ra Sesdgeba: Tavni dadgeba ocda aTi an ormoci
aTasi Tumani, an ase iTqvas, _ 300 aTasi an 400 aTasi rubli. am
fuliT SeiZleba da kanonic gvaZlevs nebasa, rom sakuTrad
Cveni saerTo, saTavad-aznauro banki gaixsnas.
xom darwmunebulni bZandebiT yovelnive, rom rac axla
fuli gveZleva, diaR male gagviqreba xelSi, da rac ufro
male Semogveleva, ise ufro adre sxva axali gaWirveba dag-
vadgeba, da, vin icis, iqneba ufro Zneli da ufro ukiduri
gaWirvebac gagviCndes.
sxvagan Txovnasa da fulis gamsesxeblebis mimarTvasa is
ar emjobinebaa? ufro sasargeblo ar iqnebaa? rom saWiro
fuli Cvenis sakuTaris bankidam gagvqondes? metadre maSin,
rodesac daweseba sargeblis raodenobisaca da valis gard-
axdis rigisaca Cvenzedve aris damokidebuli, rom rogorc
saerTo TanxmobiT vamjobinebT, ise davawyoT?
axla Tu vali gvmarTebs visime, xom uzomod hmatulobs es
vali; _ prikazis vali Tu drozed ver Segvaqvs,2 dagirave-
buli mamuli xom gveyideba da saukunod gvekargeba. _ ra
dagviSlis, rom Cvens banks iseTi sargebeli dauwesoT, rom
CvenTvis sasargeblo iyos? ra dagviSlis iseTi kanonebi
daudginoT, rom Cvens bankSi Setanili mamuli ki ar gveyide-
bodes, droebiTad Sevidodes xolme bankis gamgebelobaSi
manamdisin vali gaiwmindebodes, _ ase rom, visac bankis vali
emarTeba, an TviTan imas, an imis Svilsa da Svilis-Svilsa
Tavisi mamulis daxsna da gatana yovelTvis SeeZlebodeT?
es kidev araferi. mogexsenebaT, rom bankSiac Zalian
hmatulobs fuli, metadre maSin, Tu fulis patronebmac
37
sasargeblod dainaxes am bankSi Setana Tavisis fulebisa. _
SesaZlebelia, rom rvas, aTs, Tu TxuTmets weliwads erTi
orad iqces Cveni abazi, erTi samad. an maSin ra dagviSlis,
rom ukanve gavitanoT es dRevandeli Cveni abazi, Tu mainca
da mainc movindomeT gatana, _ an ase vhsTqvaT, _ Tu ver gam-
ovimeteT es erTi abazi, rom samudamod iq iyos da imuSaos
Cvenis Svilebisa da STamomavlobisaTvis. _
samudamod gavbedavT maneTidam abazis gadadebasa, Tu mx-
olod droebiT SevitanT Cvens bankSi, _ amiT orsave SemTx-
vevaSi iseTs wyaros aRmovaCenT, rom T v i T a n C v e nc
gamogvqondes iqidam xelis gasamarTavi saSualoba cxovre-
bisa da Cvenis STamomavlobisaTvisac mouwyvetelad idinos
am wyarom.
da Tu bankis Semosavlisa romelime nawili Cvenis Svileb-
isa da STamomavlobis aRsazrdelad gadavsdeT, _ maSin, _
gTxovT kargad daufiqrdeT amasa, raodenad SeimsubuqebT
Tqvens mamobrivs valdebulebasa da raodenad xels moumar-
TavT mrTelis sazogadoobis ganaTlebasa!! xom kargad iciT,
rom dReidam ganaTlebaRa aris Cveni fexzed damayenebeli
imedi!
nu asCqardebiT uaris saTqmelad; aCqareba mxolod keTi-
lis saqmisaTvis aris kargi, _ da aq Tu uari warmosTqviT,
gamotexili unda vhsTqva, rom iseTi cudi saqme dagvemarTe-
ba yovelTave, rom gamokeTeba aRaras dros ar SeiZlebodes.
rogorc Tqvens Rirsebas Seeferebodes, ise ifiqreT axla.
mere, am cotas xanSi erTad SeviyrebiT da erTad varCioT.
9 noemberi 1864.
tfilisi
38
isev `moskovskie vedomostis~
194-e nomerSi gamoqveynebuli
mowinave statiis gamo
sagazeTo centrebidan amierkavkasiis teritoriuli siS-

ore seriozuli mizezia imisa, rom [centralur] gazeTebSi
gamoqveynebuli cnobebi CvenTan gvian aRwevs, xolo sofleb-
Si mcxovrebTaTvis amgvari cnobebis droze miReba kidev
ufro gaZnelebulia. ase, magaliTad, 15 ivliss gamosuli
`moskovskie vedomostis~ 154-e nomerma Cemamde mxolod se-
qtembris bolos moaRwia. maSinve kalams movkide xeli, raTa
b-ni katkovisTvis presis meSveobiT gulwrfeli madloba
gamomecxadebina misi im keTilsindisieri, keTilSobiluri
da savsebiT swor poziciaze dafuZnebuli gamoxmaurebis
gamo, romliTac man `kolokolSi~ gamoqveynebul vinme Рио-
Нели-s statias upasuxa.1 Tumca imis survilic mqonda, iqve
gameqarwylebina b-ni katkovis azri CvenSi raRac sabediswe-
ro gaugebrobaTa arsebobis Sesaxeb. magram Semdeg Cemi es
keTilganwyoba Seicvala da davdeqi sul sxva aucileblobis
winaSe, kerZod, madlobis nacvlad saswrafod unda mivyo
xeli darRveuli WeSmaritebis aRdgenas; im WeSmaritebisa,
romelic `moskovskie vedomostis~ korespondentTa mier
sastikadaa Seuracxyofili gazeTis 194-e (5 seqtembris) no-
merSi.
gadavcem ra presas am Cems statias gamosaqveyneblad,
aqve davsZen, rom statiis uSualo adresati b-ni katkovia.2
amasTan, gamovTqvam rwmenas, rom b-ni katkovi, rogorc keT-
39
ilsindisieri, dafasebuli da popularuli publicisti,
gamomiwvdis xels da damexmareba WeSmaritebis aRdgenaSi.
Tqvens gamocemas bevri kiTxulobs da amitom Jurnalist-
Ta Soris mtrebic cota ara gyavT. ratom aZlevT maT xel-
Si im iaraRs, romelsac Tqvens winaaRmdegve gamoiyeneben?
Tqven da Tqvens gazeTs bralad gdeben SexedulebaTa Tu
mimarTulebis araTanamimdevrulobas da, TiTqos maTs wis-
qvilze wylis dasasxmelad, 194-e nomerSi aqveynebT iseT
Sexedulebebs, romlebic srul winaaRmdegobaSia `koloko-
lis~ statiis Tqveneul, 154-e nomerSi gamoqveynebul, dasa-
buTebul kritikasTan.
erTma azrma adgili unda dauTmos meore, ufro dasab-
uTebul, azrs. es sakamaTo ar aris. Tqvens korespondenciebSi
Camoyalibebul adrindel da axlandel Sexedulebebs Soris
araferia _ ukacravad ki var, magram srulebiT araferia
_ saerTo. erTaderTi, rac maT erTmaneTTan akavSirebs, es
aris survili, nebismier fasad dasabuTdes, TiTqos amier-
kavkasiaSi Cans raRac saxifaTo politikuri miswrafebebi,
TiTqos ZlivZlivobiT xerxdeba kanonieri wyobilebis mi-
marT aqaurTa antagonisturi damokidebulebis Sekaveba.
swored amas amtkicebda `kolokolSi~ `Рио-Нели~.
rac Seexeba TbilisSi 27 da 28 ivniss ganviTarebul mov-
lenebs, es saqme ukve gamoZiebulia da xelisuflebisTvisaa
gadacemuli msjavris gamosatanad, me ki, CemdaTavad, Semi-
Zlia presas vamcno ori ram:
pirveli _ Tbilisel moqalaqeTa da amqarTa Soris arc
erTs jibeSi jayvac ki ar sdebia. es danamdvilebiT asea. am-
itomac mtkiceba, TiTqos maT tansacmlis qveS iaraRi hqon-
daT damaluli, principulad ar aris swori.
meore _ zustad aseTi, magram gacilebiT ufro mSvido-
bianad dasrulebuli SemTxvevebi TbilisSi adrec momx-
dara: 1829, 1830, 1853 wlebSi. viyavi ra maTi TviTmxilveli,
darwmunebiT vambob, rom am SemTxvevebidan arc erTs ara-
40
viTari politikuri safuZveli ara hqonia, aravis azradac
ar mosvlia xelisuflebis kursTan dapirispireba, araTu
aravin daRupula, saerTod aravis araferi gaunadgurebia,
ufro metic _ kapikis zaralic ki aravis ganucdia, Tu ar
CavTvliT erTi kerZo piris saxlSi Camsxvreul SuSebs da am
SemTxvevaSic mizezi is iyo, rom am piriT missave wreSi iyv-
nen ukmayofiloni.
maS, ratom dasrulda wlevandeli ivnisis SemTxveva sx-
vagvarad? es kanoniT gaTvaliswinebuli gamoZiebiT unda
dadgindes. magram ra SedegiTac ar unda dasruldes es ga-
moZieba, Tavs uflebas mivcem ganvacxado: imedia, rom ara-
vin, arc aqauri mkvidrni, arc is rusebi, romlebic kargad
gvicnoben da aseTebi, samwuxarod, saerTo raodenobis
mcire nawilia, ar uaryofen Cems sityvebs, rom _ SemiZlia
es Tamamad vTqva aqauri qristianuli mosaxleobis Sesaxeb _
SeuZlebelia eWvis Setana xelmwife-imperatorisa da arse-
buli xelisuflebisadmi mkvidri mosaxleobis erTgulebasa
da morCilebaSi.
aqaur mosaxleobaSi Zieba axali ideebisa, nacionalis-
turi an sxva saxis iseTi politikuri miswrafebebisa, rom-
lebic ewinaaRmdegeba xelisuflebis mier gansazRvrul
kurss, niSnavs _ RvTis gulisaTvis, nu damZraxavT, rom ar
SemiZlia, Cemi buneba ar maZlevs nebas, Tavi Sevikavo aseTi
Sedarebisagan _ daemsgavso qmars, romelsac eWvi epareba
Tavisi RvTismosavi meuRlis erTgulebaSi da ara marto
eWvi epareba, aramed lanZRavs da aginebs kidevac mas am cod-
viliani saqcielis gamo. sinamdvileSi ki, RmerTia mowame,
coli sruliad udanaSauloa. sakiTxavi es aris: ramdenad
keTilgonivrulia am kacis saqcieli?
statiaSi braldebis samizned quTaiseli bavSvebi giqce-
viaT. am braldebas gayalbebuli faqti udevs safuZvlad.
gancxadeba, romelzec statiaSia laparaki, ekuTvniT ara
gimnaziis mowafeebs, aramed igi ekuTvnis erT-erT maswav-
41
lebels. am ukanasknelma ki mizanSewonilad CaTvala, dabal
klasebSi sagnebi mxolod qarTul enaze eswavlebina manam,
sanam bavSvebi imdenad ar daeuflebodnen rusul enas, rom
ukve am enaze SeZlebdnen swavlis gagrZelebas. TavisTavad
swavlebis es meTodi SeiZleba sadavo iyos, amas ar gamo-
vricxav, magram es yvelaferi miawero bavSvebs da amis gamo
maT brali dasdo _ dafaruli politikuri miznebi gamoZ-
ravebTo, xom ar niSnavs imas, rom bavSvebs Tvali auxilo
iseT rameze, razec warmodgena ara aqvT da amiT isini dan-
aSaulis Casadenad moamzado? savsebiT veTanxmebi im azrs,
rom am SemTxvevaSi aseT winaswarganzraxulebasTan da, Ses-
abamisad, arakeTilsindisierebasTan saqme ara gvaqvs, Tumca
saxezea utaqtoba, windauxedaoba.
TbilisSi ganviTarebul zemoxsenebul movlenebTan da-
kavSirebiT Tqvens statiaSi gamoTqmulia varaudi polo-
nelTa raRac xelmZRvaneli rolis Sesaxeb. dagvdeT pativi
da erTi gvibrZaneT, ra saerTo SeiZleba iyos Cvens xalxsa
da polonelebs Soris? ra Sexeba SeiZleba arsebobdes Cvens
interesebs Soris? eWvi ar mepareba, Tqven TviTonve sisule-
led migaCniaT gavrcelebuli xmebi, TiTqos aqaur somexTa
mtkicebiT, maT da polonelebs monaTesave warmomavloba
akavSirebT. ar Rirs, saxeli `napoleoni~ Tqveni korespond-
entebis SeSfoTebis sagnad iqces. Cven marTlac vicnobT or
napoleons: erTs es saxeli 30 wlis win daarqves _ mamamisi
gamoCenili mxedarTmTavrebis sagmiro saqmeebs kiTxulobda
da gadawyvita, Tavisi ZisaTvis daerqmia an scipioni, an na-
poleoni, sabolood ki es ukanaskneli SearCia. meore SemTx-
veva: mamam SeamCnia axalSobilis msgavseba sakuTar saxlSi
kedelze Camokidebul napoleon I-is portretTan, amitomac
adga da Svils napoleoni daarqva.
rogorc xedavT, es faqtic damaxinjebulad mogawodes.
Tqveni statia bRalavs Tavad voroncovis maRal saxels.
voroncovi erTob sapatio adgils daiWers amierkavkasiis
42
istoriaSi. adgilobrivi mosaxleobis xsovnidan mis damsax-
urebaTa Soris arc es damsaxureba warixoceba: amierkavka-
siaSi mis Camosvlamde adgilobriv rus CinovnikTa umeteso-
bis piriT naTqvam `tuzemecs~ salanZRavi sityvis elferi
dahkravda3 da aman Cvensa da maTs Soris advilad SesamCne-
vi gaucxoeba warmoSva. Tavadi voroncovi iRvwoda Cveni
daaxloebisaTvis, Cven Soris urTierTndobisa da keTilgan-
wyobis damyarebisaTvis, Tumca am saqmeSi xuT-eqvskaciani qa-
rTvelTmoZule àmxanagobisagan~ farul winaaRmdegobasac
awydeboda. am da msgavsi ambebis gaxseneba damaRonebelia
iseve, rogorc damaRonebelia adamianis naturisaTvis da-
maxasiaTebeli gadaxrebi.
Tqveni statia Seuracxyofs agreTve `kavkasiaSi qris-
tianobis aRmdgenel sazogadoebas~, brals sdebs ra am
`sazogadoebas~ imaSi, rom igi samurzayanoelebs, anu
`samurzayanoel afxazebs~, rogorc Tqven maT uwodebT,
wera-kiTxvas qarTulad aswavlis. neba miboZeT, rogorc
`qristianobis aRmdgeneli sazogadoebisaTvis~, samwux-
arod, gareSe pirma, ara piradad Tqveni, aramed Tqveni ko-
respondentebis misamarTiT erTi aseTi kiTxva davsva: saer-
Tod iciT ki, ras warmoadgens samurzayano da ra xalxia
samurzayanoelebi?
iyo arcTu didi xnis win anCabaZe an SarvaSiZe, zustad
aRar maxsovs, wminda qarTuli warmomavlobis gvaris Tav-
adi. es murzayani iyo mflobeli samegrelosa da afxazeTs
Soris mdebare SavizRvispira miwa-wylisa. qarTuli sity-
vaTwarmoebis mixedviT, murzayanis samflobelom miiRo
samurzayanos saxelwodeba,4 iseve, rogorc erisTovebis,
yaflaniSvilebis (orbelianovebis), cicianovebis, bara-
Tovebis, amilaxvarovebisa da a. S. samflobeloebs uwodeben:
saerisTavos, sayaflaniSvilos, sacicianos, sabaraTianos,
saamilaxvrosa da a. S.; imave wesiT, Tqven aq adgil-mamuli
rom gqondeT, mas qarTulad sakatkovo daerqmeoda.
43
axla davsvaT kiTxva: vin arian samurzayanoelebi?
isini megrelebi arian, Tumca SeiZleba asec iTqvas: isini
megrelebi ki ar arian, ramdenadac es mxare samegreloSi ar
Sedis; arc afxazebi arian, ramdenadac es mxare afxazeTSi ar
Sedis; isini, martivad rom vTqvaT, arian samurzayanoelebi,
radganac samurzayanos olqSi (an kidev: saboqauloSi) cxov-
roben. feSenis ena _ ena modisa maTTvis afxazuria, samwerlo-
bo ena qarTulia, saerTo-saxalxo da saSinao ena ki _ megruli.
ras warmoadgens megruli ena? esaa met-naklebad TavisTa-
vadi patois,5 met-naklebad daSorebuli periferiuli kilo
qarTuli enisa. am enaSi, iseve rogorc samurzayanoulSi,
TiTqmis yvela fuZe, ZiriTadi gramatikuli formebi, brune-
ba, uRleba qarTulia. 1850-ian wlebSi iq iyo mcdelobebi,
RvTismsaxureba megrul enaze SemoeRoT, magram yvela es gan-
zraxuleba CaSala enis profanaciis safrTxiT gamowveulma
SiSma, radganac TxuTmet saukuneze metia marTlmadide-
bluri RvTismsaxureba iq qarTul enaze sruldeba; im enaze,
romelic zogma kargad icis, zogs ki kargad esmis. amasTan,
gakicxo qristianobis aRdgenis mizniT samurzayanoelTa
Soris qarTuli wera-kiTxvis swavleba, xom ar niSnavs imas,
rom Tqvens korespondentebs samurzayanoelebi SafsuRebsa
Tu webeldelebSi eSlebaT?
Tuki `qristianobis aRmdgeneli sazogadoebis~ mizani
isaa, rom aRmofxvras yovelive adgilobrivi, rac xels Seu-
wyobs qristianobis aRdgenas da aRdgenis nacvlad gadaake-
Tos da arsebiTad Secvalos yvelaferi: adamianebi, maTi ena,
maTi damwerloba, maSin samurzayanoelebisaTvis qarTuli
wera-kiTxvis swavleba marTlac mkacri gakicxvis Rirsi
iqneboda. magram gana marTlac asea saqme? saWiroa ki RvTi-
sadmi locva-vedreba maincadamainc romelime winaswargan-
zraxul enaze aRevlinos, Tu iqneb sulerTia, romel enaze
aRevlineba, oRond mlocvels unda esmodes locvis ena da
azri? ver davmalav: CemdaTavad ucnaurad meCveneba Cvens
44
droSi sakiTxis ase dasmac ki _ es didi anaqronizmia!6
axla imis Sesaxeb, rac piradad me mexeba. Tumca esecaa:
miWirs vipovo urTierTkavSiri, erTi mxriv, qarTuli enis
uflebis dacvasTan samurzayanoelebTan mimarTebiT an
piriqiT, da, meore mxriv, Cems uflebasTan _ viwodebode
qarTveli Tavadaznaurobis winamZRolad. pirdapir ga-
mowveuli var saTanado axsna-ganmartebebisaTvis da am ga-
mowvevas madlierebiT vRebulob, radganac amiT saSualeba
meZleva, presis meSveobiT daufaravad gamovxato grZno-
ba-ganwyobilebebi rogorc piradad Cemi, ise im sazogadoe-
brivi fenisa, romelsac amJamad warmovadgen.
amis Semdeg publicistikas, wesiT, ar unda gauWirdes,
gaerkves sakiTxis garSemo gamoTqmul or, erTmaneTisagan
ukiduresad gansxvavebul, TvalsazrisSi.
manamde ki, neba miboZeT, Tqveni korespondentis teqstSi
erTi Sesworeba Sevitano. igi ambobs, rom me Tavs uflebas
vaZlev, sakuTari tituli ase movixsenio _ qarTveli Ta-
vadaznaurobis winamZRoli. es mTlad ase ar aris. me Cems
tituls yovelTvis movixsenieb ise, rogorc is oficialu-
radaa formulirebuli _ Tbilisis guberniis Tavadaznau-
robis winamZRoli. is ki sworia, rom, rodesac vlaparakob
im wodebaze, romelsac warmovadgen an kidev rames vwer am
wodebis Sesaxeb, me mas vuwodeb qarTuls. saamisod me ori
mizezi gamaCnia:
1. Tbilisis guberniaSi arCevnebSi monawileoben pirebi,
romlebsac damtkicebuli aqvT Tavadis an aznauris wode-
brivi Rirseba; damtkicebis saqme ki ZiriTadad eyrdnoba:
a) TavadTa da aznaurTa im qarTuli gvareulobebis sias,
romelic darTuli aqvs erekle mefisa da imperator eka-
terines mier xelmoweril 1783 wlis traqtats, da b) 1801
wlis uzenaes manifestebs, romlebiTac ganisazRvra saqarT-
velos nebayoflobiTi SeerTeba ruseTTan.7
Tavadaznaurobis deputatTa sakrebulos saqmeebidan
45
Cans, rom qarTvel Tavad-aznaurTa siaSi Cawerilia sami-
oTxi aq mcxovrebi iseTi rusuli gvareulobac, romelTa
warmomadgenlebic kiTxvaze, Tu romel wodebriv fenas mie-
kuTvnebian, gipasuxeben _ qarTveli Tavadaznaurobis fena-
so. Tumca, ramdenadac maxsovs, saTavadaznauro arCevnebSi
maTs arc erT warmomadgenels dRemde monawileoba ar mi-
uRia. ase da amgvarad, Tbilisis guberniis Tavadaznauro-
bis winamZRolis arCevnebSi mxolod da mxolod qarTveli
Tavadaznaurobis warmomadgenlebi monawileoben. magram
guberniaSi sxva iseTi wodebrivi fenac cxovrobs, romel-
Ta warmomadgenlebsac uzenaesi xelisuflebisagan Tav-
adaznaurobis uflebebi aqvT miniWebuli, Tumca jerjer-
obiT ar aris gamorkveuli da damtkicebuli am wodebis
calkeul wevrTa pirovnuli uflebebi; amitomac isini
winamZRolis arCevnebSi ar monawileoben da, Sesabamisad,
arCeviT Tavadaznaurul organizaciaSi warmomadgenelic
ar hyavT. es aris umaRlesi muslimuri wodebrivi fena: be-
gebi, aRalarebi, xanebis sagvareuloTa wevrebi. guberniaSi
maT ukaviaT Tbilisis mazris nawili da mTlianad _ eliza-
vetpolis mazra. miuxedavad amisa, qarTveli Tavadaznau-
robis mier arCeuli winamZRoli oficialurad mTlianad
guberniis winamZRolad iwodeba.
2. esec rom ar iyos, dRes dasavleTSi kanonieri wes-wyo-
bilebisadmi mtrulad ganwyobili nairgvari ideebisa da Te-
oriebis arsebobis pirobebSi, me Cems movaleobad mimaCnia,
da amas piradi grZnoba-ganwyobilebebic mavaldebulebs,
gamoviyeno yvela xelsayreli viTareba, raTa dabejiTebiT
ganvacxado qarTveli Tavadaznaurobis arsebobis Sesaxeb.
amasTan: a) es is Tavadaznaurobaa, romelic kanonieri wes-wyo-
bilebis dacvisaTvis ocdaorsaukunovan gmirul brZolaSia
gamowrTobili; b) es is Tavadaznaurobaa, romelsac verc
utopiurma Sexedulebebma, verc materialurma Zalebma ver
Seuryia verc qristianuli rwmena, romelsac IV saukunidan
46
aRiarebs, verc erTgulqveSevrdomoba mefisa, romelsac qa-
rTveli xalxi qristianobamdeli droidan amqveyniuri arse-
bobis sawyisad miiCnevs; g) es is Tavadaznaurobaa, romelmac
xalxTan mWidro erTobiTa da sakuTar mefesTan TanxmobiT
mniSvnelovnad Seuwyo xeli ruseTis saxelmwifoSi saqarT-
velos nebayoflobiT gaerTianebasa da CvenSi 1801 wlidan
dRemde arsebuli kanonieri wes-wyobilebis damkvidrebas.
merwmuneT, dResac ar moipoveba bunebaSi Zala, romelic
qarTvel Tavadaznaurobas Tavisi kanonieri xelmwife-im-
peratoris erTgulebis gzidan gadaaxvevinebs; d) es is Tav-
adaznaurobaa, romelsac gaazrebuli aqvs _ yvela is sikeTe,
romliTac dRes sargeblobs da momavalSic isargeblebs,
uSualod uavgustesi monarqisagan momdinareobs; e) es is
Tavadaznaurobaa, romelic emsaxureboda, emsaxureba da mo-
mavalSic msaxuri iqneba Tavisi mefisa, rogorc, magaliTad,
es iyo axlaxan damTavrebul kavkasiis omSi,8 agreTve, yvela
im omSi, romlebic gadaxdil iqna Cveni qveynisadmi mtrulad
ganwyobil mezobel saxelmwifoebTan. vinc Tvals adevnebda
am movlenebs, vinc kiTxulobda am movlenebTan dakavSire-
bul brZanebebs, relaciebs, uwyebebs, rasakvirvelia, ad-
vilad gaixsenebs _ qarTvel molaSqreTa razmebi da qarTuli
milicia9 yvelgan da yvela SemTxvevaSi moxseniebulni arian
qeba-didebiT, aRniSnulia maTi uCveulo Tavdadeba, maTi
sabrZolo simamace; da, dasasrul: v) es is Tavadaznaurobaa,
romlis imedic unda hqondes imperators da romlis wevre-
bic mudam daicaven Rirsebas im fenisas, xelmwifis samsaxurs
rom uZRvnes andronikovebi, arRuTinskebi, bagrationebi,
bebuTovebi, loris-meliqovebi, meliqovebi, orbelianovebi,
WavWavaZeebi, erisTovebi da a. S.
Tqveni korespondentis TqmiT, samxedro samsaxurSi iZu-
lebiT myofi qarTvelebis saqmeebi xelovnuradaa gazvia-
debuli da pativdebuli; sinamdvileSi ki isini xiStebis
tyeSi, yumbarebis cecxlsa da tyviebis wvimaSi sakuTari
47
sisxlis fasad ibrZodnen saxelmwifos mtrebis winaaRm-
deg. qarTveli Tavadaznaurobis wridan gamosuli oficre-
bidan an Cinovnikuri fenidan ramdens daasaxelebda Tqveni
korespondenti iseTs, romlebic an ar imsaxureben TavianT
mdgomareobas, an kidev ZaliT arian Seyvanilni saxelmwifo
samsaxurSi?
ara, mowyaleo xelmwifeo! es is Tavadaznaurobaa, romlis
rigebSic ver ipoviT iseTs, xelmwife-imperatorisaTvis
sicocxles rom daiSurebs.
erTi wuTiTac ar minda imis Tqma, rom qarTvel Tav-
adaznaurobas ara aqvs sakuTari moTxovnilebebi, ara aqvs
survili, raime iTxovos Tavisda sasikeTod. ufro piriqiT!
magram saqme isaa, rom, vTqvaT, Tu Tavadaznauroba saWirod
CaTvlis samoqalaqo cxovrebaSi ama Tu im gardaqmnas, es gar-
daqmnebi unda ganxorcieldes monarqis survilisa da gad-
awyvetilebis safuZvelze, amasTan, monarqis mierve gansaz-
Rvruli mizanSewonilobisa Tu sargeblianobis farglebSi.
qarTveli Tavadaznauroba, cxadia, uars ar ityvis xelis
gamarTvaze, Tuki amis saWiroeba Seiqmneba. aseT SemTxveva-
Si igi mimarTavs kidevac uSualod xelmwife-imperators
arsebuli wesebis Sesabamisad da im SegnebiT, rom Txovnis
dakmayofileba gaaRrmavebs monarqis mimarT Tavadaznauro-
bis erTgulqveSevrdomul grZnobas, xolo uaris Tqma imave
grZnobas iotisodenadac ki ar Searyevs.
arsebobs saukuneTa ganmavlobaSi Camoyalibebuli, sarw-
munoebisaTvis wamebulTa sisxliT ganwmendili da kanonieri
xelisuflebis erTgulebaSi gamowrTobili Tavadaznauroba
da mas qarTveli Tavadaznauroba hqvia. nuTu Tqven fiqrobT,
rom aseTi Tavadaznauroba xsenebis Rirsic ar aris?
me ki vfiqrob, rom qarTveli Tavadaznaurobis arsebo-
ba SeiZleba usiamovno iyos mxolod ruseTSi damkvidre-
buli kanonieri weswyobilebis mtrebisaTvis; mokeTeebi ki
CvenTan megobrobisa da Zmobis grZnobiT unda iyvnen Sekav-
48
Sirebulni, Sesabamisad, unda uxarodeT Cveni arseboba.
ai, wmidaTawmida simarTle Cven Sesaxeb da veranairi
tvinis Wyleta mas ver daCrdilavs. aravis awyens, icodes
es simarTle da amitomac imeds vitoveb, arc erTi keTil-
ganmzraxveli redaqcia,10 TviTon winamdebare statiis keT-
ilganmzraxveli mizandasaxulobis gamo, uars ar ityvis mis
gamoqveynebaze.
7 oqtomberi. 1865 w.
sof. qviSxeTi
49
princesa ekaterine
dadianis Sesaxeb
batono redaqtoro,
Tqveni presis Tavisuflebis mimarT pativiscemis grZno-
ba maiZulebs, vupasuxo princesa dadianis Sesaxeb Tqvensave
gazeTSi gamoqveynebul or statias. imisaTvis, rom Tqven-
ma mkiTxvelebma Cemi kompetenciis Sefaseba SeZlon, mogax-
senebT, rom gaxlavarT mTavar dadianis saxlis meurve,1
dabadebiT var qarTveli da vlaparakob imave enaze, ra
enazec laparakobs samegrelos mosaxleoba. me maTTan ga-
nuwyveteli urTierToba mqonda aT weliwadze meti xnis
ganmavlobaSi da SeuZlebelia, ar vicode maTi azrebi da
miswrafebebi. metic, pativi mqonda sakmao xans vyofiliya-
vi kavkasiis saimperatoro sabWos wevri2 da gavcnobodi am
qveynis administraciul aqtebs.
Tqvens pirvel statiaSi samegrelos princesa moxseniebu-
lia rogorc `dadiani~, meoreSi ki amtkiceben, rom misi
gvari aris `dadian~. aq saqme gvaqvs mxolod qarTul dab-
oloebasTan _ wminda gramatikul sakiTxTan. neba miboZeT,
rogorc qarTvelma, darwmunebiT vTqva: `ni~ sityvis dab-
oloebaa. dadianebis gvari samegrelos mTavarTa gvaria.
adaTis Tanaxmad, igi am ojaxis yvela wevrs ekuTvnis da war-
moadgens sagvareulo saxels.
arafers vambob samegrelos mdebareobaze,3 arc qarTvelebsa
da Cerqezebze.4 es ambebi Tqvens statiaSi areul-dareuladaa
gadmocemuli. aq imaze pasuxiT Semovifarglebi, rac princesa
50
dadians exeba. samegrelos samTavro 1804 wels mTavar grig-
olis keTili nebiT daeqvemdebara imperator aleqsandre I-s.
grigolis mier wayenebuli pirobebi mowonebul da miRebul
iqna misi udidebulesobis mier, romelmac samegrelos mTavris
memkvidreebi mmarTvel didebulebad aRiara. am wesiTve iqna
dadasturebuli jer kidev mcirewlovani princis, nikolo-
zis, uflebebi. mtkiceba, dedofals imedi aqvs, rom erT mSveni-
er dRes misi vaJis uflebebs aRiarebeno, naklebad logikuria
da ar aris swori dedoflis vaJTan mimarTebaSi. arasodes
aravis mosvlia azrad, Seedavos mas im uflebebSi, romlebic
dabadebiTve gaaCnia da saTanadod aris kidevac dadasturebu-
li.5
[Tebervali. 1866]
51
tfilisis guberniis
aznaurobis winamZRomlisagan
amas wineT `droebaSi~ rom Cemi gancxadeba iyo dabeWdi-

li,1 imis dasamateblad da raodenTame pirTa survilisame-
br, valad vracx es ganmartebac gamovacxado:
TviTeuli wevri aznaurobisa2 valdebulia, rom dauyo-
vneblad warudginos uezdis marSals3 mowmoba uezdis na-
Calnikisa Taviss sakuTrebazed; da kanoni iTxovs, rom mam-
uli asis dRisa mainca hqondes aznaursa anu Tavadsa, rom
sauezdo SekrebilebaSi Seesvlebodes, _ da aTasis dRisa
mainca, rom sagubernio SekrebilebaSi Seesvlebodes, ken-
WiT rCevaSi monawileobisaTvis.
visac TviTon ar SeuZlia SekrebilebaSi Sesvla
kanonieris mizeziT, ese igi: 1. Tu samsaxuris Tanamdebobas
asrulebs; an 2. avaT imyofeba; an 3. saqme uwarmoebs sadme
sxva qalaqis sasamarTloSi, sadac TviTan imisi myofoba au-
cilebelad saWiro aris; an 4. Tu micvalebuli aris an mZime
avaTmyofi vinme imiss umaxlobeless naTesavobaSi; an 5. Tu
imiss mamulSi didi ram ubedureba momxdara da an 6. Tu xnie-
ri aris umetes 60 wlisa; _ rac am mizezTagani aqvs, uezdis
marSals dauyovneblad unda acnobos weriliT.
am valdebulebaT aRusruleblobas Tanasdevs an sayve-
duri SekrebilebaSi, an ganSoreba Sekrebilebidam, da an
fulis gadaxdevinebac Sekrebilebis ganCinebiT.
mcire mamulis patronebi sagubernio SekrebilebaSi hg-
zavnian Tavis magierad veqilebs, romelTac aRirCeven sau-
52
ezdo SekrebilebaSi.
qalebi Taviss xmas gadascemen visac andoben.
Tavads an aznaurs SeuZlia Tavisi kenWi miandos mxolod
Taviss Svilsa, Tu TviTan imasac Tavisi sakuTari neba aqvs,
rom monawileoba iqonios Sekrebilebis moqmedebaSi. _
[ianvari. 1870]
53
qviSxeTi, 16 agvistos
`droebis~ me-88 nomerSi iyo mokle ambavi qviSxeTis Tea-

trisa.1
Cven viyaviT am TeatrSi da simarTlis vali gvawevs, rom
am gazeTis wamkiTxvelebs ganvuziaroT raca vnaxeT da rac
vigrZeniT.
spektaklisaTvis T. vasil sumbaTovs daeTmo zala Taviss
axal sasaxleSi da yoveli xis masala scenisa da sasxdomi
skamebisaTvis. sxva morTuloba da zalis gaCaReba calke Se-
krebili fuliT moexerxebinaT. vinc saqalaqo TeatrSi my-
ofobas aris SeCveuli, rasakvirvelia ver moiTxovda, rom
ase sxartulad gakeTebuli droebiTi Teatri yovliTurT
Semkobili da gabrwyinvebuli yofiliyo. rac ki aq sazoga-
doeba Sekrba, umetesi nawilisaTvis pirveli iyo Teatris
naxva da garegani simdidris molodini ueWvelia ara vis
eqneboda.
maS salaparakoTa gvrCeba sami sakiTxavi: ra warmoadg-
ines; rogor warmoadgines da ra grZnoba gamohyva am Teat-
ridam gamosuls sazogadoebas?
warmoadgines, rogorc 88 nomerSiac aris moxsenebuli,
`ZalaT eqimi~2 da ùCinmaCinis qudi~.3
jer es unda aRviaroT, rom molieris sacinari da max-
vil-gonierebiT gamarilianebuli komedia qarTulis Targ-
maniT cota ar aris damaxinjebulia. `Z a l a T e q i m i~, _
an isev ase ro vhsTqvaT, ZalaT ostati, ZalaT vaWari, ZalaT
mindori, ZalaT qva, _ neba Tqvenia, magram qarTuli ar aris.
54
qarTulaT vityviT: ZalaT gaeqimebuli, ZalaT gaostatebu-
li, gavaWrebuli, gamindvrebuli, gaqvavebuli. _ magram _
es kidev Tqveni Wiris sanacvlo iyos. molieris komediaSi,
rogorc bejiTad gagvigonia, Tavis u n e b u r e q i m a d ga-
modis erTi sawyali vinme da Rataki SeSis mWreli.
rasac xalxs molieri Tavisi kalmiTa hxatavda, im xalxSi
SeSis mWreli kaci, metadre nunuas mususi4 da siRaribeSi
Cavardnili, xSiri sanaxavi iyo Turme da axlac aris da os-
taturad gamoxatuli yvelas Tval win wamoudgeba maSinaca
da axlaca.
visac es francuzuli Txzuleba gadmouqarTulebia, imas
SeSis mWrelis magierad gamohyavs m e v a q s e!5 _ sad ginaxavT,
RvTis gulisaTvis, qarTvelebSi mevaqse? mejRane rom gamo-
eyvana, kidev ho, Torem mevaqse _ saidam sadao!
axla am mevaqsis laparaks aTxoveT yuri, TiTqo naswavlsa
hgavso da sad unda mieRos amas amdeni swavlao, uneburad
ufiqrdebiT am kiTxvasa da Tval-yurs rigianad adevnebT
TamaSobasa.
molieris komedia rom ise xaTrianad yofiliyo gadmoT-
argmnili, rogorc am ganTqmuli mwerlis saxels Seefereba,
warmodgenac usaTuoT ise gamamxiarulebeli da ise saci-
nari iqneboda, rogorc namdvils Txzulebas Sehferis, ro-
gorc francuzebi hxarxaroben xolme.
qarTuls warmodgenaSi mevaqse (rom. favl.6) saucxood Ta-
maSobda, magram TviTon roli imisi metad gveucxoveboda.
_ qarTveli mevaqsis k a r g a d warmodgena aras niWierebas
ar SeuZlia. modi da niWierebiT warmogvidgineT, magaliT-
ad, pariJeli memCvare, londoneli jaSuSi, neapoleli kin-
to, amerikeli qurdi. CvenSi amisTana arc ara vin aris da
arc ara vin gvinaxavs; maSasadame CvenSi kargad warmodgena
amaTganis arc erTisa ar SeiZleba da rac unda Wkuas Zala
davatanoT, mainc ver vityviT, romanozma memCvare kargad
warmoadginao, viciT, rom Zalian kargaTa TamaSobda da Ta-
55
visi rolic TiTqmis kargaTa hqonda gazepirebuli; magram
SeSis mWrels francuzs ki ar adgenda, qarTvels mevaqses
adgenda da qarTveli mevaqse rom arsad gvinaxavs, rogora
vsTqvaT, kargad warmoadginao. amisTana rolsa hqvian ùma-
duri roli~.
es piesa rom sxva saqalaqo TeatrSi yofiliyo sadme war-
modgenili, usacilod sruli fiasko daemarTeboda, e. i. ga-
cruvdeboda, gaSlurdeboda.7 aq ki Zalian mogvewona; imi-
tom mogvewona, rom sxva qarTveli pirebi, Sio (nik. xudad.8)
da luka (aleq. qors.9) ise TamaSobdnen, rom imaT mayure-
blebs TeatrSi yofna gaviwydebodaT. qarTveli Sinayma, ba-
tonis erTguli kaci xSirad gvinaxavs da pirwavardnili Si-
nayma msaxurebi wamogviyenes Tval-win am niWierma ymawvilma
kacebma. nik. xudad-ma meore piesaSi ufro gamoiCina Tavisi
niWiereba, magram aq romeli romelsa hsjobda, TiTqmis ver
gaarCevdiT.
qalebis roli am piesaSi sami aris, rogorc mogexsenebaT,
da samive yif-nis qalebma10 warmoadgines. ele. dim-is asul-
ma11 ganaxorciela molieris mxatvroba dedakacisa, Taviss
gaWirvebasa da siRaribes rom qmris loTobas abralebs da
Tavisi dReni sul imas gamohkidebia, ra movaxerxo, rom am
Cems uRirss qmars es umsgavsi loToba da Cemi Seuracxeba
movakveTinoo; da Tu amaTs Sinaur Cxubsa da cema-tyepaSi
maSvelad sxva gaeria vinme, sul Tavsa da beds daawyevlinebs
da xan da xan silasac kargs gaawnavs, rogor Tu Sen colsa da
qmar Sua eCrebio; me rom Cemi qmari mcemdes, Sen viTam rao! _
mar. iva-s asulma12 gamogvixata gasaTxovari qalis gamomzr-
deli ZiZa da am mizeziT sapatio ojaxSi gaTamamebuli pir
mTqmeli dedakaci iseTi, rom uneburad gaeqimebuli mevaqse
rom TavxedaT waetaneboda xolme da didis sitkboebiT ex-
maureboda, araTu gasakvirveli ar iyo, yvela ityoda, me
rom am eqimisa vhyofilviyav, eSxi uTuoT mec wamitacebdao.
_ man. qoC. asulma13 Tvalwin wamogviyena molieris drois
56
ymawvili qali, romelmac, aqao da visac mamaCemi maZlevs, is
Tavidam moviSoro rogormeo, Tavi moimunja, eqimobis Zala
aras gaTqmuls mkurnals ar gaayvanina da rodesac gaeqime-
buli mevaqse miiwvies da amisi daqrTamviT rom qalis satr-
fom levanma gamolaparakebis SemTxveva iSovna, _ medgrad
gamoutyda Taviss mamas, amas garda sxvas veravis SevirTav
qmraTao. tyuili TamaSoba ariso ki ara, sworeT vswuxdiT,
ratom ase Seupovrad ubrunebs sityvas es qali Taviss mSo-
bels mamasao. metadre amiss satrfos rom SevhyurebdiT,
Turme marTali yofila, rom siyvaruli brma ariso, vambob-
diT. _ am qalebis TamaSobam srulebiT dahfara Targmanis
naklulevaneba. gvarwmuneben ki, rom marTali Teatri jer
TvaliTac ar unaxavT samSi am ors qalsao.
meore piesa iyo ù C i n m a C i n i s q u d i~, rusulidam
gadmoqarTulebuli `Sapka-nevidimka~. molieris komedi-
azed rom laparaki gavbedeT rame, am piesazed aRara unda
vTqvaT ra. _ magram TamaSobiT gamoiCines Tavi imerelma
(kikn.14) da sxva orma kidev yifi-s qalebma. saeroT aRgviare-
bia, rom yifi-is qalebs Zaliani saTeatro niWi hqoniaT: ara
Tu am mcires komediebs, guli davajereT axla, rom dids
Txzulebasac daamSveneben Tavisi warmodgeniT, komedia
iyos, ginda drama, molieris Txzuleba Tu Seqspirisa. mar.
da sof. tat-s asulni15 TamaSobdnen erTi muaxlesa da meo-
re moqalaqe somxis cols; da ise TamaSobdnen, rom netavi
erTi aTad meti yofiliyo amaTi roli, rom didxans gveyu-
rebinao, ityodiT. gior. abaS-s16 TamaSoba gamovidoda yov-
liTurT saqebari, gakeTebuli RipisaTvis rom ar exmarebina
wam-da-uwum Tavisi xelebi. nik. xudad. da nik. yifi.17 2 afi-
crebs TamaSobdnen, rogorc ymawvili aficrebi ginaxavT,
sworeT ise.
gaTavda es erTi warmodgena sof. qviSxeTSi da daiSala
xalxi. magram axlac yovel dRe Turme kiTxuloben, rodis
iqneba kidev warmodgenao, ise moswonebiaT iqaurebs Teat-
57
ri. Svid Tumnamdis darCeniaT mogeba sasoflo SkolisaTvis
Sesawevrad. _
Teatri gagvitkpa, magram _ saTeatro piesebi? _ piesebi,
RvTis gulisaTvis piesebi! daamadleT RmerTsa da gvakma-
reT gacveTili piesebi! axla rigiani SesZineT rame qarTuls
scenasa.
piesebi, Tqveni gulisa, niWiero qarTvelebo!
qvenatkoca. 1875 16 agvisto
58
daviT aleqsandres Zes miqelaZes
mowyaleo xelmwifevo!
mesma ambavi Tqven ormocis samasTan Sebmisa da maTi gamar-
jvebisa.1
didad amiRelva guli me moxucebuls am ambavma.
marTalia, ZvelTagan aris naTqvami: Zala aRmarTsa hxnav-
so; magram me vswuxvar gamarjvebulTaTvis. Zmani arian Cven-
ni, _ mecxramete saukunes damlevis Svilni, da raT daemar-
TaT aseTi rTuli windauxedavoba?
samasi kaci, umaRlesi gonierebis warmomadgenelni, yve-
lani erTad rogor waritacos gulis sificxem?
kacma Tu saqveyno saqmeebs yuri rigianad aTxova, yoveli
mxridam erTsa da masve xmas gaigonebs: nu CqarobT!
aCqareba mxolod maSin aris saqebi da gamosadegi, rode-
sac moyvass Semweoba sWirdeba, rom gansacdels gadarCes da
Cvenis daudevnelobiT ar wawymdes.
yovels sxva SemTxvevaSi saqmes unda davakvirdebodeT,
CaufiqrdebodeT.
is samasni Cveni moZmeni Taviss gamarjvebas rom daakvirde-
bian, Caufiqrdebian, damSvidebuli goneba ras warmoudgens?
_ mamulis Sviloba gamoiCineT magiTio?
_ ara!
_ qristianuli grZnoba warmosTqviTo?
_ ara!
_ aba ra vqmeniTo, ikiTxven, da saqme ugvani, uvargisio,
pasux eyofaT.
59
Tavisi Tanaarsi msajulisagan, Tavisi sinidisisagan sxva
pasuxs veras gaigoneben da xom uzomod Seswuxdnen maSin,
xom uwyalod daiqenjnen maSin es samasni Cveni moZmeni.
da Tu ar daufiqrdnen saqmes, _ Tu Tavis sinidiss yuri
ar aTxoves da im sikerpes daadgnen, romelic bavSurad
aTqmevinebs: Zalian kargad vinebeT, rac vinebeTo, _ maSin
xom umetesad SevswuxdiT imaTTvis, ra rom guli davajereT,
rom mgmobelni yofilan Zmobisa da erTgvarovnebisa!
damarcxeba-Ra Tqveni saxelovani aris Cvens patara qveya-
naSi da sasiqadulo.
sworeT dasalocavia moqalaqeobiTi vaJ-kacoba, romel-
mac simarTlis Suqzed gamosul ormoc ymawvil kacs brZo-
la gaabedvina samasTan, romelTac gul-aSfoTebulebma
WeSmaritebis danaxva ar inebes da aRar moigones, an qris-
tianoba ras hqvia, an mamulis Sviloba!
mixaris TqvenTvis
Tqvens guliTad pativismcemels
dim. yifians.
29 maisi, 1879
tfilisi
60
`meomarT col-SvilisaTvis
sazrunveli sazogadoebis~ gamo
ufalo redaqtoro!
Tqveni pativcemuli gazeTis 220 #-Si kiTxva aris
Camogdebuli im sazogadoebazed, romelic omianobis dros
arsebobda TfilisSi meomarT colSvilisaTvis sazrun-
velad.
am kiTxvisaTvis jer guliTadi madloba SeiwireT Cemgan,
_ radgan amdeni xnis mdumareba am saqmezed yvelazed umete-
sad me mimaCnia samZimod da axla iqneba Tqvenis mizeziT mainc
gamocxaddes, rac aras dros ara yofila dasamalavi.
da mere es moismineT:
1877-Si rom omi gamocxadda,1 Tan dahyva u m a R l e s a d
damtkicebuli droebiTi kanoni, romlis ZaliTac imperiis
qalaqebSi da guberniebSi unda Sedgeniliyo meomarT sax-
lobaTaTvis sazogadoebis mzrunveloba.
imav 1877-Si, uf. gubernatoris uwyebiT da SemweobiT,2
Cvens TfilisSiac daarsda es mzrunveloba da pirvelma
saerTo yrilobam Tavisi gamgeoba Seadgina.
Tavsmjdomared damniSnes me,
Cems amxanagad3 m. n. kuCaevi,
kassirad4 a. st. matinovi,
meore kassirad a. a. Seningi,
sekretrad5 p. a. izmailovi
da meore sekretrad l. n. moZalevski.
xelmwifa didma mTavrina olga feodorovnam6 keTilineba
61
da es mzrunveloba Taviss uavgustess mfarvelobaSi miiRo.
kvirisa-da-kviris Tavzed miss umaRlesobas mierTmevoda
xolme Cemgan gamgeobis moqmedebis angariSi.
am moqmedebiT fulic sakmaod mogrovda; Semweobac bevr-
ma miiRo da Seuwyveteli Sroma gvqonda yvelas, _ a. s. mat-
inovs da p. a. izmailovs umetesad, _ rasakvirvelia yvelas
usasyidlod, manamdisin omianoba gaTavdeboda da mzrun-
velobac Tavis-Tavad gauqmdeboda.
fulis sagroveblad dabeWdili rveulebic iyo darigebu-
li da zanganakebic, ese igi, kruJkebic.7
ueWvelia, me ar momeTxoveba, rom zepiraTa vsTqva, an
fuli ramdeni mogrovda; an rogor ixarjeboda; darCa rame
Tu ara; Tu darCa, sad aris da ramdeni; _ rveulebi da kru-
Jkebi ra iqna, isev mogvibrunes Tu ara; rveulebis Seswore-
biT ra aRmoCnda; kruJkebi, saidamac Cvena gvqonda naTxovni,
isev SevubruneT Tu ara da sxv. da sxv.?
saangariSo wignebi kassirebis xelSi iyo; yoveli miw-
er-mowera _ sekretrebis xelSi da manamdin me qalaqidam
gamovidodi, ese igi am wlis 1 ivnisamdin, yovelTvis mpird-
ebodnen jerovani angariSis Sedgenasa da gamocxadebas da
jerac arsad aris.
axla me Tqvenive gazeTis saSualobiT vhkiTxav imaT, da
gansakuTrebiT p. a. izmailovs, rogorc pirvel sekretars, _
ra mizezia, rom dawvrilebuli angariSi sazogadoebas aqa-
momde ar gamoscxadebia? TviTan mzrunveloba xom didi xania
daiSala da aRarc imisi gamgeoba aris mas aqeT arsebaSi.
sof. qviSxeTi, 26 oqtombers.

[1879 w.]
62
niko nikolaZis sapasuxod
(werili redaqtors1)
mowyaleo xelmwifeo!
Tqveni gazeTis #247-Si gamoqveynebuli n. i. nikolaZis
statiis sapasuxod,2 gTxovT, Cems oriod sityvasac dauT-
moT adgili.
is, risi Tqmac axla msurs, wesiTa da rigiT, rogorc Tbi-
lisis saTaTbiros xmosans,3 iqve unda ganmecxadebina, magram
amas ver vaxerxeb, radganac Tbilisidan gasuli var.
qalaqis TviTmmarTvelobaSi zogjer wamoWrian xolme
iseT sakiTxs, romelic iq armyof xmosans akisrebs zneo-
briv vals, saTaTbiros wevrebsac da amomrCevlebsac raime
formiT mSvidad da miukerZoeblad miawvdinos Tavisi
saTqmeli.
swored amgvar sakiTxTa rigs mivakuTvneb ama Tvis 5 ricx-
vSi b-ni nikolaZis mier qalaqis saTaTbiroSi wamoyenebul
winadadebas.
upirveles yovlisa, megobruli grZnobiTa da pativisce-
miT mivmarTav TviTon b-n nikolaZes da gulaxdilad movax-
seneb, rom kategoriulad ar veTanxmebi mas. ar veTanxmebi
arc dumaSi Camoyalibebuli jgufebis miseul daxasiaTebas,
arc mis Sexedulebebs am jgufebis mier damkvidrebuli ur-
TierTobis wesis Sesaxeb, dasasrul, arc mis uceremonio
damokidebulebas xmosanTa mimarT, romlebmac, Tavis mxriv,
amgvarive uceremonio formiT ukuagdes nikolaZis wina-
63
dadeba. ar veTanxmebi imitom, rom es yvelaferi arRvevs
simSvidesa da kolegiur damokidebulebas, romelTa gare-
Se ver imuSavebs iseTi dawesebuleba, rogorsac qalaqis sa-
TaTbiro warmoadgens.
axla ki saqmis Sesaxeb.
b-nma nikolaZem ganacxada, rom qalaqis zemo da qvemo naw-
ilebs Soris ar aris iseTi kavSiri, rogoric Seefereba Tbi-
liss, mis ekonomikur, savaWro, administraciul, strate-
giul da etc, etc, etc4 mniSvnelobas. man aseve ganacxada, rom
autanelia dRevandeli mdgomareoba Zveli qalaqis Sida
nawilisa, `vaWrobis am saukunovani kerisa~, da, Tu gvsurs
qalaqis gajansaReba, avadmyofobisa da sikvdilianobis Sem-
cireba, viTareba unda Seicvalos.
cxadia, veravin ityvis, rom es ase ar aris; aravis mouva
azrad, amtkicos, rom sasargeblo, saWiro, aucilebeli ar
aris qalaqis nawilebs Soris kavSiris gaumjobeseba, axali
keTilmowyobili quCis an Tundac bulvaris gayvana. me, cx-
adia, Seuracxyofas mivayenebdi qalaqis saTaTbiros mTel
personals, Tu vityodi, rom misi 72 wevridan Tundac erTi
iqneboda amis winaaRmdegi.
maS, raSia saqme?
b-nma nikolaZem am Zveli da mwvave problemis mosagvare-
blad SemogvTavaza: gamovTxovoT qalaqs 12 000 kvadratu-
li saJeni miwis eqspropriaciis ufleba5 Tavisi Senoba-nage-
bobebianad, aviRoT es Senoba-nagebobebi anu WuWysa da
lafSi Cafluli qoxmaxebi, am teritoriaze gaviyvanoT 400
saJeni sigrZisa da 10 saJeni siganis bulvari, mis gaswvriv
CavyaroT Crdiliani, Tundac loWinis saSinlad Zviri san-
ergidan Camotanili xeebi, bulvaris orive mxares miwa davy-
oT aTsaJeniani siganis nakveTebad da es nakveTebi gavasxvi-
soT axali Senobebis asaSeneblad.
da am mosazrebebs yvelani TofnakravebiviT gaemijnen! _
nuTu imitom, rom somxur bazarSi mowyobili duqnebidan da
64
sawvrilmanoebidan, romelime orpirsa Tu lailaSSic rom
aRar ekadrebaT, miRebuli Semosavali SesaZloa dRevan-
delTan SedarebiT samjer Tu oTxjer Semcirdes?
me ki vfiqrob _ arc meti, arc naklebi _ gvawuxebs raRac
fuWi moCveneba, romelmac, Tu avad ara varT, ar unda Segva-
Sinos da am safrTxobelasTanac ufro axlos unda mivideT.
darwmunebuli var, igi savsebiT uwyinaria da TviT bazarSi
mdgari somxebisadmic ki imaze metad keTilganwyobilia,
vidre amas TviTon b-ni nikolaZe varaudobda.
saqmis ganxilvaze meti xom jerjerobiT arc araferi mog-
veTxoveba? maS, ratom ar surT Cems megobrebs, daavalon
specialur kompetentur komisias, gamowvlilviT Seiswav-
los sakiTxi, SeimuSavos safuZvliani moxseneba da maTve
warudginos saboloo gadawyvetilebis misaRebad?
Tuki amis Semdeg, mowyaleo batonebo, ukuagdebT n. i.
nikolaZis winadadebas, ukidures SemTxvevaSi, im xalxs,
Tqven rom uflebebiT aRgWurvaT, imaT, visi ndobiTac dRes
sargeblobT, amis Tqmis safuZvels mainc ar miscemT, rom mo-
qmedebT qalaqis interesebis winaaRmdeg da mxolod naTe-
savebisa da nacnobebisTvis eZebT sargebels.
damijereT, aseTi xmebi ara erTxel da orjer momismenia
da am yvelafers keTili bolo ar eqneba.
gulwrfeli survili maqvs, Tundac Tqvenive piradi
sargeblisaTvis, aRniSnuli sakiTxi Tavidan daayenoT sa-
TaTbiros sxdomaze da rac ufro male moxdeba es _ miT ukeT-
esi. da amasac girCevT: qiSpi da vnebebi derefanSi datoveT.
Tu xmauri aucilebelia, xmauri derefanSi jobia.
14 noemberi 1879.
sof. qviSxeTi
65
`qarTuli saTeatro amxanagobis~
Sesaxeb
mowyaleo xelmwifev, nikoloz iakobis Zev!1

òbzorsa~ da `tiflisski vestnikSi~ moTavsebuli
statiebis gamo2 Cemma yofilma amxanagebma Teatraluri
komitetidan gazeT `droebis~ guSindel nomerSi moaTa-
vses koleqtiuri werili, romliTac mafrTxileben, rom,
Tu me ganvizraxav saqmis viTareba ganvumarto sazogadoe-
bas, isini Semedavebian saTanado sabuTebiT SeiaraRebul-
ni.3
metismetad gaocebuli da Sewuxebuli var mxolod imi-
tom, rom am statias xels awers Tav. i. g. WavWavaZe, romel-
sac, rogorc me mgonia, ar SeuZlia raime antiqarTul saqm-
eSi gaerios, amitomac gulwrfeli pativiscema maqvs misi;
igive SeiZleboda meTqva kidev erTis an oris Sesaxeb, magram
saqme isaa, rom aq jiutoben swored isini, romelTac mar-
TebdaT momxdari faqtis usityvod aRiareba.
Cemi werilis mizani mxolod am faqtis gansazRvraa.
gasuli wlis dasawyisSi qarTvelma scenismoyvarulebma
gadawyvites raime soliduri safuZveli CaeyaraT mudmivi
dasis arsebobisaTvis, risTvisac TavianTi wridan gamohyves
sami-oTxi kaci, xolo me mTxoves Tavmjdomareoba, raTa er-
Tad migveRo zomebi dasis CamoyalibebisaTvis.
xuTivem daviwyeT gansja-ganmgebloba, rogorc komitetma
da, mravali TaTbiris Semdeg, bolos, SevTanxmdiT, rom Cven,
rogorc komitets, fexqveS ar gvqonda da arc SeiZleboda
66
gvqonoda araviTari legaluri safuZveli, saWiro ki iyo
dramatuli sazogadoebis Seqmna. amitom gadavwyviteT, rom
miRebuli wesiT wesdebis damtkicebamde Cveni komitetis
personals Seesrulebina amxanagobis funqciebi.4
Tqven mier Sedgenili wesdebis proeqti, rogorc gaxsovT,
ganxilul iqna sazogadoebis Seqmnis msurvelTa sakmaod mrav-
alricxovan krebebze, mowonebul iqna maisSi da maSinve gadae-
ca gadasawerad, raTa Semdeg xeli moeweraT da waredginaT.
pirvel ivniss me Tbilisidan gavemgzavre, magram Semdeg
yovelTviurad ori-sami dRiT mainc Camovdiodi aq saqmeeb-
ze; sxvaTa Soris, Cveni amxanagobis saqmeebisaTvisac. ram-
denjerac movikiTxe wesdeba, imdenjer damarwmunes, rom
is odnav Sesworebuli, gadawerili da xelmowerilia da
im pirebisaTvisaa gadacemuli, romelTac misi wardginebis
rwmuneba aqvT.
amxanagobis bolo TaTbirze Cems mudmiv kiTxvaze: _ `sad
aris wesdeba?~ _ mipasuxes: Tqven warmoidgineT, wesdeba
daikarga, magram SemorCenilia Savi piri, romlis mixedvi-
Tac SeiZleba misi aRdgena...
am cnobam rogorRac mkafiod wamoWra Cem winaSe is
wvrilmani mizezebi, romlebic, rogorc me meCveneba, xels
uSlida Cveni saqmis warmatebiT msvlelobas.
sxvaTa Soris, isic gavixsene, rom seqtembersa Tu oqtomb-
erSi Cemma oTxma amxanagma Cem daukiTxavad kidev oTxi axali
adamiani Semoiyvana amxanagobaSi, riTac, Cemis azriT, saqme
mniSvnelovnad win ar wasula da ai, me movisazre kidev erTi
kandidaturis wamoyeneba. es gaxldaT Tav. mix. bebuTovi,
romelic axlos icnobs scenas, WeSmaritad TanaugrZnobs
adgilobriv Teatrs da Tavisi umwikvlo wesierebiT Se-
Zlebda, Cemis Rrma rwmeniT, CvenTvis mniSvnelovani sarge-
blobis motanas, Tundac dramatuli sazogadoebis Seqmnam-
de.
magram Cemi winadadeba uaryofil iqna umravlesobiT _
67
Svididan eqvsi xmiT.5
gulze xeli daideT da ise TqviT _ gana ar CaTvlidiT,
rom amis Semdeg Cemi mxridan, ukidures SemTxvevaSi, uadgi-
lo SeCra iqneboda, davrCeniliyavi amgvari amxanagobis Se-
madgenlobaSi? 6
yovelive amis Semdeg kidev me memuqrebian raRac damamt-
kicebel sabuTebiT!
27 Tebervali
1880 w.
68
pasuxi vladimer miqelaZes
ufalo redaqtoro!
`droebis~ guSindels 205 nomerSi, mowinave nawilSi,
aris dabeWdili b. vl. miqelaZis Txzuleba, romliTac me
gamomiTxovs, rom pasuxi vago, ra kommisia ariso is kommisia,
romelSic me maqvs monawileoba.
didad vswuxvar, WeSmaritad, am ymawvili kacisaTvis, rom
ase windauxedavaT esaubreba `droebis~ wamkiTxvelebs da
damoZRvrebis kiloTi iseTs ambavs ambobs, romlisac arc
Tavi gaegeba da arc bolo.
uzenaesis brZanebiT daarsda s.-peterburRSi droebiTi umaR-
lesi kommisia, sadac Tavsmjdomared aris daniSnuli saxelm-
wifo qonebaT ministri da wevrebaT, sxvaTa Soris, ori wevri
saxelmwifo rCevisa.1 amisas brZanebs vl. miqelaZe, raRac kamisia
daniSnulao, kn. mingrelskis TaosnobiTao da sadauri ra ariso.
am kommisias aqvs mindobili, rom aRxsnas da jer-
ovanis wesiT warudginos uzenaess mTavrobas, ra mizeze-
bi abrkolebs aqamomde xelmwife imperatoris brZanebis
aRsrulebas, 1867 da 1873 wlebSi rom gamovida,2 rac same-
grelos mTavars adgil-mamulebi ekuTvnoda saxasod, an ase
vTqvaT, kerZo sakuTrebaT, _ mTavris Svilis kn. nikoloz
mingrelskisaTvis dakrZalul qmniliyvnen3 saSviliTiSvi-
lo samkvidrebelad. _ es mizezebi unda gamoikvlios kommi-
siam, Camosayenebeli RonisZieba moiazros da gansazRvros,
rac 1867 wlamdis mTavars ekuTvnoda, _ iqidam ra-da-ra
unda Seiricxebodes axla dasakrZalav sakuTrebaT, da ra
69
unda gamoiricxebodes TviTan kn. mingrelskisagan gacemu-
li, an samarTliT wagebuli.
amisas brZanebs vl. miqelaZe, kommisia mingrelskis Taos-
nobiT, sasamarTlos ganCinebebis darRvevas Turme ganiz-
raxavso da uflebac aqvs Turme amisio.
amas ityvis an iseTi kaci, romelsac sruliad ara gaege-
ba-ra Tavisi laparakisa, an iseTi, romelsac sxva wadili
ara aqvs-ra imis meti, rom amboxeba moaxdinos rogorme. _
pirvels SemTxvevaSi vswuxvar vl. miqelaZisaTvis, rom ase
uTav-bolod laparakiT gamoWendeba saqveynod da Tavs ase
ubraloT ifafxavs.
meores SemTxvevaSi ufro vswuxvar, radgan ar icis, ra
saSinelis pasuxis sageblad hxdis TavisTavs Tu sawadili
aRusrulda da amboxeba Camovarda.
magram megrelebis moRoreba Tu ase advili hgonia,
sworeT sacodavi yofila vl. miqelaZe.
sad amoikiTxa mecnierma, rom SesaZlebeli iyos sadme sasa-
marTlos ganCinebis gauqmeba, romelsac kanonieri Zala mis-
cemia da sisruleSi moyvanila?
ram afiqrebina am uCitels, ese igi, gimnaziis maswavle-
bels, moZRvars, rom umaRlesi mTavroba TviTan daawesebda
amisTana ukanonoobasa; _ da Tu fiqrad mouvida, _ aRty-
inebul gonebas fiqrad ramdeni ram mouva, vin icis, _ ratom
ar ineba, rom Seemowmebina rogorme, gamoekvlia rogorme
amisTana ucnauri fiqri?
axla imiss moTxrobas miubrundebi, _ Tu rogor mogviTx-
robs guSindels ambvebs, _ guSindels istorias.
ruseTis sasamarTlo (veWob mmarTebloba unda eTqva vl.
miqelaZes) daarsda samegreloSi 1857-Si da ara 1865-Si.4
`mTavris coli~5 (ase laparaki iqneba zdilobad miaCndes vl.
miqelaZes, ar gavioceb) rom maSin ruseTSi gadasaxlda Tavisi
oblebiT, mTavris adgilze da mamulze (yma da mamulze), apeka
dainiSna da apekunad iyo dimitri yifianio; da adgil-mamulis
70
aRsawerad calke kommisia dainiSna, sadac apekis mxriT dim. yi-
fiani da erTi wevri samegrelos sazogadoebis mxriT iyvneno.
umecreba aris aq, ucodinaroba, Tu win dauxedaoba am si-
cruvis mizezi, amis gamokiTxvaSi ver Seval da namdvilad
saqme ki ase iyo:
mTavrina Tavisi SvilebiT rom ruseTs midioda, maSin,
1857-Si6 namestnikma, kn. bariatinskim ori garigeba moaxdina
erTad, magram cal-calke: opekis daweseba mTavris ymasa da
mamulze da inventaruli aRweriloba am yma da mamulisa.
opekunebad dainiSnen _ baroni nikolai da kn. daviT Wav-
WavaZe.
aRmwerelad Sesdga mrTeli kommisia.
am kommisiaSi moTaved me viqmen daniSnuli, _ maSin wevri
namestnikis sovetisa (rCevisa)7 da ara apekuni. erTi wevri
im kommisiisa iyo namestnikis mxriT; meore wevri quTaisis
general-gubernatoris mxriT;8 mesame _ samegrelos sovetis
mxriT da meoTxe _ mTavrinas mxriT.
am pirT TandaswrebiT ekiTxeboda yovels saxaso sofelSi
soflis moxeleebs da keTil-svindisian xniers kacebs, ra iyo
saxaso sakuTreba mTavrisa, sad ra Senoba iyo imisi da vis ra
gardasaxadi emarTa. rasac isini ficiT ityoden, is iwerebo-
da inventariaSi da damswrenic yvelani awerdnen xels.9
es rom ar icodiT, tyuila-ubraloT Robe-yores raT ede-
bodiT, rom am aRwerilobis bZanebiT, apekuni yifianis monaw-
ileobiT iyo Sedgenilio? apekunad damniSnes, marTalia, ma-
gram oris wlis Semdeg, rodesac pirvelma apekunebma nikolaim
da WavWavaZem daaxwies Tavi am warmwymedels wodebasa.
CvenSi mTvrali kaci gareT Tavs ar gamohyofs, simTvrale
ara vin SeamCnioso da fxizeli rom Tavs moimTvralebdes,
ra saqcielia, RvTis gulisaTvis.
29 seqt. [1880 w.]

sof. qviSxeTi
71
batoni ianovskis
orgvari Secodeba
batono redaqtoro!1
JamTa viTarebam ise moitana, rom `droebis~ 254 #-Si dabe-
Wdili s. m-is2 Ria werili dRevandlamdis ara mqonda wak-
iTxuli.3
dRes rom wavikiTxe, jer iqamdin aRmiSfoTda guli, rom
zeze wamovhxti da `rogor Tu!~-meTqi, daviZaxe... magram, ro-
gorc moxucebulsa da mravalgvarad nacodvilevs kacs Se-
hSvenis, maSinve davimSvide guli da saqmes davufiqrdi.
saSinelia s. m-is Ria werili; saSinelia, rogorc mgzne-
bare warmoTqma usamarTlod gangmirulis grZnobisa, ro-
gorc gvema aRborgebulis gulisa.
`rogor Tu~ ki ara, saqmes Tvali TvalSi unda gauyaroT
da rogorc Cvens mraval-momTmenlobas SehSvenodes, ro-
gorc Cvens sulis Seugineblobas Seeferebodes, ise uSfoT-
velad gavsinjoT saqme, romelic iseTis Tvisebisa aris, rom
usaTuod unda sircxvileul iyos an erTi mxare, an meore.4
ra rom sityva iTqva, iTqva: an-Ra gadaTqma unda, an-Ra gam-
tyuneba. sxva sarCevi aRara aris-ra.
_ quTaisSi rom maswavlebelT kreba iyoo, _ ambobs Ria
werili, _ im krebis moTavesaTvis b. kavkasiaSi swavla-ganaT-
lebis mzrunvels darigeba Turme mieca, saqme ise moiyvaneT,
rom sasoflo skolebSi rusuli enis swavla pirvelive wl-
idam daiwyebodeso da es iyo Turme mizezi, rom im krebazed
ise axirebulad gatrizavda pativcemuli goris seminari-
72
is direqtori semionovio.5 _ amas garda, senakSi sasoflo
skolis maswavleblisaTvis ubrZanebia imas, bavSvebisaTvis
rusuli ratom ar giswavlebiaT? Tqven raRasac sxva mizans
misdevT da ara pedagogiasao!6 _
aucilebeli dilemma gamodis am ambavidam: an b-ns mzrun-
vels ara unebebia-ra am gvari, _ arc im darigebis micema da
arc am sityvebis warmoTqma; maSasadame Ria werili styuis,
sazarels cilsa hswamebs b. mzrunvels; _ an ara da s. m. iseTs
ambavs mogviTxrobs, rom sworeT hsmenia da maSin b. swav-
la-ganaTlebis mzrunvelis valia `droebis~ wamkiTxvelebs
gauuqmos es ambavi.
Cven mizezi aravisa gvaqvs s. m-s sicrue davswamoT.
metadre amisTana didaT mZime saqmeSi.
maS jer zemore dasaxelebulebma unda moacilon b. mz-
runvels pasuxisgeba da s. m-s sicrue daumtkicon.
_ rogor Tu Cvens moTaves amisTana ugvans cilis-wamebas
ubedavTo, _ ratom ar amboben an quTaisis maswavlebelT
krebis Tavsmjdomare b. marsovi, _ an goris seminariis
direqtori b. semionovi? _ amis meti xom ara dasWirdebo-
daT-ra, rom eTqvaT, Cven darigeba ara mogvsvlia-ra da rac
vimoqmedeT, Cven Tavad vimoqmedeTo.
an ratom senakis skolis maswavlebeli ar ambobs: arc Ce-
mTvis da arc CemTan sxvisTvis b. ianovskis iseTi ara ubrZane-
bia-ra, rasac s. m. ewamebao. * amis Tqmis meti xom arca ra amas
dasWirdeboda.
magram _ eseni mdumareben. maS b. ianovskia iZulebuli, xma
amoiRos da Ria werilisagan micxebuli mwikvli ganibanos
im uflebis winaSe, romelsac emsaxureba. _ am mwikvlis gam-
bani da gamrecxi erTad erTi Ra wyaroa mTels msoflioSi:
gulis siwrfeliT aRsareba da moqalaqobiTi vaJkacobiT
* es sTqva b. senakis maswavlebelma (`droeba~, #259), magram sxva-

da-sxva mizezebis gamo, am Tqmas Cven ver daverwmuneT, ver dau-
jereT. red. [s. mesxi]
73
gamotexa _ me vasruleb nebasa momavlinebelisa Cemisao!
magram rogor ityvis amas? Cems momavlinebels arc danax-
va aqvs, arc daswavlao, es Tu sTqva, xom maSinve pirSi etake-
bian aqeT da iqiTgan amnairi sityvebiT: `warved pirisagan
Cemisa, rameTu ara uwyi, rasa ityvi~.
cxadia, rom aq cru gzazed dgoma umaRlesi mTavrobis
brali ar unda iyos.
maS sruli neba gveqneba vikiTxoT, qarTuli enis codnam
ra dauSava im gmirebs, romelTac isaxeles Tavi da asaxe-
les ruseTis mxedrobaca da ruseTis mmarTvelobaca, ro-
gorc Zvels droebSi, ise Cvens maxsovrobaSi? ra dauSava
qarTvelobam da qarTulis codnam pavle cicianovsa, petre
bagrationsa, afxazovsa, savarsamiZesa, giorgi erisTavsa,
dimitri orbeliansa? _ jer rom qarTuli icodnen da mere
rusuli, amiTi ruseTs mters ver umarcxebdnen Tu? qveynebs
ver umorCilebdnen Tu?
mose arRuTaSvili da vasil bebuTovi mtersac rom yov-
elTvis saocrad umarcxebdnen da qveynebsac rom saxelova-
nad umarTvidnen ruseTsa; an grigol orbeliani, aleqsan-
dre WavWavaZe, levan meliqiSvili, _ viTam ra Semcodvelni
arian ruseTis winaSe, rom Tavisi qarTveloba ara hgmes da
jer qarTuli iswavles, mere rusuli?
an mixeil tarieliCma loris-meliqovma ra Sescoda ami-
Ti, qarTulis codnam ra dabrkoleba misca im samxedro da
sammarTvelo moRvaweobaSi, romelsac mrTeli ruseTi Sehx-
aris da mrTeli msoflio Sehkvirvebia?
ra Sescodes im qarTvelebma, romelnic rusebTan Zmurad
xeli-xels gadabmulni ruseTis didebisaTvis Taviss wminda
sisxls erTad anTxevdnen da ruseTis mxedrobas mouxedavad
miuZRodnen, saiTac msaxurebis vali iwvevda?
samoqalaqo samsaxuris moxeleebisa raRa vsTqvaT? vin ar
icis, rom aTasSi erTs Tu dagvisaxeleben visme qarTuli enis
mcodneTagansa, rom STamomavlobiTi patiosneba Seginebul
74
eqmnas sadme.
Tu amas ver dahfiqrebixarT, ra mniSvneloba aqvs Tqvens
qadagebasa, qarTveloba hgmeT da qarTuli ena daiviwyeTo,
me getyviT:
rogorc samaTematiko WeSmariteba, iseTi aris es WeS-
maritebaca, rom saqarTvelos xalxzed ufro erTguli tax-
tisa mrTels ruseTs sxva xalxi ar asxia. Tqven Tu ar iciT
esa, _ Cvenma saTayvanebelma erT mTavarma7 kargad uwyis da
misma uzenaesma mmarTeblobamac kargad icis.
ase varT qarTvelebi da ase viqnebiT, manamdisin Cveni
xalxosnoba daculi gveqneba; da xalxosnoba xom gamqralia,
sadac imisi ena aRar aris.
mere ra enisas amboben kacobriobis mgmobelni, unda gah-
qreso? im enisas, romelsac laparakobdnen vaxtang gor-
gaslani, daviT aRmaSenebeli, Tamar mnaTobi; romelzedac
qristianobas gviqadagebdnen nino mociqulTa Tanaswori
da aTcametni sirielni mamani; romelzedac hmwerlobdnen
poetni, rogorc SoTa rusTveli, filosofosni, rogorc
petriwi,8 sjulis-mdebeli, rogorc vaxtang; _ romelsaca
aqvs anbani, umartivesi da ubunebiTesi yovelTa anbanTagan!..
axla mihxvdiT Tu ara, rasac Tqveni qadageba moaswavebs?
Cingis-xanma, lang Temurma, Sah abasma, nadirSam ver Semusra
Cveni xalxosnoba da axla Tqven gindaT SemusroT, rodesac
Cven Cvenis keTilis nebiT, siyvaruliT da sasoebiT mivendeT
ruseTs, romlisac gareSeuwereli erTguleba Seuryevlada
gvaqvs gulSi Canergili?!!
ara, batonebo! Tu Ria werilis azri ar dairRva, b. iano-
vskis aTas wilaT ujobs, isev am azris Semusvra moaxerxos...
Tu es azri ar Seimusra, b. ianovski Semcdari ki ara, Semco-
davi iqneba orgvarad: jer ruseTis winaSe, rom erTi uerT-
gulesTaganis xalxis gaorguleba ganuzraxavs, da mere _
mecnierebis winaSe, rom pedagogias urRvevs didi mecadine-
obiT SemuSavebuls kanonsa, romelica hbrZanebs: `wulsa yr-
75
mas (ese igi ymawvils9) jer saSinao enas aswavlideT da mere
saqveynosao~.
es azrebi warmomidga, s. m-is Ria werili rom wavikiTxe.
magram saqmis gamokvlevas rom ufro guldasmiT gamovekide,
maSin erTi faqti momagonda, aq, am quTaisSi momxdari.
mas aqeT iqneba erTi TxuTmetiod weliwadi.
mogexsenebaT, rom visac Tavisi bunebiTi ena ver Seuswav-
lia, sxva enas ufro ver Seiswavlis. magram es sazogado
Tvisebac mogexsenebaT adamianisa, rom rasac uSlian, imas
ufro etaneba.
rogorc mogaxseneT, am 15 wlis winaT TviTqmis yvelani aq
rusuls laparakobdnen, magram Tqvens mters gaagona iseTi
damtvreuli laparaki.
erTs did-moxeleTagans moxsenebiyo: ama da am sasamarT-
loSi mwerlebi xan-da-xan qarTulad laparakobeno. dae-
barebina mdivani da ebZanebina, aramc da aramc qarTuli lap-
araki aRar gabedono, Torem... sul kudiT qvas vasrolineb,
iseTs saqmes davmarTebo.
es xma gamovida Tu ara, amoikveTes laparaki, magram qar-
Tuli ki ara, rusuli. _ qarTuls rom miudges fexi da am de-
da-eniT laparakSi gaimarTnen, maSin dainaxes, rom rusuls
Turme metad amtvrevdnen da uwyalod amaxinjebdnen.
am mokle xanSi garemoeba ise Seicvala, rom axla rusuli
kargaT iman icis, vinc Tavisi qarTuli icis kargaTa.
es movlineba bunebiTi aris, yovelgan da yovelTvis
ucvalebeli, _ da es aris is zneobiTi Cveni azarmaci, roml-
iTac uZravi iZvris, uryeveli iryeva da uSeni Sendeba.
es rom guldawynarebulma Tvalwin wamoviyene, mivxvdi,
rom sadac guls viSfoTebT, xSirad moxdeba, rom iq madlo-
ba gvemarTos.
7 dekembers. [1880].
q. quTaisi
76
nacionaluri hi pnotizmisa da
politikuri halucinaciebis
samyaro
periferiuli da dedaqalaqis1 presa bolo dros araerTx-

el Seexo aqaur pirveldawyebiT sasoflo skolebSi mSobli-
uri enis swavlebis sakiTxs. am Temaze polemikam, rogorc
saerTod gvCvevia, iseTi vnebaTaRelva gamoiwvia, rom saku-
Triv problemas xan sad moisvrian da xan _ sad: vTqvaT, ped-
agogikis sferodan tyuilisa da farisevlobis samyaroSi.
droa vcadoT da gavarkvioT, sinamdvileSi rasTan gvaqvs
saqme.
verc mecnierulad dasabuTebul debulebebze vikamaTebT
seriozulad.
gasuli 1880 wlis bolos Tbilisurma gazeTma `droe-
bam~ gamoaqveyna s. m-is `Ria werili b. ianovskisadmi~.2 `Ria
werilSi~ naTqvamia, rom k. p. ianovskis movlinebas aqauri
mosaxleoba imediT Sexvda, radganac bevri kargi ram hqon-
daT gagebuli misi adrindeli moRvaweobis Sesaxeb. magram
es imedebi gacruvdao, _ gavrcelebul xmebze dayrdnobiT
ambobs `Ria werilis~ avtori.
k. p. ianovskim gazeT `kavkazis~ 348-e nomerSi dabeWda
`ganxilva~ s. m-is `Ria werilisa~,3 romelSic yvelas, vinc
ki sisxlxorceuladaa dainteresebuli saxalxo ganaTleb-
is sworad warmarTviT, sTxovs, yuradReba dauTmon mis am
`ganxilvas~.
me sisxlxorceulad var dainteresebuli am saqmiT Tun-
77
dac imitom, rom, jer erTi, mimsaxuria saswavlo uwyebaSi4
da, amas garda, amJamad Tavmjdomare var `kavkasiis samefis-
nacvloSi qarTvelTa Soris wera-kiTxvis gamavrcelebeli
sazogadoebisa~.5 amdenad, valdebulic var, am saqmes mivapy-
ro mTeli Cemi yuradReba, Caverio polemikaSi da gamovTqva
sakuTari Sexeduleba misi raobisa da safuZvlebis Sesaxeb.
vinaidan, rogorc ukve vTqvi, problemas aqvs orgvari
_ pedagogiuri da arapedagogiuri _ safuZveli, pirveli
kategoriis sakiTxebs (pedagogiurs) Sevexebi `wera-kiTxvis
gamavrcelebeli sazogadoebis~ Tavmjdomaris uflebiT.
saxalxo ganaTlebis namdvil da ara moCvenebiT sargebliano-
baze msjelobisas pedagogikis adgilobriv avtoritetebs
daveyrdnobi, xolo Tu maT Sexedulebebs Soris gansxvavebe-
bi iqneba, maSin sakiTxs rusuli pedagogikis warmomadgenel-
Ta samsjavroze gavitan. rac Seexeba meore kategoriis
sakiTxebs (arapedagogiurs), me maT ganvixilav rogorc saqa-
rTvelos mkvidri da dabadebiTve qarTveli.
samarTlianoba moiTxovs iTqvas, rom `ganxilvis~ avto-
ris, k. ianovskis, msjeloba pirveli striqonidan bolo
striqonamde aRbeWdilia sakuTari Rirsebis SegnebiTa da
mSvidi toniT. Tumca isic unda iTqvas, rom msjeloba gaWia-
nurebulia, xolo gaWianurebul Txrobas yovelTvis erTi
riski axlavs _ SeiZleba rame wamogcdes!
s. m-s `Ria werilSi~ naTqvamia: `Tqven quTaisis saxalxo
skolebis direqtors werili miswereT da daavaleT _ guber-
niis sasoflo skolebis maswavlebelTa yrilobam swavlebis
pirveli wlidanve rusuli enis SemoRebis gadawyvetileba
unda miiRoso~.
amis sapasuxod k. p. ianovski ambobs: àmgvar ganzraxvaSi
araferi iqneboda vnebis momtani, Tumca TviTon faqti mog-
onilia~.
mogonilia Tu ara es ambavi, amas ukve araviTari mniSvnelo-
ba ara aqvs, radganac ganaTlebis mzrunvelma Tavisi piriT
78
ganacxada _ bavSvebisaTvis pirvel welsve erTdroulad mS-
obliuri da aramSobliuri enebis swavleba vnebis momtani
ar iqnebao.
TavisTavad Cndeba arsebiTi mniSvnelobis kiTxvebi, rom-
lebsac ukve rusi pedagogebis sayuradRebod vsvam:
1. Tuki arsebobs wesi, rom pirveldawyebiTi ganaTle-
ba bavSvs mSobliur enaze unda mieces, da Tu es wesi ped-
agogikis mier mecnierulad dasabuTebul WeSmaritebad
iTvleba da ara sxva ganzraxulebad, romelic scildeba
pedagogikis farglebs, maSin gana xsenebuli, mecnieru-
lad dasabuTebuli WeSmaritebis Seuracxyofa ar iqneba,
bavSvebs, romlebmac mxolod sakuTari saSinao ena ician,
skolaSi Sesvlis pirveli wlidanve swavla maTTvis gauge-
bar enaze movTxovoT?
2. xom ar daarRvevs aseTi viTareba kidev erT sayov-
elTaod aRiarebul WeSmaritebas, romlis mixedviTac,
rac ufro ukeT ici sakuTari kulturuli ena,6 miT ufro
advilia sxva kulturuli enis Seswavla, xolo rac ufro
safuZvlianad ici ori amgvari ena, miT ufro advilad daeu-
flebi mesames da a. S.?
3. Tu es yvelaferi sworia, maSin xom imis Tqmac SeiZleba,
rom bavSvebis ganviTarebisaTvis pedagogiuri Tvalsazris-
iT mavnebeli iqneba erTdroulad ori enis swavleba _ saSi-
naosi da misTvis aqamde ucnobi ucxourisa, romelTa Soris,
unda iTqvas, ar aris araviTari iseTi msgavseba, romelic
ase Tu ise Seamsubuqebda bavSvis metismetad daZabul gone-
briv Sromas?
`Ria werilSi~ Semdeg naTqvamia: `Tqven axalsenakis so-
flis skolis maswavlebels gamoucxadeT Tqveni Zlieri
ukmayofileba (noemberSi!) imis gamo, rom igi bavSvebs (se-
qtemberSi miRebul bavSvebs!) aswavlida qarTul enaze;
amasTanave, imave maswavlebels uTxariT: `Tqven, qarTvel-
ebi, ara pedagogiur, aramed raRac sxva miznebs misdevT;
79
Tqven winaaRmdegni xarT rusuli enisa. me araviTar SemTx-
vevaSi ar davamtkiceb maswavlebelTa quTaisis yrilobis
dadgenilebas!~
amas k. p. ianovski Tavis `ganxilvaSi~ wminda wylis
ciliswamebas uwodebs: àseTi sityvebi me arc erTi maswav-
leblisaTvis arc erT saswavlebelSi ar miTqvams~.
Tanamdebobrivi mdgomareoba k. p. ianovskisa imdenad
sapatioa da pirovnuladac igi imdenad dafasebulia sa-
zogadoebis mier, rom SeiZleboda dagvejerebina kidevac
misi es ganmarteba da undoblad movkidebodiT `Ria wer-
ilis~ avtors, magram presaSi gamoCnda raRac ganmarteba
axalsenakeli maswavleblisa, romelmac TiTqos uaryo `Ria
werilSi~ moxseniebuli faqtebi.7 daibeWda agreTve koleq-
tiuri gancxadeba,8 romelSic axalsenakis mazris ufrosi,
momrigebeli mosamarTle da qalaqis deputati dabejiTebiT
amtkiceben _ b-n ganaTlebis mzrunvels ar uTqvams is, rasac
mas s. m. miawerso.
es gancxadebebi rom ar gamoqveynebuliyo, faqtebis gad-
amowmeba ar gaxdeboda saWiro, magram isini gamoqveynda da
ai, faqtebis gadamowmebas ra savalalo Sedegebi mohyva:
1. yvela aqaur saxalxo skolaSi, yovel SemTxvevaSi,
quTaisis guberniaSi, saswavlo olqis mzrunvelis gankar-
gulebiT arsebobs direqtoris xelmoweriT damowmebuli
zonargayrili wigni,9 romelSic aucileblad aRinusxeba
skolaSi misul xelmZRvanel pirTa yvela gankarguleba Tu
SeniSvna.
aravin ambobs, rom axalsenakis zonrian wignSi ar weria k.
p. ianovskis is SeniSvnebi, romlebzec s. m. Tavis `Ria weril-
Si~ laparakobs.
2. mazris ufrosma beburiSvilma, momrigebelma mosamar-
Tle beriZem da qalaqis deputatma Jvaniam TavianTi gamoqom-
agebiT reputacia Seulaxes iseT sapatio pirs, rogorsac
saswavlo olqis mzrunveli warmoadgens. amasTanave, maT sa-
80
kuTari Tavis komprometirebasac miaRwies, ramdenadac Tavi
warmogvidgines iseTi ramis TviTmxilvelad, risi TviTmxil-
velnic ver iqnebodnen _ arc erTi maTgani Tan ar hxlebia k.
p. ianovskis, roca es ukanaskneli axalsenakis skolas stum-
robda da, Sesabamisad, skolis maswavlebelsa Tu skolis
zedamxedvelTan k. p. ianovskis saubarsac ver daeswrebodnen.
es ori faqti gvaiZulebs gadavamowmoT, Tu ramdenad mar-
Talia TviTon k. p. ianovski, roca ambobs: àseTi sityvebi
me arc erTi maswavleblisaTvis arc erT saswavlebelSi ar
miTqvams~. gadamowmebas ki mivyavarT im poziciamde, sai-
danac s. m-s SeeZlo mgznebare polemistis mkacri toniT mie-
marTa ganaTlebis mzrunvelisaTvis: `diax, kiril petres
Zev! Tqven marTali brZandebiT! Tqven am sityvebiT maswavle-
bels ki ar mimarTeT an saswavlebelSi ki ar mimarTeT, ar-
amed es sityvebi ganaTlebis inspeqtors uTxariT an skolis
zedamxedvels sasadiloSi, an _ bufetSi!~
magram, imeds vitoveb, s. m-s aRar mouwevs am mimarTulebiT
polemikis gagrZeleba, radgan viTareba Sors scildeba sa-
kuTriv pedagogikis farglebs da sul sxva sferoSi gadad-
is; im sferoSi, romelzec saubari qvemoT gveqneba.
k. p. ianovski Tavisi aqauri orwliani muSaobis ganmav-
lobaSi cdilobs pirveldawyebiT saswavleblebSi swavleb-
isadmi amgvari midgoma daamkvidros:
`pirveldawyebiT skolaSi swavleba upiratesad unda
warimarTos mSobliur enaze. ararusi moswavleebisaTvis
rusuli enis swavlebam is Sedegi unda mogvces, rom kur-
sis dasrulebis Semdeg bavSvma icodes ara marto rusuli
wera-kiTxva, aramed mas unda SeeZlos wakiTxulis gadmocema
rogorc mSobliur, ise, SeZlebisdagvarad, rusul enazec~.
miznis miRweva mas ase warmoudgenia:
pirveli klasis pirvel naxevarwleulSi swavleba mTlianad
mSobliur enaze unda mimdinareobdes; meore naxevarwleul-
Si yoveldRiurad 30-dan 45 wuTamde unda daeTmos imas, rom
81
bavSvebma rusul zepirmetyvelebas yuri miaCvion; meore
klasidan unda daiwyos rusuli wera-kiTxvis swavleba; swav-
lebis meore wels oTxi sagnidan erTi unda daeTmos rusul
enas; mesame klasSi ki moswavles SeZlebisdagvarad unda See-
Zlos wakiTxulis rusul enaze gadmocema:
`mxolod aseT SemTxvevaSi miiRebs pirveldawyebiTi sa-
soflo skola saswavlo dawesebulebis saxes da moamza-
debs moswavleebs saSualo ganaTlebisaTvis da Seasrulebs
agreTve umaRlesi ganaTlebisaTvis mosamzadebeli safex-
uris funqcias~.
es azri zustad jdeba rusi pedagogebis misamarTiT Cven
mier zemoT dasmuli sami SekiTxvis farglebSi, radganac
mkafiod Cans pirveldawyebiT sasoflo skolebSi araru-
si bavSvebisaTvis mSobliuri enis paralelurad rusuli
enis swavlebis moTxovna. imis mtkicebas xom ar daviwyebT,
rom swavlebis pirveli naxevarwleulis xsenebas aq raime
mniSvneloba unda mieniWos?
aq wina planze kidev ori pedagogiuri sakiTxi gamodis:
4. kanonieria Tu ara moTxovna, pirveldawyebiTma sa-
soflo skolam iseTi saswavlo dawesebulebis saxe mii-
Ros, romelmac umaRlesi ganaTlebisaTvis mosamzadebeli
safexuris funqcia unda Seasrulos? anu sakiTxis ase dasma
Zireulad xom ar ewinaaRmdegeba sasoflo skolis, rogorc
dawyebiTi saswavlo dawesebulebis, Sesaxeb kanonis moTx-
ovnas? da
5. garkveulwilad xom ar ewinaaRmdegeba es moTxovna
`wera-kiTxvis gamavrcelebeli sazogadoebis~ wesdebas,
romelic, rasakvirvelia, kavkasiis saswavlo olqis mzrun-
velis TanxmobiT, xelisuflebam 1879 wlis 31 marts daamt-
kica?10
xsenebuli wesdebis mesame paragrafSi naTqvamia: `sazog-
adoeba~ Tavis mizans imiT miaRwevs, rom saxalxo skolebSi
pirveldawyebiT ganaTlebas uzrunvelyofs moswavleTaT-
82
vis gasageb mSobliur enaze, amasTanave, izrunebs rusulis,
rogorc swavlebis enis, interesebze arsebuli kanonmde-
blobis Sesabamisad~.
iqneb Rirdes, `sazogadoebas~ mieTiTos im kanonze, rom-
lis moTxovnac Sesabamisi iqneba b-ni ganaTlebis mzrunv-
elis moTxovnisa _ e. i. ararusi moswavleebisaTvis maincad-
amainc da yovel mizezs gareSe swavlis dawyebidan meore
naxevarwleulSive rusuli enis SemoRebisa?
sanam sakiTxi pedagogiuri niadagidan sxva safexurze
_ politikuri halucinaciebis sferoSi _ gadainacvlebs,
kidev erTi garemoeba unda gairkves.
k. p. ianovskis TqmiT, is iTvaliswinebs soflis mosaxle-
obis survils _ Cvenma Svilebma pirveldawyebiT skolebSi
rusuli enac iswavlon. k. p. ianovski amasac ambobs _ analo-
giuri survili qarTuli erovnebis im warCinebul pirebsac
aqvT, romlebsac sazogadoebaSi sapatio adgili uWiravT.
verafers vityvi... iqneb ukeTesic iyos, mwyemsma faras
iqiT uyos piri, saiTkenac TviTon fara moisurvebs. arc
is vici, ra xarisxis pedagogiuri kompetencia aqvT im war-
Cinebul pirebs, romlebsac sazogadoebaSi ki uWiravT sa-
patio adgili, magram pedagogiur sakiTxebTan araviTari
Sexeba ara hqoniaT. da mainc, vfiqrob, Tu maincadamainc
pedagogikis sazRvrebidan gasul landebs ar davdevT, am
saqmeSi yvelaze kompetenturad maswavlebelTa yrilobis
erTsulovani gadawyvetilebebi unda miviCnioT.11 `puri me-
pures gamoacxobineo~, _ andaza gveubneba. amasobaSi maswav-
lebelTa yrilobebi TbilisSi, quTaisSi Rebuloben iseT
gadawyvetilebebs, romlebic iotisodenadac ki ar arRvevs
pedagogiis wes-kanonebs, Tumca maT ar iziarebs k. p. iano-
vski da, amitomac, am gadawyvetilebebs Zala da mniSvneloba
aqvs dakarguli.
axla ki sindisi mikarnaxebs, gavafrTxilo mkiTxveli, rom
SevdivarT nacionaluri hipnotizmisa da politikuri ha-
83
lucinaciebis samyaroSi; rusuli medicinis warmomadgen-
lebi ki gvirCeven _ visac janmrTelobis saqme rigze vera
aqvs, man sanerviulo saqmes xeli ar unda mohkidoso.
`Cems Tvalsazriss me Tanabarzomierad vamkvidreb, _ ambobs
k. p. ianovski, _ pirveldawyebiT qarTul skolebSic, somxur
skolebSic, TaTrul skolebSic, inguSur skolebSic da a. S.~
ìnguSur skolebSic da a. S.~!
xom atyobT, rom nervebTan dakavSirebiT aq raRac rigze
ver aris? TiTqos igive mSvidi tonia, magram ukve ismis vi-
bracia _ kulturul enas arasamwerlobo enaSi ureven, ena-
sa da kilos erTmaneTs utoleben! TaTrulisa da inguSuris
SeTanasworeba kidev jandabas, magram qarTuli _ inguSur-
Tan, an kidev, somxuri _ inguSurTan! rasa brZanebT!
`me danaSauls Cavidendi, _ ganagrZobs k. p. ianovski, _
mxari rom dameWira im sawyalobeli mdgomareobisaTvis,
romelSic aqauri pirveldawyebiTi skolebis umravlesoba-
Si rusuli enaa Cayenebuli~.
marTlac, es danaSauli iqneboda; magram survili imisa,
danaSauli ar CavidinoT, gana gamoricxavs survils imisas,
rom gaverkveT _ ra iTvleba danaSaulad, rogor da ra SemTx-
vevaSi sCadian danaSauls da ras mivyavarT danaSaulamde?!
miutevebel Secdomas uSvebT, Tu fiqrobT, rom nebismieri
qarTveli, romelsac inteligentobisa rame scxia, Tqvenze
naklebad wuxs skolebSi rusuli enis iseTi mdgomareobis
gamo, Tqven rom `sawyalobels~ uwodebT. magram, nacvlad vi-
Tarebis gamosworebisa, Tqven Tqveni saqcieliT kidev ufro
amZimebT isedac damZimebul mdgomareobas. arCevani ki ase-
Tia: an unda Cvens skolebSi bunebrivi da swori meTodebiT
daamkvidroT rusuli enis swavleba, an kidev Zaladobisa
da zuTxva-CiCinis SemoRebiT xeli SeuwyoT saqmis saboloo
profanacias.
zemoT ukve vTqvi, rom rac ufro safuZvlianad ici Seni
mSobliuri ena _ e. i. rac ufro Rrmad xar Caxeduli mSobli-
84
uri enis formebsa da wes-kanonebSi _ miT ufro advilad
euflebi sxva enas. rodesac swavlis dros TviTonve gaqvs
saSualeba ori enis Sedareba-Sepirispirebisa, gacilebiT
advilia sxva, aramSobliuri enis TaviseburebaTa gageba
da aTviseba. sadac es SeuZlebelia, anu roca praqtikulad
dauflebuli xar erT enas, xolo meoreze warmodgena ara
gaqvs, da roca am or enas erTdroulad gaswavlian, goneb-
is gaazrebuli varjiSi dazuTxvad, meqanikur gazepirebad
gadaiqceva. es ki bavSvis bunebis daCagvras, mis daTrgunvas
iwvevs. es erTi!
Tu savsebiT ugulebelvyofT enebis swavlebasTan dakav-
Sirebul fiziologiur Taviseburebebs da soflis skoleb-
Si ararusi biWebisa da gogonebisagan mSobliuri enis pa-
ralelurad rusulis swavlasac moviTxovT, rogorc es
dRes xdeba, maSin isic unda vikiTxoT: ra saSualebebi gag-
vaCnia saamisod? ara marto gadamdgari unter-oficrebi
da kaptenarmusebi,12 aramed isinic, romlebmac warmatebiT
daamTavres samaswavleblo seminariebi, verafriT Tavs ver
daaRweven adgilis tkepnasa da mojadoebul wreze trials,
Tu ar ecodinebaT TavianTi moswavleebis ena, xolo mos-
wavleebs _ maswavleblebis ena. am mizeziT ara erTi da ori
aTeuli skola daiketa quTaisis guberniaSi. imave mizeziT
araerT skolaSi usargeblod ixarjeba sasoflo sazoga-
doebebisa Tu `kavkasiaSi qristianobis aRmdgeneli sazog-
adoebis~ isedac umwiresi saxsrebi.
yovelive amis codna aucilebelia, jer erTi, imisaTvis,
rom sazogadoebrivi Tu xazinis fuli Cveni sabralo bavSve-
bis idiotizacias ar moxmardes da, amas garda, rogorme
rusuli enac gamoviyvanoT im savalalo mdgomareobidan,
romelSic igi saskolo ganaTlebis sferoSia Cayenebuli.
rodesac amierkavkasiaSi reformirebuli sasamarTlo
sistema mkvidrdeboda, Seikriba erTxelac axal mosamarT-
leTa areopagi da ganixila sakiTxi imis Sesaxeb, Tu ra enaze
85
daegzavnaT soflis mcxovrebTaTvis sasamarTlo uwyebebi.
_ rasakvirvelia, rusul enaze, _ ambobdnen erTni.
_ magram maT xom rusuli ar ician? _ ambobdnen meoreni.
_ Tu ar ician, iswavlon, _ gadawyvites danarCenebma.
`Tu ar ician, iswavlon!~ _ samarTalTan dakavSirebuli
piris mier warmoTqmul am azrs SeiZleba hqondes kidevac
raRac safuZveli, magram ra gamarTleba SeiZleba moiZebnos,
roca amgvari sityvebi pedagogis bageTagan warmoiTqmis?
`me TanamgrZnobeli var, _ ambobs k. ianovski, _ qarTuli
enis srulfasovani swavlebisa da qarTveli xalxis gonivru-
lad ganviTarebisa~.
miwamdec Tavi dagvikravs! magram gonebas ar Sordeba
kidev erTi andaza: `fici mwams, bolo makvirvebs~.
pirvel rigSi, ganze gavwev ama Tu im xalxis ganviTareb-
is mimarT gamoxatul TanagrZnobas. es pedagogis saqme ar
aris. pedagogis saqme qarTuli enis srulyofili swavlebaa.
ufro metic: es misi, rogorc Tavisi samSoblos patiosani
Svilisa da Tavisi xelmwifis erTguli qveSevrdomis, wmida-
Tawmida movaleobaa.
da Sercxvenil iyos RvTisa da kacTa winaSe yvela, vinc
eWvs Seitans k. p. ianovskis gulwrfelobaSi.
magram isic cnobilia, rom yvela Cveni ubedureba da
gansacdeli ZiriTadad erTi saerTo fesvidan, gauge-
brobidan, aris aRmocenebuli. es gaugebroba ganaTlebis
sferoSic damkvidrda, Tu arada riTi unda avxsnaT Semdegi
urTierTsawinaaRmdego garemoebebi:
aqaur pirveldawyebiT skolebSi saxelmZRvaneloTa na-
klebobaa. amis gamo axalgazrda qalma olRa didebuliZem
viTomc qarTul enaze gadmoiRo ariTmetikis saxelmZRvane-
lo evtuSevskisa, magram sinamdvileSi es sxva araferia,
Tu ara qarTuli enis masxrad agdeba.13 miuxedavad amisa _
ufro sworad, saqmis garemoebaTa ucodinarobis gamo _ sas-
wavlo olqis mzrunveli mefisnacvals usabuTebs, Targmani
86
xarisxianiao da ai, es wigni saxelmZRvanelod SeaqvT sas-
wavleblebSi. cnoba amis Sesaxeb, TiTqos winaswarganzraxu-
lad, gamoqveynebulia gazeT `kavkazis~ imave 348-e nomerSi,
romelSic k. p. ianovskis `ganxilvaa~ dabeWdili da romel
`ganxilvaSic~ saswavlo olqis mzrunveli gvimtkicebs _ qa-
rTuli enis srulfasovnad swavlebis saqmes TanavugrZno-
bo. Tanac zemoaRniSnuli cnoba uSualod mosdevs k. p. iano-
vskis werils!14
an kidev _ quTaisis guberniis saswavlebelTa yofilma
direqtorma, b-nma marsovma, kargad icis qarTuli ena, rasac
arsebiTi mniSvneloba hqonda aqauri pirveldawyebiTi sas-
wavleblebisaTvis. da ai, TiTqos sagangebodo, s. m-is `Ria
werilis~ gamoqveynebidan k. p. ianovskis `ganxilvis~ dabe-
Wdvamde marsovi sakuTari surviliT (rogorc aseT SemTx-
vevebSi amboben xolme) baqosa da daRestnis saswavlebelTa
direqtorad gadahyavT. iq igi, rasakvirvelia, vnebas ver
miayenebs xalxTa rusifikaciis saqmes, ramdenadac daculi
iqneba iqauri xalxis enis codnis umZimesi codvisagan. ga-
moricxuli ar aris, am gadayvanas sxva safuZvelic hqonoda
_ b-ni marsovi axalsenakis ambebis TviTmxilvelia da, Sesa-
Zlebelia, man beburi[Svilisa] et tutti quanti-s15 mimxrobas gaCu-
meba arCia.16
modiT, axla sakiTxs sxva mxridanac SevxedoT: gana qarTu-
li enis srulfasovnad swavlebis mimarT Tanadgomis gamox-
atuleba ar iqneboda, saqme racionalur safuZvlebze rom
dagveyenebina sxva, magaliTad, saSualo skolebSi?
am kiTxvaze pasuxi aucileblad moiTxovs Cveni mxaris
lingvistur TaviseburebaTa Tundac zerele gadaxedvas. aq
sami kulturuli enaa gabatonebul mdgomareobaSi: amier-
kavkasiis aRmosavleT nawilSi _ TaTruli, dasavleT nawil-
Si (Tbilisis CaTvliT) _ qarTuli, xolo somxuri ena orive
nawilSia gavrcelebuli.
1840-1850-ian wlebSi amierkavkasiis administraciaSi
87
gabatonebuli iyo aseTi azri _ moswavle axalgazrdobas,
romelic mxaris qristianul nawilSi apirebda samsaxurs,
aucileblad unda scodnoda qarTuli ena, xolo imas, visac
mxaris muslimur nawilSi unda emsaxura, unda scodnoda Ta-
Truli. nebismieri somexi, amierkavkasiis romel nawilSic
ar unda ecxovra mas, Tavis mSobliurTan erTad Tavisuflad
flobda dasaxelebulTagan an erT, an meore enas. amitomac
sabolood gadawyda: uklebliv yvela saswavlo dawesebule-
baSi qarTuli da TaTruli enebis swavleba savaldebulo yo-
filiyo da am saqmeSi gamonaklisi ar daiSveboda.
baroni vrangeli _ generali, romelsac 1853-1856 wlebis
omis Semdeg `baiazeTeli~ ewoda _ mefisnacval voroncovs
amierkavkasiis qalTa institutSi Tavisi qaliSvilebis qar-
Tuli enis swavlisagan ganTavisuflebas sTxovda. me SemTx-
veviT Seveswari, Tu ra upasuxa voroncovma general vran-
gels:
`Zvirfaso barono! Tu TvliT, rom Tqvens qaliSvilebs
Sida ruseTSi mouwevT cxovreba, vinRa dagiSliT isini
poltavis, kievis an sxva romelime institutSi miabaroT?~
gimnaziaSi qarTuli da TaTruli enebis maswavleblebi
TavianTi statusiT ufros maswavleblebTan iyvnen gaTana-
brebulebi, isini SehyavdaT pedagogiur sabWoSi da am sa-
gnebSi miRebul qulebs rogorc klasidan klasSi gadasay-
van, ise gamosaSveb gamocdebze iseTive mniSvneloba hqonda
miniWebuli, rogorc sxva savaldebulo sagnebSi miRebul
Sefasebebs.
dRes ki ra xdeba? am enebs dRes aswavlian mxolod msurve-
lebs, mxolod pirvel sam Tu oTx klasSi da mxolod kviraSi
erT saaTs.
Tu sityvebi _ `me TanamgrZnobeli var qarTuli enis srul-
fasovani swavlebisa~ _ ironiiTaa naTqvami, maSin gamotexi-
lad unda ganvacxado: es sxva araferia, Tu ara Cingisxanuri
ironia.
88
yovelive zemonaTqvams im faqtsac Tu davumatebT, rom
aseTsave sacodav, dabeCavebul mdgomareobaSia Cayenebuli
qarTuli ena sasuliero saswavleblebSi, romlebmac xalxis
moZRvrebi unda gamozardos, gana ufleba ar meqneba savse-
biT gulwrfelad vTqva, rom saqme gvaqvs ara TanagrZnobis
gamoxatvasTan, aramed qarTuli enis winaaRmdeg gamovle-
nil aSkara mtrobasTan?
saWiroa Tu ara, amgvar mtrobas aplodismentebi vuZ-
RvnaT, es Tqven TviTon gansajeT; erTi kia: Tqven TqvenTvis
damaxasiaTebeli RirsebiTa da simSvidiT unda mousminoT
im adamianis xmas, romelic pirdapir da patiosnad geub-
nebaT, rom is qarTvelia da friad soliduri safuZvelic
aqvs, iamayos Tavisi qarTvelobiT. da es siamaye Semdegi vi-
TarebiTac aris ganpirobebuli:
iyvnen da, SesaZlebelia, Cven Soris dResac moipovebian
sxvadasxva juris qarTvelTmoZuleebi. iseTebic gvinaxavs,
romlebsac arc daumalavT, rom dasanaxavad ver gvitanen,
magaliTad: ara erTi da ori barTolomei, uslarebi, le-
vaSovebi; iseTebic Segvxvedria, romlebsac surdaT, gaeR-
vivebinaT CvenSi ukmayofileba, mwuxareba, guliswyroma.
magram qarTveli xalxi zogadad da, kerZod, misi TiToeuli
moazrovne wevri, imdenad erTgulia Tavisi xelmwifisa da
mis mier damyarebuli wesrigisa, rom amgvari rwmena da erT-
guleba momavalSic araerTi TaobisaTvis iqneba samyofi,
raTa mtkiced davuxvdeT iseT Seuracxmyofel gamoxdomebs,
axla rom gveqneba saubari. Cveni erTgulebis Sesaxeb xelm-
wifem icis. Cvenc viciT, rom mas Cveni sjera. swored es aris
is myari niadagi, romelzec vdgavar da mogaxsenebT imas,
rasac mogaxsenebT.
xalxis enis xelyofa am xalxis arsebobisaTvis aucilebeli
wmidaTawmidis xelyofaa. qarTvelebi amisgan dazRveulni
unda viyoT. amasTan, arc is dagaviwydeT, rom Cveni damor-
Cileba veravin SeZlo, xolo ruseTis monarqis qveSevrdomo-
89
ba nebayoflobiTa da gaazrebulad gvaqvs miRebuli.
qarTvelebi mTeli TavianTi gansaxlebis sazRvrebSi
sargebloben im sikeTiT, romelsac mSvidobiani cxovre-
ba hqvia. maT moiSores ganuwyveteli omebi da vai-vaglaxi,
romlebsac ukanaskneli xuTaswleulis ganmavlobaSi gars
mojaruli mtrebisagan ganicdidnen. maT savsebiT gacno-
bierebuli aqvT, rom es yovelive Zlevamosili da erTmorw-
mune ruseTisgan gvaZevs valad.
dasasrul, Tqven ver daasaxelebT verc erT oms, verc erT
samxedro eqspedicias saqarTvelos mosazRvre teritorieb-
ze, romlebSic rusebis sisxlTan erTad qarTvelebis sisx-
lic ar daRvrila rusuli interesebisve sasargeblod. me
ki, CemdaTavad, qarTvelTmoZuleTagan gansxvavebiTa da imis
gaTvaliswinebiTac, rom ruseTis jarebs araerTi sasaxelo
gamarjveba qarTvel mxedarTmTavarTa winamZRolobiT aqvT
mopovebuli, Cveni Tavganwirvisa da erTgulqveSevrdomo-
bis mxolod ramdenime magaliTs dagisaxelebT.
1855 wels guriaSi arc erTi rusi jariskaci ar iyo darCe-
nili. Coloqis mxridan ki mteri gvitevda.17 qveyanas mxolod
guriis milicia icavda da masSi TiTqmis yvela is guruli
iyo gaerTianebuli, visac iaraRis tareba SeeZlo. es yve-
laferi oficialurad aris dadasturebuli baSkadiklar-
isa da quruq-daris gmiris, Tavad bebuTovis, mier. me save-
le kancelariis direqtorad vaxldi,18 roca bebuTovi 1856
wlis ianvarSi, rogorc samxedro meTauri, gmiri guruleb-
is razmebs aTvalierebda; im gmiri gurulebisas, romelTac,
sxvaTa Soris, uslarebi da levaSovebi, TavianTda samarcx-
vinod, arakeTilsaimedoebad miiCnevdnen.
an kidev:
imave 1855 wels omer-faSa samegreloSi SemoiWra.19 engur-
Tan gamarTuli brZolebis Semdeg Cveni jari iZulebuli
gaxda, ukan daexia. samegrelos milicias, romelSic iqauri
Tavadaznauroba TiTqmis gamoukleblad iyo gaerTianebuli,
90
Turqebis SemoWrisa da ruseTis jaris mier iqaurobis da-
tovebis Semdeg sxva aRaraferi darCenoda, garda imisa, rom
sakuTari ojaxebis gadarCenaze ezruna. me TviTon veswrebo-
di am saqmis garCevas da iq Tavadma bebuTovma aRiara _ me-
grelebs sxva gamosavali ar hqondaTo. uslarma ki, romelic
ukandaxeuli jaris Stabis ufrosi iyo, ar daizara, megrel-
ebisTvis talaxi esrola da maTTvis Ralati daewamebina.
amasobaSi Cveni jari sul ukan da ukan ixevda da, gadalaxa
ra cxeniswyali, saerTod gavida samegrelos sazRvrebidan.
ariergardSi myofma imereTis miliciis mxcovanma meTaur-
ma, polkovnikma simon wereTelma, rogorc ki cxeniswylis
marcxena napirs miaRwia da fexi imereTSi dadga, Tavis
razms ubrZana: `sdeq! arc erTi nabiji ukan! aq CavixocoT,
magram mters Cvens miwaze nu SemovuSvebT! Tavs nu Sevircx-
venT Cveni xelmwifis winaSe!~ da iq idga manam, sanam bebu-
Tovis jari ar gamoCnda, Semdeg ki am jarTan erTad ukanve
gadalaxa cxeniswyali, raTa ganegrZo brZola omer-faSas-
Tan, romelic ukve TviTon ixevda ukan.
garemoeba maiZulebs, gavimeoro Cem mier jer kidev kat-
kovisaTvis naTqvami sityvebi20: xalxi, romelic ruseTs
aZlevs iseT Svilebs, rogorebic iyvnen da arian cicianove-
bi, bagrationebi, bebuTovebi, arRuTinskebi, orbelianove-
bi, meliqovebi, loris-meliqovebi; mxcovan simon wereTels;
iseT milicias, rogoric guriis milicia iyo da aseTi me-
brZolebi saqarTvelos sxva nawilebSic gamohyavdaT; aseT
xalxs ufleba aqvs moelodes, rom aRmoifxvreba iseTi sav-
alalo gaugebrobani, CvenSi rom damkvidrda, magaliTad,
aqaur ganaTlebis administraciaSi da konkretuli gamox-
atuleba qarTuli enis swavlebis saqmeSi pova.
axla sul raRac oriod-samiode sityva sakuTriv qarTu-
li enis Sesaxeb da davamTavreb kidec.
rusebs, romlebmac ician qarTuli ena, aq iSviaTad naxavT,
magram aseTebi mainc moipovebian da maT SeuZliaT daadas-
91
turon _ es ena gramatikuli formebis mravalferovnebiTa
da araCveulebrivi moqnilobiT gamoirCeva. amas garda, qar-
TulSi yvela bgera sakuTriv Tavisi asoniSniT gamoixateba
da, am mxriv, Cveni anbani iTvleba yvelaze srulyofil da
martiv anbanad anbanTa Soris.
erTica da meorec erTobliobaSi gansazRvravs qarTuli
enis kidev erT SesaniSnav Tvisebas _ mis uCveulo sicocx-
lisunarianobas. xalxi dResac TiTqmis im eniT laparakobs,
ra eniTac X an XI saukuneSi laparakobdnen. daaxloebiT
200 wlis win qarTvelebi kaxeTidan sparseTis siRrmeSi
gadaasaxles, dasavleT saqarTvelos mcxovrebni daaxloe-
biT 300 wlis win moswydnen metropolias; amaTac da imaTac
gawyvetili hqondaT yovelgvari kavSiri saqarTvelosTan,
magram ena yvelgan erTi da igivea, damwerloba yvelgan
erTi da igivea.
am enis daTrgunvis mcdeloba, saeWvoa, vinmes kacobrio-
bisa da misi istoriis winaSe damsaxurebad CaeTvalos.
rusuli ena saxelmwifo enaa, amitomac saxelmwifoSi misi
codna yvelas sWirdeba, magram mieciT Cems Svilebs saSuale-
ba, pirvel rigSi, mSobliur enaSi moRonierdnen. amiT maT
mniSvnelovnad SeumsubuqebT saxelmwifo enis SeswavlisaTvis
gaweul Sromas. ai, ra iqneba Tqveni WeSmariti damsaxureba.
12 Tebervali. 1881 w.
q. quTaisi
92
`wera-kiTxvis sazogadoebazed~
batono redaqtoro!
gTxovT Tqvens gazeTSi adgili uboZoT am werilsa, rad-
gan saqveyno saqmezeda gwerT da rac aq Tqven SegexebodeT,
marTalia Tu ara, esec dasZinoT da SesaZlod dainaxoT.
bevrjer gvikiTxavs da sxvebisaganac gagvigonia, ra miz-
ezia, rom `wera-kiTxvis gamavrcelebeli sazogadoebis~
mmarTveloba aravis ras gvatyobinebs da arcaras gazeTebiT
acxadebs, Tu rogor ras hmoqmedebs da rogor hmarTavs am
saqveyno saqmesao. TviTan sazogadoebis Tavsmjdomaresac
Turme ramdenjerme uTqvams mmarTvelobis sxdomaSi,1 Cveni
yoveli dadgineba da gankarguleba unda gamocxaddebodes
xolmeo, saqveyno saqmeSi dasamalavi ara unda iyos rao;
TqvenTvisac Turme uTxovnia, bat. redaqtoro, dabeWdeT
xolme Tqven gazeTSi, rasac mmarTveloba gamogigzavnisTo
da Tqvenc giTqvamT, diaR usasyidlod davbeWdav, rac ki am
saqmezed dasabeWdavad momivao. *
gvesmoda esa da gvikvirda, raRa unda yofiliyo mizezi,
rom saqveyno saqmezed dayenebuli pirebi mainc ase mdu-
marebdnen?
dRes wavikiTxeT Tqveni gazeTis #243-Si mmarTvelobis
`gancxadebani~2 da axla ki vxedavT, ra mizeziTac ara ibeWd-
eboda ra: `ki aravis egonos, rom vmkelobelobdeTo~.3 iqneba
* namdvilia, `wera-kiTxvis sazogadoebis~ gamgeobas Cven
davpirdiT, rom ufasod daubeWdavT gazeTSi yovel imaT dadg-
inebas da gardawyvetilebasa.
[`droebis~ redaqcia].
93
marTla? aba erTi dagakvirdeT:
1. Tqvens sakuTars wesdebulebas Tu hkiTxulobT xolme4
gamgeoba saidan gagCeniaT, rom imis saxeliT acxadebT 7 sak-
iTxavsa? wesdebis me-12, 16, 18, 19, 20 da 21-rTe muxlSi aris
xseneba mmarTvelobisa; da Tu amas garda gamgeobac aris
daarsebuli, ratom sazogadoebis wevrT amisi ara Segvi-
tyviara?
2. gamgeoba iTxovs soflis skolebis maswavlebelTagan,
sxvaTa Soris: `ramdenjer da rodis miuRiaT wignebi da sas-
wavlo nivTebi gamgeobisagan da ramdeni egzempliari mou-
vidaT (Tu miuvidaT?) TviToeuli saxelmZRvanelosi da niv-
Tisa?
TviTon gamgeoba kiTxulobs: iqneba Tqven mainc gaxsomdeT
da RmerTs daamadleT, gviTxariT, rodis ra SemogawieTo?!
Tu gamgeoba mmarTvelobis magierad ixseneba, mmarT-
velobas sekretari hyavs * da samwerlo aqvs;5 erTs kargi
jamagiri eZleva da meores saxarjo fuli; _ raTa Tu saqme
samwerloSi ise uTavboloTa swarmoebs, rom romel skolas
rodis ra gaugzavnes, TviTan ki aRar ician da axla amaTa
hkiTxven, rodis ra gamogigzavneTo?
gamgeobisagan Cven ara mogvsvlia rao, rom gipasuxon, ma-
Sin raRasa iqT?
ama-da-am dros esa-da-es rom gamogigzavneT, rogor moix-
mareTo, es rom gekiTxaT, kidev ho; Torem `rodis ra gamo-
gigzavneTo~, ra sakiTxavia? imaTa hscdiT, Tu Tqvens daude-
vrobas aSkaravebT?
3. SemdegisaTvis gamgeoba maswavleblebs valada hsdebs
yovel weliwads mouTxovnelad gamogzavnon xolme sams
muxlSi moxsenebuli sxva-da-sxva cnobebi.
es raRa aris? sasoflo skolebis sabralo ostatebi
* cirkuliars rom yifSiZe awers xelsa, es gvari wevrTa siaSi

versad amovikiTxeT da rogor aris amisi saqme?
[d. y.].
94
Tqveni atCotebis weras unda moandomoT?6
Tqveni pirveli valia, rom skolebs xels umarTavdeT; ma-
gram imaTi Tqven winaSe valdebuleba guliTadi ufro unda
iyos da ara brZanebiTi: rodesac xels umarTavdeT, an maSinve
unda daanaxvoT, rasac valsa sdebT, an imaTs namuszed unda
miagdoT, mogaxseneben rasme Tu ara. Tqven ki mainca-da-mainc
Tval-yuris devneba ar unda moakloT; tvirTs unda Seum-
subuqebdeT, rom dagimadlon da yovels gaWirvebaSi gul-
dandobiT Tqven mogmarTavdnen.
didad sasurvelia, rom yovels saxalxo skolas sazog-
adoeba ise uyurebdes, rogorc Tavisas; magram sakuTaric
rom iyos, an maSin ki ivargebs eg biurokratiuli kilo, rom-
liTac Tqveni cirkuliari aris dawerili?
mmarTvelobis batono wevrno! darwmunebulni varT, rom
sazogadoebis wevrni yvelani gulsmodginebiTa gTxoven, yo-
veli Tqveni dadgineba da gadawyvetileba maSinve gamoacxa-
doT xolme, rom imaTac SeeZlebodeT drozed mogawvdinon
Tavisi azri da iqneba umjobesi gzac daganaxvon.
mmarTvelobis meinaxeT garda, vinc wevrTagani amaSi Cven
ar mogvidgeba, albad TviTan ityvis.
22 noemberi, 1881 w.
[qviSxeTi]
95
baton gazeT `kavkazis~ redaqtors
`kavkazis~ 328-e #-Si naTqvamia, rom amas winaT gamo-

qveynebuli cnoba qarTuli gramatikis gamocemis Sesaxeb ar
moswonebia ìuridiCeskoe obozrenies~, romelsac gakvir-
veba gamouxatavs _ rogor Tu `kavkazi~ qarTuli mwigno-
brobis warmatebas TanaugrZnobso.
es garemoeba Cemgan moiTxovs zogierT ganmartebas da
gTxovT, es ganmartebebi Tqvens gazeTSi gamoaqveynoT.
ìuridiCeskoe obozrenies~ gamoxmaurebaSi ismis Zveli
simRera, romelsac moskovis erTi gazeTi wamdauwum mReris
nebismier viTarebaSi momxdari nebismieri SemTxvevis gamo.1
umizezod araferi xdebao _ daaceminebs surdoiani CuvaSi,
amoiRebs xmas sakuTari miwis Sesaxeb baSkiri Tu saubarSi
miseburad mouqcevs belorusi _ es yvelaferi separatizmia.
aseTia am gazeTis buneba. _ magram roca am savsebiT araiu-
ridiul hangebs imeorebs Cveni ìuridiCeskoe obozrenie~,2
romlisganac, gvaqvs ufleba, movelodeT saqmisadmi ufro
wynar da uSfoTvel damokidebulebas, sakiTxi iZens delika-
tur xasiaTs.
maS, vilaparakoT delikaturobis farglebSi.
Tu romelime sazogadoebas hqonia cxovrebisa da ganvi-
Tarebis sakuTari gza da, Tanac, mniSvnelovani istoriuli
saqmeebic moumoqmedebia, SeuZlebelia, ar Camoyalibebo-
da Segneba _ TviTmyofadi xalxi var sxva xalxTa Soriso.
aqedanve warmosdgeba misi sxvaTagan gansxvavebuli saxel-
wodebaca da metyvelebac. amgvar sazogadoebas dRes ar Sei-
96
Zleba sadavod vuqcioT xalxad wodebis ufleba. iq, sadac
zeda ganyofilebebi normalur mdgomareobaSia, aseTi dava
gadaiqceva srul absurdad. miT umetes, Tu am xalxs hqonda
da dResac aqvs Tavisi kultura, sakuTari, da rac ar unda
iyos, sakmaod Zveli damwerloba.
am saukunis damdegisaTvis saqarTvelo ukve moiTvli-
da istoriuli arsebobis ori aTas weliwadze mets da am
xnis ganmavlobaSi cxovrobda mtruli saxelmwifoebisa da
xalxebis garemocvaSi. igi martodmarto ebrZoda mters,
maT Soris, msoflios dasamorCileblad aRZrul mrisxane
dampyroblebsac. saqarTvelom araerTxel miiRo maTi dar-
tyma sakuTar Tavze, araerTxel Seakava maTi mozRvaveba,
romelic, vin icis, mTeli qristianuli samyaros winaaRmdeg
iyo mimarTuli. amdenad, am qveyanas TvalsaCino damsaxure-
ba miuZRvis rogorc sakacobrio istoriis, ise msoflio
marTlmadidebeli eklesiis winaSe; im eklesiisa, romlis
siwmindesac icavda da uZRvnida sakuTari wiaRidan wminda
makurTxevelTa da didmowameT.
yovelive amas qarTvelebs, rogorc xalxs, ver waarTmevT.
maSasadame, verc imis uflebas waarTmevT, rom erTmaneTSi
ilaparakon da uzenaesisadmi locva-vedreba aRavlinon
TavianT mSobliur, ase Tu ise Zvel, enaze. mSobliuri ena
yoveli xalxis wmindaTawmindaa da mis xelyofas, garda
Seuracxaobisa, SeuZlebelia, raime gamarTleba moeZebnos.
es cxadze ucxadesi WeSmariteba dRes yvelgan esmiT, miT
umetes, saxelmwifoTa Soris uvrces ruseTis saxelmwi-
foSi. pirovnebis sicocxlis xelyofa sisxlis samarTlis
kanonebiT isjeba, xolo xalxis sicocxlis xelyofa (rac
gindaT TqviT da, enis mospoba xalxis amogdebas niSnavs) ar
SeiZleba sasjelTa debulebebSi arsebuli xarvezebiT iqnes
gamarTlebuli.
amgvar mtrobas kidev SeiZleba moeZebnos raRac poli-
tikuri gamarTleba, roca daqvemdebarebulsa da gaba-
97
tonebuls Soris arsebobs antagonizmi, roca maTi mis-
wrafebebi da interesebi diametruladaa erTmaneTisagan
gansxvavebuli, an kidev religiuri gandgomilebisa da zo-
gierT sxva SemTxvevaSi. magram aseT rameebs qarTvelebze ve-
ravin ityvis. iq, sadac erTi xalxi nebayoflobiT, sakuTari
surviliT daeqvemdebara meores, pirvelTa mxridan raime
antagonizmze laparaki TavisdaTavad uazrobaa. xolo Tu
aseTi winaaRmdegobis warmoSobas jiutad cdiloben gaba-
tonebulTa sulmdabali moxeleebi, maSin keTilgonierebis
vali moiTxovs Wkuaze maT moyvanas. Torem, erTxelac iqneba,
Seityobs imaT saqciels umaRlesi xelisufleba da maSin _
brali viRasi?
religiur gandgomilebaze xom laparakic zedmetia, roca
araviTari gansxvaveba araa arc sarwmunoebriv dogmatebSi
da arc saRvTismsaxuro wes-CveulebebSi. qarTvelebi iara-
RiT xelSi TxuTmeti saukunis ganmavlobaSi icavdnen Tavi-
anT marTlmadideblobas, magram ra dainaxes _ aseT dawolas
fizikurad ver gavuZlebTo, Zmuri grZnobiTa da qristian-
uli mindobiT Seafares Tavi ruseTis marTlmadideblobas.
araviTar gandgomilebas aq adgili ara aqvs.
laparaki miswrafebaTa da interesTa dapirispirebaze qa-
rTvelTa mxridan SesaZlebelia erTaderT SemTxvevaSi _ Tu
vinme ityvis, qarTvelebi r o d i s m e mtrobdnen ruseTso,
an kidev, r o d i s m e isini naklebad Tavdadebulni iyv-
nen TavianTi mefis, ruseTis gvirgvinosnisa, vidre sxva misi
uerTgulesi qveSevrdomebio. magram arc amgvari laparaki-
saTvis arsebobs raime safuZveli.
ase rom, sadac uzenaesi simarTle da saxelmwifoebri-
vi keTilgoniereba sufevs, ar arsebobs araviTari sababi,
vinme abuCad igdebdes mSobliur enas iseTi mravaltanjuli
xalxisas, rogoricaa dRes rusuli samyaros winaSe mdgari
ZvelTaganve marTlmadidebeli qarTveloba.
erT garemoebasac aRvniSnav.
98
ar SeiZleba moviTxovoT, rom saxelmwifoSi an sazog-
adoebaSi, ojaxSic ki _ yvelam akeTos erTi da igive saqme,
Tanac erTi da imave wesiT. ar SeiZleba im dResaviT naTeli
mizezis gamo, rom sabolood aravin arafers gaakeTebs. amiT
ai, risi Tqma msurs: msoflioSi ar arsebula da arc dRes
arsebobs didi saxelmwifo, sadac ar iqneba mosaxleobis
eTnikuri nairgvaroba. ar SeiZleba moviTxovoT, rom isini
yvelani cxovrobdnen, moqmedebdnen da viTardebodnen erT
Targze gamoWriliviT: ikvebebodnen erTi da imave sakvebiT,
imosebodnen erTi da imave samosiT, loculobdnen erTsa da
imave enaze, miwas erTi da imave iaraRiT amuSavebdnen. nuTu
cxadi ar unda iyos, rom amiT qveyanaSi ZalisZalad iTeseba
iseTi ganxeTqileba, romelsac esRa SeuZlia _ zRvari dau-
dos sazogadoebriv progress.
zustad igive iTqmis enebzec.
saxelmwifo enis codna, rogorc aucilebeli cxovrebi-
seuli elementi, s a W i r o a yvelasTvis, vinc oficialur
sferoebSi trialebs an kidev saxelmwifo samsaxurisTvis
gadaudvia Tavi. amaT sWirdebaT xelis Sewyoba, raTa es ena
safuZvlianad Seiswavlon. xelisufleba amisTvis fuls ara
zogavs, magram, garda fulisa, am saqmes sxva ramec sWirde-
ba. da ai, aq scenaze gamodis pedagogika, Tu aramkiTxe `moR-
vaweebma~ isic profanaciis msxverplad ar aqcies. namdvili
pedagogika moiTxovs, rom gonebis gasaxsnelad pirveldaw-
yebiTi ganaTleba bavSvs usaTuod mSobliur enaze unda miec-
es. ratom? imitom, rom aseT SemTxvevaSi ar moxdeba bavSvis
cnobierebis daClungeba _ rac ufro ukeT icis mozardma
mSobliuri ena, miT ufro advilad aiTvisebs igi misTvis s
a W i r o meore enis safuZvlebs, formebsa da wesebs. gone-
badamjdari xalxi amaze ukve aRar kamaTobs; magram zogi-
erTi iuristi, da pedagogic, amtkicebs _ erTiani saxelm-
wifo enis damkvidrebisaTvis aucilebeliao, ubralod, am
saxelmwifoSi arsebuli yvela sxva enis mospoba, TiTqos es
99
saWiro an samarTliani, an mosaxerxebeli, an advilad misaR-
wevi iyos. ase msjeloba SeuZlia mxolod gonebaSezRuduls
an imas, visi keTilsaimedooba jer kidev gamosarkvevia.
TviTon saxelmwifosTvis ZiriTadi enis safuZvliani
codnis gavrceleba aucilebelia imdenad, da mxolod da
mxolod imdenad, ramdenadac mas sWirdeba moxeleebi da
mosamsaxureebi oficialur dawesebulebaTa Seuferxebeli
saqmianobisaTvis. Cven axlaxan aRvniSneT pedagogikuri WeS-
mariteba _ ucxo enis Seswavla miT ufro advilia, rac ufro
kargadaa aTvisebuli mSobliuri ena. amdenad, mSobliur
enaze swavleba didad Seuwyobs xels oficialuri saxelmwi-
fo enis gavrcelebas. amasTanave, Tu moswavles jer dedae-
nas SevaswavliT da mxolod mere ucxo enas, xelisuflebas
daexarjeba gacilebiT naklebi saxsrebi da gacilebiT nak-
lebad moxdeba bavSvis gonebrivi SezRudva.
rogorRac ucnauria imis gafiqrebac ki, rom Cvens droSi
jer kidev arseboben adamianebi, erTi SexedviT gonebrivad
momwifebulni rom Canan, magram yovlad gaugebari gaavebiT
xvdebian qarTuli gramatikis gamosvlas, TiTqos am wignis
mizani ara saerTo sikeTis motana, aramed maTi piradi keT-
ildReobis Seryeva iyos.
axla oriode sityva sakuTriv `gramatikaze~, romlis ga-
mocemasac agre amreziT Sexvda ìuridiCeskoe obozrenie~.
es wigni saxeldaxelodaa dawerili Cemi SvilebisTvis (Tum-
ca esec unda iTqvas _ Cemi xnis kaci yovel wevrs axalgazrda
Taobisas ise uyurebs, rogorc sakuTar Svils) da igi Tan-
amedrove cocxali, sasaubro enis wes-kanonTa gamorkvevas
isaxavs miznad.
yovelive zemoTqmuls unda davsZino Semdegi: qarTuli
enis antagonistebs, cota ar iyos, gaukvirdebaT albaT,
roca Seityoben, rom am enas aqvs iseTi gasaocari saxiere-
ba da simdidre formebisa, evropis arc erT Zvelsa Tu axal
enas rom ar moepoveba; da esec xom mniSvnelovnad Seamsubu-
100
qebs yoveli sxva enis safuZvlian Seswavlas.
rac Seexeba qarTul anbans, miuxedavad imisa, rom samg-
varovania, igi yvelaze martivi da, amdenad, yvelaze sruly-
ofilia im anbanTa Soris, romlebic Tvalwin gviZevs. didi
xania, aRarc amaze kamaTobs vinme.
16 dekemberi 1882.
sof. qviSxeTi
101
bankis saqmezed
b. redaqtoro!
Tqveni upativcemulesi gazeTis #121-Si moyvanilma bankis
saqmezed msjelobam1 erTi saocari SemTxveva wamomiyena Tval-
win, sakuTrad Cems ojaxSi momxdari. mouravi gvyavda, samagal-
iTo ram patiosnebiTa da erTgulebiT aRsavse. ojaxSi aravin
iyo iseTi, rom imis keTil-sinidisianobazed eWvi hqoniyo rame.
RmerTma xom icis, rom mec suliT da guliT viyav dandobili;
magram aki gamiwyra erTxel RmerTi da vikiTxe, netavi vicode,
ra gvaqvs Semosavali da ra gvexarjeba meTqi? Sehxta da daeca
Cemi svimona, rogor Tu angariSsa mTxoveno; maS me aRar men-
dobiano? Tu aRar mendobian, raRa dasadgomi var me aqao?
visao? meo? me unda mekiTxebodes angariSi, amdeni xania, rom
am ojaxs Sevswire Cemi siymeo?.. erTis sityviT, iseTi yayani da
aliaqoTi Sesdga Cems ojaxSi, rom vinca vin viyaviT, TiTqmis
muxl-modrekiT davuwyeT vedreba: nu, Cveno svimona, rogor-
Rac wamogvcda, Torem Sen rogor mogTxovdiT angariSsa, Cvens
svimonasa, CvenTvis Tavdadebulsa, Cvens gamomkvebavsa?!! bo-
los daSoSminda rogorc iyo Cveni svimona da Zlivs-ZlivobiT
dawynarda Cveni ase axirebulad atexili sodom-gomoraca.2
_ mainc, SeityeT Tu vera, ris patroni iyaviTo, mkiTxavT
Tqvena, Cemo wamkiTxvelo.
_ Tqvens mters nura Seutyvia ra, rom Cven vera SevityeT
ra da RmerTs rom ise ar enebebina, rom ramdensame weliwads
ukan Cveni yovlad patiosani da yovlad Seuginebeli svi-
mona ar gadabrunebuliyo da mama-papaT ar gamosdgomiyo,
102
sazrdo Ra SegvrCeboda rame, Tu ara, arvin icis.
saqarTvelos Tavad-aznauroba rom ukidurs ganwirule-
baSi viyaviT da ra qvisaTvis gvexeTqebina Tavi rom aRar vi-
codiT, erTs fiqrs wavawydiT, modi da Cveni banki gavxsnaT
rogorme, rom gaWirvebaSi xeli moviTboT xolmeo!
es Tu gviSvelis rasme, Torem sxva saxsari aRara aris ra
CvenTvisao, vsTqviT, da rogorc iyo, aTasnairi nailajobi-
Ta da vai vaglaxiT, gavxseniT Cveni banki, isev CvenTvisa da
im Cveni mezoblebisaTvis, romelnic gars gvaxvevian.
Cven mainc ase gvegona:
davinTeT cecxli, raRa?
davinTeT, magram, xeli moviTboT xolmeo ki ara, im Tav-
iTve ise gamodioda, rom xels sxvani iTbobdnen da Cven ki
ukan-ukana vrCebodiT, patronebi.
es raRa RvTis risxvaa, vambobdiT. soflis maRaziisa ar
iyos, Cven movxaniT, Cven davTeseT, Cven davfarcxeT; sxvani
ki mkian da miirTmeveno?..
_ erTi SegvatyobineT, Tqveni sulis Wirime, Cveno meve-
leebo, Cveno sasiqadulo mouravebo, riT gvemarTeba esa?
_ batonebo, axla isini gveubnebian! didaT gvakvirvebs
eg Tqveni kiTxvao. ager amdeni xania yovel-wliv TavTaviss
drozed Semogvaqvs angariSi, TavTaviss drozeda hmtkicde-
ba da axla rom gvkiTxavT, ra saqcieliao.
_ sad Segvaqvs da vin amtkicebso? daiRriales batonebma.
_ sada da zedamxedavs komitetSio; vina da zedamxedavi
komitetio!
_ axla TviTon Cven gvinda, patronebsa, Cven gavSinjoT da
Tu dasamtkicebelia, davamtkicoTo...
_ Tqven ra neba gaqvTo, bZanes mouravebma.
_ rogor Tu ra neba gvaqvs? maS Cven patronebi ara vhyo-
filvarTo, miaquxa yrilobam.
_ Zlivs ar mimxvdarxarT! patroni komitetis Tavsmjdomare da
wevrni arian; isini gviSinjaven angariSsa da isini gvimtkiceben!
103
_ biWos!!! isini viRasi dayenebulni arian?
_ Tqveni, batonebo, Tqveni! magram...
_ ris magram, ra magram. komitetis meinaxeebo! Tqvena gTx-
ovT warmogvidginoT angariSi, Torem... mama ar wamiwydeba da
deda ar momikvdeba, Tqvens mzesa vficavT da Tqveni colSvi-
lis sicocxlesa, sarevizo komisias davniSnavT axlave.
_ sarevizio komisiasao, wamoiWeqa Tavsmjdomarem. Cveni
gabeabrueba gnebavT, Tu ra aris egao!
_ gabeabrueba ki ara, angariSi gvinda SevityoT, angariSi,
Cveni sakuTrebisa.
gvinda, ar gvinda; gvinda ar gvinda!!.. esRa ismoda am yri-
lobaSi, am aRaRadebuls oratoriaSi.
amasobaSi gamgeobisa da zedamxedvelobis meinaxeebma
erTmaneTSi moCurCuleba moaswres da wamodgnen fexzed.
fexzed rom wamodgnen, mRaRadebelT TiTqo zeTi gadaasx-
eso, dascxren da Tavsmjdomarem moaxsena yrilobas: _ Cven
sxva Rone aRara gvrCeba ra, unda Tqvens samsaxurs Tavi da-
vaneboT da geTxovebiT es aris. _ axla zeTi ki ara, TiTqo
tyvia gadaasxeso, ise gahqra yoveli xma da yoveli moZraoba.
meore dRes imave Tavsmjdomarem gamoucxada yrilobas:
iyavn neba Tqveni. TviTan Cven davniSnavT komisiasa da rac
Seudgeba, Tavis drozed mogaxsenebT.
_ cxonebulo Cemo svimonav! ra iqneboda Senc agre geTq-
va: iyavn neba Tqveni. TviTon me moviTxov Cemgan angariSsa,
oRond ki Tqven nu astexT sodomsa da gomoras mag Tqvens
sapatio ojaxSio.
_ ase iyo Tu ara, Tqven da Tqveni namusi! Tqvena gkiTxavT,
batono `droebis~ redaqtoro;3 da imitom gkiTxavT Tqvena,
rom Tqvenia Cemi `kavkazSi~ dabeWdilis pasuxis diaR maxvili
pasuxi da Tqvena bZandebiT bankis gamgeobis meinaxeTagani.4
amasTan Tqvenc es moixseneT Cemgan:
1. me araTu SarSan peterburRidam,5 _ wleul qviSxeTid-
amac vacnobe damkiTxvelebs telegrammiT, rom Tu sazoga-
104
doeba CemTvis kenWis yras inebebs, uars ar vityvi meTqi. maSin
bankis gamgeobis Tavsmjdomarezed iyo saubari Camogdebu-
li, _ ilia WavWavaZesa aRara hnebavs darCeso, _ da wleul
zedamxedveli komitetisa da sarevizio kommisiis Tavsm-
jdomarezed, _ kostantine mamacaSvili avaT ariso da iese
andronikaSvils ara hnebavso. _ kidevac rom moxdes amgvari
kiTxva, kidevac davTanxmdebi kenWzed da ukenWobazed ki aras
dros, _ sworeT im mizeziT, rac Tqvens Sors mWvreteloba-
sa hmxilebia: iqneba maSin movaxerxo rogorme iseTi wesis
Camogdeba, rom saqme patrons ver icnobso, ar iTqmodes.
2. Tu CvenSi saxel ganTqmuli komitetis ganawevar kommis-
ias Cemi `Zvirfasi~ azri ar movaxsene, sazogadoobas mainc ras
emarTlebiTo, rom bZanebT, _ am Tqvens bZanebas rom rigianad
daufiqrdeT, darwmunebuli var, rom aRara mkiTxavdiT.
Cemi kritika axlandeli bankisa da imis gamgeobisaTvis
sruliad araferSi ar iqneba gamosadegi; sazogadoobisaT-
vis ki iqneba gamodges da movaxseneb kidec; magram ara im sa-
zogadoobas, romelic ganagebs axla banksa, _ im sazogadoo-
bas, romelmac daaarsa, romelsac ekuTvnis da romelic, Tu
samarTali aris sadme, unda ganagebdesca.
Tqveni gazeTi rom mimaCndes am sazogadoobis warmo-
madgenelad, Tqven mogaxsenebdiT; magram arc Tqveni gazeTi
mimaCnia, arc gamgeoba axlandeli, arc imazed miCenili
zedamxedveli komiteti da arc am komitetis ganayofi samTa
kommisia, _ am sazogadoobis warmomadgenelad. am sazoga-
doobis Cveneburi saxeli aris Tavad-aznauroba.
saqveyno saqmisaTvis rom guli ar mewvodes, gagiCumde-
bodiT, magram veRar gagiCumdiT da iqneba Tqveni Weqa-qux-
ilic avitano rogorme.
imedi meqneba Tqvens movaleobas ara ugulebels hyofT da
sityvis gamoukleblad dahbeWdavT am Cem werils Tqvensave
`droebaSi~.
1883 w. 26-s ivniss. s. qviSxeTi.
105
xizanTa sakiTxi
xizanTa sakiTxze am dReebSi Tbilisis presaSic ms-

jelobdnen da qarTveli Tavadaznaurobis sxvadasxva
oficialur Tu araoficialur Sekrebebzec. ukanasknel
or SekrebaSi mec momiwia monawileobis miReba. gamoiTq-
moda nairgvari Sexedulebani imis Sesaxeb, Tu ra pasuxi
unda gascemoda SemoTavazebul sam winadadebas da myisve
iwyeboda kiTxvebze pasuxebis Camoyalibeba. me ar mqon-
da saSualeba, davswrebodi kamaTis dasrulebas, Tumca,
vfiqrob, SesaZlebelia, Cemma azrma ase Tu ise xeli Seu-
wyos sakiTxis gamorkvevas. amitomac vasruleb danapirebs
da Temis garSemo ìuridiCeskoe obozrenies~ furclebze
visaubreb.
kiTxvebi, romlebic zemoaRniSnul Sekrebebze daisva, iyo
Semdegi:
1. aRiarebs Tu ara Tavadaznauroba xiznis arsebobas?
2. urTierTobis ra wesi arsebobda an arsebobs xizansa
da im miwis mflobels Soris, romlis miwiTac xizani sarge-
blobs da raSi gamoixateba rogorc erTi, ise meore mxaris
uflebebi da movaleobebi?
3. rogor apirebs Tavadaznauroba xizanTa sakiTxis mog-
varebas?
es kiTxvebi, rogorc mkiTxveli qvemoT darwmundeba,
TavisTavad arc ise martivia, rom maTi ganxilvisa da
pirdapiri da dabejiTebuli pasuxebis SemuSavebisas
dabrkolebebi ar warmoSobiliyo. Cvens SemTxvevaSi ki
106
dabrkolebebs, Cemi azriT, aseTi garemoebebi warmoSobs:
Sekrebis monawileTagan erT nawils kiTxvebze kompeten-
turi pasuxis gacema SeuZlia mxolod im teritoriasTan
dakavSirebul monacemebze dayrdnobiT, romelzec maTi
adgil-mamuli mdebareobs; danarCens ki, romelTa raode-
noba Sekrebebze gacilebiT meti iyo, arc teritoriis
mxriv da arc piradi gamocdilebis mixedviT araviTari
kompetencia ar gaaCnia. saqme isaa, pirveli kiTxva ufro
detalurad rom yofiliyo formulirebuli, anu zoga-
dad xiznis arseboba-ararsebobis sakiTxi ki ar damdgari-
yo, aramed _ sad, romel mxareSi arsebobs xiznobis wesi,
maSin pasuxic iqneboda mkafio, pirdapiri da arc xifaTis
SegrZnebas gamoiwvevda. arada, bundovanebama da xifaTis
SegrZnebam moWarbebulad imoqmeda kamaTis xasiaTze. da
es imitom, rom saqmis gansaxilvelad mowveulTa umrav-
lesoba siRnaRisa da Telavis mazrebis Tavadaznauro-
ba iyo. am mazrebSi ki mxolod tabarukebi da boganoebi
arseboben1 da isini xiznebs ise hgvanan, rogorc sagnebs
maTive landebi. da rogor gindaT, miwis mflobelebi ar
SeSfoTdnen, roca maT eubnebian _ SesaZloa, landebi sa-
gnebad iqcneno!
kiTxva rom ase dasmuliyo: aRiarebs Tu ara qarTveli
Tavadaznauroba xiznis arsebobas da, Tu aRiarebs, konk-
retulad sad? _ pasuxi erTsulovani iqneboda: `diax! aRi-
arebs mis arsebobas goris, duSeTisa da Tbilisis mazreb-
Si~.
mTavari aq esaa _ pirveli kiTxvis swori formulireba
imTaviTve moxsnida meore, yvelaze rTul, kiTxvasTan da-
kavSirebul ukiduresad mwvave xifaTebsa Tu bundovanebas
da, amasTanave, gaaadvilebda pasuxs mesame kiTxvaze, romel-
ic, Tavis mxriv, didi sifrTxiliTaa dasmuli da arsebiTad
saqmis mTel arss moicavs.
ai, es warmoSobs aucileblobas gairkves, Tu ras war-
107
moadgens xizani, rogorc aseTi. pasuxs erTni eZeben saqarT-
velos warsulSi _ istoriul werilobiT ZeglebSi an kidev
cdiloben es pasuxi zepirgadmocemebSi ipovon; sxvebma ki
lingvistur kvlevebsa da etimologiur daskvnebs mihyves
xeli.
magram xiznoba xom, ase vTqvaT, Cven Tvalwin warmoiSva!
verc erT istoriul sabuTSi Tqven ver ipovoT pasuxs imaze,
rac ucxo da ucnobi iyo Zveli saqarTvelosTvis.2 melapa-
rakebian vaxtang mefis kanonebis Sesaxeb, magram es kanone-
bi glexebTan da batonymobasTan dakavSirebiT mxolod or
mdgomareobas cnobs da dRes Cven swored amas vcdilobT
_ xizanTa dRevandel mdgomareobas maTi Sejerebuli var-
ianti mivusadagoT. kerZod, vaxtangis kanonebis mixedviT:
glexi, romelmac sxvis miwaze 30 weliwadi icxovra, sabo-
lood mkvidrdeba am miwaze da glexi, romelmac TrialeT-
is sazRvrebSi 10 weliwadi icxovra, amiT Tavisi winandeli
patronisagan Tavisuflebas moipovebs.3
aseTi viTareba SesaZlebeli iyo batonymobis pirobeb-
Si. amJamad es warmoudgenelia da, Sesabamisad, xiznebis
dRevandeli mdgomareobis gansazRvrisas _ gamousadega-
ric.
rCeba sityvis gramatikuli ganmarteba. axla amas mivyof
xels, Tumca ki meeWveba, es gza rameSi gamogvadges.
rodesac ojaxs an Tems ama Tu im mizeziT aRar SeuZlia
mocemul adgilas cxovreba da sxvagan gadadis, maSin igi,
qarTuli enis mixedviT, gadaixizneba, anu gadasaxldeba. Tu
vinme vinmes miwaze dasaxldeba, e. i. Seexizna, Semoexizna,
Tavi Seafara, Semoekedla. dasasrul, xalxis sasaubro me-
tyvelebaSi sityva xizani niSnavs ojaxs (saxleulobas). san-
am es ojaxi CemTan afarebs Tavs, an kidev Cemi miwiT sarge-
blobs, igi Tavis Tavs uwodebs _ da sxvebic mas uwodeben
_ Cems xizans, anu CemTan droebiT mcxovrebs, CemTan Semox-
iznuls.
108
aseTi xiznis arseboba goris, duSeTisa da Tbilisis maz-
rebSi udavo faqtia. Sesabamisad, pirvel kiTxvas SeuZlebe-
lia sxva pasuxi gaeces: `diax! Tumca mxolod Tbilisis gu-
berniis am nawilebSi~.
aseTi pasuxi uciloblad warmoSobs saWiroebas, garkveu-
li cvlilebebi Sevides meore kiTxvis formulirebaSi.
xiznebi ewodebaT:
adamianebs, romlebsac aqvT sakuTari nadeli an sakuTari
sadgomi, magram miwis simciris gamo mas an Tavisi yofili
mebatonisagan iReben, an _ sxva mebatonisagan da iq droebiT
cxovroben; aseve xiznebad iwodebian isinic, romlebsac me-
batonisagan miwa qiriT aqvT aRebuli da sakuTrad arc na-
deli gaaCniaT da arc binadroba.
rogorc erTi, ise meore kategoriis xiznebis damok-
idebuleba mebatoneebisadmi ganisazRvreba SeTanxmebuli
pirobiT, romelic dafuZnebulia orive mxaris interes-
sa da sargeblianobaze. amgvari viTarebiT ganpirobebuli
socialuri yofa ukanasknel dromde orive mxarisTvis im-
denad xelsayreli iyo, rom metismetad iSviaTad _ meba-
tones xiznisTvis miwis micemaze uari eTqva. xiznebic imde-
nad keTilsindisierad asrulebdnen daqiravebuli Sromis
pirobebs da TviTonac imdenad uzrunvelyofilni iyvnen,
rom saglexo reformis dros Tavadaznaurobis survilis
Tanaxmad, dRevandeli droebiT valdebuli glexebi xizanTa
mdgomareobaSi rom gadaeyvanaT, isini amas RvTis wyalobad
miiRebdnen.
rasac axla vityvi, SeiZleba xmamaRal naTqvamad CameT-
valos, magram amis Tqmis uflebas maZlevs is oficialuri
roli, saglexo reformis dros Tbilisis guberniaSi rom
mqonda dakisrebuli _ Tavadaznaurobis mier arCeuli vi-
yavi im pirad, romelsac reformis mosamzadebeli samuSao
unda Caetarebina, xolo reformis SemoRebisa da misi
praqtikuli ganxorcielebis periodSi viyavi guberniis
109
Tavadaznaurobis winamZRoli da saglexo saqmeTa Tbili-
sis guberniis centraluri komitetis wevri. xsenebul
uflebas dResac vitoveb imdenad, ramdenadac droebiT
valdebuli glexobis saqme TavisTavad midis im mdgomare-
obisaken, Tavis droze maTTvis Tavadaznaurobas rom hqon-
da gamiznuli. sxvadasxva sasikeTo garemoebam xeli Seuwyo
mosaxleobis zrdas, ris gamoc ukve SeimCneva sanadelo mi-
wis nakleboba. amitomac droebiT valdebuli glexis cx-
ovreba ukve emsgavseba xiznis im tips, romelsac sakuTari
nadeli da sakuTari sadgomi aqvs; es ukanaskneli garemoe-
ba ki pirdapir ukavSirdeba Cven mier zemoaRniSnul mesame
kiTxvas.
rogorc erTi, ise meore tipis xiznis mdgomareoba mx-
olod da mxolod nebayoflobiTi xelSekrulebiT gamox-
atul SeTanxmebazea damyarebuli. erTi nawilisTvis aseTi
SeTanxmeba werilobiTaa gaformebuli, sxvebi SeTanxme-
bis zepir formas iyeneben. xiznebs am sityvis pirdapiri
mniSvnelobiT amJamad am ukanasknelT uwodeben, anu imaT,
visac arc nadeli aqvT, arc sxva iseTi miwa, qiravnobis wesze
rom ar iyos damyarebuli, arc binadroba da arc raime wer-
ilobiTi garantiebi.
axla ki movida dro, zemoaRniSnuli meore kiTxvis ga-
mosarkvevad SevexoT im uflebebsa da movaleobebs, rom-
lebsac SeTanxmeba udevs safuZvlad. werilobiT gaforme-
bul xelSekrulebebze, me ase vfiqrob, sityvis gagrZeleba
ar Rirs, ramdenadac iq pirobebica da ufleba-movale-
obebic TviTon xelSekrulebaSivea Cawerili; erTi kia _
aseTi xelSekruleba unda iyos nebayoflobiTi da kanonis
farglebSi moqceuli. xolo iq, sadac xelSekruleba prim-
itiuli formiTaa warmodgenili, anu arc werilobiTaa
gaformebuli da ar aris damowmebuli arc soflis mmarT-
velobis mier da arc notarialuri wesiT, aseT SemTx-
vevebSi SeuZlebelia davis sagnad iqces: xiznis ufle-
110
ba _ nebismier dros datovos sxvisi miwa da Sewyvitos
am miwis mflobelTan urTierToba da miwis mflobelis
ufleba _ nebismier dros Seuwyvitos xizans miwiT sarge-
blobis ufleba. Tavad-aznaurTa araoficialur, kerZo
xasiaTis Sexvedrebze zogierTma gamoTqva azri, TiTqos
miwis mflobelebs arasodes hqoniaT amgvari ufleba, ma-
gram, radganac yvela aRiarebda xiznebTan urTierTobis
xelSekrulebiT formas da amis winaaRmdeg krintic ar-
avis dauZravs, uaryofa mflobelis am uflebisa kargavs
logikur safuZvels da msjelobas am sakiTxis Sesaxeb
azri ekargeba.
Semdegi sakiTxi, romlis Taobazec yvela solidarulia,
aris is, rom Tuki vinmes odesme da raime formiT xizno-
basTan Sexeba hqonia, maTi uflebebi da movaleobebi Semdeg
ZiriTad wesebze dayrdnobiTaa gansazRvruli:
1. Tu xizani mflobelis miwas sakuTari surviliT da-
tovebs, amasTanave, Tu mas am miwaze mflobelis masaliT
aSenebuli aqvs raime nageboba an xexili aqvs gaSenebuli da
masze xarji ar gauwevia _ am nagebobasac da xexilsac miwis
mflobels usasyidlod utovebs.
2. Tu xizani miwas tovebs mflobelis neba-surviliT, mas
ufleba aqvs miiRos nagebobis Rirebuleba mTlianad da xex-
ilisa _ Rirebulebis naxevari, visi masaliTa Tu saxsreb-
iTac ar unda iyos isini agebuli Tu gaSenebuli.
marTalia, am uflebaTa gamoyenebis saWiroeba did iSvi-
aTobas warmoadgens, magram amis gamo wesi ver gauqmdeba;
did iSviaTobas ki imitom warmoadgens, rom, jer erTi,
borotganzraxuli waqezebisa da Segulianebis ararsebo-
bisa erTi mxriv da, meore mxriv, jer kidev soflis advoka-
turis uqonlobis pirobebSi am meore SemTxvevis daSve-
bac ki SeuZlebelia, garda erTi gamonaklisisa _ Tu miwis
mflobels es miwa sxva ramisTvis dasWirdeba, rac aseve iS-
viaTi gamonaklisia.
111
Rrmad var darwmunebuli, rom meore kiTxva amowurulad
unda CaiTvalos.
amis mere advilad gadavdivarT mesame _ arsebiTi mniSvnelo-
bis _ kiTxvaze: rogor movagvaroT xizanTa sakiTxi?
sakiTxis aranairi formulireba ara mqonia mxedveloba-
Si, rodesac pirvelsave sxdomaze vikiTxe: saxeldobr raSi
mdgomareobs es xizanTa sakiTxi?
mipasuxes, rom ganzraxulia xizanTa uzrunvelyofa
yofil ymaglexTa mdgomareobis Sesabamisad. magram yo-
fili ymaglexoba Cven magaliTad ar gamogvadgeba. maTi
mdgomareoba da am mdgomareobis ganmsazRvreli pirobebi
sxvagvari iyo. Tavadaznauroba erT dros fiqrobda, ro-
gorc es zemoTac vTqvi, ymaglexis xizanTan gaTanaswore-
bas, magram es maSin ver moxerxda. amasTanave, ar SeiZleba
am azrsac ar daveTanxmoT _ isini, visac dRes vuwodebT
xiznebs, romelTac dauqiravebel miwaze ar gaaCniaT ar-
aviTari uZravi qoneba, ar gaaCniaT binadroba, xelisu-
flebisagan savsebiT imsaxureben yuradRebasa da mzrun-
velobas.
da ai, aseTi viTareba warmoSobs kiTxvas:
rogor movagvaroT xizanTa sakiTxi?
radgan kiTxva dasmulia, valdebuleba gvawevs, vupasux-
oT kidevac am kiTxvas, _ oRond vupasuxoT ise, rom ar
davarRvioT arc samarTlis farglebi, arc samarTliano-
bis principi da bejiTad mivsdioT im gzas, romelzec
pirdapir migviTiTebs kanoni. Tu ar SegviZlia, xizani
uzrunvelvyoT saxazino miwiT an mouxerxebelia misi am-
Jamindeli sacxovreblidan sxvagan gadasaxleba, xelisu-
fleba udavod itovebs uflebas, kanonis dacviT moxdes
gasxviseba im miwisa, romelic xiznebis dasabinavebladaa
saWiro. *
* t. X. naw. I. st. 575 da Semdeg. [d.y.]
112
mxolod am gziTaa SesaZlebeli xiznebTan dakavSirebuli
sakiTxis _ xizanTa saqmis _ marTebulad gadaWra. *
17 maisi 1884 w.
sof. qviSxeTi
* gaangariSeba eqspropriaciis [gamosyidvis _ T. j.] SemTxvevaSi:

saadgilmamulo Semosavali uaRresad mravalferovania. saW-
iro iqneba yvela mamulis Sefaseba. aq moviyvan sakuTriv Cemi
mamulis magaliTs.
xizani savsebiT uzrunvelyofili myavs 10 dRiuri miwiT anu
5 desetiniT. TiToeuli desetinidan vRebulob: mosavlis saxiT
6 kods _ 24 fuTs; muSaxeli _ 8; Tu 1 kods SevafasebT 3-maneTo-
baze, xolo muSas 50-kapikobaze, desetinidan Semosavali meqne-
ba 22 man., 5 desetinidan _ 110 man.; am monacemebis 162/3-ze namrav-
li iZleva 1833 maneTs. amas gamovakloT 10% administr. xarji
da 10% danakargi, e. i. sufTa Semosavali mrCeba 1467 man., Tu
davamrgvalebT _ 1460 man.; Tu xiznisTvis 5 desetinis gamosasyi-
dad 1460 man. kvalobaze gamoiyofa 5+1%-iani sesxi, mas mouwevs
87 man. 60 kap. gadaxda, anu weliwadSi 22 maneTiTa da 40 kapikiT
naklebisa, vidre dRes ixdis.
113
pasuxi ilia WavWavaZes
I
batono redaqtoro!
Tqveni pativcemul ìveriis~ am TTvis 13-isa da 14-is nom-
rebSi dabeWdili aris ori didi mowinave muxli,1 romli-
Tac tfilisisa da quTaisis bankebis damfuZnebelni kargad
sagrZnobelad vituqsebiT. `bankis mniSvneloba Tqven ra
gagegebaT, rom drtvinvasa hbedavTo da oras-orasobiT da
samas-samasobiT rom Svilebs gizdiT, am sikeTes mainc ro-
gor iviwyebTo~. es azri aris im or nomerSi Tavidam bolom-
dis gayvanili. _ iqneba yovlad-safuZvliani iyos yoveli
Tqveni sityva; iqneba marTlad ganuzomeli davaleba iyos
CvenTvis Cveni Svilebis muqTad gamozda da gamozdis Sem-
deg usazrdovod riyeze gagdeba; _ iqneba didad Semcdarni
viyvneT, rom am Cvengan dafuZnebuls bankebzed samduravis
warmoTqmasa vbedavT xolme; _ da iqneba marTla sruliadac
ar iyos yuradRebis Rirsi Cvens sakuTrebazed Cveni lapa-
raki. magram ra rom saqme gazeTis sabWod gaxda da am gziT
saqveynod gamovida, gamorkveva saWirod xdeba da saqmis ga-
morkveva xom, rogorc mogexsenebaT, ar SeiZleba, Tu erTi
mxare Tavisas ambobs da meore ki xmas ar iRebs.
me gaxlavarT erTi am bankebis damfuZnebelTagani;2 mgonia
sityva aravin gamimtyunos, rom vsTqva, damfuZneblebis pir-
velTagani-meTqi. Tqven brZandebiT am bankebis gamgebelni da
pirad Tqven, batono redaqtoro, am gamgeblebis pirvelT-
agani.3 _ ase cxaddeba orive mxare da axla SeiZleba saqmis
114
rkvevazed vilaparakoT.
Tqven brZanebT, rom Cven bankisa ara gagvegeba-ra; imis
dawyobas da warmoebas sWirdeba gamocdileba da codna da
es orive Tqvens xelSia; Cven iqamdis umecarni varT, rom ve-
ras sikeTes ver vhxedavT da avhyolivarT mxolod im kaco-
brivs naklulevanebas, romelic yovelsave gvawunebinebs da
yovelzedve samduravs gvaTqmevinebs; _ da Cvens Rirsebas
ufro eSesabameboda, rom gavCumdebodeT da gul-damSvideb-
iT davufiqrdebodeT, madloba gvmarTebs Tu samduravi?
amis pasuxad gagikadnierdebiT da ase mogaxsenebT: ban-
ki Cveni dawesebulia, Cvenis xeliTa da Cvenis fuliT aris
aSenebuli. marTalia Tu ara? nu Tu SesaZlebeli unda iyos,
rom kaci, amxanagoba, mTeli Tavad-aznauroba, es xalxSi
umaRless sazogadoebad wodebuli Tavad-aznauroba aSen-
ebdes rasme da ar icodes ki ras aSenebs? ra saTqmelia,
RvTis gulisaTvis! _ axali gansacdeli saqme gvedga maSin
kriWaSi, SesaZlebeli iyo Cveni cxovrebis Ronis-Zieba sul
migvRebiyo, gamqraliyo da yvelam erTad saWirod davinax-
eT, rom erTmanerTisaTvis xeli migveca da erTmanerTi-
saTvis mezoblurad gagveZlebinebina. jibidam amoviReT
yvelam, ukiduresad gaqesatebul jibidam, raRac sacodavi
xuT-xuTi manaTi da ase fuls sakmaod bevrs movuyareT Tavi;
ase davidgineT, ase aviSeneT banki, romelic ormocis da
samoci-aTasis Tumnis trialiT yvelas mogvixerxebda gaW-
irvebaSi xelis gamarTvas. ase vimedovnebdiT im saSinelis
gansacdelis acilebas, rasac maSin uSiSarni, Cven swored
SevuSindiT. _ axla Cveni sakuTreba aris es Senoba, es banki
Tu ara? _ amis momvlelad, gamgeblad, meurned Cven dagay-
eneT Tqven samni Tu sxva vinmem?4 _ Tqven samni im mizeziT,
rom asobiT da aTasobiT mouravi sad vargebula, rom aq
evargna! Tqven ki, Cveno meurneno da Cvengan dayenebulebo,
swored ise gvekidebiT patronebs, rogorc Sesaferisi iqne-
boda mxolod SoreulTaTvis, amerikelTaTvis, magaliTad,
115
rom Cvens qveyanaSi mosuliyvnen, fuli moetanaT, banki gaex-
snaT da gamoecxadebinaT: gaitaneT, visac ramdeni gnebav-
deT, Tqvenis mamulebis dawindrebiTo. Cvenc gavitaneT da
gagvaqvs. amas ki veRaravin davakvirdiT, rom es amerikelebi
uzomo sargebels gvaxdevineben da aRarafris gakiTxvaSi Se-
dian, Tu Sesatan vadas gadavacileT rogorme, an davakeliT
rame. Cven rom ver vifiqreT, Tqven unda gefiqrnaT, Cvens
ministrebs, rom aTisa da Tormet asisTavis gadaxda, ese igi
10 da 12%-isa, sasoflo mamulisagan yovlad-SeuZlebeli
aris. Cven rom ver vifiqreT, Tqven unda gefiqrnaT, rom me
Tu moulodneli ubedureba mewia rame, cecxlma gamanadgu-
ra, setyvam venaxi Tu yana Zirs damica, Cems ojaxs sikvdilma
gamouara, am gvars SemTxvevaSi sulis mosabrunebeli Ron-
is-Zieba unda mqondes rame. amerikelebis saxarbielo Cveni
cxovreba ki ar aris, fulia imaTi. Tqven xom amerikelebi ara
xarT da fulic xom sul Tqveni ar aris!
Tqven saqmes ase gvixsniT, rom fuls rom gvaZlevT, sxve-
bisagan vsesxulobT da imas gaZlevTo. vin ras gasesxebdaT,
daxaTrijamebulni rom ara yofiliyvnen,5 rom Tavis fulis
sargebloba imaT ar daakldebaT; ar daakldebaT jer amiTi,
rom Cveni banki sesxzed ki ara, naRds fulzed aris aSen-
ebuli, da mere amiTi, rom Cven rom Cvens sesxSi 10 da 12%-
s gvaxdevinebT, isini 6%-s gjerdebian da rogor 5-sac ar
dagjerdebian, rodesac 4%-ic sanatrelia imaTTvis. Tqven
Tu Cveni sakuTreba Tqvenad migaCniaT, es sxva aris; da Tu
ara, Tu amis daviwyebas ar inebebT, rom Cvengana brZandebiT
Cvenis sazrdos momvlelad dayenebulni da saqmec rom Cven-
zed ukeT iciT, raT ar inebebT, rom sargebelic ise mainc
SegvimciroT, Cvenis sesxisa da valis Semotanac Cvensave
xazinaSi ise mainc gagviadviloT, rogorc saxelmwifo bankma
Seumcira saxelmwifo fulis sargebeli aznaurobas da ro-
gorc valis gadaxda gauadvila. _ amazed unda warudginoT
patronebis sazogadoebas gansaxilavad da gardasawyvetad
116
Tqveni mosazreba da ara imazed, rogorc ironiiTa bZanebT,
barem aRaravis mieces Tavad-aznaurTagans bankidam sesxio.
oriode sityva dagiravebulis mamulebis gauyidveloba-
zedac.
sruliad geTanxmebiT, rom axla yovlad-usafuZvlo iqne-
ba da yovlad-SeuZlebelic aris iseTi wesis dadgineba, rom
dawindrebul mamulis gayidva ar moxdebodes. magram dasa-
giraveblad rom Cemi mamuli naxevar-fasad aris dafasebuli
da Semosavlis naxevarzed rom aris wliuri Sesatanis fulis
angariSi damyarebuli, romeli goniereba da sadauri loRi-
ka dagviSlis, rom es vada-gadacilebuli mamuli sruls Tav-
is SemosavliT mTlad miiRos bankma Taviss droebiTs gankar-
gulebaSi da rodesac dainaxavs, rom sruli Semosavali ver
dahfaravs valsa da ver Seamoklebs vadas, maSin gahyidos? am
zomaSi an ra iqneba axali, rom sxvagan arsad yofiliyos, an
ra iqneba sawinaaRmdego bankis interesisa?
droebiTad am gvari mamulebis movla da Semosavlis miRe-
ba Tu bankisaTvis mouxerxebeli iqneba da arc damfasebleb-
is kommisias miendoba, SeiZleba calke administracia dai-
niSnos; am administraciisTvis sando kacebs ver viSovniTo,
amas nu bZanebT RvTis gulisaTvis da mrTels aznaurobas
amisTana Seuracxebas nu miayenebT. administraciam srulis
Semosavlis 60 an 70% banks aZlios valis gastumrebamdis da
danarCeni zogi Taviss mosaqmobas moaxmaros, zogi patrons
gauziaros, rom SimSilma ar mouRos bolo. _ Tu am rigad
valis gastumreba moxerxda, mamuli patronsve daubrune,
an miss memkvidreebs; amaT mainc ras vemarTlebiT; da Tu ar
moxerxda, maSin gayideT, vin-Ra ras ityvis.
erTi guliTadi vedreba kidev: Zmani xarT Cveni da Zmoba
gagviwioT is emjobineba TqvenTvisac; CvenTvis xom raRa
Tqma unda.
16 maisi 1886 w.
quTaisi
117
II
batono redaqtoro!
neba miboZeT imedi viqonio, rom am ukanasknels Cems
pasuxsac uSoviT adgils Tqvens pativcemuls ìveriaSi~;
_ da am Txovnas erTs sxva Txovnasac davrTav, asoT-amwyo-
blebs SemavedroT imdeni pativi mcen, rom Cemi marTlwera,
moswonT Tu ar moswonT, ar SemiSalon.
naTqvamia Cveuleba sjulT umtkicesiao; magram advoka-
turi ostatoba damSvidebul polemikas unda eucxove-
bodes; Tu ara, SesaZlebelia xasiaTebi Seicvalos da ve-
qilma, naficma Tu uficma, patronoba daiCemos. swored
marTalia, Tqven arc Tavad-aznauroba gixsenebiaT, arc
bankis damfuZnebelT sazogadooba; _ magram Tqven rom ìv-
eriis~ 102 #-Si saTavad-aznauro skolebis mniSvnelobazed
bZanebT, es mniSvneloba bevrs Cvengans gonebaSi ver mouT-
avsebiao da... ara erTxel... gamolaSqrebulan bankebsa da
maTs mniSvnelobazedo, _ vin arian es bevri Cvengani, Tu ar
iginive bankis damfuZnebelni, _ da ra ganmartebda bankebzed
maTs samduravsa, _ maTs risxvasa da wyromas, _ Tu ar guliT-
adi mwuxareba, rom bankebis saqme ise ar midis, rogorc imedi
gvqonda? _ 103 #-Si rom bZanebT, yvelani iZaxian banki gvRu-
pavso, vin arian es yvelani, Tu ar iginive am bankis patrone-
bi, damfuZnebelni? amas Tu ityviT, rom aq Tavad-aznauroba
ar igulisxmebao, maS sxvas vis ra saqme aqvs, an vis ra mizezi
aqvs damdurebisa? _ sazogadoebaSi bevri miTqma-moTqmaa
bankis Sesaxebo, bZanebT; maS sCans Tavad-aznauroba, bank-
is damfuZnebelni, arc aq igulisxmebian. _ krebam daadgi-
noso, ironiiT rom bZanebT, rom Tavad-aznaursa da erTob
qarTvels aekrZalos bankidam sesxis gatanao, Tu arc es aris
pir-da-piri miTiTeba Cvens sazogadoebazed da Cvenis bank-
is patronebzed, _ erTob qarTvels Tu aekrZala, Cven yve-
las agvekrZaleba, sxvas visa? vized aris Tqveni laparaki?
_ romelnic amboben, mamulebs nu gviyidian da sx. da sxv... am
118
azris patronebisas da imaTi bevri momxreebisas bZanebT, an
sul ar esmisT, ra aris krediti, an gangeb Tval-daxuWulni
ariano, _ Tu arc aq aris cxadi gamoTqma, rom amSeneblebi
ras aSenebdnen, ar icodneno, _ Cven sul aRara gveTqmis-ra
imis meti, rom Tqveni sityva mona yofila Tqveni da saiTac
inebebT pirs iqiT aqnevinebT. mamulebis gayidvazed da gauy-
idvelobazed rasac Tqvena bZanebT, Tu Tqveni neba meqneba,
pir-da-pir mogaxsenebT, ro uTavbolooba swored aq aris.
mravali saqmea qveynierebaSi, rom pirvel gagonebazed
adamians sizmari egoneba, magram namdvilad ki arsebobs.
103 #-is saTaurSive swerT, arc erTs wunis mdebels ar ga-
mouTqvams, ra mizeziTa swunobs Cvens bankebsao. me vide Tavs
es gamoTqma da mizezebic mogaxseneT, rogorc erTma mepatr-
oneTaganma, da survilica, romlis moziareni diaR mraval-
ni arian CvenSi; _ da Tqven rogor miiReT Cemi moxseneba? _
sawyenad! raTa? samjobinari iqneba, rom gul-damSvidebiT
gadikiTxoT es mesame Tqveni werilica, 111 #-Si dabeWdili.
maSin gamocxaddeba, rom Cveni vali aris daufaravad war-
movsTqvaT Tqven winaSe yoveli Cveni azri da Cveni survili
Cveni bankebis Sesaxeb da Tqveni vali aris yuradRebiT mois-
minoT Cvengan warmoTqmuli, da Tqveni gamocdileba, Tqveni
codna moaxmaroT Cveni sakuTrebis warmarTvas Cvenis sur-
vilisamebr, rogorc Cveni arsebobisaTvis emjobinebodes;
da Tqveni diktatoruli kilo ki unda moikveTinoT. es sity-
va ar unda iwyinoT Cemgan: sxva ara iyos-ra, xnierebiT mainc
erTi-orad ufrosi var Tqvenzed.
26 maisi 1886 w.
q. quTaisi
119
III
batono redaqtoro!
pir-da-piri da gul-axsniT laparaki ara Tu saWiroa, ro-
gorc Tqvena bZanebT, _ patiosnobisa da keTilSobilobis
aucilebeli valia yovels SemTxvevaSi, umetesadre sazoga-
do, sayovelTavo saqmeSi. TviT WeSmaritebaa, rasac Tqven am
valzed ambobT; magram aq uneblieT magondeba erTi patris
moZRvreba, romelic Taviss mrevls uqadagebda: `Seudge-
bodeT ara moqmedebasa Cemsa, aramed moZRvrebasa Cemsao~.
ramdenjer aris es qadageba CemTvis Tval-win wamosayenebe-
li Tqvens guSindels ìveriis~ me-112 #-Si, pir-da-pir da
gul-axsniT mogaxsenebT.
1) Tqven bZanebT: ... Tavad-aznaurobas guls hfxandnen imi-
Ti, rom komlzed samoci Tumnis gamotanas hpirdebodneno. _
CvenSi baton-ymobazed miwer-moweris mwarmoebeli me viyav,
sazogadoebisagan dasaqmebuli da me viyav mTavrobis winaSe
moxsenebis Semdgeni da me garwmunebT, rom ara Tu samocisa, *
arc TxuTmeti Tumnis xseneba sruliad arsad yofila. xsen-
eba iyo mxolod imazed, rom senatis gardawyvetilebiT
imereTSi ors mebatones, sokolovsa da wulukiZes, mieca,
ymobis gauqmebis wineT, usamarTlod ganTavisuflebuli
glexebis samagiero sulzed TerTmeti Tumanio.6 magram
Cvenc amdeni mogveceso, erTsac aravis uxsenebia. gasakvir-
veli ki ar unda iyos, rom magaliTad moyvanili TerTmeti
Tumani Tqvenma bankis saqmobaSi gavarjiSebulma kalamma
samocad aqcia; _ magram marTali ki ar aris.
2) me vambob, ìm imediT davidgineT da aviSeneT banki, rom
ormocis Tu samoci aTasi Tumnis trialiT gaWirvebaSi yve-
lasaTvis xelis gamarTva moxerxebuliyo-meTqi~. am sityvebs
Tqven imiTi mimtyunebT axla, rom Cemgan Sedgenils bankis
* mowmad mogvyavs wevrni Tavad-aznaurTa krebisani, romlis

winaSeca baton-ymobis saqmis pirvel xanebSi es warmoiTqva.
red. [i. WavW.].
120
proeqtSi meve Sevitane 38 da 39 muxli, romelT ZaliTac
jami sakredito furclebisa ar unda aRematebodes aTzed
metad bankis Ziris fulsao. axla cotaodnad amazed in-
ebeT dakvirveba: xom banks unda etrialebina Cveni fuli?
xom sworeT bankis dafuZnebazed iyo laparaki? gegule-
baT ki sadme iseTi banki, rom bankurad atrialos fuli,
Tu sakredito furclebis gamocemis neba ar eqmneba? * aq me
mwamebT umecrebas, Tu RarTs Tqven isxamT sinaTlisagan mo-
sarideblad? Tqven bZanebT, rom am gamocemis neba mTavrobam
uarhyoo; magram rom mieca banks es ufleba da Ziris fulis
Rirseuloba rom erTi aTad iqca, _ rogor-Ra mohxda?
3) Tqvens meTerTmete wlis angariSSi moyvanili aris tri-
ali eqvss millionzed meti fulisa; amisas rasa bZanebT, im
ormoci Tu samoci aTasi Tumnis triali ar aris am sumis
warmomadgeneli?7 Tu iqneba esec TaviT-TvisiT Casaxvisa-
gan iyos momdinare? _ ara, batono redaqtoro! aqac ise um-
tyunnia TqvenTvis simarTlesa, rogorc iq, sadaca bZanebT,
mTavrobam uar-hyoo (mTavrobis uaryofa aq nalaparakevs
sruliad araferSi ar Seexeba); rogorc iq, sadac bZanebT,
viRac samoci Tumnis imeds aZlevda aznaurobas komlzedao;
rogorc iq, sadac azri mogyavT, rom ormoci Tu samoci aTa-
si TumniT bankSi xels ver gavimarTavTo.
erTi didi Rvawli da didi davaleba ki unda aRviaro qa-
rTvelT Tavad-aznaurebisaTvis bankisagan. rac am bankid-
am sesxi aris gasuli, rac Tavad-aznaurebzed aris, erTi
samad da oTxaT rom sxvaTagan ar iyos gatanili da aTi Tu
Tormeti procenti marto Cven gvmarTebiyo, Cvens mtersa da
orguls nu mohRebia ise saswrafod bolo, rogorc Cven mog-
veReboda.
saWiroa, didad saWiroa saqmis gamorkveva; da girCevT,
* ar gvesmis am sityvebiT ris Tqma hsurvebia. vinc gamoicnos,

vTxovT gvauwyos.
red. [i. WavW.].
121
rogorc guliTadi megobari, ufro safuZvlianad ilapar-
akoT, ufro damSvidebiT.
Cemi azris daskvna aravisTvis ar aris dasamalavi:
sesxis sargebeli Cven, fulis patronebs, mogveTxove-
bodes im zomiT, ra zomiTac saxelmwifo banki sTxovs aznau-
robas saxazino fulzed;
Cven, fulis patronebs, zogierTs SemTxvevaSi iseTi SaR-
avaTi gveZlevodes, rogorsac is banki aZlevs Tavis mov-
aleebs, fulis ara-patronebs;
da 3. Cveni vada-gadacilebuli mamulebi jer Tqvens gamge-
blobaSi miiReT (amisTvis gamosadegi kaci jer RvTiT bev-
ria CvenSi), da Tu valis gawmenda uimedod aRmoCnda, _ amas
xom droiT dainaxavT, maSin aiReT da gayideT.
am sams muxlzed aris Cveni gacxarebuli kamaToba; da ro-
gorc unda iyos gacxarebuli, me am sami muxlidam ver gamo-
miyvanT.
28 maisi 1886 w.
quTaisi
es wigni rom gamosagzavnad momzadebuli da xel-mower-

ili mqonda, ìveriis~ me-113 #-ic momivida. am nomerSiac
ganagrZobT Tqvens pasuxis gebas, _ magram rogor? iseTs
kilozed gadasulxarT, romelic zRves arRvevs, Zveleburi
qarTuli zrdilobisaTvis uzrdelobisagan dasacvelad
dadebulsa. am sazRvris gadaTelvasa da Cems ase uwyalod
gankilvas gabedvinebT Tqven Tav-Seukavebeli wyroma da es
wyroma me mabedvinebs imis moxsenebas, rac erTxel Zvelma
berZnebma Sehbedes Turme Taviss RmerTsa: ìupitero! styu-
vi da imitom swyrebio~.8 _ quxili Tqven xelT aris da TviTan
Tqvenve rom ganicadoT am quxilis amaoeba, me aq ganmartebiT
warmovsTqvam Cems azrsac da imiss safuZvelsac; Tqvensa da
Cems momxreebs aRara mgonia gauWirdeT sinaTlezed gamosv-
122
la, romelsac Tqven metad ganze udgebiT.
1885 w. 3 ivniss umaRlesad damtkicebul iqmna wesdebule-
ba saxelmwifo aznaurobis saadgil-mamulo bankisaTvis. am
wesdebulebis 30 muxlis ZaliT sesxis vada iniSneba, survi-
lisamebr, an 48 weliwadi da 8 Tve, _ an 36 w. da 7 Tve.
47 muxli awesebs, rom `sesxis gamtanni valdebulni arian
vadis gaTavebamde aZlion banks yovels eqvs Tvezed: 1) sarge-
beli 21/2%; 2) valis gasaqrobad _ 48 wlis vadisa 1/4%, da 36
wlisa 1/2% da 3) bankis sammarTvelod da samzadisi Tanxis
Sesadgenad 1/8%. amas garda sesxis gamtanni ixdian erT dro-
ebiTad, dawindrebis dros 1/4% misaRebi fulidam.
52 muxli awesebs: `rasac movaleni vadazed Sesatans ver
Seitanen, is maTzed darCenilad daiTvleba. am darCenil-
zed gadahxdebaT jarima, pirvel or Tves, TveSi 1/2% da Sem-
deg TveSi 1%.
rac am ors muxlebSi gardasaxadis zoma aris dawesebu-
li, am zomiT gadaxdevinebas viTxov Cvengan Cveni bankisaT-
vis; da amas rom viTxov, vemyarebi Semdgoms mosazrebazed:
saxelmwifo rCevis gardawyvetilebiT am axals saaznauro
banks uwindelma sazogado saxelmwifo bankma asesxa saTanx-
od * sami milioni maneTi. _ Cven, Tavad-aznaurebma, TviTan
SevitaneT saTanxod Cveni sakuTari fuli. im bankis valis
gastumrebisaTvis Tu erTi zomaa aznaurTaTvis dadgeni-
li, _ ra mosazrebam, ra msjelobam, ra sinidisma unda dag-
viSalos, rom Cvenc, Cveni bankis Cveni jibidam amoRebuli
fuliT damfuZneblebma, eseve, da ara amazed naklebi zoma
davawesoT? _ es aris pirveli muxli Cemis Txovnisa. _ axla
meore muxli. _ imave wesdebulebis 54 muxlSi sweria:
`vinicobaa, Tu dawindrebul mamulebs ucnauri ram ubed-
* saTanxod ki ara, pirvel xanebSi saxarjod. saxarjo fuli da
saTavno, anu saTanxo erTi da igive ar aris.
red. [i. WavW.].
123
ureba ewia, SeiZleba movaleebs Sveba mieceT vadazed Sesa-
tani fulis gadaxdaSi. es Sveba SeiZleba mdgomarebdes samis
wliT dadrovebaSi ara umetes oris naxevar wlis Sesatani-
sa da im pirobiT, rom es vali gastumrebuli iqmnes Tanas-
wori sanaxevarwlo gardasaxadiT, _ an ara da erTis wliT
dadrovebaSi Tavis vadazed Sesatani gardasaxadisa. am val-
zed movale ixdis 6%-s dawesebuli jarimis magierad~.
finansT ministrisagan 4 dekembers 1885 w. am bankis darige-
baSi, 46 muxlSi sweria: ìm ubedurebaT ricxvSi, rodesac
mamulis patronebs neba eZlevaT Sveba iTxovon, _ daiTv-
lebian: cecxliT gadawva; wyliT waleka; setyva; saqonlis
Wiri; Winaxulis mousvleloba; yanebis gafuWeba Wiisagan,
Tagvisagan da sx. movales memkvidreTaTvis imisi sikvdilic
sakmao mizezia SaRavaTis Txovnisa~.
am wyalobas xazinis fuliT aSenebuli banki Tu ar iSurebs
mTelis imperiis aznaurobisaTvis, Cven vis ra davuSaveT
iseTi, rom TavSi gvcemdnen, rogora hbedavT, rom Tqveni
bankidam amisTana wyalobas iTxovTo? merwmuneT, rom amer-
ikeli kapitalistebi ufro mets lmobierebas gviCvenebdnen.
Tu Cemi Txovnis ori muxlis am gvarma ganmartebam Tqvens
mgrZnobelobas da Tqvens gonierebas Tavi ver Seafara, raRa
imedi unda viqonio, rom mesame muxli Sewynarebuli iqneba.
magram me Cemsas mainc vityvi. saerTo yrilobazed Tu imdeni
xma momemxroba, rom kanonieri gardawyvetilebis Tviseba
dasCemdes, _ maSin Tqven an aRasrulebT am gardawyvetile-
bas, an ara da CamogveclebiT. da Tu ara _ iyavn neba Tqveni.
qveynis sasargeblod rom vambobde rasme, Tqvengan mainc raT
unda viyo sagiobeli! _ axla erTi sakiTxavi.
_ vada gadacilebuli mamulebi iyideboda, zogi ver gai-
yida da darCa banksa. 6 Tvis ganmavlobaSi bankma rogorc
iqneba unda gayidos. manamdisin gahyiddes, ras uSvrebiT?
sando kacs abarebT, rom mouaros, Semosavali iRos da banks
aZlios. es asea dawesebuli. aba erTi cota win gadaadg-
124
mevineT fexi am wessa da is mamulebic miaCemeT, romelic
jer gasasyidaT ar daginiSnavT, magram vada ki gadacilebu-
li aqvT. mamulebi xom ise fasdeba, rom naxevari Semosavali
unda hfaravdes wliurs gardasaxadsa? erTi sando kacis
magierad sami airCieT uezdSi da imaT miandeT es vada ga-
dacilebuli mamulebi, im pirobiT, rom yoveli Semosava-
li imaT iRon da im Semosavlidam 50%-s magier 70% aZlion
banks, 15% Taviss gamgeblobas moaxmaron da 15% patrons
aZlion. _ erTi mamulis Semosavlis 15% ueWvelia yvelas
ecotaveba, magram uezdSi ramdenic am gvari mamuli iqneba am
gasamgeblod misaRebi, maSin 15% yvelasagan bevrs Seadgens
da bevric aRmoCndeba sando piri, romelic am gamgebloba-
Si monawileobas ar moerideba. pirvels naxevar weliwadsve
aRmoCndeba, sasargeblo iqneba es bankisaTvis, Tu ara?
Tu sasargeblo iqna, _ vali rom sul gadixdeba, mamuli
patronsve daubruneT, an imiss memkvidreebs; Tu ara da gayi-
deT; viTam banks darCenia da mere 6 Tvis vadazed gayidula.
ra aris aq, R-Tis gulisaTvis, Tqveni gulis saxeTqi? ra
aris bankisaTvis sazaralo?
Tu araferi, maS am azris warmoTqmisaTvis raT arRvevT
Cvens Zvelebursa da ganTqmuls zrdilobasa?
es aris mesame muxli Cemis azrisa da amiT vaTaveb TqvenTan
kamaTobasac.
29 maisi 1886 w.
quTaisi
125
bodiSs vixdi am Cemis naweris wamkiTxvelebTan, rom vaT-
aveb meTqi, vsTqvi da ki ver gavaTave. im dResac momivi-
da iveria #115, romelSiac Tqven ganagrZobdiT, batono
redaqtoro, Tqven Cemzed gvrgvinva-Weqasa da Semdegs no-
merSiac mpirdebodiT laparaksa. meores dRes, 30 maiss dro-
ebiTad binis gamocvla momixda da me-116 nomeri Zlivs guSin
miviRe. am nomerSiac ver aTavebT Tqvens wyromas; magram me
veRar mogyvebiT. ra kvalsac Tqven adgixarT, im kvalzed
dgoma me ar Semferis. Tqveni mraval-metyveleba iqneba
Zalian warmtacebeli iyos, iqneba Tqvens sxva-da-sxvanairs
swavlasa da ganviTarebas amowmebdes; magram me Cemi did-
xnieris gamocdilebiT amas gagibedavT da mogaxsenebT, rom
mraval-metyveleba ver dahfaravs verc uzdelobas, verc
dedabruls laqlaqsa; dahfaravs mxolod simarTlis na-
Tels, romlisac gamoCenas sindisierad unda vscdilobdeT.
pirmoTneoba, mliqvneloba, mxiblavoba me Cems sicocxleSi
aras dros ar mixmaria, radgan CemTvis saWiro aras dros ar
yofila da garwmunebT, rom arc aras dros momavalSi vix-
maro, rogorc unda gamiWirdes. ra rom vacxadeb, rom arc
amaSi mwads Tqven SemogeciloT, _ axla vscdi egebis sina-
Tle mivayeno rogorme im saqmes, romlis gamoisobiT Tqven
Tqvenis fiqriT me gamTeleT da es aris miwasTan gamasworeT.
rac unda pirs gvaridebdeT da zurgs gviqcevdeT, ramden-
sac unda Sxefs gvesvrideT mkvaxe sityvebisas an aljebrau-
lis * mricxvelobisas, yovlad SeuZlebelia Cveni Setakebis
sagani naTlad ar dainaxoT, Tu Tqveni aRSfoTebuli gulis
damSvideba iqamdis moaxerxeT, rom waikiTxoT da erTs wams
daufiqrdeT, rasac exla me, Tqveni SxefiT gawuwvili, mainc
Tqvenda sasargeblod mogaxsenebT.
* pir-Seubruneblad amtkicebT, rom sxvaTa mecnierebaTa Soris
maTematikaSiac yofilxarT ganviTarebuli; magram es arabuli
saxeli iqneba gegonoT a l R e b r a d iwerebodes, da imitom
momyavs, rogorc arabulad iwereba.
[d. y.]
126
es gaxlavT ori faqti erTmanerTTan Sesawoni, erTman-
erTTan dasaaxlovebeli da Sesatakebeli, rom Tqveni mxsne-
li sinaTle gamokvesdes.
me viyav erTxel mengreliis mTavris apekunad.9 _ iqaur-
ma mmarTvelobis moxeleebma da sxvebzed ufro metad erT-
ma vinme b. borozdinma, iseTi winaaRmdegoba gamiwies, rom
saqmem miawia kavkasiis komitetis ganxilvamde. _ oc-da-xuTi
weliwadia mas aqeT. SarSan erTs rusul JurnalSi ibeWdebo-
da im b. borozdinis moTxroba, romelSiac ambobs: ùf. dim.
yifianma iseTi ugunuri moTxovnileba gamoacxada maSin,
rom usacilod adgilobrivs mmarTvelobas winaaRmdegoba
unda gaewiao~. meore Tu mesame gverdzed igive borozdini
ase ganagrZobs: `magram peterburgs wavida yifiani, iq sax-
elmwifo rCevas gaasinja saqme da rCevam yoveli misi moTx-
ovnileba samarTlianad aRiarao~.10 _
axla rom gkiTxoT, vized ixmara uSveri sityva borozdin-
ma meTqi, _ ueWvelia Tqven ase mipasuxebT: ufro saxelmwifo
rCevazedo!
aba am saqmes Semdegic SeuwoneT.
xelmwife imperatorma keTil ineba da ruseTis Tav-
ad-aznaurobisaTvis saadgil-mamulo bankis daweseba hbrZa-
na. samolareT-uxucesobam, an ase vsTqvaT, finansT saminis-
trom, Seadgina am bankis wesdebuleba; misma didebulebam
daamtkica da SarSan iwyo am bankma Tavisi moqmedeba saev-
ropo ruseTSi.
axla me ras viTxov? ra pirobiTac es saxelmwifo fuliT
aSenebuli banki ruseTis Tavad-aznaurobas aZlevs sesxsa,
_ Cvenma, Cvenis fuliT aSenebulma bankma Cvenc imisTanave
pirobiT gvaZlios sesxi meTqi! _
es aris Cemi Txovna, Tu ara?!
exla rom momdgomixarT da Tqvens gulSiac rom ggoniaT,
deda-miwasTan gavasworeT es yifianio, me var aq Tqvengan
ganqiqebuli, Tu sxva vinme?
127
keTil inebeT gonzed mobZaneba da ikmareT es Cemgan.
Cveni sakiTxavebis pasuxebs ver gvaZlevs yifianio _ Tu
bZanebT, me mogaxsenebT: ver ki ara, ar gaZlevT, amitom rom
mag gvari sakiTxavebis warmoTqma Seefereba mxolod meore
klasis mowafes da pasuxsac amxanagi Tu agebs, Torem raRa
dros Tqvengan skoluri celqobaa.
15 ivnisi 1886 w.
s. qviSxeTi
128
aleqsandre WavWavaZis
gardacvaleba
uCveulo, dRiuri ambebisgan gamorCeuli movlena pat-

ara qalaqebSi swrafad vrceldeba xolme. Tbilisi patara
qalaqad aRar CaiTvleba _ dRes aq rwmeniT, eTnikuri war-
momavlobiTa Tu eniT erTmaneTisagan gansxvavebuli 52 000-
ze meti adamiani cxovrobs, Tumca erTi ambavi, romelic 6
noembers, dilis 9 saaTze moxda, elvis siswrafiT moefina
mTel qalaqs da naxevar saaTSi mis Sesaxeb ukve yvela fenam,
yvela ojaxma icoda. xalxi damwuxrebuli, gulmokluli iyo
da bevrs TvalTagan cremli sdioda.
_ ra gatirebs? _ ekiTxebodnen erTs.
_ ra gatirebs? _ ekiTxebodnen sxvebs.
_ WavWavaZe gardaicvala! Tavadi aleqsandre WavWavaZe,
jer kidev guSin ase mxned da xalisianad rom gamoiyurebo-
da. WavWavaZe, visTvisac dros veraferi daeklo da visac qa-
rTvelebi TavianT siamayed da mSvenebad miiCnevdnen.
enTo lampari gasxivosnebuli, magram dabera qarma da
Caaqro igi. duRda cxovreba WavWavaZisa, magram uwia mou-
lodnelma sikvdilma _ verc Zvirfas adamianebTan gamoTx-
oveba SeZlo da verc dalocva xalxisa, romelsac igi guliT
uyvarda.
samsaxurma dakarga Rirseuli generali, Tbilisma _ sa-
magaliTo ojaxisTavi, saqarTvelom _ didi poeti.
gavixsenoT misi, rogorc generlis, sasaxelo saqmeebi,
Tuki ramis gaxsenebis Tavi gveqneba axla.
131
1827 wels, erevnis aRebis Semdeg, igi somxeTis olqis
ufrosad dainiSna. dasrulebulic ki ar iyo sparseTTan
omSi gamarjveba, TurqeTTan omma ifeTqa. amierkavkasi-
is samxedro Zalebi axalcixisa da erzurumisken daiZrnen.
axali omis asparezs Camocilebuli Tavadi WavWavaZe erTi
muWa ZalebiT icavda olqs qurTebis TareSisa da TurqeT-
is sazRvrebidan ganxorcielebuli Tavdasxmebisagan. Cvens
xelisuflebas ase mokle droSi ar SeeZlo saTanado wesrigi
daemyarebina sparseTisTvis warTmeul mxareSi, miT umetes,
jarebi sxva mxares iyo gadasrolili. aseT dros Tavadma
WavWavaZem gadaudebel aucileblobad miiCnia qurTebis
mkacrad dasja, Tavisi batalioniT sdia maT, SeiWra Tur-
qeTis teritoriaze, miaRwia anatoliis siRrmemde, sadac
Cveni jarebis mdgomareobis Sesaxeb yurmokvriT Tu icod-
nen, xolo axalcixis aRebis ambavi saerTod ar hqondaT gag-
onili. Tavadi WavWavaZe yovel nabijze amarcxebda mters.
man mimofanta moulodneli TavdasxmiT dezorganizebuli
mravalricxovani mowinaaRmdege, romelsac SeiZleba arc
hqonoda SemCneuli TavdamsxmelTa mcirericxovnoba. ase
Seimusra general-maior WavWavaZis meTaurobiT baiazeTis
cixesimagre `TeTri mefis~ asobiT jariskacis mier. `yoCaR
WavWavaZe!~ _ wamoiZaxa erevnis, axalcixis, erzurumisa da
varSavis brZolebis gmirma, roca misi pataki waikiTxa.1
bolo xans, 1838 wlidan, Tavadi aleqsandre garsevanis
Ze WavWavaZe general-leitenantis CiniT iyo amierkavkasiis
mTavarmmarTvelobis sabWos wevri, aqtiurad monawileobda
sabWos muSaobaSi, xolo 1843 wlidan marTavda amierkavkasi-
is safosto samsaxurs. misi gamorCeuli Rvawli dafasebu-
li iyo `TeTri arwivis~, wm. vladimiris II xarisxisa da wm.
anas I xarisxis ordenebiT. mis mkerds amSvenebda agreTve
medlebi samamulo omSi gamarjvebisa da parizis aRebisaT-
vis.2 im dros igi jer markiz pauluCis, xolo Semdeg bark-
lai-de-tolis adiutanti iyo.
132
rogorc samagaliTo ojaxisTavi, igi momajadoebeli
iyo. am SesaniSnavi ojaxidanaa gamosuli ori Cveni siqa-
duli, misi ori qaliSvili: nino aleqsandres asuli _ gri-
boedovis gulis rCeuli da ekaterine aleqsandres asuli
dadiani _ wodebiT, RirsebiT, garegnobiT, suliT namdvili
aristokrati, samegrelos mTavris meuRle.
aqaur mkvidrTagan es iyo erTaderTi qarTuli ojaxi,
romelSic CrdiloeTidan Tu dasavleTidan Camosuli stum-
rebi povebdnen wmindad dacul patriarqalur stumar-
maspinZlobas, Serwymuls ganaTlebuli evropis wes-Cveule-
bebTan, gulTbilobasa da guliTadobasTan, siwrfelesTan
da amitom am ojaxis mimarT yvelas mowiwebuli damok-
idebuleba hqonda.
aleqsandre garsevanis Ze WavWavaZisadmi siyvarulsa da
pativiscemas ganapirobebda misi Wkua-goneba, gulmarTlo-
ba da Tavazianoba am sityvebis farTo mniSvnelobiT. kneina
salome ivanes asuli,3 ubeduri qvrivi, uyvardaT im sikeT-
isa da keTilSobilebis gamo, romlebiTac igi ar CamorCe-
boda Tavis meuRles; siyvaruliT iyvnen garemosilni maTi
Svilebic, romlebic ojaxs sixarulsa da sicocxlis xaliss
aniWebdnen.
rogorc poets, aleqsandre WavWavaZes mopovebuli hqon-
da sayovelTao-saxalxo aRiareba, ramdenadac es SeiZleba
iTqvas dedamiwis iseT umcires kuTxeze, rogorsac saqarT-
velo warmoadgens. yoveli qarTvelisTvis metad Tu nakle-
bad cnobili iseTi simRerebis ori mesamedi mainc, grZnobi-
sa da azris aRmaRlebulobiT rom gamoirCeva, aleqsandre
WavWavaZis leqsebzea Seqmnili. misi Semoqmedeba ZiriTadad
originaluria, magram masSi moipoveba saadis, hafezis,
puSkinis, hiugos, goeTes SesaniSnavi Targmanebi sparsu-
li, rusuli, franguli da germanuli enebidan, romlebsac
aleqsandre WavWavaZe mSobliur enasaviT flobda.4 amas
garda, man qarTul, am uaRresad poetur, enaze gadmoiRo da
133
mZlavrad aaJRera araerTi klasikuri qmnileba, romelTa-
gan Cven TviTon gvqonda SesaZlebloba wagvekiTxa àlzira~
volterisa, `fedra~ rasinisa, `sina~ kornelisa.
dasasrul, oriode sityva misi Camomavlobis Sesaxeb.
mamamisi, Tavadi garsevan WavWavaZe, rogorc mefe erekles
general-adiutanti, Tavad bagration-muxranelTan er-
Tad 1783 wels aRWurvili iyo rwmunebiT, ewarmoebina
molaparakebebi Tavad potiomkin-TavrizelTan CvenTvis
mniSvnelovani 1783 wlis 24 ivlisis traqtatis gasaform-
eblad.5 amis Semdeg garsevan WavWavaZe mefe giorgis mier
s.-peterburgSi sruluflebian elCad im dros iyo daniSnu-
li, rodesac CvenTvis udidesi mniSvnelobis saqme _ ruseT-
is saxelmwifosTan saqarTvelos SeerTeba _ wydeboda. ale-
qsandre WavWavaZes Tavisi siymawvilis adreul wlebSi mefe
ereklesgan naboZebi hqonda general-adiutantis memkvidre-
obiTi xarisxi.
gasakviri iyo aleqsandre WavWavaZis xasiaTi: aravis
axsovs misgan arasakadrisad mopyroba; mis Wkvianur, im-
provizebul, SemoqmedebiTi bunebiT aRbeWdil saubrebSi
ver waawydebodiT damswreTaTvis uxerxul an iq armyofTa
Rirsebis Semlaxvel pasaJs. nebismier cxovrebiseul viTare-
baSi igi inarCunebda sulis simtkices. cxovrebaSi mxolod
erTxel umtyuna bedma da ra cxovrebaSi? _ 60 wlis asakSic
ki igi gamoirCeoda Wabukuri suliskveTebiTa da janis sim-
rTeliT. _ sazogadoebaSi mis gamoCenas ucnobTa wamoZaxi-
li mohyveboda xolme: `ra axalgazrda generalia!~
5 ricxvSi, SuadRis pirveli saaTisTvis, gamovida igi
saxlidan maRal sazogadoebaSi miRebuli etiketis Ses-
asruleblad,6 5 wuTis Semdeg ki cocxalmkvdari Seiyvanes
ojaxSi: cxenma meetles aRviri waarTva, gansvenebulma sca-
da, meetles miSveleboda, magram etlidan gadmovarda da
miwas TaviT daenarcxa. samedicino saSualebebs ar SeeZlo
misTvis arc sicocxlis SenarCuneba da arc gonze moyvana.
134
19 saaTis ganmavlobaSi jer kidev etyoboda sicocxlis
niSani, magram man mxolod erTi sityvis warmoTqma SeZlo:
àraferia!~, 6 noembers ki, dilis 9 saaTisTvis, mis SesaniS-
nav, Zvirfas ojaxSi moTqma-godeba gaisma.
tirian ara mxolod erT ojaxSi, aramed _ Tbilisis mraval
ojaxSi; _ itireben Tbilisis farglebs gareTac, SesaZlebe-
lia, TviT CrdiloeTSic, sadac mas bevri gaixsenebs gulist-
kiviliT, magram maTgan ors sxvebze metad daewveba guli:
mis ufros qaliSvilsa da erTaderT vaJs, kapitan daviT Wav-
WavaZes. isini veRar ixilaven TavianT Zvirfas mamas!7
advili warmosadgenia, ramdeni adamiani moawydeboda mis
gasvenebas! TiTqmis mTeli Tbilisi miacilebda Zvirfasi,
yvelasgan pativcemuli adamianis cxedars jer taZrisaken,
Semdeg ki _ kaxeTis saguSagomde.8
[noemberi. 1846]
135
Jurnal `ciskris~ Sesaxeb
Cvens Jurnals, vfiqrob, orgvari interesi unda hqondes:

interesi literaturuli da interesi mecnieruli. pirvel
SemTxvevaSi unda gaviTvaliswinoT mkiTxvelebi, gansaku-
TrebiT, mkiTxveli qalebi saqarTveloSi,1 imereTSi, same-
grelosa da guriaSi; meore SemTxvevaSi _ saqarTvelos ga-
reT mcxovrebni, romelTac ainteresebT Cveni qveyana, Cveni
yofa, Cveni istoria.
amitom JurnalSi daibeWdeba leqsebi, moTxrobebi da sxv.;
_ saWiroa daibeWdos agreTve SemecnebiTi2 masala: swavle-
bani, msjelobani, faqtebi.
saxeldobr:
pirveli kategoriis mkiTxvelebisTvis _ garda origi-
naluri Tu naTargmni leqsebisa, moTxrobebisa, anekdoteb-
isa _ unda daibeWdos masala yvelaferze, rac maTTvis
saintereso da sagulisxmo iqneba: cxovrebis Tanamedrove
wesi, gemovneba, moda, aRmoCenebi, cxovrebis gaumjobesebis
saSualebebi; gansakuTrebiT _ axlandeli omi.3 kargi iqne-
ba, Tu gavaSuqebT am omis mimdinareobas dawyebidan dRem-
de, mis Semdgom ganviTarebas. amas garda, unda gamoqveyndes
cnobebi aqaur mkvidrTa samsaxurebriv mdgomareobaze: maT
daniSvna-ganwesebebze, saqmianobaze, dajildoebebze da a. S.
meore kategoriis mkiTxvelebisTvis: Cveni Zveli da Tan-
amedrove yofa-cxovrebis amsaxveli masala, gamokvlevebi,
gujrebi, sigelebi da saerTod Cveni Zveli aqtebi, arqe-
ologiuri cnobebi, Zveli Txzulebebi. agreTve, saqmiani
136
kritika, ra sagansac ar unda Seexebodes igi.
amitom:
1. Jurnals unda daerqvas ara `ciskari~, aramed, ubral-
od, `Tbilisis Jurnali~, ramdenadac swored Tbilisia
ZiriTadi wyaro yovelgvari informaciisa: aqaurTaTvis _
sagareo saqmeebisa, gareSeTaTvis _ Cveni saSinao saqmeebisa.
2. JurnalSi gamoqveynebul pirveli kategoriis masalaSi
umkacresad unda iqnes daculi cocxali metyvelebis, e. i.
gamarTuli sasaubro enis wes-kanonebi; prozaul nawarmoe-
bebSi daculi unda iyos moqmed gmirTa metyvelebis Tavise-
burebebi. meore kategoriis masalaSi _ gansakuTrebiT im
masalaSi, romelSic siZveleebze iqneba saubari _ Txroba
unda warimarTos mwignobruli eniT. aq isic unda gaviTval-
iswinoT, rom saqarTvelos farglebs gareT mcxovrebi Cveni
mkiTxvelebi, romelTa raodenoba, esec unda iTqvas, sakmaod
mcirericxovani iqneba, mwignobrul enas ukeT gaigeben.
aqtebi da Zveli Txzulebebi yovelgvari cvlilebis gareSe
unda daibeWdos.
3. redaqcia unda dakompleqtdes ramdenime redaqtoris-
gan: erTni SearCeven pirveli kategoriis masalas, meoreni _
meore kategoriisas, Tumca maTac unda hyavdeT erTi saerTo
redaqtori.
JurnalTan dakavSirebul literaturul sakiTxebs unda
wyvetdes redaqcia, ramdenadac mis Rirsebebze rogorc
TanamedroveTa, ise STamomavalTa TvalSi pasuxismgeblo-
ba swored redaqcias ekisreba. Sesaferisi garegnuli sax-
is uzrunvelyofa unda daekisros gamomcemels. manve unda
ikisros Jurnalis materialuri uzrunvelyofa: pirvel
rigSi, saWiroa saxsrebi, agreTve _ muSaxeli.
[noemberi. 1854]
137
Janlisi. `zvima. qinaqinis anbavi~
sayvarelo Zmao Teimuraz!1 Seni wigni momivida da sxvaTa

Soris amasaca mwer, risgan ariso, rom sadac ra amerikis an-
bavi amomikiTxavs, iqauri xalxi yovelTvis indoelebad ix-
senieba da sad amerika, sad indoeTio?
me rogorc gamigonia, _ qristofore kolombi dasavleT-
is ukianes rom mieca, sxvani aRmosavleTiT midian indoeTsa
da aca Tu me dasavleTiT ar mivideo, iara, iara da ameri-
kas waawyda. _ rac maSin iq xalxi naxes, indoelebi eseni
ariano, hsTqves da darCaT mas aqeT es erTi sazogado sax-
eli iqaurs mebatoneebsaca: kacikebsa Tu inkebsa, da imaTs
qveSevrdomebsaca, p e r u l e b s, m e x i k e l e b s, n e C e
z e b s, i r o k e l e b s, s i m i n o l e bs, da sxvas yvelasa,
vinca vin iq iyvnen. _ Cvensas rom anboben, yvelani qarTvel-
ebi ariano, qarTlelebi, kaxelebi, imerlebi, gurulebi, me-
grelebi, svanebi, afxazebi, Tu gind aWarlebica, Cven esec
gvikvirs xolme, Tumca SecToma ki magdeni ara arisra, yve-
lani erTis STamomavlobisani mainca varT da erTis eniT
vlaparakobT. afxazebsa da svanebs garda laparakSi zo-
gan da zogan didi cvlileba aris, marTalia: diax batono,
ho batono, qo batono, ki batono; _ an: aq mo, aq mobZandi,
aqana mobZandi, aqanei mohrTe, aS morTi, _ magram deda-ena
ki erTia. _ zeiT dasaxelebuls amerikelebs, rogorc Cven
sparsuli ar gvesmis da lekuri, ise erTmaneTisa ara esmi-
Tra, magram raki mecnierebazed Tavdadebulma evropieleb-
138
ma erTxel da erTxel amerikelebs indoelebi uwodes, raRa
gadaaTqmevinebdaT. gana ara, icodnen da aRiarebdnen kide-
ca, Semcdarni varTo, magram mecnierebam Tu erTxelve dai-
Jina rame, ZneladRa moikveTinebs. imdeni dRegrZeloba me da
Sena gvqondes, ramdeni sxva SecTomilebiTac esaxelebinoT
iq Tavi Cvens evropielebsa da ramdeni sawuxari saqme imaT iq
moexdinoT. Siga da Sig ki zogi erTi iseTi saqmec momxdara
RvTis winaSe, rom ityvis kaci...
eh! barem erTs istoriuls anbavs gianbob, da albaT Sevi-
tyobT, rasac ityvi.
rasakvirvelia gaxsoms, Cemo Teimuraz, rom sul pirvelad
vinc amerika aRmoaCina da daipyra, ispanielebi iyvnen isini.
kortezisa da pizarros anbebi rom dawulilebiT moismino,
zRaparsityvaoba gegoneba da ityvi, netavi zogi mainc si-
crue iyos da sxva ara mindarao.
ispanielebi Sevidnen iqa meTxuTmetes saukuneSi, 1492
welsa, _ da axla rom anbavs gianbob, es mohxda meCvidmetes
saukuneSi; orasi weliwadi Tua masaqeT.
indoelebi, _ axla raRa gaewyoba, Cvenc ase unda vhsTq-
vaT-xolme, _ indoelebi borotebiT gulsavseni iyvnen maSin
Taviss axals batonebzeda. mamapapaTagan gagonili mravali
saqme warmoudgebodaT Tvalwin ispanielebis uRToobisa
da uzomo mtarvalobisa. emonebodnen marTalia, da damor-
Cilebulni ki ara yofilan. _ ar vici am hazrs Senc ase gahy-
of Tu ara: ispanielebma rom iaraRiT daipyres is qveyana,
xalxic iaraRisave SiSiT daimones da ara im uflebis simar-
TliTa, romelsac nebiT emorCileba xalxi. emonebodnen meT-
qi, am mizeziT vanbob. _
qvenatkociT.
19 ivlisi 1859.
139
`romeo da julietas~
Targmanis beWdvisas daSvebuli
Secdomebis gamo
ufalo redaktoro!1
rusulad iTqmis: `kalmiT nawersa culiT veRar
amosTlio~. _ qarTulad am araks SeiZleba Tund ruqas naTq-
vamad davamatoT2: `stambiT nabeWdsa eCoTic veRar amos-
Wrio~. _ Cemi naTargmni romeo rom `ciskarSi~ dagibeWdiaT,
_ beWdvaSi imdeni SecToma mosula, rom zogan azric Secv-
lila. _ Cemi sakuTari Txzuleba rom yofiliyo, magdens ar
gamovekidebodi; magram Seqspiris Txzulebis gadasxvafer-
eba rusTvelis Txzulebis gadasxvaferebazed naklebad
aRar Cavardeba. _ SecTomis gasworebas radgan sxva aRara
moexerxebara, bodiSi mainc movixadoT rogorc ciskris wam-
kiTxvelTa winaSe, ise da umetesadac saxelovanis Seqspiris
xsenebis winaSe; rac ram SecToma mogvsvlia, saxeldobr
aRviaroT da iqneba Cvenis Jurnalis meqonma TviTan inebos
vinmem gasworeba, Cven movaxsenoT rogorc unda. _
62 _ 13 _ quenis _ queynis
63 _ 8 – БепедiсiтТе _ Benedicite
67 – 6 _ bebers _ beberi
69 _ 10 _ gadixados _ moixados.
75 _ 15 _ ymawvil-kaci _ ymawvili kaci
140
ukanasknels sams moqmedebaSi
aris: unda iyos

129 gverdzed – pativis cemis -pativiscemiT
10 striqonSi
` _ 25 _ ukanasknels _ daaS- _ daaSuebina

uerina
132–15 _ pativosnebiTis _ patiosnebiTis
` _ 25 _ Semogetrfodes _ Semogtrfodes
138 _ 6 _ leqsi _ leqsSi
139 _ 2 _ wylulzeda, _ wylulzeda; _
141 _ 20 _ romeo, _ romeo;
142 _ 19 _ mTavris _ mTavars
143 _ 3 _ ymawvilkaci _ ymawvili kaci
`_6 _ eqorwina _ eqorwinna
` _ 26 _ amturevs _ amturev
146 _ 4 _ sanTelis _ sanTliT
`_` _ colsa rom _ cols roma
147 _ 25 _ ginutevo _ ganutevo
149 _ 13 _ amazed, _ amazed. _
150 _ 2 _ me, Tu mkiTxeT _ me Tu mkiTxeT
151 _ 3 _ darwmunebul var, _ darwmunebuli
var,
152 _ 14 _ ama angariSiT _ am angariSiT,
156 _ 14 _ sworeT _ swore
` _ 22 _ am qalaqSi _ am qalSi
157 _ 15 _ ganZraxua _ ganzraxva
` _ 16 _ sadRauri _ sadauri
159 _ 4 _ ymawvil _ ymawvili
160 _ 1 _ gansacdelSi _ gansacdelSi.
` _ 16 _ vifiqro rom, _ vifiqro, rom
141
` _ 25 _ veRar arCiora, _ veRara arCio-ra,
164 _ 5 da 6 _ _ Seuracxebaa eg _ Seuracxeba eg
leqsi leqsia
165 _ 15 _ gangvaSvelebs _ gagvaSvelebs
166 _ 10 da 11 _ daxrwnils _ daxrwnilis
168 _ 21 _ ostacobas _ ostatobas
169 _ 13 _ lavrentma _ lavrentim
170 _ 7 _ movaswrobT; _ movaswrebT;

171 _ ukanasknels_ Sesa- _ SeuZlebelia!
Zlebelia!
174 _ 13 _ hggoniaT! _ ggoniaT!
177 _ 25 _ sicocxle _ cocxali
` _ 26 _ CemsTvisa. _ CemTvisa.
178 _ 1 _ gawama Tan gagitana _ gawama da Tan
gagitana
`_2 _ iyo aseTi _ iyo, rom aseTi
` _ 10 _ hfiqrobmT _ hfiqrobT
` _ 17 _ Tu ara _ Tu ar
` _ 18 _ Tu ara _ Tu ar
180 _ 5 _ molandebasa _ molandebas
` _ 14 _ Tavisa _ Taviss
` _ 18 da 19 _ aCrdilica sizmari, _ aCrdilica, siz-
mari,
` _ 19 _ gulis _ guls
182 _ 2 _ SenTan _ SenTana
`_3 _ damrRue- _ damarRue-
` _ 7 da 8 _ mosilisa maSvrals _ mosilsa,
maSvrals
` _ 10 _ Zvelebis _ Zvlebis
` _ 14 _ kolobi _ kolofebi, _
` _ 18 _ areuli dareuli _ areul-dareuli
142
184 _ 13 _ momyide, _ mogyide,
` _ 21 _ ioane beria. _ ioane beri.
186 _ 20 _ sasafliozed _ sasaflaozed
187 _ 3 _ hsufevs _ hsufev
` _ 26 _ CemsTvis _ CemTvis
188 _ 1 _ akguwo _ agkuwo
`_3 _ dro aris magrama _ dro aris, magram
` _ 20 _ Zelsa. _ Zeglsa.
` _ 23 _ qveyanazed? _ qveyanazeda?
` _ 26 _ gaRimebuls _ daRebuls
189 _ 7 _ sulwawymendilo! _ sulo wawymedi-
lo!
` _ 10 da 11 _ magisTvisaca _ magisTvisa
` _ 12 _ ganvlto _
` _ 15 _ mSiSroeba am fiqr- _ mowiweba am fiqr-
man Si
` _ 21 _ ganmSordi, _
` _ 23 _ mteri aqa _ mteri aq
` _ 26 da 27 _ ugrZnobelis kacis _ grZnoba-miRebu-
mowyalebiTa lis kacis wyalo-
biTa
190 _ 2 _ mowyalebaca. _ wyalobaca.
`_4 _ gagyevar? _ moTminebisagan
gagyevar?
191 _ 24 _ mere _ me
192 _ 15 _ ukanasknel kocna _ ukanaskneli am-
bori
` _ 26 _ ua _ ra
` _ 27 _ matyvcebs _ matyuvebs
193 _ 9 _ sikvdili _ sikvdils
194 _ 3 _ romelsac _ romlisac
195 _ 16 _ moyavT _ mohyavT
143
196 _ 1 _ donna mis _ donna misi
` _ 11 _ daklvilio! _ daklulio!
`– ukanask- _ gaTenebazed _ ganTiadzed
nels
197 _ 3 _ raRa ubedureba _ raRa ubedurebaa
kidev kidev
`– bolodam 2 _ davwere _ davswere
198-Tavidam 2 _ ganmdevni, _ ganmdevni;
` _ 18 _ momitana wuxelis. _ momitana.
199 _ 13 _ is wigni, _ es wigni,
` _ 21 _ aRar gamovidara, _ aRara gamov-
idara,
` _ 24 da 25 _ _ Sevatyobino
200 _ 10 _ uTanxmobas _ uTanxmoebas
201 _ 7 _ hswers, _ hsweria,
damatebaSi3 _ vhTarTmnidiT _ vsTargmnidiT
_1
[1859]
144
grigol dadianis iambiko
ufalo redaktoro!1
iambiko aris leqsTa-Senoba, Tav da pirvelad saberZneTSi
SemoRebuli. mgznebare iyo mze iqauris saubrisa da moCr-
dilebas yvelani ise etanebodnen, rogorc Cven mkaTa-TTvis
sicxeSi vetanebiT xolme. sarkmels iq ar gamohsWridnen, _
aq mainc mogvasvenos, am iambikoSi, gardametebulma sinaT-
lemao.
antoni qaTalikozma rom iambikos Senebas saqarTveloSi
mihyo xeli,2 mze saubrisa aqac ise mgznebarebda, rom saamo
iqneboda xolme xan da xan moCrdilebulSi mosveneba aRty-
inebulisa da maSvralis fiqrisaTvis.
axla yovliT kerZo moRrublilvia Cveni saubari: sinaT-
les veZebT ganmamxnevebels, ganmacxovelebels. _ iambikoSi
rom SevixedavT, bnela aqao vityviT da gamovalT iseva; im-
deni moTmineba ara gvaqvs, rom SevsdgeT, Tvali gavitexoT da
gavicadoT yoveli Sinagani mSveneba da xelovnebiTi mowyo-
ba am usarkmlo iambikosi. _ netavi imasa, vinc SeaCerdeba:
is hnaxavs maSin am Senobis simaRles, sivhrces da Sinagans
mSveniers mowyobilobas, _ sadac mnaTobi azri ise ganisven-
ebs, rogorc imiss daufasebels Rirsebas Seefereba; _ da
vinc TvalSeuCvevels sibneles SeuSindeba, aq ara yofila-
rao, ityvis da gamova gareT. nu davitrabaxebT, rom Cven am
ukanasknelTaganni ar viyvneT. sarkmeli Tu gamovhsWeriT,
Senobas wavaxdenT da Tu ar gamovhsWeriT, davrCiT isev ise
umecraTa, rogorc viyaviT. arSakunis saxlis sanaxavaT rom
145
SevideT3 da am saxls arc erTi kari da arc erTi fanjara si-
naTlisaTvis Ria ara hqondes; an aleqsandre Tarxnis-Svilma
rom Taviss sasaxleSi Segviyvanos4 da sinaTleki ar saidam
SeuSvas, raRasa vnaxavT; mSvenieri ram ki Turmea orive Tval-
TaTvis. es kolxidelis iambikoc yovlad mSvenieri ram aris
fiqrisa da gonebisaTvis; magram iambiko... iambiko ver SeiT-
visa Cvenma haerma, Cvenma qveyanam, Cvenma leqsTa-wmasvnam;5
imisi sarkmlis gamkeTebeli xuro Cvens qveyanaSi aravin meg-
uleba. _ antoni qaTolikozisa, daviT aleqsiSvili mesxisa,
petre laraZis iambikoebSi ipoveba zogi da zogi am Cvenis
sasiqadulo kolxidelis iambikos msgavsi, magram isinic ga-
nucdelni gvrCebian, radgan sinaTlezed RaribaTa varT am
Cvens cadaRrubluls mwignobrobaSi. unda ki usaTuod dag-
vibeWdoT: vin icis, iqneba dRes-xval ise gamoudaros Cvens
ciskarsa,6 rom gagviadvildes naxva da gamocda am iambikos
yovlis Rirsebisa, ise gamoudaros, rom mZivi davinaxoT da
fexiT aravis vaTelvinoT.
Tqveni pativismcemeli baqar qarTleli7
9 febervals. 1860 welsa.

qvenatkoca
146
mitCellis wasakiTxavebi
ufalo redaqtoro!1
Tqveni `moambis~ programma rom wavikiTxeT,2 ra sakvir-
velia gviameboda, radgan imedi mogveca, rom Cveni mwigno-
brobac gahvrceldeba da yovelive Sesamecnebeli da ga-
mosadegi codna Cvens qveyanas ufro advilad moefineba.
erTma saqmem ki Segvafiqra cota-xans: programmaSi adgili
ara hsCans swavlasa da xelovnebazed rac daiwereba, sad
unda ibeWdebodes. _ magram radgan vicodiT, rom Jurnals
Sesabami Rirseba ar eqneba, Tu ise gamova, rom samecniero
imaSi ara iyos ra, gamovikiTxeT saqme da SevityeT, rom ara
Tu dahbeWdavT am-gvars Txzulebasa, ganzraxvac Turme gqo-
niaT, rom rogorc SeiZlebodes ise ganmartivdes Tqvens
JurnalSi kiloSesamecnebeli, _ ise iwerebodes rac ki
swavlaze da xelovnebaze daiwereba, rom visac wakiTxva
ar uWirs, imas aRarc gagoneba gauWirdebodes, _ am ambavma
sworeT dagvitkbo guli da RmerTsa vhTxovT, rom keTils
ganzraxvaSi xeli keTilad wargemarTosT.
erTxel amxanagebi da megobrebi Tqveni `moambis~ ambavSi
viyaviT da vhTqviT, rom Tu kaci vinme qarTvelTagani, Tqveni
xelis gamarTvis SemZlebeli, Tqvens moxmarebas moeridos, _
Taviss mSobels qveyanas amiTi mainc ar emsaxuros da keTil
mosaxmareblad miRebuli Tavisi anabari, Tavisi niWi, ta-
lanti usargeblod miwaSi Cahflas, _ saTakilomca yofila
qveyanazed imisi yofnao.
es iTqva Tu ara, maSinve momatanes: maS nuRarc Sen daiza-
147
rebo da SarSanwin rom mitCellis wasakiTxavebi gamovida
astronomiazed,3 Zalian kargi wigniao. aiRe da qarTulaTa
hsTargmne `moambisaTvisao~; magram eseTis kiloTi hsTarg-
mne, ra kiloTic ilaparakebdi salaparakod rom gamx-
dar-iyo da ra kiloTic TviTan im amerikels professors
ulaparaknia sasaubro da saxalxo eniTao.
sityvaSi rom momaswres, raRa gamewyoboda da Tavs-vi-
de es Sroma `saqarTvelos moambisaTvis~. _ unda ki axlave
aRviaro, rom es erTi saqme metad Zneli ram damsaqmes mego-
brebma. TviTan sagani aris ganuzomelad maRali da imazed
saubari ki ise dabla unda daviyvano, rom gagoneba da Se-
mecneba arc swavluls gauWirdes da arc uswavlelsa. Cemis
mxriT me amaze mets veras dagpirdebiT, rom yovlis Cemis
SeZlebiTa da RonisZiebiT vecado iseTi leqsi ara Semom-
eparos ra,4 rom sxva ufro advili gasagoni vicode da is ar
vixmaro. magram _ garigeba fulsa hsjobiao _ ityvian da mec
erTi piroba damadebineT am TaviTve:
varskvlavT-mricxveloba, varskvlavT-sityvaoba, as-
tronomia, iseTi swavlaa, rogorc mogexsenebaT, rom yo-
vlad-usaTuoa yoveli am swavliT mignebuli kanoni; isea
usaTuo da ueWveli, rogorca, vhTqvaT, orjel ori oTxi
aris; amitom rom yoveli astronomiuli Semecneba maTemati-
kurs damtkicebazed aris dafuZnebuli. magram visac Tavisi
Wkuis Seuryevlobis imedi ara aqvs; _ vinc ganuzomels, mou-
fiqrebels sidides medgrad, uSiSrad ver Sehxedavs; vinc
ityvis, ragind kargs xomaldSi vijde, mainc ver gavbedav
da veraTu okeanes, zRvasac ver mivandob Cems Tavsa, Tuki
napirebs veRarsaidam davinaxamo, _ RvTisgulisaTvis nu
daiwyebs am wignis kiTxvasa; _ Tu ara, _ kacis gonebisagan
yovlad miuwdomeli saSineli Zliereba Semoqmedisa; yov-
lad-sakvirveli sibrZne, romliTac msoflio aris damyare-
buli; sivhrce yovlad-ukiduri, ricxvi yovlad-uTvalavi,
sidide yovlad ganucdeli, yovelive rac am gvari am Cems
148
naTargmnSi amoikiTxeba, ise daamcrobs, ise daamdablebs,
ise dasTrgunavs kacis gonebasa, rom TviTan es goneba rom
ganuzomelad Zlieri aris, didad SeZrwundeba, daibneva da
gza-kvals veRar gaignebs.
da vinc ki sarwmunoebas Seuryevlad adgia, visac gone-
ba ise aqvs Sezavebuli, rom ramdenic unda sakvirveleba
sakvirvelebas dahyves, mainc ar Seiryeva aRsareba imisi,
rom RmerTi aris yovlis-Semoqmedi, yovlis dammyarebe-
li, ZlierebiT yovlad-gareSeuwereli, _ yovel zomasa da
gansazRvrebas gareSe-myofi; an ase vhTqvaT: vinc ki gulSi
ityvis, _ marTalia, ara var ra winaSe RvTisa da araraoba-
zed metaTac rom davmcirde mis winaSe, arc es SemaSinebs;
magram arseba var iseTi, rom SemiZlia imisagan moniWebuli
gonierebiT imisi Zliereba vikvlio ukunisamdeo, _ iman ki
aiRos es wigni da uSiSrad yuradRebiT ikiTxos.
codva da madli ase mogvixdia am TaviTve. gansakuTrebiT
Tqven, ufalo redaqtoro, amasa gTxovT, rom beWdvaSi ara
Seicvalos ra, arc marTl-wera Cemi,5 arc leqsi da arc azri:
radgan Sesacvleli Tu gasasworebeli rac iqneba, kritikis
saqme iqneba da am wignis Targmna mgonia Rirsi iyos kritiki-
sa.
dekemberi 1862.
daba zugdidi.
149
CñÀni nacar qeqiebi
nacar qeqiebi. _ anbanT ganCineba. _ gamocxadeba

anbanT ganCinebisa.
mecxramete saukuneSi, sircxvilic kia, CñÀn, qarTvelebma,

ar vicodeT, vin sad rogor aris, rasa fiqrobs, rasa moq-
medebs da ras mieltvis. diax, CñÀn vxedavT rogoraTac ev-
ropielebT uyñarsT TavianTi mSobeli mamuli da cdiloben
miss amaRlebisaTÂs, ZlierebisaTÂs da didebisaTÂs; vxedavT,
rogoraTac isini mouRalavad mieltvian gonebis ganaTle-
basa, gulis ganviTarebasa, xelovnebis gamSñÀnierebasa, da
rogoraTac, amitom Seupovrad da TavSewirulobiT ebrZÂan
bunebasa, gamoikñleven imiss kanonebsa da hpoeben ra imiss
saidumloebasa, gaavrceleben miT swavlasa. swavla naTelia
da gviCñÀnebs kacis dids daniSnulebasa.
istoriiT da gamocdilebiT viciT, rom magaliTi daba-
davs jer mibaZvasa, merme TÂT mimbaZavi gaostatdeba da
Seiqmneba sxñÀbisaTÂs magaliTi. evropielebis magaliTi
gvaswavlis, rom kacma unda mouRalavad amuSaos goneba
da Ãeli, da ufro sazogado sargeblobisaTÂs. nuravin Se-
Sindeba fiqriT, rom isi dahkargavs sakuTars sargebloba-
sa, Tu sazogado sargeblobisaTÂs Rvawls dasdebs. ara,
egre ar aris, nayofi erTis mxriT didad Saemateba mamulsa,
meores mxriT gadiqceva patronisve sakuTrebad da miT is-
argeblebs isi.
yovelive mzaTa gvaqñs evropielebisagan mofiqrebuli,
150
gakeTebuli da saqmeSi Semotanili. CñÀn Ra, romelTac aras-
ferze Sroma ara gagviweviara, gvrCeba mxoloT, rom es mzaT
SemuSavebuli miviTÂsoT CñÀn sasargebloT. CñÀn mogvindeba
arc measedi im Sromisa, romelic evropielT gaswies. imedi
maqñs, yvela dameTanxmos amazed, imitom rom TavdapirñÀli
moZebna, mopoeba, gakeTeba da gamSñÀniereba saganisa ufro
Znelia, vidre gacnoba da miTviseba am saganisa swavliT.
exla movixedoT CñÀnsken. RmerTo Cemo, rasa vxedav! ra
ubedurni varT! yvelas sZinavs! aravisi goneba da Ãeli ara
muSaoben! yvela miemzgavseba im yrmasa, romelic gulaRma
iwña yurZnis qñÀS da natrobda, rom yurZeni TÂTan Cavard-
noda pirSi. yrmas survili mainca hqonda; CñÀnRa gana sur-
vilic ki gvaqñs, rom swavla TavisTavaT Cagvivardes Tav-
Si, gulSi da ÃelebSi! TÂTqos CñÀn moveliT, rom sxñani
dagviReWen da pirSi ZalaT Cagvideben mZinareebs, rogorc
ZuZuTa yrmasa, ase rom Caylapis meti sxña Sroma ara mogvin-
debara. u. jimSeriZem es mZinaroba qarTvelisa gamogvixata
`kacia adamianSi~,1 magram `kacia adamianis~ suraTSi me vxe-
dav ufro naswavl qarTvelebsa, vinam uswavlelebsa. Tum-
ca es azri ewinaaRmdegeba u. jimSeriZesa, amas me adÂlaT
dagimtkicebT.
CñÀn mTavrobas aqñs dadgenili mravali sxña da sxña sas-
wavleblebi, sadac namdÂlaT rom mzaT dauReWen da pirSi
miaZleven, visac surs, yovel gvar swavlasa da xelovnebasa.
rasakÂrvelia yvelas ar SeuZlian iswavlos saswavlebel-
Si. ravdenime aTasSi erTs Sexñdeba es xvedri da am erTma
unda mohfinos swavlis naTeli danaSTen ravdenime aTassa,
rogoraTac CñÀni mze miscems naTelsa Taviss sistemis mna-
Tobebsa. vici, mkiTxveli amazed dameTanxmeba; magram mkiTx-
veli imazedac unda dameTanxmos, rom zogierTi naswavli
qarTvelebi swavlis naTels ar mogvifenen (zogi erTebi
imaTganniki gamohscemen naTelis magier bnelsa, _ daxedeT
ubedurebasa! viTam raT gvicnes CñÀn brmaT!). pir daufere-
151
bliv vityÂ: es uflebi agre rigaT win ver wauvlen `kacia
adamianis~ gmirsa. isinic, rogorc luarsab, sTvlian bu-
zebsa, zrunven sakuTraT TavianT mucelzed da sxÂs WkuiT.
codnis gamosaCenad (!) CñÀnSi imaT aurCeviaT ori sagani:
erTi miucTomeli didi, romelic sruliad ar gaegebaT da
romelsac sxÂs WkuiT sWñreten (TavianTi ki tÂns iqiT miu-
faravT) da meore friad mdare, romelzedac sjas jer agre
rigaT ara vsaWiroebT. ese igi, sacodavi asoebi: ñ, À, Â, Á, Ã, ჵ
da ф. dafiqrdiT, mkiTxvelo, da warmoidgineT, Tu ra uzo-
mo ufskruli Zevs am or saganT Sua! erTi aris miucTome-
li maRali, meore TvaliT uCinari mdare; sadRa miumalavT
saSuali sagnebi, romelnic CñÀnTÂs ufro saWironi arian.
mainc ras unda mivaCemo am gñari gmiroba? _ nacar-qeqiao-
bas xom ar TamaSoben!? _ TqñÀn, mkiTxvelo, rogorc gnebav-
deT ise gadawyviteT es winadadeba, meki amas mogaxsenebT,
rom gamolaSqreba mTelis saomar iaraRiTa asoebzed: ñ, À,
Â, Á, Ã, ჵ da ф mieTÂseba nacarqeqiasa, anu `kacia adamianis~
gmirsa, romelic aris igive nacarqeqia. vici, zogierTni am
Cemis ganCinebis warmoTqmisaTÂs Semrisxven, gardamekidebi-
an, momryvnian, magram me imaT upasuxeb, rom CñÀn gveWireba
naTeli hswavlisa da ara omi am asoebTan. es omi jer kidev
gadawyvetili ar aris; ar viciT, vin vis daamarcxebs; eski,
rom im SÂdma asoebma kidec dasZlion mtrebi. rao, ara gjer-
aT? maS waikiTxeT ànbanT ganCineba~, romelic me aq sityva
sityÂT gadmovwere.
es ganCineba daiwyeba ase:
àmas winaT anbanT winamZRvarma _ a _ Sekriba Tavisi moZme-
ni da mTel SekrebilebaSi sTqña:
`Zmano da megobarno! dRes me mogiwvieT TqñÀn erTobliv
mosalaparakeblad da gadasawyvetelad sagnisa, romelic
Saexeba zogierT CñÀn moZmeebsa. TqñÀn karga mogexsenebaT,
rom ravdenime qarTvelebi sdevnian CñÀn sayvarel Zmebsa: ñ,
À, Â, Á, Ã, ჵ da ф da cdiloben gansdevnon eseni CñÀnis krebisa-
152
gan. kadniereba imaTi iqamdin miswñda, rom isini aRara xma-
roben am asoebsa, Tumca gardawyveta am saqmisa agre rigaT
adÂli ar aris da ekuTvnis sakuTraT Camomavlobasa. rode-
sac warmovidgen TqñÀns TovliviT gaTeTrebul Tmasa da
amasTanave TqñÀns dauberebel siWabukesa, vfiqrob xolme,
rom CñÀn gvaqñs moniWebuli ukñdav-uberebloba, qarTvel-
ebiki windauxedavaT da gamoukñlevelad arRveven bunebis
sjulsa da TavisTavaT, Zalis-ZalaT abereben CñÀn sayñar-
el Zmebsa: ñ, À, Â, Á, Ã, ჵ da ф, gangeb, rom gamoricxon eseni
CñÀnis krebidam. (am dros Seqmnes CoCqoli da drtÂnva asoe-
bma: e, v, i, f, x da h). meores mxriT esec unda mogaxsenoT,
rom iqneba qarTvelebi marTalnic iyvnen da ara scdebodnen.
es eWÂ umetesad gamicxovles uu. e, v, i, f, x da h, romleb-
mac aSkaraT gamoaCines drtÂnviT Cemis azris winaaRmdego-
ba. amitomac gTxovT, safuZvlianaT da uTñalReboT2 movi-
fiqroT am saganzed da yovlis simarTliT gadavswyÂtoT:
unda darCnen Tu ara CñÀn krebaSi asoebi: ñ, À, Â, Á, Ã, ჵ da ф?
amasac gTxovT, ymawÂlebo, rom CñÀn sjaSi Surs adgili ar
unda hqondes, radgan Suri daabnelebs Tñalsa da cxadad ar
daanaxvebs WeSmaritebasa~.
amis Semdeg wamodgnen: e, v, i, f, x da h, da erT piraT sTqñÀs:
u. Cubinovma, T. ilia WavWavaZem da dav. yifianma safuZvl-
ianaT daamtkices,3 rom ñ, À, Â, Á, Ã, ჵ da ф CñÀnSi sruliad
metni arian, da marTalic aris, saWironi aRar arian eseni,
nametnavaT, rodesac CñÀn aqa varT: À-s magier e, ñ-s magier v,
Â-s magier vi, Á-s magier hi, Ã-s magier x, ჵ-s magier hoi da ф-s
magier f. dasamtkiceblad amisa mogaxsenebT, rom uu. Cubi-
novma, WavWavaZem da yifianma TavianT TxzulebaebSi, namet-
navaT `saqarTvelos moambeSi~, ar ixmares es asoebi; amaT
mibaZes mravalma, da amiTi viTam ra waxda!
amaT winaaRmdeg upasuxes: ñ, À, Â, Á, Ã, ჵ da ф cal-calke:
ñ-m. `TqñÀn, uu. e, v, i, f, x da h, ver SeigeniT, an ar gin-
daT SeignoT brZnuli rCeva winamZRñarisa. Cemi gamoricx-
153
ña gsursT mxoloT siSuriT; amitom rom TqñÀn karga iciT,
rogorc aris saqme da momatebulis Tavis moyvarebiT hfar-
avT WeSmaritebasa. uu. Cubinovsa, WavWavaZesa da yifiansa
swadsT Cemi gandevna ufro imitom, rom iqneba daaxlove-
biT ar ician buneba qarTulis enisa.4 sxñÀbmaRa winaaRmde-
gobiTki ar gamomricxes me `saqarTñÀlos moambeSi~, aramed
moklebulebiT,5 rom esiamovnebinaT u. WavWavaZesaTÂs. dar-
wmunebuli bZandebodeT, rom me ara maqñÀs ugunuri Tavis
moyvareba: CemTÂs sul erTia viyo Tu ar viyo werilebSi; am-
itom rom minam qarTuli enaa, mec viqnebi, mxolod es aris
sawyeni, rom zogierTebs Tavi gamoudviaT da hsjian im sa-
ganzed, romelic sruliad ar gaegebaT (atydeba gamamxneve-
beli taSis cema). u. Cubinovi ambobs, rom me var viTomc igive
v. maSasadame Cemi yofna usargebloa. u. WavWavaZe am azrisaa,
mxoloT ai rogori damtkiceba mohyavs: iqnebao ZñÀlad qa-
rTvelebi ise laparakobdneno, rom me saWiro viyav xmare-
baSi; exlaRa, radganac ise laparakobeno, rom me aRara vs-
Canvar, amitomac me unda movekveTo sicocxlesa. u. yifiani
aWrialebs, aRritinebs, akvnesebs qarTulsa da mdevnis me
da mdevnis ai rogoris SoltiTa: is ambobs, radgan qarTul
werilebSi erT-da-igive sityñaSi me vxmarebulvar da ar vx-
marebulvar, amitomac me Rirsi var gandevnisa. ganaRa kidev
SeiZleba amaze usafuZvlo damtkicebaebi!.. gavsinjoT TÂT
saqme:
me davibade qarTuls enasTan, romelic uCemoT arc yofi-
la, arc aris. buneba da TÂseba am enisa moiTxovda Cems yof-
nasa. qarTuli ena moqnilia da rbili. es TÂseba amSñÀnierebs
enasa, romelic, amis-gamo, smenisTÂs sasiamovnoa, magaliTad
aviRoT sityña: èqñsi~. am sityñaSi qarTveli gamosTqñams
arc mTliv u-sa, arc mTliv v-sa; gamosTqñams naxevrad u-sa
da naxevrad v-sa, ase rom, am orive asoebis xma gamoicemeba
nazaT. romel qarTvels SeuZlian gamosTqñas Zal dautane-
bliv ase: èqvsi~ anu èqusi~. ese igi magaris da gaxevebu-
154
lis asoebiT v-T anu u-T. yvelam kargad iciT, rom sityñas:
èqñsi~ rogorc qarTveli gamoityÂs, ise verc TaTari, verc
rusi da verc evropieli kaci ver SeiZleben gamoTqmas, da
Tu gamoaTqmevinebT ase: èqvsi~ anu èqusi~, maSin ki gamoi-
tyÂan: magram yurebski dagikawvren. TaTars vera dros ver
gamoaTqmevinebT ase: èqvsi~, anu èqusi~; is ityvis èqsi~, am-
itom rom uWirdeba gamoTqma v; u. WavWavaZe amis winaaRmdeg
ambobs, rom Tu ZaldatanebiT v vityviTo, maSin ori vv gamo-
vao. amiT u. WavWavaZe ki ar arRvevs Cem azrsa, ufro daamt-
kicebs imas: imis sityñiT ZaldatanebiT ar unda gamoiTqñas
v, rom ori vv ar gamovides; maSasadame sityñaSi: èqvsi~
aso v Zriel rbilad unda gamoiTqñas, ase rom naxevar v ga-
modiodes, da radgan naxevari aso ar Seadgens mTel asosa,
asoki uTuoT mTeli unda iyos, amitomac saWiroa naxevari v
Sesruldes naxevar unaT, rogorc TÂseba enisa moiTxovs si-
tyñaSi: èqvsi~, bunebiT sakuTrad v ar gamovityviT da dau-
matebT u-s naxevar nawilsaca, ase: èqñsi~. niSnaT am saxiT
gamoTqmisa me var amorCeuli.
iqneba mipasuxos vinmem: rusebs R ara aqñsTo, magram R
gamoityÂano g-d; swored ase qarTvelic, sityñaSi: èqv-
si~ bunebiT gamoityÂso v rbilad. me gipasuxebT: marTalia
rusebi R gamoityÂan g, magram imasac nu daiviwyebT, rom
asos g mTlaT da magra gamoityÂan, qarTul sityñaSi Ra:
èqñsi~, Tu Cem magier ixmareben v, maSin am asos waikiTxven
da gamoityÂan magra, amitom rom mTeli aso unda gamoTqñan.
am SemTxvevaSi, rasakÂrvelia, magier narnaris da sasiamo-
vno sityÂsa: èqñsi~, ityÂan tlanqad da usiamovnoT: èqvsi~.
visac gnebavsT waakiTxeT `saqarTvelos moambe~ da masTanve
yuri daugdeT TqñÀns gulsa da yurebsa da wamkiTxvelis
pirisaxesaca; TqñÀn maSin SeniSnavT, Tu rogoraTac wam-
kiTxveli RrejiT da vaivaglaxiT waikiTxavs da rogoraTac
imisi wakiTxuli usiamovnoT moxvdeba TqñÀns gulsa da sas-
menelsa, veravin damajerebs, rom wamkiTxveli (nametnavaT
155
Tu axal moswavle ymawvilic aris) waikiTxavs ara ise, ro-
gorc buneba gamoaTqmevinebs, ese igi naxevar u da naxevar v.
me gamovaTqmevine ravdenime yrmaTa zepir mravali sityñÀbi,
romlebSiac mTlaT v ar unda gamoeTqñaT, da imaT kanoni-
eraT gamosTqñÀs; merme imaTve waikiTxes iseve sityñÀbi
`saqarTvelos moambeSi~, _ yurma nu gaigonos, rogorc imaT
waikiTxes! u. WavWavaZe scdeba, rodesac fiqrobs, rom Zal
datanebiT Tu vinmem gamoTqua v, ori vini gamovao. ase ar
gaxlavs, mowyaleno Ãelmwifeno, ori vini ki ar gamova, mxo
loT radgan v mTlaT anu magra ar unda gamoiTqñas, mTlaT
Ra imisi gamoTqma gauWirdeba qarTvelsa, amitomac u. Wav-
WavaZes eCñÀneba, viTomc ori vv gamodiodes. vin ver gaarCe-
vs or vv, anu or asos sityñÀbSi `Cemma, eqvsi, miss~ da sx! me
vkiTxav u. v-sa, u. WavWavaZe, am SemTxvevaSi raT Cagvagonebs,
v-i Zal dautanebliv unda gamovsTqñaTo? ratom amasve sxña
asoebzedac ar gvirCevs! _ etyoba, mizezi yofila, rom v zo-
gierT sityñaSi TavisuflaT ver gamovsTqñamT, da Tu gamo-
vsTqñamT, uTuoT ise, rogorc me mogaxseneT, e. i. naxevars u
da naxevars v.
meubnebian: yvela werilsa am rigsa Tu im rigsa qarTveli
bunebiT waikiTxavso ise, rogorc TÂseba moiTxovso; rax-
an egrea, maS raRa giSlisT sworeT ise sweron qarTulaT,
rogorc qarTveli gamosTqñams, da ara ise, rogorc nebavsT
uu. WavWavaZesa da yifiansa! v gaxevebulia, mourbilebelia,
rodesac TÂTona zis; saWiroa Suaze gaixeTqos zogierT si-
tyñaSi da amis erT naxevars mieSvelos imodenive nawili
u-sa, rom es sityña branguli da yoranuli ar gamovides.6
somexi simReraSi da laparakSi ambobs: àqvs~, qarTveliki:
àqñs~. yuri daugdeT, romlis gamoTqma ufro nazi da sa-
siamovnoa? kidev TqñÀn rogor gamoityÂT sityñÀbsa: `ga-
mosTqñams~ Tu `gamosTqvams~? `gñxmaroben~ Tu `gvxmaroben~?
gadamiwyÂteT: romeli ufro TqñÀnTan axloa da romeli
ufro nazi da sasiamovnoa?.. xedavT, rogor mavnebelia
156
bunebis winaaRmdegoba? mavnebelia, diax. jer CñÀn qarTuli
wignebi, dawerilebi axal kanonebis mixedviT, samjer-oTx-
jer ar wagvikiTxavs da amitom SegviZlian qarTulaT wavi-
kiTxoT zogierTebis SanWraquli werilebi,7 da Tu oTxjer
gadvikiTxavT, maSin, garwmunebT, CñÀngan qarTuls narnars
enas veRar gaigonebT; TqñÀn gaigonebT gaxevebul enasa. nu
gikÂrsT es, CñÀn laparaki gviswavlia bunebiT da ara wer-
ilebiT; rodesac werilebi gavrceldeba da imaTiT dag-
vWirdeba swavla laparakisa, aba maSin gagvijoxdeba ena.
Tu CñÀn ase dagvemarTeba, warmoidgineT, axal moswavleT,
nametnavaT ymawvilebs, raRa mouvaT! erTis sityÂT qarTuli
ena samoc weliwads ukan sruliad gajoxdeba.
u. dav. yifiani Cagvagonebs, rom samRrTo werilSi me erTi
da igive sityñaSi xan vixmarebi da xan ar vixmarebi _ marTa-
lia, ipoviT sityñasa, romelSiac me xan ar vixmarebi, magram
amisTana magaliTi, romelic momxdara uTuoT SecdomiT,
xSiri ar aris. xSiraT, anu sruliad uxmarebloba aris
mavnebeli, Tore iSÂaTaT sadme SecToma uCinaria da sruli-
ad uvnebelia. daCñÀuli ena kanonieraT gamoityÂs. Zneli is
iqneba, rom mrudeT daCñÀuli ena kanonieraT veRar gamoi-
tyÂs sityñasa.
mogaxsenebT magaliTs: am ocda xuTis Tu ocda aTis wlis
winaT, francuzebs undodaT SaemoklebinaT TavianTi wera
da kiTxva. yvelas mogexsenebaT, rogorc daiwereba da wai-
kiTxÂs franciculi, SÂdi anu rva aso daiwereba, gamoiTqmis
ki samis anu oTxis asoebiT. francuzebma did xans ifiqres,
aiRes _ daiRes, rva gverdzed gadaabrunes da gadmoabrunes
es sagani, _ imaTi cda is iyo, rom sityña im asoebiT da im-
denis asoebiT daeweraT, rogorc da ravden asoebiT ga-
moityÂan, da bolos darwmundnen amis SeuZleblobazed.
rodesac gamoityÂan francicul SÂd asovan sityñas, gegone-
baT, TÂTqos, sam-asoTi gamoityÂano, magram Tu karga yurs
daugdebT bunebiT francuzsa, maSin dainaxavT, rom isi SÂd-
157
save asoebs gamoityÂs, es ki, rom kargi maxÂli smena unda
gqondesT, rom SÂdive aso gaigonoT; amitom rom danaSTen
oTxs asoebT Zlier nazaT gamoityÂs. es warmodgeba iqidam,
rom xSiraT erTi xma (звук) Sesdgeba oris da samis asoebisa-
gan da amitomac es asoebi erT asoT gamoiTqmian, magram im
saxiT, rom am erTs asoSi orisa da samis asoebis xma uCin-
rad moismis, rogorc qarTuls sityñaSi: èqñsi~, nawilebi
u da v cot-cotaT moismian. am mizeziT ufro francuzebma
amaoT Tavi aRar Seiwyines da saWiroT dainaxes ZñÀlTaganve
SemoRebuli wera da kiTxva.
laTinur da nemencur enebSi ori aso erT asoT gamoiTqmis,
magram dResac oris asoebis magier erT asos ara xmaroben _
mkiTxven, ratom qarTvelebi ki v da u ar gadaabmeno da erT
asoT ar ityÂano? ra saWiroa ori asos gadabma, rodesac es
qarTul werilSi sruliad ar SeiZleba, da rodesac CemiT
gamoiTqmian rogorc rigia?!
exlandel dros ravdenime axal norCebma rusebma moin-
domes amokveTa werilSi ravdenime rusul asoebisa, Sei-
Zleba amokveTa im asoebisa, garda ы da ь; danaSTeni Ra asoe-
bi, magaliTaT ъ sruliad saWiro ar aris, Э da Ѣ magier
SeiZleba ixmaron е, radganac Э da Ѣ mougoniaT romelime
sityñÀbis gamosarCevelad. rogorc qarTvelebs SamouR-
iaT egreTñÀ sityñÀbis gasarCevelad x da Ã, magram ruseb-
is magaliTi qarTvelebTan ar mova, sxñaa xmareba asoebisa
sityñÀbis gasarCevelad, sxñaa asoebis xmareba sityñÀbis
gamosaTqmelad. magaliTad, `xeli~ (aso8) da `xeli~ (giJi) _
am sityñÀbis mniSñnelobas yvela mixñdeba azriT, maSasadame
aso Ã agre rigaT saWiro ar aris. magram rom sityña bunebiT
gamoiTqñas, saWiroa xmareba im asosi, romelic aCñÀnebs am
rigaT sityÂs gamoTqmasa.
me rom ar vyofilviyav qarTvel mwerlebisagan Sobili,
uTuoT exlandeli naswavli qarTvelebi Cem yofnis saW-
iroebas dainaxavdnen da Seswamebdnen maT `retianobasa~
158
moufiqreblobisaTÂs. exlaRa, radgan ZñÀlma mwerlebma
momifiqres me, isinive, amisgamo, xadian maT `retianebad~.
sakÂrveli ara arisra: sofeli winaaRmdegobazed aris
dafuZnebuli, mecxramete saukuneRa _ uarisyofelobazed.
netavi, TqñÀnis sicocxliT, uarisyofelebi mixñdnen mainc
avtoritetebis azrsa, mizezsa da garemoebasa... da... raRa
gamovaSkaraoT! `zogjer TqmiTac daSavdebis~.9
ra mag sityvis pasuxia da u. dav. yifianis moZRvrebam Zli-
er gasWra. vin moifiqrebda, rom Cemi guliTadi da TanaSe-
wiruli megobari miRalatebda. me wavikiTxe `saqarTvelos
moambeSi~ am Cemis megobris qmnileba, romelSiac avtori
adgil-adgil karga enawylianobs, magram wakiTxñaSi misi
mWevrmetyñÀli sityñÀbi ekaliviT medebodnen enazed. eh,
sayñarelo! pirmoTneoba aris sisuste xasiaTisa. raT mi-
Ralate! raT uRalate WeSmaritebasa! visac ZRñÀni uZRñÀni
guliTa, gana Rirda imaT! ra SeiZine? isi, rom daibeWda Seni
qmnileba? vsTqñaT, da ra gamovida? isi, rom Senma qmnilebam
ena damiglija?..
exla vityÂ oriode sityñas Cems guliTad sayñarels
megobarzed À; magram vxedav TÂTan À gamzadebula saTqmelad
sityÂsa da me davCumdebi.
adga À da daiwyo:
`mowyaleno xelmwifeno! aqamdin CñÀn vcxovrebdiT erTaT,
ganuyrelaT. dRes vxedav, u. e mewinaaRmdegeba da cdilobs
Cemi adgili daiWiros, TÂTqos CñÀn krebaSi magas adgili ara
hqondes. me devna borotisagan ar mikÂrs: me mikÂrs mxoloT,
ratom aqamdisinac Cemma mterma devna ar damiwyo. magram me
aravis ar meSinian da imedi maqñs, Cemis adgilidam veravin
damZravs; me viqnebi marad TqñÀnTan, vinam TqñÀn iqnebiT qar-
Tul enaSi da es ena sxña sjulisa ar gaxdeba me darwmunebuli
gaxlavar, rom e Cem adgils vera dros ver daiWers, meki magis
adgils mraval SemTxñÀvaSi daviWer. TqñÀns SeucTomel go-
nierebas verwmunebi, imedi maqñs Cemis mopirdapiris mtraT
159
ar daminaxavT da moismenT Cem sabuTebs srulis yuradRebiT.
erTni mogaxseneben, viTomc me viyo igive e, sxñani _ viTomc
qarTvelebs uwin ara hqonodesT e, da me vyofilvar imiss
moadgileT; SemdgomRa, rodesac e moupovniaT, me, rogorc
usargeblo TqñÀn krebidam ar amouSlivarT. arc erTi azri
ar aris safuZvliani qarTul enaSi uamasoT: e ara dros
ara yofila, amitom rom me Cemis xasiaTiT SameZlo dameW-
ira da dResac daviWer e-s adgils mxolod ravdenime qar-
Tul sityñÀbSi sakuTrad, sadac ñ jgufTs Seudgeba e; mag:
` CñÀn~, aq e-s adgils me daviWer, sityñaSi Ra: `simtkice~ _
me ar SemiZlian daviWiro e-s adgili. SemomxedeT, dainaxeT
Cemi gamosaxuloba da darwmundiT, rom Cemi gamomsaxvele-
bi brZenni yofilan da ara `retianebi~. me var gamosaxuli
frTis mzgavsaT. raTa? imaTa, rom me zogierT sityñÀbSi
mouxeSavs e vamtvrev mraval nawilaT, vasusteb, varbileb,
vanazeb da gavSli, rogorc frTa gaiSleba, romlisgamo qa-
rTuli sityña mSñÀnierdeba diax, me var frTasaviT gamSle-
li e-sa. sCans, rom me e-zed uwin ara vyofilvar da imisi adg-
ili uimisoT ara mWeria. am WeSmaritebaze darwmundebiT
kidev miT, rom gansakuTrebiT ñ jgufTs moujdeba gverdiT,
v-sac amitom, rom am asosTan e ver dajdeba, Tore gamova,
mag., `Cñen~, ese igi, mouxeSavi e-ni gaatlanqebs sityñasa: meki
gavSli haerSi e-sa da sityña gamoiTqmis bunebiT qarTulaT.
Tu zogierT SemTxvevaSi me daviWer e adgils da gavSli mas,
maS sCans, rom me ara var igive e, rogorc amtkiceben zogni,
maSasadame Cemi xmareba werilSi saWiroa.
magaliTs, namdÂl magaliTs mogaxsenebT: me Sevxvedrivar
ucxo qñÀynis kacsa, qarTuli enis karga mcodnesa, romelsac
ver eZlo, _ enis gautexelobiT, gamoeTqo sityñÀbi: `CñÀn~,
`TqñÀn~ da sx. ise narnaraT da TavisuflaT, rogorc qarTve-
li gamoityÂs Zaldautanebliv. isi am sityñÀbis gamoTqmaSi
Zals itanda, tuCebs igrexda, risyofiT, risambiT ityoda
xolme ase: `CñÀn~, `TqñÀn~ da sx. sworeT mibZaneT, gaSla, Tav-
160
isuflaT da nazaT warmoTqma e sityñÀbSi: `CñÀn, TqñÀn~ da
sx. sjobia da ufro sasiamovnoa smenisaTÂs, Tu SanWraqulaT
gamoTqma ase: `Cven, Tqven~ da sx. Tu ar merwmunebiT, aiReT
`saqarTvelos moambe~, waikiTxeT sworeT ise, rogorc swer-
ia da _ maSin dameTanxmebiT, rom e sruliad ver daiWers Cem
adgilsa. ufrTxildiT, _ es TqñÀni movaleobaa, _ rom qar-
Tuli ena odesme ar gaSanWraqdes.
iqneba mkiTxon: TÂTan Sen ñ da Sen Tavs ara xmarobo zo-
gierT sityñaSi, mag. Sen swero: `saqarTvelo~, gamoityÂTo:
`saqarTñÀlo~? _ marTalia es SeniSñna, magram es SecTomiT
ar mamsvlia: me gangeb ase davwere, rom TÂTan TqñÀn migeq-
ciaT amazed yuradReba. me ufro saWiros da namdÂls ur-
Cev `saqarTñÀlos moambelebsa~. es uflebi, romelnic Zli-
er swyaloben h-s, am asos waramaraT (metis siyñaruliT Tu
mosdisT!) xmaroben da miT xSirad amaxinjeben sityñasa. saca
saWiroa, ara smen h, saca sruliad ar mouxdeba sityñasa, iqa
smen; sjobs, am saganzed miaqcion TavianTi yuradReba, _ es
ufro did sargeblobas miscems imaT, vidre Cemzed yÂrili.
kidev metyÂan: aravin iciso kanonebi, romel sityñaSi
unda ixmaron, an ar ixmaron ñ da À; amitom rom yvelam gai-
adÂleso dasma ñ magier v da À magier e _ am mizeziT veravin
gamarTldeba. `saqarTvelos moambelebma~ h-s xmareba sruli-
ad ar ician, magramki xmaroben, Tumca waramaraT. maS raRa,
h gardavagdoT? _ ra samarTalia! yvela qarTñÀlma bunebiT
icis, romel sityñaSi v-s da e-s TavisuflaT ver gamoityÂs,
saWiroa mxolod weraSi yuri adevnos da ise dasweros, ro-
gorc TÂTan sruliad Zaldautanebliv gamoityÂs sityñasa.
sus, sus, Se rutinistovo!* dacinebiT Semomitevs vinme:
Sen ZñÀli kaci xaro da yovelive ZñÀli giyñarso; axali,
axali mdgomareoba gvindao. _ keTili. magram yvela axali
* rutinisti _ ZñÀli azrebis mimdevni.

[d. y.]
161
arc aris gamosadegi da sasargeblo, arc samudamoT dasar-
Ceni. meores mxriT, vin CagagonaT, rom me viyo daZñÀlebuli?
ara, me yovelTÂs ymawÂli var, Tumca wveri da Tma didi xa-
nia gamiTeTrda. imisTana axali moigoneT, rom CemsaviT ukñ-
dav-uberebeli darCes. me rom ZalaT mamklaT da dammarxoT,
vin iqneba Tavs-mdebi, rom Camomavloba Cems yofnas saWiroT
ar dainaxavs da mkñdreTiT ar aRmadgens!..~
Â-m sTqña:
`Zmano da megobarno! muzikaSi salamurs umTavresi adg-
ili uWiravs, TanasworaT skripkisa.10 bednieria is ena,
romelic momStÂnoa. qarTuli ena sworeT momStÂnoa. aiReT
magaliTad sityñÀbi: `fqÂli, SÂli, TÂs~ da sx. am sityñÀbis
gamoTqmaSi qarTñÀli uStñÀns da smenisaTÂs ukeTesi sal-
amuri aRar SeiZleba. Tu Cem magier gamoityÂan v, maSin ga-
mova umsgavseba. gangeb gamoTqÂT ase: `fqvili, Svili, Tvi-
si~ da sx., Tu ar darwmundeT amaT umzgavsobaze. magram Tu
genebebaT waxdena qarTulis enisa, me mzaT gaxlavar gavide
am brwyinvale sazogadoebisagan. mSÂdobiT bZandebodeT,
mxoloT, am Cems ukanasknel Jams vedrebiTa gTxovT, hkiTx-
oT, Cem saxsovraT, `saqarTvelos moambesa~, sadauri qarTu-
liaTqo: ìf~, romelsac xSiraT xmarobs isi Taviss stri-
qonebSi? is gadamTiuli qarTuli xom ar arisTqo, romlis
`gramatikis kanonebisaTÂs~ u. yifiani masalebs gvimzadeb-
sTqo? mamilocavs exlandeli cvlileba. didi cvlileba
moxda, rasakÂrvelia, didis gonebisagan, exlaki mSÂdobiT;
RmerTsa vsTxov, TqñÀn mainc erTobliv SerCeT did reform-
atorebsa~.
`moiTmineT ymawvilo. _ uTxres Â-s: qarTulis enis sala-
mursa ara aqñs ufleba, dauteos CñÀni sazogadoeba Tavisis
nebiT, dabZandiT TqñÀn adgils da karga muxlebi moikeceT~.
Á. `me var Semoklebuli hi; maSasadame SeiZleba aRar viyo
TqñÀn krebaSi~.
Ã. `swores mogaxsenebT, me var TqñÀnSi Semoyvanili zogi-
162
erT sityñÀbis gasarCevelad, _ mag. `xeli~ (aso) da `xeli~
(giJi), _ Tore CemSi sxña saWiroeba ara ra ipoeba, radgan
azriT yvela mixñdeba, sityña `xeli~ leqsSi rasac niSnavs,
amitom me am Jamidam saukunoT gamogeTxovebiT~.
ჵ. àmboben, viTom me viyo Semoklebuli: hoi. es marTalia,
mxoloT naxevraT. qarTñÀlebs eWirebodaT gamoeTqñaT am
sam asoebSi: hoi, aso i SemoklebiT, anu nawyvetaT, rogorc
rusuli й. radgan amisTana (й) qarTuls enaSi ar iyo, ami-
tomac me momifiqres, magram unda gagitydeT, rom mxoloT am
erT SemTxñÀvisaTÂs var me dabadebuli. exla hoi, aRar sadme
ixmareba qarTul werilebSi; maS me meti var TqñÀnSi~.
ф. `me var evropieli da ara TqñÀnis qñÀynisa, me sruli-
ad ara vsaWiroeb gavidga fesvi saqarTñÀloSiaca. naxevar
saukunea, rac me Semomaxetes TqñÀnSi da Semomaxetes uTuoT
im azriT, rom saqarTñÀlo ganaTldes evropiasaviT. azri
kargia, da qarTñÀlebic Tu aras moipovebdnen Cemis Sem-
weobiT, CemgniT vnebas ara naxavdnen. francuzebs hqondaT
Tavisi sakuTari k, magram rusuli к-c gaditanes TavianT-
Si. qarTñÀlebi ityÂn: `filosofia, fizika~ da sx. magier
am saxiT gamoTqmisa, rom ityodnen: `фilosoфia, фizika~ da
sxña am gvar texnikur sityñÀbsa, mgonia qarTñÀlebi ufro
gaamSñÀnierebdnen TavianT enasa da evropasac dauaxlovde-
bodnen. u. f-s pativismcemeli var, magram, Tu sisworiT
vityÂ, isi Cems adgils ver daiWers. nuravin ityÂs, rom qa-
rTñÀli glexi me ver gamomityÂs. rodesac wigns iswavlis,
karga gamomityÂs. ruseTSiac bevr xalxs ar SaeZloT Cemi ga-
moTqma da dResac uswavlel glexebs ar SeuZlianT, magram
vinc gamicna, karga gamomityÂs, magram visac me ar undivar,
is me ufro ar minda. Tu TqñÀn ar SemexvewebiT, me miT umetes
ar SegexvewebiT. mTeli evropa, amerika, zogierTi nawilebi
aфrikisa da avstriisa xelSi miWiravs; nu Tu vikadreb, Tavi
movimdablo da azias Sevexvewo! sad aris Cemi guda-nabadi?!~
anbanT krebam aiRo-daiRo da daawesa Semdegi:
163
`ñ, À, Â saWironi arian werilSi, ф droebiT darCes CñÀn-
Si, manam literatorebi magis sargeblobasa anu urgebobas
dainaxaven, Tumca Á, Ã da ჵ saWironi aRar arian, rogorc
TÂTonve amboben, magram eseni unda gamoiricxñnen CñÀnis
krebidam maSin mxoloT, rodesac amaT sruliad aRar ixmare-
ben samRTo da saero werilebSi. _ u. d. yifianis `gramatikis
masalebi~ saqarTñÀlos bans ukan da kars ukan.
am anbanT ganCinebas gamoucxadeb sruliad saqarTñÀlosa.
1 ianvars 1864 w.
sof. sayÂris-gora
164
hiugo. òTxmoc-da-cametidam~
jer gamomkrebis sityva
am mokle droSi Sesruldeba asi weliwadi masaqeT, rac

francuzebma Tavis qveyanaSi aRreuloba moaxdines. _ es iyo
1789-Si da istoriaSi daerqva am aRreulobas pirveli, anu
didi revoliucia francuzebisa. _ sulerTianad gadaabru-
na am aRreulobam yoveli maSindeli wyobiloba _ sarwmu-
noeba, sazogadooba, xelmwifoba da sjulT-mdebeloba. Tav-
iss mefes, lui XVI-sa, da dedofals, mari-antuanetas, Tavi
mohkveTes; mcire wlovani memkvidre imaTi, _ dofini, tampl-
Si daamwyvdies da giliotinadam * mdinareebi aadines adami-
anis sisxlisa. Tavzari dasces mTels evropas.
ukvdavi viqtor hiugo am TxzulebiT cxovlad gvixatavs,
ra mdgomareobaSi iyo francia oTx weliwads ukan 1793-Si.
am mizeziT TviTon Txzulebas daerqva oTxmoc-da-cameti.
SemoklebiT moviyvanoT es moTxroba, manamdin Cvens sa-
Targmnels mivatandeT.
francias ganagebdnen maSin samni: robespieri, dantoni da
marati.
* Tavis kveTa metad gaxSirebuli iyo maSin, magram radgan lap-

araki sul kacobriobazeda hqondaT da kacT-moyvareobazed,
saWirod dainaxes, rom tanjva mainc Semcirebuliyo da iaraRi
moigones, ucbad, uwvaleblad Tavis momkveTi da daarqves gil-
iotina, momgonis saxeli, romelic iyo doqtori gilioteni.
[d. y.]
165
magram esenic ki, xan cxadad, xan farulad, sxva-da-sxva
wyobilebas eqvemdebarebodnen.
uZlieresi am wyobilebaTagani iyo xalxis rCeulTa kreba,
romelsac daerqva konvansioni (convention _ garigeba, Sekru-
loba; rusulad _ конвент).
imas gareSeT iyvnen: sazogadoobis damxsneli komiteti
(comité de salut publique), saepiskopozo (l’Evecné) da sxva ramden-
ime wyoba-yriloba.
TiTqmis mTeli evropa ebrZoda maSin francias da francia
ebrZoda Taviss deda-qalaqs, pariJs.
bolos franciam ajoba evropas, magram francias pariJma
ajoba.
27 oktomberi 1883.
s. qviSxeTi
166
a. p. berJes xsovnisaTvis
wlebTan erTad, amboben, grZnobebic Clungdeba, magram,

miuxedavad Cemi asakisa, adolf petres Ze berJes moulod-
nelma sikvdilma guli mwuxarebiT damimZima. rom araferi
vTqvaT misi damsaxurebis Sesaxeb mecnierebasa da liter-
aturaSi, piradad me misi saxiT davkarge megobari da 30
wlis winandeli samsaxuridan SemorCenili TiTqmis erTad-
erTi amxanagi; es 30 weli ki, RmerTma uwyis, rogor Semog-
vefanta. mxolod igi magonebda 1856 wlis samsaxurebriv
ambebs, romlebSic erTad vmonawileobdiT. neba miboZeT,
gansvenebulis xsovnis pativsacemad gavixseno zogi ram, rac
mexsierebas SemorCa.
Cven maSin kavkasiis mefisnacvlis mTavarsammarTvelo-
Si vmsaxurobdiT: me kavkasiis mefisnacvlis kancelariis
direqtoris movaleobas vasrulebdi,1 is ki, gansvenebuli
adolf petres Ze, mdivnis TanaSemwe iyo _ axalgazrda, zr-
dilobiani, metismetad moridebuli, Tumca ganaTlebiTa da
moraluri RirsebebiT igi mTeli TaviT maRla idga Tavis
Tanamosamsaxureebze, xolo misi Tavmdabloba imdenad gul-
wrfeli iyo da imdenad bunebrivad gamomdinareobda misi
xasiaTidan, rom mxolod ganuwyveteli samsaxurebrivi ur-
TierTobisas Tu SeamCnevdiT am adamianis gansakuTrebul
Rirsebebs. Tu rogori xSiri da mWidro iyo Cveni samsaxure-
brivi urTierToba, es naTlad Cans im magaliTiT, romlis
Sesaxebac aqve mogaxsenebT: mravalmxrivi ganaTleba, rigiani
167
warmomavloba, axalgazrduli, rogorc ukve vTqviT, asa-
ki, amasTanave, mravalferovani mecnieruli interesebi da
kvlevebi, razec, rogorc Semdeg gairkva, igi samsaxuris
Semdeg saaTebis ki ara, mxolod wuTebis daTmobasRa Tu
axerxebda, es yvelaferi mas srul uflebas aZlevda, Tavi-
si TanamosamsaxureebisaTvis miebaZa. arada, adolf petres
Ze mefisnacvlis kancelariis erTaderTi Cinovniki iyo,
romelic samsaxurSi mxvdeboda, roca iq mivdiodi da rCe-
boda, roca iqaurobas vtovebdi.2
dae, keTilmowyale mkiTxveli am faqtis moxmobas nu CamiT-
vlis sakuTari Tavis qebad _ kancelariaSi me, Cveulebriv,
mivdiodi dilis 6 da naSuadRevis 5 saaTze, xolo iqidan
movdiodi naSuadRevis 3 da Ramis 11 an 12 saaTze. da amas
ar vakeTebdi xelmZRvanelobis mimarT pirferobis gamo.
Tu vinme pirferobas Cemi xasiaTis Tvisebad CaTvlis, maT
sayuradRebod vityvi, rom maSin iq arc aravin iyo iseTi, vi-
sac mivepirferebodi _ mefisnacvali, roca misi kancelar-
iis direqtoris movaleobas vasrulebdi, saerTod ar imy-
ofeboda TbilisSi3 da angariSsac mxolod sakuTar Tavs
Tu Cavabarebdi. miuxedavad amisa, kancelariaSi vSromobdi
Zalebis sruli mobilizebiT da imis SegnebiT, rom muSao-
ba odnavadac ki ar unda Seferxebuliyo. amas mavalebda
Segneba samsaxurebrivi movaleobis aRsrulebisa da mizani
samSoblos keTildReobisa. amitomac mimaCnda, rom Tavau-
Rebeli Sroma iyo Cemi yovlad aucilebeli valdebuleba.
Cemdami daqvemdebarebuli yoveli Cinovniki wundaudeblad
muSaobda, magram arc is iqneboda samarTliani, mTeli Tav-
ianTi dro maT kancelariaSi gaetarebinaT. amitom, ro-
gorc ki Tanamdebobrivi adgili Cavibare, TanamSromlebs
maSinve gamovucxade, rom samsaxurSi yofnis adrindeli, anu
kancelariaSi mosvla-wasvlis, wesis Secvla ar evalebodaT
da arc is moeTxovebodaT, saRamoobiT samsaxurSi yofili-
yvnen.
168
amgvari viTarebiT isargebla yvelam da ar isargebla
mxolod erTma _ yvelaze axalgazrda da yvelaze ganaTle-
bulma adolf petres Zem. gasagebia, rom samsaxurSi yvelaze
xSiri urTierToba masTan miwevda da misi uCveulod beji-
Ti Sromis SedegebiTac yvelaze uxvad me vsargeblobdi.
da rac ufro vuaxlovdebodiT erTmaneTs, miT ufro sasi-
amovno xdeboda Cveni urTierToba, miT ufro Rrmavdeboda
Cven Soris urTierTpativiscema da, miuxedavad imisa, rom
maSin Cveni TanamSromloba sul ramdenime Tves gagrZelda
da mas Semdeg mTeli 30 weliwadi gavida, xangrZlivi drois
ganmavlobaSi es urTierTpativiscema iotisodenadac ki ar
gafermkrTalebula. bolo dros Cven iSviaTad vxvdebodiT
erTmaneTs, Tumca es Sexvedreba adasturebda Cveni mego-
brobis urRvevobasa da mzaobas, erTmaneTisTvis gulTbi-
lad CamogverTva xeli.
samwuxaroa, didad samwuxaroa! aRarc es megobari SemrCa,
samsaxuris guliTadi amxanagi jer kidev 1856 wels! advili
warmosadgenia, raoden didi dartyma iqneboda CemTvis cno-
ba imis Sesaxeb, rom gardaicvala a. p. berJe, romlis saxiTac
misma megobrebma da mecnierebam kavkasiis Sesaxeb udroo da
mZime danaklisi ganicades.
[1886]
169
Tamar mefis saukune
adamianis cxovrebaSi aris asaki, romelsac `SesaZleblo-

baTa gafurCqvnis~ periods uwodeben. am dros pirovneb-
is zneobrivi da fizikuri ganviTareba maqsimums aRwevs.
xalxis cxovrebaSi aris asaki, roca es xalxi Tavisi poli-
tikuri aRzevebis umaRles safexurs aRwevs da amas òqros
saukunes~ uwodeben. cxovrebis ama Tu im periodSi konkret-
uli pirovnebisa Tu mTlianad xalxis ganviTarebis done
SefardebiTia, Tumca rogorc pirvel, ise meore SemTxveva-
Si mkafiod gamoikveTeba xolme ganviTarebulobis iseTi
xarisxi, romelic met-naklebi brwyinvalebiT gamoirCeva da
romlis daZleva ukve aRemateba pirovnebisa Tu xalxis Ses-
aZleblobebs.
pirovneba sicocxlis bolomde inaxavs mogonebebs im sag-
miro saqmeebis Sesaxeb, `SesaZleblobaTa gafurCqvnis~ pe-
riodSi rom Caudenia; xalxi ki Tavisi òqros saukunidan~
im winaparTa saxelebs ixsenebs, romelTa sagmiro saqmeebic
sxva istoriul Tu legendur movlenebze ufro metad
edeba salbunad mis patriotul grZnobebsa da erovnu-
li Rirsebis gancdasac aRamaRlebs. _ roca STamomavlebi
TavianT monaTxrobSi sakuTari winaprebis `SesaZlebloba-
Ta gafurCqvnis~ periodSi Cadenil saqmeebs gazviadebuli
brwyinvalebiT warmoaCenen, Cven amas undoblad vekideb-
iT. roca STamomavalTa monaTxrobSi winaparTa sasaxelo
saqmeebi winaswarganzraxuladaa dakninebuli, es Cvens uk-
mayofilebas iwvevs. rac Seexeba mTxrobels, romelic isto-
173
riuli movlenebis Sesaxeb gviambobs, Cven masze warmodgenas
imis Sesabamisad viqmniT, Tu ramdenad SeZlebs igi xalxis
cxovrebaSi pirovnebis warmoCenas.
saqarTvelosTvis òqros saukune~ Tamaris mefobis xanaa.
marTalia, bevri mefis _ vaxtang gorgasalTa, daviT aRmaSen-
ebelTa, ara erTi da ori giorgis, dimitris, aleqsandresa
da sxv. _ saxelebi qarTvelTa SegnebaSi gardasul dReTa
gmirul saqmeebTanaa dakavSirebuli, magram, aba, hkiTxeT
pirvelsave qarTvels, romelic SegxvdebaT gnebavT kaxeTSi,
gnebavT Savi zRvis sanapiroebze, yazbegis misadgomebTan,
qarTlSi, erTi sityviT, sadac ar unda SegxvdeT:
_ vin ganadida saqarTvelos saxeli? vin ganavrco misi
sazRvrebi? vin daTrguna qveynis mtrebi? vin ganamtkica
marTlmadidebloba?
dauyovnebeli pasuxi iqneba: _ Tamarma!
_ vin aRmarTa am maRlobze es taZari? vin aago es cixe-bur-
ji?
hkiTxeT nebismieri Zeglis Sesaxeb, romelic qarTvel-
Ta Zveli didebis dasturad yovel nabijze SegxvdebaT da
maSinve gipasuxeben:
_ Tamarma!
_ gqoniaT raime saxis literatura? _ ikiTxavT Tqven.
_ rogor ara, gvqonia! rusTaveli, CaxruxaZe, abdul-me-
sia,1 sargis Tmogveli, petriwi... ai, Cveni literaturis ko-
rifeebi.
_ rodis cxovrobdnen isini da riT gamoiCines Tavi?
_ TiTqmis yvelani cxovrobdnen Tamaris dros da moRvawe-
obdnen mis karze. rusTaveli avtoria vefxvis-tyaosnisa,
CaxruxaZe Tamarianisa, abdul-mesia avtoria...
_ da eseni ra nawarmoebebia?
_ vefxvis-tyaosani poemaa, romelic CvenSi sargeblobs
xalxis iseTi siyvaruliT, rogori siyvaruliTac usarge-
bliaT rodisme udides poetTa saukeTeso qmnilebebs. mTels
174
saqarTveloSi ver ipoviT, ukidures SemTxvevaSi, keTilSo-
bili gvaris ojaxs mainc, gansakuTrebiT ki qalebs (arseb-
iTad isini Seadgenen CvenSi mkiTxvel publikas), romelSic
zepirad ar ecodinebaT mTeli gverdebi poemisa, zog SemTx-
vevaSi, mTlianad poemac ki Tavidan bolomde. Tamariani
sworupovari qmnilebaa warmosaxvis mravalferovnebiT,
riTmaTa gansacvifrebeli simdidriT, sityvaTa sakvirve-
li, umagaliTo TamaSiT. es yvelaferi dawerilia Tamaris
epoqaSi; im epoqaSi, romelsac miekuTvnebian Cveni saukeTe-
so mxatvrebi, saukeTeso filosofosebi, xuroTmoZRvrebi,
maTematikosebi. Tamaris epoqa Cveni siamayea, Cveni saxelia,
Cveni didebaa. ukeTesi xana Cveni cxovrebisa, ubralod, ar
arsebobs, _ amas getyviT nebismieri qarTveli, qalaqeli
iqneba igi Tu mTebSi mcxovrebi.
dasasrul, saxeli Tamarisa, romelsac xotba Seasxa samma
poetma _ marTalia, arcTu mravalricxovan mkiTxvelTa wre-
Si cnobilma,2 magram mainc samma didma poetma _ saqarTvelo-
Si iqamdea gandidebuli, rom yvelafers, rasac ki gamorCeu-
lobis beWedi azis, swored mis epoqas miakuTvneben.
sxva qveynebSi aseTi pirovnebebi gviandeli xanis poet-
ebSi warmoSoben aRmafrTovanebel ideebs, mTxroblebSi _
aRmaRlebul da keTilSobilur azrebs, istorikosebSi _
swrafvas maTi saxelis gandidebisaken, TiToeul adamianSi
_ maTi sidiadisadmi mowiwebul damokidebulebas. CvenSi
ki ra xdeba? _ jer ar momxdara, Svilebs mamebi masxrad aeg-
doT, magram gamoCnda erTi sxva saxis magaliTi.
b-ni evlaxovi, icavs ra sakuTar Targmans b-ni d. C-is3 kri-
tikisagan, uaryofs Tamaris epoqis sidiades,4 amasTanave, ar
asaxelebs ara marto ukeTes epoqas, aramed mniSvnelobiT
mis Tanasworsac ki. me aq arafers vambob imaze, Tu rogor
wamoscda mas _ vefxvis-tyaosans saqarTveloSi cotani kiTx-
uloben da cotas Tu gaegeba misio.5
b-ni maisurovi, mogviTxrobs ra vardcixis intrigeb-
175
ze, lafs asxams Tamaris umwikvlo saxels: mas iseT ambebs
miawers,6 romelime margarita burgundielsa da la tour de
Nesle-s rom ukavSirdeba7 an kidev erT bneliT mocul pirs,
gadmocemis mixedviT, im koSkSi rom cxovrobda, romlis
nangrevebi mcxeTasTan, safosto gzis piras moCans da Tav-
isi saxelwodebiT dedabers ukavSirdeba _ mas bebriscixes
uwodeben.8
b-nebi maisurovi da evlaxovi niWieri, imedis momcemi ax-
algazrdebi arian, magram talanti adamians Warbad ar eZle-
va _ mas damuSaveba sWirdeba, Sroma, ganaTlebis meSveobiT
ganviTareba da ganwmenda.
b-ni maisurovis moTxrobis `vardcixe~ Sefasebisas _ Tu
arafers vityviT am araistoriuli moTxrobis ZiriTad ide-
asa da enis mimarT gamovlenil mcire-mcire Secodebebze _
unda iTqvas, rom masSi aris grZnobaTa siwrfeliT aRbeWdi-
li da, zog SemTxvevaSi, marjved dawerili epizodebi.
samwuxarod, jerjerobiT imaves ver vityviT b-n evlax-
ovze, romlis Txzulebebic aqa-iq Tu Segvxvedria.
gavbedavT da orives erT gulwrfel, megobrul rCevas mi-
vcemT, Tuki isini am rCevas Sesaferisi RirsebiT miiReben:
sakiTxis saTanado Seswavlis gareSe nu gamoaqveyneben sa-
kuTar saistorio Sexedulebebs, ramdenadac dResdReobiT
mkiTxvel wreebSi codna Cveni istoriisa mwiria da, Sesa-
bamisad, gaadvilebulia ama Tu im sakiTxis garSemo mkiTx-
velTa SecdomaSi Seyvana. orive, rasakvirvelia, dameTanx-
meba, rom sakmaod Znelia _ iyo vefxvis-tyaosnis mTargmneli
da Tamarisdroindeli movlenebis mTxrobeli. sxva mxriv,
yvelas survilia, maT miaRwion im donemde, rom erTi saqmec
advilad gamouvideT da _ meorec.
[1846]
176
nino _ saqarTvelos ganmanaTlebeli
saqarTvelos eklesia yovelwliurad zeimiT miagebs pa-

tivs Tavisi ganmanaTleblis, wm. ninos, xsovnas. yovel 14
ianvars Tbilisis sionis RvTismSoblis miZinebis taZarSi
didZali xalxi ikribeba da wirva-locvis dasrulebis Sem-
deg mowiwebuli grZnobiT mWidrod gars ertymis jvars. es
jvari siwmindea _ Zvirfasi TiToeuli qarTvelisaTvis; igi
siZvelea _ mowme im movlenebisa, 14 saukuneze meti xnis win
rom moxda.
wm. ninos saswaulebrivi Rvawlis aRniSvna sazeimo wir-
viT weliwadSi erTxel xdeba. istoriasTan dakavSirebuli
sakiTxebis zedmiwevniT aRdgenisaTvis ki Cven xelTa gvaqvs
an aRmosavluri feradovnebiT Sezavebuli da, amdenad, nak-
lebad sando da damajerebeli zepirgadmocemebi, romlebic
istorias Tavis CarCoebSi aqcevs, an kidev vaxtang V-isa1
da misi Svilis, vaxuStis, matianeebi. Tumca am ukanasknel
SemTxvevaSic dabrkolebebs vawydebiT: nabeWdi matianeebi
ar mogvepoveba, xelnawerebi cotaa, maTgan sandoni da sarw-
munoni _ kidev ufro naklebi.
vaxtangma saqarTvelos matianis anu `qarTlis cxovreb-
is~ Sedgenisas gamoiyena mis dros arsebuli yvela matiane
da `cxovrebani~, mcxeTisa da gaenaTis gujrebi, mefeTa wy-
alobis wignebi, somxeTisa da sparseTis istoriis masalebi.
misi naSrom-naRvawis ganxilva-Sejereba da gacxrilva mox-
da vaxtangis Tanamedrove swavlul kacTa mier. es garemoe-
ba Txzulebis vaxtangiseul dasaTaurebaSi Cans.2 vaxtangs
177
zogjer uWirs Tavis Sekaveba. igi energiuli adamiania _ ar
SeuZlia zogierTi mniSvnelovani monakveTi poeturad ar
Sealamazos, ar SeuZlia zogierT amaRelvebel epizods di-
aloguri forma ar misces. igi mefea, monacvle saxelovani
mefeebisa, bunebiTac mgznebare warmosaxvis adamiania da am-
itomac zogjer uneburad winaparTa poetizacias cdilobs.
poetizebuli istoria ki umeteswilad kargavs Tavis namd-
vilobas.
vaxuSti, misi Svili, momdevno da ukanaskneli Cveni memati-
ane, saqmes ufro civi gonebiT ekideba, misi naweri grZnobeb-
isagan Tavisufalia, sistemuria. vaxtangi poeti-istoriko-
si iyo, vaxuSti _ Cveulebrivi istorikosi, Cveulebrivi
mematiane. vaxtangisgan man amoiRo yvelaferi, rac zedmetad
moeCvena, rasac fantaziis beWedi emCneoda, rac feradovani
iyo da Tavisuflad sunTqavda da, Sesabamisad, pirveli mat-
iane mniSvnelovnad Seamokla kidec.
didia dRes ninos mimarT interesi amierkavkasiaSi mcx-
ovreb rusTa Soris. ninos istoria TiToeuli Cveni Tanamed-
rove qarTvelis interesis saganicaa. TviTon es istoriac
iseTi energiiTaa savse, iseTi maRali sulierebiTa da poe-
turobiT aris aRbeWdili, rom, rasakvirvelia, mkiTxvels
urCevnia waikiTxos vaxtangis gavrcobili _ Tundac poeti-
zebuli _ monaTxrobi. Semoklebul aRweraSi ki gamotovebu-
lia bevri iseTi ram, rac, marTalia, avtors araarsebiTad
miuCnevia, magram faseulia mkiTxvelisaTvis da, gansakuTre-
biT, mkvlevarTaTvis. arsebobs sxva wyaroebic, romlebSic
gvxvdeba met-naklebad sando cnobebi wm. ninos Sesaxeb, ma-
gram es saeklesio wignebia da mxolod mkvlevrebisTvisaa
xelmisawvdomi.
amitomac umjobesad migvaCnia, wm. ninos cxovrebis gad-
mocemisas vaxtangiseuli Txzuleba iqnes gamoyenebuli.
magram, sanam am saqmes SevudgebodeT, Tundac gakvriT unda
SevexoT vaxtangis winaTqmas, romliTac iwyebs igi wm. ninos
178
cxovrebis aRweras. aq gadmocemuli cxovreba, _ wers vax-
tangi, _ sikvdilis win TviTon wm. ninos mieraa moTxrobili.
xolo misi monaTxrobi Caiwera RvTismosavma mefis asul-
ma, wm. ninos mowafe salome ujarmelma _ ufliswul revis
colma da somexTa mefe Trdatis asulma.3 amgvari winaTqma
aq warmodgenil Txzulebas met damajereblobas aniWebs...
[1849]
179
ramdenime mosazreba
saqarTvelos istoriis masalebze
winaTqmis nacvlad
(nawyveti werilidan graf v. a. sologubisadmi)
ruseTis istoriulma qronologiam Tavis furcleb-

ze aRbeWda iseTi movlenebi, rogorebicaa 1783 wels mefe
erekles mier ruseTis qveSevrdomobis miReba, xolo 1800
wels _ qarTuli samefos SeerTeba ruseTTan.
istoriaSi moxseniebuli iqneba am movlenebTan dakav-
Sirebuli calkeuli detalebi da Cveni momdevno Taobebi
Seityoben, rom saqarTvelo sakuTari mefisa da xalxis sur-
viliT SeuerTda ruseTis saxelmwifos.1 magram isic unda
iTqvas, rom es yvelaferi moxseniebuli iqneba gakvriTa da
sasxvaTaSorisod vladimiris, ivane mrisxanis, boris go-
dunovis, aleqsi mixeilis Zis, petre didis saxelebTan da-
kavSirebuli movlenebis Txrobisas.2 saqarTvelos saxels
waawydebian sxva, im Zveli Tu axali xalxebis istoriebSic,
romelTa formireba kacobriobis akvnis mosazRvre qveyneb-
Si moxda.3 Tumca saeWvoa, STamomavlebma sayveduriT ar
mogvixsenion, Tu Cven xelidan gavuSvebT SesaZleblobas da
ar SevitanT sakuTar wvlils saqarTvelos istoriis mecni-
erul SeswavlaSi; im qveynis SeswavlaSi, romlis bedi Tun-
dac imiTaa saintereso, rom igi istoriaSi cnobili pirveli
samefoebis Tanadroulad warmoiSva da 22 saukunis ganmav-
lobaSi gauZlo saxelmwifoTa warmomSob Tu damamxobel
180
drosa da movlenebs. im uZvelesi monarqiebidan, romelTa
arsebobasac moeswro _ dawyebuli nineviidan, asureTidan,
frigiidan, baqtriidan _ mxolod saqarTvelom SeinarCu-
na XIX saukunemde damoukidebloba da, warmarTTa, cecx-
lTayvanismcemelTa da mahmadianTa garemocvaSi moqceulma,
gadaarCina TxuTmetsaukunovani marTlmadidebloba.
dRes, islamis mier qristianobisaTvis gamocxadebuli
gaafTrebuli brZolis pirobebSi, saintereso da sagulisx-
mo iqneba dawvrilebiTi istoriuli cnobebi im erTi muWa
qristiani xalxis Sesaxeb, romelic aTas xuTasi wlis gan-
mavlobaSi ganicdida Cingiz-yaenebis, Temurlengebis,
Sah-abasebisa da sxva dampyrobelTa gamanadgurebel dar-
tymebs. magram sad aris es dawvrilebiTi cnobebi? mxolod
da mxolod saistorio masalebSi, romlebic an Zneladaa
xelmisawvdomi, an mwiradaa Seswavlili.
me vfiqrob, TiToeuli Cvengani valdebulia, SeZleb-
isdagvarad Seewios saqarTvelos istoriis warmoCenis
saqmes, Seavsos arsebuli masalebi, gamoTqvas sakuTari
Sexedulebebi, raTa gaaadvilos samomavlo Sroma _ adre
Tu gvian saqarTvelos istoria sistemuri saxiT unda iqnes
warmodgenili.
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
saqarTvelos istoriis amsaxvel masalebSi friad sapatio

adgili uWiravs vaxuSti batoniSvilis matianes, romelic
saimperatoro akademiis wevrma m. i. brosem4 1849-1850 wleb-
Si qarTul da frangul enebze gamosca sanqt-peterburg-
Si.5 franguli gamocemis TiTqmis yoveli gverdis naxevari
gamomcemlis SeniSvnebs uWiravs. amas garda, mis mierve ga-
moqveynebulia in 40 494-gverdiani wigni, romelSic Sesulia
damatebiTi saistorio masalebi da ganmartebani: Additions et
éclaircissements à l›histoire de la Géorgie. S.-P. 1851.6
181
es gamocemebi moicavs saqarTvelos istoriis pirvel naw-
ils _ 1469 wlamde. brose gvpirdeba, rom TandaTanobiT ukve
sakuTari Txzulebis saxiT saqarTvelos istoriis meore
nawilsac (anu saqarTvelos axal istorias) gamoaqveynebs.
am saxiT gamocemuli Histoire de la Géorgie sakuTriv isto-
riad jer ver CaiTvleba. marTalia, masSi m. i. broses mier
gamoTqmulia didad sayuradRebo SeniSvnebi da Setanilia
mecnierulad damuSavebuli damatebani, magram ara erTi da
ori mniSvnelovani sakiTxi jer kidev moiTxovs met-nakle-
bad safuZvlian Seswavlas.
SeuZlebelia sevda ar mogawveT, roca xels hkidebT is-
toriis im sawyisebis gamorkvevas, romelTa namdviloba
bavSvobidanve gonebaSi gaqvT CabeWdili da aRmoCndeba,
rom saWiroa Secvla da xelyofa im simarTlisa, angariS-
miucemlad rom gindodaT dagejerebinaT. CvenTvis, qarT-
velebisaTvis, aqamde marTali da xelSeuxebelia vaxuStis
matianeSi warmodgenili dasabami Cveni istoriisa da amave
matianeSi mocemuli calkeuli cnobebi. magram istorias
aqvs Tavisi simarTle da mas srulebiT ar ainteresebs Cveni
survilebi Tu warmodgenebi, igi daundobelia Cveni miker-
Zoebuli grZnobebisa da damokidebulebebis mimarT. marti-
vi msjelobiTac ki xdeba Secvla da ukugdeba yovelive imi-
sa, rac ar Seesabameba simarTles.
amitomac Rrma sinanuliT unda vTqva, rom akademikos
broses mier uaRresi mecnieruli sizustiT gamocemul vax-
uStis Txzulebasa da am Txzulebis Semavsebel damatebiT
masalebSi, iseve, rogorc somex da sxva qarTvel istorikos-
Ta TxzulebebSi _ magaliTad, vaxtang mefis, gogijanovis,
xitrovisa da sxv. TxzulebebSi _ xSirad gvxvdeba ara marto
arazusti cnobebi, aramed daujerebeli ambebic.
nebismieri, metad Tu naklebad Zveli, xalxis istori-
is dasabami, rasakvirvelia, erTob bundovan, miTologi-
ur gadmocemebs ukavSirdeba. am mxriv, Cvens istorikosebs
182
saqmes uadvilebs Tvalsazrisi sayovelTao istoriuli
sawyisebis Sesaxeb _ kacobriobis istoriaSi cnobili yvela
samefo bibliuri noes STamomavalTa mieraa dafuZnebuli
da amaSi eWvis Setana SeuZlebelia. magram saqme isaa, rom
vaxuSti da sxva qarTveli Tu somexi mematianeebi qarTvel-
ebis mamamTavrad pirdapir Targamoss, iafetis SviliSvils,
asaxeleben. saamisod isini iyeneben Sesaqmes meaTe Tavis mes-
ame muxlsa da paralipemenonis pirveli Tavis meeqvse muxls,
romlebSic naTqvamia: ìafetis Zeni: gomeri, magogi, madai,
iavani, elisa, Tobeli, mosoxi, Tirasi. gomeris Zeni: asqana-
zi, rifaTi, Targamosi~.
mowmoba, davuSvaT, damajerebelia, magram rogor unda
aixsnas amis momyoli monacemebi? saxeldobr:
Targamoss hyavda 8 Ze: haosi, qarTlosi, bardosi, mo-
vakanosi, herosi, lekosi, kavkasosi da egrosi.
amaTgan qarTloss, qarTvelTa uSualo mamamTavars, hyav-
da 5 Ze: mcxeTosi, gaCiosi, gardabosi, kaxosi da kuxosi.
da, dasasrul, amaTgan mcxeToss hyavda 3 Ze: uflosi, oZrx-
osi da javaxosi.
sakmarisia davakvirdeT uklebliv yvela saxelis dab-
oloebas, rom eWvi SevitanoT zemoaRniSnul monacemTa
namdvilobaSi _ saxelTa amgvari daboloebebi ar aris da-
maxasiaTebeli arc qarTuli, arc somxuri enebisaTvis da
miuTiTebs maTs berZnul warmomavlobaze. berZnuli ena ki
Soreuli momavalia im epoqisaTvis, romelsac noes uaxloe-
si STamomavloba miekuTvneba.
eWvs ar iwvevs, rom noes STamomavloba marTlac arsebob-
da, magram maTi saxelebi, rogorc Cans, daviwyebas mieca da
Semdeg isini cnobil geografiul saxelebs daukavSires.
amasTanave, zog SemTxvevaSi amgvari kavSirebi mTlad sarw-
muno ar Cans.
magaliTad:
1. qarTloss, Targamosis Zes, istorikosebi miiCneven mdin-
183
are armazis napiras qalaq qarTlis damaarseblad. cnobebi
amgvari qalaqis arsebobis Sesaxeb ki arc sxva werilobiT
wyaroebSi da arc zepirgadmocemebSi ar dasturdeba. ise-
dac, es ambavi daujerebelia imdenad, ramdenadac:
a) istorikosebis TqmiT, rodesac qarTlosma es qala-
qi daaarsa, mas sakuTari saxeli qarTli daarqva. magram
qarTlosis gardaqmna qarTlad qarTuli enis wes-kanonTa
mixedviT arabunebrivia; amas garda, qarTli Zvelad aRniS-
navda sruliad saqarTvelos mTeli Tavisi geografiuli
sigrZe-siganiT. gviandel xanebSi qarTli ukve qveynis or
nawils aRniSnavda: imas, romelic TandaTanobiT Camoyalib-
da saaTabagod, anu axalcixis safaSod Zveli lazikiTurT
da im teritorias, romelic amJamad goris mazras moicavs.
am nawilebidan erTs erqva zemo qarTli, meores _ qvemo qa-
rTli. amJamad es ukanaskneli dasaxelebebi xalxSi goris
mazris dasavleTi nawilisa da Tbilisis mazris im nawilis
aRsaniSnavad ixmareba, romelic goris mazris samxreT-aR-
mosavleT teritorias esazRvreba.
b) amboben, rom qalaqi qarTli qarTlosma mdinare arma-
zis napiras aaSena, magram SeuZlebelia, qarTlosis dros
romelime mdinare armazad yofiliyo saxeldebuli _ imave
istorikosTa cnobiT, sityva àrmazi~ pirvelad qarTlosis
cxovrebidan TiTqmis 2 000 wlis Semdeg warmoiTqva da war-
moTqva igi farnavazma, pirvelma qarTvelma mefem, romel-
mac aRmarTa kerpi da mas, rogorc amboben, Tavisi sparsuli
saxeli, armazi, uwoda.7 ar arsebobs safuZveli, ar virwmu-
noT am ukanaskneli cnobis siswore manam, sanam damajerebe-
li Cans armazis dakavSireba ormuzdTan, aurmazTan an or-
muzdasTan. farnavazi ki qristes dabadebamde sul raRac
300 wliT adre cxovrobda. manamde aqaurTa Soris sityva ar
Tqmula arc armazze, arc ormuzdze da, Sesabamisad _ verc
mdinaresa da verc sxva rames armazi ver daerqmeoda.
mdinare armazis napiras gaSenebul qalaq qarTlSi is-
184
torikosebi, albaT, gulisxmoben qalaq armazs, armazcixes,
strabonis armozikas, ptolemaiosis armaktikas, pliniusis
armastiss, anu Hamastis-s; gadmocemis mixedviT, armazi mde-
bareobda mdinare mtkvris napiras, dRevandel mcxeTaSi,
kazakTa saguSagos dasavleTiT, simaRleebze. klaproTis
mixedviT, igi iwyeboda mtkvrisa da aragvis SesarTavis
pirdapir aRmarTuli mTis wverze, gaSlili iyo qedis
kalTamde da mTavrdeboda zemo avWalis pirdapir, iq, sadac
naqulbaqevi da glukia. Tumca aseTi adgili, gluki, aq ar
arsebobs da, rogorc Cans, somxuri sityva gluxi, rac niS-
navs saTaves, dasawyiss an kidev _ qedis bolos, klaproTs
SecdomiT geografiul punqtad miuCnevia.
erTi sityviT, rogoric ar unda yofiliyo es qalaqi an
misi adgilmdebareoba, misTvis saTavis damdebad iTvleba
igive farnavazi, romelmac daaarsa igi armazis misadgome-
bTan da saxeladac armazi uwoda.
2. winaaRmdegobrivia istorikosTa mosazrebebi maSinac,
rodesac amboben, rom qalaqi mcxeTa aSenebulia mcxeTosis,
qarTlosis Zis, mier. am qalaqis kvali dResac aSkarad da
mkafiod Cans amJamindel sofel mcxeTis midamoebSi; da es
maSin, roca adamiani armazqalaqis naSTebs ZlivZlivobiT
Tu aRmoaCens. mcxeTosi, rogorc iTqva, saqarTveloSi arma-
zis xsenebamde 20 saukuneze meti xniT adre cxovrobda. maS,
riT unda avxsnaT es yvelaferi, Tu ara im mosazrebis game-
orebiT, romlis mixedviTac, noes SvilTa da SviliSvilTa
saxelebi gvianaa SeTxzuli ukve arsebul qalaqTa da mxare-
Ta saxelebis mixedviT? yovel SemTxvevaSi, mcxeTis daarse-
ba gardasul droTa uSores wyvdiadSi ki ar unda veZeboT,
aramed gacilebiT ufro axlo xanebSi, im dros, roca CvenT-
vis cnobili mbrZaneblebi taxtze adiodnen, Tavze samefo
gvirgvins idgamdnen da mirons icxebdnen. mcxeTa (Мцхет)
xom qarTulad, gramatikis enaze Tu vityviT, sxva araferia,
Tu ara sityva mironcxebis brZanebiTi kiloTi warmodgeni-
185
li zmnuri forma _ mcxeT. amasTanave, am qalaqSi arsebul
sakrebulo taZarSi, rogorc fiqroben, damarxulia uaR-
resad mniSvnelovani siwminde _ uflis ukerveli kvarTi.
RvTismosavi sidonias Zma macxovris jvarcmis dros ieru-
salimSi imyofeboda da iqidan qristes kvarTi Camoitana.
sidoniam Zmas kvarTi gamoarTva, gulSi Caikra da suli
ganuteva. igi kvarTTan erTad damarxes. saflavze amovida
xe, romlisganac mirianis mefobis dros uflis saxlisTvis
mTavari sveti gamoWres. sveti saswaulmoqmedi gamodga _
misgan dioda wminda mironi, romliTac mefeTa mironcxeba
xdeboda. mcxeTa swored amas niSnavs _ mcxeT mironi.
3. aseTsave winaaRmdegobas vawydebiT mcxeTosis Ze
uflosis SemTxvevaSic. TiTqos uflosma sakuTari saxeli
daarqva kldeSi nakveT ufliscixes. qarTuli enis grama-
tikis imave wes-kanonTa mixedviT, romlebic zemoT ukve
vaxseneT, uflis _ es aris sityva ufali naTesaobiT brun-
vaSi. magram, Tu saxelis ufliscixe warmomavlobas ufloss
davukavSirebT, maSin miviRebT ara ufliscixes, aramed
uflosiscixes. zogierTi Tanamedrove mwerali warsulis am
brwyinvale Zegls marTlac uflosiscixes uwodebs, magram
amiT maT surT gaamarTlon Tvalsazrisi im istorikosebisa,
romlebic ufliscixis warmoSobas maincadamainc uflosis
saxels ukavSireben. sinamdvileSi ki arc xalxis metyveleba-
Si, arc xalxur gadmocemebSi arsad ar dasturdeba forma
uflosiscixe _ yvelgan swori forma ufliscixe gvxvdeba.
noes SvilTa da SviliSvilTa Soris ar ixseniebian arc
Cerqezosi, arc afxazosi, arc avarosi, TviT daRestanosic
ki, magram, rogorc ar unda iyos, droSi Seusabamobis gamo
verasgziT ver moxerxdeba maTi dakavSireba qalaqebisa da
mxareebis saxelebTan. erTi sityviT, Cven ar viciT, sinamd-
vileSi vin iyvnen damaarsebelni haiastanisa, qarTlisa, ja-
vaxeTisa, kaxeTisa, kuxeTisa, bardavisa, movakanisa, egrisa,
mcxeTisa, ufliscixisa da a. S.
186
zogierT mweralTan kidev erT sagulisxmo cnobas vpou-
lobT _ mcxeTis taxtze asuli qarTlosis Ze mcxeTosi, aseve
mcxeTosis Ze uflosi da maTi momdevnoebi iyvnen mamasax-
lisebi.
es rogor? qarTlosi, Ze Targamosisa, xom iafetis Svil-
TaSvili iyo _ misi mxolod da mxolod meoTxe Taobis STa-
momavali! nuTu noes STamomavloba iseTi arabunebrivi sis-
wrafiT gamravlda, rom mexuTe Taobis pirobebSi xalxebis
samarTavad ukve samefo taxtebi yalibdeboda? TviT idea
taxtis warmoSobisa, unda vifiqroT, ucxo iyo warRvnamde-
li mosaxleobisaTvis da gana ucnauri ar iqneboda, taxtis
idea am sakacobrio mniSvnelobis movlenis Semdeg aseTi sis-
wrafiT gaCeniliyo? saqme is aris, rom isedac SeuZlebelia
mamasaxlisis Sinaarsobrivi dakavSireba taxtTan. mamasax-
lisi niSnavs ojaxis ufross, gvaris meTaurs, an kidev:
am sityvis yvelaze farTo an istoriuli mniSvnelobiT _
gvaris damfuZnebels, mamamTavars, grave-s.8 sxvagvarad ro-
gorRa iqneboda im dros, roca ar arsebobda marTvis sxva
sistema, garda patriarqalurisa? roca ar iyo sxva sazog-
adoebrivi kavSirebi, garda naTesaurisa, gvarovnulisa?
saqarTveloSi taxti, rogorc Zalauflebis gamoxatuleba,
qristes dabadebamde 300 wliT adre dafuZnda da pirveli,
vinc am taxtze avida, iyo farnavazi. am droisaTvis axali
mmarTvelobiTi ierarqiis saTaveSi marTlac wodebriobiTi
mamasaxlisi idga, magram farnavazi taxtze dajda ara ro-
gorc mamasaxlisi, aramed rogorc mefe. xolo farnavazi,
rogorc dariosis SviliSvili Tu naTesavi, mefobis arsSi
kargad iyo garkveuli. sityva mefe, Tavis mxriv, warmodge-
ba sityvisagan meufe, romelic mkafiod gamoxatavs gaba-
tonebul Zalauflebas. farnavaz I-is Semdgom xanebSic ki,
roca mmarTvelebs aRar hqondaT mefis titulis tarebis
kanonieri safuZveli da amitom qveyanas taxtze ausvlelad
marTavdnen, isini qveyanaSi meufebdnen, anu batonobdnen,
187
rogorc, magaliTad: stefanozi, adarnase, ioane, juanSeri...
Cveni miamiti bunebis gamo wesad gvaqvs, gamonagons faq-
tis mniSvneloba mivaniWoT. es TvalnaTliv Cans imaSic,
rom didi xania miveCvieT _ da amas sakuTar Tavzec vambob
_ legendebi Tu Tqmulebebi xSirad realur istoriul
movlenebad miviCnioT; magaliTad, legenda imis Sesaxeb,
rom qarTvel aristokratias saTave daudes azonis meom-
rebma. azoni ki makedonel mxedarTmTavar aleqsandre dids
dapyrobili qarTlis mmarTvelad hyavda daniSnuli.9 far-
navazma qarTlidan azoni gandevna, Tumca azonis meomrebi
aqve darCnen, mniSvnelovani privilegiebiTac aRiWurvnen
da umaRlesi socialuri fenac Camoayalibes _ azonaurebi,
anu aznaurebi. Tuki am istorias kritikulad movekidebiT,
raRac ucnaur viTarebas miviRebT: farnavazi azons aujany-
da, waarTva mas aleqsandre makedonelis mier miniWebuli
Zalaufleba, Tumca Tavis axalSeqmnil samefoSi ara marto
xelSeuxeblad datova azonis meomrebi, aramed am meomreb-
isagan sakuTar personasTan da samefo taxtTan daaxloebu-
li fena Seqmna. Tuki es asobiT meomari _ arsebiTad erTa-
derTi dasayrdeni _ azons ganudga da farnavazs miemxro,
maSin ra ZalebiT ebrZoda azoni farnavazs? an kidev, ra
aucileblobam aiZula farnavazi, dasayrdengamoclili da
xalxisTvis saZulveli adamianis winaaRmdeg brZolaSi dax-
marebisaTvis asurelebisTvis miemarTa, rogorc es Cvens ma-
tianeebSia naTqvami?10
ukidures SemTxvevaSi, bunebriobas moklebuli Cans is
mniSvnelovani privilegiebi, romlebic eboZa qveyanaSi
mtris erTaderT Zalasa da dasayrdens. Sesabamisad, gvaqvs
Tu ara qarTvel Tavadaznaurobas sakmao safuZveli vTq-
vaT _ Cvens wodebriv modgmas dasabami azonelebma, azonis
meomrebma misceso?
isic cxadia, rom jerjerobiT qarTuli sityvis, aznauris,
warmomavlobas sxvagvari axsna ar eZebneba. magram amgvari
188
axsnis safuZvlianobaSi darwmunebuli rom viyoT da isic
davijeroT, qarTveli Tavad-aznaurebi makedoneli meomre-
bis Camomavlebi ariano, pirvel rigSi, unda davasabuToT
_ marTlac imyofeboda Tu ara aq azoni Tavisi razmiTa da
simarTlea Tu ara is, rom azoni gandevnes, misi meomrebi
ki ara marto datoves aq, aramed isini mniSvnelovani fun-
qciebiTac aRWurves. garda TiTqmis yvela aqauri mematianis
teqstebSi daculi cnobisa, amis damadasturebeli sxva wya-
ro Cven ar mogvepoveba.
kidev ufro meti areuloba Semoaqvs istoriul gadmoce-
mas, romelic farnavazis xanas ukavSirdeba da qarTuli an-
banis warmoSobas exeba.
CvenTan dRemde xmarebaSia ori alfabeti: saeklesio da
saero, romelTa Soris TiTqmis araviTari msgavseba ar aris.
saeklesio anbanis SeTxzva miewereba wm. mesrops, romel-
mac V saukuneSi somxuri anbani Seqmna.11 am mosazrebasTan da-
kavSirebiT eWvi gaqreba, Tu erTdroulad davxedavT, erTi
mxriv, qarTul saeklesio, xolo, meore mxriv, somxur damw-
erlobebs.12 xolo rac Seexeba qarTul saero damwerlobas,
mas araviTari msgavseba ar gaaCnia somxurTan da _ garda
ori asos (თ da s) msgavsebisa _ TviT qarTul saeklesio dam-
werlobasTanac.
qarTuli saero damwerloba, romelsac mxedruls uwode-
ben, Seqmnilia farnavaz mefis dros, Tumca Znelia am mosaz-
rebis utyuarobis damtkiceba. amasTanave, verc im Tvalsaz-
riss mivaniWebT raime mniSvnelobas, TiTqos mxedruli 1312
wels iyos Seqmnili _ jer erTi, im ubedur epoqaSi qarTvel-
ebi ver moiclidnen anbanis Sesaqmnelad da, amas garda, Tav-
adma baraTaevma numizmatikur masalaze dayrdnobiT eWvmi-
utanlad daasabuTa mxedruli damwerlobis arseboba jer
kidev VII saukuneSi.13
gadmocemis mixedviT, mesropiseuli saeklesio anbani
mefe arCilma SemoiRo 430-ian wlebSi da amas religiuri
189
xasiaTis motivacia hqonda. wminda wignebi da saRvTisme-
tyvelo sjani unda gadmocemuliyo ara xalxisaTvis gasage-
bi, aramed _ axali damwerlobiT; maSin, roca WeSmariti
sarwmunoebisagan gandreka SeiniSneboda, yvelas unda dae-
naxa, rom crumoZRvrebani ar iwereboda saeklesio anbaniT.
sasuliero xasiaTis yvela wigni, romelic saero anbaniT iyo
dawerili, dawves da isini axali anbaniT dawerili wignebiT
Secvales. am saSualebiT aRmoifxvra is gadaxrebi, xalxis
rwmenaSi rom iyo Separuli. ase da amgvarad, mxedrulma
damwerlobam, romelic saeklesio anbanis SemoRebamde yve-
la sferoSi iyo gabatonebuli, Tavisi adrindeli mdgo-
mareoba mxolod saero literaturaSi SeinarCuna. ze-
moaRniSnuli gadmocema udavod marTebuli Cans da faqtis
mniSvnelobasac iZens imdenad, ramdenadac, marTlac, arCi-
lis mefobis dros saqarTvelos marTlmadidebeli eklesi-
is mwyemsmTavris kverTxi ergo episkoposs, romelsac erTni
uwodeben mobidans, sxvebi _ muSidoms. igi zoroastrizmis
faruli mimdevari, anu mubidi14 aRmoCnda. mis mier xalxSi
sakuTari vinaobis gaumJRavneblad gavrcelebul nawereb-
Si WeSmariti rwmena zoroastrizmiT iyo Seryvnili. roca
es mzakvroba gamomJRavnda, mobidanis dros Seqmnili yvela
teqsti dawves da isini axali, mesropiseuli, anbaniT dawer-
ili teqstebiT Secvales.
yovelive amis Semdeg gasagebi xdeba, saidan warmoiSva zo-
gierTi mecnieris mier SemuSavebuli Tvalsazrisi: Tu qar-
Tuli saero damwerloba (mxedruli) Seiqmna XIV saukuneSi,
xolo V saukuneSi ganadgurebuli mobidaniseuli teqstebi
ar iyo Sesrulebuli im damwerlobiT, romlis kvalic Semor-
Cenilia VII saukunis monetebze, maSasadame, qarTvelebs, garda
ori cnobili alfabetisa, mesame alfabetic unda hqonodaT.
amasTanave, isic unda dasabuTebuliyo, rom zemoaRniSnul
monetebze saerTod ar dasturdeba mxedrulis kvali.
amas garda, zogierTi mematiane dabejiTebiT amasac ki
190
ambobs _ ara marto saeklesio somxuri, qarTuli saero
anbanic mesropma Seqmnao, Tumca TviTon somxebs sagangebo
saeklesio anbani arca aqvT da arc arasodes hqoniaT.
ai, aseTi Seusabamobebia qarTvel mematianeTa cnobebSi
qarTveli xalxis, qarTveli Tavadaznaurobis, qarTuli
damwerlobis warmoSobis Sesaxeb.
winaaRmdegobrivi da urTierTSeusabamoa sxvadasxva
epoqaSi xalxis cxovrebasa Tu mefeTa moRvaweobasTan da-
kavSirebuli ara erTi da ori cnoba. imavdroulad, mati-
aneebSi Cveni istoriis calkeuli movlenebis Sesaxeb aris
uaRresad saintereso gadmocemebi, cnobebi Tu miniSnebani,
magram SeuZlebeli xdeba maTi namdvilobis dasabuTeba, maT
sandoobaSi darwmuneba kritikuli midgomisa da qarTvel-
ebTan metad Tu naklebad dakavSirebuli sxva qveynebis is-
toriebTan Sedareba-Sejerebis gareSe.
yuradRebas gavamaxvileb ramdenime sakiTxze:
I. xalxis gonebriv SeZlebaze, anu im garemoebaze, romli-
Tac am xalxis zneobrivi ganviTarebis xarisxi ganisazRvreba.
II. xalxis fizikur SeZlebaze, romliTac ganisazRvreba am
xalxis saSinao cxovrebis ganviTarebisa da administraci-
uli TviTarsebobis xarisxi, agreTve _ mdgradobis xarisxi
gareSe faqtorebTan Sejaxebisas.
ufro mkafiod rom gamoCndes xalxis cxovrebis es ori
uarsebiTesi maxasiaTebeli, saWirod mimaCnia maTi dayofa
calkeul nawilebad da aseT SemTxvevaSi xuTi ZiriTadi sak-
iTxi gamoikveTeba:
1. ragvaria sasuliero cxovrebis ganviTarebis xarisxi?
2. ragvaria saero cxovrebis ganviTarebis xarisxi?
3. ra literaturis patronia es xalxi?
4. ra teritoriaze iyo ganfenili samefo Tavisi umaRl-
esi ganviTarebisa da ukiduresi dacemis periodebSi?
5. sakuTari samefos sazRvrebs miRma romel qveynebs swvde-
bodnen qarTvelebi samxedro Tu savaWro TvalsazrisiT?
191
cxadia, sagazeTo statiaSi me aravin momTxovs am sakiTx-
ebis gamowvlilviT analizs. amitomac aq erTaderTi mizani
mamoZravebs: momaval mkvlevarTa yuradReba mivapyro Cveni
warsulis met-naklebad RirsSesaniSnav mxareebs, Sevexo
calkeul garemoebebs, moviyvano monacemebi maTi Semdgomi
damuSavebis mizniT.
1. sasuliero cxovrebis Sesaxeb
qristianobamdel qarTvelTa religiuri rwmena-war-

modgenebis Sesaxeb mwiri cnobebi gvaqvs. Zneli war-
mosadgenia, farnavaz pirvelamde xalxSi ase Tu ise Camoy-
alibebuli saerTo religia yofiliyo gavrcelebuli.
iTvleba, rom imdroindeli xalxis zne da adaT-wesebi sas-
tiki da daundobeli iyo. Cveni istorikosebi maT kaciWa-
miobaSic ki sdeben brals da miuTiTeben im Tqmulebaze, rom-
lis mixedviTac, mosaxleobis erT nawils meorisagan valad
adamianTa sxeulebi moeTxoveboda, Tumca istorikosTa me-
ore nawili amas ufro martivad _ sisxlis aRebis wesiT _
xsnis.15 amboben, makedonelis mier dawesebuli mmarTveloba
cdilobda, aqaurTa Soris berZnul RmerTTa Tayvaniscema
SemoeRo. marTlac, qarTuli miTologia am droidan ufro
mkafio saxes iZens, Tumca berZnul miTologiasTan mas metad
susti kavSirebi aqvs. magram isic unda iTqvas, rom qarTul
da berZnul miTologiebs Soris mainc SeiniSneba zogier-
Ti Tanxvdeniloba. ase, magaliTad: `kaf-mTaze an ialbuzze
kldezea mijaWvuli gmiri da iqve axlos miyudebulia misi
javardeni. am javardniT gmirs advilad SeuZlia rkinis
jaWvis gawyveta, magram jaWvi moklea da lekvi dRedaRam
lokavs mas. roca jaWvi lokvisagan iqamde gaileva, rom Ses-
aZlebeli xdeba misi gawyveta, raRac idumali Zala jaWvs my-
isve pirvandel mdgomareobaSi abrunebs. ase itanjeba gmi-
ri, ase dausruleblad itanjeba misi lekvi~.
192
am tanjul gmirSi _ qarTvelTa amiranSi _ SeuZlebelia
ar amovicnoT berZenTa promeTe. SesaZlebelia, borot da
keTil sulebTan dakavSirebiT kidev moiZebnos ufro sus-
ti Tanxvdenilobani im dasavlur da aRmosavlur legendebs
Soris, romlebic, ase vTqvaT, xelixelCakidebulni modian
drois siRrmidan. es boroti da keTili sulebi ki arian: de-
vebi, jinebi, qajebi, feriebi, aierebi... magram sakuTriv qar-
Tul poliTeizmSi ar Cans bunebriv ZalTa iseTi mravalfer-
ovneba, romelic gansazRvravs rogorc aRmosavluri, ise
dasavluri panTeizmis ZiriTad ideasa da arss. marTalia,
qarTvelTa im RvTaebebidan, romlebic farnavazis droi-
danaa cnobili, zogierTi emTxveva berZnuls _ magaliTad,
afroditos _ magram ucnobia, Cvens xalxSi konkretulad
ras ganasaxierebdnen isini, ra ideis gamo scemdnen maT Tay-
vans. Zveli qarTvelebis RvTaebebisa mxolod saxelebi vic-
iT: armazi, zadeni, gaci, gaimi, afroditos da kidev ramden-
ime naklebad mniSvnelovani RvTaeba. qarTvel istorikosTa
TxzulebebSi daculi gadmocemebi iZleva aseTi ZiriTadi
daskvnis gamotanis SesaZleblobas:
qarTvelTa uZveles rwmena-warmodgenebSi ar dasturde-
ba arc dasavlur da arc aRmosavlur RvTaebaTa pirdapiri
analogebi. aq ver SexvdebiT ideebs, romelTa dakavSireba
moxerxdeba budasTan, brahmasTan, SigemunisTan da sxv.; ver
SexvdebiT zevss, iupiters da sxv.; qarTvelebis Tayvanisce-
ma armazisadmi, zadenisadmi da sxv. dafuZnebuli iyo ara
imdenad rwmenaze, ramdenadac dawesebaze, xelisufalTa
neba-survilze. amdenad, warmarTul RvTaebaTa mimarT qa-
rTvelTa sarwmunoebrivi damokidebuleba ver iqneboda mt-
kice da Seuvali. samagierod, saxarebis sityvas aq noyieri
niadagi daxvda.
eklesiuri gadmocemiT, saqarTveloSi wminda rjulis
gavrcelebis misia RvTismSobels ergo, xolo andria pir-
velwodebulisa da svimon kananelis mier dawyebuli am
193
diadi saqmis aRsruleba wilad xvda sxva qals _ mociqul-
Taswor wm. ninos, wm. didmowame giorgis naTesavs. yovelive
amis gamo qarTvelebi qveynis mfarvelad maradqalwul mar-
iams miiCneven, patronad ki _ wm. giorgis. bevri amiT xsnis
TviT saxelis Грузия warmomavlobas da aq gakvriTa da ori-
od sityviT am sakiTxsac Sevexebi.
erTni amboben, rom ruseTSi saxeli Грузия TaTrulidan
Sevida: georgia _ giurji _ giurZi _ giurzi _ gruzi. sxvebs
es saxeli pirdapir gamohyavT sityvidan georgia, rogorc
berZnebi gviwodebdnen imis gamo, rom Cveni qveynis mosaxle-
oba ZiriTadad miwaTmoqmedebas misdevda. am ori versiidan
romelia sarwmuno _ jerjerobiT Zneli saTqmelia. Tav-
ad qarTveli istorikosebi ama Tu im wyaroze dayrdnobiT
saqarTvelos georgiasac uwodeben, amasTanave, uwodeben
iveriasac da am ukanaskneli saxelis warmomavlobazec ori
versia arsebobs: mas safuZvlad udevs gamarjvebis gamomx-
atveli qarTuli yiJina _ i! verie!16 an kidev romeliRac
gadamwyveti mniSvnelobis gamarjveba, qarTvelebs mdinare
veris napiras rom moupovebiaT. darwmunebiT ki imis Tqma
SeiZleba, rom xalxis metyvelebaSi Cvens qveyanas yovelTvis
saqarTvelo erqva, xolo Cveni qveynis mkvidri mosaxleoba
sakuTar Tavs uwodebda mxolod da mxolod qarTvels da
sxvas arafers.
vubrundebi ZiriTad sakiTxs.
wm. ninos mier gamoCenili mociqulTa sadari gmiroba IV
saukunis meore aTwleuliT TariRdeba. misi moZRvrebis
mimdevari gaxda mefe miriani mTeli Tavisi ojaxiTa da war-
CinebulTa feniT. am mxriv, sagulisxmoa TviT saxelwodeba
im adgilisa, sadac maTi naTlisRebis saidumlo aRsrulda
_ mTavarTa sanaTlavi. VI saukunis SuaxanebSi, farsman VI-
is mefobisas, saqarTveloSi Camovida 13 asureli wm. mama.
saqarTvelos eklesiis am manaTobelma varskvlavebma xalxSi
gaavrceles WeSmariti rwmena da ganamtkices marTlmadide-
194
blobis safuZvlebi.
epoqa andria pirvelwodebulidan da svimon kananelidan
mokidebuli vidre wm. ninosa da asurel mamebamde _ ioane
zedaznelsa da mis TanamoRvaweebamde, rasakvirvelia, xas-
iaTdeboda Sinagani ryevebiT, magram mTavari amocana mainc
mterTa ganuwyveteli Tavdasxmebis mogerieba iyo. saqa-
rTveloSi _ erTi muWa, Tumca medgari xalxis samkvidre-
belSi _ SemoWrilan skviTebi, xazarebi, hunebi, arabebi,
Turq-seljukebi, cecxliTa da maxviliT apirebdnen qveynis
mosrva-ganadgurebas pompeusi, herakle keisari, murvan
yru, Cingiz-yaeni, Temurlengi, Sah-ismail sofi, Sah-Tama-
zi, aRa-mahmad-xani... eseni yvelani da, maT Soris, mtacebeli
lekebi ipyrobdnen, amcirebdnen, xSir SemTxvevaSi, TiTqmis
fizikurad anadgurebdnen saqarTvelos mosaxleobis umetes
nawils. magram 15 saukunis ganmavlobaSi zoroastrizmTan
Tu islamTan Tavganwirul brZolaSi veravin SeZlo qarT-
veli xalxis damoukideblobis mospoba, misi mefeebisaTvis
gvirgvinis moxda, marTlmadideblobis Seryeva.
saqarTvelos eklesiis saZirkveli ganuwyvetliv irwyve-
boda erTguli Svilebis sisxliT; igive eklesia marTlma-
dideblobis TanamdgomTa, Rvawlis damdeb mRvdelmTavarTa
da mowameTa saxiT amravlebda wmindanTa dass. umagaliTo
brZolaSi qarTvelebma wmindad da xelSeuxeblad Seinar-
Cunes saxelmwifoebrivi TviTarseboba da WeSmariti rw-
mena, sanam RvTis kurTxeviT es erTi muWa xalxi rusuli
marTlmadideblobis safarqveS ar moeqca. ukanasknelma qa-
rTvelma mefem qveynis bedi ruseTis TviTmpyrobeli xelm-
wifis sulgrZelobas miando _ nebayoflobiT gadasca mas
Tavisi TiTqmis ocdaorsaukunovani gvirgvini.17 amiT man
Zlevamosili damcveli moupova mefeTa erTgulebaSi gamo-
brZmedil qarTvel xalxsa da mis rwmenas, xolo aqaurTa WeS-
mariti rwmenis gamoxatulebaa is, rom meoTxe saukunidan
mokidebuli qarTvelma marTlmadidebelma xalxma qalaqeb-
195
Si, soflebSi, mTaTa wverebze, xeobaTa siRrmeebSi aRmarTa
metad Tu naklebad STambeWdavi taZrebi, Seamko isini Zvir-
fasi morTulobiT da am taZrebSi dRemde aRavlens uzenae-
sisadmi locva-vedrebas; amasTanave, dgas im rusi mxedrobis
mxardamxar, romelmac qristianobis sastik mtrebze gamar-
jveba SeaZlebina.
qristianuli moZRvrebis istoriaSi qarTvelTa sagmiro
saqmeebs sapatio adgili unda mieniWos. kacobriobis isto-
riam unda Tqvas, rom qarTveli xalxis rwmena aRbeWdilia im
WeSmaritebiT, romelic, madloba ufals, saswaulebs mog-
vivlens xolme.
ai, masala gansjisaTvis Cven mier wamoWrili pirveli sak-
iTxis garSemo.
gadavdivar meore sakiTxze.
2. saero cxovrebis Sesaxeb
saqarTvelo pirdapir Tu arapirdapir, didxans Tu mcire

xans ganicdida zoroastrizmis, gansakuTrebiT ki _ dampy-
robel muslimTa adaT-wesebisa da zne-Cveulebebis gav-
lenas. SeuZlebelia, ucxotomelTa batonobas qarTvelTa
sazogadoebrivi cxovrebis xasiaTsa Tu urTierTobis wesze
Tavisi kvali ar daetovebina. Tumca es mxolod kvalia ucxo
gavlenebisa, xolo safuZveli da yvelaze metad ganviTare-
buli dominantebi qarTveli xalxis cxovrebaSi, bunebriv-
ia, unda ganesazRvra iseT faqtorebs, romlebsac TviTonve
SeimuSavebda am mtrul da misdami mudmivi agresiiT gan-
wyobil garemocvaSi moqceuli, ganmartoebaSi myofi es
qristiani xalxi. qarTvelebs damoukideblad unda Camoey-
alibebinaT Tanacxovrebis iseTi pirobebi, romelTa meSve-
obiTac SeZlebisdagvarad daupirispirdebodnen qristian-
uli rwmenis maRalzneobriobasTan SeuTavsebeli adaTisa
196
Tu wes-Cveulebebis SemoWras. ra gamarTleba SeiZleboda
hqonoda qristianis TvalSi, erTi mxriv, cecxlTayvanismce-
melTa im aRmaSfoTebel Cveulebas, romlis mixedviTac, qm-
ris cxedarTan erTad misi colic cocxlad unda daewvaT,
xolo meore mxriv _ muslimi qalis dabeCavebul, damamcire-
bel, adamianuri Rirsebis uarmyofel mdgomareobas?
qarTuli saero Segneba qalTan mimarTebaSi unda damyare-
boda qristianul Tvalsazriss, masSi unda asaxuliyo moZ-
Rvreba, romlis mixedviTac yoveli adamiani RvTis mier gaCe-
nilia sixarulisa da megobrobisaTvis da RmerTma adamiani
Tvis xatad Seqmna. amgvar pirobebSi qarTvelebs, ubralod,
ar SeeZloT Tayvani ar ecaT ninos, Tamaris, qeTevanis wminda
da naTeli saxelebisaTvis da uZvelesi droidanve TavianTi
Zalisxmeva ar miemarTaT qalis aRzrdisa da ganaTlebisaken
_ im qvakuTxedisaken, romelzec aris dafuZnebuli amqveyni-
uri adamianuri sikeTe da keTildReoba.
amasTanave, TavisTavad cxadia, qalis ganviTarebulo-
bis xarisxiT SeiZleba zogadad xalxis ganviTarebulobis
xarisxic ganisazRvros.
im istoriuli faqtebis naTelsayofad, romlebzec aq
maqvs laparaki, davimowmeb qarTvel didgvarovanTa ojaxeb-
Si orive sqesTan dakavSirebul viTarebas.
didgvarovani qarTveli qaliSvilis aRzrda xdeboda
ojaxSi da am saqmes uSualod deda an uaxloesi da uxucesi
naTesavi qali xelmZRvanelobda. ojaxSive xdeboda qaliSvi-
lis Segnebis Camoyalibeba da zneobriobis ganviTareba _ igi
swavlobda wera-kiTxvas, xelgarjilobas, saojaxo saqmeebs.
wignierebis safuZvelTa safuZvels wminda werilis kiTx-
va warmoadgenda. es ki, garda enis wes-kanonTa praqtiku-
li dauflebisa, ganapirobebda religiur warmodgenebze
dafuZnebuli codnis ganviTarebas. sakuTriv mwerlobaSi
dasaxelovneblad qaliSvils wasakiTxad aZlevdnen cnobil
poetTa qmnilebebs, istoriul Txzulebebs, TxrobiTi xasi-
197
aTis mxatvrul teqstebs. teqstebis kiTxva ZiriTadad Sin-
aur wreSi xdeboda da mas ojaxis mamakaci wevrebic SeuerT-
debodnen xolme, cxadia, roca es ukanasknelni sagareo,
saomari Tu samoqalaqo saqmeebisagan Tavisufalni iyvnen.
arazneobrivi Sinaarsis wignebi arc arsebobda.
SeuZlebeli iyo, am gziT gakeTilSobilebul qals ar
gaekeTilSobilebina sazogadoebis sxva wevrebi da, Tanda-
TanobiT _ mTlianad sazogadoebrivi Tanacxovreba.
wignuri codna, romelic SinaaRzrdas edo safuZvlad,
TavisTavad cxadia, ar iyo mxolod da mxolod qalTa fenis
kuTvnileba _ sasuliero wreebi, samefo karze Tanamdebo-
bis mqone pirebi, swavlulni, rasakvirvelia, uwignurni
ver iqnebodnen. magram isic unda iTqvas, rom CvenSi _ yov-
el SemTxvevaSi, vaxtang sjulmdeblamde mainc _ TiTqmis ar
iyo stambebi, raTa codna xalxSic gavrcelebuliyo. rac
Seexeba qalebs, ama Tu im formiT, metad Tu naklebad lit-
eraturasTan dakavSirebuli iyo yvela _ ubralod, ver ip-
oviT tradiciuli wesiT aRzrdil qarTvel qals, romelic
Tavisuflad da gamarTulad ar wers qarTul salitera-
turo enaze.
es aris faqti, romlisganac aranaklebi mniSvnelobis
sxva faqti gamomdinareobs: didgvarovani qarTveli qali,
miCveulia igi xalxSi trialsa Tu pirvelad xvdeba sazoga-
doebaSi, Tavisufalia ara marto provinciuli, aramed xan-
grZlivi ojaxuri aRzrdiT gamowveuli SeboWilobisagan
da sazogadoebaSi gamoCenisTanave Tavisi TavdaWerilobiT,
sinatifiT, Sesaferisi qceviT Rirseul adgils ikavebs.
es ki, Tavis mxriv, imiT unda aixsnas, rom qarTvel qalebSi
bunebrivad aris mocemuli uaRresad ganviTarebuli taqti.
albaT, uxeS Secdomad ar CagveTvleba, Tu amas yvelafers
davukavSirebT im mizans, ra mizansac qalTan mimarTeba-
Si Zveli qarTuli pedagogika isaxavda _ rwmenisa da da-
moukideblobisaTvis ganuwyvetliv brZolaSi myofi xalxi
198
qalebs ojaxuri simSvidiTa da myudroebiT unda gaemxneve-
binaT. qalSi STanergili iyo gansakuTrebuli pativiscema
naTesauri kavSirebis mimarT, naTesaur kavSirTa siwmindis
Segneba, uaRresad gamaxvilebuli grZnoba movaleobisa,
romelTa gareSe SeuZlebeli iqneboda sazogadoebrivi da
piraduli keTildReobis miRweva.
ase da amgvarad, coli saqarTveloSi didi xania gamo-
sulia monuri mdgomareobidan. qristes moZRvrebis mixed-
viT, qali aris Tavisi qmris gonieri da saTuTi megobari
da, amasTanave, qals mamakacTa urTierTobebSi mSvidobismy-
oflis funqciac aqvs dakisrebuli. aseTi formiT gadmoe-
ca axal Taobas Zveli qarTuli saero cxovrebis erT-erTi
Tavisebureba, romelic, cxadia, sakmaod CamorCeba qalis
sazogadoebrivi mdgomareobis dRevandel gagebas, magram
esec unda iTqvas _ istoriulad saqarTveloSi swored qali
ganapirobebda im mWidro saxalxo erTobas, romlis moSla
veranairma gareSe Zalam ver SeZlo.
axla ki, movxaze ra qarTvelTa zne-Cveulebebis zogier-
Ti damaxasiaTebeli niSani da warmovadgine kidec masze Cemi
zogadi dakvirvebebi, gadavdivar mesame sakiTxze, romelic,
Tavis mxriv, winare ganxilul or sakiTxTan mWidrodaa da-
kavSirebuli.
3. xalxis literaturis Sesaxeb
sanam sakuTriv literaturaze Camovardebodes sity-

va, aucilebeli mgonia, gairkves qarTul enasa da mwigno-
brobasTan dakavSirebuli zogierTi arsebiTi mniSvnelo-
bis sakiTxi.
qarTuli enis Sesaxeb samecniero wreebSi ori sakmaod
avtoritetuli Sexeduleba arsebobs. am Sexedulebebidan
erTi, uaxlesi, qarTul enas Zveli sparsuli enis diale-
199
qtTa jgufs miakuTvnebs.18 es mosazreba dafuZnebulia or
sityvaze: sari (сари) da furi (фури); sparsul enaze frigia
niSnavs _ xarisa (бычачий), xolo frigiis mTavari qalaqi
sardi _ furisa (коровий). Tuki mTeli enobrivi maragidan
ori sityva sakmarisia enaTa warmomavlobis gamosarkvevad,
isRa damrCenia vTqva, rom корова qarTulad Zroxaa, Tum-
ca SeiZleba asec vTqvaT _ furi; xolo rac Seexeba sityvas
sari, igi qarTul enaze sul sxva rames niSnavs _ margils
(кол, тычина). ramdenadac es ukanaskneli Sexeduleba axalia,
sul cota xnis winaa gamoTqmuli da, amdenad, saTanadod ar
aris damuSavebuli, CemdaTavad, mis dawvrilebiT gansjaSi
ver Seval.
meore _ adrindeli da ufro gavrcelebuli _ Tvalsazri-
sis mixedviT, qarTuli ena miekuTvneba sanskrituli warmo-
mavlobis indogermanuli, anu indoevropuli enebis ojaxs.19
am Tvalsazriss safuZvlad udevs:
a) qarTuli da sanskrituli asoebis msgavseba.
b) arsebiTi saxelebis, zedsarTavi saxelis SedarebiTi
xarisxisa da nacvalsaxelebis formaTa msgavseba sanskrit-
ulis formebTan.
g) kavkasiis yelze gadioda is migraciuli gza, romelic
dasavleTevropuli enebis Semqmnelma xalxma gaiara.
uaRresi mniSvnelobis mqone SedarebiTi enaTmecnierebis
mixedviT, sakiTxis garkvevisas mTavari sayrdeni swored es
faqtorebia.
magram gana es sayrdeni iseTive simtkicisaa dRes, ro-
goric iyo maSin, roca warmoiSva Teoriebi indogermaniz-
mze, indoslavianizmze da saerTod indoevropeizmze? bev-
ria ki am Teoriebis iseTi Tavgamodebuli damcveli dRes,
roca am TeoriebiTa da misgan gamowveuli siaxleebiT gata-
cebam adgili dauTmo damjdar analizs, romlis mixedviTac,
indoeTi, Tundac Tavisi geografiuli mdebareobis gamo,
ver iqneboda kacobriobis verc akvani da verc is centri,
200
saidanac xalxebi danarCen msoflioSi mimoifantebodnen?
xom ar migviyvans es garemoeba axal Sexedulebamde, romlis
mixedviTac, sanskriti dasavluri enebisaTvis imave albaTo-
biT SeiZleba iyos saTavis damdebi, ra albaTobiTac amgvari
winapari ena SeiZleba iyos sparsuli, arabuli, somxuri an
qarTuli? an kidev: xom ar aRdgeba Zveli Tvalsazrisi imis
Sesaxeb, rom enebi, iseve rogorc xalxebi, msoflioSi gani-
fantnen araratis midamoebidan _ Cveni bibliuri akvnidan,
tigrs, evfrats, araqssa da oronts Soris rom mdebareobs?
yvela am kiTxvas Riad vtoveb Cemi SezRuduli erudiciis
gamo da yuradRebas mivapyrob iseT sagulisxmo da xelSesax-
eb sakiTxs, rogoricaa asoebis grafikuli msgavseba.
yuradRebis miRma vtoveb yovelgvar SemTxveviTobebs da
Sevexebi mxolod namdvil msgavsebebs.
qarTulSi arsebobs ori sruliad gansxvavebuli damwer-
loba:
mxedruli (anu meomruli) _ saero, da
xucuri (anu samRvdelo) _ sasuliero; aqvea gaerTianebu-
li asomTavruli, anu saTavo asoebi.
pirveli damwerlobis saxelwodebaSi Cans erT-erTi san-
skrituli damwerlobis, saxeldobr, fehlevis (пеглeви,
пеглевийский), analogia:
mxedari (мхедари) meomars niSnavs.
Пегльви, пеглеван, iseve rogorc bahader (багадер), bahadur
(багадур) sparsulad niSnavs meomars, Roniers, goliaTs.
ase Semovida qarTvelTa metyvelebaSi sityvebi: falavani
(палавани), baaduri (баадури) _ Zalgulovani, meomari.
Zveli sparselebi fehlevis (пегльвийский) mxedrul (meom-
rul) damwerlobas uwodebdnen da aseve mxedarTa (meomar-
Ta) damwerlobas uwodebdnen mas indoelebic _ gosvanzari
(госванзарский).
sparselTa mibaZviT farnavazma, dariosis axlo naTesavma,
mxedarTaTvis Seqmna damwerloba da mas mxedruli uwoda,
201
Tumca aq analogia mxolod saxelwodebaSia.
qarTul mxedrulSi 39 asoa.20 amaTgan alfabetis ukanask-
neli aso ф sul cota xnis win iqna SemoRebuli ucxo sityva-
Ta marTlwerisaTvis _ qarTuli sityvebisaTvis igi saWiro
ar aris. danarCeni 38 asodan, romelTa arseboba 22 saukunes
moiTvlis, mxolod da mxolod aso T amJRavnebs msgavsebas
fehlevis -sTan da, gansakuTrebiT _ birmul T-sTan.
aris ki 38 asodan erTaderTis msgavseba sakmarisi sabuTi,
vamtkicoT erTi romelime enis warmomavloba meore enidan?
ara mgonia, SesaZlebeli iyos am kiTxvaze dadebiTi pasuxis
gacema.
axla vnaxoT xucuri anbani.

xucurSi asoTa raodenoba, alfabetSi maTi rigi da sax-
elwodebebi emTxveva mxedruls, magram xucurSi ukve oTxi
asoa, romlebic amJRavnebs aSkara msgavsebas sxva damwer-
lobebTan:
xucuri Sedgenilia qristes aqeT V saukuneSi saero an-

banis Casanacvleblad da sasuliero Sinaarsis teqstebis am
axali anbaniT dasawerad. am droisaTvis cnobebi indoeTis
Sesaxeb ukve sakmaod iyo gavrcelebuli, wm. mesrops SeeZ-
lo amiT esargebla, raTa moespo yovelgvari msgavseba axal
saeklesio da Zvel saero asoebs Soris da amiT moeSala xsen-
202
ebac ki mobidaniseuli teqstebisa.
dagvrCa kidev erTi mosazreba qarTulisa da sanskritis
naTesaobis Sesaxeb _ saxelTa da nacvalsaxelTa formeb-
is msgavseba. magram Cven ver SevalT sakiTxis siRrmiseul
gansjaSi: jer erTi, msgavsad am sakiTxiT dainteresebulTa
umravlesobisa, cota ram viciT sakuTriv sanskritis eno-
brivi formebis Sesaxeb. amas garda, mecnieruli ganswavlu-
lobiT gamorCeuli avtori am ukanaskneli Sexedulebisa21
(mgoni, misi dasaxelebis saWiroebac ki ar arsebobs), qar-
Tuli saxelebisa da nacvalsaxelebis formebze msjelobi-
sas iseTive warmatebiT poulobs analogiebs berZnulTan
da sparsulTan, rogorc sanskritTan. CemdaTavad Rrmad
var darwmunebuli, rom dedamiwis zurgze ver ipoviT or
iseT enas, romelTa Soris SeuZlebeli iqneba raime saerTos
moZebna. amJamad vera, magram droTa ganmavlobaSi SeiZleba
davasabuTo da warmovadgino qarTuli enis calkeul for-
maTa gansacvifrebeli msgavseba iseT enebTan, romlebTanac
qarTuls SeuZlebelia raime saxis filologiuri siaxlove
hqondes.22
ase da amgvarad, samive is argumenti, romelTa mixedviTac
qarTuls indoevropuli enebis ojaxs miakuTvneben, saeWvoa
da, Sesabamisad, aRniSnuli Tvalsazrisi, Cans, safuZvel-
saa moklebuli; amasTanave, verc imis perspeqtivas vxedav,
aRniSnul Tvalsazriss sxva raime damatebiTi safuZveli
gamouCndes. amitomac vfiqrob: qarTulma enam _ miiRo da
SeiTvisa ra sparsuli, arabuli, berZnuli, laTinuri, Tur-
quli da, bolos, slavuri Tu rusuli sityvebi _ uZvelesi
droidanve SeinarCuna sakuTari buneba. igi dRemde rCeba
TviTmyof enad da pirdapiri naTesaobiT ar aris dakavSire-
buli arc erT im enasTan, romelzec laparakobdnen an lapa-
rakoben araTu daSorebuli qveynebis, aramed TviT kavkasi-
is xalxebic ki. xolo rac Seexeba qarTuli enis warmoSobas,
es sakiTxi imgvarive bundovanebiTaa moculi, rogori bund-
203
ovanebac axlavs TviTon qarTvelebis warmoSobis sakiTxs.
mxolod imis Tqma SegviZlia, rom qarTvelebi iseTive qarT-
velebad darCnen, rogorebic iyvnen qristes dabadebamde
300 wlis win, farnavazis mefobis xanaSi.
axla rac Seexeba qarTul literaturas...
literaturis romeli dargi ganviTardeboda sxvaze
metad im qveyanaSi, romelSic xalxi ganuwyvetliv da Tav-
ganwirviT ibrZoda rwmenisa da damoukideblobis Sesanar-
Cuneblad? am kiTxvaze pasuxis gacema Zneli ar aris:
sityvis Zala, sityvakazmuloba ganviTarebis umaRles
xarisxs, pirvel rigSi, sasuliero mwerlobaSi aRwevs.
wminda wignebi qarTulad Targmnilia saukeTeso da,
amasTanave, amaRlebuli stiliT. wminda mamaTa moZRvre-
bani da qadagebani _ rogorc saerTod saRmrTo werili _
gamsWvalaven mkiTxvelisa Tu msmenelis gonebas maRalzne-
obrivi zraxvebiT. am TargmanTa ena, miuxedavad calkeuli
formebisa Tu konstruqciuli moZvelebulobisa, dResac
gasagebia TiTqmis yoveli qarTvelisaTvis.
amas mosdevs saero, kerZod, TxrobiTi literatura. sag-
miro romanebis, moTxrobebis, zRaprebis mizandasaxuloba
iyo mkiTxvelSi vaJkacuri suliskveTebis aRzrda, vaJkaco-
bisagan ganuSorebeli keTilSobilebis STanergva da es yve-
laferi gadmocemulia sada, msubuqi da mimzidveli eniT. mi-
uxedavad SesamCnevi konstruqciuli sirTulisa da ZiriTad
gramatikul wes-kanonTa, ase vTqvaT, mouxelTeblobisa, qa-
rTuli ena romanebSi _ magaliTad, visramiansa da amiran-
darejanianSi _ iseT simsubuqesa da sisadaves aRwevs, rom
nebismier qarTvels, romelsac 39 asos Tav-Tavis adgilze
xmareba SeuZlia, afiqrebinebs _ ase xom mec Tavisuflad
davwero.
dRes Seqmnili enobrivi viTareba iZleva ukmayofilebis
safuZvels: zepiri metyveleba _ moqnili, mwyobri, laRad
mdinari, qaRaldze gadatanisas raRacnairad blanti, mZime
204
da arabunebrivi xdeba, gadis TviT sasuliero da belet-
ristuli teqstebisaTvis damaxasiaTebeli enobrivi CarCoe-
bidan, anu CamorCeba cocxali sasaubro enis ganviTarebas
da miemsgavseba imgvar mTvlemare enas, dRes rom `mwigno-
bruls~ uwodeben.
poeziis enas SesaniSnavi Rirsebebi aqvs: formaTa da eno-
briv mimoqcevaTa araCveulebrivi simdidre, sinonimTa si-
uxve, fiqsirebul maxvilTa uqonloba, azris dauzianeblad
sityvis bolo marcvlebiT Tavisuflad varirebis Sesa-
Zlebloba, gansacvifrebeli harmoniuloba, metruli, ce-
zuruli da riTmuli organizaciis simsubuqe da sinatife.
yovelive amis gamo qarTuli leqsTwyoba usazRvrod mrav-
alferovania.
uniWo leqsTa mCmaxvelebs, rogorc yvelgan, Cvens liter-
aturaSic uxvad SexvdebiT. rasakvirvelia, aman misca sababi
volters, rom sadRac eTqva _ qarTvel poetebs, Cveulebriv,
azri riTmis samsxverploze miaqvTo. magram amas xom ver vi-
tyviT Cvens Zvel, saxelganTqmul poetebze: rusTavelze,
Tmogvelze, CaxruxaZeze, SavTel-abdulmesiaze; verc besik
gabaevze, WavWavaZeze, orbelianze, baraTovze, erisTovze,
TviT primitiul ferSangovzec ki; ver vityviT sxva uaxle-
si periodisa Tu dRes moRvawe poetebze. amaT Semoqmedeba-
Si ver ipoviT poetur qmnilebas, romelsac siamovnebiT ar
waikiTxavT da romelic Tqvens gulsa da gonebas sinaTles
ar mohfens.
qarTuli ena, romelic samgvarovani damwerlobiTaa war-
modgenili, literaturuli TvalsazrisiT didi xania, maRal
donezea damuSavebuli. aRarafers vambobT imaze, rom ucx-
ouri enebis metad Tu naklebad mcodne qarTvelebis Sexed-
ulebiT, ar arsebobs azri, romlis qarTul enaze mkafiod da
naTlad gamoxatva gaZneldeba. poeturi teqnikis, formaTa
nairgvarobisa da gamomsaxvelobiTi simdidris magaliTad
davimowmebT CaxruxaZisa da SavTelis Txzulebebs _ orive
205
warmoadgens Tamaris apologias da miekuTvneba imave Tama-
ris epoqas, XIII saukunes. pirveli maTgani Seicavs 115, meore
ki _ 107 aTmarcvlian oTxtaepeds. es saleqso forma, rogorc
amboben, arabuli poeziidanaa nasesxebi. orive Txzuleba ga-
morCeulia sityvaTa TamaSiTa da poeturi JReradobiT.
davimowmebT SavTelis Txzulebis me-3 strofs:
Ze adamisi, msgavsad amisi, visca exilvon, mamcnon sad ari?

RmerTman samoTxiT mogvca sam-oTxiT, eTebr mbrwyinvale,
mzeebr sad ari!
aRmosavleTiT da dasavleTiT, samxriT Crdilomdis
hpovon, sad ari?
zesknels qveskneliT da gareskneliT, ukanaskneliT
ufskrul sad ari?
anu:
Дщерь Адамову, ей подобную, если знает кто, пусть укажет – где?

Её Бог нам дал, благо райское: как эфир чиста, как звезда светла!
Восток иль запад, юг или север, пусть укажут нам, где ей равная,
В высях-ли, долу-ль, вне-ли пределов, пусть укажут нам ей подобную.
an kidev _ CaxruxaZis Txzulebis 22-e strofi:
siuxviT zRvebri, simarTliT cebri, mdablad mowyale,

Wvretad narnari,
mZleTa mZleveli, TviT uZleveli, kedriT kedramdis
mZled sasmenari;
aseTi ese ars es mowese, jvariTac RvTiTgan mimomTminari.
didsa msajulsa amtkicebs hsjulsa, RmerTman miT mogca
misi saqnari.
anu:
206
Щедра как море, чиста как небо, кротка как милость, на взгляд вся нежность.
Разя героев, сама всех выше; победоносна над всеми всюду.
Установляя в делах порядок, несёт крест Божий с Его смиреньем;
И утверждая судью в законе, правит здесь властью, Богом ей данной.
qarTvelebma unda visurvoT, rom es ori poeturi qmnile-

ba gamoices gamarTulad, swori sityvaTwyobiT, ramdenad-
ac sityvaTa ganuwyveteli TamaSis pirobebSi mxolod aseT
SemTxvevaSi gamovitanT azrs sworad.
ai, magaliTad, CaxruxaZis strofi, romlis Sinaarsobri-
vi gageba Znelia imitom, rom sityvaTa wyoba asea warmodge-
nili:
aramed gare, aramed gare, TviT da xalifas,

gamkicxovnebad.
metyvis miT enos, metyvis miT enos, wyvdiad romel h sCans,
vardi Tovnebad.
ara qamanda, ara qamanda, ara nargisTa, Sambi mavnebad.
ege naTeli, ege naTeli, ra naxos mzesa aqvs bnelovnebad.
yovelgvar bundovanebasa da gaugebrobas avicilebT Tav-

idan, Tu imave monakveTSi sityvebs ase gavawyobT:
ara medgare, aramed gare TviT da (ca) xalifas

gamkicxovnebad.
metyvis miT enos, metyvis miTenos, wyvdiad romel hsCans
vardi Tovnebad.
ar aqa, manda, ara qamanda, ara nargisTa Sambi mavnebad.
eg enaT eli, ege naTeli ra naxos mzesa aqvs bnelovnebad.
qarTul literaturaze msjelobisas unda aRiniSnos erTi

sagulisxmo garemoeba: miuxedavad mosazrebisa qarTuli
207
enis sanskritidan warmomavlobis Sesaxeb, miuxedavad san-
skritTan da berZnulTan calkeul enobriv formaTa msgavse-
bisa, qarTul literaturaSi Cvens dromde dramaturgias
ver SexvdebiT. Zneli dasajerebelia, rom qarTvelebs _ iT-
visebdnen ra sanskritisa da berZnulis enobriv formebsa
da, Sesabamisad, icnobdnen am enebze Seqmnil literaturas
_ ar SeeTvisebinaT dramatuli mwerloba da sakuTar lit-
eraturaSi ar SemoetanaT am enebze Seqmnili dramatuli
nawarmoebebis Tundac Targmanebi. saqarTvelos cxovre-
baSi drama yoveldRiurad TamaSdeboda _ didi mouravis
cxovreba, magaliTad, TavisTavad maRalmxatvruli dramis
siuJets warmoadgens. qarTvelTa zne-CveulebebSi uxvadaa
saoxunjo da komikuri elementebi. Cvens enaSi TiTqmis yve-
laze metadaa SesaZlebeli ostaturi kvanZis ageba sityveb-
is TamaSsa da, aqedan gamomdinare, aTasgvar gaugebrobebze.
miuxedavad amisa, scenisaTvis gankuTvnili nawarmoebebi
CvenSi mxolod axla Cndeba _ XIX saukunis Sua wlebSi. miuxe-
davad tradiciis ararsebobisa, am mimarTulebiT pirvelma
cdebma gviCvena: Tuki Tavadma erisTovma Tavis oriod-sa-
miode piesaSi SeZlo warmoeCina cxare iumoriT Sezavebuli
cocxali saxeebi Cveni Tanamedroveebisa, Tuki dvanaZem da
abramiZem ise, rom adre scenaze fexic ki ar hqondaT dadg-
muli _ SesaZlebelia, manamde nanaxic ki ar hqonodaT Teat-
ri _ SeZles ase laRad ganesaxierebinaT scenuri personaJe-
bi, eWvi araa, xalxSi yovelTvis arsebobdnen erisTovebis,
dvanaZeebis, abramiZeebis personaJTa msgavsi tipebi. arada,
qarTvelebs, romlebic mSobliur enaze kiTxulobdnen bit-
pas,23 qilila da damanas, troas daqcevis ambavs anda kvintus
kurciuss, araTu ar kiTxulobdnen berZnul enasa Tu san-
skritze daweril dramas an komedias, aramed araferi smeni-
aT romelime sudrakisa Tu esqiles arsebobis Sesaxebac ki.
ai, gansakuTrebiT ra gvaiZulebs, rom eWvqveS davay-
enoT qarTuli enis naTesaoba indogermanul enebTan, sanam
208
miTiTeba oriod-samiode SemTxveviTi grafikuli moxazu-
lobisa Tu bgeris msgavsebis Sesaxeb ar Seicvleba arsebiTi
xasiaTis TanxvdenilobaTa dasabuTebiT.
dagvrCa saswavlo-saganmanaTleblo da saenaTmecniero
literatura...
es is sferoebia, romlebic dRemde arasaxarbielo rep-
utacias uqmnis zogadad qarTul mwignobrobas. qarTuli
enis mecnierul Seswavlas TviT qarTvelebic ki ufrTxian.
Rrma pativiscemas gamovxatavT im pirTa mimarT, romlebic
safuZvlianad Seiswavlian qarTul enas, Tumca amgvar pir-
Ta raodenoba metismetad mcirea. amis mizezi ki is aris,
rom CvenSi miRebulia _ mecnierebis ena unda iyos Rvlar-
Wnili, mZime, bundovani. swavlulis sapatio saxels qarTve-
li xandazmulobaSi Tu eRirseboda da isic im SemTxvevaSi,
Tu ymawvilobidanve uars ityoda axalgazrduli asakisaT-
vis damaxasiaTebel TiTqmis yvela survilsa Tu gataceba-
ze. mdgomareobiTa da cxovrebis wesiT gansazRvruli civi
mediduroba swavluls xels uSlida esaubra emociurad,
gatacebiT, TiTqos warTmeuli hqonda sixarulisa Tu mwux-
arebis gamoxatvisa da drostareba-Seqcevis ufleba da cx-
ovrobda ase _ mudam gaxevebul-gaSeSebuli.
saganmanaTleblo sferoSi amJamad Seqmnili viTareba qar-
Tuli mwignobrobis am bnel mxaresac Seexo, Tumca zogierTi
mecnieri qarTvelologi jiutad ganagrZobs Zveli, sqolas-
tikuri stilis dacvasa da gabatonebas. imedia, rom cocxa-
li sametyvelo ena moipovebs garkveul uflebebs, ukidures
SemTxvevaSi, pirveldawyebiTi ganaTlebisaTvis gankuTvnil
sakiTxavebSi an wminda beletristuli miznebisaTvis mainc.
4. samefos sazRvarTa Sesaxeb
qarTveli xalxis xangrZliv istorias sami yvelaze kaSka-

Sa saxeli anaTebs: vaxtang gorgasali, wm. daviT aRmaSenebe-
209
li da Tamari.
Tamar mefis xana udavod aris apogea kavkasiaSi qarTvel-
Ta batonobisa.
sazogadod politikuri ganviTarebis yvelaze maRal
xarisxs saqarTvelom am sami mefis xelSi miaRwia. dide-
ba Tamarisa _ SesaZlebelia imitom, rom CamoTvlilTagan
bolos imefa _ imdenad elvarea, rom mis winaSe fermkrT-
aldebian araTu naklebad ganTqmuli mefeebi (magaliTad,
dimitri Tavdadebuli, ara erTi da ori: giorgi, bagrati,
aleqsandre Tu erekle...), aramed TviT gorgasali da wm. da-
viTic ki.
Tamar mefis saxelTan dakavSirebul Tqmulebebsa Tu
gadmocemebSi Tavs iyris yvelaferi, rac metad Tu nak-
lebad STambeWdavia Cvens istoriaSi. igi Cveni istoriis
RirsSesaniSnavi epizodebis, legendebis ubadlo gmiria.
istorias umaRles xarisxSi ahyavs Tamaris mefobis xana.
SesaZloa, eklesias igi Tavisi RvTismosaobisa da umwikvlo
zneobis gamo wmindanTa dasSi Caericxa,24 magram Semaferx-
ebel garemoebad iqca wminda wylis politikuri mizezi,
romlis mixedviTac, mefis moralur vinaobas erTi bewo
mwikvlic ki ar unda miscxeboda. igavebi, zRaprebi TiTqos
imisTvis arsebobs, rom daamtkicos: SeuZlebelia Cvenma
adamianurma bunebam srulyofilebas miaRwios; TviT sinaT-
lec ki warmoSobs bnels; ar arsebobs WeSmariteba, romlis
xelyofas adamianis ena ver SeZlebs. _ legendebSi, igavebSi,
zRaprebSi Tamari zogjer gaigivebulia romantikuli Tav-
gadasavlebis personaJTan; igi warmoCenilia iseTi qalis
gansaxierebad, TavianTi adamianuri SecodebebiTac rom
gaiTqves saxeli.
magram didi Tamaris wminda xsovna dRemde xelSeuxe-
bladaa daculi imdenad, ramdenadac am rangis istoriuli
gmiri _ gadafaravs ra yvela sxva saxels _ Tavis TavSi didi
xnis winaT daviwyebul istoriul gmirTa saxelebs, saqmeeb-
210
sa da xsovnasac `SeiTavsebs~ xolme.
qarTul matianeTa krebuli, miuxedavad imisa, rom mas vax-
tang VI-isa da vaxuSti batoniSvilis mier iseTi mravlisme-
tyveli saTauri ewoda, rogoricaa `qarTlis cxovreba~,25
sinamdvileSi Tavisi xasiaTiT mefobaTa ubralo CamoTvlaa,
umeteswilad imis aRniSvnaa, rom esa da es aResrula ama da
am dros, manamde svebednierad an SfoTianad imefa amdensa
da amden xans da memkvidre misi iyo esa da es. gamonakli-
sis saxiT mxolod zogierTi mefis moRvaweobaa Sedarebi-
Ti sisruliT aRwerili, magram aqac umetesad zRapruli
gmirobis suliskveTeba Warbobs, rogorc, magaliTad, vax-
tang gorgaslis epizodSi. xolo ukana planis moRvaweebi
_ pirovnebebi, romlebmac taxtisa da mamulis sasargeblo
raime sagmiro saqmiT aRbeWdes TavianTi saxeli xalxis xsov-
naSi _ iSviaTi gamonaklisis garda, ar Canan Cvens saistorio
wyaroebSi. amgvar gamonaklisad unda CavTvaloT Tamaris
xana, romelsac miekuTvneba CvenTvis cnobili TiTqmis yvela
saxelovani literaturuli Tu samxedro figura. magaliT-
ad: SoTa rusTaveli, sargis Tmogveli, ioane-abdulmesia,
anu mona qristesi, ioane petriwi, sargis, zaqaria da ioane
mxargrZelebi. isini uklebliv Tamaris epoqis moRvawee-
bi arian, Tumca erT maTganze erT-erTi wyaro miuTiTebs _
Tamaris babuis aRmzrdeliao.26
Tamaris mefoba vrceldeboda kaspiispireTidan pontom-
de da volgidan araqsamde. ai, ra aris naTqvami Tamaris-
droindeli samefos Semadgenel nawilebze _ Tamar mefe
Targamosis rva STamomavlidan Svidi STamomavlis samflo-
belos flobda (haosis gamoklebiT). es samflobeloebi ki
ase nawildeboda:
1. qarTlosis nawili
aRmosavleTiT: mdinare berdujis (debeda, borCalo) pi-
ras mdebare mcire mTidan xunanamde, anu mtkvriscixemde,
211
gugulis mwvervali da tbebi, speris zRvad wodebuli.
samxreTiT: mdinare araqsidan Sav zRvamde gadaWimuli
mTianeTi.
CrdiloeTiT: kavkasiis mTebi da Rados mTa kaspiis zRvam-
de.
dasavleTiT: lixis qedidan im mTianeTamde, romelic
tao-klarjeTidan Sav zRvamde swvdeba.
2. bardosis nawili
aRmosavleTiT: araqsi.
samxreTiT: mTianeTi araqsidan Sav zRvamde.
dasavleTiT: berdujispira mTa.
CrdiloeTiT: mtkvari. aqaa qalaqi barda, anu bardavi.
3. movakanosis nawili
aRmosavleTiT: kaspiis zRva.
samxreTiT: mtkvari.
CrdiloeTiT: kavkasioni.
dasavleTiT: didi da patara alaznis SesarTavi.
4. herosis nawili
aRmosavleTiT: kavkasioni.
samxreTiT: movakanis sazRvari.
dasavleTiT: mtkvari.
CrdiloeTiT: xunani, gugulis tye da tba, kavkasionamde.
5. lekosis nawili
aRmosavleTiT: kaspiis zRva.
samxreTiT: kavkasioni da kavkasosis sazRvari.
CrdiloeTiT: `didi mdinare~ (volga) xazarTa qveyanaSi.
dasavleTiT: mdinare lomeki (Tergi).
6. kavkasosis nawili
212
mdinare lomekidan kavkasionis dasavleT kidemde, anu Sav
zRvamde.
7. egrosis nawili
aRmosavleTiT: lixis qedi.
CrdiloeTiT: kavkasioni.
dasavleTiT: Savi zRva da mcire mdinare xazareTi (unda
vifiqroT _ yubani).
samxreTiT: Rados mTa.
yvela am samflobelos erTi xeli marTavda rogorc Tama-

ris, ise zogierTi misi momdevno mefis _ magaliTad, giorgi
VI-is _ dros.27 magram ar SeiZleboda aseTi kavSiri ar dar-
Rveuliyo naklebi Zalmosilebis mefeTa xelSi _ Tamaris
xana ki aRar ganmeorebula.
es uzarmazari samefo _ uzarmazari imdenad, ramdenadac
Savi zRvidan kaspiis zRvamde mTel kavkasiaze iyo gadaWim-
uli _ ukanaskneli eqvsi saukunis ganmavlobaSi gareSe Tu
Sinaur mterTagan ganuwyveteli Tavdasxmebisagan iryeoda,
TandaTanobiT iSleboda da sabolood mcire erTeulebad
daqucmacda. am daSlil-daqucmacebul erTeulTa kvlav
gaerTianeba mxolod ruseTs SeeZlo. Tamarisdroindeli
saxelmwifosgan CamoSorebuli teritoriebis aq CamoTvla
ramdenime gverds daiWerda.
saqarTvelos samefom ukiduresi daqveiTeba XVIII saukun-
eSi ganicada. sakuTriv qarTveloba am epoqaSi gafantuli
iyo erTmaneTisagan damoukidebel sam samefosa da aseve erT-
maneTisagan damoukidebel oTx samTavroSi: qarTlSi, kaxeT-
Si, imereTSi, samegreloSi, guriaSi, afxazeTsa da svaneTSi.
adrindeli saqarTvelos danarCeni nawilebi an TurqTa da
sparselTa uRlis qveS moeqca, an kidev am teritoriebze ax-
ali saxanoebi Tu Temebi (mTianeTSi) warmoiSva.
gasuli saukunis Sua xanebSi qarTlisa da kaxeTis same-
213
foebi erekle II-is skiptris qveS gaerTianda.
erekle II-is xangrZlivma mefobam Crdilokavkasiel mTiel-
Ta, TurqTa da sparselTa winaaRmdeg ganuwyvetel brZola-
Si Caiara. am brZolebSi mas brwyinvale gamarjvebebi aqvs
mopovebuli; magaliTad: azat-xanis winaaRmdeg erevnis si-
axloves, axalcixis faSas winaaRmdeg awyurTan, ganjis xanis
winaaRmdeg elizavetpolTan... miuxedavad amisa, Cveni sauku-
nis dasawyisSi, maSin, roca erekle II-isa da misi memkvidris,
ukanaskneli mefis, giorgi XIII-is,28 agreTve xalxis surviliT
qarTl-kaxeTis gaerTianebuli samefo ruseTis saxelmwifos
SeuerTda, misi sazRvrebi sakmaod Sekvecili iyo:
aRmosavleTiT: piriqiTi alaznis qedi.
samxreTiT: yofili kuxeTi; imJamad lekebis mier dapyro-
bil-damonebuli saingilo da saxanoebi: Seqisa, yarabaRisa
da ganjisa.
dasavleTiT: TurqeTi, romelic uSualod moebjina
adrindeli Sua qarTlis sazRvrebs.
CrdiloeTiT: vaxanis qedidan darialis xeobamde da TuS-
fSav-xevsureTi.
XIX saukunis gariJraJs es mcire samefo SinaaSlilobebiT,
dasustebuli mmarTvelobiTi sistemiT, gareSe mterTagan
mudmivi rbeva-TareSiTa da Zarcva-glejiT gawamebuli Sex-
vda; SuadRes ki igi dovlaTiT savse da saSinao cxovrebaSi
mSvidobis SuqiT ganaTebuli xvdeba, Tumca im moqufrul
Rrubelsac emsgavseba, Weqaquxilian sasjelad rom unda
daatydes marTlmadideblobis mtrebs. es ukanaskneli gare-
moeba ki moRonierebul qarTvelobas mterTan brZolaSi
Zveli didebis aRdgenis perspeqtivasac uqmnis.
gadavdivar bolo sakiTxze _ metad Tu naklebad daSore-
bul qveynebTan qarTvelTa sagareo urTierTobebze.
aRmosavluri saxelmwifoebis: sparseTis, TurqeTis, somx-
eTis, arabeTis xalifatis, agreTve: bizantiis monarqiisa da
pontos samefos, romis, veneciis, pizis istorikosebi met-na-
214
klebad gverds ver auvlidnen qarTvelebs, romlebTanac am
qveynebs samxedro Tu politikuri, ase vTqvaT, interesTa
Sejaxebebi akavSirebda.
magaliTad, V saukuneSi vaxtang gorgasali marTlmadide-
blobis dacvisa Tu mokavSireTa daxmarebis mizniT jariT
iyo mimdgari pontos sinopis kedlebs, iaraRiT ikafavda
gzas anatoliaSi, palestinaSi, indoeTSi. Cveni mematianeeb-
is mixedviT, vaxtangi abaSeTSi, anu eTiopiaSi, imave abisin-
iaSic ki ibrZoda.
volneis TqmiT, qarTveli mamluqebi ramdenime aTeuli
wlis ganmavlobaSi flobdnen faraonebisa da ptolemeebis
samefoebs.
jvarosnuli laSqrobebis epoqaSi qarTuli saxelmwi-
fos wonam da mniSvnelobam jvarosnebi aiZula, bizantiis
imperatorisa da saqarTvelos mefisaTvis daeTmoT antio-
qiaSi mopovebuli saeklesio siwmindeebi. miSos sityvebiT,
jvarosnebs ar surdaT am ori Zlevamosili monarqidan,
romlebic maT auracxel ganZeulobas sTavazobdnen, rome-
limes saxiT axali mteri SeeZinaT.
dasasrul, sakuTari TvaliT maqvs nanaxi erekle mefis si-
gelis asli _ madrasSi SesaniSnavi qarTuli kaligrafiiT
dawerili da erT-erTi iqauri evropuli sakonsulos mier
damowmebuli: erekle Tavadobasa da saqarTveloSi sakmaod
vrcel dasaxlebul mamuls uboZebs vinme Samirs, madrasis
mkvidrs, im damsaxurebis gamo, romelic indoeTTan dakav-
Sirebul saqmeebSi Samirsa da mis winaprebs miuZRodaT da
miuZRviT ereklesa da misi winamorbedebis winaSe.29
es aris faqti, romelic adasturebs saqarTvelos urTi-
erTobas indoeTTan,30 magram ra xasiaTisa iyo es urTierTo-
ba _ samxedro Tu savaWro _ cnobili ar aris an cnobilia
metismetad viwro wrisaTvis.
es saxeldaxelo mimoxilva saqarTvelos istoriisa
gviCvenebs, rom uZvelesi samefoebidan, kacobriobis is-
215
toriisaTvis cnobili uZvelesi xalxebidan XIX saukunisaT-
vis mxolod qarTvelma xalxma SeinarCuna TviTarseboba.
saqarTvelos Tavze gadaiara politikurma qariSxlebma,
romlebic amsxvrevda Zlevamosil saxelmwifoebs, damxo-
bilTa nangrevebze aRmocendebodnen axali saxelmwifoebi,
Tavis mxriv, isinic irRveodnen da mxolod saqarTvelom
gauZlo yovelive amas.
vfiqrobT, marto es aris sakmarisi, saistorio kvlevebSi
gamovlindes saTanado interesi da keTilganwyoba im xalxis
bedis mimarT, romelic oc saukuneze metxans Seudreklad
umklavdeboda msoflio qartexilebs da, bolos, sauku-
neobrivi ubedurebebiT qancgawyvetilma, nebayoflobiT
miayrdno Tavi erTmorwmune ruseTs.
Cem mier moxmobili masalis kritikul damuSavebas sarge-
blobis motana SeuZlia xelisuflebisTvisac da mecnier-
ebisTvisac. warsulis codna xelisuflebas daexmareba,
mkvidri da warmatebuli safuZveli Seuqmnas im RonisZie-
bebs, romelTa ganxorcielebam xalxs keTildReoba unda
moutanos. mecnierebas ki es masala daexmareba, Seavsos da
gaamTlianos istoriis is monakveTebi, romelTa Sesaxeb
met-naklebad sando, Tumca mwiri cnobebi mogvepoveba.
dasaxuli miznis miRweva mxolod Zalebis konsolidaci-
iTaa SesaZlebeli. kerZo pirTagan, vinc Tavis sicocxles am
saqmes uZRvnis, mxolod m. i. broses dasaxeleba SegviZlia.
misgan momavalSic bevrs moveliT da Tu Cven ver SevZlebT
Rirseuli pativi mivagoT m. i. broses keTilSobilebiT aR-
beWdil Sromas, mis Rvawls keTili sityvebiT momavali Ta-
obebi moixsenieben. adamianis arsebobis gamarTlebac amaSi
unda veZeboT.
[1854]
216
SeniSvnebi da komentarebi
teqstisaTvis
TxzulebaTa II tomSi Sesulia dimitri yifianis publi-

cisturi, literaturuli da saistorio Txzulebebi.
dim. yifianis teqstebi xSirad ar ibeWdeboda, amitom
`nabeWdSi~ miTiTebuli gvaqvs ara mxolod pirvelnabeWdi
da avtoris sicocxleSi gamocemuli teqstebi, aramed _
CvenTvis cnobili publikaciebidan uklebliv yvela.
e. w. pasportSi vuTiTebT monacemebs teqstis xelnaw-
eris, publikaciis, saTauris, TariRisa da daweris adgilis,
avtoriseuli xelmoweris Sesaxeb. roca es monacemebi teqst-
Si ar aris (vTqvaT, teqsti dausaTaurebelia an dauTariRe-
belia da sxv.), aseT SemTxvevaSi Sesabamisi miTiTeba pasport-
Si gamotovebulia da aucilebel ganmartebebs SeniSvnebsa
da komentarebSi viZleviT. roca pasportSi miTiTebuli ar
aris `nabeWdi~, es imas niSnavs, rom teqsti xelnaweris safuZ-
velze pirvelad winamdebare gamocemaSi ibeWdeba.
teqstebis nawili daTariRebulia avtoris mier. ase-
Tis ararsebobis SemTxvevaSi kvleviT dadgenil TariRs
viZleviT kvadratul frCxilebSi. daweris TariRi kvad-
ratul frCxilebSia maSinac, roca sakiTxis garSemo ar
mogvepoveba raime xelmosaWidi monacemi da mas (teqsts) va-
TariRebT pirvelnabeWdis mixedviT. saTanado monacemebi _
teqsti pirvelnabeWdis mixedviT TariRdeba Tu TariRi kv-
leviT dgindeba _ SeniSvnebsa da komentarebSia mocemuli.
Tu avtors TariRTan erTad teqstis daweris adgilic aqvs
219
miTiTebuli, mogvyavs orive monacemi.
dim. yifiani 1860-iani ww. bolomde iyenebda Zvel, e. w.
funqciadakargul, asoebs (À, Á, Â, Ã, ჵ; agreTve _ ñ). igi miiC-
nevda, rom es asoebi qarTul enas moqnilobasa da musika-
lobas sZenda, Tumca sabolood daemorCila ilia WavWavaZis
(zogadad `TergdaleulTa~) mier ganxorcielebul cnobil
reformas da 1860-1870 ww. mijnidan am asoebs, garda iSviaTi
gamonaklisisa, ukve aRar xmarobda. winamdebare gamocemaSi
Zveli asoebi Secvlilia da sityvebi axali qarTuli salit-
eraturo enis normaTa mixedviTaa gadmocemuli (qñÀynis _
qveynis, gvaqñs _ gvaqvs, ÃelovnebiTi _ xelovnebiTi, goneb-
isaTÂs _ gonebisaTvis da sxv.). gamonakliss vuSvebT erTa-
derT SemTxvevaSi. es aris Txzuleba `CñÀni nacar qeqiebi~.
saqme isaa, rom am Txzulebis raoba da mizandasaxuloba
swored Zveli (funqciadakarguli) asoebis SenarCunebis
surviliTaa ganpirobebuli da, Sesabamisad, xsenebul gamo-
nakliss aq Tavs ver avaridebdiT.
dim. yifianis teqstebSi xSirad gvxvdeba paraleluri
formebi, dakavSirebuli: a) piris niSnebTan (mouyevi/
movuyevi, Seudeqi/Sevudeqi...); b) nawilakebTan (gvexarjeba
meTqi, pirvelTagani-meTqi; iyosRa, iyos-Ra...); g) calkeul
sityvebTan (ambavi/anbavi, sazogadoeba/sazogadooba, zr-
diloba/zdiloba...) da sxv. aseT SemTxvevebSi (da zogadad-
ac) uars vambobT e. w. enobrivi unifikaciis principze da
dim. yifianis marTlwerasa da punqtuacias vtovebT ucvle-
lad, garda im SemTxvevebisa, roca aSkaraa lafsus kalami an
koreqturuli xarvezi. unifikaciaze uaris Tqma im garemoe-
biTac aris ganpirobebuli, rom dim. yifiani mniSvnelovani
figura iyo axali qarTuli saliteraturo enis formireb-
is procesSi da gvsurs, am sasicocxlo mniSvnelobis movle-
naSi misi monawileobis kvali ar waiSalos.
arqauli an iSviaTad xmarebuli sityvebi winamdebare
tomSi Sesul TxzulebebSi xSirad ar gvxvdeba. amitomac
220
moixsna tomisTvis leqsikonis darTvis saWiroeba, xolo au-
cileblobis SemTxvevaSi aseT sityvebs SeniSvnebsa da komen-
tarebSi ganvmartavT.
SeniSvnebsa da komentarebSi ar viZleviT monacemebs te-
qstSi naxseneb pirTa Sesaxeb (garda calkeuli aucileblo-
bisa, roca esa Tu is piri naxsenebia: an mxolod saxeliT, an
mxolod gvariT, an inicialiT/inicialebiT, an kidev, roca
konteqsti moiTxovs aucilebel ganmartebas). monacemebi
pirTa Sesaxeb gagvaqvs pirTa anbanur-anotirebul saZie-
belSi. amiT Tavi avarideT xSir gameorebebs, mniSvnelovnad
ganitvirTa samecniero aparati da, vfiqrobT, mkiTxvel-
isTvisac gacilebiT ufro mosaxerxebeli unda iyos, pirTa
Sesaxeb monacemebi aqa-iq ki ar eZebos, aramed naxos anbanur
rigze dalagebul pirTa anotirebul saZiebelSi.
geografiuli saxelebi saZiebelSi ar Segvaqvs or SemTx-
vevaSi: a) wignebisa Tu periodikis gamocemis adgili (Tbi-
lisi, quTaisi, Тифлис, Москва, Санкт-Петербург, St. Petersburg da
sxv.); b) roca esa Tu is geografiuli saxeli perioduli
gamocemis saxelwodebadaa gamoyenebuli (ìveria~, `Кавказ~,
`Закавказье~ da sxv.).
221
p u b l i c i s t i k a
saqarTveloSi (gv. 11-21)
xelnaweri:
xelnawerTa erovnuli centri. dim. yifianis arq., saq. #91.
Savi. ucnobi xeliT gadawerili. SigadaSig nasworebi
dim. yifianis mier. xelmouwereli. uTariRo. rusul
enaze. f. 8 (iqvea _ saq. #90 _ am teqstis Sesavali naw-
ili. Savi. avtografi. xelmouwereli. uTariRo. rusul
enaze. f. 2).
nabeWdi: „Кавказ“, 10 ianvari, 1848, #2.
saTauri: О состоянии имений в Грузии.
xelmowera: Д. Кипиани.
arc xelnawer teqstsa da arc nabeWds TariRi ar uzis.

vaTariRebT pirvelnabeWdis mixedviT.
xelnawerSi (ZiriTadSic da avtograful 2-furclian mo-
nakveTSic) saTauri odnav gansxvavebulia _ `Состояние имений
в Грузии~ (àdgil-mamulis mdgomareoba saqarTveloSi~).
dim. yifiani iyo pirveli, `romelmac presaSi naTlad da

garkveviT uaryo saqarTvelos Zveli wyobilebis feoda-
luri sistema, raime sargeblianoba axal samoqalaqo pe-
riodSi da moiTxova am wyobilebidan darCenili naSTebis
aRmofxvra~ (xundaZe 1936: 35). Tumca isic unda iTqvas, rom
istoriul konteqstSi dim. yifiani zogadad pozitiurad
afasebda feodalizmis rols saqarTvelos politikuri,
socialuri, ekonomikuri cxovrebis mowesrigebasa da gan-
viTarebaSi. gareSe mtrebis damangreveli Semosevebisa da
sisxlismRvreli SinaaSlilobebisgan dauZlurebul (anar-
222
qiul mdgomareobaSi myof) qveyanaSi feodalizmma, dim. yi-
fianis SexedulebiT, moagvara socialur-wodebrivi urTi-
erTobebi da misca mas kanoniT ganmtkicebuli saxe, ramac,
Tavis mxriv, ganapiroba socialur urTierTobaTa stabi-
lizacia (ix. winamdebare gamocemis I tomSi Sesuli Txzule-
ba àm mTisa, im mTisa da sxvaTa Soris wodebriobisaTvis ami-
erkavkasiaSi~ _ yifiani 2016: 110-111, 118-128; saqarTveloSi
feodalizmis genezisis, damkvidrebisa da adgilobrivi
specifikuri Taviseburebebis Sesaxeb dim. yifianis Sexed-
ulebebi ix. agreTve: yifiani 1930: 124-125; yifiani 1990:
141-143; Cxetia 1950: 207-225). magram droTa ganmavlobaSi
Seicvala sazogadoebriv-politikuri da socialur-ekono-
mikuri viTareba da pirobebi. rusuli mmarTvelobis damkv-
idrebam mospo CvenSi rogorc gareSe mtris TareSi, ise Si-
naaSlilobebic. am axal pirobebSi ki saWiro da SesaZlebeli
gaxda erTmmarTvelobisa da erTiani memamuluri meurneo-
briobis damkvidreba, ramac, Tavis mxriv, socialur-ekono-
mikur urTierTobaTa tradiciuli sistemis Zireuli
transformaciis aucilebloba warmoSva. yovelive amas ki
xels uSlida feodaluri sistemis naSTebi partikularu-
li suliskveTebiTa da gvarovnuli sakuTrebis arsebobiT.
dim. yifianisTvis `kerZo sakuTrebis principi uryev safuZ-
vels warmoadgenda cxovrebis warmatebisa da winmsvlelo-
bisaTvis: es iyo axali memamulis Tvalsazrisi, feodalur
apekisagan ganTavisuflebul mowinave wodebis ideologia~
[xundaZe 1936: 42; sxvaTa Soris, am sakiTxTan dakavSirebiT
didad sayuradRebo gvgonia 1860 wels oktav feies * romanis
dim. yifianiseuli qarTuli Targmanis sqolioSi mTargmne-
lis mier gakvriT naTqvami: `Cvenc gviaxlovdeba iseTi dro,
rom urigo ar iqneba vicodeT, fermeroba ras niSnavs~ _ fe-
* qarTul da rusul literaturaSi es gvari sxvadasxva formiT

gvxvdeba: felieti, felie, feie, fulie, fiola, furiki, Фёлье,
Фёйе... franguli dawerilobaa _ Feuillet.
223
lieti [feie] 1860: 113). didad sayuradRebo gvgonia agreTve
gr. Toduas Tvalsazrisi: `d. yifiani mTeli saxalxo meur-
neobis erTobliv evropeizaciis ideas qadagebda. man naT-
lad Seicno evropuli yofis ZiriTadi mxareebi, misi war-
moebrivi miRwevebisa da ganaTlebis mniSvneloba. jer kidev
1848 wels, roca CvenSi fabrika-qarxnebis ricxvi Zalian
mcire iyo, d. yifiani epoqis progresul moTxovnaTa donem-
de amaRlda da qarTvel Tavadaznaurobas kapitalisturi
mewarmeobis ganviTarebisaken mouwoda~ (Todua 1987: 31)].
vfiqrobT, swored `saxalxo meurneobis erTobliv ev-
ropeizaciis ideisa~ da `qarTveli TavadaznaurobisaTvis
kapitalisturi mewarmeobis ganviTarebisaken mowodeb-
is~ konteqstSi unda iqnes ganxiluli rogorc mocemuli,
ise winamdebare tomSi warmodgenili momdevno teqstis
(`sazogadoebis~ mizanTa ganxorcielebis gzebis Sesaxeb~)
ZiriTadi idea da mizandasaxuloba (sakiTxis Sesaxeb ix.
agreTve: uTuraSvili 1989: 23-31, 48-54).
dasasrul, sim. xundaZes miTiTebuli aqvs (xundaZe 1936:
190; xundaZe 1941: 49), rom es teqsti (an romeliRac sxva
teqsti analogiuri saTauriT _ `Состояние имений в Грузии~)
dim. yifianma ufro adre, 1844 wels, gamoaqveyna periodul
gamocemaSi `Журнал министерства государственных имуществ~ (кн.
XXVIII. 1844, gv. 83-91), Tumca, rogorc Cans, TviTon sim. xun-
daZis an redaqtoris/gamomcemlis mier (orive wigni avto-
ris gardacvalebis Semdeg daibeWda) aq Secdomaa daSvebu-
li _ Jurnalis arc am da arc sxva nomrebSi igi ar aRmoCnda.
1
(gv. 11) `ra mdgomareoba iyo am mxriv saqarTveloSi 1802
wels...~ _ imperatorma aleqsandre I-ma qarTl-kaxeTis same-
fo, rogorc cnobilia, 1801 wlis 12 seqtembris manifestiT
gaauqma, Tumca TbilisSi teqsti manifestisa mogvianebiT,
1802 wlis 12 aprils, gamocxadda, `xolo saqarTvelos axal-
ma [rusulma _ T. j.] mmarTvelobam moqmedeba daiwyo 1802
224
wlis 8 maisidan~ (berZeniSvili 1965: 261). rogorc Cans, am-
itom iRebs dim. yifiani saqarTveloSi rusuli mmarTvelo-
bis aTvlis wertilad 1802 wels.
2
(gv. 13) `vaxtang batoniSvilis mier XVIII saukunis dasawy-
isSi Sekrebil da gamocemul kanonTa krebulSi~ _ avtors
mxedvelobaSi aqvs vaxtang VI-is TaosnobiTa da uSualo
monawileobiT 1705-1708 ww. Sedgenili samarTlis wignTa
krebuli, romelic, garda qarTlisa, danarCen qarTul same-
fo-samTavroebSic moqmedebda. rusuli mmarTvelobis dam-
kvidrebis Semdegac CvenSi karga xans `vaxtangis kanonebi~
gamoiyeneboda, Tumca imavdroulad rusi Cinovnikebisa da
sasamarTlo moxeleebis xelSi mravali dabrkolebisa da us-
amarTlobis wyaroc xdeboda. amis Sesaxeb dim. yifians Tavis
`memuarebSi~ uweria: `saqarTvelos mefe vaxtangis kanonebi,
romlebiTac adgilobriv mTavrobas a u c i l e b l a d unda
exelmZRvanela, ar iyo rusul enaze gadaTargmnili da mx-
olod 25 Tu 30 wlis Semdeg gadaTargmnes da dauriges mTav-
robis pirebs, _ advili warmosadgeni iqneba, Tu ras sCadi-
odnen yvela is tituliarni sovetnikebi, romelT xelSi iyo
xalxis bedi, romelTac am xalxisa ara esmodaT-ra da TviT
xalxsac imaTi ara esmoda-ra~ (yifiani 1990: 140-141).
teqsti vaxtang VI-is samarTlis wignTa krebulisa ix. sa-
marTlis Zeglebi 1963; dim. yifianis mier 1852 wels daw-
erili recenzia vasil sarajiSvilis mier Targmnili `vax-
tangis samarTlis~ Sesaxeb ix.: xec. dim. yifianis arq., saq.,
#242; gozaliSvili 1951: 82.
3
(gv. 15) monakveTi `mamulis gayofis~ Sesaxeb, romelic
dim. yifianis teqstSi rusul enazea, Cven vaxtang VI-is sa-
marTlis wignTa krebulis i. doliZiseuli publikaciidan
gvaqvs gadmoRebuli (ix. samarTlis Zeglebi 1963: 487, 490,
507-508, 510-512).
4
(gv. 15) `mamulis gayofa-danawileba saqarTveloSi sa-
ziano saqmed iyo miCneuli... qarTuli kanonmdebloba am
225
gziT xels uwyobda feodalizmis safuZvlebis SenarCune-
bas~ _ `mamulis gayofa-danawilebis~ Sesaxeb sxva teqstSi
(àm mTisa, im mTisa da sxvaTa Soris wodebriobisaTvis ami-
erkavkasiaSi~) dim. yifians uweria: `...danawilebis amgvari
sistema Camoyalibebulia vaxtang mefis samarTlis wignSi,
rogorc faruli idea naTesauri sawyisebis SenarCunebisa,
rogorc samflobeloTa daSlis Semakavebeli umTavresi
saSualeba. da Tu daSla mainc gardauvali gaxdeboda, am
SemTxvevaSic sakuTrebis gayofis dadgenil-dakanonebuli
wesebi arsebobda. ase, magaliTad, gayris dros gasayofi sa-
kuTrebis erTi nawili, romelsac gasamyrelo ewodeboda,
uSualod mefis mflobelobaSi gadadioda. gayril Zmebs
Soris ufrosi pirvel rigSi Rebulobda mekomur glex-
Ta saukeTeso nawilis meoceds sakuTari arCevaniT, rasac
emateboda uaresi nawilis meocedi Zmebis survilisamebr.
umcrosi Zma Rebulobda meoceds uaresi nawilisas da masve
rCeboda mamiseuli saxl-kari. rac Seexeba SuaTana Zmebs,
isini, yvela erTad aRebuli, Rebulobdnen mekomur glexTa
meoceds. rac darCeboda, is ukve Tanabrad nawildeboda uk-
lebliv yvela Zmaze. qaliSvilebs uZravi qonebidan wili ar
ergebodaT, raTa gvaris sakuTrebas gareSe mowile ar gas-
Cenoda. imave mosazrebiTve amaTSi iTvlebodnen sagvareu-
lo ojaxis wevri qvrivi qalebic~ (yifiani 2016: 127).
5
(gv. 15) `zolmiwianoba~ _ dedanSi: черезполосность, rac
moZvelebuli formaa; amJamad: чересполосность (чересполосица:
etmonacvleoba, zolmiwianoba _ rusul-qarTuli leqsiko-
ni 1983: 833); zolmiwianoba niSnavs, roca erTi piris (an
erTi meurneobis) kuTvnili miwebi calkeul nakveTebad
(zolebad _ zoli ... viwro da grZeli farTobi sxvadasxva
daniSnulebisa _ qegl 1955: 167) aris gafantuli sxvaTa sa-
kuTrebaSi arsebul miwebs Soris da xSirad davis sagnad
iqceva xolme.
6
(gv. 17) `ymebis mxridan mebatoneze damokidebulebisa-
226
gan Tavis daRweva _ Tavisuflebis Zieba~ _ `ymebis mxridan...
Tavisuflebis Ziebis~ Sesaxeb 1863 wels dim. yifians uwer-
ia: `1812-mdis saqarTveloSi gasagonaTac ar gagonila, rom
Tavisufleba eZiebinos visme ymaTagans batonisagan. * mere da
mere, ra rom es ucnauri saqme gaxSirda da iqamdis gamrav-
lda, rom TviT umaRlesi Cveni mTavroba Seiyvana zrunvaSi,
rom mospobiliyo rogorme mizezi am saqmeebisa, TaviT Tvis-
iT warmodgnen sxva uCveulo magaliTebica, guliswyroma,
erTis mxriT, gandrekileba valdebulebisagan, meores mx-
riT, da usiamovneba urTierTas Soris myudroebis wil~ (Cx-
etia 1950: 208). mogvianebiT imave sakiTxze Tavis `memuareb-
Si~ dim. yifiani wers: `ruseTis baton-ymobis ufleba da
saqarTvelos baton-ymobis ufleba erTmaneTs eTanxmebod-
nen mxolod erTSi: ymis yidvasa da gasyidvaSi. batonisa da
ymis urTierTSoris damokidebuleba istoriuli mdgomare-
obis mizeziT saqarTveloSi sul sxva iyo. arc sam-sami dRis
muSaobisa batonisaTvis, arc yalanisa (begaris _ T. j.), arc
xarkis gadaxdisa, rogorc ruseTSi iyo, saqarTveloSi ara
icodnen ra. aqaur Cinovnikebs ki ver SeegnoT, rom saqarT-
velos ymasa da batons Soris damokidebuleba iseTi ar iyo,
rogorsac isini icnobdnen ruseTSi: aqaur wodebaTa Soris
* S. Cxetias publikaciaSi: `...Tavisufleba ar (kursivi Cvenia _ T.

j.) eZiebinos visme ymaTagans batonisagan~. aq an avtoriseuli
lafsus kalamia, an _ publikators aqvs SecdomiT Camatebuli
ar nawilaki. avtoriseul rusul paralelur teqstSi azri
asea formulirebuli: `До 1812 года в Грузии не было и слыхано о том,
чтобы крестьянин отыскивал свободу от своего господина~ (Cxetia 1950:
208). analogiur azrs gamoTqvams dim. yifiani ufro adre, 1847
wels, daweril teqstSi, romelic batonymur urTierTobebs ex-
eba _ Cveni [rusuli _ T. j.] mmarTvelobis damyarebamde glexis
mier Tavisuflebis Ziebis damadasturebeli sabuTebi ar mog-
vepovebao (`По делам видно, что отыскивание свободы крестьянами в
Грузии, до открытия нашего управления, было вовсе неизвестно~ _ Cxetia
1950: 57).
T. j.
227
damokidebuleba iyo patriarqaluri da ojaxuri. feoda-
luri wes-wyobilebisa xom warmodgenac ar hqondaT. aman
gamoiwvia iseTi ambebi, romelTac winaprebi ar moswrebian.
Seudgnen y m o b i d a n Tavis daRwevas da imdenma saqmem
moiyara Tavi, rom sasamarTloebi gaivso. maTi ganxilvac im
drois saqmeTa ganxilvis wesiT midioda da aTs, ocs weli-
wads gastanda xolme, sanam sabolood gadawydeboda. rode-
sac gaTavdeboda, orive mxare, momCivanic da mopasuxec,
mTlad ganadgurebulni da gaRatakebulni rCebodnen. ba-
tonisa da ymis Soris uwindeli siamtkbiloba simZulvared
gadaeqcaT, ise rom batonis mokvlac xSiri gaxda, xandaxan
mTeli ojaxobiTac. amas, rasakvirvelia, mosdevda saCivari
kacis mkvlelobaze, mkvlelebis dasja sxeuliT, jgufobiT
gagzavna cimbirSi sakatorRo samuSaoze; erTi sityviT,
ojaxuri mdgomareoba glexisac da batonisac, asis wlobiT
rom mtkiceT hqondaT daculi gareSe mtrebisagan, axla mT-
lad moispo, daerRvaT da daeqcaT am axali mfarveli tit-
uliarni sovetnikebis mowyalebiT~ (yifiani 1930: 125; yifi-
ani 1990: 142-143).
7
(gv. 17) `1799 wels, TbilisSi rusebis Semosvlisas...~ _
ruseTis jari (egerTa polki) general iv. lazarevis meTau-
robiT TbilisSi 1799 wlis 26 noembers Semovida. platon
ioselianis mixedviT, `mefe (giorgi XII _ T. j.) ganvida cxen-
iTa saburTalos, mibrZanda da naxa; daikra muzika, gamoeWi-
ma jari; Reneralman moarTva raporti rusulad da qarTu-
lad dawerili. _ miaxlovda mefe da ubrZana maRlis xmiTa:
`gamarjveba qristes moyvaresa mxedrobasa~. maSin Sehkivla
jarman simrTele mefisa, rusTa CveulebiTa...~ (ioseliani
1936: 183) da a. S.; sxvaTa Soris, rusis jaris puriT gamokve-
basTan dakavSirebiT, rasac dim. yifiani axsenebs, imave p.
ioselians uweria: `sadgurad jarsa dauniSnes saburTa-
lo axlos mtkvrisa, 12 xabazni acxobden jarisaTvis pursa
Tfiliss da godrebiT urmiTa miaqvndaT. mesame dResa sal-
228
daTTa TviT iwyes cxoba purisa feCSi momJavod: ver iamaT
Cveneburad mcxvari puri~ (ioseliani 1936: 183).
8
(gv. 20) `moskovis savaWro depo gvTavazobs Suamavlobas
aqauri produqciis ruseTSi gatana-gasaRebis saqmeSi~ _
sityvas `depo~ XIX s. ruseTSi `kompaniis~ mniSvnelobiTac
xmarobdnen. ase, magaliTad, 1830-ian wlebSi amierkavkasiaSi
vaWroba-mrewvelobis ganviTarebisaTvis Seiqmna `kavkasiis
savaWro depo~ (guguSvili 1979: 261). rac Seexeba aq naxsen-
eb `moskovis savaWro deposa~ da mis SemoTavazebas, es unda
iyos 1847 wels moskoveli fabrikantebis mier wamowyebuli,
mefisnacval m. voroncovis mier waxalisebuli da impera-
tor nikoloz I-is mier mowonebuli, xolo Semdeg praqtiku-
ladac ganxorcielebuli iniciativa amierkavkasiaSi iseTi
`rusul manufaqturul nakeTobaTa depos~ daarsebis Ses-
axeb, romelic, erTi mxriv, rusuli saqonliT moamaragebda
aqaur mosaxleobas, xolo, meore mxriv, aqedanac gaitanda
produqcias ruseTis bazarze (sakiTxis Sesaxeb ix. guguSvi-
li 1979: 272-285).
9
(gv. 21) `keTilgonivruli da yairaTiani marTvis magal-
iTebs zogierTi qarTvelis mamulSi ukve vxedavT~ _ mamulis
`keTilgonivrulad~ da `yairaTianad~ mmarTvel qarTvelTa
Sesaxeb ix. winamdebare tomSi Sesuli teqsti `sazogadoeb-
is~ mizanTa ganxorcielebis gzebis Sesaxeb~ (gv. 27-28,31).
229
`sazogadoebis~ mizanTa ganxorcielebis
gzebis Sesaxeb (gv. 22-23)
nabeWdi:
Jurn. „Записки Кавказского общества сельского хозяйства“. 1857,
#1. gany. II. gv. 46-59.
О путях к достижению цели Общества. [Тифлис: 1857]. 14 gv.
saTauri: О путях к достижению цели Общества.
xelmowera: Действ. чл. К.О.С.Х. Д. Кипиани [`kavkasiis soflis
meurneobis sazogadoebis~ namdvili wevri d. yifiani].
pirvelnabeWds (agreTve broSuras, romelic JurnalSi

gamoqveynebuli teqstis amonabeWdia), darTuli aqvs sqo-
lio: `wakiTxulia kavkasiis soflis meurneobis sazoga-
doebis saerTo krebaze 1856 wlis 27 dekembers~. teqsts am
monacemis mixedviT 1856 wlis dekembriT vaTariRebT.
1
(gv. 22) `Cveni `sazogadoeba~ _ igulisxmeba `kavkasiis so-
flis meurneobis sazogadoeba~ (`Кавказское общество сельского
хозяйства~), romelic mefisnacval m. voroncovis iniciativ-
iT 1850 wlis TebervalSi daarsda (pirveli prezidenti
iyo m. voroncovi. `sazogadoebam~ mogvianebiT mTeli amier-
kavkasiis masStabiT gaxsna Tavisi filialebi. iarseba 1918
wlamde).
`kavkasiis soflis meurneobis sazogadoeba~ miznad isaxa-
vda soflis meurneobis (mebaReoba-mevenaxeoba, mebostneoba,
meabreSumeoba, meTambaqoeoba, mebambeoba, mefutkreoba da
sxv.) aRorZinebasa da ganviTarebas, axali manqana-danadgare-
bis Semotanasa da danergvas, arsebuli sarwyavi sistemebis
srulyofasa da axlis Seqmnas, ucxo qveynebis gamocdileb-
is danergvasa da sazRvargareTidan specialistebis mowve-
vas, saukeTeso jiSis Teslisa da nergebis Semotanasa da
gavrcelebas, saojaxo mrewvelobisa da xelosnobis waxal-
230
isebasa da sxv., saerTod amierkavkasiasa da, kerZod, saqa-
rTveloSi meurneobriobis evropeizacias (`sazogadoebis~
Sesaxeb ix.: qse 1980: 309-310; sitovski 1875; ioseliani 1901;
guguSvili 1959; guguSvili 1965; WavWavaZe 1956a: 257-262;
nikolaZe 1964a: 263-273).
2
(gv. 22) àmJamad axali prezidentis, Tavad aleqsandre
ivanes Zis...~ _ igulisxmeba kavkasiis mefisnacvali al. bari-
atinski, romelic 1856-1862 ww. `kavkasiis soflis meurneo-
bis sazogadoebis~ prezidenti iyo.
3
(gv. 22) `misi brwyinvaleba~ _ igulisxmeba mefisnacvali
al. bariatinski.
4
(gv. 23) `movaleoba sabWos wevrisa~ _ dim. yifiani `kavkasi-
is soflis meurneobis sazogadoebis~ daarsebis dRidanve
misi mmarTveli sabWos wevri iyo. amis Taobaze 1850 wlis 6
aprils igi boris gabrielis Ze WilaSvils swers: àm dReeb-
Si mefisnacvalma ineba sakuTar saxlSi gaexsna... `kavkasiis
soflis meurneobis sazogadoeba~ (Cans, TebervalSi daarse-
bulma `sazogadoebam~ praqtikulad muSaoba mogvianebiT
daiwyo _ T. j.) da me pativi mergo, gavmxdariyavi am sazoga-
doebis namdvili wevrica da mmarTveli sabWos wevric. es Ce-
mTvis miT ufro sasiamovnoa, rom iqac da iqac xalxi TviTon
mefisnacvalma daniSna~ (yifiani 25343: 2). 1866 w. dimitri
airCies `sazogadoebis~ vice-prezidentad, xolo 1868 w. 31
maiss, maSindeli prezidentis, iuli vites, gardacvalebis
Semdeg _ prezidentis movaleobis Semsruleblad. 1869 w.
27 Tebervals Catarda morigi arCevnebi, romelzec prezi-
dentad al. nikolai, xolo vice-prezidentad isev dim. yi-
fiani iqnen arCeulni, 1872 w. 8 martis arCevnebSi dim. yifi-
anis saxeli ukve aRar Cans (sitovski 1875: 184-185), Tumca
igi `sazogadoebis~ rigiT wevrad rCeba (sitovski 1875: 411),
1872 w. 5 noembers ki `sazogadoebis~ mmarTveloba dim. yi-
fians nayofieri muSaobisaTvis sagangebo madlobas uxdis
(yifiani 321). unda iTqvas isic, rom dim. yifianis mkvlelo-
231
bisa da misi cxedris saqarTveloSi Camosveneba-dakrZalvis
dReebSi `kavkasiis soflis meurneobis sazogadoebam~ Tav-
isi moamagis xsovnas saTanado pativi miago (saSviliSvilo
mokavSire... 1997: 107, 121, 137-142).
`kavkasiis soflis meurneobis sazogadoebaSi~ dim. yi-
fianis moRvaweobisa da, kerZod, winamdebare tomSi Sesu-
li misi moxsenebis Sesaxeb ix.: ioseliani 1901: 7-12; xundaZe
1936: 44-45; Todua 1987: 30-32; uTuraSvili 1989: 50-53; jo-
logua 2002a: 217-218.
5
(gv. 23) à. p. nikolais mier axlaxan Tqven winaSe war-
moTqmul azrebsa da Sexedulebebs~ _ al. nikolais moxseneb-
is teqsti ix. nikolai 1857: 3-45.
6
(gv. 29) `prikazidan~ vadiani sesxi aiRo...~ _ `prikazi"
(`Закавказский приказ общественного призрения~; àmierkavkasiis
sazogadoebrivi samzrunvelo dawesebuleba~), mefisnacval
m. voroncovis iniciativiT `saqarTvelo-imereTis prika-
zis~ (Semoklebulad _ `Tbilisis prikazi~) bazaze daarse-
buli sakredito dawesebuleba (erTgvari saadgilmamulo
banki), romelic imperatorma nikoloz I-ma 1848 wlis maisSi
daamtkica, xolo oficialurad 1849 w. 1 Tebervals gaixs-
na. `prikazi~ iTvaliswinebda Tavadaznaurobis mier uZravi
qonebis dagiravebas, xolo aRebuli sesxiT mamulebis ukeT
mowyobas. iniciativis gacxadebuli mizani iyo, Tavadaznau-
robas Tavi daeRwia mevaxSeebis uzomo procentebisa da mi-
webis masobrivi gayidvisagan. qarTveli Tavadaznaurobis
mniSvnelovanma nawilma `prikazSi~ mamulebi marTlac daa-
girava, magram iq aRebuli fuli gaflanga da sabolood ga-
Canagebuli darCa (`prikazze~ ix. guguSvili 1956: 265-307).
7
(gv. 31) `...aqauri memamuleebi sulac ara varT Tavisu-
falni CamoTvlili Tvisebebisagan~ _ baroni al. nikolai
Tavis moxsenebaSi qarTvelTa yvela fenis sameurneo unaris
mimarT uaRresad kritikuladaa ganwyobili. amgvar kriti-
kul damokidebulebas ki imiT amarTlebs, rom samsaxure-
232
brivadac da kerZo cxovrebiTac aqaurobasTan aris daka-
vSirebuli (igi meuRle iyo sofio aleqsandre WavWavaZis
asulisa), arsebiTad aqauri memamulea (loWinSi sasoflo
meurneoba hqonda) da amitomac aris dainteresebuli sof-
lis meurneobis ganviTarebiTa da aqaurTa keTildReobiT
(nikolai 1857: 43), Tumca saqarTvelos erTgan `yofils~
uwodebs (`...бывшая Грузия~ _ nikolai 1857: 6), wuxs, Tbili-
sis mazraSi bevri gamouyenebeli da daumuSavebeli miwaa,
xalxi arc sakmarisia da arc saTanadod Sromismoyvareo
da gamosavals miwebis kolonizaciaSi xedavs _ rusebi da
ucxoelebi unda CamovasaxloTo (nikolai 1857: 29). rac
Seexeba dim. yifianis teqstis mocemul monakveTs, es aris
pasuxi al. nikolais Semdegi mosazrebebisa: `vaWarTa klass,
aqaurTa siRaribis mTavar mizezs, mewarmeTa amxanagobebi
unda davupirispiroT. samwuxarod, axlo xanebSi qarTveli
memamuleebi amas ver SeZleben, ramdenadac es saqme ndoba-
sa da keTilganwyobaze unda iyos dafuZnebuli. qarTvel
TavadaznaurobaSi ki _ erT gvareulobaSi iqneba es Tu sx-
vadasxva gvareulobaTa Soris _ saukunovanma SuRlma da
cilobam mxolod Suri da undobloba daTesa ... uyaira-
Toba qarTveli xalxis yvela fenis erT-erTi damaxasiaTe-
beli Tvisebaa. memamuleebs, romlebsac fuli sWirdebaT,
gamanadgurebeli garigebebisagan [vaWar-mevaxSeebisagan _
T. j.] Tavis daRwevis erTaderT gzad `prikazSi~ mamulis
dagiraveba da sesxis aReba esaxebaT ... qarTvel memamuleebs
SeiZleba bralad wavuyenoT garkveuli uzrunveloba da
saqmeSi erTsulovnebis ararseboba. maTive saerTo Tu kerZo
sargeblianobisaTvis ki saWiroa, daiviwyon uZvelesi dro-
ebidan momdinare angariSmiucemeli SuRli da yovelgvar
safuZvels moklebuli undobloba~ (nikolai 1857: 31, 38, 44).
8
(gv. 33) `Setanilia f. f. bobilevis mier~ _ fedot bobi-
levis moxsenebis teqsti ix. bobilevi 1857: 7-14.
233
kavkasiaSi marTlmadideblobis
aRdgenisaTvis (gv. 34-35)
xelnaweri:
xelnawerTa erovnuli centri. dim. yifianis arqivi, saq.
#322. avtografi. rusul enaze. xelmouwereli. uTar-
iRo. f. 2 (iqvea teqstis Savi. isic: avtografi. rusul
enaze. xelmouwereli. uTariRo. f. 2)
nabeWdi:
Платонов А. И. Обзор деятельности Общества восстановления
православного христианства на Кавказе за 1860-1910 гг. Тифлис:
Издание совета Общества. 1910, gv. 101-103.
wminda dimitri yifianis arqividan (masala `kavkasiaSi
qristianobis aRmdgeneli sazogadoebis~ istoriisaT-
vis). publikacia moamzada T. jologuam. Jurn. `mayv-
lovani~. 20 dekemberi, 2014, #4, gv. 17-18.
saTauri: О восстановлений православия на Кавказе.
`kavkasiaSi marTlmadidebeli qristianobis aRmdgene-

li sazogadoebis~ (`Общество восстановления православного
христианства на Кавказе~) daarsebis idea, wyaroebis mixedviT,
mefisnacval aleqsandre bariatinskis ekuTvnis (1857 w.)
da am ideis ganxorcielebaSi monawileobda kavkasiis ro-
gorc sasuliero, ise samoqalaqo xelisufleba [egzarqosi
isidore (nikolski. 1844-1858); mefisnacvali al. bariatin-
ski. 1856-1862]. praqtikulad ki `sazogadoeba~ imperator
aleqsandre II-is mier 1860 w. 9 ivniss damtkicebuli wes-
debis safuZvelze daarsda da daxurvamde (1917) energiu-
lad axorcielebda misionerul mizans: sxva aRmsareblobis
mimdevarTa qristes sjulze moqcevas, gandrekil SvilTa
(maT Soris, rus seqtantTa) dabrunebas marTlmadideblo-
bis wiaRSi, Zveli eklesia-monastrebis aRdgenasa da axal
taZarTa agebas, maT Semkobas, qalTa da vaJTa sasuliero
234
saswavleblebis daarsebasa da movla-Senaxvas, wminda
wignebisa da religiuri xasiaTis teqstebis, agreTve,
sasuliero saxelmZRvaneloebis beWdva-gavrcelebasa da
sxv.; dafinansebis wyaro iyo rogorc xazinis fuli, ise _
Semowirulebebi (`kavkasiaSi marTlmadidebeli qristiano-
bis aRmdgeneli sazogadoebis~ Sesaxeb ix. platonovi 1910).
`sazogadoebis~ saqmianoba kavkasias mTlianad moicavda da
misi muSaobis intensiurobisa da masStabis warmosadgenad
aq mxolod erT magaliTs moviyvanT _ 1892 wels `sazogadoe-
bis~ ZalisxmeviT qristianul-marTlmadidebluri wesiT ne-
bayoflobiT moinaTlnen: soxumis eparqiaSi 241 muslimi, 29
kaTolike da 6 ebraeli; saingiloSi 61 qarTveli muslimi;
CrdiloeT oseTSi 23 warmarTi da sxv. (ix. brokhauzi-efro-
ni 1896: 448-449).
`sazogadoebis~ saqmianobis Sesaxeb saintereso infor-
macias iZleva XIX saukunis qarTuli da kavkasiis rusuli
presa (`droeba~, ìveria~, `mwyemsi~, `Кавказ~ da sxv.). aqve
unda iTqvas, rom `sazogadoebis~ muSaobis zogierTi mimar-
Tuleba ver ascda kavkasiis xalxTa rusifikaciis saxelmwi-
fo politikas. ase, magaliTad, 1864 wels `sazogadoebam~
kirilicaze dayrdnobiT TbilisSi gamosca `svanuri anbani~
(`Лушну анбан. Сванетская азбука~; Semdgeneli _ iv. barTolomei;
sakiTxis Sesaxeb ix. niJaraZe 1891) da es nabiji, cxadia, qa-
rTvelTa saerTo-erovnuli TviTSegnebis dasustebisken
iyo mimarTuli.
`qristianobis aRmdgeneli sazogadoebis~ wesdeba, ro-

gorc iTqva, aleqsandre II-m 1860 wlis 9 ivniss daamtkica.
imperatorisTvis dasamtkiceblad wardgenil wesdebas Tan
erToda proeqti rusi xalxisadmi mowodebisa (`...воззвание
к русскому народу~) _ monawileoba mieRoT am `wminda saqmeSi~
(platonovi 1910: 101). aleqsandre II-is mier mowonebuli
da damtkicebuli teqsti mowodebisa, romelic 1910 wels
235
a. platonovma Tavis wignSi srulad daimowma, imeorebs
dim. yifianis xelnawer teqsts. ra iZleva safuZvels, es
teqsti dim. yifianis Txzulebad miviCnioT?
erTi SexedviT SeiZleboda gvefiqra, rom dim. yifianma,
rogorc `sazogadoebis~ saqmeebiTa da warmatebiT daint-
eresebulma pirma, mowodebis teqsti gadmoiwera da Sein-
axa, magram aseT varauds aqarwylebs is, rom dim. yifianTan
teqstis ori variantia _ Savi da TeTri da maTSi gvxvdeba
redaqciuli gansxvavebebi (mTavar gansxvavebas qvemoT Sevex-
ebiT). marTalia, araarsebiTi, magram araerTi gansxvavebaa
dim. yifianis teqstis TeTrsa da imperatoris mier damt-
kicebul nabeWd teqsts Sorisac. magaliTad:
dim. yifianis xelnaweri (kursivi yvelgan Cvenia):

`Звание действительного члена приобретает тот, кто будет
вносить ежегодную сумму...~, `...проповеданного здесь еще Андреем
Первозванным~, `...перевести на местные языки церковные книги~ da a. S.
aleqsandre II-is mier damtkicebuli mowodeba:

`Звание действительного члена приобретают те, которые обяжутся
вносить для достижения святой его цели, ежегодную сумму...~,
`...проповеданного здесь еще апостолом Андреем Первозванным~,
`...перевести на местные языки церковно-богослужебные книги~ da a. S.
cxadia, dim. yifians imperatoris mier damtkicebuli te-

qsti rom gadmoewera, teqstebs Soris amgvari gansxvavebebi
ar iqneboda. rac mTavaria, dim. yifianis xelnaweris SavSi
aris monakveTi, romelic ar aris arc mis mierve gadaTeTre-
bul teqstSi da arc _ aleqsandre II-is mier damtkicebul
mowodebaSi. kerZod, mowodebaSi damowmebul fsalmunis
monakveTs dim. yifianis xelnaweris SavSi mosdevs sityve-
bi: `...но враждебному настроению народов кавказских православная
Россия должна противупоставить мирное учение любви и мира. А
236
успеху этого учения необходимы жертвы не от правительства России,
а от самой России, от сынов ея, от соединенного направления частных
приношений~ [`kavkasiel xalxTa (Crdilokavkasielebi ig-
ulisxmebian _ T. j.) mtrul ganwyobilebas marTlmadide-
belma ruseTma siyvarulisa da mSvidobis moZRvreba unda
Seagebos. xolo am saqmis warmatebisaTvis aucilebeli Se-
wiruleba ara ruseTis xelisuflebisagan, aramed sruliad
ruseTisa da misi Svilebisagan unda modiodes, kerZo Sesaw-
iravebisagan unda Sedgebodes~]. ase rom, dim. yifians mow-
odebis teqsti pirdapir gadmowerili ki ara aqvs, aramed
umuSavia masze.
amasTanave, pasuxi unda gaeces kiTxvasac: mowodebis pro-
eqti (iseve, rogorc wesdeba), cxadia, TbilisSi daiwerebo-
da, magram ratom maincadamainc dimitri yifianis mier?
saqme is aris, rom dim. yifiani am dros mefisnacvlis sabWos
wevria da, Sesabamisad, am procesis (`sazogadoebis~ daarse-
bis) monawilea; mowodebis teqstSi unda yofiliyo (da aris
kidevac) istoriuli nawili (imperiis am mxareSi qristiano-
bis Semosvla, damkvidreba da sxv.), xolo am saqmisaTvis dim.
yifianze ukeTes kandidats ver moZebnidnen, ramdenadac igi
maSin kavkasiis saxelisuflebo elitis warmomadgeneli iyo,
TanamedroveTa Soris saqarTvelosa da kavkasiis istoriis
erT-erT saukeTeso mcodned iTvleboda da, sxvas yvelafers
Tavi rom davaneboT, saqarTvelos (maT Soris, saqarTvelo-
Si qristianobis Semosvla-damkvidrebis) istoriis Sesaxeb
kavkasiur presaSi (`Кавказ~, `Закавказский вестник~) araerTi
naSromi hqonda gamoqveynebuli, maT Soris, `qarTlis mo-
qcevis~ Targmani (Нина _ Просветительница Грузии. `Закавказский
вестник~, 1849, ##12-18; vrclad dim. yifianis 1840-1850-iani
ww. saistorio naSromebze ix. jologua 2016).
zemoCamoTvlil garemoebaTa gamo, vfiqrobT, aleqsandre
meorisTvis wardgenili da mis mierve damtkicebuli mow-
odebis teqstis avtori dimitri yifiania.
237
1
(gv. 34) `xelmwife-imperatoris umaRlesi gankargulebi-
Ta...~ _ igulisxmeba ruseTis imperatori aleqsandre II.
2
(gv. 35) `viTar sayuarel arian sayofelni Senni, ufalo
ZalTao!.. virCie me mivrdomad saxlsa RmrTisasa, ufrois
vidreRa ara damkuidrebad sayofelsa codvilTasa~ (dedan-
Si: `Господи, любим мы благолепие Дома Твоего и место жилища
Славы Твоя. Желаем лучше быть у порога дома Божия, нежели жить в
шатрах нечестия~) _ dim. yifiani imowmebs monakveTs fsalmu-
nidan (83: 2, 11).
sazogadoobisa da qveynis momavlisaTvis (gv. 36-38)
nabeWdi:
tfilisis guberniis Tavad-aznaurobis marSlisagan. sa-
zogadod Tavad-aznaurobis wevrTa mimarT. tfilisi:
1864. 4 gv.
tfilisis guberniis Tavad-aznaurobis marSlis azri, Ses-
axeb Tavad-aznaurobis bankisa. `ciskari~, 1864, noemberi
[#11], gv. 10-17.
dim. yifiani. ra xalxia qarTvelebi? Seadgina, rusuli
teqstebi Targmna, SeniSvnebi da bolosityva daurTo
T. jologuam. Tbilisi: lomisi. 1995, gv. 64-69.
qarTuli mwerloba (ocdaaT tomad). Semdgenelni: a.
baqraZe, r. TvaraZe. t. XX (tomis Semdgenelni: a. baqraZe,
T. jologua). tomis redaqtori T. jologua, misive
SeniSvnebiTa da bolosityviT. Tbilisi: nakaduli. 2003,
gv. 269-271.
`dimitri yifiani _ 200~. proeqtis avtori da krebulis
Semdgeneli b. kobaZe. Tbilisi: sveti. 2014, gv. 833-834.
238
saTauri: tfilisis guberniis Tavad-aznaurobis marSlis-
agan. sazogadod Tavad-aznaurobis wevrTa mimarT
TariRi da adgili: 9 noemberi 1864. tfilisi.
xelmowera: tfilisis guberniis Tavad aznaurobis marSa-
li, deistvitelni statski sovetniki * dimitri yifiani
pirvelnabeWdi, romelic aq gadmogvaqvs, orfurcliani

gamocemaa, Tbilisis guberniis Tavadaznaurobis winamZR-
olis (`marSlis~) blankian qaRaldzea (#228) dabeWdili
da Tavadaznaurobisadmi `marSlis~ oficialur mimarTvas
warmoadgens.
aqve sagangebod aRvniSnavT Semdeg garemoebas:
imis gamo, rom maSin `ciskris~ publikacia pirvelnabeW-
dad da ara avtoris, aramed redaqciis mier dasaTaurebu-
lad miiCneoda, dim. yifianis TxzulebaTa zemoT miTiTebul
(1995 wlis) krebulSi teqsti TviTon Txzulebidanve amoRe-
buli sityvebiT davasaTaureT _ `sazogadoobisa da qveynis
momavlisaTvis~. amis Semdeg Txzuleba am saTauriT kidev
ramdenjerme daibeWda da am saTauriTve Sevida saliter-
aturo mimoqcevaSi. amitom winamdebare gamocemaSic imave
saTaurs vtovebT.
Jurnal `ciskris~ publikacias win uZRvis redaqciis
winaTqma:
`Cvenma tfilisis guberniis Tavad-aznaurobis mar-
Salma ufalma dimitri yifianma gamoucxada sazogadod
Tavad-aznaurobis wevrT erTi hazri, romelica Tu Ses-
* namdvili samoqalaqo mrCevlis (Действительный статский советник)
xarisxi, romelic dim. yifians 1854 wlidan hqonda miniWebuli
(Seesabameboda general-maioris samxedro da kontradmira-
lis sazRvao Cinebs) ruseTis imperiis rangTa tabelSi Tavisi
mniSvnelobiT meoTxe iyo kancleris (Канцлер), namdvili saidum-
lo mrCevlisa (Действительный тайный советник) da saidumlo mrCe-
vlis (Тайный советник~ Semdeg (brokhauzi-efroni 1901: 440). `de-
istvitelni statski sovetniks~ zogjer `samoqalaqo generals~
uwodebdnen.
239
rulda, maSin ar aris eWvi Cveni qarTveloba gadasdgavs
dids bijs~ (`ciskari~, 1864, #11, gv. 10).
publikaciis boloSi (gv. 17-18) `ciskris~ redaqcia dim.
yifianis am mimarTvas uwodebs `Cinebul... kacobriobis fex-
zed damayenebel azrs~ da dasZens:
`romeli qarTveli iqneba, rom didis aRtacebiT
ar daTanxmdes da Tu marTla es ubedureba gvewviva,
da romelmanme CaSala es didebuli azri, maSin TiT-
iT saCveneblebi unda SeviqmneT da am Cvens Jurnalsac
nuRaravin nu daemdureba, rom Tqvas rame. magram, ara,
RmerTma gvaSoros. an ra, xom kargaT viciT, rogorc
TviTan uf. yifianic ambobs, es fuli rac unda bevri
mogeceT, zogs Sinamdinac ar migyvebaT. ra kargi iqneba,
rom Savi dRisaTvis oriode Sauri gveqneba? ra saqebi
iqneba da ra mowiwebiT warmosTqvamen is Svilebi, is
Svilis-Svilebi, romelnica miiReben im ukugdebuls
fulebiTgan ganaTlebasa~.
ufro adre (1864 wlis 31 agvistos) dim. yifianma analo-
giuri winadadebiT Tbilisis guberniis mazraTa winamZ-
Rolebs mimarTa (ix.: xec. dim. yifianis arq., saq. #270; saqa-
rTvelo 1916; Cxetia 1850: 322-324). es mimarTva avsebs (zog
SemTxvevaSi azustebs da akonkretebs kidevac) winamdebare
tomSi Sesul teqsts, amasTanave, saintereso masalas iZle-
va TviTon Txzulebis istoriisaTvis da amitom mas aq uSu-
alod dednidan (avtografuli xelnaweridan) mcireodeni
SemoklebiT vimowmebT:
`kacobriobisaTvis da xelmwifis erTgulebisaTvis
didi msxverpli gveTxoveba: Cveni batonymobis saqme,
angariSiT, am momavals noemberSi unda dabolovdes.
_ keTilgoniereba gvawevs, rom axla gansakuTrebiTi
yuradReba Cvenis Svilebis aRzrdaze mivaqcioT, rad-
gan Cvens warsagebels ise vera aRadgensra da vera
Seavsebsra, rogorc hswavla da ganaTleba Cveni STa-
240
momavlobisa. _ aq gvWirdeba sxva msxverpli sakuTrad
Cvenis sazogadoebis sargeblobisa da arsebobisaTvis.
tfilisis gimnaziis pancionSi Sesayvanad iricxeba
asamdis kandidati; institutSiac * iricxeba oTxmocda
aTzed umetesi, _ da amaTagani iqneba Sevidnen weliwad-
Si aT aTi an Tormet Tormeti. _ danaSTenT garda sxvani
ramdenni rCebian kidev Sin uswavlelni, rom patronebs
ara aqvsT Rone Tavisis xarjiT imaTis aRzrdisa; _ da
axla batonymobis saqmis Semdeg ramdenT ufro gau-
WirdebaT, _ es Tqvenis uezdis mixedviT Tqven kargaT
mogexsenebaT. _
sxva mravals msxverplTan gavbedoT erTi iseTi msx-
verplica, rom Cvens Zvelis droidgan ganTqmuls qve-
lis moqmedebasa da keTilSobilobis Rirsebas Seef-
erebodes da erTi erTmanerTs xeli gaumarToT Cvenis
Svilebisa da STamomavlobisa hswavlasa da ganaTle-
bazed; _ droebiTi sargebloba qveSevurdoT samudamo
sargeblobas. _
saWiro aris fuli da saWiro aris zrunva. _
fuli Cven gveZleva ymebis samsaxuris samagierod, bev-
ri mogvecema Tu cota, xelmwife imperatoris wyalobis
zomazed aris damokidebuli; rac mogvecema, aqedan ga-
davsdvaT wili romelime, rom am wilma itrialos Cvens
* igulisxmeba amierkavkasiis qalTa instituti, romelic Tbi-
lisSi 1840 wels daarsda, faqtobrivad ki muSaobas 1842 wl-
idan Seudga. instituti, Tavis mxriv, 1830 wels dafuZnebuli
`mcirewlovan keTilSobil qalwulTa pansionis~ bazaze Seiqm-
na (TavziSvili 1974: 264-265; qse 1975: 389). unda iTqvas, rom es
ar yofila ìnstituti~ am sityvis Tanamedrove mniSvnelobiT,
anu _ umaRlesi ganaTlebis kera. es iyo daxuruli tipis qalTa
saSualo saswavlebeli pansioniT, romelSic aswavlidnen ele-
mentarul sagnebs, agreTve, rusul da frangul enebs, xatvas,
musikas, cekvas, aristokratuli da saxelmwifo moxeleTa ojax-
ebidan gamosuli gogonebisaTvis aucilebel evropul etiket-
sa da manerebs (TavziSvili 1974: 265-266). amierkavkasiis qalTa
instituti daixura 1918 wels.
241
sazogadoebaSive da imis sargebeliT SeviyvanoT gimna-
ziaSic da institutSiac Cveni qalebi da vaJebi, zogi
gaWirvebulisa da zogi SemZle dedmamis Svilebi; _ da
valebic gavistumroT.
manaTidam rom erTi abazi davsTmoT, maSin SeviZlebT
valebis gastumrebasaca, romelic aris aTas samas Tum-
namdis, _ da as ormocda aTamdis qalebisa da vaJebis
aRzrdasaca.
Cveni saqme amiTi erTs kargs nabijs gardasdgams daw-
inaurebis gzazed; da _ saqme xom mogexsenebaT, pirveli
nabijia.
mzrunveloba, zedamxedveloba, keTilzneobis dan-
ergva am Cvens axalT moswavleTa Soris valad davs-
doT Cvenganve aRmorCeuls pirebs, romelnic tfilisSi
hmsaxureben. _
amazed dawvrilebiTis proektis Sedgena, mmarTe-
blobis winaSe Suamdgomloba, da sxva saqmis dasawyobi
gankarguleba, sxvaTa Soris eseca, rom Tavni marad xe-
luxlebelad iyos da imisi sargebeli mxolod am saqmes
hxmardebodes, es yovelive sakuTrad Cemi vali aris.
dawesebas Sevadgen da Tavis droze gagaSinjebT.
mxolod manaTzed abazi davsTmoT im fulidam, rac
ymebis samsaxuris samagierod gveboZeba. _
amas me viTxovdi sazogadoebisagan didis vedrebiT,
magram vici, rom Cvens sazogadoebas Txovna ki aRar
unda amisi, mxolod mogoneba unda; winaaRmdegobas Tu
inebebs vinme, me amas veras dros ver vifiqreb da qarT-
velT keTilSobilebas me amas vera vhkadreb ... TviTan
Cveni marSali ras imetebso, Tu ikiTxa vinmem, _ me didis
siamovnebiT gadavsdeb naxevars im fulidam, rac Cemsa
da Cemis Zmebis ojaxs Sexvdeba, e. i. 50%-s. erTi sityviT,
rasac uezdis Sekrebileba daawesebs, mec sixaruliT
242
Tanawarvxdebi, oRond naklebi ar iyos manaTzed abazi-
sa...
31 agvisto 1864 w.~
1
(gv. 36) `Cvenma ymebma Tavisufleba miiRes... Cven gveZle-
va _ xelmwifis siuxveTagan fuli~ _ `ymebis TavisuflebaSi~
igulisxmeba 1864 wlis saglexo reforma (batonymobis gau-
qmeba aRmosavleT saqarTveloSi; reformis procesSi dim.
yifianis adgilisa da rolis Sesaxeb ix. Cxetia 1950). rac
Seexeba `xelmwifis siuxveTagan~ fulis boZebas, aq avtors
mxedvelobaSi aqvs imperator aleqsandre II-is davalebiT
xelisuflebis mier 1864 wlis 13 oqtombers gamocemuli
`mTavari debuleba~. `debulebis~ mixedviT, aRmosavleT
saqarTvelos TavadaznaurobisaTvis glexTa ganTavisu-
flebis sakompensaciod ori milioni maneTi gamoiyo (am sak-
iTxisa da dim. yifianis iniciativis Sedegebis Sesaxeb ix.
Telia 1989: 14-31).
2
(gv. 37) `prikazis vali Tu drozed ver Segvaqvs~ _ `prika-
zis~ Sesaxeb ix. aqve, komentarebi teqstisa `sazogadoebis~
mizanTa ganxorcielebis gzebis Sesaxeb~ (gv. 232).
isev `moskovskie vedomostis~ 194-e nomerSi

gamoqveynebuli mowinave statiis gamo (gv. 39-49)
xelnaweri:
#78. avtografi. Savi. rusul enaze. f. 13.
nabeWdi: `Кавказ~, 24 oqtomberi-5 noemberi, 1865, #83.
saTauri: Ещё по поводу передовой статьи 194 № „Моск. Ведомостей“.
TariRi da adgili: 7 oqtomberi 1865 w. sof. qviSxeTi.
xelmowera: Димитрий Кипиани.
243
mixeil katkovis mowinave werili gamoxmaurebaa Tbilisis
amqarTa 1865 wlis 27-28 ivnisis saprotesto mRelvarebisa
(àmqarTa ajanyebisa~), romelic xelisuflebis (qalaqis Tav-
is) mxridan Zveli gadasaxadebis gazrdisa da axali gadasax-
adebis SemoRebis gamocxadebas mohyva. unda iTqvas, rom dim.
yifians Tavis werilSi Serbilebulad aqvs warmodgenili
mRelvarebis masStabi _ am saprotesto gamosvlaSi aTi
aTasamde adamiani (xelosnebi, meetleebi, TuluxCebi, Savi
muSebi da sxv.) monawileobda da igi SetakebebiT, meTaur-
Ta dapatimrebiTa da maTi nawilis gacimbirebiT dasrul-
da (wyaroebi da literatura sakiTxis Sesaxeb ix.: anTelava
1970: 252-256).
TviTon m. katkovis werili, romlis pasuxsac dim. yifi-
anis winamdebare teqsti warmoadgens, ara marto sarwmu-
no masalaa avtoris _ Sovinisturad ganwyobili rusuli
politikuri da sazogadoebrivi wreebis ideologisa da
erT-erTi meTauris _ warmosadgenad, aramed igi zogadad
rusifikatoruli politikis dasaxasiaTebladac saintere-
so masalas iZleva. amitom m. katkovis am werils vimowmebT
srulad (Targmani Cvenia):
`moskovi. 4 seqtemberi.
qvemoT, ùkanasknel fostaSi~, vbeWdavT cnobas imis
Sesaxeb, rom 15 agvistos TbilisSi gamocxadda gen-
eral-adiutant orbelianisadmi misi imperatorobi-
Ti umaRlesobis, kavkasiis mefisnacvlis, reskripti,
romelic Cven mier guSinwin iyo gamoqveynebuli. ase da
amgvarad, damTavrebulad SeiZleba CaiTvalos saqme,
romelsac arsebiTad ar hqonia politikuri mniSvnelo-
ba da seriozuli masStabi mxolod da mxolod imitom
SeiZina, rom gaSmagebuli brbo 27 ivniss mTeli dRis
ganmavlobaSi qalaqis erTi bolodan meorisaken daZ-
244
rwoda, uwesrigobebs iwvevda da am saqmeSi araviTar
winaaRmdegobas ar waswydomia. Tbilisis keTilgonieri
mcxovreblebi kmayofilni darCebian saqmis amgvari dab-
oloebiT _ maTi survili axla is iqneba, rom areulobis
mizezebi da garemoebebi amomwuravad iqnes gamorkveu-
li da uavgustes mefisnacvals jerovnad moxsendes.
iyo Tu ara raime arsebiTi xasiaTis mizezebi, romleb-
mac qalaqis Tavisa da, gansakuTrebiT, Tbilisis guber-
natoris winaaRmdeg saxalxo mRelvareba gamoiwvia?
romeli mxridan iyo mcdeloba, esargebla mRelvare-
biT da areuloba gamoewvia? vis mier iyo dabeWdili
da vin iyo gamavrcelebeli furclebisa gadasaxadebis
dawesebis Sesaxeb qaTmebze, qamrebze da a. S.? araerTi
monacemis safuZvelze SeiZleba davaskvnaT, rom TviTon
am mRelvarebSi araferi iyo politikuri, magram ganz-
raxva da ukmayofilebis mizezi im pirebisa, romlebmac
zemoxsenebuli furclebi dabeWdes, mxolod xidebze
gadasaxadi da, saerTod, saqalaqo meurneoba ar unda
yofiliyo. maT, rogorc Cans, politikuri borotganz-
raxuloba amoZravebda.
Cven erTxel ukve mogvixda laparaki amierkavkasiis
saqmeebSi gamomJRavnebul zogierT sawyis simptomze.
am simptomTa uaryofa SeuZlebelia, Tumca isic darw-
munebiT unda iTqvas, rom isini amJamad aRaraa xifaTis
momtani. iqaur pirobebSi ar Cans politikuri mRelva-
rebis niSnebi, magram Tu aseTi niSnebi xandaxan mainc
iCens Tavs, es aris anarekli Cveni arajansaRi zogadi
mdgomareobisa. aseTi arajansaRi mdgomareoba ki aris
ara mxolod ukanaskneli wlebis Sedegi, aramed Sede-
gi gacilebiT ufro xangrZlivi droebisa. iq, iseve
rogorc danarCen ruseTSi, dRevandel Taobas uwevs,
zRos ara mxolod sakuTari, aramed mSoblebis Sec-
domebic. iyo dro _ da es dro iyo arcTu Soreul war-
245
sulSi _ roca rusebsa da kavkasiis ararus mosaxleobas
Soris araviTari gaugebroba ar arsebobda. am mxareSi
rusobas uciloblad eWira upiratesi mdgomareoba da
amgvari viTareba yvelas bunebrivad miaCnda imdenad,
ramdenadac swored rusuli ZalebiT moxerxda iqau-
robis gamoxsna Sinauri anarqiisa da naxevrad veluri
yofisagan _ ruseTis wyalobiT damkvidrda iq mSvido-
ba da usafrTxoeba, rusuli sisxlis meSveobiT aRor-
Zinda iq axali cxovreba, mxolod ruseTTan SeerTebis
Semdeg gaexsnaT iqaurebs gza civilizaciisa da keTil-
dReobisaken. ruseTma iq Seitana zogadad rusebisTvis
organulad damaxasiaTebeli gulis siTbo da siaxlove
adgilobriv mosaxleobasTan. dabali wodebis somxebs,
qarTvelebs, aRmosavleT amierkavkasiis muslimebsac
ki uyvarT rusi jariskaci da rus mmarTvelsac ufro
endobian, vidre nebismier sxvas. rusuli ena swrafad
mkvidrdeba amierkavkasiis mosaxleobaSi da Tbilis-
Sic, ubralo xalxSi nebismieri mozardi laparakobs
rusulad. sul raRac 15 wlis win Cven aseTi viTareba
ar gvqonia. aseTia movlenaTa bunebrivi ganviTareba da,
rom ara Cvenive Secdomebi, yovelive es sayovelTao xa-
siaTs miiRebda...
Tu am Secdomebs CavuRrmavdebiT, aucileblad erT
mTavar SecdomasTan, Cvens saSinao politikaSi nacion-
aluri suliskveTebis sisustesTan, mivalT. rac ufro
yuradRebiT davakvirdebiT sakiTxs, miT ufro aSkar-
ad gamoCndeba saxelmwifo organizmze am mizezis dam-
Rupveli da momSxamavi gavlena. am gavlenam warmoSva
azri, rom saWiroa adgilobrivebi xelovnuri saSuale-
bebiT movizidoT samsaxurSi da ara marto wavaxalisoT
jildoebiT maTi namdvili damsaxurebebi, aramed maT
mimarT Tavazianobac gamoviCinoT mxolod imitom, rom
isini rusebi ki ara, adgilobrivebi (`tuzemcebi~) ari-
246
an. amanve warmoSva is azric, rom Turme Sida gubernieb-
is ZirZveli Tavadaznauroba ki ar unda gavaZlieroT,
aramed _ ganapira mxareebis sxvatomeli Tavad-aznaure-
bi; ufro metic, SevqmnaT Tavadaznauruli fenebi iseT
ganapira mxareebSi, romlebSic isini cotani arian da am
axalSeqmnili fenis warmomadgenlebs rusebTan Sedare-
biT upiratesobac ki mivaniWoT, amasTanave, STavuner-
goT azri, rom TviTon arian iqaurobis baton-patrone-
bi. amgvari RonisZiebebi srulebiTac ar warmoadgens
adgilobrivi mosaxleobis umravlesobis moTxovnasa
Tu survils. piriqiT, mosaxleobis umravlesoba amg-
vari RonisZiebebisagan yvelgan zaraldeba, xolo sa-
kuTriv amierkavkasiaSi TviTon Tavadaznauroba Cioda
imis gamo, rom axal fenas maT gverdiT ayenebdnen.
mosaxleoba, romelic daemorCila ruseTs da kmayo-
filebiT eqvemdebareba rusebis gamgeblobas, didxans
ver egueboda valdebulebas, ufrosebad ararusebi
hyoloda. maS, raRa saWiro iyo aseTi arapopularuli
da uadgilo zomebis miReba? sxva arafrisTvis, Tu ara
im dros modaSi Semosuli Teoriis praqtikaSi dasamkv-
idreblad. Tavadi mixeil voroncovi iyo saxelmwifo
moRvawe _ ganaTlebuli, keTilganmzraxveli, Sorsm-
Wvreteli da es gamoCnda kidevac, roca daiwyo zrunva
samxreTis sarkinigzo xazis gayvanaze. Tumca mis gone-
baSi adgili ar aRmoCnda imisTvis, rasac nacionaluri
politika hqvia. mas TviTon ar miaCnda Tavi rusad.
liberalizmma mis arsebaSi rusis saxeli ugulebelyo.
sadac ar unda yofiliyo mmarTvelad, yvelgan areul-
dareul viTarebas tovebda. Tavisi moqmedebebiT _ vTq-
vaT, aseTiT: alupkaSi, Tavisi saxlis maxloblad, Ses-
aniSnavi meCeTi aaSena, da es maSin, roca mcire zomis
marTlmadidebluri salocavi moSorebiT iyo Sefare-
buli _ man TviT yirimeli TaTrebis mdgomareoba iqam-
247
de miiyvana, rom isini siamayiT acxadebdnen: `me rusi ki
ara, TaTari var!~ aseTive saxelisuflebo sistema Seqm-
na voroncovma misTvis Cabarebul axal mxareSi, sadac
misi erT-erTi pirveli RonisZieba somxuri Jurnalis
daarseba iyo (rasakvirvelia, xazinis fuliT).
Sedegebi aseTi mmarTvelobiTi sistemisa Tvalwin
gvaqvs. igi farTod gavrcelda mTels ruseTis saxelm-
wifoSi da mmarTvelobis yvela mimarTulebaSi aisaxa.
sadRa ar eZebdnen adgilobriv ararus elements, raTa
masSi gankerZoebuli cxovrebisken swrafva gaeRvive-
binaT, rus xalxze upiratesobis yalbi, sakuTriv
misTvisa da saxelmwifosTvis damRupveli Segneba
gaeRviZebinaT. rusi yovelive cudis, damcirebulis,
daCagrulis sinonimad iqca.
vin ar icis, rom kavkasiaSi rusuli mmarTvelobis
damyarebamde iq araTu civilizacia, TviT elementa-
ruli usafrTxoebac ki ar arsebobda? ar arsebobda
araTu ruseTisaTvis damaxasiaTebeli umaRlesi forma
mmarTvelobisa, aramed met-naklebad awyobil adminis-
traciasTan mimsgavsebuli ramec ki. vin ar icis, rom
kavkasiaSi pirveli skola rusuli xelisuflebis mier
aris daarsebuli? ruseTis damkvidrebamde iq arc gze-
bi iyo, arc vaWroba; naxevar saukuneze cota meti xnis
win iqauri soflis mosaxleoba TiTqmis momTabare cx-
ovrebas eweoda, gaigonebdnen Tu ara lekebis, sparse-
lebisa Tu Turqebis Semosevis ambavs, myisve bedis ana-
bara miagdebdnen TavianT sacxovreblebs da tyeebsa Tu
mTebSi garbodnen. maSasadame, yvelaferi, rac am mxare-
Si civilizacias hgavs, ruseTis namoqmedaria da Sede-
gia ruseTis batonobisa. yvelafers _ dawyebuli re-
ligiis xelSeuxeblobidan da qonebrivi Tu pirovnuli
usafrTxoebidan, rionze amJamad arsebuli naosnobiTa
da mSenebare rkinigziT damTavrebuli _ amierkavkasi-
248
is mxare ruseTis mmarTvelobas, rusul civilizacias
unda umadlodes.
da yovelive amis Semdeg ras vxedavT? adgilobriv
axalgazrdobaSi gaCnda wreebi, romlebSic gaZliere-
buladaa warmodgenili azri qarTuli, somxuri, TviT
muslimurisac ki, damoukidebeli samefoebis Seqmnis
Sesaxeb. imperator napoleonis, nacionaluri ideebis
mfarvelisa da qomagis, saxeli am wreebSi uaRresad pop-
ularulia da bevri maTgani ukve sakuTar Svilebs napo-
leons arqmevs. bevri ixsenebs da raRac mniSvnelobasac
aZlevs ociani wlebis uazro SeTqmulebas, romelic
agreTve ganapira mxareebis imdroindeli politikuri
mfarvelobis Sedegi iyo. cota xnis win quTaisis gimna-
ziis aRsazrdelebma gamoacxades survili _ gimnaziaSi
swavleba qarTul enaze unda iyos da direqtoric, in-
speqtorica da maswavleblebic vinme sxva ki ara, Cvene-
burebi unda iyvneno. ager, somxebi xlarTaven intrigas
_ Tbilisis gimnaziaSi somxur enas igive upiratesoba
unda mieniWoso. samurzayanos olqSi, dasavleT kavka-
siaSi, `qristianobis gamavrcelebelma sazogadoebam~,
romelic flobs sakmaod seriozul _ sxvaTa Soris,
wminda wylis rusuli warmomavlobis _ saxsrebs,
TiTqmis yvela mis mier daarsebul skolaSi swavla Sem-
oiRo ara rusul enaze, romlis dauflebac, rogorc
iTqva, Zalian unda iqaur ubralo xalxs, ara adgilo-
briv kilozec ki, aramed qarTul enaze. qarTuli ena ki
arafrad argia samurzayanos olqis afxaz mosaxleobas,
romelic sakuTari uflebebis dacvisas, Tavis mxriv,
verc Tbilisis guberniis Tavadaznaurobis winamZRols
daeyrdnoba, ramdenadac igi sakuTar Tavs qarTveli Ta-
vadaznaurobis winamZRols uwodebs.
amierkavkasiaSi Seqmnili viTarebis Sesaxeb cnobebi
Cven gvaqvs adgilobrivi wyaroebidan; amasTanave, ara-
249
viTari safuZveli ara gvaqvs vifiqroT, rom isini an mik-
erZoebulebi arian, an gangeb amaxinjeben faqtebs. Cvens
movaleobad migvaCnia isic davadasturoT, rom yvela
es cnoba gamoxatulebaa Tanadgomisa da erTgulebisa
uavgustoesi mefisnacvlisadmi, romelic mowodebu-
lia, ebrZolos mis samefisnacvloSi ganviTarebul
samwuxaro movlenebs. im ideebma da miswrafebebma, rom-
lebsac mravali wlis ganmavlobaSi emsaxurebian Cveni
saxazino skolebi, amierkavkasiaSi maxinji nayofi ga-
moiRo; miT umetes, es nayofi naxevrad velur wiaRSia
aRmocenebuli. samwuxarod, es yvelaferi simarTlea;
aseve udavo da ueWvelia isic, rom polonuri revolu-
ciuri anarqia, rogorc yvelgan, amierkavkasiaSic amas
yvelafers Tavis sasargeblod iyenebs. Cveni wyaroebi
danamdvilebiT amboben, rom swored amierkavkasieli
polonelebi xelmZRvaneloben im wreebs, romlebSic
yalibdebian axalgazrda saqarTvelo da axalgazrda
somxeTi da rom gansakuTrebiT am ukanasknelisken aris
mimarTuli polonel meamboxeTa yuradReba. am wreebSi
ukve 1863 wels gamoiTqmeboda TanagrZnoba poloneT-
is SeiaraRebuli ajanyebis mimarT. im dros TbilisSi
myofi zogierTi moskoveli somexi rusuli patriotu-
li grZnobebis gamomJRavnebis gamo mwvave gamoxdomeb-
is obieqtad iqca _ maT arwmunebdnen, rom polonelTa
gakicxva somexTa mimarT gamoCenil Ralats niSnavs,
rom polonelebi TavianTi warmomavlobiT somexTa
monaTesave xalxia, rom amierkavkasia ufro polonuri
miwaa, vidre _ rusuli, rom swored amitom ruseTSi
kalendari mxolod rusul enaze, TbilisSi ki rusul
da polonur enebze gamoicema da, dasasrul, rom Tbi-
lisis samxedro saswavlebelSi moswavleebs TiTqos
TviT xelmZRvanelobisgan hqondeT akrZaluli kiTxva
moskovskie vedomostisa, romelsac moskoveli somxebi
250
gulubryvilod imowmebdnen TavianTi poziciis dasa-
cavad. rogor hgavs es yvelaferi nacnob xrikebs! amg-
var xrikebze metyvelebs isic, rom Tbilisis 27 da 28
ivnisis areulobebSi zogierTi iseTi garemoeba gamo-
vlinda, dasavleT evropis revoluciuri praqtikisT-
vis rom aris damaxasiaTebeli; vTqvaT: somxur enaze
dabeWdili furclebi, romlebic ramdenime dRiT adre
mimofantes da romlebSic damaxinjebulad da gazvia-
debulad iyo warmodgenili ganzraxuli sagadasaxado
sistema; areulobis pirvel dRes meamboxeebs, rogorc
gvweren, adgilobrivi Cveulebis sawinaaRmdegod iara-
Ri tansacmlis qveS hqondaT damaluli da amas imitom
akeTebdnen, rom maT meTaurebi eubnebodnen: uiaraRoe-
bs ar gesvriano...~ (katkovi 1897: 553-555; sxvaTa Soris,
m. katkovis es werili, ucnobi xeliT srulad gadawer-
ili rusul enaze, daculia xec-Si _ dim. yifianis arq.,
saq. #1932, f. 6). *
dim. yifianis werili mixeil katkovs upasuxod ar dau-

tovebia; kerZod, 14 noembers daweril da imave `moskovskie
vedomostiSi~ gamoqveynebul morig mowinave werilSi (1865,
#250) igi wers (Targmani Cvenia):
* aq naxsenebi `misi imperatorobiTi udidebulesoba/misi uavgus-
toesoba~ aris kavkasiis mefisnacvali (1862-1881), didi mTavari
mixeil nikolozis Ze (ivnisis areulobis dros mis movaleobas
grigol orbeliani asrulebda); Tbilisis gubernatori ki _
nikoloz dimitris Ze WavWavaZe, romelic Tbilisis samoqalaqo
gubernator konst. orlovskis TbilisSi aryofnis gamo gu-
bernatoris movaleobas asrulebda; mix. voroncovis `pirvel
RonisZiebad~ dasaxelebuli somxuri Jurnali sinamdvileSi
aris gazeTi `kovkas~ (`kavkasia~), romelic 1846-1847 ww. gamo-
dioda TbilisSi; rac Seexeba àxalgazrda saqarTvelos~, am
faruli sazogadoebis Sesaxeb konkretul dokumentur masalas
Cven ar vicnobT (sakiTxis garSemo ix. bendianiSvili 1980: 123-
124). àxalgazrda saqarTvelos~ Sesaxeb uweriaT n. nikolaZesa
(nikolaZe 1962a: 249) da a. gercens (nikolaZe 1962a: 547-548)].
251
`Cven darwmunebulni varT, rom qarTuli patriotiz-
mi sxva araferia, Tu ara _ rusuli patriotizmi... arc
qarTul da arc somxur nacionalizms amierkavkasiaSi
Cven ar vaRiarebT. Cven vTvliT, rom rusobisgan qarT-
velebisa da somxebis gankerZoebisaken swrafvis gaR-
viveba erTiani rusi xalxis ganuyoflobis winaaRmdeg
mimarTuli borotganzraxulobaa. Cven migvaCnia, rom
somxuri an qarTuli nacionalobis gamomxatvel sim-
boloTa Seqmnis mcdeloba an ugunurebaa, an _ boroti
ganzraxva... Tavadaznauroba Tavadaznaurobaa da igi
politikuri organizaciaa. Tavadaznaurobis esa Tu
is wevri SeiZleba iyos nebismieri warmomavlobisa, ma-
gram erovneba TviTon institutisa gansazRvrulia im
saxelmwifoTi, romelsac es Tavadaznauroba ekuTvnis.
ramdenadac odesRac arsebulma qarTulma samefom,
romelsac hyavda Tavisi umaRlesi xelisufleba da Ta-
visi Tavadaznauroba, Sewyvita arseboba, amiT qarTve-
li Tavadaznauroba TavisTavad iqca yofil qarTul
Tavadaznaurobad da mis adgilze warmoiSva rusi Tav-
adaznauroba, romlis mdgomareoba amJamad ara yofili
samefos, aramed axali administraciuli danawilebis
principebiTaa gansazRvruli.
raoden qebis Rirsi ganzraxulobiTac ar unda xelmZ-
Rvanelobdes Tbilisis guberniis Tavadaznaurobis
pativcemuli winamZRoli, vfiqrobT, gansakuTrebul
SemTxvevebSi warmoTqmuli misi sityvebi q a r T u l i
T a v a d a z n a u r o b a aris aramarTebuli da aris
Secdoma~ (damowmebuli gvaqvs wignidan: xundaZe 1941:
56; srulad ix. katkovi 1897: 725-730).
m. katkovs gazeT `kolokolSi~ xelmouwereli teqstiT

niko nikolaZemac upasuxa (Из Грузии. `Колокол~, 15.XI, 1865,
#208) da, Tu dim. yifians TavdacviTi pozicia uWiravs, Tu
252
igi gamoxatavs politikuri sistemisadmi erTgulebasa da
am poziciidan cdilobs m. katkovis braldebaTa darRvevas,
n. nikolaZe, piriqiT, daufaravad msjelobs imis Sesaxeb,
rom rusebis mier kavkasiaSi damkvidrebuli `monRoluri
midrekilebis~ formebi da meTodebi mmarTvelobisa yov-
lad miuRebeli aRmoCnda adgilobrivi mosaxleobisaTvis:
àdgilobrivi mkvidrni ar laparakoben, rom monRolebi da
sparselebi sjobian rusebso, magram isini ar malaven, rom
rusebi ver sjobian adgilobriv mkvidrT da, rom amitom
ar unda mieceT kavkasiaSi rusebs upiratesoba adgilo-
briv mkvidrTa sazianoT~ (nikolaZe 1962b: 312). amas gar-
da, n. nikolaZe aSkarad gamoxatavs simpaTias polonelTa
ganmaTavisuflebeli moZraobis mimarT da aRniSnavs, rom
`somexi da qarTveli axalgazrdoba gamosTqvamen Tavis
TanagrZnobas polonelebisadmi... am TanagrZnobis warmo-
Soba SesaZlebeli iyo mxolod da mxolod samarTlianobis
grZnobiT~ (nikolaZe 1962b: 310). ase rom, m. katkovis werilis
dim. yifianiseul da n. nikolaZiseul SefasebebSi mkafiodaa
asaxuli politikur poziciaTa gansxvavebuloba da, rac
mTavaria _ imdroindeli qarTuli sazogadoebrivi azris
diferencirebis procesi; kerZod, politikuri sistemis mi-
marT ufros da umcros TaobaTa damokidebulebis mkveTri
polarizacia (n. nikolaZis teqsti sim. xundaZis SeniSvnebiT
ix. nikolaZe 1931: 358-364, 449-451).
1
(gv. 39) `kolokolSi~ gamoqveynebul vinme Рио-Нели-s sta-
tias upasuxa~ _ igulisxmeba niko nikolaZis mier `Рио-Нели~-s
fsevdonimiT gamoqveynebuli werili `glexTa ganTavisu-
fleba saqarTveloSi~, romelic daibeWda a. gercenisa da n.
ogariovis mier emigraciaSi gamocemul (londoni, Jeneva;
1857-1867) revoluciur gazeTSi `kolokol~ (Освобождение
крестьян в Грузии. `Колокол~. 15.VI, 1865, №198; 1.VII, 1865, №199).
werilSi n. nikolaZe akritikebs saqarTveloSi wina (1864)
253
wels ganxorcielebul saglexo reformas, xolo reformis
proeqtis avtoris, dim. yifianis, Sesaxeb wers: `...kmayofi-
li iyo mxolod b. dim. yifianis msgavsi ramdenime piri; maT
glexTa cxovrebis reforma marjve proeqtebisa an `keTil-
gonieri rCevis~ samagiero warCinebisa da dajildovebis
saTaved miiCnies. magram am vaJbatonebze laparakic ki ara
Rirs~ (nikolaZe 1962a: 263-264; sakiTxis Sesaxeb ix.: nikolaZe
1931: 172, 409-419; nikolaZe 1962g: 19-20, 530-531).
unda iTqvas, rom mogvianebiT n. nikolaZem Tavisi damok-
idebuleba dim. yifianis mimarT radikalurad Secvala _
1875 wels gazeT `tiflisski vestnikis~ furclebze mas qe-
ba-dideba uZRvna da gakvriT 1864 wlis saglexo reformaSi
dim. yifianis monawileobis sakiTxsac Seexo (àxlovdeboda
glexTa reforma, sasurveli Tavad-aznaurTaTvis, magram
maTi arsebiTi interesebis Semxebi. Tavadaznauroba mixvda,
rom misi interesebis sadarajoze saWiro iyo iseTi adami-
anis dayeneba, romelic SeZlebda am interesebis gagebas da
maT dacvas wodebrivi fanatizmis gareSe, wminda saxelm-
wifoebrivi xasiaTis ekonomiuri problemis marto erTi
wodebis xarjze gadaWris gareSe. Tavadaznauroba SeCerda
d. i. yifianze da, sagubernio komitetis daarsebis nacvlad,
mas erTs miando Tbilisis guberniaSi glexobis reformis
safuZvlebis mTeli damuSaveba~), xolo zogadad dim. yifi-
anis gadawyvetilebaTa motivacia ase axsna: ìs yovelTvis
xelmZRvanelobda ara piradi gamorCeniT, ara SexedulebaTa
siviwroviT, aramed idealisturi azriT, rom raki ikisra
raime interesebis dacva, unda daecva isini Tundac sakuTari
Tavis sazianod~ (nikolaZe 1875; nikolaZe 1964b: 309, 311).
2
(gv. 39) `gadavcem ra presas am Cems statias ga-
mosaqveyneblad, aqve davsZen, rom statiis uSualo adresa-
ti b-ni katkovia~ _ mixeil katkovis teqsti gazeT `moskovsk-
ie vedomostis~ mowinave (saredaqcio) statiaa da amitom
xelmouwerelia. dim. yifianma, Cans, darwmunebiT ar icis
254
teqstis avtoris vinaoba, amitom axsenebs wina abzacSi WeS-
maritebis Seuracxmyofel `korespondentebs~, xolo m. kat-
kovs uSualod imitom mimarTavs, rom am dros swored igi
iyo `moskovskie vedomostis~ redaqtori da gansazRvravda
kidevac gazeTis xasiaTs, mimarTulebasa da ideologiur
pozicias.
3
(gv. 43) `tuzemeci~ (rus. Туземец) _ adgilobrivi mkvidri,
aborigeni, avtoqToni, `mkÂdri mis qñeynisa, iqauri, mune-
buri~ (CubinaSvili 1973: 568). garkveul konteqstSi iZenda
Seuracxmyofel (damamcirebel) mniSvnelobas da niSnavda
adgilobriv (Tavdapirvel, ZirZvel), Tumca centridan daS-
orebuli da naklebad civilizebuli qveynis (teritoriis)
mkvidrs.
4
(gv. 43) `murzayanis samflobelom miiRo samurzayanos
saxelwodeba~ _ `samurzayanos saxelwodeba~ momdinareobs
murzayan SarvaSiZisgan (da ara murzayan anCabaZisgan, ro-
gorc avtori varaudobs), romelmac es teritoria `1705
[wels] memkvidreobiT miiRo~ (qse 1985: 37).
5
(gv. 44) Patois (frang.) _ lingvisturi termini, romelic
niSnavs dialeqts, kilos/kilokavs, specifikur adgilo-
briv (periferiul) metyvelebas.
6
(gv. 45) dim. yifianis werils (kerZod, im monakveTs, romel-
ic samurzayanosa da samurzayanoelebs exeba) gamoexmaura
rusi eqimi, anTropologi da publicisti ivane pantiuxovi,
romelic im dros kavkasiaSi msaxurobda da romlis pasuxi
tipuri rusifikatoris pozicias gamoxatavs: dim. yifianis
werili ugulisyurod (daudevrad; небрежно) aris dawerili,
avtori faqtebsac ayalbebs, Tanac avtoritetis poziciidan
gvesaubreba, sinamdvileSi ki samurzayano imTaviTve afxaz-
eTis ganuyofeli nawili iyo, qarTuli elementis gaZlier-
ebis miuxedavad dRemde samurzayanoelTa zne-Cveulebebi
ufro afxazuria, vidre megruli, megrulad mxolod same-
grelos mosazRvre teritoriaze (saberiosa da nabakevSi)
255
laparakoben, qarTuli enis saganmanaTleblo mniSvneloba
aq sruliad umniSvneloa (ничтожны) da verc ganviTarebis
safuZvlad gamodgeba, samurzayanoelebs rusuli ena imde-
nad undaT da imdenad sWirdebaT, rom Tuki iq paralelurad
rusul da qarTul skolebs gavxsniT, qarTul skolaSi bavSvs
aravin miiyvans, RvTismsaxurebis qarTul enaze SesrulebiT
xalxis verc religiur grZnobas gavaZlierebT da verc zne-
obiT aRzrdas mivaRwevT, miT umetes, aqauri samRvdeloeba
umecaria, amitom civilizaciis sasikeTod am velur mxare-
Si Tundac oriod-samiode rusi mRvdeli unda mivavlinoT,
raTa maTma ara imdenad erudiciam, ramdenadac moralurma
avtoritetma iqaurobaze keTilnayofieri gavlena iqonios,
rusuli enis damkvidreba samurzayanoSi progresis erTa-
derTi gzaa da sxvagvarad mxolod obskurantebsa da fana-
tikosebs SeuZliaT ifiqron (pantiuxovi 1865).
7
(gv. 45) `...manifestebs, romlebiTac ganisazRvra saqarT-
velos nebayoflobiTi SeerTeba ruseTTan~ _ avtors mxed-
velobaSi aqvs pavle I-is 1800 wlis 18 dekembrisa da ale-
qsandre I-is 1801 wlis 12 seqtembris manifestebi, romelTa
ZaliTac uqmdeboda qarTl-kaxeTis samefo da igi ruseTis
uSualo SemadgenlobaSi Sedioda. am faqts, dim. yifianis
SexedulebiT, safuZvlad edo qarTl-kaxeTis ukanaskneli
mefis, giorgi XII-is, `saTxovarTa punqtebi~, romlis mixedvi-
Tac, qarTl-kaxeTis samefo taxti formalurad ki rCeboda,
magram faqtobrivad da arsebiTad qveyanaSi ruseTis uSu-
alo mmarTveloba myardeboda. swored aqedan momdinare-
obs dim. yifianis mier aq da araerT sxva teqstSi sxvadasxva
variaciiT naxsenebi `saqarTvelos nebayoflobiTi SeerTeba
ruseTTan~ (ufro vrclad sakiTxis Sesaxeb ix. yifiani 2016:
407-409).
8
(gv. 47) ès iyo axlaxan damTavrebul kavkasiis omSi~ _ ig-
ulisxmeba 1817-1864 wlebis `kavkasiis omi~ (Кавказская война)
_ ruseTis imperiis mier gaCaRebuli mravalwliani omi
256
CrdiloeT kavkasiis dasamorCileblad.
9
(gv. 47) `qarTvel molaSqreTa razmebi da qarTuli mili-
cia~ _ milicia (laT. militia _ mxedroba) mTavrobis mier
sagangebo viTarebaSi formirebul araregularul (maT
Soris, moxaliseebisagan Semdgar) saxalxo laSqars, xolo
milicieli saxalxo molaSqres niSnavs.
10
(gv. 49) àrc erTi keTilganmzraxveli redaqcia~ _ `keT-
ilganmzraxveli~ (Благонамеренный) aq xelisuflebisa da
politikuri sistemis erTguls niSnavs (keTilganmzraxve-
li, keTilganmzraxveloba _ mefis mTavrobis Tvalsazrisze
mdgomi, TviTmpyrobelobis erTguli _ qegl 1955: 1124).
princesa ekaterine dadianis Sesaxeb (gv. 50-51)
xelnaweri:
#438. gazeTidan nino WilaSvil-yifianis xeliT gadmow-
erili. frangul enaze. f. 2.
nabeWdi:
gaz. `L'Evenement~ [`movlenebi~]. 27 Tebervali-11 marti,
1866, #127.
dimitri yifianis SeniSvna frangul gazeTSi. publikacia
moamzades T. jologuam da c. bibileiSvilma. franguli
teqsti Targmna c. bibileiSvilma. `gelaTis mecniereba-
Ta akademiis Jurnali~, 2014, #3-4, gv. 70-76.
saTauri: Monsieur le rédacteur [batono redaqtoro].
nino WilaSvil-yifianis mier gadaweril teqstSi arc

xelmoweraa da arc TariRia miTiTebuli. vaTariRebT pir-
velnabeWdis mixedviT. dasaTaureba Cvenia.
dim. yifiani ekaterine dadianTan erTad parizSi imyofe-
257
boda `1866 wlis damdegs~ (yifiani 1990: 131). maTi iq yofnis
dros parizis gazeTSi `L'Evenement~ (`movlenebi~) gamoqveyn-
da ori publikacia ekaterine dadianis Sesaxeb, rasac imave
gazeTSi dim. yifianis winamdebare SeniSvna mohyva. rogorc
xelnawerTa erovnul centrSi, dim. yifianis arqivSi dac-
uli sabuTebiT irkveva, gazeTis samive nomris amonaWrebi
dim. yifians 1866 wlis martis pirvel ricxvebSi parizidan
imJamad peterburgSi myofi SvilisTvis _ nikolozisTvis,
am ukanasknels ki qviSxeTSi dedisTvis, nino WilaSvil-yi-
fianisTvis, gamougzavnia (saq. #1500, f. 2; #1835, f. 2); ni-
nos ki, romelic Tavisuflad flobda frangul enas, Tavis
mxriv, samive publikacia gadmouweria. vinaidan zemoxsen-
ebuli amonaWrebi dakargulia da verc franguli gazeTis
CvenTvis saintereso nomrebi movipoveT, `L'Evenement~-Si
gamoqveynebuli teqstebi nino WilaSvil-yifianis xel-
naweridan gadmogvaqvs (samive teqsti franguli enidan c.
bibileiSvilis mieraa Targmnili):
`guSin luvris sasaxleSi princesa dadianma gamarTa

mejlisi viwro wreSi, romelsac gansakuTrebiT bevri
rusi didebuli eswreboda. princesa dadian an dadi-
ani (zustad ar viciT) erT-erTi uaRresad saintereso
da parizSi naklebad cnobili adamiania. amitom Cveni
mkiTxvelisTvis saintereso iqneba, mivawodoT ramdeni-
me cnoba mis Sesaxeb.
princesa dadiani gaxlavT yofili dedofali same-
grelosi, mkvdar zRvasTan mdebare patara samefosi,
romelsac irgvliv kavkasionis qedi akravs. rabinuli
tradiciis mixedviT, swored iq mdebareobs miwieri
samoTxe.
samegrelos samefo mravali wlis win miierTa ruseT-
ma im pirobiT, rom mogvianebiT misi mmarTvelis, princ-
esa dadianis, imJamad mcirewlovan vaJs daubrunebda.
258
gadayenebulma princesam safrangeTs Seafara Tavi. igi
dasaxlda parizSi, sadac gansakuTrebuli mzrunvelo-
biTa da didi gulmodginebiT Seudga aRzrdas Tavisi
vaJisas, romelic, Tavis mxriv, imedovnebs, rom erT
mSvenier dRes winaparTa taxts daibrunebs. maSindeli
bavSvi dRes 17-18 wlis ymawvilia, axlaxan daasrula
swavla da, rogorc Cans, srulyofili monarqis yvela
Rirseba aqvs aTvisebuli. dedamisi, princesa dadiani,
jer kidev sakmaod axalgazrda da Zalian lamazi qalia.
igi yvelaze srulyofili kavkasiuri tipis adamiania da
ar unda agverios qarTul tipSi. qarTveli aris qera,
moxdenili, natifi da ufro lamazi, vidre _ momxibvle-
li; kavkasiuri tipi ki piriqiT _ maRali, Savgvremani,
tansruli, naTeli saxis, cocxali da cecxlovani Savi
TvalebiT, vaJkacuri da Zlieri; qarTveli ki _ ufro
gamWriaxi da daxvewili. kavkasiuri rasa mebrZoli da
guladi rasaa, qarTveli ki _ naklebad vaJkacuri da na-
klebad udreki.
samegrelo, albaT, is qveyanaa, sadac mamakacuri sil-
amaze yvelaze metadaa gavrcelebuli da gamokveTili.
am privilegirebuli xalxis uflebaayrili suvereni
parizSi cxovrobs, TiTqmis ucnobia parizelTaTvis
da, cxadia, danarCeni frangebisTvisac. vfiqrobT, Cveni
mkiTxvelebisTvis saintereso iqneba informacia am
araCveulebriv adamianze, gmir dedaze, romelic Tav-
dadebulia Tavisi vaJis mimarT, Zlieria da momxibvle-
li imis miuxedavad, rom dakarga gvirgvini, winaT mis
Subls rom amkobda~.
`L'Evenement~, 3-15 Tebervali, 1866, #103.
`Cveni gazeTis wina nomerSi movixsenieT samegrelos

yofili dedoflis, princesa dadianis, mier gamarTu-
li mejlisi. amasTan dakavSirebiT vwerdiT, rom same-
259
grelos samefo ramdenime wlis win miierTa ruseTma
im pirobiT, rom erT mSvenier dRes princesa dadianis
imJamad mcirewlovan vaJiSvils daubrunebda. gaday-
enebulma dedofalma safrangeTs Seafara Tavi. maSin-
deli mozardi axla 17-18 wlisaa, axlaxan daasrula
swavla da, rogorc Cans, srulyofili monarqis yvela
Tviseba SeiZina.
amasTan dakavSirebiT, b-nma aleqsandre de milerma
mogvmarTa metad saintereso weriliT, romelic war-
moadgens am aw ukve ararsebuli patara samefos mok-
le da mSvenier istorias. miuxedavad lakoniurobisa,
werilSi moTxrobili ambavi scdeba Cveni gazeTisTvis
saWiro moculobas, amitomac ver SevZeliT misi gamo-
qveyneba. Tanac igi mWidrod ukavSirdeba saerTaSor-
iso politikis sakiTxebs, romelTa ganxilvis ufleba
Cven ar gagvaCnia. b-ni a. de mileri kargad unda icnob-
des ruseTisa da, kerZod, `kavkasiis omis~ istorias.
qeds vixriT misi erudiciis winaSe da mokrZalebiT
vaRiarebT, rom uaxlesi istoriis es sakiTxebi CvenTvis
mxolod zedapiruladaa cnobili.
gTavazobT gamogzavnili informaciis reziumes:
princesa dadian (da ara dadiani) ruseTma ki ar
gadaayena, aramed igi feodaluri uRliT gaTangul-
ma sakuTarma qveSevrdomebma gadaayenes. man ruseTis
mTavrobisgan miRebuli subsidiiT Tavi safrangeTs
Seafara. da bolos, misi vaJiSvilis dabruneba same-
grelos taxtze warmoadgens problemur sakiTxs bevri
mizezis gamo, romelTagan umTavresia samegrelos gad-
awyvetileba, aRar hyavdes uSualo suvereni.
madlobas movaxsenebT b-n aleqsandre de milers sain-
tereso informaciis mowodebisaTvis~.
`L'Evenement~, 15-27 Tebervali, 1866, #115.
260
rac Seexeba aleqsandre de milers, Tu es aleqsandre kar-
lis Ze mileria [Александр Карлович Миллер; `ruseTis mcodne~
sxva aleqsandre milers (mxedvelobaSi gvaqvs XIX saukune)
Cven ar vicnobT], igi ruseTis qveSevrdomi samxedro piri
(general-maiori; gard. 1886) iyo da, bunebrivia, ruseTsac
kargad icnobda da `kavkasiis omsac~. aseT SemTxvevaSi advi-
li gasagebi xdeba, Tu ratom cdilobs gazeTisTvis `saint-
ereso informaciis~ mimwodebeli al. de mileri, problema
samegreloSi arsebuli SidakonfliqtiT axsnas da Seqmnil
viTarebaze pasuxismgebloba ara ruseTis xelisuflebas,
aramed ekaterine dadiansa da mis qveSevrdomebs daakisros.
1
(gv. 50) `gaxlavarT mTavar dadianis saxlis meurve~ _
dim. yifiani ekaterine dadianis mamulebisa da misi Svilis,
taxtis mcirewlovani memkvidris, nikoloz (niko) dadian-
is (mingrelskis), meurve iyo 1859-1867 wlebSi. am sakiTxze
dim. yifians Tavis broSuraSi `samegrelos mTavris saxli
da dimitri yifiani~ uweria: `1859-dam 1867-mdis apekunad
viyav mTavris saxlis sakuTrebazed kanonis ZaliT, da
1867-dam am 1868-is agvistomdis imave sakuTrebis mmarTve-
lad, patronebisagan rwmunebis werilebis ZaliT ... davdeg
apekunad 1859-is wlis aprilis TveSi ... viyav srulis ufleb-
is meqon apekunad 1867-is ianvris 4-mdis~ (yifiani 1869: 4-6;
ix. agreTve: yifiani 1868: 4-6).
2
(gv. 50) `sakmao xans vyofiliyavi kavkasiis saimpera-
toro sabWos wevri~ _ dim. yifiani `kavkasiis saimperatoro
[mefisnacvlis, kerZod, mefisnacval al. bariatinskis _ T.
j.] sabWos wevri~ iyo 1857 wlis 9 aprilidan (daamtkices 8
maiss) 1862 wlis 21 ivnisamde (ix. dim. yifianis namsaxurobis
nusxa _ xec. dim. yifianis arq., saq. #29, f. 105, 108).
3
(gv. 50) àrafers vambob samegrelos mdebareobaze~ _
`L'Evenement~-is 3-15 Tebervlis publikaciaSi (ix. zemoT) weria
_ samegrelo `mkvdar zRvasTan mdebare patara samefo~ ariso.
261
4
(gv. 50) `...arc qarTvelebsa da Cerqezebze~ _ wina publik-
aciebSi Cerqezebis xseneba ar aris, rac gvafiqrebinebs, rom
nino WilaSvil-yifians `L'Evenement~-is pirveli ori publik-
acia an arazustad aqvs gadmowerili, an _ arasrulad.
5
(gv. 51) `...im uflebebSi, romlebic dabadebiTve gaaCnia
da saTanadod aris kidevac dadasturebuli~ _ dim. yifianis
mosazreba, niko dadians mTavris uflebas ver Seedavebiano,
ar gamarTlda. 1867 wlis 4 ianvars niko srulwlovani gaxda
da garemoebebma aiZula, imave dRes imperator aleqsandre
meorisTvis uqveSevrdomilesi moxsenebiT miemarTa mTavris
uflebebze nebayoflobiT uaris Tqmisa da samegrelos
samTavros ruseTis uSualo gamgeblobaSi gadacemis Sesaxeb:
`Tqveno imperatorobiTo didebulebav! dRes Ses-
rulda dRe, rodesac srul-wlovani gavxdi Tqveni
cxonebulis mamis, imperator nikolozis 1853 w. sain-
vestituro gramatas ZaliT. am gramatas da Tqveni im-
peratorobiTi didebulebis reskriptis mixedviT,
romelic Cems mSobels uboZeT 7 seqtembers 1857 w., me
SemeZlo davbrunebuliyavi Cems mflobelobaSi. ma-
gram iq male glexTa reforma unda ganxorcieldes. am
reformas mohyveba ZiriTadi cvlileba ekonomiur da
administraciul pirobebisa. da me vici survili Tqveni
imperatorobiTi didebulebisa, rom samegrelos
mmarTvelobac imav safuZvelze dawesdes, ra safuZvel-
ic damyarda danarCen amier-kavkasiaSi. magram Tqvens
winaSe, xelmwifev, ar davmalav, rom saSinlad meZnel-
eba gavSorde mamapapeul taxts, romlis kanoniereba
1804 w. saxelmwifoebriv aqtiT damtkicebuli iyo jer
Tqvenis mamis mier, mere Tqven-mieradac, xolo, raTa
avasrulo Tqveni survili, uuavgustevelo xelmwifev,
Tqvendami usazRvro ndobiT gamsWvaluli, arafris
winaSe ara vdgebi _ arc Cem winaparTa imedebis gacrue-
ba maSinebs, arc Cemi ojaxis interesi da momavali _ same-
262
grelos mTavris uflebebi momirTmevia Tqveni umaRl-
esi taxtis fexTa qveS, Cemi srulwlovanebis dRes. da
mxolod Tqvens guls, romelic RmerTis xelSia, Seu-
Zlia daafasos mniSvneloba am Cemis gancxadebisa. amis
Semdeg memamuled viqnebi im mamulSi, romelic piradad
me mekuTvnis, romelic dRemde gansakuTrebul Tqveni
didebulebis brZanebiT daarsebul òpekis~ xelSi iyo.
am mamulis gamgeblobaSi Seval, rogorc ki damTavrde-
ba glexTa reforma da damyardeba iq sazogado wesi.
xolo amisaTvis gamoviTxov Tqvens nebarTvas~ [rusuli
enidan Targmnilia arCil jorjaZis mier _ ix. jorjaZe
1989: 546-547; xec-Si, dim. yifianis arqivSi (#442. Savi.
rusul enaze. f. 1), daculia nik. dadianis am moxsenebis
proeqti, romelic dim. yifianis xeliTaa naweri da 1867
w. 4 ianvriTaa daTariRebuli].
sxvaTa Soris, am sakiTxze msjelobis Semdeg a. jorjaZe
dasZens: àm droidan samegreloc is aris, rac saqarTvelos
danarCeni provinciebi, da raki moxda is, rac moxda saqa-
rTveloSi, samegreloc ver ascdeboda am gzas...~ (jorjaZe
1989: 547).
tfilisis guberniis aznaurobis

winamZRomlisagan (gv. 52-53)
nabeWdi:
`droeba~, 22 ianvari (3 Tebervali), 1870, #3; `droeba~, 5
(17) Tebervali, 1870, #5; `droeba~, 19 Tebervali (3 mar-
ti), 1870, #7 (erTi da igive teqsti ramdenjermea gamo-
qveynebuli).
saTauri: tfilisis guberniis aznaurobis winamZRomlisagan.
263
teqsti xelmouwereli da dauTariRebelia. vaTariRebT
pirvelnabeWdis mixedviT.
dim. yifiani Tbilisis guberniis Tavadaznaurobis winamZ-

Rolad (`marSlad~) pirvelad 1864 wlis 16 Tebervals air-
Cies, imperatorma aleqsandre II-m ki igi am Tanamdebobaze im-
ave wlis 15 marts daamtkica (ix. dim. yifianis namsaxurobis
nusxa. xec. dim. yifianis arq., saq. #29, f. 81; TviTon dimitri
sxva TariRs, àprilis damlevs~, asaxelebs _ yifiani 1990:
118. unda vifiqroT, àprilis damlevs~ damtkicebis qaRal-
di movida peterburgidan TbilisSi).
meored dimitri Tbilisis guberniis `marSlad~ 1867
wlis 4 maiss airCies (droeba 1867a); imperator aleqsandre
II-is mier am Tanamdebobaze igi damtkicebul iqna imave wlis
18 ivniss (droeba 1867b). vinaidan Tavadaznaurobis winamZ-
Rolis arCevnebi sam weliwadSi erTxel uwevda, momdevno
arCevnebi 1870 wlis gazafxulze unda Catarebuliyo. dim.
yifianis, rogorc `tfilisis guberniis aznaurobis winamZ-
Romlis~, winamdebare teqsti swored im arCevnebTanaa daka-
vSirebuli, romelic TbilisSi 1870 wlis maisSi Catarda.
am dros ki axlo xanebSi aleqsandre II-is Camosvlas elod-
nen (Camovida 1871 wlis Semodgomaze) da qarTveli aris-
tokratiis erT nawils uxerxulad miaCnda, Tavadaznauro-
bis saxeliT imperators ubralo aznauri warsdgomoda.
miuxedavad sazogadoebis _ maT Soris, didgvarovanTa _
umravlesobis dabejiTebuli Txovnisa, dimitrim mesame va-
diT `marSlobaze~ mtkice uari Tqva. vaxtang TulaSvilis
TqmiT, `dimitri yifiani am saqmeSi Tavs ase imarTlebda: yve-
lani darwmunebulni arian, rom xelmwife imperatori mowy-
alebas rasme uboZebs saqarTvelosao, da Tu vinicobaa, es
imedi ar gamarTlda, sazogadoeba me damabralebs, Sen rom
ara yofiliyavi marSlad, iqneba ase ar dagvmarTnodao. an,
vin icis, iqneba marTla Cemi marSloba Seiqmnas mizezi im-
264
isi, Tu vinicobaa, xelmwifem araviTaris mowyalebis moce-
ma ar isurva da gamoval damnaSave sazogadoebis winaSeo~
(TulaSvili 1895: 47; saSviliSvilo mokavSire... 2007: 47).
TviTon dim. yifianma ki yrilobis dawyebisTanave (6 maiss)
warmoTqmul sityvaSi Tavisi uari ase axsna (sityva war-
moTqmulia rusul enaze. Targmani Cvenia):
`Tqvenma warmomadgenelma namdvili moCvenebiTisagan
unda ganasxvavos da monarqis mzera Cveni ekonomikuri
yofis im mxareebisken mimarTos, sadac namdvilad gvi-
Wirs da gankurneba mxolod monarqiul guluxvobas
SeuZlia. Zlier vSiSob, rom me amas ver SevZleb. me amas
vambob rogorc Tqveni winamZRoli, amasTanave, rogorc
aznauri da savsebiT gulwrfeli da gulRia var Tqven
winaSe:
Tqveni imedebisa da survilebis gansaxorcieleblad
aucilebelia arCevani Cemze Rirseul kandidatze
SeaCeroT; iseTze, romelic Cemze ukeT gauwevs samsax-
urs Cveni saerTo miznebis ganxorcielebasa da Cveni
saWiroebebis mogvarebas.
me rac Semexeba, mgoni ar Sevcdebi, Tu vityvi, rom
Tqvens Soris Znelad moiZebneba iseTi adamiani, Cemze
metad rom iyos saerTo interesebis erTguli. Tqven
iciT _ me arasodes amiridebia Tavi sazogadoebis
samsaxurisaTvis. gpirdebiT, momavalSic Cemi codna da
unari Cvens sazogadoebasa da Cvens mxares moxmardeba.
me guberniis winamZRolis wodebis gareSec gavagrZel-
eb sazogadoebisaTvis msaxurebas~ (yifiani 284).
1
(gv. 52) àmas wineT `droebaSi~ rom Cemi gancxadeba iyo
dabeWdili...~ _ avtors mxedvelobaSi aqvs mis mierve `droe-
baSi~ gamoqveynebuli Semdegi `gancxadeba~:
àznaurobis kenWiT aRrCeva daiwyoba am wlis 1-s
maiss da uezdis Sekrebilebani samis Tvis winaT, ese igi
265
1-s Tebervals.
amis gamo valad vracx movagono ufalT Tav-
ad-aznaurT sazogadoebis wevrTa, rom mxedvelobaSi
iqonion yovelTave kanonebi, romliTac dawesebulia
valdebuleba da pasuxis geba yovelTa, monawileobazed
sazogado saqmeTa da aRrCevaSi; da umetesad muxlni me-
same tomis, aRrCeviT samsaxuris debulebisa: 34-37; 52,
54, 74-78; 80-84, 87, 88, 94-96, 101-105, 117, 121, 122, 135 da
138; da meTxuTmete tomisa *: 1959, 1961, 1965-1967~ [dro-
eba 1870a; droeba 1870b; gancxadebis meore nabeWdSi
(droeba 1870b) mcireodeni cvlilebebia Setanili da,
rogorc bolo publikacias, aq mas vimowmebT].
2
(gv.52) `TviTeuli wevri aznaurobisa~ _ àznauroba~ aq
niSnavs ara konkretul wodebas (àznauri... Tavadze dab-
la mdgomi~ _ qegl 1950: 173), aramed zogadad warCinebul
fenas _ Tavadaznaurobas (àznauri... warCinebuli wodebi-
sa an gvarisa, didebuli...~ _ abulaZe 1973: 3; àzni: didg-
vari, warCinebuli; aznauri, e. i. aznTagani, didebuli,
gvarovani...~ _ CubinaSvili 1984: 12).
3
(gv. 52) ùezdis marSals~ _ ùezdi~ (rus. уезд) _ mazra;
`marSali~ _ aq: Tavadaznaurobis winamZRoli [`marSali _ ...
Tavad-aznaurTa winamZRoli ruseTis dasavleT guberniebsa
da saqarTveloSi oqtombris revoluciamde~ (qegl 1958: 72)].
ase rom, sityvas `marSali~ ruseTSi ara mxolod samxedro,
aramed samoqalaqo mniSvnelobac hqonda da ixmareboda Si-
naarsiT _ `winamZRoli~/`mTavari ganmkargulebeli~/`gam-
rigebeli~/`rigis mimcemi~ (Главный распорядитель) [`Маршал _
... wingamZRoli viTarTame SekrebulTa mravalmricxvedTa
erTa~ (CubinaSvili 1971: 512)].
* ùmetesad muxlni mesame tomis... da meTxuTmete tomisa...~ _ ig-

ulisxmeba `ruseTis imperiis kanonTa krebulis~ (`Свод законов
Российской империи~) Sesabamisi tomebi.
T. j.
266
qviSxeTi, 16 agvistos (gv. 54-58)
nabeWdi: `droeba~, 20 agvisto, 1875, #94.

saTauri: qviSxeTi, 16 agvistos.
TariRi da adgili: 16 agvisto 1875. qvenatkoca.
xelmowera: b. q.
`b. q.~ aris Semoklebuli varianti dim. yifianis ZiriTadi

fsevdonimisa `baqar qarTleli~. fsevdonimiT `b. q.~ avtors
es erTaderTi teqsti aqvs gamoqveynebuli. rac Seexeba Tav-
ad warmodgenas, s. gersamias TqmiT, ès iyo pirveli warmod-
gena, romelic gaimarTa sof. qviSxeTSi~ (gersamia 2011: 134).
1
(gv. 54) `droebis~ me-88 nomerSi iyo mokle ambavi qviSx-
eTis Teatrisa~ _ `droebis~ am nomerSi dabeWdilia cnoba:
`Cven SevityeT, rom am ramdenime dRis winaT sof. qviSxeTSi,
suramis axlos, qarTuli warmodgena yofila iqauri sazafx-
ulo Skolis sasargebloT. warmoudgeniaT `ZalaT eqimi~ da
ùCin-maCinis qudi~. amboben, xarjs garda, am warmodgenid-
am, romlis Taosnoba elene yifianisas ukisrnia, Skolas eqvs
Tumnamdi darCenia~ (droeba 1875).
2
(gv. 54) `ZalaT eqimi~ _ molieris piesa (Le Médecin malgré
lui), qarTul enaze Targmnil-gadmokeTebuli giorgi eri-
sTavis mier [molieris es piesa pirvelad g. erisTavis Zmam
ivane (oqro) erisTavma Targmna saTauriT ùneburaT eqimi~
da igi giorgi erisTavis TeatrSi 1852-1853 ww. Teatralur
sezonze daidga _ gersamia 1950: 132].
3
(gv. 54) ùCinmaCinis qudi~ _ g. erisTavis komedia (pirve-
lad 1852 wels gamoica _ erisTavi 1852). d. gamezardaSvi-
lis TqmiT, igi `warmoadgens n. v. leontievis erTmoqmede-
biani vodevilis (`Шапка невидимка~) Targman-gadmokeTebas~
(gamezardaSvili 1956: 344).
4
(gv. 55) `nunuas mususi~ _ Rvinis gadametebulad moyvar-
267
uli (nunua: CCvilT eniT Rvino... _ CubinaSvili 1961: 321;
nunua: igivea, rac Rvino _ qegl 1958: 1520).
5
(gv. 55) `gamohyavs m e v a q s e!~ _ g. erisTavis mier gad-
mokeTebul piesaSi mTavari gmiri TaTua (nacvlad molier-
iseuli tyis mWreli sganarelisa) vaqss _ tyavis fexsacmlis
gasawmend-gasaprialebel sacxs _ amzadebs da sakuTar duqan-
Si yidis [`ZalaT eqimi~ pirvelad 1866 wels Jurnal `ciskar-
Si~ (#7, gv. 1-34) gamoqveynda mTargmnelis miuTiTeblad].
6
(gv. 55) `rom. favl.~ _ es is roman (romanoz) favleniSvili
unda iyos, romelzec sofrom mgalobliSvils uweria: `[sof.
tyviavSi mcxovrebi iase ramanis-Ze favleniSvilis] ojaxi
gaTqmuli iyo ganaTlebiTac, Svilebi socialist-xalxos-
nebi iyvnen. erTi Svili misi, studenti ramani, daWerili
iyo peterburgSi, cixeSi daWleqda, rogorc iyo avadmyofi
daixsnes da saxlSi eRirsa sikvdili~ (mgalobliSvili 1938:
178). Tbilisis guberniis JandarmTa sammarTvelos mier
Sedgenili revolucioner-xalxosanTa erT-erTi siis mixed-
viT, peterburgis samedicino akademiis studenti, aznau-
ri roman favleniSvili, romelsac kursi ar dausrulebia,
1877 wlis 10 maiss gardacvlila [TavamaiSvili 1974: 72;
sxvaTa Soris, imave siaSi r. favleniSvils mosdevs dim. yi-
fianis qaliSvili _ elene yifiani-lorTqifaniZe, romel-
sac xalxosnur moZraobaSi monawileobisTvis 1000 maneTi
daakisres (TavamaiSvili 1974: 72). xalxosnur moZraobaSi
monawileobdnen dimitris danarCeni Svilebic: nikoloz da
kote yifianebi. kotes Tavdapirvelad sacxovrebeli adgi-
lidan (im dros qviSxeTSi cxovrobda) gausvlelobis xelw-
erili daadebines (TavamaiSvili 1974: 73), Semdeg ki erTTvi-
ani patimroba miusajes (SveliZe 1960: 167; mgalobliSvili
1914), nikolozi policiis meTvalyureobis qveS imyofeboda
(SveliZe 1960: 167); imave mizeziT represiebi Seexo elenes
qmars _ anton lor-TqifaniZes (SveliZe 1960: 167). yovelive
amis gamo elene da anton lorTqifaniZe-ebi, agreTve, nik. yi-
268
fiani quTaisis saTavadaznauro skolis sabWodan garicxes
[am sakiTxze mefisnacvlis mTavarsammarTvelos ufrosis,
petre peSCurovis, 1880 wlis 17 noembris werili (Tqveni
Svilebi da siZe adre danaSaulebrivi politikuri organ-
izaciis wevrebi iyvnen, axlac politikurad arakeTilsaime-
doni arian, maTi darCena skolis sabWoSi SeuZlebelia da
iZulebiTi zomebi rom ar dagvWirdes, mefisnacvalma [mix-
eil nikolozis Zem], romelmac peterburgidan saTanado
cnobebi miiRo, damavala gadmogceT konfidencialuri Tx-
ovna, daarwmunoT Tqveni Svilebi da siZe, nebayoflobiT
datovon sabWo] da dim. yifianis pasuxi (gulaxdilad unda
giTxraT, rom es ymawviluri gataceba iyo, am adamianebis
zneoba da saxeli dRemde umwikvloa da moCvenebiTi sinamd-
viled ar unda warmovaCinoT) ix. Cxetia 1947: 361-362.
7
(gv. 56) `gacruvdeboda, gaSlurdeboda~ _ gawbildebo-
da, gamosuleldeboda (Slu: `Wkuanaklebi~ (saba), suleli,
regveni... _ qegl 1962: 1419).
8
(gv. 56) `nik. xudad.~ _ eqimi, sazogado da politikuri
moRvawe nikoloz xudadovi.
9
(gv. 56) àleq. qors.~ _ ?
10
(gv. 56) `yif-nis qalebma...~ _ igulisxmebian elene dimi-
tris asuli, mariam (maSo) ivanes asuli da man[ana(?)] qoCos
asuli yifianebi.
11
(gv. 56) èle. dim-is asulma~ _ elene dimitri yifianis as.
lorTqifaniZe.
12
(gv. 56) `mar. iva-s asulma~ _ msaxiobi mariam (maSo) ivanes
as. yifiani.
13
(gv. 56) `man. qoC. asulma~ _ manana (?) qoCos asuli [yifi-
ans] unda niSnavdes.
14
(gv. 57) `kikn.~ _ kiknaZe (?).
15
(gv. 57) `mar. da sof. tat-s asulni~ _ `mar.~ _ mariams,
`sof.~ _ sofios, xolo `tat-s~ tatiSvils unda niSnavdes.
16
(gv. 57) `gior. abaS.~ _ msaxiobi. 1882 wlis `droeba~ iuw-
269
yeboda _ 15 dekembers arwrunis TeatrSi `T. giorgi abaSiZis
debiutisaTvis qarTuli dramatiuli dasisagan warmodge-
nili iqneba~ g. sundukianis `pepo~ da `mejlisi~ _ òperetka~
italieli momRerlebiT (droeba 1882). SesaZlebelia, es g.
abaSiZe iyos XVIII s. qarTlis samefos politikuri moRvaw-
is vaxuSti abaSiZisa da anuka vaxtang VI-is as. batoniSvilis
STamomavali giorgi abaSiZe, romelmac 1889 w. `wera-kiTx-
vis gamavrcelebeli sazogadoebis~ biblioTekas anuka ba-
toniSvilis `mziTvis wigni~ gadasca (iveria 1889).
17
(gv. 57) `nik. yifi.~ _ nikoloz dimitris Ze yifiani.
daviT aleqsandres Zes miqelaZes (gv. 59-60)
nabeWdi: `droeba~, 1 ivnisi, 1879, #113.

saTauri: T. daviT aleqsandres Zes miqelaZes.
TariRi da adgili: 29 maisi, 1879. tfilisi.
xelmowera: dim. yifiani.
dim. yifianis werilis adresati daviT (daTa) aleqsan-

dres Ze miqelaZe (1843-1918), TvalsaCino figuraa XIX s. II nax-
evrisa da XX s. dasawyisis qarTul sazogadoebriv da lit-
eraturul cxovrebaSi. igi iyo Jurnalisti, publicisti,
mwerali, sazogado moRvawe. quTaisis gimnaziis damTavreb-
is Semdeg swavlobda jer peterburgis, Semdeg parizis uni-
versitetebSi, Tumca arc erTi ar daumTavrebia. `mamebisa~
da `Svilebis~ brZolis monawile, samocianelTa Tanamoazre
da TanamebrZoli. `meveles~ (es misi ZiriTadi fsevdonimia),
`d. zurabisSvilis~, `kulaSelisa~ da sxv. fsevdonimiT qar-
Tul presaSi (ìveria~, `droeba~, àkakis krebuli~, `cnobis
furceli~ da sxv.) aqveynebda sxvadasxva xasiaTis (ZiriTa-
dad, publicistur) Txzulebebs. 1873 w. parizSi n. nikolaZ-
esa da p. izmailovTan erTad gamoscemda emigrantul heqto-
270
grafiul gazeT `droSas~ (ix. SaraZe 2001: 3-13). 1873-1874
ww., didad mniSvnelovani figura iyo gazeT `droebaSi~,
90-ian ww. aqtiurad TanamSromlobda ìveriaSi~ (lasxiSvi-
li 1992: 90-94). 1879 w. quTaisSi gazeT `rionis~ gamocema
surda, Tumca xelisuflebisgan nebarTva ver miiRo (tabiZe
1986a: 136-139).
1895 w. daviT miqelaZe sacxovreblad gadavida quTaisSi,
sadac muSaobda Savi qvis mrewvelTa sabWoSi (1900 wlidan),
xolo 1910-1916 ww. iyo quTaisis saTavadaznauro-saadgil-
mamulo bankis direqtori. Targmna da 1908 w. quTaisSi ga-
mosca lev tolstois `meufeba wyvdiadisa~ (l. tolstoisa
da d. miqelaZis mimoweris Sesaxeb ix. gozaliSvili 1990: 261-
264). d. miqelaZis piesa `xafangi~ 1901 w. zestafonSi dadges
(yvirilis-pireli 1901; s-Ze 1901).
daviT miqelaZe gardaicvala quTaisSi, iqve, mwvaney-
vavilazea dakrZaluli (d. miqelaZeze ix. agreTve: caiSvili
1962: 23-31; maRraZe 1963; TavberiZe 2009; CxeiZe 2011: 32-45).
1
(gv. 59) `mesma ambavi Tqven ormocis samasTan Sebmisa da
maTi gamarjvebisa~ _ quTaisis saTavadaznauro-saadgilmam-
ulo bankis 1879 wlis april-maisis yrilobaze zedamxedvel-
ma komitetma dasva sakiTxi, gadaedoT òrasiode maneTi ori
glexikacis SvilisTvisa Sesasruleblad swavlisa ruseT-
is umaRles saswavlebelSida~. am ideas daupirispirda da
iniciatorebs usayvedura advokatma mixeil daraxveliZem,
romelsac yrilobis monawileTa umravlesobam dauWira mx-
ari, `magram RvTis madliTa da ganaTlebis wyalobiTa, ver
daimonava am borotma sulma zogierTi keTilSobilni da
gonierni axalgazrdani, romelTac daviT miqelaZis piriTa
moaxsenes pir-da-pir ganrisxebul sazogadoebasa Semdgomi:
_ Cven gvrcxvenia, batonebo, rom amisTana sayveduri war-
moiTqva am Cven keTilSobil sazogadoebaSi mixail darax-
veliZisagana, romelsac ase daufiqreblad TanaugrZnobs
271
Tavad-aznauroba... am sayvedursa Tqven ucxadebT zedamxed-
vel komitetsa orasi maneTis Taobazed, romelic mas miu-
wodebia oriode glexikacis SvilisaTvis, romelTac das-
WirebiaT amgvari Sewevna swavlis Sesasruleblad im maRal
saswavlebelSi, sadamdinac miuxweviaT imaT TavianTi beji-
TobiTa da SromiTa. _ sircxvilia, batonebo, es; sircxvili
keTilSobil sazogadoebisaTvis esredi sayveduri amgvari
saqmisaTvis! aTasi weliwadi muqTad gvemsaxureboda, muqTad
gvarCenda Cven es glexkacoba Tavis ofliTa, da Tqven, keT-
ilSobilno, ase dastiriT im oras maneTsa, romelic mTeli
Cveni sazogadoebis mxriTa daxarjula am glexi kacis Svil-
zeda, im Cvenive mamulis Svilzeda! sircxvilia es, batone-
bo, sircxvili Cveni sazogadoebisaTvis!..~
gadawyda kenWisyra. `daraxveliZem gaimarjva samasi ken-
WiTa. daviT miqelaZisagan gamocxadebul namdvil keTilSo-
bilur grZnobasa amouvida mxolod ormociode kenWi...~
`droebis~ anonimi avtoris TqmiT, `Tu naZrax sicocxle-
sa sjobiao saxelovani sikvdili, mixeil daraxveliZis sa-
sircxo gamarjvebasa aTasjer ufro unda sjobdes da kidec
sjobia daviT miqelaZis saxelovani damarcxeba.
gamarjvebul sardalsa xelSi eWira droSa, romelzedac
ewera Savis melniTa: `keTilSobilis da glexis Sua ukav-
Sirobao!~
damarcxebul sardals eWira xelSi droSa, romelzedac
brwyinvale da naTeli asoebiTa ewera: `keTilSobil da
glex Sua Zmobao da mamulis yovel sazogado saqmeSi erTad
hyofnao!~ _
sakvirveli iyo! advokati mixeil daraxveliZe, aznauriS-
vili, TiTqo Takilobdao glexi kaci Svilis garevasa Cven
keTilSobilebis sazogadoebaSi, maSin rodesac TavadiSvi-
li daviT miqelaZe, Ruberniis marSlad namyofi kacis Svi-
li, Zmurad xels uSverda glex kacobasa, da TiTqo eubnebo-
da keTilSobilur maRal-grZnobiTa am glex kacis Svilsa:
272
èrTad, Zmao, erTad sicocxle da sikvdilio!~ (droeba
1879a; sxvaTa Soris, am yrilobazeve dadga sakiTxi quTaisis
saTavadaznauro-saadgilmamulo bankis mmarTvelad dim. yi-
fianis arCevis Sesaxeb, Tumca yrilobis monawile nikoloz
yifianma ganacxada: `mamaCemisgan me maqvs mondobili gan-
vacxado Tanxmoba, an uTanxmoeba mis kandidataT wamoyene-
baze. imas ara hsurs, rom misi kandidaturis wamoyenebiT
raime ukmayofileba mohxdes TqvenSi da ganxeTqileba. ar
hsurs mas kenWi iyaros...~ _ WiWinaZe 1879; airCies nik. Ro-
RoberiZe – T.j.).
dim. yifianis winamdebare teqsti gamoxmaurebaa am òrmo-
cis samasTan Sebmisa~ da òrmocis~ moraluri gamarjvebisa.
ramdenime dReSi `droebis~ furclebze daviT miqelaZem
upasuxa dim. yifians da es pasuxi aq srulad mogvyavs:
`mowyaleo xelmwifeo!
wuTieri gamarjveba, umravlesobis ugunurebazed
waqezeba da miT saxelis mopoveba, araodes ar swerebu-
la Cvens droSazed.
Cven, marTalia, damarcxebuli varT dRes, amgvarive
damarcxeba mogvelis iqneba xvalac, magram umaRlesi
da ukeTilSobilesi principi ki Cvensken aris! Cven
vemsaxurebiT im azrs, rom sazogadoebaSi Zmoba da sa-
marTlianoba damyardes. darwmunebuli varT, vinc ki
namdvilad qveynisaTvis gulis Sematkivaria, vinc saqa-
rTvelos eris bednierebas hfiqrobs, _ imaT Cveni mxare
uWiravT. es bevria SemdegisaTvis.
Tavad-aznaurobam, zogierTi wvrilmani egoisteb-
is wyalobiT, iseTi danaSauloba Caidina, romlis
gaadvileba SeuZlebelia. man ver gamoiCina _ rogorc
mSvenivrad brZanebT Tqven _ verc qristianuli grZno-
ba, verc mamulis Sviloba, verc erTgvarovnobis da Zmo-
bis megobroba, rodesac Tavis sastik gadawyvetilebas
adgenda.
273
davsZen mec: Tavad-aznaurobam ver gamoiCina is mcire
gagebac, romelic daanaxvebda mas, Tu rogori saWiro
da sasargeblo aris TiTon misTvis Zmurad xelis mi-
wodeba xalxisTvis.
sazogadoeba, romelsac TiTo-or-ori kaci ar eyole-
ba, romelTac amgvari samwuxaro SemTxvevebis dros See-
Zlos aRamaRlos Tavisi xma da pir-uTnevelad uTxras
am gza-dabneul sazogadoebas WeSmariteba, aseTi qveya-
na jojoxeTad gadaiqceoda da xalxi Sid mcxovrebi mx-
ecebaT! magram jer Cveni saqme aqamdis ar misula.
bednieri varT, rom sworeT Tqven, romelsac erTob
kargaT gicnobsT Cveni samSoblo erT-guli moRvaweobi-
saTvis mraval-gvar saqveyno asparezzed; Tqven, romel-
sac yovelTvis gekuTvnodaT axalgazdobis TanagrZno-
ba da Rrma pativis-cema, gamoCndiT gamomafxizlebelad
im wodebisa, romlisganac TiTon Tqven gamosulxarT.
vin icis, iqneba is kedeli, romelic ase xelovnurad
aRages zogierTTa CvenTa amxanagTa Cvensa da Tav-
ad-aznaurobis umravlesobis Soris, vin icis, vambob me,
iqneba es kedeli Tqveni pativcemuli xmis win daingres
samudamoT? xSirad erTi kaci aTas kacad Rirs da erTi
sityva _ aTi aTas sityvaT!
darwmunebuli var, sworeT es Zvirfasi sityva iqmna
warmoTqmuli Tqvengan am SemTxvevaSi.
Tqveni maradis erTguli
daviT miqelaZe.
1879 w. 2 ivniss. sof. kulaSi~ (miqelaZe 1879).
dasasrul, imasac davsZenT, rom `droebis~ zemoT damow-

mebul publikaciaSi (droeba 1879a) naxsenebi `Ruberniis
[Tavadaznaurobis] marSlad namyofi~ mama daviT miqelaZi-
sa iyo gvardiis polkovniki aleqsandre miqelaZe, romelic
quTaisis guberniis Tavadaznaurobis winamZRoli (`marSa-
274
li~) iyo 1864-1867 wlebSi da romelic 1875 wlis 23 dekem-
bers kulaSidan paTetikuri weriliT ulocavs dim. yifians
Tbilisis qalaqis Tavad arCevas (vimowmebT srulad):
`Tqveno aRmatebulebav
dimitri ivanes Zev!
dRes miviRe konstantine mamacovis wigni, romelic
mwers Tqvens aRrCevazed tfilisis qalaqis Tavad. me ar
SemeZlo gavCumebulviyav esreTis sanetaro qarTvel-
TaTvis SemTxuvevazed, amisTvis vkadniereb mogilocoT
es axali darwmuneba moqalaqeTa Tqvenzed. Tumca esre-
Tis darwmunebiTa Tqven saqarTveloSid siyrmidganve
sargeblobdiT, da WeSmaritaTca gekuTvnodaT viTarca
erdgulsa mamulis Svilsa da Semosilsa yovlis kac-
Tadmi sakuTvnelis RirsebaebiTa aqsios! aqsios! aqsios!
da vsTxov uzenaessa arsebasa ganagrZos welni cxovre-
bisa Tqvenisani, romelTa namyofsa keTilsa, romelsac
esred mtkiced aqus garTuli misi TqvenSid, dascaldes
gamoReba sasargebloT mamulisa Tqvenisa da ZeTa misTa
da miT ukvdav iqmnes sakuTrad saxeli Tqveni. `romelni
esven ufalsa, wyaloba gare moadges~.
davSTebi Tqvenis aRmatebulebis
uumorCilesi mosamsaxure
T-di a. miqelaZe
21 dekemberi. 1875 w.
s. kulaSi~ (xec. dim. yifianis arq., saq. #1490; iqvea
dim. yifianis minaweri: `23 dek. 1875. pasuxi imave
dRes~).
275
`meomarT col-SvilisaTvis sazrunveli
sazogadoebis~ gamo (gv. 61-62)
nabeWdi: `droeba~, 30 oqtomberi, 1879, #224.

saTauri: ufalo redaqtoro!
TariRi da adgili: 26 oqtombers. [1879]. sof. qviSxeTi.
xelmowera: dimitri yifiani.
vaTariRebT pirvelnabeWdis mixedviT. dasaTaureba Cvenia.
dim. yifianis es werili aris pasuxi `droebaSive~ gamo-

qveynebuli teqstisa (vimowmebT srulad):
`SarSan zamTarSi, rodesac omianobis Semdeg amdeni
qvriv-oxeri da gaWirebuli darCa, sxvaTa Soris Tfil-
isSiac Sesdga kerZo sazogadoeba am `meomarT gaWire-
bul col-SvilTa Sesawevnelad~. Tu ar vcdebiT, am sa-
zogadoebis Tavs-mjdomared amorCeuli iyo maSindeli
qalaqis Tavi pativcemuli d. i. yifiani, imis amxanagad
uf. modzalevski da sazogadoebis sekretrad uf. iz-
mailovi. sazogadoeba agrovebda fuls Tavis miznisaT-
vis, wevrebs dauriges dabeWdili kruJkebi da davTrebi
da sxva. mas aqeT am sazogadoebis sruliad ara ismis-ra.
arsad ar SevxvedrivarT am sazogadoebisagan gamoce-
mul Tavis moqmedebis angariSsa _ Tu ramdeni moagro-
va iman fuli da ramdeni dauriga meomarTa gaWirebul
ojaxebs Tavis miznis aRsasruleblad. Cvenis azriT,
rigi da wesi iyo, rom sazogadoebis gamgeobas angar-
iSi gamoecxadebina da Seetyobiebia Tavisi moqmedeba
im pirTaTvis, romelTac imas am qvel saqmeSi xeli mou-
marTes...~ (droeba 1879b).
sxvaTa Soris, 1876 wlis 24 maisidan dim. yifiani iyo
agreTve `daWril da avadmyof jariskacebze mzrunveli
sazogadoebis~ kavkasiis saolqo mmarTvelobis wevri
276
(xec. dim. yifianis arq., saq. #37, f. 1) da 1879 wlis 5 ivniss
mas am organizaciam wiTeli jvris niSani uboZa [mowmoba
(Свидетельство) ix. xec. dim. yifianis arq., saq. #37, f. 1].
1
(gv. 61) `1877-Si rom omi gamocxadda...~ _ igulisxmeba
ruseT-osmaleTis 1877-1978 ww. omi, romelSic gaimarjva
ruseTma da am gamarjvebis Sedegad saqarTvelos Tavisi is-
toriuli nawilebi (aWara, SavSeTi, klarjeTi, imerxevi, ko-
la-artaani, olTisi...) daubrunda.
2
(gv. 61) ùf. gubernatoris uwyebiT da SemweobiT...~ _
1877 wels, roca ruseT-osmaleTis omi daiwyo, Tbilisis gu-
bernatori iyo baroni maqsimilian osten-sakeni.
3
(gv. 61) `Cems amxanagad...~ _ àmxanagi~ aq `moadgiles~ niSnavs.
4
(gv. 61) `kassirad~ _ `molared~ (rus. кассир _ molare).
5
(gv. 61) `sekretrad~ _ `mdivnad~ (rus. секретарь _ mdivani).
6
(gv. 61) `xelmwifa didma mTavrina olga feodorovnam...~
_ kavkasiis mefisnacval mixeil nikolozis Zis meuRle olga
Teodores asuli.
7
(gv. 62) `...zanganakebic, ese igi, kruJkebic~ _ `zan-
ganaki~ _ ?; `kruJka~ (rus. кружка) _ yulaba.
niko nikolaZis sapasuxod (gv. 63-65)
xelnaweri:
#96. Savi. avtografi. rusul enaze. f. 2.
nabeWdi: `Кавказ~, 16 noemberi, 1879, #249.
saTauri: Письмо к редактору [werili redaqtors].
TariRi da adgili: 14 noemberi 1879. sof. qviSxeTi.
xelmowera: Дим. Кипиани.
winamdebare tomSi gadmoRebulia pirvelnabeWdi. da-
277
saTaureba Cvenia (xelnaweris Savis saTauria _ `Господину
редактору газеты `Кавказ~).
1
(gv. 63) `...redaqtors~ _ gazeT `kavkazis~ redaqtor-ga-
momcemeli am dros iyo eTnografi da Jurnalisti nikoloz
ilias Ze voronovi.
2
(gv. 63) `n. i. nikolaZis statiis sapasuxod~ _ igulisxme-
ba n. nikolaZis statia `Деятельность Тифлисской думы (письмо к
редактору `Кавказа~)~ [`tfilisis saTaTbiros saqmianoba (wer-
ili `kavkazis~ redaqtors~)], romelic gazeT `kavkazis~ 1879
wlis 13 noembris 247-e nomerSi gamoqveynda da romelSic
mwvaved aris gakritikebuli rogorc zogadad Tbilisis sa-
TaTbiro, ise saTaTbiros calkeuli wevrebi (unda iTqvas,
rom n. nikolaZis am werilSi dim. yifiani naxsenebi ar aris).
3
(gv. 63) `rogorc Tbilisis saTaTbiros xmosans~ _ dim. yi-
fiani 1875 w. dekembridan 1879 w. ianvramde Tbilisis qala-
qis Tavi iyo. amis Semdeg igi erTxans Tbilisis saTaTbiros
xmosnad darCa.
4
(gv. 64) ètc, etc, etc~ (laT.) _ da a. S. da a. S.
5
(gv. 64) `12 000 kvadratuli saJeni miwis eqspropri-
aciis ufleba~ _ èqspropriaciaSi~ aq igulisxmeba miwis
CamorTmeva sasyidliT (saTanado anazRaurebiT), `saJeni~ ki
Zv. rusuli sigrZis sazomi erTeulia; udrida 2 metrsa da
13,36 santimetrs.
`qarTuli saTeatro amxanagobis~ Sesaxeb (66-68)
nabeWdi:
`Обзор~, 28 Tebervali, 1880, #433.
n. nikolaZe. TxzulebaTa sruli krebuli. d. gamezardaS-
vilis redaqciiTa da SeniSvnebiT. t. VIII (1880-1883 ww.).
quTaisi: sagamomcemlo centri quTaisi. 2003, gv. 89-90.
saTauri: `Милостивый государь, Николай Яковлевич!~ (`mowyaleo
278
xelmwifev, nikoloz iakobis Zev!~).
TariRi: 27 Tebervali 1880 w.
CarTulia gaz. òbzorSi~ niko nikolaZis mier xelmou-

werlad gamoqveynebul werilSi `Грузинский театральный
комитет~ (`qarTuli Teatraluri komiteti~) (nikolaZe 1880a;
nikolaZe 2003: 84-94).
teqsti gadmogvaqvs n. nikolaZis TxzulebaTa VIII tomidan
(mTargmnelis vinaoba publikaciaSi miTiTebuli ar aris).
dasaTaureba Cvenia.
1
(gv. 66) `nikoloz iakobis Zev~ _ igulisxmeba gazeT òb-
zoris~ redaqtor-gamomcemeli niko nikolaZe.
2
(gv. 66) òbzorsa~ da `tiflisski vestnikSi~ moTavsebu-
li statiebis gamo~ _ avtors mxedvelobaSi aqvs:
a) n. nikolaZis mier gazeT òbzorSi~ gamoqveynebuli se-
ria werilebisa `Грузинский театральный комитет~ (nikolaZe
1880b; nikolaZe 1880g; nikolaZe 1880d; gagrZelda dim. yifi-
anis winamdebare teqstis gamoqveynebis Semdegac: nikolaZe
1880e; sxvaTa Soris, dim. yifiani iyo n. nikolaZis òbzoris~
damfuZnebeli `sagamomcemlo amxanagobis~ wevri _ ix. ma-
Wavariani 1954: 155; nikolaZe 1966: 643).
b) gazeT `tifliski vestnikSi~ (`Тифлисский вестник~) gamo-
qveynebuli xelmouwereli werili `tfilisi, 23 Tebervals~
(tifliski vestnik 1880).
dasaxelebul werilebSi saubaria `Tbilisis Teatralur
komitetSi~ (unda iyos: `qarTuli saTeatro amxanagoba~) Se-
qmnil viTarebasa da, maT Soris, dim. yifianis mier protes-
tis niSnad `komitetis~ datovebaze.
3
(gv. 66) `gazeT `droebis~ guSindel nomerSi moaTavses
koleqtiuri werili...~ _ igulisxmeba `droebaSi~ 1880 w.
26 Tebervals (#44) dabeWdili werili, romlis adresatia
279
`tifliski vestnikis~ imdroindeli droebiTi redaqtori
giorgi Ciqovani (Временный редактор Чикоани):
`b-no redaqtoro!
dRevandels `Tfilisis moambis~ [`Тифлисский вестник~
_ T. j.] nomerSi dabeWdilia statia, rom pativcemuli
dimitri ivanes-Ze yifiani gamobZanda qarTuli saTe-
atro komitetidamao im mizezisa gamo, rom misgan war-
modgenili T. mixeil bebuTovi komitetma Tavis wevrad
ar Caricxao.
radganac qarTuli saTeatro komiteti ar arsebobs
da aris mxolod qarTuli saTeatro amxanagoba da xsen-
ebuli gazeTis cnoba usaTuod am amxanagobas Seexeba,
amisaTvis gTxovT Tqvens pativcemuls gazeTSi gamoacx-
adoT Semdegi gardawyvetileba amxanagobisa: marTalia,
bat. d. i. yifianma warmoadgina amxanagobaSi misaRebad
T. mixeil bebuTovi; marTalia, warmodgenileba d. i. yi-
fianisa ar Seiwynara amxanagobam da isic marTalia, rom
d. i. yifianma sityviT gamoacxada amxanagobidam gavdi-
varo. vidre TviTon pativcemuli d. i. yifiani ar moi-
wadinebs, rom samwuxaro garemoeba sazogadoebisagan
garCeuli iqmnas da am wadils beWediT ar gamohsTqvams,
im dromde qarTuli saTeatro amxanagoba ar miaqcevs
araviTars yuradRebas im Worebs, romelsac, imedia,
Cveni gazeTebi am saganzed gamarTven. xolo roca Tvi-
Ton bat. yifiani moiwadinebs, rom am saqmis garemoe-
bam sazogadoebis yuramde miaRwios, maSin amxanagoba
movaled CasTvlis Tavis Tavs yoveliferi jerovanis
sabuTebiT acnobos sazogadoebasa Tqvenis, batono
redaqtoro, pativcemulis gazeTis SemweobiT.
ilia WavWavaZe, nikoloz avaliSvili,
T. daviT erisTavi, i. maCabeli, d. sara-
jovi, g. TumaniSvili, i. baqraZe~ (dro-
eba 1880a).
280
4
(gv. 67) `miRebuli wesiT wesdebis damtkicebamde Cveni
komitetis personals Seesrulebina amxanagobis funqciebi~
_ Teatralur moRvaweTa mier 1878 wels Seiqmna `saTeatro
komiteti~ (Tavmjdomare _ dim. yifiani, wevrebi: i. baqraZe,
n. avaliSvili, g. TumaniSvili, p. umikaSvili, al. sarajiS-
vili, ar. quTaTelaZe _ ix. gersamia 2011: 135). 1879 wels
`komiteti~ `qarTul saTeatro amxanagobad~ gadakeTda
(daematnen: i. WavWavaZe, d. erisTavi, iv. maCabeli) da Tavm-
jdomared isev dim. yifiani darCa.
dim. yifiani am saqmes 1880 wlis TebervalSi Camoscilda
(ix. momdevno komentari).
teqstSi naxsenebi `wesdebis~ proeqti Seadgina n.
nikolaZem, saboloo redaqciis SemuSavebaSi ki monawileo-
ba miiRes dim. yifianma da i. WavWavaZem (gomarTeli 1966: 127;
kavkasiis mefisnacvlis, mixeil nikolozis Zis, mier damt-
kicebuli wesdebis teqsti ix.: droeba 1881a; droeba 1881b).
`qarTuli saTeatro amxanagobis~ saqmianoba sabolood
1881 w. 18 (30) ianvars `qarTuli dramatiuli sazogadoeb-
is~ daarsebiT dagvirgvinda [Tavmjdomare _ ilia WavWavaZe,
Tavmjdomaris amxanagi (moadgile) _ akaki wereTeli, xazi-
nadari _ giorgi TumaniSvili, mdivani _ kote yifiani (dro-
eba 1881g)]. `sazogadoeba~ `saqarTveloSi sabWoTa xelisu-
flebis damyarebamde qarTuli Teatris saqmes meTaurobda,
xelmZRvanelobas uwevda da ganagebda~ (gersamia 2011: 136;
`qarTuli dramatiuli sazogadoebis~ Sesaxeb ix.: kiknaZe
1981; janeliZe 1990: 262-276).
5
(gv. 68) `Cemi winadadeba uaryofil iqna umravlesobiT _
Svididan eqvsi xmiT~ _ `qarTuli saTeatro amxanagobidan~
dim. yifianis wasvlis mizezebi `droebaSi~ asea ganmartebuli:
`[1880 wlis 21 Tebervals] d. i. yifianma Semoitana
sami winadadeba: 1) deklamaciis da diqciis klassebi,
romelic imas winad saWirod dainaxa amxanagobam, mo-
spobil iqmnaso; 2) òjaxis asulis~ avtors g. wereTels
281
aTi Tumani jildo mivceTo da 3) T. mixeil bebuTovi amx-
anagobis wevrad miviRoTo. amxanagobam arc erTi wina-
dadeba ar Seiwynara ... maSin d. i. yifianma gamoacxada,
rom amas iqiT TqvenTan yofna ar SemiZliano da maSinve
wabZanda. Tumca zogni gahyvnen da hsTxoves dabruneba,
magram aRar ineba~ (erTi amxanagTagani 1880; ix. agreTve:
obzor 1880).
rac Seexeba giorgi wereTlisaTvis premiis miniWebas, `sa-
Teatro amxanagobis~ sxdomaze am sakiTxs dim. yifiani im gad-
awyvetilebis safuZvelze dasvamda, romelic àmxanagobam~
aRniSnul incidentamde cota xniT adre miiRo: `qarTulis
Teatris amxanagoba amiT acxadebs, rom yovels avtors, visi
piesac scenazed Rirseulad aRmoCndeba, miecema Semweoba
aT Tumnamdin...~ (droeba 1880b); iniciatori premiis daarse-
bisa iyo dim. yifiani, xolo premia pirvelad, nacvlad dim.
yifianis mier dasaxelebuli g. wereTlisa, àmxanagobam~ avq.
cagarels mianiWa piesisaTvis `rac ginaxavs, veRar naxav~
(gersamia 2011: 133).
6
(gv. 68) `gulze xeli daideT da ise TqviT ... davrCenili-
yavi amgvari amxanagobis SemadgenlobaSi?~ _ kursiviT aR-
niSnuli es monakveTi teqstisa aris pirvelnabeWdSi, Tumca
gamorCenilia n. nikolaZis TxzulebaTa VIII tomSi. Cven Tav-
dapirveli viTareba aRvadgineT.
pasuxi vladimer miqelaZes (gv. 69-71)
nabeWdi: `droeba~, 5 oqtomberi, 1880, #210.

TariRi da adgili: 29 seqt[emberi]. sof. qviSxeTi.
282
dasaTaureba Cvenia.
1880 wels peterburgSi Seiqmna niko dadian-mingrelskis
memkvidreobiTi qonebis (maioratis) gamomrkvevi droebiTi
saxelmwifo komisia, romelSic dim. yifiani, rogorc wleb-
is ganmavlobaSi samegrelos samTavro ojaxis mamulebisa da
qonebis meurve da, amdenad, sakiTxSi safuZvlianad garkveu-
li piri, wevrad miiwvies. xelfasi rom daeniSnaT, igi for-
malurad saxelmwifo qonebis saministroSi gaaformes.
1880-1882 ww. dim. yifiani orjer imyofeboda peterburgSi,
Tumca xelfasis saqme biurokratiul labirinTebSi gaix-
larTa da didi wvalebisa da vnebaTaRelvis Semdeg igi 1882
wlis ivnisSi daviT CubinaSvilisagan nasesxebi fuliT dab-
runda Sin. am Temaze dim. yifians uweria Tavis `memuareb-
Si~ (yifiani 1990: 85-96; sakiTxis Sesaxeb ix. agreTve: yifi-
ani 2012: 261-273; dokumenturi masala ix.: xec. dim. yifianis
arq., saq. ##490-504; mimowera komisiis mdivan T. smirnovsa
da dim. yifians Soris ix. iqve, saq. ##792, 793, 1628-1631).
dim. yifianis winamdebare teqsti swored am komisias ex-
eba da warmoadgens pasuxs publicist vladimer miqelaZis
werilze `samegrelos saqmeebi~ (miqelaZe 1880a), romelSic
avtori wers: `samegrelos ukanaskneli mTavris Svilma niko
dadianma, mingrelskim, megrelebs tyavis gaZroba moundoma:
mTel Tavad-aznaurobas dauwyo mamulebis Taobazed dava...
exla, rogorc gvesmis... raRac komisia daniSnula n. mingrel-
skis mamulebis cnobaSi mosayvanad. amboben, komisias ufleba
aqvso, samsajuloebis gadawyvetilebis darRvevisao da sa-
kuTrebis gansazRvrisao... radgan es komisia niko mingrel-
skis TaosnobiT aris gamogzavnili, amisaTvis sagulisxmoa,
rom is mTavris Svilis interesebis damfarveli iyos... bat.
dimitri yifiani monawileobas miiRebs am komisiaSi; urigo
ar iqneba namdvilad agvixsnas da Segvatyobinos _ Tu ra mi-
zani aqvs komisias da ra safuZvelzed unda iqnes damyarebu-
li imis muSaoba. Cven visurvebT mxoloT, rom samegrelois
283
Tavad-aznaurebis interesebi iqnes kanonierad daculi da
xel-uxlebi~.
dim. yifianis pasuxs vl. miqelaZem kidev erTi weriliT
upasuxa _ `b. dimitri yifians~ (miqelaZe 1880b): `me imas ar
vityvi, rom Tqven saqarTvelo ar giyvardesT; magram me
veravin damajerebs, rom Tqven, winandel STamomavlobis
Svilebs, ufro SegtkivodesT guli Cvenis qveynis bedze da
ubedobaze, vidre Cven _ am drois Svilebs. Tqven sazoga-
dod dids raRac vals gvamadliT, TiTqo didi ram moRvawe-
oba migiZRodesT samSoblos winaSe. bevri vsZebneT Cvens
wasrul cxovrebaSi, magram Tqvengan gakeTebuli `bevri~
vera vnaxeT-ra; roca Cven cxovrebaSi fexi SevdgiT, Tqveni
namoqmedari ara gvipovnia-ra... [mamulisadmi] Tqveni erT-
gulebis nayofi aqamomde ar gvinaxavs, awi ki saeWvoa: drom
sxva moTxovnilebani moitana, sxva mimarTulebisa da sxva
Zal-Ronis kacebs Txoulobs...~ dasasrul, vl. miqelaZe iro-
niulad dasZens: `roca kommisiam muSaoba daiwyos, Tqven
kommisiis namoqmedis angariSi warudgineT sazogadoebas,
da daifareT is usafuZvlo hazris Sedgenisagan. amiTi
daimsaxurebT Tqven madlobas gansakuTrebiT megrelebi-
sas, romelTac, cota ar iyos, guli iWvneulaT aqvT Tqven-
zed Semdeg imisa, rac T. n. mingrelskis mamuls marTavdiT
da ara-naklebi erTguleba gamoiCineT megrelebisa, vidre
TviTan T. n. dadianma, albaT imisTvis, rom Cveni qveynis bed-
niereba gwaddaT~.
dim. yifianis werilis adresati vladimer simonis Ze

miqelaZe (1856-1926) iyo poeti, kritikosi, publicisti
(fsevd.: `daviwyebuli mwerali~, `vl. kulaSeli~ da sxv.),
pedagogi, sazogado moRvawe, Tbilisis sasoflo-sameurneo
bankis erT-erTi damaarsebeli da mmarTveli, i. WavWavaZesa
da n. nikolaZesTan daaxloebuli piri. misi nihilisturi
damokidebuleba dim. yifianisa da misi moRvaweobis mimarT,
284
Cans, axalgazrduli sificxis gamovlena da `mamebisa~ da
`Svilebis~ cnobili brZolis gviandeli gamoZaxilia. sinam-
dvileSi vl. miqelaZe mravalmxrivi moRvawe da gulwrfe-
li patrioti iyo da amis sailustraciod aq mxolod erT
magaliTs davimowmebT _ 1895 wels, Tbilisis saTavadaznau-
ro-saadgilmamulo bankis mmarTvelobis arCevnebze (aq igi
ilia WavWavaZes uWerda mxars) krebis erT-erTma monawilem
vl. miqelaZes `CvenTvis ucxo~ (e. i. imereTidan mosuli) uwo-
da. vl. miqelaZem am provokacias Rirseuli pasuxi gasca da
mis am pasuxs darbazi ovaciiTa da `vaSas~ ZaxiliT Sexvda:
`mTeli saqarTvelo Cemi qveyanaa. yvelgan maqvs alagi da
yvelgan gavCndebi, roca Cemi wminda movaleoba moiTxovs:
Cemi movaleobaa Cemi qveynis samsaxuri da sadac-ki qarTu-
li ena ismis, yvelgan Cemi qveyanaa, yvelgan movale var, Cemi
azri vTqva, Cemi Zala, Rone da codna msxverplad movitano...
imereTisa da qarTl-kaxeTis Sua gayris sazRvars ara vdeb:
iqac Cemi qveyanaa da aqac da yvelgan erTnairis ZaliT, Ron-
iT da surviliTa da mecadineobiT vimoqmedeb, Tu RmerTma
SemaZlebina. es aris Cemi saRmrTo movaleoba~ [iveria 1895a;
ilia WavWavaZis gamoxmaureba gankerZoebulobis gamomxat-
vel am `SemaZrwunebel~ (ilias Sefasebaa) faqtze (`...dee am
ukeTurma azrma iqve gaiTxaros Tavisi sakadrisi samare da
daimarxos, sadac daibada da akvani daidga~) ix. iveria 1895b].
aqve davimowmebT giorgi lasxiSvils, romelic qebiT ix-
seniebs vladimer miqelaZes, pozitiurad afasebs mis moR-
vaweobas, Tumca iqve dasZens: `saqmis safuZvlianad da Rrmad
Seswavla maincadamainc ar exerxeboda~ (lasxiSvili 1992:
246; vl. miqelaZeze ix. agreTve: sigua 1986; xuciSvili 1969:
118-122; miqaZe 1998: 142-144).
1
(gv. 69) `Tavsmjdomared aris daniSnuli saxelmwifo
qonebaT ministri da wevrebaT, sxvaTa Soris, ori wevri sax-
elmwifo rCevisa~ _ igulisxmebian komisiis Tavmjdomare
285
andrei liveni da komisiis wevrebi: pavle kluSini da egor
staricki (yifiani 1990: 85).
2
(gv. 69) `xelmwife imperatoris brZanebis aRsrulebas,
1867 da 1873 wlebSi rom gamovida~ _ igulisxmeba imperator
aleqsandre II-is brZanebebi samegrelos yofili samTavro
mamulebis niko dadian-mingrelskis sakuTrebaSi damtkice-
bis Sesaxeb. 1867 wlis brZanebis Sesaxeb dim. yifians uweria:
`1867-Si gadaswyda mengreliis mTavris saqme: srul-asakov-
anma Tavis nebiT dasTmo Tavisi wodeba da amisTvis xelmwife
imperatorma sakuTari mamuli saufrosod, saSviliSvilod
daumtkica da amas garda uboZa erTi milioni manaTi, _ romli-
saTvis, manamdisin Tavni miecemodes, xazinidam eZleva sargebe-
li xuTiaTasi Tumani _ 50 000 r[ubli]~ (yifiani 1869: 22).
3
(gv. 69) `dakrZalul qmniliyvnen~ _ daculi (Senaxuli)
yofiliyo (dakrZalva: gafrTxileba, dacva, Senaxva... _ abu-
laZe 1973: 112; dakrZalva: dacva, Senaxva _ qegl 1953: 477).
4
(gv. 70) `mmarTebloba... daarsda samegreloSi 1857-Si
da ara 1865-Si~ _ samegreloSi ruseTis `mmarTebloba~ 1857
wels im pirobiT daarsda, rom es iqneboda droebiTi Ron-
isZieba da mxolod taxtis memkvidris srulwlovanebamde
gagrZeldeboda. imave wlis 26 seqtembris reskriptiT ale-
qsandre II-m samegrelos droebiT mmarTvelad generali nik.
koliubakini daniSna da amiT arsebiTad bolo moeRo same-
grelos samTavros isedac SezRudul uflebebs (orjon-
ikiZe 1970: 221).
5
(gv. 70) `mTavris coli~ _ igulisxmeba ekaterine dadiani.
6
(gv. 71) `mTavrina Tavisi SvilebiT rom ruseTs midi-
oda, maSin, 1857-Si~ _ 1857 wels ekaterine dadiani iZule-
buli gaxda, mieRo peterburgSi `miwveva~, romlis oficia-
lur mizezad dasaxelda aleqsandre II-is survili, àxlos
hyoloda mcirewlovani mTavari da Tvalyuri edevnebina
mis aRzrdisaTvis~ (borozdini 1934: 159; yifiani 1990: 70);
samegrelos dedofalma samSoblo Svilebianad 1857 wlis
286
25 oqtombers datova (borozdini 1934: 164) da samSoblo-
Si dabruneba mxolod 1868 wels, samegrelos samTavros
gauqmebis Semdeg, SeZlo [ufro adre, 1856 wlis agvistoSi,
ekaterine dadiani moskovSi iyo miwveuli aleqsandre II-is
koronaciaze, saidanac ruseTis axalma imperatorma igi pe-
terburgSi miiwvia da samegrelos dedofali maSin iq 1857
wlis gazafxulamde darCa (borozdini 1934: 68-71)].
7
(gv. 71) `...maSin wevri namestnikis sovetisa (rCevisa)~
_ dim. yifiani amierkavkasiis mxaris mTavarsammarTvelos
sabWos wevri gaxda 1857 wlis 9 aprils, xolo imave wlis 8
maiss imperatorma aleqsandre II-m igi daamtkica am Tanam-
debobaze (ix. dim. yifianis namsaxurobis nusxa _ xec. dim.
yifianis arq., saq. #29, f. 105). 1859 wlis ianvarSi mTavar-
sammarTvelos sabWo kavkasiis mefisnacvlis sabWod gada-
keTda, dimitri avtomaturad gaxda misi wevri (iqve, f. 107)
da am Tanamdebobaze dayo 1862 wlis 21 ivnisamde (iqve, f.
108). unda iTqvas, rom Tanamdebobidan igi swored ekater-
ine dadianis interesebis dacvisTvis daiTxoves (daTxovnis
garemoebebze ix. yifiani 1990: 73-75; oficialuri mimowera
sakiTxis Sesaxeb ix. Cxetia 1950: 120-122).
8
(gv. 71) `quTaisis general-gubernatoris mxriT...~ _
quTaisis general-gubernatori am dros (1856-1860 ww.) iyo
kavaleriis generali giorgi revazis (romanis, romanozis)
Ze erisTavi.
9
(gv. 71) meurveobasTan (àpekasTan~) dakavSirebul gare-
moebebze TviTon dim. yifianis nawerebi ix.: yifiani 1868; yi-
fiani 1869; yifiani 1990: 70-75, 80-96 [sxvaTa Soris, daculia
ekaterine dadianis mier 1857 wlis 19 agvistos dawerili
saintereso teqsti samegrelos samTavro saxlis qonebrivi
uflebebis Sesaxeb _ `simarTle mamulTa zeda samengrelois
samTavro saxlisa~, romelSic vkiTxulobT (vimowmebT te-
qstis calkeul monakveTebs): `sruliad mengrelia Seadgens
STamomavlobiTs sakuTrebasa samTavro saxlisasa ... Tvini-
287
er mTavrisa aravis mcxovrebTagansa ara qonda da ara aqus
samengreloSid sakuTreba; mTavris mnebeblobazeda iyo
damokidebul wyalobad anu CamorTmevad y[ovl]is gvaris sa-
kuTrebisa; araodes da aravisgan ar miiRebodnen ara viTari
winaaRumdegni pasuxi amguarsa gankargulebazed mTavrisa
... yovli umciresi gverd-avla ama arsebulTa CveulebaTa da
uflebaTa dafuZnebulTa arsebulTa aq kanonzeda saqarT-
velos mefis vaxtangisaTa miucileblad azianebs sargeblo-
baTa samTavro saxlisaTa ... Znelia, rom gaiyos sazogado
mmarTveloba samTavro mmarTvelobidgan, xolo winaamRudeg
SemTxvevaSi yoveli gamocvla anu gare ganxToma ama wesTa-
gan Seadgens ukve miucilebelsa ziansa sargeblobaTa samen-
grelois samTavro saxlisasa...~ (xec. dim. yifianis arq., saq.
#382. piri. ucnobi xeliT naweri. f. 2)].
batoni ianovskis orgvari Secodeba (gv. 72-76)
xelnaweri:
#97. avtografi. qarTul enaze. f. 2.
nabeWdi: `droeba~, 12 dekemberi, 1880, #262.
dim. yifiani. ra xalxia qarTvelebi? Seadgina, rusuli te-
qstebi Targmna, SeniSvnebi da bolosityva daurTo T.
jologuam. Tbilisi: lomisi. 1995, gv. 30-38.
baqraZe, r. TvaraZe. t. XX (tomis Semdgenelni: a. baqraZe,
gv. 92-96.
dim. yifiani. werilebi. winasityvaoba r. amaRlobelisa.
Tbilisi: ilias saxelmwifo universiteti. 2010, gv. 28-
33.
288
saTauri: batono redaqtoro! (saredaqcio saTauri _ `dimi-
tri yifianis werili~).
TariRi da adgili: 7 dekembers. [1880]. q. quTaisi.
daweris wels vuTiTebT xelnaweris mixedviT (7 dekemb.

1880. quTaisiT). dasaTaureba Cvenia.
teqsts redaqciis mier darTuli aqvs sqolio: ès Cinebu-

li werili, Cvenda-uneburad, sworeT ise da unaklulod
ver ibeWdeba, rogorc pativcemul avtorma gamogvigzavna~.
marTlac, `droebis~ publikaciaSi ar aris _ unda vi-
fiqroT, cenzuris Carevis gamo _ zogierTi xelnaweriseu-
li monakveTi. dim. yifianis Tavdapirveli (misi xelidan ga-
mosuli) teqsti avtograful xelnawerze dayrdnobiT Cven
mieraa aRdgenili. xelnawerSi arsebuli, Tumca nabeWdSi
daklebuli monakveTebi winamdebare publikaciaSi kursiv-
iTaa aRniSnuli. rac Seexeba xelnawersa da nabeWds Soris
gramatikul-orTografiul Tu stilur gansxvavebebs, aq up-
iratesobas nabeWd teqsts vaniWebT.
1
(gv. 72) `batono redaqtoro!~ _ am dros (1880-1881 ww.)
gazeT `droebisa~ da Jurnal ìveriis~ redaqciebi gaer-
Tianebuli iyo da orive gamocemas, rogorc redaqtorebi,
xels sergei mesxi da ilia WavWavaZe awerdnen (iveria 1880:
3-4), Tumca praqtikulad gazeTs s. mesxi uZRveboda, Jurnals
_ i. WavWavaZe. dim. yifianis werilis adresatia sergei mesxi.
2
(gv. 72) `dabeWdili s. m-is...~ _ s. mesxis werili, romlis
gamoxmaurebasac dim. yifianis winamdebare teqsti warmoad-
gens, gamoqveynda avtoris fsevdonimiT `s. m.~
3
(gv. 72) `Ria werili dRevandlamdis ara mqonda wakiTx-
289
uli~ _ dim. yifians mxedvelobaSi aqvs s. mesxis `Ria weri-
li b. ianovskisadmi~, romelSic werilis avtori adresats,
kavkasiis saswavlo olqis mzrunvel k. ianovskis, mimarTavs
_ mzrunvelad Tqvens daniSvnas imediT SevxvdiT, gvegona
pedagogiuri miznebiT CamoxvidodiT, Tavidan marTlac
ase Canda, Tumca `Cvenda-samwuxarod am ukanasknels dros
raRac sxva xmebi gvesmis da sxva nayofs vxedavT Tqvenis mo-
qmedebisas...~ Semdeg avtori msjelobs im ori faqtis Sesax-
eb, romlebzec dim. yifians aqvs yuradReba gamaxvilebuli
(k. ianovskis werili quTaisSi Catarebuli maswavlebelTa
krebisadmi da misive sityva warmoTqmuli axalsenakis sko-
laSi). dasasrul, s. mesxi dasZens: `da Tqven gnebavsT axla,
rom soflis Skolebis saSvalebiT uecrad mospoT xalx-
is ena da ucxo enaze agvalaparakoT? da Tqven gnebavsT,
rom erTis Tvalis daxamxamebaSi xalxma daiviwyos is, rac
ori aTasi wlis ganmavlobaSi sisxlis RvriTa da tanj-
va-wvalebiT SeuZenia da Zvirfas saunjeT gardmoucia Tavis
STamomavlobisaTvis? da Tqven gnebavsT, rom amgvar xalxma
erTis sityviT miatovos Tavis gvar-tomoba?.. qarTvelebis
survili igivea, rac yvela xalxebisa: daicvan Tavisi samS-
oblo ena, mamuli, sjuli da sarwmunoeba. es survili, mgo-
nia, kanonieria da yoveli mmarTebloba exmareba xalxs ama-
Si. Tqveni survili ki, rom qarTvelebs qarTuli daaviwyoT,
rom pirvel-dawyebiT SkolebSi Sesvlis umalve ymawvilebma
ucxo enaze swavla daiwyon, es survili winaaRmdegia, ro-
gorc saxelmwifo interesisa, agreTve, rasakvirvelia, nam-
dvili da politika aurevelis pedagogiur WeSmaritebisa~
(mesxi 1880a; mesxi 1964a: 337-338).
k. ianovskis upasuxod ar dautovebia s. mesxis `Ria weri-
li~ (ix. ianovski 1880), rasac, Tavis mxriv, mohyva dim. yifi-
anis kidev erTi polemikuri werili, romlis gamoqveynebac
avtorma ver SeZlo (ix. dim. yifianis momdevno teqsti winam-
debare gamocemaSi _ `nacionaluri hipnotizmisa da poli-
290
tikuri halucinaciebis samyaro~).
4
(gv. 72) `romelic iseTis Tvisebisa aris ... an erTi mxare,
an meore~ _ rogorc zemoT iTqva, werili srulad ar dabe-
Wdila. aq da qvemoT: kursiviT aRniSnuli monakveTebi Cven
mier dim. yifianis avtografuli xelnaweris mixedviTaa aR-
dgenili.
5
(gv. 72) `gatrizavda pativcemuli goris seminariis
direqtori semionovio~ _ goris saostato seminariis di-
reqtoris, dimitri semionovis, `gatrizavebis~ (gawbileb-
is, misi arafrad Cagdebis) Sesaxeb s. mesxis werilSi vkiTx-
ulobT: `Cven namdvilad viciT, rom azri, romelsac goris
saostato seminariis direqtori b. semionovi icavda ase
ubedurad da unayofod quTaisis maswavlebelTa krebaSi,
rom soflis SkolebSi pirvel weliwadsve unda daiwyon
qarTvel bavSvebma rusuli sityvebis gazepirebao, _ Cven
viciT, vambobT, rom es azri Tqveni (k. ianovskis _ T. j.)
azri iyo da ara sakuTriv b. semionovisa~ (mesxi 1964a: 336;
quTaisSi Catarebul maswavlebelTa krebaze dim. semion-
ovis gamosvlis Sesaxeb ufro vrclad ix.: mesxi 1880b; mesxi
1964b: 329-332). TviTon dim. semionovi principulad uaryof-
da qarTuli enis mimarT arakeTilmosurne damokidebule-
bas da amis Sesaxeb mas `droebaSi~ specialuri werilic aqvs
gamoqveynebuli (semionovi 1880; `pirvel-dawyebiTi swavla
yvela sagnebisa qarTuls saxalxo skolebSi ueWvelad unda
iyos samSoblo enazed; es iseTi azria, romelsac araviTari
damtkiceba ar eWireba~, _ kategoriuli formiT ambobs
am werilSi dim. semionovi da dasZens: `qarTvelebisaTvis
gul-wrfelad sikeTe msurs da yovel-gvari warmateba qa-
rTul literaturisa~; amasTanave, redaqcias sTxovs weri-
lis dabeWdvas, raTa: `svinidisi davimSvido rogorc Cemis
Sagirdebis winaSe, romelnic dResac adrindulad miyvars,
agreTve sazogadoebis winaSe, romlis azri CemTvis Zvirfa-
sia, da adgilobriv pressis winaSe, romlis dabeWdil sity-
291
vas pativsa vscem~). wyaroebisa Tu literaturis mixedviT,
dim. semionovi marTlac pativs scemda qarTvel xalxsa da
mis kulturas, gamoirCeoda liberaluri SexedulebebiT
da goris saostato seminariis moswavleTa _ maT Soris,
vaJa-fSavelas _ mimarT zrunvasa da gulis siTbos iCenda
(kekeliZe 1955: 18-27; beJitaZe... 1986: 51-53, 56-58, 74-76, 82-
83, 200-201; mgalobliSvili 1938: 91 da sxv.).
6
(gv. 73) `Tqven raRasac sxva mizans misdevT da ara peda-
gogiasao!~ _ s. mesxis werilSi es faqti asea gadmocemuli:
`droebis~ winandel (253) nomerSi moyvanili iyo Tqveni
(k. ianovskis _ T. j.) sityva axal-senakis skolis maswavle-
blisadmi. moyvanili iyo, Tu rogor gaujavrdiT Tqven am
maswavlebels imisTvis, rom ratom wels enkenisTveSi Semo-
sul bavSvebs rusulad ar aswavlio, aramed qarTuladao.
`me SevniSneo, brZaneT Tqven, rom Tqven, qarTvelebi, raRac
sxva mizans misdevT da ara pedagogiasao! Tqven winaaRmde-
gi xarT rusulisao! quTaisis maswavlebelTa krebis gar-
dawyvetilebas me arasodes ar davamtkicebo~ da sxva~ (mesxi
1964b: 337). unda iTqvas, rom axalsenakeli maswavlebeli,
romelic aqaa naxsenebi, aris besarion lominaZe, romelmac
uaryo k. ianovskis mier misTvis naTqvami sityvebi (lominaZe
1880), Tumca dim. yifianis winamdebare teqstze darTuli
sqolios mixedviT, es uaryofa `droebis~ redaqciisTvis
`sxva-da-sxva mizezebis gamo~ damajerebeli ar aRmoCnda.
7
(gv. 75) `Cvenma saTayvanebelma erT mTavarma~ _ igulisxme-
ba ruseTis imJamindeli imperatori aleqsandre II.
8
(gv. 75) `rogorc petriwi~ _ nabeWdSi aris patrici, rac
koreqturaa; xelnawerSi petriwia.
9
(gv. 76) èse igi ymawvils~ _ es ganmartebiTi xasiaTis
fraza, Cans, redaqciis mieraa Camatebuli; xelnawerSi igi
ar aris.
292
nacionaluri hipnotizmisa da politikuri
halucinaciebis samyaro (gv. 77-92)
xelnaweri:
#98. usaTauro. avtografi. rusul enaze. f. 20.
nabeWdi:
`Закавказье~, 23 agvisto, 1912, #189; 24 agvisto, 1912, #190.
S. Cxetia. masalebi dimitri yifianis mkvlelobaze. `sais-
torio moambe~. [t.] 3. 1947, gv. 363-371.
dim. yifiani. nacionaluri hipnotizmisa da politikuri
halucinaciebis samyaro. Targmani da publikacia T. jo-
loguasi. Jurnali `NAEC.ge~, ivlisi, 2014, gv. 38-45.
TariRi da adgili: 12 Tebervali 1881 w., q. quTaisi.
pirvelnabeWdSi (`Закавказье~) werili daTariRebulia

1881 w. 13 TebervliT, rac, Cans, Secdomaa _ avtograful
teqstSi, agreTve, S. Cxetias publikaciaSi 1881 w. 12 Teber-
vali weria. pirvelnabeWdi redaqciis mier asea dasaTau-
rebuli: `Материалы для биографии Д. И. Кипиани. Д. И. Кипиани
о родном языке в школе~. iqvea redaqciis mierve darTuli sqo-
lio: ès usaTauro statia, TeTrad gadawerili TviTon d.
i. yifianis xeliT, gansvenebulis xelnawerebSia napovni~
(`Закавказье~, 1912, #189).
gadmoRebuli gvaqvs pirvelnabeWdi, mxolod, rogorc
iTqva, daweris TariRia gasworebuli (12 Tebervali, nacv-
lad 13 Tebervlisa). dasaTaureba Cvenia.
1
(gv. 77) `dedaqalaqi~ _ igulisxmeba ruseTis imdroinde-
li dedaqalaqi peterburgi (sanqt-peterburgi).
2
(gv. 77) `droebam~ gamoaqveyna s. m-s `Ria werili b. iano-
vskisadmi~ _ igulisxmeba sergei mesxis mier `droebaSi~
293
gamoqveynebuli `Ria werili b. ianovskisadmi~ (mesxi 1880a;
mesxi 1964a: 335-338). `Ria werilis~ Sesaxeb ix. winamdebare
tomSi Sesuli teqsti dim. yifianisa _ `batoni ianovskis
orgvari Secodeba~.
3
(gv. 77) `k. p. ianovskim... dabeWda `ganxilva~ s. m-is `Ria
werilisa~ _ avtors mxedvelobaSi aqvs k. ianovskis mier
`kavkazSi~ gamoqveynebuli (ianovski 1880) da Semdeg `dro-
ebis~ mier Targmnili da gadmobeWdili sapasuxo werili
(ianovski 1881a), romelSic avtori uaryofs s. mesxis mier
misi misamarTiT gamoTqmul braldebebs, dasasrul, s. mesxs
aZlevs rCevebs (meti pativiscemiT moepyros WeSmaritebas,
gadaamowmos faqtebi, ècados marTebulaT Seexos kacis
pirovnebas~, ùyvardes Tavisi ena, Tavisi samSoblo da Tav-
isi xalxosnoba gonieris da ara brma siyvaruliT, ara cari-
elis sityvebiT, aramed saqmiTac~ da sxv.) da mentoruli
kiloTi daaskvnis: `me darwmunebuli var, rom rodesac b. s.
m. SeiTvisebs Rirsebas, romelnic eTanxmebian zemo moyvanil
survilsa, maSin is Seiqneba pativcemuli yvela gonieri ka-
cisagan da gansakuTrebiT mometebulaT Tavis Tanamemamu-
leTagan...~ (ianovski 1881b).
4
(gv. 78) `mimsaxuria saswavlo uwyebaSi~ _ dim. yifianis
moRvaweoba saswavlo-saganmanaTleblo sferoSi xangr-
Zlivi da mravalferovani iyo. axalgazrdobis wlebSi igi
maswavleblobda Tbilisis gimnaziaSi (1830-1832), sadac as-
wavlida ariTmetikas, geografias, qarTul da rusul enebs,
agreTve, sufTa weras; 1840-1860-ian ww. igi iyo kavkasiis sas-
wavlo olqis samzrunvelo sabWos wevri, `saxelmZRvaneloe-
bis Semdgeneli komitetis~ wevri da `komitetis~ qarTuli
enis ganyofilebis Tavmjdomare, Tbilisis gimnaziis sapa-
tio mzrunveli da sxv. (sakiTxis Sesaxeb, agreTve wyaroebi
da literatura ix. jologua 2002a: 186-206).
5
(gv. 78) `Tavmjdomare var `kavkasiis samefisnacvloSi
qarTvelTa Soris wera-kiTxvis gamavrcelebeli sazoga-
294
doebisa~ _ dim. yifiani iyo `qarTvelTa Soris wera-kiTxvis
gamavrcelebeli sazogadoebis~ erT-erTi damfuZnebeli,
wesdebis avtori da pirveli Tavmjdomare (1879-1882; `qSw-
kg sazogadoebis~ daarsebasa da muSaobaSi dim. yifianis
monawileobis Sesaxeb ix.: gogebaSvili 2007: 95-98; TulaS-
vili 2007: 48-51; uTuraSvili 1989: 117-121; jorjaZe 1989:
532-539).
6
(gv. 79) `kulturuli ena~ _ avtori aq gulisxmobs enas,
romelsac samwerlobo tradicia aqvs.
7
(gv. 80) `ganmarteba axalsenakeli maswavleblisa, romel-
mac TiTqos uaryo `Ria werilSi~ moxseniebuli faqtebi~ _
igulisxmeba axalsenakeli maswavlebeli besarion lominaZe,
romelmac `droebis~ furclebze uaryo k. ianovskis mier ga-
moTqmuli ukmayofileba, bavSvebs qarTul enaze ratom as-
wavliTo da uaryo agreTve ianovskis naTqvami _ `quTaisis
maswavlebelTa krebis gardawyvetilebas ar davamtkice-
bo~ (lominaZe 1880). Tumca samarTlianoba imis aRniSvnasac
moiTxovs, rom, miuxedavad, rogorc Cans, iZulebiTi uar-
yofisa, TviTon b. lominaZe am da misive zogierTi sxva pub-
likaciis mixedviT (magaliTad: lominaZe 1882), patriotuli
suliskveTebis adamiani Cans: ìanovskim sTqva, rom, Cemis az-
riTo, radganac megrelebis deda-ena megruli ariso, amisaT-
vis SeiZlebodao megrulidam pir-da-pir rusulze gadasuli-
yaviTo. me ki vamtkicebdi, rom, Tu qarTuli ar Seiswavles
bovSebma, isTe rusulze gardasvla ar SeiZleba meTqi, rad-
ganac qarTul enaze warmoebs mwerloba da es ena unda CaiTva-
los megrelebis deda-enaT, rogorc meqoni anbanisa da sazog-
adoT ZiriTadi ena yvela qarTvelebisa. ai ra baasi gvqonda
Cven erTi-meores Sua da is ki ar uTqvams bat. ianovskis: `ro-
gor Tu qarTul enas aswavliTo!~ (lominaZe 1880).
8
(gv. 80) `daibeWda agreTve koleqtiuri gancxadeba~ _ es
`koleqtiuri gancxadeba~ gaz. `kavkazSi~ gamoqveynda (be-
buriSvili... 1881). igi srulad daimowma s. mesxma Tavis wer-
295
ilSi `mecamete goWebi~:
`wavikiTxeT-ra qarTuli gazeTis `droebis~ #254 wina
statia am gazeTis redaqtoris s. mesxisa da amasTanave
kavkasiis samaswavleblo mazris [TargmanSi aklia si-
tyva _ mzrunvelis. dedanSi: `...попечителя Кавказского
учебного округа~ _ T. j. ] b. ianovskis pasuxi am statiazed,
dabeWdili `kavkazis~ #348-Si, Cven WeSmaritebis aR-
sadgenelad amiT vamtkicebT:
1. rom b. ianovskis, axal-senakis normalur skolis
daxedvis dros, arasodes ar uTqvams maswavleblis
bat. lominaZisaTvis is sityvebi qarTvelebis Sesaxeb,
romelsac mas s. mesxi abralebs, da
2. ramdenaTac Cven viciT, samegrelos xalxs yovelT-
vis hsurda da axlac hsurs, rom rusuli ena qarTulTan
erTad aswavlon imaT Svilebs skolaSi Sesvlis pirvel
dRidamve da am SemTxvevaSi is (e. i. samegrelos xalxi)
srulebiT ar aris s. mesxis azrisa.
senakis uezdis ufrosi beburiSvili, senakis ga-
nyofilebis momrigebeli mosamarTle iv. beriZe,
deputati d. axal-senakisa luka Jvania. 30 dek. d[a-
ba]. senaki~ (mesxi 1881; mesxi 1964g: 339).
9
(gv. 80) `zonargayrili wigni~ _ dawesebulebis danom-
rili saaRricxvo Jurnali, romelzec gayalbebis Tavidan
asacileblad garekanze luqiT dabeWdili zonaria gayri-
li.
10
(gv. 82) `xelisuflebam 1879 wlis 31 marts daamtkica~ _
`qSw-kg sazogadoebis~ wesdebis damtkicebis istoriis Ses-
axeb vaxtang TulaSvils uweria:
`TiTqmis oTxi Tve vatarebdi am wesdebas xelis mosaw-
erad imaTTan‚ vinc ki tfilisSi cxovrobda. Semdeg wes-
deba gadaveci dim. yifians da 24 ivniss 1878 w. wardge-
nil iqmna igi mTavrobis winaSe dasamtkiceblad. axla
is gvawuxebda‚ rom mTavrobas male daemtkicebina; Tum-
296
ca bevrsa vcdilobdiT‚ mainc damtkicebam Zalian daig-
viana _ cxra Tveze metma gaiara (damtkicda 31 marts
1879 w.). mizezi is iyo‚ rom Zalian didi baasi gamoiwvia
am wesdebis mesame muxlma‚ romelSiac moxsenebulia:
`sazogadoeba Taviss mizans imiTi miaRwevs‚ rom sax-
alxo skolebSi dasawyiss swavlebas daadgens samSoblo
enazed‚ romelic esmiT moswavleebs~ da sxv. Cveni wes-
deba mTavrobam gadasca kavkasiaSi swavla-ganaTlebis
mzrunvels Tavisis azris gamosaTqmelad. imJamad Zve-
li mzrunveli neverovi gamoscvales da wavida aqed-
gan‚ axali ki jer ar iyo daniSnuli. miss Tanamdebobas
asrulebda n. d. moZalevski‚ * romelsac me kargad vic-
nobdi da ar vasvenebdi _ Zalas vatandi‚ male waredgi-
na mTavrobisaTvis Tavisi azri. moZalevskim moiTxova
zemoxsenebul muxlis Secvla‚ amitom Cven‚ wesdebis Sem-
dgenlebi‚ iZulebulni viyaviT‚ zogierTi ram dagveTmo
mesame muxlSi moxsenebulidan da am mizeziT wesdebis
zogierTi furclis gadawera dagvWirda. Semdeg moZa-
levskim orjel kidev moiTxova amave muxlis gadakeTe-
ba‚ magram Cven aRar davTanxmdiT da pirdapir vuTxariT‚
rom SegiZlianT Tqveni azri warudginoT mTavrobas da‚
Tu is ar daamtkicebs‚ dae‚ nu daamtkicebs‚ Cven ki mag
muxls veRar SevcvliT‚ radganac mag muxlis SecvliT
sazogadoebas waerTmeva RonisZieba‚ Tvisi daniSnuleba
aRasruloso da sxv. da sxv. cota xans Semdeg kavkasiis
namestnikis mTavarsammarTvelom Tavis mxrivac moiTx-
ova am mesame muxlis Secvla. amaze dimitri yifianma 25
marts 1879 w. waradgina Cven mier erTad Sedgenili gan-
martebis qaRaldi da ar gavida erTi kvira (31 marts‚
rom wesdeba damtkicda~ (TulaSvili 1895: 51-52; Tu-
laSvili 2007: 50-51).
* unda iyos: l. n. moZalevski.
T. j.
297
`qSw-kg sazogadoebis~ wesdebis SemuSaveba-damtkice-
basTan dakavSirebul sakiTxebze ix. agreTve: gogebaSvili
1990: 254-257; teqsti wesdebisa da damfuZnebel wevrTa sia
ix.: wesdebuleba 1879; nanitaSvili... 2004: 131-147.
11
(gv. 83) `yvelaze kompetenturad maswavlebelTa yri-
lobis erTsulovani gadawyvetilebebi unda miviCnioT~ _
quTaisis guberniis maswavlebelTa yrilobam, romelic 1880
wels Catarda, i. gogebaSvilis TqmiT, aseTi gadawyvetile-
ba miiRo: `soflis skolebSi daidos oTxi wlis kursio,
swavla yvela sagnebisa qarTul enaze iyoso Tavidganve daw-
yebuli bolomdin da rusuli wignis swavleba mesame wlid-
gan daiwyoso~ (mesxi 1964e: 449; TviTon yrilobis Sesaxeb ix.:
`droeba~, 1880, ##204-206, 208, 209; imave yrilobasa da mas-
Tan dakavSirebul polemikaze ix. xundaZe 1951: 92-102).
12
(gv. 85) kaptenarmusi (frang. capitaine d'armes) _ un-
ter-oficerTa rangis Cini/Tanamdeboba ruseTSi; ZiriTa-
dad sameurneo saqmeebi ebara.
13
(gv. 86) `sinamdvileSi es sxva araferia, Tu ara qarTu-
li enis masxrad agdeba~ _ olRa didebuliZis Targmanis
(evtuSevski 1880) gamocemas qarTul presaSi mwvave gamox-
maureba mohyva. magaliTad, ìveriis~ recenzentis TqmiT,
òl. didebuliZisas gadmouTargmnia evtuSevskis wigni,
magram vai aseT gadmoTargmnas!.. am wignis mTargmneli ro-
gorc etyoba, Tavis jibis gadidebas ufro TanaugrZnobs,
vidre ymawvilebis norCis gonebis gavarjiSebas ... Cven
gvsurs davabrkoloT am wignis gavrceleba xalxSi da miT
cotaTi mainc davukargoT zogierTebs survili, Tavis uw-
midur ganzraxviT Seexon imisTana wmida sagans, rogoric
aris xalxis ganaTleba~ (iveria 1881: 148-151); ilia Wyonias
azriT ki _ `pativcemuls mTargmnels sruliad ar scod-
nia qarTuli ena da ise miuyvia xeli am umadur SromisaT-
vis. TiTqmis yvela terminebi, rogorc ariTmetikurni,
ise sxvebic qarTulis asoebiTaa dawerili da sityvebi ki
298
rusulia. mag. mTargmneli mudam xmarobs: zadaCa, tablica,
arSini, diumi, Sosse, prianiki, boCka, sutki, paraxodi da
sxva mravalni, romelnic sayoveldReo cxovrebaSi ixmare-
bian da romelT qarTuli saxelebi sami wlis bavSvebmac ki
ician. amas daumateT isic, rom erTob xSirad es Zalad gaqa-
rTulebuli sityvebic ar arian kankledobis kanonisamebr
naxmarni da zmnebic bevrgan SecdomiTaa dauRvlilebulni,
da maSin ityviT, sasiamovno movlenad unda CaiTvalos am
Targmanis gamocema Tu ara~ (Wyonia 1880a). unda iTqvas, rom
TviTon o. didebuliZes kritika upasuxod ar dautovebia:
`CemTvis sakmaoa, rom am ariTmetikazed, rogorc kavkasiis
saswavleblebis kamitetma, ise TviT misma umaRlesobam ka-
vkasiis mTavar-marTebelma, Seadgines kargi azri, ase rom is
miiRes mdabal saswavleblebSi saxelmZRvaneloT (usargeb-
lo Sroma arc am pativs eRirseba)~, amitom Cems damcirebas
upasuxod davtoveb da, amas garda, am SromiT materialuri
sargebelic bevri araferi mimiRiao (didebuliZe 1881; ix.
agreTve: didebuliZe 1880).
14
(gv. 87) `zemoaRniSnuli cnoba uSualod mosdevs
k. p. ianovskis werils!~ _ cnoba, romelic ùSualod mosdevs
k. p. ianovskis werils~, aseTi Sinaarsisaa: `gvacnobeben, rom
didma mTavarma _ kavkasiis mefisnacvalma _ kavkasiis saswav-
lo olqis mzrunvelis wardginebiT evtuSevskis ariTmeti-
kul amocanaTa krebuli (задачник), qarTul enaze Targmnili
olRa didebuliZis mier, ariTmetikis saxelmZRvanelod
daamtkica qarTuli mosaxleobisaTvis gankuTvnili pir-
veldawyebiTi saswavleblebisaTvis~ (kavkaz 1880).
15
(gv. 87) et tutti quanti (ital.) _ da yvela danarCenis.
16
(gv. 87) `b-nma marsovma... mimxrobas gaCumeba arCia~ _ vasil
marsovis baqoSi gadayvanas `droeba~ araerTxel gamoexmaura:
`Zalian cudi STabeWdileba moaxdina CvenSi da yvelas
samwuxaroT darCa aqaur saxalxo skolebis direqto-
ris bat. marsovis gadayvana. samwuxarod darCa imitom,
299
rom bat. marsovi mcodne iyo Cveni xalxis enisa, xasia-
Tisa da yvelas miudgomel kacad, karg pedagogaTac mi-
aCndaT. sxva-da-sxva raRacaebs amboben amis gadayvanis
mizezebs; magram amaze laparaks jer-jerobiT Tavi da-
vaneboT. marsovis adgilze dauniSnavT viRac arlovi,
romelmac Tavis wina-moadgilesaviT ara Tu qarTuli
icis, aramed misi xsenebac ki, dacinviT, Rimilsa hgvri-
so...~ (Wyonia 1880b).
v. marsovi quTaissa da quTaislebs 1881 wlis 7 Teber-
vals daemSvidoba. `droebas~ arc es faqti dautovebia
uyuradRebod:
`didad samwuxaro gasagoni iyo misi [baqoSi] gaday-
vanis ambavi yvela im pirTaTvis, vinc mas icnobda da
visac Cveni saxalxo skolebis keTili surda ... riT
daimsaxura man sazogadoebis yuradReba? mkiTxavT
Tqven. ai riT: is Tavis xelqveSe maswavleblebs eqceoda
mama-Svilurad; yvelani mas uyurebdnen mamasaviT. swav-
lis saqmes uyurebda pedagogiuris mxriT. politikuri
mxare pedagogiaSi, romliTac sxva direqtorebi aRWur-
vilni arian Tavidam fexebamdisin, imas ar hqonebia saxe-
Si. imis mizani iyo pedagogiuri da ara sxva. Tavisi haz-
ri da mimarTuleba iman aSkarad gamoaCina ukanasknel
maswavlebelT Sekrebilebaze quTaisSi. didi gasakvir-
veli saqme ki ara Caudenia-ra; mxoloT maswavlebelT ga-
moTqmul hazrze Tanaxma gaxda. misi hazri da daTanxmeba
imaSi mdgomareobda, rom Cven skolebSi qarTul enaze
yofiliyo swavleba da rusuli enis swavleba dawyebu-
liyo mesame wlidam. me mgonia, am hazris winaaRmdegi ar
unda iyos pedagogi; magram CvenSi, saubeduroT, jereT
zogierTi vaJbatonebi ukuRma hsjian. Zlier gasakvir-
veli iyo, rom man gabeda waRma gamoTqma am azrisa, ma-
gram karga fasad ki daujda es waRmarTiani msjeloba!..
erTi mizezi b. marsovis aqedam gadayvanisa kidev is iyo,
300
rogorc sCans, rom iman qarTuli icoda! baqosaken ki
aravin qarTuli ar icis!..~ (imereli 1881).
quTaisTan gamomSvidobebis Semdeg marsovs yvirilaSi,
sadgurSi, daxvdnen iqauri maswavleblebi da TavianT moam-
ages Tbili sityvebiT mimarTes, razec marsovma upasuxa:
`Zlier vswuxvar, rom ase male vSordebi am mxares da
ar momeca dro, rom Cemi dawyebuli saqmis nayofi mexila
meve. vswuxvar amasTan, rom Cemi pirdapiri Sexeduleba
saqmisa da pedagogiur hazrze dadgoma zogierTebisa-
gan Seiracxa winaaRmdeg hazrad...~ (imereli 1881).
ramdenime dRis Semdeg ki marsovi, rogorc Cans, iZule-
buli gaxades, `droebaSive~ uareyo xmebi baqoSi misi Zalda-
tanebiT gadayvanis Sesaxeb (marsovi 1881; vimowmebT srulad):
`Tqveni pativcemuli gazeTis me-31 nomerSi iyo naTq-
vami ramdonime sityva imis Sesaxeb, rom me Zal-datanebiT
da Cemda uneburad gadamiyvanes quTaisis gub[erniis]
saxalxo skolebis direqtoris Tanamdebobidam. umor-
Cilesad gTxovT, am sagnis Sesaxeb gamoacxadoT, rom Za-
ldatanebiT da Cem-da-uneburad quTaisidam aravis ar
gadauyvanivar da verc gadamiyvandnen. vsargeblob am
SemTxveviT, rom Cemis mxriTac didi madloba gamoucxa-
do, rogorc quTaisis guberniis sazogadoebas, agreTve
Cem xel-qveviT myof soflis maswavleblebs, romelTac
didi TanagrZnoba da daxmareba aRmomiCines Cemis mZime
Tanamdebobis aRsrulebis dros.
v. marsovi~.
17
(gv. 90) `1855 wels... Coloqis mxridan ki mteri gvitev-
da ~ _ Coloqis brZola (`yirimis omis~ dros) general ivane
andronikaSvilis meTaurobiT cota ufro adre _ 1854 wlis
ivnisSi _ moxda da am brZolaSi gansakuTrebiT gurulma mo-
laSqreebma isaxeles Tavi (qse 1987: 146-147). teqstSi naxsen-
ebi `miliciis~ Sesaxeb ix. aqve: gv. 257.
18
(gv. 90) `me savele kancelariis direqtorad vaxl-
301
di...~ _ omer-faSas winaaRmdeg mebrZoli vasil bebuTovis
kancelariis direqtorad dim. yifiani dainiSna 1855 wlis
noemberSi da am Tanamdebobaze man momdevno wlis Teberv-
lamde dayo (xec. dim. yifianis arq., #29, f. 102). amis Sesaxeb
dim. yifians Tavis `memuarebSi~ uweria: `1856 w. me viyavi gu-
riaSi... T-d vas. os. bebuTovTan, misi moZravi kancelariis
direqtorad da razmis xazinadrad; maSin guriaSi rusis
erTi mxedaric aRar iyo. gurulebi TviTon ifaravdnen Tav-
sac da Cveni razmis zurgsac TaTrebis mowolisagan~ (yifi-
ani 1990: 38; ufro vrclad ix. yifiani 1990: 58-59).
19
(gv. 90) `1855 wels omer-faSa samegreloSi SemoiWra~
_ `yirimis omis~ (1853-1856) mimdinareobisas Turqebma
omer-faSas jari saqarTvelosken gadmoisroles _ 1855
wlis seqtemberSi isini soxumSi gadmosxdnen, xolo imave
wlis oqtomberSi omer-faSa SeiWra samegreloSi, aiRo
zugdidi, gadawva dadianebis sasaxle, moaoxra axlomaxlo
soflebi, magram generlisa da poetis, grigol dadianis,
saerTo xelmZRvanelobiT gaSlil partizanul brZolebs
ver gauZlo, amasobaSi Turqebma yarsi daTmes da omer-
faSac iZulebuli gaxda, ukuqceuliyo, Semdeg ki saerTod
daetovebina saqarTvelo (ix.: borozdini 1934: 19-51; or-
jonikiZe 1970: 211-215). dim. yifiani, rogorc wina komen-
tarSi iTqva, am movlenebSi monawileobda rogorc general
v. bebuTovis savele (`salaSqro~) kancelariis direqtori,
agreTve, xazinadari.
20
(gv. 91) `jer kidev katkovisaTvis naTqvami sityvebi...~ _
avtors mxedvelobaSi aqvs winamdebare tomSi Sesuli pub-
licisturi werili ìsev `moskovskie vedomostis~ 194-e no-
merSi gamoqveynebuli mowinave statiis gamo~.
302
`wera-kiTxvis sazogadoebazed~ (gv. 93-95)
xelnaweri:
xelnawerTa erovnuli centri. sergei mesxis arqivi, saq.
#71. avtografi. qarTul enaze. f. 2.
nabeWdi: `droeba~, 1881, 25 noemberi, #246.
saTauri: batono redaqtoro!
TariRi da adgili: 22 noemberi, 1881 w. [qviSxeTi].
xelmowera: erTi 126 SemdgenTagani.
nabeWdSi miTiTebulia daweris TariRi (22 noemberi, 1881

w.), xelnawerSi ki _ TariRica da daweris adgilic (qviSxeTi).
teqsti `droebaSi~ gamoqveynebulia saredaqcio saTau-
riT `wera-kiTxvis sazogadoebazed~ (rogorc zemoT gvaqvs
miTiTebuli, sakuTriv dim. yifianis werili ase iwyeba _ `ba-
tono redaqtoro!~) da mas win uZRvis redaqciis winaTqma,
romelSic `wera-kiTxvis sazogadoebis~ gamgeobis mimarT
igive sayveduria gamoTqmuli, rac _ dim. yifianis weril-
Si. vinaidan saredaqcio saTauri emTxveva dim. yifianis te-
qstis Sinaarss, sakuTriv dimitris werilSic saredaqcio
publikaciis saTauri davtoveT.
fsevdonimiT èrTi 126 SemdgenTagani~, garda winamde-
bare teqstisa, arsad araferi gamoqveynebula. qarTuli
gazeTebis analitikuri bibliografiis mixedviT, es fsev-
donimi iakob gogebaSvils ekuTvnis [analitikuri biblio-
grafia 1952: 623 (9409)], Tumca dim. yifianis avtoroba eWvs
ar iwvevs: xelnaweri teqsti dawerilia dim. yifianis xeliT,
dawerilia igi mis mSobliur qviSxeTSi da, rac mTavaria,
gazeTSi gamosaqveyneblad gamiznul dim. yifianis avto-
graful teqsts iqve darTuli aqvs piradi werili `droeb-
is~ redaqtor sergei mesxisadmi:
303
ùZvirfaseso sergi svimoniC,
iqneba amiTi mainc eSvelos rame saqmesa, gTxovT
Tqvens gazeTSi damibeWdoT, rasac am werilTan gigza-
vniT; _ da imazedac Tqveni sityva dasZineT, marTalia
Tu ara, rac aq ixsenieba, rom Tavsmjdomares TqvenTvis
eTxovos da Tqvenc uari ar geTqvaT.
Cemi psevdonimis gamocxadeba mgonia saqmisaTvis ar
ivargebdes.
Tqveni guliTad pativismcemeli
dim. yif.~
fsevdonimis SerCeva ki ganpirobebulia im faqtiT, rom

`qSw-kg sazogadoebas~ 126 damfuZnebeli wevri (`Semdgeni~)
hyavda da, maT Soris da pirvel rigSi, dim. yifiani (sia dam-
fuZnebeli wevrebisa ix. nanitaSvili... 2004: 141-147).
1
(gv. 93) `sazogadoebis Tavsmjdomaresac Turme ramden-
jerme uTqvams mmarTvelobis sxdomaSi~ _ `sazogadoebis
TavsmjdomareSi~ aq igulisxmeba TviTon avtori teqstisa _
dim. yifiani, romelic `qSw-kg sazogadoebas~ Tavmjdomare-
obda 1879-1882 wlebSi. xolo sakuTar vinaobas aq avtori
imitom malavs, rom, rogorc es s. mesxisadmi miwerili da
Cven mier zemoT damowmebuli werilidan Cans, dim. yifians
ar surda, werilis avtoris vinaoba gamomJRavnebuliyo.
2
(gv. 93) `Tqveni gazeTis #243-Si mmarTvelobis `gancx-
adebani~ _ dim. yifianis winamdebare Txzuleba pasuxia
`qSw-kg sazogadoebis~ gamgeobis mier `droebaSi~ (1881, 20
noemberi, #243) gamoqveynebuli teqstisa `gancxadebani~,
romelsac aq srulad vimowmebT:
`Tbilisis wera-kiTxvis gamavrcelebeli sazogadoeb-
is gamgeoba Txovs soflis skolebis maswavlebelT, rac
SeiZleba male acnobon pasuxi Semdegis sagnebis Sesaxeb:
1) ramdenjer da rodis miuRiaT wignebi da saswavlo
304
nivTebi gamgeobisagan Rarib moswavleTaTvis dasarige-
blad?
2) ramdeni egzempliari mouvidaT TviToeuli sax-
elmZRvanelosi da nivTisa?
3) rogor moaxmares skolas gamgeobisagan Semowiru-
li wignebi da nivTebi?
4) ramdeni mowafe qali da vaJi swavlobs am Jamad sko-
laSi?
5) ramdeni Raribi urevia?
6) ra wignebi da nivTebi aris ufro saWironi skoli-
saTvis da
7) ramdeni egzempliari TviTeuli saxelmZRvanelosi
da wignisa unda iqmnas gamogzavnili skolaSi Raribeb-
isaTvis dasarigeblad.
yoveli amisi pasuxi eWirveba wera-kiTxvis gamavrcel-
ebeli sazogadoebis gamgeobas axlave; SemdegisaTvis ki
gamgeoba sTxovs soflis skolebis maswavlebelT yov-
els weliwads pirvelis martisaTvis mouTxovnelad ga-
mogzavnon xolme Semdegi cnobebi:
1) ramdeni mowafea Tqvens skolaSi (qali da vaJi)?
2) ramdeni maTgani Raribia imdenad, rom sruliad ar
SeuZlian sakuTaris RonisZiebiT moipovos wignebi da
sxva saswavlo nivTebi?
3) ra wignebi da ra nivTebi da ramdeni unda iqmnas ga-
mogzavnili skolis RaribTaTvis?
wera-kiTxvis gamavrcelebeli sazogadoebis gamgeo-
ba sTxovs skolis maswavlebelT, ar daugvianon am wer-
ilis pasuxi, romelsac gamogzavnian Semdegis adresiT:
В Тифлис. В канцелярию Тифлисского Общества Распростра
нения Грамотности среди Грузинского населения наместничества
Кавказского. Овражская улица, дом №9 Паресова.
Tavsmjdomaris amxanagi il. WavWavaZe
saqmeTa mwarmoebeli gr. yifSiZe~.
305
3
(gv. 93) `ki aravis egonos, rom vmkelobelobdeTo~ _
`mkelobeli~: koWli (orbeliani 1965: 493), kuti (CubinaSvi-
li 1961: 285). Cans, avtori amiT ambobs: aravis egonos, saqmes
gamarTulad ver vuZRvebodeTo, saqmeSi movikoWlebdeTo.
4
(gv. 94) `wesdebulebas Tu hkiTxulobT xolme~ _ `qSw-kg
sazogadoebis wesdeba (`wesdebuleba~) ix. nanitaSvili...
2004: 132-141.
5
(gv. 94) `mmarTvelobas sekretari hyavs da samwerlo aqvs~
_ `qSw-kg sazogadoebis~ mdivani (`sekretari~) am dros iyo
aleqsandre sarajiSvili. winamdebare publikaciamde dim. yi-
fiani 1881 w. 14 noembers qviSxeTidan TbilisSi swers al. sa-
rajiSvils (werili rusul enazea. vimowmebT Semoklebulad):
`Tavs uflebas vaZlev ganmeorebiT, amjerad werilo-
biT, umorCilesad gTxovoT is, ris Sesaxebac adre pira-
dad gelaparakeT:
1. SeudeqiT `sazogadoebis~ mmarTvelobis wevr-
mdivnis movaleobis Sesrulebas.
2. mmarTvelobis yvela gadawyvetilebis Sesaxeb
met-naklebad dawvrilebiTi cnobebi miawodeT gazeT
`droebas~, romlis redaqtorma da Cveni `sazogadoeb-
is~ friad pativsacemma wevrma sergei simonis Ze mesxma
araerTxel piradad aRmiTqva, rom usasyidlod dabeW-
davs CvenTan dakavSirebul masalebs; da
3. `sazogadoebis~ wevrebisaTvis specialuri bro-
Suris saxiT an sxva raime formiT dabeWdeT zedmiwev-
niT sruli cnobebi imis Sesaxeb, Tu ra xdeboda aqamde
Cvens mmarTvelobaSi.
wliuri angariSi ver moicavs yvelafers, xolo `sa-
zogadoebis~ wevrebma unda icodnen, ras akeTebs maT mier
arCeuli mmarTveloba an ra ganzraxulebebi aqvs mas.
am TxovniT mogmarTavT, rogorc `sazogadoebis~
mmarTvelobis mdivans. amasTanave, SematyobineT, ro-
didan SeudgebiT Cemi, rogorc Tavmjdomaris, moTxov-
306
naTa Sesrulebas da isic, Tu ra dabrkolebebs waawydeb-
iT movaleobis Sesrulebis dros~ (xec. dim. yifianis
arq., saq. #788, f. 2; Cxetia 1947: 375-376).
imave wlis 29 noembris sapasuxo weriliT al. sarajiS-
vili atyobinebs dim. yifians _ `qSw-kg sazogadoebam~ gad-
awyvita, Tavisi dadgenilebebi gamoaqveynos TveSi erTx-
el, xolo 1882 wlis maisisTvis moamzados `sazogadoebis~
sami wlis angariSi (xec. dim. yifianis arq., saq. #1617, f. 1).
rac Seexeba sityvas `samwerlo~, igi niSnavs kancelarias
(Канцелярия: samwerlo _ CubinaSvili 1971: 426; samwerlo: ...
канцелярия _ CubinaSvili 1984: 1098).
6
(gv. 95) àtCotebis weras unda moandomoT?~ _ àtCoti~
(rus. Отчёт): angariSi/angariSgeba.
baton gazeT `kavkazis~ redaqtors (gv. 96-101)
xelnaweri:
nabeWdi:
`Д. И. Кипиани просит нас напечатать следующую заметку~. „Кавказ“,
5 ianvari, 1883, #4.
dim. yifianis SeniSvna samSoblo enazed. `droeba~, 8 ian-
vari, 1883, #4.
`Cvens gazeTSi iyo amas winad...~. `droeba~, 16 ianvari, 1883,
#10.
torio moambe~. [t.] 3. 1947, gv. 377-380.
teqstebi Targmna, SeniSvnebi da bolosityva daurTo
T. jologuam. Tbilisi: lomisi. 1995, gv. 39-48.
307
baqraZe, r. TvaraZe, t. XX (tomis Semdgenelni: a. baqraZe,
gv. 96-101.
dim. yifiani. werilebi. r. amaRlobelis winasityvaobiT.
Tbilisi: ilias saxelmwifo universiteti. 2010, gv. 34-40.
saTauri: Господину редактору газеты `Кавказ~.
nabeWd teqstebSi arc TariRi da arc daweris adgili ar

aris miTiTebuli, Tumca es monacemebi (16 dekemberi 1882.
sof. qviSxeTi) miTiTebulia xelnawerSi.
presaSi gamoqveynda dabrkolebebisa da cenzuruli Care-
vis Semdeg. werilis istoriasTan dakavSirebuli qronolo-
gia iwyeba `droebaSi~ 1882 wlis 4 dekembers (#254) gamo-
qveynebuli mokle informaciiT:
`mokles xanSi gveqneba axali qarTuli Rramatika. ux-
ucesi warmomadgeneli Cveni literaturisa da erTi pa-
tiosani moRvaweTagani am asparezzed dimitri ivanes-
Ze yifiani adgens qarTuls Rramatikas. Rramatika,
rogorc gvacnobes, ibeWdebao peterburRSi~.
`RramatikaSi~ aq igulisxmeba dim. yifianis mier 1882

wels sanqt-peterburgis samecniero akademiis stambaSi
dabeWdili àxali qarTuli grammatika. sxartulad daw-
erili mamisagan SvilebisaTvis~, romelsac darTuli aqvs
`Semoklebuli leqsikoni sityvebisa, rac ZviraTRa ixmareba
qarTuls laparaksa da weraSi; _ an rac sxva enebidam aris
Semotanili~ (yifiani 1882: 139-197).
`droebas~ imave wlis 6 dekembers gazeTi `kavkazi~ gamoex-
maura (vimowmebT srulad):
308
`rogorc gaz. `droeba~ iuwyeba, qarTuli gramatiku-
li literatura axlo momavalSi axali naSromiT gam-
didrdeba. qarTuli literaturis erT-erTma uxucesma
da pativsacemma moRvawem d i m i t r i i v a n e s Z e y i
fianma ukve Seadgina qarTuli gramat
i k a, romelic amJamad peterburgSi ibeWdeba. eWvi ar
aris, rac ki ram am sferoSi aqamde Seqmnila, yvelaze
warmatebuli cda b-ni yifianis gramatika iqneba da ara
marto imitom, rom dRes b-ni yifiani yvelaze ukeT aris
dauflebuli qarTul enas, aramed imitomac, rom igi
didi xania qarTuli enis gramatikasTan dakavSirebul
sakiTxebze muSaobs. arsebobs safuZveli imedi viqoni-
oT, rom b-ni yifianis naSromSi Cven davinaxavT mSobli-
uri enis originalur formaTa iseT axsna-gaazrebas,
rogorsac ver vxedavT sxva moRvaweebTan, romelTa
gramatikuli Txzulebebi sxva araferia, Tu ara evro-
pul gramatikaTa fragmentuli gadmoReba an sulac
zedmiwevniTi Targmani. da es maSin, roca qarTul enas
arc Tavisi konstruqciiT, arc Tavisi fesvebiT araferi
aqvs saerTo evropul enebTan~ (kavkaz 1882a).
`kavkazis~ cnobas kritikuli SeniSvniT gamoepasuxa Tbi-

lisSi gamomavali Jurnali ìuridiCeskoe obozrenie~ (vi-
mowmebT srulad):
`323-e nomerSi `kavkazi~ gamoxatavs kmayofilebas
b-ni yifianis gramatikis mosalodneli gamocemis gamo.
`gvaqvs safuZveli, imedi viqonioT, _ gaxarebulia
gazeTi, _ rom b-ni yifianis naSromSi vixilavT m S o b
l i u r i enis originalur formaTa axsna-gaazrebas~.
SesaZlebelia, vixiloT kidevac, magram es iqneba mo-
mavalSi; axla ki saintereso iqneboda gagvego, rodis
aqeT gaxda am mxareSi gamomavali erTaderTi rusuli,
Tanac oficialuri, Tanac xazinis xarjiT gamocemuli
309
gazeTisTvis qarTuli ena mSobliuri?~ (iuridiCeskoe
obozrenie 1882: 480).
ìuridiCeskoe obozrenies~ es gamoxdoma `kavkazma~

upasuxod ar datova (unda vifiqroT _ rogorc am, ise `ka-
vkazSi~ gamoqveynebuli wina teqstis avtori gazeTis imJa-
mindeli redaqtori daviT erisTavia). `kavkazis~ 11 dekem-
bris pasuxSi vkiTxulobT (vimowmebT srulad):
`Cveni gazeTis 323-e nomerSi gazeT `droebis~ infor-
maciaze dayrdnobiT imedi gamovTqviT, rom gamosacemad
momzadebuli gramatika b-ni d. i. yifianisa Sesatyvisi
iqneba qarTuli enis moTxovnebisa, ramdenadac Rrmad pa-
tivcemuli avtori samarTlianad iTvleba m S o b l i u
r i enis saukeTeso mcodned. nebismieri miukerZoebeli
mkiTxveli mixvdeboda, rom saubari iyo qarTuli lit-
eraturis uTvalsaCinoes moRvaweze _ d. i. yifianze da
im ucilobel faqtsac gaiazrebda, rom igi saukeTeso
mcodnea Tavisi mSobliuri _ e. i. qarTuli _ enisa. mi-
uxedavad amisa, ìuridiCeskoe obozrenies~ azrad mosv-
lia, am sagazeTo SeniSvnaSi daenaxa Cveni miswrafeba,
èrTaderT rusul, Tanac oficialur~ gazeTs T a v i s
m S o b l i u r e n a d q a r T u l i m i e C n i a. Jurna-
li gakvirvebulia imiT, rom Cven TanavugrZnobT qarTu-
li literaturis warmatebas. varwmunebT pativcemul
Jurnals, rom kidev araerTxel darCeba gakvirvebuli
imis gamo, rom kulturis ganviTarebis saqmeSi Cven ar-
aerTxel gamovucxadebT TanagrZnobas ara marto qarT-
velebs, aramed somxebs, TaTrebs, ebraelebs. magaliTad,
cota xanSi Cvens mkiTxvelebs vauwyebT sasiamovno am-
bavs, rom b-nebi Smul SmuliCi da stefansoni weren is-
toriul Txzulebas ebraul enaze, rac fasdaudebeli
SenaZeni iqneba m S o b l i u r i (SmuliCisa da stefan-
sonisaTvis, cxadia) literaturisaTvis. unda vifiqroT,
310
b-ni stepanovis organo aqac SeniSnavs mzakvrul ganzrax-
vas, èrTaderTma rusulma, Tanac oficialurma~ gazeTma
m S o b l i u r enad ebrauli aqcios. dae, ixaros Cvens pal-
estinaSic SCedriniseulma `statistikam~ (kavkaz 1882b). *
ramdenime dRis Semdeg (16 dekembers) ukve dim. yifianma daw-
era winamdebare werili da igi gamosaqveyneblad gaugzavna
`kavkazis~ redaqtors _ daviT erisTavs, romlisganac 20 de-
kembriT daTariRebuli pasuxi miiRo (werili rusul enazea):
`Rrmad pativcemulo dimitri ivanes Zev!
miviRe Tqveni SesaniSnavi statia qarTuli enis Sesax-
eb. miuxedavad imisa, rom Tqveni kalmiT dawerili nebi-
smieri masalis dabeWdva Cemi gansakuTrebuli siamayis
sagania, am SemTxvevaSi moklebuli var siamovnebas, Cem
mier gamocemuli gazeTi Tqveni am statiiT davamSveno.
ìuridiCeskoe obozreniesTan~ dakavSirebuli
SeniSvnis gamoqveynebis Semdeg me sayveduri miviRe
mTavarmmarTvelobisagan da mirCeven, aRar Sevexo am
delikatur sakiTxs. aseTi SesaniSnavi werilis sazog-
adoebis yuradRebis miRma datovebac didad samwuxa-
ro iqneboda. amitom sasurvelia, es statia Tqven Tvi-
Ton gaugzavnoT gazeT `golosis~ redaqcias, romelic,
* `Cvens palestinaSi~ (`...в наших палестинах~) _ `CvenSi~, `Cvens

mxareSi~. myari Sesityveba `Наши палестины~ rusul enaSi swored
amas niSnavs [`Местность, край (преимущ. о своем, родном)~ _ uSak-
ovi 1939: 22; n. CubinaSvilTan _ `Палестина: sivrce adgilisa,
vake, bari~ (CubinaSvili 1971: 129)]. rac Seexeba `SCedriniseul
`statistikas~, avtori, Cans, gulisxmobs m. saltikov-SCedrinis
moTxrobas `keTilgonieri kurdReli~ (`Здравомысленный заяц~),
romelSic gadmocemulia ambavi, Tu rogor SeaWmevina Tavi mel-
as cxovrebis filosofiaze ganuwyvetliv molaybe kurdRelma.
teqstis dasawyisSi cxovrebis usamarTlobis Sesaxeb kurdRlis
msjelobas mosdevs fraza: `statistikuri cxrilebi, Sinagan
saqmeTa saministrosTan rom gamodis... aq kurdRels Cveulebriv
CaeZineboda, radganac statistikas iseTi Tviseba hqonda, rom
gonebamixdilobas iwvevda~ (saltikov-SCedrini 1950: 64).
311
unda vifiqroT, siamovnebiT gamoaqveynebs mas. *
gidasturebT gulwrfel pativiscemas
Tqveni umorCilesi mosamsaxure
T-di d. erisTavi (yifiani 1325; Cxetia 1947: 380).
d. erisTavis teqsts, romelic gaz. `kavkazis~ blankzea

dawerili, axlavs dim. yifianis minaweri (pasuxis Savi;
rusul enaze) _ daTariRebuli 22 dekembriT (daweris adgi-
li miTiTebuli ar aris):
`madlobas mogaxsenebT, Zvirfaso Tavado, Cemi stati-
is dabrunebisTvis. e. i. katkovuri modgma (`катковская
кличка~) imdenad Zlieria, rom mTavarmmarTvelobac ki
mis xmas aris ayolili. didi winaswarmetyveleba ar
aris saWiro imis misaxvedrad, rom es gza sikeTemde
ar migviyvans. me ki aqamde megona, mTavarmmarTvelobas
sikeTisaken mivyavdiT. gana SeiZleba TanaugrZnobde
saqmes, romelic TavisTavad uazrobamde misuli zne-
dacemulobaa?~ (yifiani 1325; Cxetia 1947: 380).
aseT garTulebul viTarebaSi dim. yifianma 28 dekem-

bris weriliT qviSxeTidan mimarTa dimitri starosel-
skis, romelic im dros iyo kavkasiis mTavarmmarTvelobis
samoqalaqo nawilis ufrosi, asrulebda mTavarmarTeblis
movaleobas da, imavdroulad, beWdviTi sityvis mTavar sam-
marTvelosac ganagebda:
`mowyaleo xelmwifeo
dimitri simonis Zev
* reformistuli suliskveTebis yoveldRiuri sazogadoe-
briv-politikuri da saliteraturo gazeTi `golos~ (`Голос~)
a. kraevskis redaqtorobiT peterburgSi gamodioda 1863-
1883 wlebSi. mas hqonda specialuri ganyofileba (Кавказское
отделение), romelSic kavkasiasTan dakavSirebuli sakmaod Tama-
mi teqstebi ibeWdeboda.
312
bevri saqme gaqvT, magram dabejiTebiT gTxovT, gamonaxoT
5 wuTi da waikiTxoT TandarTuli statia.
Tu amis Semdeg Tqven, rogorc mTavarmmarTvelobis
ufrosi da mTavarmarTeblis monacvle, gulze xelis dadeb-
iT ityviT, rom saWiro da SesaZlebelia misi gamoqveyneba,
SeatyobineT amis Sesaxeb `kavkazis~ redaqcias, romelic,
rogorc vici, uamisod ar apirebs mis dabeWdvas.
xolo Tuki Tqven am, Cemi azriT, wminda saqmeze uars me-
tyviT, ubrZaneT, Cemi statia ukanve damibrunon~ (yifiani
100; Cxetia 1947: 379-380).
dim. staroselskim, romelsac, garda samsaxurebrivi

mdgomareobisa, saqarTvelosTan ojaxuri garemoebebic
akavSirebda (ilia WavWavaZis qvisli iyo _ colad hyavda
ekaterine Tadeozis asuli guramiSvili) da qarTvelTa sa-
zogadoebrivi problemebic SeZlebisdagvarad gulTan mih-
qonda, Cans, gaiTvaliswina dim. yifianis Txovna da statia,
marTalia, Semoklebulad, magram mainc gamoqveynda (kavkaz
1883a). pirvelnabeWds vimowmebT srulad:
`В №328 `Кавказа~ говорилось, что помещенное пред тем известие о
печатающейся грузинской грамматике не понравилось `Юридическому
Обозрению~ и оно высказало свое удивление, как это `Кавказ~ может
сочувствовать грузинской литературе?
Это вызывает некоторые с моей стороны объяснения и прошу вас
поместить их в вашей-же газете.
Если данное людское общество жило и развивалось само по себе и
притом совершало еще какие-либо деяния исторического характера,
то у этого общества не могло не образоваться, также само по себе,
сознания, что оно из других подобных обществ выделилось как особый
народ, – а с этим сознанием не могло не образоваться и своего особого
наименования, и своего особого говора.
Грузия исторически существовала, как изолированное среди
враждебных ей племен царство, в течении слишком двух тысячелетий, до
313
самого нынешнего столетия. В своем единоборстве с этими племенами,
а по временам и с грозными мировыми завоевателями, она приняла на
себя не один их удар, выдержала не один их напор, предназначавшийся,
быть может, и остальному христианскому миру. Она имеет, таким
образом, свои самобытные заслуги и пред историею православной
церкви, чистоту которой охраняла, давая ей из своей среды святых
подвижников в святителях и великомучениках.
Этого нельзя оспаривать у грузин. В таком случае нельзя оспаривать
у них, как у народа, и права продолжать говорить у себя дома и
возносить молитвы к Верховному Заправителю судеб мира на более
или менее древнем родном своем языке. Родной язык – важная святыня
для всякого народа; а всякое посягание на народную святыню не
может ничем быть оправдываемо, кроме одной лишь невменяемости.
Это само сабою понимается везде, а в особенности в обширнейшем
из государств – Русском государстве. Некоторое оправдание могло-
бы существовать, в смысле политическом, в антагонизме между
подвластным и господствующим племенами, в религиозном фанатизме,
в диаметральной противоположности стремлений и интересов и в иных
подобных положениях; но к грузинам неприложимо ни одно из них: где
одно племя добровольно подчинилось, по собственному свободному
побуждению, другому племени, - там антагонизм немыслимая уже
аномалия со стороны подчинившегося; а если упорно вызывают
его низшие агенты господствующего племени, то добросовестность
обязывает всякого предупредить их, чтобы были благоразумны: не то
узнает-же когда-нибудь об их проделках высшая власть – и тогда кому
придется горе горевать?
Религиозный фанатизм и того невозможнее, где нет ни малейшей
розни ни в догматах, ни в обрядах веры. Грузины охраняли свое
православие с оружием в руках в течении пятнадцати веков; но
физическая сила начинала одолевать их в они, с чувством братства и
христианского доверия, прибегли под охрану русского православия.
Никакому фанатизму нет тут места.
Противоположность стремлений и интересов можно было-бы
314
предполагать со стороны грузин в одном случае, – еслиб представлялась
какая-нибудь возможность сказать, что грузины когда-нибудь
враждовали против России, или, даже, что они были когда-нибудь, в
отношении к своему Царю-Венценосцу России, менее верны, чем
вернейшие из его верноподданных, но сказать это с каким-нибудь
основанием – не представляется никакой возможности.
Таким образом, в мире верховной правды и государственной
благожелательности нет никакого повода относиться неприязненно
к языку такого многострадального народа, каким предстоят русскому
миру древне-православные грузины.
Государственный язык необходим, как жизненный элемент, всем,
кто вращается в сфере официальной, или кто посвящает себя делу
правительственного служения. Им надобно помочь приобрести
основательное знание этого языка. Правительство наше и не щадит
на это издержек. Но, кроме денежных затрат, нужно на это нечто и
иное. Вот это нечто и может дать одна педагогия, если она не будет
профанируема непризванными деятелями. Чистая педагогия требует,
чтобы первоначальное научное развитие давалось детям на их родном
языке. Только тогда и возможно для них образование без притупляющего
труда, – так-как чем основательнее знает учащийся свой родной язык,
чем легче ему усвоить себе правила и формы другого необходимого
ему языка. Люди мыслящие об этом уж не спорят.
Теперь два слова о грамматике, появление которой встречается так
нелюбезно со стороны `Юридического Обозрения~. Она набросана
мною наскоро для моих детей (впрочем, человек моих лет на все
подростающее поколение смотрит как на своих детей) и имеет в виду,
в действительно, законы лишь живой речи. К этому могу прибавить
здесь одно, что антагонисты грузинского языка будут, мне кажется, не
мало удивлены, узнав, что он обладает такою своеобразностью и таким
богатством форм, каких не представит ни один из древних и новых
языков Европы; а в этом важное облегчение для основательного изучения
всякого другого языка. Что-же касается до алфавита грузинского, – то
никто не спорит уже и о том, что, несмотря на его тройственность, он
315
проще и тем самым совершеннее других известных нам алфавитов.
Димитрий Кипиани~.
`droebam~ saswrafod Targmna da gadmobeWda `kavkazis~
publikacia (droeba 1883a), magram saxeldaxelo TargmanSi
zogierTi Seusabamoba gaipara da amitom igive `droeba~
ramdenime dRis Semdeg mcire winaTqmiT beWdavs werilis
avtoriseul Targmans (droeba 1883b), romelsac aq redaqci-
is winaTqmiTurT srulad vimowmebT:
`Cvens gazeTSi iyo amas winad (#4) `kavkazidam~ gadabe-
Wdili pativcemulis dim. yifianis SeniSvna samSoblo
enis Sesaxeb; radgan TargmanSi zogierTi unebliedi Sec-
doma mogvsvlia, amis gamo, avtoris TxovniT, xel-meored
vbeWdavT am SeniSvnas, romlis Targmani axla Cven TviTon
avtorisagan miviReT:
`kavkazis~ 328 #-Si iyo cnoba, rom ìuridikuls mi-
moxilvas~ ar moswoneboda imas wineT moyvanili ambavi,
rom axali qarTuli grammatika ibeWdeba Turme peter-
burRSio da Tavisi gankvirvebac warmoeTqva, rogor Tu
rusul gazeTs `kavkazs~ qarTuli mwignobrobis Sesamati
ambavi mosawonad miuRiao.
es iTxovs Cemgan ramdensame ganmartebas da gTxovT
Tqvensave gazeTSi damibeWdoT.
erTxel Tu sazogadoebas romelsame Tavis-Tavad
ucxovria da warmatebis gzasa mdgara, da amasTan Tu
saistorioTac umoqmednia rame, SeuZlebelia, rom am
sazogadoebaSi ar dabadebuliyo, Tavis-Tavadve, Seg-
neba, rom sxva sazogadoebaTagan calke xalxada varT
axla gamorkveulnio da ra rom es iTqmoda, usacilod
unda dahyoloda amas gansakuTrebuli Tavisi saxalxo
saxelica da Tavisi sakuTari metyvelebaca.
saqarTvelo istoriulad scxovrebda, rogorc erTi
mterTa Soris calke gamdgari samefo da arsebobda
ise oriaTas weliwadzed mets am as wlovani saukunes
316
damdegamdis. martod-marto ebrZoda mtersa, romel-
ic yovelis mxriT gars exvia da, imaT garda, samrTel
qveyno dampyrobelT mxedarT mTavarTaca, _ da aitana
ara-erTi dakveTeba imaTi, Seumagrda ara-erTxel imaT-
gan zeda dasxmas, romelic, vin icis, iqneba sul mTlad
qristianobasac emuqreboda. amiTi samsoflio isto-
riasTanac miuZRvis saqarTvelos Rvawli da marTlma-
dideblobasTanac, siwmindes rom icavda imisas Tavisi
Svilebis moRvaweobiT, romelTagan gamodiodnen wmin-
da makurTxevelni da didni mowameni.
amisi eWvi ar Semoitaneba qarTvelebzed. maS arc es
eWvi Semoitaneba, rom ufleba hqondeT Tavisi Zvele-
buri deda-ena ixmaron Sinaur ubnobaSiac da locva
vedrebaSiac, romelsac aRuvlenen samsoflio saqmed
uzenaess ganmgebels. deda-ena didad wmida salocavia
yoveli xalxisaTvis; da am gvaris samRvTo siwmidis Sex-
ebas xom ganmarTleba ara aqvs-ra, Tu ar erTi uasako-
bis (dedanSi: невменяемость _ Seuracxaoba _ T. j.) miz-
eziT. es Tavis-Tavad igulisxmeba yovelgan da umetesad
xelmwifobaTa Soris yovlis udidess ruseTis xelmwi-
fobaSi. _ moxerxdeboda kidev rogorime politikuri
gamarTleba, rom an winaaRmdegoba yofiliyo rame mor-
Cilsa da mflobels naTesavTa Soris; _ an sarwmunoebi-
Ti gandgomileba Seupovari; _ an sxva-da-sxva iseTi ram
erTmanerTzed daSorebuli mimarTuleba, rom rac erTs
argebs, is meores awyendes; _ da an sxva am gvari rame
mizezi; magram qarTvelebs amisTana mizezi verc erTi
ver mogvekareba. sadac erTi tomi meores neba-yoflo-
biTa da Tavisi sakuTari surviliT dauxelqveiTda, iq
imisagan mflobelis winaaRmdegoba yovlad moufiqre-
beliRaa; da Tu mflobelis mdabali moxeleebi mainca
da mainc imas adganan, rom es winaaRmdegoba gamoiwvi-
on rogorme, maSin keTil svindisianoba yvelas valada
317
gvdebs gavafrTxiloT isini, rom gonierebas daadgnen;
Torem erTxelac aris gaigebs imaTs saqciels umaRlesi
mTavroba da maSin _ brali viRasi?
sarwmunoebiTi gandgomileba xom ufro SeuZlebe-
lia, sadac gansxvaveba ara aris-ra arca rwmenaSi da
arca wesSi. qarTvelebi aTas xuTasis wlis ganmavloba-
Si xel SeiaraRebulni vifaravdiT Cvens marTl-madide-
blobas; magram Zala aRmarTsa xnavso, amisi ar iyos,
saqme rom gagviZnelda, ruseTis marTl-madideblobas
SevefareniT Zmuris grZnobiT da qristianuli mindo-
bilebiT. _ gandgomilebas raRa adgili unda hqondes
aqa.
mimarTulebisa da ltolvis sxva-da-sxvaoba Cvenis
mxriT safiqrebeli iqneboda erTad erTs SemTxvevaSi,
SesaZlebeli rom yofiliyo rogorme safuZvlianad
Tqma, qarTvelebs mtroba hqoniaT rodisme rusebisao,
_ an, Tunda esec, qarTvelebi Tavisi mefis, ruseTis
gvirgvinosnis erTgulni ise vera yofilan rodisme,
rogorc sxva imis uerTgulesi qveSevrdomebio, magram
an amisi Tqma ra safiqrebelia.
am saxiT, sadac ki uzenaesi simarTle hsufevs da xelm-
wifobis keTil mosurneoba, _ ara aris ra mizezi, rom
mtrulad ekidebodes vinme iseTi mraval-wamebulis
xalxis enas, ra xalxadac rusT-qveynis winaSe vdgevarT
ZvelTaganve marTl-madidebeli qarTvelebi.
saxelmwifo ena saWiroa, rogorc sicocxlis Rone,
yvelasaTvis, vinca vin sammarTeblebo wreSi imyofeba,
visac Tavi gadaudvia mmarTeblobis samsaxurisaTvis.
amaT undaT Semweoba, rom safuZvliani swavla SeiZinon
am saerTo enisa. arc ki mmarTebloba hzogavs, rac amas
xarji moundeba; magram fulis xarjs garda, aq sxva ram
aris kidev saWiro, _ da am sxvisa risame mocema SeuZlia
mxolod pedagogias, Tu uwvevelma mosaqmeebma isic ar
318
gaawbiles. wminda pedagogia iTxovs, rom pirvel-daw-
yebiTi swavla da gonebis gaxsna ymawvilisa emyarebodes
imiss deda-enazed. mxolod maSin SeiZleba ymawvilebis
gamozda gonebis dauCagravad, tvinis gamouTqvefavad;
amitom rom vinc ufro Rrmad icis Tavisi deda ena, im-
isTvis ufro advilia Seswavla sxva saWiro enisa. dam-
fiqrebelni amazed aRarsad baasoben.
axla oriod sityva grammatikazed, romlis gamosv-
las agre amrezilad uyurebs ìuridikuli mimoxilva~.
_ es wigni sxartulad aris dawerili Cemi SvilebisaT-
vis (magram Cemis xnis kaci yvela axal Tavobas ise uyu-
rebs, rogorc Tavis Svilebs) da marTla, irkvevs axlan-
delis, sasaubro enis kanonebs.
SemiZlia aq mxolod es davsZino kidev, rom qarTuli
enis moZuleebs cotad ar gaukvirdebaT, mgonia, rode-
sac Seityoben, rom am enasa aqvs iseTi ram TviT-saxovne-
ba da auarebeli simdidre sityvaT-moyvanilobisa, rom
ver warmoadgendes imisTanas verc erTi ZvelTa Tu ax-
alTa evropis enaTagani; da amaSi xom didi Semsubuqeba
aris yoveli sxva enis swavlisaTvis.
rac Seexeba qarTuls anbans, aRarca vin amazed baas-
obs axla, rom, Tumc samgvarovania, _ magram ufro mar-
tivia da maSasadame ufro sruli yvela sxva anbanzed,
rac ki Tvalwin gviZevs.
dimitri yifiani~.
xelnawerTa erovnul centrSi daculi avtografuli

xelnaweri Savia, Tumca, Cans, igi adre gadaTeTrebuli iyo
da mogvianebiT avtors am gadaTeTrebul variantze (unda
vifiqroT, dim. staroselskisTan mimoweris Semdeg) kvlav
umuSavia: Seucvlia zogierTi pasaJi, polemikuri simwvavis
Sesarbileblad aqa-iq amouRia calkeuli monakveTebi,
romelTagan zogierTi isev aRudgenia da sxv.; Cven nabeWdi
319
_ rogorc rusuli, ise qarTuli _ variantebisa da avto-
grafuli xelnaweris Sejerebis gziT teqsti aRvadgineT,
ramac, Tavis mxriv, misi Tavidan Targmna moiTxova. winamde-
bare publikacias safuZvlad xelnaweri udevs; xelnawerSi
arsebul, magram nabeWdSi daklebul monakveTebs vbeWdavT
kursiviT.
1
(gv. 96) `moskovis erTi gazeTi wamdauwum `mReris~...~ _
igulisxmeba gazeTi `moskovskie vedomosti~ (1756-1917),
yoveldRiuri (1859 wlidan) sazogadoebriv-politikuri
da saliteraturo gazeTi, gavleniani da popularuli ga-
mocema ruseTis imperiaSi. 1863 wels gazeTs xelaxla Cau-
dga saTaveSi mixeil katkovi da igi rusuli Sovinisturi
ideologiis sayrdenad da popularizatorad aqcia [m. kat-
kovi gazeT `moskovskie vedomostis~ redaqtori manamdec
iyo (1851-1856). saerTod unda iTqvas, rom m. katkovi 1863
wlamde mxurvale qomagi iyo ruseTSi sityvis Tavisufleb-
isa, nafic msajulTa sasamarTlosa da adgilobrivi TviTm-
marTvelobis institutTa SemoReba-damkvidrebisa; energi-
ulad moqmedebda presis cenzuris winaaRmdeg da sxv.; 1863
wlis ianvarSi igi, rogorc iTqva, dabrunda `moskovskie ve-
domostiSi~, imave dReebSi daiwyo poloneTis 1863-1864 ww.
ajanyeba da, aqedan mokidebuli sicocxlis bolomde m. kat-
kovi rusuli didmpyrobelobis apologeti da imperiaSi
gaerTianebul ararus xalxTa nacionaluri individualo-
bis yovelgvari gamovlenis dauZinebeli mteri gaxda].
2
(gv. 96) ìmeorebs Cveni ìuridiCeskoe obozrenie~
_ yovelkvireuli Jurnali ìuridiCeskoe obozrenie~
(`Юридическое обозрение~. 1881-1886) TbilisSi gamodioda
[zemoT naxsenebi stepanovi (aleqsandre vasilis Ze. 1845-
1887) am Jurnalis redaqtori iyo; aqve xazgasmiT unda iTqvas,
rom wyaroebisa da literaturis mixedviT, al. stepanovi
zogadad asimilaciuri politikis momxre ar Cans. magaliT-
320
ad, gazeT ìveriaSi~ misi damokidebuleba nacionaluri sak-
iTxisadmi asea gadmocemuli: `Cvenis azriTo, _ swerda igi,
_ yovels ers bunebis mier miniWebuli aqvs ufleba, rom Ta-
visis geniis Tviseburoba da niWi ganiviTaros; ramdenadac
ufro farTo da Tavisufali iqmneba es ganviTareba, imdenad
ufro Zvirfass ganZs SesZens igi (erovneba) sakacobrio da
saerovno sulis salaroso~ (iveria 1897)].
bankis saqmezed (102-105)
xelnaweri:
#106. Savi. avtografi. qarTul enaze. f. 2.
nabeWdi:
`droeba~, 29 ivnisi, 1883, #124.
torio moambe~. [t.] 3. 1947, gv. 386-388.
dim. yifiani. ra xalxia qarTvelebi? Seadgina, rusuli te-
qstebi Targmna, SeniSvnebi da bolosityva daurTo T.
jologuam. Tbilisi: lomisi. 1995, gv. 49-56.
baqraZe, r. TvaraZe, t. XX (tomis Semdgenelni: a. baqraZe,
gv. 101-104.
dim. yifiani. werilebi. winasityvaoba r. amaRlobelisa.
Tbilisi: ilias saxelmwifo universiteti. 2010, gv. 41-46.
Semdgeneli b. kobaZe. Tbilisi: 2014, gv. 829-831.
saTauri: b. redaqtoro! (saredaqcio saTauri _ `werili
redaqtorTan~).
TariRi da adgili: 1883 w. 26-s ivniss. s. qviSxeTi.
321
xelmowera: Tqveni guliTadi pativismcemeli dimitri yi-
fiani.
gadmogvaqvs pirvelnabeWdi. vimeorebT S. Cxetiaseul

dasaTaurebas _ `bankis saqmezed~ (Cxetia 1947: 386). dim.
yifianis mimarTvis adresatia `droebis~ imJamindeli
redaqtori ivane maCabeli.
im sakiTxis Sesaxeb, romlis garSemoc dim. yifians pole-
mika aqvs gamarTuli, levan yifians uweria:
`1883 wlis 1 maiss (unda iyos: 31 maiss. ix. droeba
1883g _ T. j.) saTavadaznauro-saadgilmamulo bankis
saerTo krebam gadawyvita‚ Seeqmna sami pirisgan Semd-
gari komisia‚ romelsac daekisreboda:
1. bankis arsebobis 8 wlis ganmavlobaSi saqmiswarmoe-
bis‚ angariSgebaTa‚ agreTve‚ sabanko operaciebis mim-
dinareobis gadasinjva. es yovelive miznad isaxavda
axali monacemebis safuZvelze Sesabamisi cvlilebebis
Setanas rogorc moqmedi wesdebis calkeul muxlebSi‚
ise bankis mmarTvelobis praqtikul saqmianobaSi.
2. bankSi dagiravebuli mamulis Sefasebis iseTi wese-
bis SemuSaveba‚ romelSic uwindelze ufro srulad
iqneboda gaTvaliswinebuli adgilobrivi Tavisebure-
bebi rogorc qalaqSi‚ ise soflad.
3. iseTi ufleba-movaleobebis Camoyalibeba‚ rom-
lebic sesxis amRebs gauadvilebda‚ erTi mxriv‚ kredi-
tis aRebas da‚ meore mxriv‚ bankis winaSe nakisri val-
debulebebis Sesrulebas.
4. iseTi pirobebis ganxilva da gamorkveva‚ romelic
ganamtkicebda ndobas bankisadmi da am mxriv daayenebda
mas im simaRleze‚ wesiT rom unda sWeroda kidevac fi-
nansur wreebSi. komisias mieniWa kooptaciis ufleba.
5. komisia valdebuli iyo, Seemowmebina wina weli-
wadSi dagiravebul mamulTa Sefasebis siswore da isic
322
gamoerkvia‚ Tu vis unda dakisreboda pasuxismgebloba
mosalodnel zaralze.
komisia mimdinare sabanko operaciaTa ganxilvisas
aRWurves yvela im uflebiT‚ romelic sabanko-sare-
vizio komisias hqonda _ winaswari gafrTxilebis gare-
Se bankis davTrebisa da salaroTa Semowmebis CaTvliT~
(yifiani 1912; saSviliSvilo mokavSire... 2007: 131-132).
krebam komisiaSi sami piri airCia: daviT yifiani, giorgi

Tarxan-mouravi (TarxniSvili) da giorgi TumaniSvili. `sam-
Ta komisiam~ muSaobaSi dim. yifianis miwveva CaTvala saW-
irod da am mizniT daviT yifianma mas 1883 w. 15 maiss Tbilis-
idan qviSxeTSi TanamSromlobis Txovnis werili gaugzavna
(dav. yifianis werili ix. kavkaz 1883b; dedani ix. yifiani 1683).
daviT yifianma adresatisgan kategoriuli uari miiRo:
`Tqveni werili am Tvis 15[-isa] miviRe, romelSiac
mkiTxavT: SemiZlian, Tu ara, an ra monawileobas miviReb
samis pirisagan Semdgar komisiaSi.
Tavs vixri am araCveulebriv movlenis winaSe, rom
`samTa komisia~ me mTvlis Tavad-aznaurTa bankis inici-
atorad da misi keTildReoba CemTvis sasurvelad miaC-
nia, magram:
me ar TanavugrZnob Tbilisis Tavad-aznaurTa bank-
is exlandels mimarTulebas, amitom, rom me mindoda
bankis daarseba miwis mflobelTa da miwis muSakTaTvis
da exlandeli banki xels uwyobs ufro qalaqis saxleb-
is patronebs; mis damfuZnebelT ki, e. i. Tavad-aznau-
robas, krediti gaZnelebuli aqvs, miwis muSakisaTvis
ki xom sruliad daketilia bankis karebi. amisTana bank-
is iniciatorad (moTaved) me Tavis dReSi ara vyofil-
var; ufro nakleb TanavugrZnob sam pirTagan Semdgars
komisias, radgan is aris nawyveti imave zedamxedvelis
komitetisa, romelic, imis magier, rom Txoulobdes
323
bankis yvela saqmeebis ganxilvas, rogoris formiTac
unda moxdes es ganxilva, rasac SeuZlia misi reputac-
iis aweva da damkvidreba, yovel gvars winaaRmdegobas
uwevda sazogado yrilobis survils da bolos das-
Tanxmda komisiis daniSvnas, mxolod imave zedamxedve-
lis komitetis wevrTagan Semdgars.
me Cems dReSi ara mqonia niWi, visurvo warmateba im
pirTa da im dawesebulebaTaTvis, romelTac ar Tanavu-
grZnob. es iyo mizezi, rom bankis gaxsnisTanave me uar-vy-
avi yovelive monawileoba zedamxedvelis komitetis mo-
qmedebaSi, Tumca mas hnebavda vegulebine mis wevrad. es
aris mizezi, rom exlac gadaWrils uars vacxadeb da miss
saqmeebSi arafers monawileobas ar miviReb. am sam pirTa
komisias ise vuyureb, rogorc fraqcias (nawils) imave
zedamxedvelis komitetisas~ [dawerilia qviSxeTSi, da-
TariRebulia 1883 w. 20 ivnisiT. gamoqveynda gaz. `kavka-
zSi~ (kavkaz 1883b), iTargmna da gadmoibeWda `droebaSi~
(droeba 1883g). aq am ukanasknel publikacias vimowmebT.
dim. yifianis avtografuli xelnaweris Savi (rusul
enaze) ix. yifiani 802; gadaTeTrebuli teqsti daculia
g. leoniZis saxelobis qarTuli literaturis saxelm-
wifo muzeumSi, simon xundaZis fondSi. gamoqveynebuli
aqvs agreTve S. Cxetias (Cxetia 1947: 385)].
mTeli es istoria imiT damTavrda, rom `samTa komisiam~

safuZvlianad Seiswavla Tbilisis saTavadaznauro-saadg-
ilmamulo bankis cxrawliani muSaoba da Sedegebi 1884 wlis
maisSi moxsenebis saxiT warudgina Tavadaznaurobis krebas
(sakiTxis Sesaxeb ix. Telia 1989: 109-116; xsenebuli kreb-
is vrceli angariSi ix. droeba 1884a; i. WavWavaZis sityva
komisiis muSaobis mimdinareobisa da Sedegebis Sesaxeb ix.
droeba 1884b).
dim. yifianis winamdebare werils mkacri pasuxiT gamoex-
324
maura i. WavWavaZe (WavWavaZe 1883: 129-139; WavWavaZe 1955a:
260-269), mogvianebiT ki, 1886 wels, Tbilisis saTavadaznau-
ro-saadgilmamulo bankis sakredito politikis garSemo
poziciaTa gansxvavebuloba ori moRvawis mwvave polemi-
kaSi gadaizarda (ix. aqve: dim. yifianis werilebis seria
`pasuxi ilia WavWavaZes~).
1
(gv. 102) `...gazeTis #121-Si moyvanilma bankis saqmezed
msjelobam~ _ igulisxmeba gaz. `droebis~ publikacia (dro-
eba 1883g), romelic xelmouwerelia (rogorc dim. yifianis
winamdebare weriliT irkveva, misi avtori `droebis~ imJa-
mindeli redaqtori iv. maCabelia) da romelSic gadmoce-
mulia `samTa komisiis~ Seqmnis mokle istoria, CarTulia
dim. yifianis zemoT damowmebuli werili daviT yifianisad-
mi da darTuli aqvs dim. yifianis poziciis redaqtoriseu-
li Sefaseba (ix. qvemoT _ koment. 4).
aq gasarkvevi rCeba erTi sakiTxi: `droebis~ 1883 wlis
25 ivnisis 121-e nomerSi redaqtorad miTiTebulia sergei
mesxi, Tumca es saqmis mxolod formaluri mxarea _ avadmyo-
fobis gamo `1883 wlis maisis pirvel ricxvebSi s. mesxma sam-
udamod datova `droeba~ (bocvaZe 1968: 70), manamde ki emo-
ciuri teqstiT `Cems mkiTxvels~ daemSvidoba sazogadoebas
(mesxi 1883; mesxi 1964d: 413-415). s. mesxis Semcvleli iv. ma-
Cabeli `droebas~, rogorc redaqtori, xels awers 1883 w.
122-e nomridan.
2
(gv. 102) `Zlivs-ZlivobiT dawynarda Cveni ase axirebu-
lad atexili sodom-gomoraca~ _ `sodom-gomora~, garda
bibliuri Sinaarsisa (garyvnilebis codva), ùwesrigobis,
aliaqoTis, aurzauris~ mniSvnelobiTac ixmareba (SaviS-
vili 1975: 100). unda iTqvas, rom sxva enebSic _ magaliT-
ad, rusul enaSi _ sityva `sodomi~, garda imave bibliuri
Sinaarsisa, gamoxatavs agreTve ùwesrigobas, xmaurs, ga-
wamawias~ (`Содом ... Крайний беспорядок, сильный шум, суматоха~
325
_ uSakovi 1940: 353).
3
(gv. 104) `Tqvena gkiTxavT, batono `droebis~ redaqtoro~
_ gazeT `droebis~ redaqtori am dros, rogorc zemoT iTq-
va (koment. 1), iv. maCabelia.
4
(gv. 104) `Tqvenia Cemi `kavkazSi~ dabeWdili pasuxis diaR
maxvili pasuxi da Tqvena bZandebiT bankis gamgeobis meinaxe-
Tagani~ _ `kavkazSi~ dabeWdil pasuxSi~ dim. yifiani gulisx-
mobs gaz. `kavkazis~ 1883 wlis 141-e nomerSi gamoqveynebul
publikacias, romelic exeba `samTa komisiis~ Seqmnas da mas-
Si CarTulia: a) dav. yifianis werili dim. yifianisadmi; b)
dim. yifianis pasuxi dav. yifianisadmi (kavkaz 1883b); `diaR
maxvil pasuxSi~ ki igulisxmeba dim. yifianis poziciis iv.
maCabliseuli Sefaseba:
`rasakvirvelia, Zalad TanagrZnobis aRZvra im saq-
misadmi, romelsac ar TanaugrZnob, Znelia, magram erTi
ram gvakvirvebs pativcemulis d. i. yifianis werilSi.
komisia zrdilobianis weriliT sTxovs mas monawileo-
ba miiRos wesdebis Secvlasa da msesxebelTa mdgomare-
obis gaadvilebaSi da pativcemuli d. yifiani pasux-
ad ugebs: me ar miviReb monawileobas, radgan wesdeba
cudad aris Sedgenili da soflis mamulis patronebs
bankidam fulis aReba gaZnelebuli aqvTo. komisiis
wevrT SeuZlianT b. d. yifians miugon _ Cvenc imitom
gTxovT rCevas, rom wesdeba sasikeTod Seicvalos da
msesxeblebs gauadvildeT, rogorc sesxis aReba, ise
sargeblis gadaxdao.
Cven darwmunebuli varT, rom rodesac SarSan b. dim-
it. yifianma telegramiT Tanxmoba gamoacxada bankis
gamgeobis Tavmjdomareobazed kenWis yrisa (Tumca Tav-
is werilSi bZanebs, rom Tavis dReSi ar TanavugrZnob-
di da ganze vudeq im banks, romelic axla arsebobso),
_ es Tanxmoba mxolod imitom gamoacxada, rom rogorc
gamgeobis Tavmjdomares, bankis wesdebis Secvlazed
326
gavlena hqonoda; magram amazed darwmunebuli varT,
rom rogorc umTavres mrCevels im komisiisas, romel-
mac bankis moqmedeba sruliad unda gadasinjos da
wesdeba Sesaferisad unda Sescvalos, _ kidev ufro
meti gavlena eqneboda bankis saqmeebzed. maS rada sTq-
va uari pativcemulma d. i-Zem yifianma ubralo rCevis
micemazed, _ Cven ar gvesmis.
rogorc werilidama sCans, b. d. yifians Zvirfasi rCe-
va unda hqondes mosacemi, magram jer-jerobiT mxolod
sazogado azrebiT icilebs Tavidam am movaleobas sa-
zogadoebis winaSe. Cven bednierni viqnebodiT, rom sa-
zogado azrebi wvrils SeniSvnebad daxurdavebuliyo
da bankis wesdebis yovelive muxli, romelic mavneblad
miaCnia, b. yifians uwyalod kritikis qveS gaetarebina.
Tu komisia Rirsi ar aris am cnobebis SeZenisa, sazoga-
doebas, gvgonia, ara daeSavebinos-ra, da imedi gvaqvs,
pativcemuli avtori werilisa gulSi ar Caimarxavs da
sazogadoebas mainc gauziarebs Tavis codnisa da ga-
mocdilebis nayofs~ (droeba 1883g).
5
(gv. 104) `me araTu SarSan peterburRidam...~ _ 1882 wlis
ianvridan ivnisamde dim. yifiani peterburgSi imyofebo-
da niko dadian-mingrelskis maioratTan dakavSirebuli
saqmeebis gamo (1880-1882 ww. dimitri iyo wevri droebiTi
saxelmwifo komisiisa, romelic peterburgSi, saxelmwifo
qonebis saqmeTa saministroSi, iyo daarsebuli da samegre-
los mamulebze niko dadianis uflebebis gansazRvras isax-
avda miznad. am saqmeze peterburgSi yofnis Sesaxeb TviTon
dim. yifians uweria Tavis `memuarebSi~ _ yifiani 1990: 80-96;
ix. agreTve: yifiani 2012: 263-273, 330-338).
327
xizanTa sakiTxi (106-113)
nabeWdi: Jurn. `Юридическое обозрение~. 24 maisi, 1884, #165,

gv. 97-102.
saTauri: Хизанский вопрос.
TariRi da adgili: 17 maisi 1884 w. sof. qviSxeTi.
1864 wlis saglexo reforma xiznebs ar Sexebia. Sesabamis-

ad, problema samarTlebrivad ar mogvarebula da amitom
sakiTxma didxans SeinarCuna simwvave, xolo 1880-iani ww.
igi specialuri msjelobis sagnad iqca. dim. yifianis winam-
debare teqsti am sajarod gamarTuli diskusiis nawilia
(i. WavWavaZis Sexedulebebi xiznebis saqmis Sesaxeb ix. Wav-
WavaZe 1956b: 113-177; sainteresoa sim. xundaZis Sexeduleba:
`80-ian wlebSi xizanTa sakiTxSi d. yifianisa da i. WavWavaZis
programa Sexvda erTi meores~ _ xundaZe 1936: 151).
saJurnalo teqsts win uZRoda mimowera dim. yifiansa da
Tbilisis gubernator al. grosmans Soris. kerZod, 1884 w.
22 aprils gubernatori dimitris sTxovs, monawileoba mii-
Ros xizanTa sakiTxis ganxilvaSi (yifiani 356; Cxetia 1947:
398), rasac mohyva dim. yifianis pasuxi qviSxeTidan (mimow-
era rusul enazea): `didad vwuxvar, magram amJamad Tbilis-
Si Camosvla ar SemiZlia. Tu Cemi azri xizanTa Sesaxeb saqmi-
saTvis sasargeblod migaCniaT, SemiZlia es azri werilobiT
mogawodoT; amisaTvis ki Tundac mcire xniT damWirdeba,
xelT mqondes cnobebi saqmis arsis Sesaxeb da sagubernio
sakrebulos daskvna~ (yifiani 356; Cxetia 1947: 399).
1
(gv. 107) `tabarukebi da boganoebi arseboben~ _ `taba-
ruki~: umiwo glexi, romelsac ar gaaCnia warmoebis
saSualebebi (qse 1985: 634; sulxan-sabasTan: glexi-axal
mosuli _ orbeliani 1966: 130); `bogano~: uvenaxo, mcirem-
328
iwiani, xelmokle glexi (qse 1977: 435-436; sulxan-sabasTan:
uagarako glexi _ orbeliani 1965: 111).
2
(gv. 108) ùcxo da ucnobi iyo Zveli saqarTvelosTvis~ _
ociode wliT adre, mis mierve Sedgenil saglexo reformis
proeqtSi dim. yifiani ambobs _ xiznoba saqarTveloSi Zvel
droSic arsebobdao, Tumca ar akonkretebs, Cveni warsulis
romeli monakveTidan iwyebs igi xiznobis istorias (àdg-
ilmamuli Cvens qveyanaSi arc eklesias aklia da arc xazinas;
ara Tu maTis uwyebis kacni, sabatono mamulebzed xiznad
myofni, bevri imaTzed umravlesnic moTavsdebian Tavisu-
fals adgilmamulebzed. saxazino mamulebis gamgebelT mec-
adineoba aras dros ar daukliaT, rom xiznebi Tavisi uw-
yebis adgilzed daebinavebinaT. magram zemore moxsenebuli
ricxvi xiznebisa mainc sabatono adgilmamulebzeda rCeba
da ricxvi ese ufro da ufro hmatulobs, da aqamomde arc
magaliTi momxdara, rom saqarTveloSi gaproletarebul
iyos vinme, ese igi, ubinadro kaci ipovebodes sadme, Tu ar
ramdenime Sina yma oboli. qarTveli kaci Tavis adgilid-
am advilad ar daiZvris: mSobeli qveyana uyvars, salocavs
taZars uerTgulebs da mama-papis Zvlebs ver ganeSoreba, Tu
saqme didad ar uWirs; da mrTelma Cvenma qveyanam icis, rom
xizans arc ara uWirs ra da arca ra saTakiloa imiss yofa
cxovrebaSi; mamulis patronebsa da maT Soris Seuryevlad
arsebobs xaTri da pativi erTmaneTisa, orisave mxrisaTvis
Zvirad dasafasebeli. xiznoba ZvelTa droTagan arsebobs
saqarTveloSi (kursivi Cvenia _ T. j.) da ara Tu Tavisufal-
ni, sabatono kacnic mravalni etanebian am mdgomareobasa,
radgan saqmiT sasargeblo aris orisave mxrisaTvis. swored
am gvarsave magram ukeTess mdgomareobaSi iqnebian ymanica
Cveni Semdgom ganTavisuflebisa; ukeTesSi amiT, rom saukeT-
eso adgilmamulebi eqnebaT da yovlad ueWvelia, rom amiTi
moispoba Cvens Soris yoveli mizezi erTi erTmaneTzed dam-
durebisaca da Cvens saSinao saqmeebSi mmarTeblobisagan yo-
329
veldRe gamorevisaca~ _ Cxetia 1950: 229-230).
3
(gv. 108) `...TrialeTis sazRvrebSi 10 weliwadi icxovra,
amiT Tavisi winandeli patronisagan Tavisuflebas moipov-
ebs~ _ vaxtangis kanonebis mixedviT, `TrialeTis sazRvreb-
Si~ mcxovreb glexs Tavisuflebis mosapoveblad 12 weliwa-
di sWirdeboda (`TrialeTze, qarTvelis batonis saxasoSi,
Tormetis wlis wasuli rom movides, [Zvel batons] aRar mis-
cemen~ _ vaxtang VI 1963: 531). es ricxvi (12 weliwadi) TviTon
dim. yifians sxva teqstebSic aqvs damowmebuli (Cxetia 1950:
72, 103, 346; glexTa es nawili amgvari SeRavaTiT imitom
sargeblobda, rom TrialeTi qarTlis ganapira mxare iyo
da iq gadaxvewili glexi Semoseul mters pirveli uxvdebo-
da _ Cxetia 1950: XVII). rac Seexeba 10-wlian vadas, igi saqa-
rTveloSi ruseTis xelisuflebam tyved namyof sabatono
glexebze 1830-ian wlebSi daawesa (Cxetia 1950: 89-90).
pasuxi ilia WavWavaZes (gv. 114-128)

I
xelnaweri:
xelnawerTa erovnuli centri. dim. yifianis arqivi, saqme
#855. avtografi. Savi. qarTul enaze. f. 4.
nabeWdi: ìveria~. 22 maisi, 1886, #109.
saTauri: batono redaqtoro! (saredaqcio saTauri _ `wer-
ili redaqtoris mimarT~).
TariRi da adgili: 16 maisi 1886 w. quTaisi.
II
xelnaweri:
#856. avtografi. Savi. qarTul enaze. f. 2 (xelnawers ax-
330
lavs dim. yifianis avtografuli minaweri: `kn. il. W-Zes~).
nabeWdi: ìveria~. 1 ivnisi, 1886, #116.
saTauri: batono redaqtoro! (saredaqcio saTauri _ `wer-
ili redaqciis mimarT~).
TariRi da adgili: 26 maisi 1886 w. q. quTaisi.
III
xelnaweri:
#857. avtografi. Savi. qarTul enaze. f. 8.
nabeWdi: ìveria~, 26 ivnisi, 1886, #136.
saTauri: batono redaqtoro! (saredaqcio saTauri _ `weri-
li dimitri yifianisa~).
TariRi da adgili [calkeuli monakveTebisa]: 28 maisi 1886
w. quTaisi; 29 maisi 1886 w. quTaisi; 15 ivnisi 1886 w. s.
qviSxeTi.
gadmogvaqvs pirvelnabeWdi. dasaTaureba Cvenia.
Tbilisis saTavadaznauro-saadgilmamulo bankis sakred-

ito politikiT gamowveuli dapirispireba dim. yifiansa da
i. WavWavaZes Soris jer kidev 1883 wels daiwyo (WavWavaZe
1883: 129-139; WavWavaZe 1955a: 260-269), ganaxlda ilias mier
1886 wlis maisSi gazeT ìveriaSi~ gamoqveynebuli wer-
ilebiT (ix. qvemoT: koment. 1) da es dapirispireba ramdenime
Tves gagrZelda [i. WavWavaZis teqstebi, romlebic ìveria-
Si~ xangamoSvebiT, 24 maisidan 17 ivlisamde (##111-116, 136,
144-147, 150-152, 154) ibeWdeboda, ix.: WavWavaZe 1956g: 349-371,
384-418; imave periodSi (kerZod, ivnisSi) da imave ìveria-
Si~ (##120-123) daibeWda ilias polemikuri werilebi akaki
wereTlis sabanko Sexedulebebis winaaRmdeg (teqstebi ix.
331
WavWavaZe 1956g: 371-384)].
unda iTqvas, rom miuxedavad kamaTis simwvavisa da prin-
cipuli, ukompromiso poziciisa, polemikuri werilebis
mTeli es seria iliam ase daasrula:
ùsamarTloba, umaduroba iqmneba Cven mier, rom ara
vsTqvaT, ra samsaxuri gauwia b-ma dimitri yifianma Cvens
qveyanasa. pirvel mas mouvida fiqrad banki daearsebina
da didi Rvawli, didi mxneoba, didi mecadineoba ixma-
ra am sasaxelo fiqrisa da azris ganxorcielebisaTvis.
man daiyolia tfilisisa da quTaisis Tavad-aznauroba,
rom fuli SeewiraT bankis dasaarseblad. man martom
idva eg kisrad da martom Seasrula Tvisis saxelis sa-
siqadulod. igi maSin iyo guberniis marSlad da unda
vaRiaroT, rom, Cvenis fiqriT, arc erTs marSals arc
manamde, arc mermed aseTi didi Rvawli, aseTi didi
samsaxuri ar gauwevia Cvenis qveynisaTvis rac unda
sTqvan imaT, vinc bankis daarsebaSi borotsa hxedven,
Cven ki amas vityviT, rom banki didi saqmea Cvenis qveyni-
saTvis da am didis saqmis damwyobi, meTauri da Sesa-
Zlod mqmneli b-ni dimitri yifiania. saxeli da dideba
bankis daarsebisa ganuSorebel iqmneba mis saxelTana~
(WavWavaZe 1886a; WavWavaZe 1956g: 418; vimowmebT pirvel-
nabeWdidan).
dim. yifianis sabanko Sexedulebebis, maT Soris, i. Wav-
WavaZesTan polemikis Sesaxeb ix.: jorjaZe 1989: 490-506; xun-
daZe 1936: 158-177; Telia 1989: 110-114, 120-127; uTuraSvili
1989: 97-113; mansvetaSvili 1936: 165-166, 188-190.
1
(gv. 114) ìveriis~ am TTvis 13-isa da 14-is nomrebSi
dabeWdili aris ori didi mowinave muxli~ _ igulisxmeba i.
WavWavaZis mowinave werilebi, romlebic ìveriis~ 1886 w.
maisis nomrebSi daibeWda (WavWavaZe 1886b; WavWavaZe 1886g;
WavWavaZe 1956g: 343-345; WavWavaZe 1956g: 345-348) da rom-
332
lebSic avtori Tbilisis saTavadaznauro-saadgilmamulo
bankis sakredito politikaze msjelobis Semdeg daaskvnis:
ès mamulebis gausyidveloba bankis saqmeSi sizmaria da eg
sizmari, marTalia, sanatreli da sasurvelia, magram mainc
sizmaria da ocneba. kidev vityviT: netar arian morwmuneni
da Cven ki am gansakuTrebul SemTxvevaSi mag netarebas
gamoklebulni varT~ (WavWavaZe 1886g; WavWavaZe 1956b: 348).
2
(gv. 114) `me gaxlavarT erTi am bankebis damfuZnebelTa-
gani~ _ idea saTavadaznauro-saadgilmamulo bankis daarse-
bisa dim. yifians saglexo reformis periodSi daebada (ix.
aqve, dim. yifianis Txzuleba `sazogadoobisa da qveynis
momavlisaTvis~). am saqmis mosagvareblad dimitrim, i. mans-
vetaSvilis TqmiT, àiRo xelSi yavarjeni, fexT Caicva, ro-
gorc Cveni xalxi ityvis, rkinis qalamnebi, da ase per pedes
apostolorum (fexiT, mociqulTa msgavsad _ avt. SeniSvna) gaud-
ga gzas. gadadioda soflidam sofelSi, rogorc Zvel dros
berebi dadiodnen sofel-sofel kalmasobaze~ (mansvetaS-
vili 1936: 165). 1867 wlis maisSi TbilisSi Catarda guber-
niis Tavadaznaurobis yriloba, romelmac saTavadaznau-
ro-saadgilmamulo bankis wesdebis SesamuSaveblad Seqmna
specialuri komiteti, romlis sapatio prezidentad ar-
Ceul iqna gr. orbeliani, Tavmjdomared ki _ dim. yifiani
(yrilobis Sesaxeb, agreTve `komitetis~ wevrTa sia ix. dro-
eba 1867g; unda aRiniSnos, rom i. WavWavaZe am `komitetis~
wevrad Seiyvanes, rogorc Telavis mazris warmomadgeneli).
amis Semdeg dim. yifianis xelmZRvanelobiT bankis proeqtis
xuTi proeqti SemuSavda, romelTagan mexuTe, sabolood
Camoyalibebuli da daxvewili, waredgina ruseTis finansTa
saministros, magram maSin proeqtis damtkiceba ver moxerx-
da. 1870 wlidan dimitri CamoSorda bankis daarsebis saqmes
(sakiTxis Sesaxeb ix.: asaTiani 1979: 31-95; Telia 1989: 8-31).
rac Seexeba quTaisis saTavadaznauro-saadgilmamulo
banks, igi daarsda 1876 wels, ganyofileba hqonda Tbilis-
333
Sic da, garda Tbilisisa da quTaisis guberniebisa, òper-
aciebs awarmoebda agreTve baTumis, soxumisa da arTvinis
olqebSi~ (qse 1986: 572). 1879 wels quTaisis guberniis Ta-
vadaznaurobis morig yrilobaze erTma jgufma quTaisis
saTavadaznauro-saadgilmamulo bankis mmarTvelis kandi-
datad dim. yifiani daasaxela, magram nik. yifianma ganacx-
ada _ mamaCemisagan uflebamosili var, movxsna misi kandi-
datura, raTa am sakiTxis garSemo arsebuli ganxeTqileba
ar gaRrmavdeso. amis Semdeg darCa nikoloz RoRoberiZisa
da daviT baqraZis kandidaturebi. airCies nik. RoRoberiZe
(WiWinaZe 1879).
3
(gv. 114) `Tqven brZandebiT... am gamgeblebis pirvelTa-
gani~ _ ilia WavWavaZe, dRidan daarsebisa, Tbilisis saTa-
vadaznauro-saadgilmamulo bankis gamgeobis Tavmjdomare
(mmarTveli) iyo (iliam morigi dapirispirebis fonze banki
1905 wlis 23 ivniss datova _ asaTiani 1994: 203-204; ).
4
(gv. 115) `meurned Cven dagayeneT Tqven samni...~ _ unda
vifiqroT, dim. yifiani sameulSi gulisxmobs ilias (bankis
mmarTvels) da bankis or imdroindel direqtors: ivane ma-
Cabelsa da aleqsandre ColoyaSvils.
5
(gv. 116) `daxaTrijamebulni rom ara yofiliyvnen...~ _
aq: darwmunebulni rom ar yofiliyvnen (xaTrijami: darw-
munebuli, imediani, arxeini... _ qegl 1964: 1317).
6
(gv. 120) `...sokolovsa da wulukiZes, mieca, ymobis gau-
qmebis wineT, usamarTlod ganTavisuflebuli glexebis sam-
agiero sulzed TerTmeti Tumanio~ _ maior sokolovisTvis
senatis 1858 w. ivlisis gadawyvetilebiT micemul `samag-
ieroze~ dim. yifians uweria mis mier 1863 wels Sedgenil
saglexo reformis proeqtSi `tfilisis guberniis keTil-
SobilTa Sekrebilebisadmi moxseneba batonymobis saqmezed~
(Cxetia 1950: 267).
7
(gv. 121) ìm ormoci Tu samoci aTasi Tumnis triali ar
aris am sumis warmomadgeneli?~ _ `suma~ (rus. сумма): Tanxa,
334
jami; `sumis warmomadgeneli~ _ Tanxis nawili/Tanxis safuZ-
veli.
8
(gv. 122) `Zvelma berZnebma Sehbedes Turme Taviss RmerT-
sa: ìupitero! styuvi da imitom swyrebio~ _ avtori iyenebs
`frTian gamoTqmas~, romelic saTaves iRebs Zv. berZeni mwer-
lis, lukiane samoselis, erT-erTi satiridan da gamoxatavs
iseT mdgomareobas, roca polemikisas mopaeqre mxares argu-
menti ar aqvs da amitom Tavis pozicias emociuri sityviT/
moqmedebiT gamoxatavs.
9
(gv. 127) `me viyav erTxel mengreliis mTavris apekunad~
_ dim. yifiani `mengreliis mTavris apekunad~ iyo 1859-1867
wlebSi (ufro vrclad ix. aqve, koment. 1 dim. yifianis teqs-
tisa _ `princesa ekaterine dadianis Sesaxeb~).
10
(gv. 127) èrTma vinme b. borozdinma... rCevam yoveli
misi moTxovnileba samarTlianad aRiarao~ _ aq naxsenebi
`vinme b[atoni] borozdini~ aris rusi mwerali da saxelm-
wifo moxele kornili borozdini, romelic 1853-1867 ww.
saqarTveloSi msaxurobda, samegrelos samTavros saqmeebSi
xelisuflebis interesebs icavda da amis gamo dim. yifianTan
Setakebebi mosdioda. amis Sesaxeb k. borozdins uweria Tav-
is memuarul TxzulebaSi `samegrelo da svaneTi. 1854-1861.
mogonebani~ (Targmani T. saxokiasi; dedniseuli saTauri
`Закавказские воспоминания. Мингрелия и Сванетия с 1854 по 1861 г.~;
dim. yifianTan urTierTobis, peterburgSi dimitris gamg-
zavrebis, iq `saxelmwifo rCevis [sabWos]~ mier saqmis ganx-
ilvisa da imperator aleqsandre II-is gadawyvetilebis Ses-
axeb ix. borozdini 1934: 159-160, 280-282, 290-292, 311-320,
322, 324-328). dim. yifianis mier aq naxseneb èrT rusul Jur-
nalSi~ igulisxmeba `Исторический вестник~, romlis furcleb-
zec (1885, ##1-6) gamoqveynda Tavdapirvelad k. borozdi-
nis memuarebi saTauriT _ `Упразднение двух автономий~.
dim. yifianis mier naxsenebi `kavkasiis komiteti~
(`Кавказский комитет~), rogorc sagangebo uwyebaTaSorisi
335
organo, kavkasiasTan dakavSirebuli sakiTxebis gansaxil-
velad da gadasawyvetad peterburgSi nikoloz I-is inici-
ativiT 1840 wels daarsda. `komiteti~ kompleqtdeboda
uSualod imperatoris mier da masSi Sediodnen samxedro,
Sinagan saqmeTa, finansTa, saxelmwifo qonebis, iusticiis
ministrebi, agreTve, taxtis memkvidre (`komitetis~ Tavm-
jdomareebi sxvadasxva dros iyvnen: al. CerniSovi, v. butk-
ovi da sxv.). aq ganixileboda iseTi sakiTxebi, romelTa Ses-
axeb erTpirovnuli gadawyvetilebis miReba aRemateboda
rogorc kavkasiis xelisuflebis, ise imperiis calkeuli
saministroebis uflebamosilebas. specifikuri datvirT-
va `kavkasiis komitetma~ SeiZina kavkasiaSi mefisnacval
m. voroncovis mmarTvelobis dros, roca igi arsebiTad m.
voroncovis warmomadgenlobiT organod iqca. 1882 wels
gauqmda kavkasiis mefisnacvlis instituti da SemoRebul
iqna adre arsebuli posti mTavarmarTeblisa. cvlilebas
`kavkasiis komitetic~ Seewira _ am wels igi gauqmda (mokle
cnobebi `kavkasiis komitetis~ Sesaxeb ix. Комитет кавказский _
brokhauzi-efroni 1895: 838).
l i t e r a t u r u l i
w e r i l e b i
aleqsandre WavWavaZis gardacvaleba (gv. 131-135)
nabeWdi: `Кавказ~, 9 noemberi, 1846, #45.

teqsti, romelic iwyeba sityvebiT „Весть, выходящая из круга

обыкновенных...“ usaTauroa, uTariRoa. igi dawerili iqne-
336
ba 7 an 8 noembers (al. WavWavaZis gardacvalebis Semdeg da
gazeTis gamosvlamde). dasaTaureba Cvenia.
dim. yifianis am TxzulebasTan dakavSirebiT interess
moklebuli ar unda iyos vinme aleqsi mozgolevskis mier
soloveckis monastridan gamogzavnili da 1847 wlis 3 se-
qtembriT daTariRebuli werili dim. yifianisadmi, romel-
ic xelnawerTa erovnul centrSi, dim. yifianis arqivSia
daculi. a. mozgolevski dim. yifians Seaxsenebs, rom isini
erTad msaxurobdnen imereTSi, Semdeg ki swers: gazeTSi wav-
ikiTxe Tqveni werili aleqsandre WavWavaZis gardacvalebis
Sesaxeb da gTxovT gviSuamdgomloT misi ojaxis wevrebTan,
rom maT gansvenebulis sulis mosaxseneblad soloveck-
is monasters garkveuli Tanxa gamougzavnono (saq. #1491.
rusul enze. f. 2; werils axlavs dim. yifianis minaweri: `mi-
viRe 29 oqtombers 1847~).
1
(gv. 132) `wamoiZaxa erevnis, axalcixis, erzurumisa da
varSavis brZolebis gmirma, roca misi pataki waikiTxa~
_ èrevnisa~ da sxv. gmirSi igulisxmeba kavkasiis mTavar-
marTebeli (1827-1831) da jarebis sardali (1826-1831) ivane
paskeviCi, romelsac erevnis aRebisaTvis mopovebuli hqon-
da graf erivanskis (Граф Эриванский; 1828 w.), xolo varSav-
is damorCilebisaTvis _ uganaTlebules Tavad varSavskis
(Светлейший князь Варшавский; 1831 w.) titulebi.
2
(gv. 132) `samamulo omSi gamarjvebisa da parizis aReb-
isaTvis~ _ igulisxmeba safrangeT-ruseTis 1812 wlis omi,
romelic napoleonis damarcxebiTa da 1814 wels parizSi
mokavSireTa SesvliT dasrulda. rac Seexeba al. WavWavaZ-
es, `1813 wlis 21 seqtembridan 1814 wlis 6 ivlisamde igi
evropaSi laSqrobis monawilea _ ruseTis pirveli armiis
rigebSi, romelsac barklai de toli meTaurobda. igi monaw-
ileobda 1813 wlis 2 oqtombers sakavalerio brZolebSi
mterTan saqsoniaSi; 4-6 oqtombers generalur brZolaSi
337
laifcigTan; 9-10 noembers kazenskis-defilesTan; 1814 wlis
20 ianvars brienTan, 21 ianvars safrangeTSi _ versgersTan,
3 marts arsio-siur-oberTan, xolo 13 marts parizTan, ris
Semdeg mokavSireebis jarebTan erTad igi safrangeTis
dedaqalaqSi Sedis~ (megreliZe 1979: 56).
3
(gv. 133) `kneina salome ivanes asuli~ _ igulisxmeba al.
WavWavaZis meuRle salome ivanes (ioanes) as. orbeliani
(1795-1847), romelic qolerisgan gardaicvala Tbilis-
Si da aqve, mTawmindis mamadaviTis eklesiaSi, dakrZales
(maWaraSvili 1895: 60). saerTod, dim. yifians axlo urTi-
erToba hqonda al. WavWavaZesTan [àleqsandre WavWavaZe...
didi megobari iyo dimitri yifianisa, romelic imis saxl-
Si iyo miRebuli, rogorc Zma~ (yifiani 1894: 96; saSviliS-
vilo mokavSire... 2007: 17); orive monawileobda 1832 wlis
SeTqmulebaSi, al. WavWavaZe wevri iyo dim. yifianis inicia-
tiviTa da xelmZRvanelobiT daarsebuli `tfilisis kerZo
saamxanago biblioTekisa~ (jologua 2002a: 258) da sxv.]. am-
denad, SemTxveviTi ar aris, rom daRupuli meuRlis arqivis
mowesrigeba salome orbelianma swored dim. yifians sTxo-
va, razec 1846 w. 16 noembers garkveul mosazrebaTa gamo
dimitrim delikaturi uariT upasuxa:
`didis gulsmodginebiTa gTxovT sulgrZelobiTs
motevebas am moxsenebisaTvis, romelsac mabedvinebs
mxolod guliTadi, WeSmariti erTguleba da ganusaz-
Rvreli pativiscema Tqvenis saxlisa da wrfeli mego-
broba Tqvenis Svilis daviTisa. amas winaT mibrZaneb-
diT, rom rodesac daviT movidoda, mec damibarebdiT
gansvenebulis qaRaldebis gadasarCevad da mec maSinve
mogaxseneT uTuod giaxlebiT meTqi. dRes momivida
amazed Tqveni kaci da imav erTgulebisa Cemisa da da-
viTis megobrobis valad vracx mogaxsenoT, rom Tqvens
Svils daviTs garda, an Tu ar TviT misis mindobiT ara
visa aqvs ufleba, rom Seexos vinme, umetesadre Tqvenis
338
saxlis gareSe kaci, vinc unda iyos, gansvenebulis knia-
zis qaRaldebs. amazed brZanebT da sxvanic mogaxsen-
eben, rom iqneba im qaRaldebSi zogi aseTi iyos, rom ax-
lave unda moxdes gankarguleba raime da iqneba saqmec
waxdes rame daviTis mosvlamdis. magram samsaxurisa Ce-
misa gamo, mravalis am gvaris garemoebis mcnobi mogax-
senebT, rom ra kacs sikvdili eweva, miss saqmeTa winaSe
yoveli kanoni sdumdeba, vidremdis kanonierad ganir-
Ceodnen. kanonierad Ra garCeva ekuTvnis an TviT memkv-
idres, Tu memkvidre srul asakovani aris, an apekunebs
Tu memkvidre mcire wlovania. da Tu uamisod Seudga
vinme rCevasa da amasobaSi an daikarga raime, an aseTi
ram aRmosCnda, romelic saxlisa an TviT gansvenebulis
saidumloebas icavdes rasme, rac saxls gareT ar unda
gavides, maSin an ganmrCevni miecemian kanonis winaSe
pasuxis gebaSi, an saidumlo gamocxaddeba da iqneba
amiT mravali evnos gansvenebulis xsenebasaca da ojax-
is sargeblobasac. vin icis iqneba daviTs mamis qaRald-
Ta da nivTTa Soris egulebodes rame didad saWiro,
da TviT kniazs gaeces an daexios ase rom sxva ara visa
hscodnodes; maSin daviTs yoveli simarTle eqneba, rom
ganmrCevT mohkiTxos da ras pasuxs miscemen? umorCile-
sad gTxovT yovelive ese gulis sitkboebiT moixsenoT,
ifiqroT da moxseneba miaweroT mxolod erTgulebasa
Cemsa~ (xec. dim. yifianis arq., saq. #859; gurgeniZe 1969:
90-91; vimowmebT avtograful xelnawers).
4
(gv. 133) `moipoveba saadis, hafezis, puSkinis, hiugos,
goeTes SesaniSnavi Targmanebi sparsuli, rusuli, frangu-
li da germanuli enebidan...~ _ dasaxelebulTagan puSkinisa
da hiugos al. WavWavaZiseuli Targmanebi cnobilia, rasac
ver vityviT saadis, hafezisa da goeTes nawarmoebebze. Tav-
isTavad dim. yifianis cnoba, vfiqrob, eWvs ar unda iwvevdes.
saqme isaa, rom dim. yifiani axlo megobari iyo al. WavWavaZi-
339
sa (ix. wina komentari), igi al. WavWavaZes miiCnevda TvalsaCi-
no literaturul figurad (ix. aqve, dim. yifianis Txzuleba
`ramdenime mosazreba saqarTvelos istoriis masalebze~ _ gv.
205), TviTonac eweoda mTargmnelobiT saqmianobas (naTarg-
mni hqonda evaldis `zneobiTisa aRzrdisaTvis~, Seqspiris
`romeo da julieta~ da sxv.) da, unda vifiqroT, Tvals
adevnebda qarTvel mweralTa muSaobas am mimarTulebiT. ase
rom, Zneli dasajerebelia, dim. yifians Secdoma mosvloda
iseTi mniSvnelovani faqtis dasaxelebisas, rogoricaa sak-
acobrio mniSvnelobis avtorTa Txzulebebis Targmna Tval-
saCino qarTveli poetis mier. al. WavWavaZis araerT poetur
teqsts axlavs minawerebi: `naTargmnia~, `naTargmnia sparsu-
liT~ da sxv. originalidan maTi warmomavlobis sakiTxi ki
jerjerobiT ar aris garkveuli da, am mxriv, dim. yifianis
winamdebare teqsti saintereso masalas iZleva (ufro vr-
clad sakiTxis Sesaxeb, agreTve literatura ix.: jologua
2000: 10-14; yifiani 2016: 425).
sxvaTa Soris, al. WavWavaZis daRupvas gazeTSi `zakavka-
zski vestnik~ xelmouwereli weriliT platon ioselianic
gamoexmaura (ioseliani 1846). aq ZiriTadad saubaria gar-
dacvlilis samxedro damsaxurebebze, xolo misi Semoqme-
debis Sesaxeb erTaderTi fraziTaa naTqvami: `didadaa dam-
wuxrebuli mTeli saqarTvelo, romelmac misi saxiT niWieri
(даровитый) poeti dakarga~.
5
(gv. 134) `CvenTvis mniSvnelovani 1783 wlis 24 ivlisis
traqtatis gasaformeblad~ _ igulisxmeba `georgievskis
traqtati~, xolo dim. yifianis teqstSi naxsenebi bagra-
tion-muxraneli (Багратион-Мухранский) aris ivane (ioane) mux-
ranbatoni (bagrationi, bagration-muxraneli; 1755-1800),
meuRle qeTevan erekle II-is as. batoniSvilisa. ioane bagra-
tioni mefe erekles mier georgievskSi I elCis statusiT iyo
wargzavnili (garsevan WavWavaZes II elCis statusi hqonda _
traqtati 1983: 18).
340
6
(gv. 134) `gamovida igi saxlidan maRal sazogadoebaSi
miRebuli etiketis Sesasruleblad~ _ igulisxmeba viziti
mefisnacval m. voroncovTan, romelic saqarTveloSi ram-
denimeTviani aryofnis Semdeg TbilisSi oriode dRis
dabrunebuli iyo (balaxaSvili 1966: 232). iona meunargias
TqmiT, al. WavWavaZe `...gaemzada voroncovTan wasasvlelad.
raRac dReoba iyo da misalocad wasvla urCia misma meuR-
lem~ (meunargia 1954a: 24).
7
(gv. 135) `maTgan ors sxvebze metad daewveba guli... isini
veRar ixilaven TavianT Zvirfas mamas!~ _ al. WavWavaZis
oTxi Svilidan (nino, ekaterine, daviTi, sofio) orni (nino
da daviTi) poetis gardacvalebisas moskovSi imyofebodnen
(balaxaSvili 1966: 237-238; gurgeniZe 1969: 89).
8
(gv. 135) `jer taZrisaken, Semdeg ki _ kaxeTis saguSagom-
de~ _ `taZarSi~ aq Tbilisis sioni igulisxmeba, xolo `kaxeT-
is saguSago~ qalaqis boloSi iyo _ iq, sadac kaxeTis safosto
gza iwyeboda. p. ioselianis mier al. WavWavaZis gasveneba asea
aRwerili: `gvesmoda samgloviaro samxedro musikis xmebi.
_ vxedavdiT bairaRebs, Savi marmaSiT garSemovlebuls. _
qalaqis quCebSi, sionis taZrisken, neli svliT miemarTebo-
da samgloviarod morTuli, CiraRdnebiT garSemortymuli
etli, romelsac TiTqmis mTeli Tbilisi ukan mohyveboda; sax-
uravebi, aivnebi, fanjrebi xalxiT iyo mofenili; TiTqmis yve-
la savaWro daixura... taZarSi panaSvidi gadaixades micvale-
bulis sulis saoxad da cxedari imave didebulebiT gaaciles
kaxeTis saguSagomde. swored kaxeTSi elodebian mas mama-pa-
paTa saflavebi. _ mSvidobiT, Tavado! vinc dRes dagtiris,
didxans iglovebs, TumcaRa xilvas Sensas veRar SesZlebs~
(ioseliani 1846). iona meunargias TqmiT, al. WavWavaZis cxe-
dars Tbilisidan kaxeTis axali SuamTis monastrisaken, sadac
poetia dakrZaluli, `mTeli moqalaqeoba Tavisi amqrebiT da
bairaRebiT gahyva...~ (meunargia 1954a: 25).
341
Jurnal `ciskris~ Sesaxeb (gv. 136-137)
xelnaweri:
xelnaweri uTariRoa, xelmouwerelia; iqvea piri, gadaweri-

li kote yifianis mier. isic uTariRo, avtoris (Димит. Кипиани)
miTiTebiT. daTariRebulia (1854 wlis noemberi) S. gozaliSv-
ilis mier (gozaliSvili 1951: 57). dasaTaureba Cvenia.
winamdebare teqsti nawilia iv. kereseliZis `ciskris~

(1857-1875) daarsebisaTvis qarTvel moRvaweTa daaxloe-
biT oTxwliani brZolisa, romelSic dim. yifiani imTaviTve
arsebiT monawileobas iRebda da erTxans mas rogorc ini-
ciatorTa jgufis, ise xelisuflebisganac axali Jurnalis
programis Sedgena hqonda davalebuli. sabolood, dim. yi-
fianis mier Sedgenili farTo profilisa da siRrmiseuli
interesebis gamomxatveli programa sxvadasxva mizeziT arc
erTi mxarisTvis ar aRmoCnda misaRebi da dim. yifiani arseb-
iTad CamoaSores am saqmes (vrclad sakiTxis Sesaxeb, agreTve
wyaroebi da literatura ix. jologua 2002a: 107-120).
1
(gv. 136) `mkiTxveli qalebi saqarTveloSi~ _ `saqarT-
veloSi~ aq qarTl-kaxeTi igulisxmeba.
2
(gv. 136) `SemecnebiTi~ _ dedanSi: `...серьёзный~, rac aq
`SemecnebiTs~ (`samecnieros~) niSnavs. sxva teqstSi dim. yi-
fiani am tipis masalas `kiloSesamecnebels~ uwodebs (ix.
aqve _ `mitCellis wasakiTxavebi~).
3
(gv. 136) àxlandeli omi~ _ igulisxmeba 1853-1856 ww. omi
ruseTsa, erTi mxriv, da, meore mxriv, inglisis, safrange-
Tis, osmaleTisa da sardiniis koalicias Soris (`yirimis
omi~), romlis erTi fronti saqarTveloze gadioda.
342
Janlisi. `zvima. qinaqinis anbavi~ (gv. 138-139)
nabeWdi:
zvima. qinaqinis anbavi (Janlisis Txzulebidam gamokrebi-
li). `ciskari~, 1858, #9 (seqtemberi), gv. 15-18 (Targmani
srulad _ 15-55).
zvima. qinaqinis ambavi (Janlisis Txzulebidan gamokrebili).
dim. iv. yifianis-mier (seria _ quTaisis amxanagobis gamoce-
ma #12). quTaisi: stamba i. kilaZisa da i. xelaZisa. 1896, 45
gv. (cenzuris nebarTva gacemulia 1896 w. 8 Tebervals).
saTauri: zvima. qinaqinis anbavi (Janlisis Txzulebidam
gamokrebili).
TariRi da adgili: 19 ivlisi 1858. qvenatkociT.
xelmowera: Seni baqar qarTleli.
vimeorebT pirvelnabeWds. dasaTaureba Cvenia.

frangi mwerlis, madlen felisite Janlisis (1746-1830),
teqstSi moqmedeba mimdinareobs samxreT amerikaSi, espan-
elebis mier dapyrobili perus dedaqalaq limaSi. dedaazri
teqstisa is aris, rom kacTmoyvare mmarTvelis xelSi sikeT-
esa da siyvaruls SeuZlia, daangrios mpyrobel-pyrobilTa
Soris aRmarTuli borotebisa da siZulvilis kedeli.
Targmanis raobisa da mizandasaxulobis Sesaxeb, agreTve
wyaroebi da literatura sakiTxis Sesaxeb ix.: xomeriki
1961: 8-13, jologua 2002a: 167-171, 176-177.
1 (gv. 138) `sayvarelo Zmao Teimuraz!~ _ dim. yifians aq ga-

moyenebuli aqvs mis mier araerT TxzulebaSi gameorebuli
literaturuli xerxi: mimowera baqar qarTlelsa da Tei-
murazs (zogan _ Teimuraz vakels) Soris (ufro vrclad ix.
yifiani 2016: 411-412). am SemTxvevaSic rogorc `Teimurazi~,
ise `baqar qarTleli~ dim. yifianis fsevdonimebia.
343
`romeo da julietas~ Targmanis beWdvisas
daSvebuli Secdomebis gamo (gv. 140-144)
nabeWdi: `ciskari~, 1859, #12 (dekemberi), gv. 361-366.

saTauri: ufalo redaktoro!
xelmowera: d. yifiani
Seqspiris `romeo da julietas~ dim. yifianiseuli Targm-

ani gamoqveynda Jurnal `ciskris~ 1859 wlis me-5 (maisis)
(Seqspiri 1859a: 5-81) da me-6 (ivnisis) (Seqspiri 1859b: 121-
201) nomrebSi, winamdebare teqsti ki _ `ciskris~ me-12 (de-
kembris) nomerSi. am ukanasknel nomerze cenzuris nebarTva
gacemulia 1859 w. 23 noembers (#12, gv. 369) da, Sesabamisad,
dim. yifianis es teqsti daiwereboda 1859 w. ivnissa da imave
wlis noembers Soris. dasaTaureba Cvenia.
1
(gv. 140) ùfalo redaktoro!~ _ mimarTvis adresatia
Jurnal `ciskris~ redaqtor-gamomcemeli (1857-1875) ivane
kereseliZe.
2
(gv. 140) `ruqas naTqvamad davamatoT~ _ aq avtori s.-s.
orbelianis cnobil personaJs unda gulisxmobdes.
3
(gv. 144) `damatebaSi...~ _ Seqspiris `romeo da juli-
etas~ dim. yifianiseul Targmans `ciskarSi~ darTuli aqvs
`damateba~ (Seqspiri 1859b: 202-205), romelic aq srulad
mogvyavs:
`rodesac am dramasa vhTargmnidiT, vicodiT, rom uf.
ioseb giorgis Ze zubalovi, Taviss dasavleTis qveyneb-
Si mogzaurobis dros, veronasac yofiliyo da radgan
imiss codnaT moyvarebasa da gamomZieblobasa sakmaod
vicnobT, vhsTxoveT Seetyobinebina CvenTvis, aris rame
kidev xseneba romeo da julietasi veronaSi, an rogor
ityvian iq imaTs anbavsa?
rac pasuxi miviReT, aqave vbeWdavT:
344
`zemo italiaSi, romelsac uwodeben lombardo vene-
ciis samflobelos awmyo kuTvnils austriis imper-
atorisa, aris qalaqi verona, mdebare italiis tiro-
lis mTis Zirsa, sadac Camoudis mdinare po. es qalaqi
yofila Sua saukunoebSi samTavro sacxovrebeli. aq
aris Rirs SesamCnevni Zvelni Senobani, amfitiatri
pirvels saukunoebSi hromaelebTagan aRgebuli da Sua
saukunoebs daSTenilni Senobani. maT Soris am qalaqis
siaxloes mTazed ori didi sasaxlea, erTi meorezed
sam verszed moSorebiT, pir da pir erTs wverzed aR-
gebuli orive msgavsis arxitektorobisa, koSkebiT da
didis galavnebiT SemozRudulni, romelTac uwodeben
dResac montegis da kapuletis sasaxlebs. es arian sasax-
leni romeosi da julietasi, Sig qalaqSiac aris dResac
julietas sasaxle, magram es Senoba Seucvlia austriis
imperators axalis SenobiT, romelic aris Sericxuli
saxelmwifoT, mxolod ubZanebia imperators Sesavali
kari dauteon xelSeuxeblad julietas anbis mosaxsen-
eblaT, saidganac Sesula romeo maskiT dafaruli san-
axavaT am mSvenieris asulisa. es kari aris msgavsi saqa-
rTvelos Zvelis Cveulebis alakafis karisa, aguris da
naTalis kldiT aRgebuli. amas garda aris Zveli sas-
aflao didis sivrcisa qalaqis napiris Sua saukunoe-
bis droisa maRalis galavniT Semovlebuli, Sig baRaT
gakeTebuli dResac mcenarebiT savse, rogorc aqvsT
Cveuleba italiaSi sasaflaos gakeTebisa. Sig aris is
Zveli ekklesia isev ise aRgebuli da sacxovrebeli mon-
asteric berebisa, eski dangreulia zogan da aRar scx-
ovreben berebi. aq vnaxe ekklesiis karebTan Zveli erTi
didi kubo wiTeli marmarilosi oris gvamis Casasvene-
blaT gakeTebuli, sarqveli aRar aqvs, romelic Zvels
droebSi moparviT wauRiaT ucxo TeslTa da namtvreve-
baT gauyidiaT. am kubosac garSemo napirebi exlac aqvs
345
momtvreuli wvril-wvrilaT, romelsac mogzaurni
yiduloben erTi TeTri Saurianis sidides xuTmaneTaT
da metaT, rogoraTac mec viyide mciris saxsovaris an-
bis mosagonaT. amas akeTebineben beWdaT xelisTvis da
awerineben zed ors asos j. r. es aris is kubo, romelSi-
ac iyvnen veronis mTavris bZanebiT ornive gvamni erTaT
Casvenebulni: julieta da romeo; da is ekklesia, saca
gaduxades dasaflavebeli ukanaskneli wirva julieta-
sa da imas gare axlo adgili, sadaca xis Zirzed kubo
dadgmuli yofila rogorc aqvT dResac SeZlebulT
Cveuleba, vidremdis marmarilos kubos gaakeTebineb-
den: romeo, aq am galavniTgan Camoxtomili, radganc
kars RamiT hketamdnen, aRsrulebula julietas safla-
vTan. am ekklesiis SesavalTan monastris karidorSi
aris kedelzed im drosve daxatuli SemTxveva ese. ra
gankvirvebiT gacvinulan berebi sanTleb anTebulni
xmianobis gagonebis gamo da wasdgomian kubo axdils
gvamsa julietisasa da moxveuls romeos, romelnic yo-
filan kidev cocxalni da maTs Tvalwin aRsrulebulan.
SemTxveva ese momxdari aris yovlis eWvisagan gamosuli
da aris WeSmariti ambavi miRebuli mTeli ievropiisa-
gan.
dResac hyidian veronaSi feradiT litografiiT
naxats julietas forTretsa, Rame baRSi sasaxlidgan
balkonzed gadmomdgari CumaT misula romeos elapar-
akeba; yoveli mogzauri gamvleli am qalaqSi yidulobs
Tan wasaRebaT, viTarca Rirs saxsovars forTreTsa.
vidremdis italia iqneba, saxeli maTi ar aRmoifxvreba.
esodens Jams gauvlia iq myofs es anbavi rogorc wina
dRiT momxdariyos esred aqvsT dabeWdili gulzed yo-
velT sulT pataridgan moxucebulebamdin.
ioseb zubalovi~
346
avtografuli xelnaweri ioseb zubalaSvilisa, romel-
Sic igi dim. yifians swers, qalaq veronisa da Seqspiris
tragediasTan dakavSirebuli adgilebis àRwerilobas~
gigzavnio, daculia xelnawerTa erovnul centrSi (dim. yi-
fianis arq., saq. #1367, TariRi da daweris adgili: `2 Te-
bervals 1859. tfiliss~), Tumca `ciskarSi~ gamoqveynebuli
da Cven mier zemoT damowmebuli àRweriloba~ saqmeSi ar
devs. iqvea daculi kidev xuTi werili i. zubalaSvilisa
dim. yifianisadmi (##1368-1372, gamogzavnili 1864-1879 ww.
parizidan, veneciidan, venidan... yvela _ kerZo xasiaTisa).
amas garda, iqve (xec. nino da barbare yifianebis arq., saq.
#766, f. 2) daculia kidev erTi werili i. zubalaSvilisa
dim. yifianisadmi, gamogzavnili 1879 w. 16 ivniss karlsba-
didan (amJamad _ karlovi-vari). werilis avtorisa da adre-
satis saerTo patriotuli suliskveTebis dasadasture-
blad aq am ukanaskneli werilis fragments davimowmebT:
àxali daweseba Tqveni Cveni deda enis sicocxlis dasacavad
(Cans, aq avtori gulisxmobs mzadebas `qSw-kg sazogadoebis~
dasaarseblad _ T. j.) aris didi sasixarulo ambavi. yve-
la saqarTvelos Svilma unda didi madloba mogaxsenon am
zrunvisaTvis, romelic iqneba saSualeba gauqroblobisa.
RmerTma xeli mogimarTosT da moiRos mowyaleba dasacue-
lad deda enisa~.
grigol dadianis iambiko (gv. 145-146)
nabeWdi: `ciskari~, 1860, #2 (Tebervali), gv. 153-156.

saTauri: ufalo redaktoro!
TariRi da adgili: 9 febervals. 1860 welsa. qvenatkoca.
xelmowera: Tqveni pativismcemeli baqar qarTleli.
347
dasaTaureba Cvenia.
samxedro moRvawisa (general-adiutanti da infanteriis
generali) da poetis, grigol dadianis (1814-1901; ZiriTa-
di fsevdonimi `kolxideli~), xelmoweriT iv. kereseliZis
`ciskarSi~ gamoqveynda iambiko `siraZe, ZvelTa imerTa meCan-
gure, ugalobs daviT aRmaSenebels~ (kolxideli 1860: 151-
153). publikacias redaqciis mier darTuli aqvs sqolio: ès
iambiko miviReT redaqciaSi kolxidelisagan, romelTanac
iwereba wigns [werils _ T. j.]. am mowerils wigns da pasuxs
baqar qarTlelisas, aqave vbeWdavT, am iambikos boloSi~
(kolxideli 1860: 151). ìambikos boloSi~ ki dabeWdilia
kolxidelis werili `ciskris~ redaqtor ivane (ioane) ker-
eseliZisadmi:
`gTxov sayvarelo ioane! baqar qarTlels gaugzavno iam-

biko ese vidre dabeWdavde stanbaSid, rom man ganixilos da,
Tu zogi erTi adgili amisi mrumea, sarkmeli gaukeTos isre,
rom mzem SeuWvritos. mec madlobels myofs da viTarca qa-
rTleli qarTulsac daavalebs igi.
Seni pativis mcemeli kolxideli
8-s ianvars. 1860 w.
tfiliss~ (kolxideli 1860: 153).
dim. yifians gr. dadianTan pativiscema da megobru-

li urTierToba akavSirebda. SesaZlebelia, amitomac man
Seasrula iambikos avtoris Txovna da `ciskris~ redaqcias
gamosaqveyneblad winamdebare teqsti warudgina. unda iTq-
vas, rom Tavad teqsti _ `siraZe, ZvelTa imerTa meCangure,
ugalobs daviT aRmaSenebels~, rogorc mogvianebiT gairkva,
gr. dadians aRebuli aqvs Teimuraz batoniSvilis piesidan
`samsaxeoba raindisa~ (ruxaZe 1949: 273-277; SaraZe 1974: 197-
199). gr. dadianma es iambiko 1901 wels gamocemul Tavis le-
qsTa krebulSic Seitana, oRond sxva saTauriTa (`siraZis
348
simRera~) da wyaros miTiTebiT: ès leqsi aris gadmoRebuli
Txzulebidam `samsaxeoba raindisa~ (kolxideli 1901: 67-68).
gr. dadianze, am mamac meomarze, didad saintereso moR-
vawesa da gulwrfel patriotze, amasTanave, arqaizebuli
eniT, xelovnurad garTulebuli poeturi saxeebiTa da ri-
torikuli maRalfardovnebiT metyvel poetze ix.: meunar-
gia 1954b: 295-338; aqtebi 1885: XIX-XX; caiSvili 1965: 217-
239; avaliani 1967: 113-116; kalandaZe 1986: 363-365; qarTuli
mwerloba 2003: 480-483.
1
(gv. 145) ùfalo redaktoro!~ _ mimarTvis adresatia Ju-
rnal `ciskris~ redaqtor-gamomcemeli ivane kereseliZe.
2
(gv. 145) àntoni qaTalikozma rom iambikos Senebas saqa-
rTveloSi mihyo xeli...~ _ sinamdvileSi iambikos qarTul
mwerlobaSi gacilebiT Zveli istoria aqvs da igi himnogra-
fiaSi iRebs saTaves (daaxl. VIII saukunidan; sakiTxis Sesax-
eb, agreTve literatura ix. lomiZe 2016: 69-82).
3
(gv. 145-146) àrSakunis saxlis sanaxavaT rom SevideT~ _ ig-
ulisxmeba somexi mrewvelisa da qvelmoqmedis, Tbilisis qala-
qis Tavis (1858-1860), vardan arSakunis (gard. 1862), mier Tbi-
lisSi aSenebuli mdidruli sasaxle, SemdgomSi evgeni (geno)
qobulaSvilis (1856-1915) mier nayidi da gadakeTebuli (amJam-
ad _ Tbilisis saxelmwifo samxatvro akademiis Senoba).
4
(gv. 146) àleqsandre Tarxnis-Svilma rom Taviss sasax-
leSi Segviyvanos~ _ igulisxmeba qarTlis sofel gari-
yulaSi (kaspis municipaliteti, axalqalaqis Temi) 1830-ian
ww. agebuli TarxniSvilebis _ e. w. `marSlianT~ _ sasaxle
(TarxniSvilebis sasaxleze ix. aRweriloba 1990: 144-145).
teqstSi naxsenebi aleqsandre TarxniSvili (1812-1874) iyo
Svili 1832 wlis SeTqmulebis monawilis, polkovnik daviT
TarxniSvilisa (berZniSvili 1983: 31-32). axalqalaqSi maT
mamulebi da sasaxle hqondaT. 1827 w. aleqsandre TarxniSvi-
li Tbilisis keTilSobilTa saswavlebelSi dim. yifianTan
349
erTad swavlobs (gozaliSvili 1970: 368).
5
(gv. 146) `leqsTa-wmasvnam~ _ aq: leqsTa Txzvam (`wmasna,
wmasnva: Txzva, xlarTva...~ _ abulaZe 1973: 549).
6
(gv. 146) ìse gamoudaros Cvens ciskarsa~ _ igulisxmeba
iv. kereseliZis Jurnali `ciskari~ (1857-1875).
7
(gv. 146) `baqar qarTleli~ _ dim. yifianis ZiriTadi fsev-
donimi. amas garda, dim. yifians Txzulebebi sxva fsevdoni-
mebiTac aqvs gamoqveynebuli: `Teimurazi~, `Teimuraz vake-
li~, `myÂrala (qarTleli)~, `b. q.~, èrTi 126 SemdgenTagani~
(sakiTxis Sesaxeb ufro vrclad ix. yifiani 2016: 415-416).
mitCellis wasakiTxavebi (gv. 147-149)
nabeWdi:
`saqarTvelos moambe~, 1863, #2 (Tebervali). [gany.] II. gv. 1-3.
saqarTvelos moambe (faqsimiluri gamocema). g. SaraZis Ses-
avali weriliT _ ìlia WavWavaZis `saqarTvelos moambe~.
I. Tbilisi: iveria. 1991, gv. 259-261.
TariRi da adgili: dekemberi 1862. daba zugdidi.
xelmowera: Tqveni da sxv. dimitri yifiani.
dasaTaureba Cvenia.
teqsti amerikeli astronomis, ormsbi-maqnaiT mitCelis
(Ormsby MacKnight Mitchel; 1810-1862), Txzulebis, `zecieri mna-
Tobebis~ (sruli avtoriseuli dasaTaureba _ `The planetary
and stellar worlds: a popular exposition of the great discoveries and theories
of modern astronomy~), dim. yifianiseuli Targmanis winaTqmaa.
mitCelis Txzuleba dim. yifianma specialurad `saqarT-
350
velos moambisTvis~ rusuli gamocemidan Targmna da ga-
moaqveyna (mitCeli 1863: 4-29). amis Taobaze 1862 w. 25 dekem-
bers nik. yifiani swers dim. yifians (werili rusul enazea):
`mitCelis leqciis Seneuli Targmani imave dRes mivutane
i. WavWavaZes. mas Zalian gauxarda da madlobelic darCa~
(kalandaZe 1985: 635; Targmanis Sesaxeb nik. yifianis wer-
ilebi dimitrisadmi ix. agreTve: yifiani ##14959-14963-x;
aRweriloba 2016: 262-266). i. WavWavaZes Targmanis gamo-
qveyneba Jurnalis pirvelsave nomerSi hqonia ganzraxuli,
magram es ver mouxerxebia. igive nik. yifiani 1863 wlis 5 Te-
bervals swers dimitris (werili rusul enazea): `pirveli
nomeri `saqarTvelos moambisa~ jer ar gamosula: cenzorma
didi xniT SeaCera statiebi, stambaSic asoTamwyobTa nakle-
bobaa... rogorc Cans, pirveli nomeri xval unda gamovides
(gamovida 7 Tebervals _ T. j.). meore nomerze muSaoba ukve
dawyebulia, magram eSiniaT, imasac iseve didi xniT ar daa-
gviandes, rogorc pirvels daagvianda. mitCelis leqciis
dabeWdva, samwuxarod, pirvel nomerSi ver moaswres... ara-
da, redaqcias Targmani maincadamainc pirvelsave nomerSi
gamosaqveyneblad hqonda momzadebuli~ (yifiani 1878: f. 1).
o.-m. mitCelis `zecieri mnaTobebi~ (ix. aqve, koment. 3) 10
leqciisgan Sedgeba. aqedan dim. yifians I leqcia (`pirve-
li wasakiTxi~) uTargmnia. publikacias boloSi darTuli
aqvs _ `meore wasakiTxi masukan~, Tumca gagrZeleba mitCe-
lis Txzulebis Targmanisa arc aq da arc sxvagan ar dabe-
Wdila. zaqaria WiWinaZis cnobiT, `varskvlavT mricxvelis
mitCelis Txzuleba vrceli tomia, yifians mTlaT sdomnia
amis Targmna, uTargmnia kidec, magram beWdviT-ki SeuCer-
ebia. dRes amis xelTnaweri daubeWdavaT sZevs~ (WiWinaZe
1892: 43-44). Targmanis daubeWdavi nawilebi, Tu aseTi ram
saerTod arsebobs, Cven ar Segvxvedria da arc raime sxva
cnoba amis Sesaxeb ar mogvepoveba, garda al. kalandaZis
mier wyaros miuTiTeblad naTqvamisa _ dim. yifians mitCe-
351
lis wignidan `pirveli aTi leqcia~ uTargmniao (kalandaZe
1985: 244). vfiqrobT, aq Secdomaa _ mitCelis 430-gverdiani
wigni, romelic, rogorc iTqva, sul 10 leqciisgan Sedgeba,
faqtobrivi monacemebis mixedviT, dim. yifians srulad ki
ar uTargmnia, aramed _ mxolod I leqcia (`Изложение задачи,
предлагаемой звездным небом для разрешения~ _ gv. 1-21).
1
(gv. 147) ùfalo redaqtoro!~ _ mimarTvis adresatia Ju-
rnal `saqarTvelos moambis~ redaqtor-gamomcemeli ilia
WavWavaZe.
2
(gv. 147) `Tqveni `moambis~ programma rom wavikiTxeT...~
_ `moambeSi~ igulisxmeba yovelTviuri saliteraturo Ju-
rnali `saqarTvelos moambe~ (1863), liberalur-demokra-
tiuli mimarTulebis pirveli perioduli gamocema saqarT-
veloSi (sul gamovida 12 nomeri; redaqtor-gamomcemeli i.
WavWavaZe). rac Seexeba Jurnalis `programmas~, misi isto-
ria aseTia:
1862 wlis dasawyisSi kavkasiis mefisnacval al. bariat-
inskis saqarTveloSi aryofnis gamo mis movaleobas grigol
orbeliani asrulebda. i. WavWavaZem isargebla am garemoe-
biT da, saqmes didi dabrkolebebi rom ar Sexvedroda, Ju-
rnalis gamocemisa da programis damtkicebis oficialuri
Txovna swored gr. orbelians warudgina. Txovna ganixila
kavkasiis sacenzuro komitetma, romelmac ZiriTadad moi-
wona programa, Tumca Tavis pasuxSi isic Cawera, rom Ju-
rnalSi àraviTari politikuri cnobebi da msjelobani~
ar unda yofiliyo. imave wlis TebervalSi gr. orbelianma
wesisamebr Txovna peterburgSi gagzavna dasamtkiceblad,
martSi gaica Jurnalis daarsebis nebarTva, xolo oqtomb-
erSi `saqarTvelos moambis~ programa iv. kereseliZis `cis-
352
karSi~ gamoqveynda (vimowmebT srulad): *
`momaval 1863 w. ianvris Tvidgan gamoicema tfilisSi
axali qarTuli Jurnali `saqarTvelos moambe~.
am JurnalSi mTelis wlis ganmavlobaSi Semovlen
Semdgomni nawilebi:
1. wminda saliteraturo: leqsebi, moTxrobaebi,
dramebi, komediebi, namdvilebi (originalurni _ T. j.)
da naTargmanebi.
2. istoriuli: sazogado istoria; gansakuTrebiTi
yuradReba miiqceva saqarTvelos da erTob kavkasiis
istoriazed.
3. sapolitiko da sofliuri ekonomia: aq vecdebiT
gavacnoT Cvens sazogadoebas es sagnebi imodenad, ra-
modenaTac dro da saWiroeba moiTxovs.
4. kritika da bibliografia: aq ganirCevian ucxo en-
ebzed dawerili Txzulebaebi da qarTuli wignebi.
5. sxva da sxva ambavi.
6. damateba: am nawilSi daibeWdebian Zveli qarTuli
Txzulebaebi, anu gamoCenilni ucxo enebidam Targmni-
li romanebi.
am programmas am Jamad aRarafers ar vumatebT; rac
Seexeba Jurnalis xasiaTsa da mimarTulebasa, imazed
arafers vityviT. Cven varCieT, rom TiTon Jurnalma ga-
moiCinos Tavisi Tavi, TiTon saqmeSi gamosTqvas Tavisi
xasiaTi da arCeuli gza. es emjobineba yovel wina-sity-
vaobas. Cven gvsurs vemsaxuroT sazogadoebas, vargoT da
* programas win uZRvis `ciskris~ redaqtoris, iv. kereseliZis,
winaTqma _ `redaqciisagan~: `vaxarebT Cvenis `ciskris~ mkiTx-
velTa da yovels qarTvels, visacki uyvars Tavisi samSoblo
ena, rom momavalis wlis ianvridgan, gamoicema tfilisSi axa-
li qarTuli Jurnali `saqarTvelos moambe~. _ darwmunebulni
varT Cveni `ciskris~ mkiTxvelni miiReben gulmxurvaled monaw-
ileobasa am sazogadod sasargeblos saqmeSi. amasTanave vbeW-
davT axalis redaqciis gamocemuls programmasa~.
red. k[ereseliZe].
353
gamovadgeT; amisTvis vikisreT Jurnalis gamocema. sur-
vili Cveni gul wrfelia da WeSmariti. da, Tu Rone Seg-
veweva da cotaTi mainc aRvasruleT Cveni survili, ami-
sic kmayofili viqnebiT. Cvenis mxriT, rasacki SeviZlebT,
aras davzogavT; danarCeni TviT sazogadoebaze hkidia.
istoriuli nawilis redaktoroba ikisra uf. niko-
laoz RoRoberiZem, sxva da sxva ambavisa uf. daviT yi-
fianma da sapolitiko da sofliur ekonomiisa uf. ivane
serebriakovma.
Jurnali `saqarTvelos moambe~ Tve da Tve gamova
sivrciT Svid Tabaxidam, aTamde, anu 112 gv. 160 gver-
damde; Tu SegveZleba amazed metic.
fasi mTelis wlis nomrebisa Sin gagzavniT erTi Tum-
ani, gaugzavnelad 9 maneTi.
xelis mowera miiReba redaqciaSi, romelica imyofe-
ba tfilisSi, galavinis prospektzed, T. ivane muxran-
skis saxlebSi, #26.
ilia WavWavaZe
redaktori `saqarTvelos moambisa~
[WavWavaZe 1862: 189-190; aqve isic unda iTqvas, rom
i. WavWavaZis mier wardgenil da gr. orbelianis
xelmoweriT peterburgSi gagzavnil programaSi
iyo kidev erTi ganyofileba _ ìumoristuli~ (gu-
guSvili 1941: 302-303), Tumca programis saboloo
variantSi es ganyofileba ar Cans].
3
(gv. 148) `SarSanwin rom mitCellis wasakiTxavebi gamov-
ida astronomiazed...~ _ avtors mxedvelobaSi aqvs gamoce-
ma: Небесные светила, или Планетные и звездные миры. Популярное
изложение великих открытий и теорий новейшей астрономии.
Сочинение О. М. Митчелля, директора Цинцинатской обсерватории.
Перевод с английского языка Андрей Мин. Москва: типография Грачева
и К°. 1859.
4
(gv. 148) ìseTi leqsi ara Semomeparos ra...~ _ `leqss~ aq
354
da sxva araerT nawerSi dim. yifiani `sityvis~ mniSvnelobiT
xmarobs [leqsi (berZ. Lexis _ sityva) ... Zv. sityva _ qegl 1955:
1524, 1525].
5
(gv. 149) `beWdvaSi ara Seicvalos ra, arc marTl-wera
Cemi...~ _ dim. yifiani Tavis TargmanSi iyenebs Zvel, e. w. fun-
qciadakargul, asoebs: TqñÀni, CñÀni, qñÀyana, sakÂrveli da
sxv. (winamdebare publikaciaSi Cven isini, saerTo principi-
dan gamomdinare, Tanamedrove formebiT SevcvaleT). i. Wav-
WavaZem, rogorc redaqtorma, am SemTxvevaSi dauSva misTvis
uCveulo kompromisi _ ar Caeria Targmanis enaSi da teqsti
gamoaqveyna ise, rogorc mTargmnelis xelidan iyo gamosu-
li (sakiTxis Sesaxeb ix. tabiZe 1975: 69-70).
CñÀni nacar qeqiebi (gv. 150-164)
nabeWdi: `ciskari~, 1864 (ianvari), #1, gv. 60-80.

saTauri: CñÀni nacar qeqiebi.
TariRi da adgili: 1 ianvars 1864 w. sof. sayÂris-gora.
xelmowera: myÂrala (qarTleli).
fsevdonimi `myÂrala (qarTleli)~ didxans gauxsneli iyo.

1970 wels al. kalandaZem specialuri kvlevis gareSe igi
al. orbelians miakuTvna (kalandaZe 1970: 153) da es mosaz-
reba Tavisi `qarTuli Jurnalistikis istoriis~ II tomSi
gaimeora (kalandaZe 1984: 223). sakiTxs aseve gakvriT Seexo
j. WumburiZe, romelsac al. kalandaZis Sexeduleba kamaTis
sagnad ar uqcevia, Tumca erTi SeniSvniT misi marTebulo-
ba garkveulwilad eWvqveS daayena: `Cveni nacarqeqiebis~
avtori garkveviT miuTiTebs, rom `ñ, À, Â saWironi arian
werilSi~, a. orbeliani ki `zogierT SemcnevaSi~ ñ-s amoRe-
bas moiTxovs~ (WumburiZe 1974: 347). j. WumburiZes (iseve, ro-
gorc al. kalandaZes) aq mxedvelobaSi aqvs al. orbelianis
355
mier 1863 wlis 14 ivliss dawerili da 1865 wels `ciskarSi~
gamoqveynebuli werili `zogierTi Semcneva~, romlis erTi
monakveTi e. w. funqciadakargul asoebs exeba (orbeliani
1865: 1-31). Tu am or teqsts (`CñÀni nacar qeqiebi~, `zogierTi
Semcneva~) davakvirdebiT, vnaxavT, rom gansxvaveba avtor-
Ta poziciebs Soris ufro Rrmaa, xolo zog SemTxvevaSi _
urTierTgamomricxavic, magaliTad, ñ-sTan mimarTebiT (ro-
gorc vnaxeT, swored es aqvs SeniSnuli j. WumburiZes). al.
orbelianis azriT, `[u-]brjgu aris ubralo raRac kobrCxi-
la aso, romelsaca ara raÁ xma ara aqñs, arc avi da arc kar-
gi. maSasadame visac xma ara aqñs, igic uRirsia adgilisa...
maSasadame unda gahqres kidec~ (orbeliani 1865: 16).
ori avtoris [`myÂrala (qarTleli)~, al. orbeliani]
SexedulebaTa gansxvavebulobis naTelsayofad vimowmebT
maTi teqstebis daskvniT nawilebs:
`À, Á, Â, Ã, h, ჵ, ф... Cemis azriT, es SÂdi aso aras uS-

lis CñÀns werasa. mxolod qarTulis mweralmaki unda
icodes, rom es asoebi Tavis adgils moixmaros ... es dax-
somebuli SÂdi aso: À, Á, Â, Ã, h, ჵ, ф weras ar aZnelebs, arc
dasakliss aZlevs rasme. Cemis azriT araTu aZnelebdes
anu daaklebdes _ ufro daaSuÀnebs qarTuls weras da
enis gamolaparakebasaca~ (al. orbeliani 1865: 17-19).
`ñ, À, Â saWironi arian werilSi, ф droebiT darCes

CñÀnSi, manam literatorebi magis sargeblobasa anu
urgebobas dainaxaven, Tumca Á, Ã da ჵ saWironi aRar ar-
ian, rogorc TÂTonve amboben, magram eseni unda gamoir-
icxñnen CñÀnis krebidam maSin mxoloT, rodesac amaT
sruliad aRar ixmareben samRTo da saero werilebSi~
[`myÂrala (qarTleli)]~.
ase rom, `Cveni nacar qeqiebi~ ar ekuTvnis aleqsandre or-
356
belians, am TavisdaTavad uaRresad saintereso pirovnebas,
istorikoss, mwerals, memuarists, gulwrfel patriotsa
da principebis erTgul moRvawes. magram ratom ekuTvnis
maincadamainc dimitri yifians?
Cven vfiqrobT, rom dim. yifianis TxzulebaTa erTi naw-
ilisTvis (`Cemo guliTad sayvarelo Teimuraz!~, ùcnauri
nadiroba~, `sasacilo laparaki~...) damaxasiaTebeli ar-
qiteqtonika (martivi siuJetis ageba da problemis garSemo
dialoguri formiT msjeloba); teqstis eqspoziciur naw-
ilSi gamokveTili zogierTi msoflmxedvelobrivi niSani
(ganaTlebis sagangebo da prioritetuli mniSvnelobis aR-
iareba, qarTuli sazogadoebrivi da kulturuli cxovreb-
is forsirebuli evropeizaciis aucilebloba, individisa
da sazogadoebis interesTa harmonizaciis sakiTxi); lit-
eraturul-Janrobrivi kompozicia (beletristikis, pub-
licistikisa da mecnierebis Taviseburi nazavi); enobrivi
pozicia 1860-ian wlebSi (erTi mxriv, enis demokratizaci-
is aucilebloba da, imavdroulad, Zveli asoebis SenarCu-
nebis saWiroeba); msgavseba ZiriTad fsevdonimTan (`baqar
qarTleli~) eWvs ar unda tovebdes, rom Txzulebis avtori
dimitri yifiania. amitomac Tavis droze `Cñeni nacar qe-
qiebis~ erTi monakveTi (eqspoziciuri nawili, romelSic
avtori evropeizaciis aucileblobaze msjelobs) Cven Sevi-
taneT dim. yifianis TxzulebaTa krebulSi `ra xalxia qarT-
velebi?!~ (yifiani 1995: 10-15; sakiTxis Sesaxeb ix. agreTve:
jologua 2002b: 35-36).
TviTon teqstis istoria ki aseTia:
Jurnal `saqarTvelos moambis~ 1863 wlis martis nomerSi
daviT yifianma gamoaqveyna werili `rigiani qarTuli gram-
matikis SesamuSavebel masalebad~ (yifiani 1863: 70-102).
avtoris TqmiT, qarTulSi ènis formebi airivnen babil-
onurad... literatura aris xalxis sicocxle da im xalxsa,
romelsac saliteraturo ena ara aqvs mtkiced dadgenili,
357
im xalxsa meTqi xalxoba ar eTqmis~ (yifiani 1863: 74-75). èr-
Tiani xalxis~ Seqmna, dav. yifianis SexedulebiT, pirvel
rigSi, erTiani saliteraturo enis Camoyalibebis gziT
unda ganxorcieldes: `sazogadod erToba, metadre xalxis
erToba da kidev gansakuTrebiT qarTvelobis erToba XIX
saukunis umTavresi moTxovnileba aris Cvengan, romlis aR-
srulebasac yovelive RonisZiebiT unda vemsaxuroT. Cvens
droSi es sityva èrToba~ CainTqams Tavis mniSvnelobaSi yo-
vels keTilsa, rac ki kerZoobiT kacsa, Tu xalxs sazogadoT
Rirsebad miewereba. am saunjis ganmomcxadebeli, Semamt-
kicebeli da Seuryevelad damafuZnebeli aris erToba eni-
sa~ (yifiani 1863: 76). dav. yifiani msjelobs saliteraturo
qarTulis demokratizaciis sasicocxlo mniSvnelobis Ses-
axeb (`grammatikis damuSavebisaTvis upirvelesi wyaro da
sabuTianoba unda iyos _ cocxali xalxis ena~ _ yifiani 1863:
88), xolo specialur TavSi àsoebi~ (yifiani 1863: 91-102)
sagangebo yuradRebas uTmobs literaturuli praqtikidan
Zveli, e. w. funqciadakarguli, asoebis amoRebis aucile-
blobis sakiTxs. dasasrul, dav. yifiani dasZens: `rasakvir-
velia, Cveni azrebi bevrisgan miuRebeli darCebian, amisT-
vis aucilebel saWiroebaTa da sasargebloTa vracxT, roma,
vinc ar dagveTanxmeba, Tavisi uTanxmoebis sabuTebi gamoacx-
adon an Cvensave JurnalSi [igulisxmeba `saqarTvelos moam-
be~ _ T. j.] an `ciskarSi~, an, Tu vincobaa vinmem Tavisi azris
dabeWdva ar isurva, wigniT mogvweros~ [yifiani 1863: 102;
dav. yifianze, mis am werilze, agreTve literatura sakiTx-
is Sesaxeb ix.: WumburiZe 1974: 229-232; kalandaZe 1985: 89-96,
248-251, 264-267, 279-281; meZvelia 1959: 156, 240-244; saSv-
iliSvilo mokavSire... 1997: 253-254].
faqtobrivad, es iyo gamowveva da dimitri yifianma am ga-
mowvevas winamdebare teqstiT upasuxa, Tumca igi daviT yi-
fians (agreTve daviT CubinaSvilsa da ilia WavWavaZes) ar-
sebiTad mxolod erTi sakiTxis _ xmarebidan Zveli asoebis
358
amoRebis _ garSemo ekamaTeba. xolo is, rom enis erToba xalx-
is erTobis ganmsazRvrelia da rom enis demokratizacias
im droisTvis sasicocxlo mniSvneloba hqonda, es dim. yifi-
anisTvis kamaTis sagani ver iqneboda. ufro metic, jer kidev
1840-1850-iani wlebidan dim. yifiani TviTonve praqtikulad
amkvidrebda (Targmanebi) axal qarTuls da Teoriuladac
asabuTebda qarTuli saliteraturo enis xalxis metyvele-
basTan daaxloebis aucileblobas (sakiTxis Sesaxeb, agreTve
wyaroebi da literatura ix.: jologua 2002a: 131-133).
unda iTqvas, rom dim. yifianma maleve (60-iani ww. bolos)
daTmo pozicia, gaiziara `TergdaleulTa~ mier damkvidre-
buli axali principebi da cota xanSi sakuTar samwerlobo
praqtikaSi TviTonve Tqva uari funqciadakarguli asoeb-
is gamoyenebaze, xolo 1882 wels gamocemul àxal qarTul
grammatikaSi~ Tavisi pozicia mkafiod da erTmniSvnelovnad
ase Camoayaliba: àra mgonia sxva xalxs hqondes visme iseTi
bunebasTan daaxlovebuli, ganmartivebuli da advilad sas-
wavli anbani, rogoric Cvena gvaqvs. araTu aso ar gvaklia,
rom qarTuli xma sworad gamoiTqmodes, me amasac gavbedav
da vityvi, rom ramdenime aso metic aris; magaliTad: `À, Á,
Â, Ã, ჵ~. Tu ar angariSisaTvis, * aras SemTxvevaSi arc erTi
am asoTagan saWiro ar aris da sul rom gamoiricxebodnen,
_ Cveni anbanis didRirsebas miemateboda asoT ricxvis Sem-
cireba, da marTlweris Zalian gaadvileba~ (yifiani 1882:
12).
dasasrul, daviT qaixosros Ze yifiani iyo dimitris Zmi-
swuli, arsebiTad mis xelSi gazrdili da mis mierve dakval-
ianebuli, romlis mimarT, sanam mogvianebiT sazogadoebrivi
sakiTxebis gamo erTmaneTs ar daupirispirdebodnen, dimi-
tri gansakuTrebul siyvarulsa da pativiscemas gamoxatav-
* avtors aq mxedvelobaSi aqvs am asoTa ricxviTi mniSvneloba

(À _ 8; Á _ 60; Ã _ 7000; ჵ _ 10000).
T. j.
359
da. 1860-1861 ww. ruseTSi (peterburgSi) myofi dim. yifiani
meuRlisadmi gamogzavnil werilebSi imJamad peterburgis
universitetis student daviT yifians uwodebs `Zvirfass~,
`sayvarels~ da a. S. da gamaxvilebul interess avlens mis
swavlasTan dakavSirebuli garemoebebis mimarT (ix. lsm.
##14791-x, 14802-x, 14814-x, 14815-x da sxv.). SesaZlebelia,
daviT yifianisadmi amgvari damokidebulebis gamoZaxili
Candes kidevac teqstis `personaJ~ ñ-s sayvedurian gulist-
kivilSi: `vin moifiqrebda, rom Cemi guliTadi da TanaSewir-
uli megobari miRalatebda... eh, sayñarelo! pirmoTneoba
aris sisuste xasiaTisa. raT miRalate! raT uRalate WeS-
maritebasa! visac ZRñÀni uZRñÀni guliTa, gana Rirda imaT!
ra SeiZine? isi, rom daibeWda Seni qmnileba? vsTqñaT, da ra
gamovida? isi, rom Senma qmnilebam ena damiglija?..~
dim. yifianis aTtomeulSi, rogorc es zemoT (ix. `teqs-

tisaTvis~) gvaqvs miTiTebuli, avtoris nawerebidan Zveli
(funqciadakarguli) asoebi amoRebuli gvaqvs da am mxriv
marTlwera axali qarTuli saliteraturo enis normaTa
mixedviTaa gamarTuli. `CñÀni nacar qeqiebi~ warmoadgens
gamonakliss, radganac teqstis raoba da mizandasaxuloba
swored am asoebis SenarCunebis surviliTaa ganpirobebuli.
1
(gv. 151) ù. jimSeriZem es mZinaroba qarTvelisa gamogvix-
ata `kacia adamianSi~ _ moTxroba `kacia, adamiani~ (swored
ase _ defisisa da kiTxva-Zaxilis niSnis gareSe) i. WavWavaZem
pirvelad Jurnal `saqarTvelos moambeSi~ (1863, ##4-6) `m.
jimSeriZis~ fsevdonimiT gamoaqveyna (am fsevdonimiT ga-
moaqveyna, sxvaTa Soris, `saqarTvelos moambeSi~ i. WavWavaZem
`glaxis naambobis~ pirveli Tavebic _ WavWavaZe 1863: 7-53).
2
(gv. 153) `safuZvlianaT da uTvalReboT~ _ uTvalRebo:
miuferebeli, miukerZoebeli, piruTvneli (qegl 1960: 1458).
3
(gv. 153) ù[falma] Cubinovma, T[avadma] ilia WavWavaZem
360
da dav. yifianma safuZvlianaT daamtkices...~ _ avtors mxed-
velobaSi aqvs:
a) daviT CubinaSvilis `Краткая грузинская грамматика~
(`mokle qarTuli grammatika~), romelSic naTqvamia, rom
asoebis À, Á, ჵ, ñ, Â, Ã, ф alfabetSi Setanis aucilebloba
ar arsebobs, SesaZlebelia maTi Canacvleba sxva asoebiT
da amitomac isini saero mwerlobaSi amJamad iSviaTad
Tu gamoiyenebao [`Следующие буквы: À, Á, ჵ, ñ, Â, Ã, ф внесены
в алфавит без особенной надобности, светскими писателями редко
употребляются и могут быть заменены другими...~ _ CubinaSvi-
li 1855: 2; d. CubinaSvilis `mokle qarTul gramatikas~
xelmouwereli kritikuli recenziiT gamoexmaura Jur-
nali `ciskari~ (ciskari 1857: 39-45), rasac d. CubinaSv-
ilis vrceli pasuxi mohyva (CubinaSvili 1857). sakiTxis
Sesaxeb ix. agreTve: WumburiZe 1974: 191-192].
b) ilia WavWavaZis cnobili pozicia, gamoxatuli
mis mier 1861 wels daweril da `ciskarSi~ (#6) gamo-
qveynebul werilSi `pasuxi~ (WavWavaZe 1861: 217-224;
WavWavaZe 1991: 42-46).
g) daviT yifianis zemoxsenebuli werili `rigiani qa-
rTuli grammatikis SesamuSavebel masalebad~ (yifiani
1863).
4
(gv. 154) ìqneba daaxlovebiT ar ician buneba qarTulis
enisa~ _ `daaxlovebiT~ aq niSnavs: axlodan, safuZvlianad,
zedmiwevniT...
5
(gv. 154) `...aramed moklebulebiT~ _ `moklebuleba~, Cans,
aq sisuleles (siSteres, siCerCetes) niSnavs (`steri: Steri,
romel ars m o k l e b u l i~ _ orbeliani 1966: 112).
6
(gv. 156) `sityña branguli da yoranuli ar gamovides~
_ `branguli~ aq niSnavs `daTvurs~ (`brangvi: daTvi~ _ or-
beliani 1965: 117; `branguli: daTvuri~ _ qegl 1950: 1128).
frazis Sinaarsi: sityvebis gamomTqmeli daTviviT ar Rmuo-
des da yoraniviT ar yrantalebdes.
361
7
(gv. 157) `wavikiTxoT zogierTebis SanWraquli wer-
ilebi~ _ `SanWraquli werilebi~ aq mdabiur metyvelebas
niSnavs [`SanWraqi/sanWraqi... _ SanWraqebi arian somxeT-
Si (erevanSi) mosiarule boSebi... rogorc ltolvilebi,
cxovroben avlabris erT-erT ubanSi~ (griSaSvili 1997:
248)].
8
(gv. 158) `xeli~ (aso)~ _ àso~ aq sxeulis nawils niSnavs
(àso: kacis nasxmoani~ _ orbeliani 1965: 73).
9
(gv. 159) `zogjer TqmiTac daSavdebis~ _ fraza `vefxist-
yaosnidan~ (`daTxovna avTandilisa rostevan mefesTana da
vaziris saubari~ _ rusTveli 1988: 118).
10
(gv. 162) `muzikaSi salamurs umTavresi adgili uWiravs,
TanasworaT skripkisa~ _ `skripka~ (rus. скрипка): violino;
`salamurSi~ avtori, unda vifiqroT, fleitas gulisxmobs.
hiugo. òTxmoc-da-cametidam~ (gv. 165-166)
nabeWdi:
`qarTuli biblioTeka~, 1883, #11-12 (noember-dekemberi),
gv. 13-14 (Targmani srulad iqve _ gv. 14-74).
viktor hiugos romanidam òTxmoc da cametidam~. Targma-
ni dimitri ivanes-Ze yifianis mier. gamocemuli z. WiWina-
Zisagan. tfilisi: 1892, 50 gv.
saTauri: viktor hiugos oTxmoc-da-cametidam.
TariRi da adgili: 27 oktomberi 1883. s. qviSxeTi.
teqsti viqtor hiugos cnobili romanis `gamokrebili~

Targmanis (arsebiTad mokle Sinaarsis) winaTqmaa. vimeore-
bT pirvelnabeWds (Targmanis Sesaxeb ix. tabiZe 1986b: 40-41;
74-79; jologua 2002a: 177). dasaTaureba Cvenia.
362
dim. yifiani Tavis Targmans ase amTavrebs: `lantnaks ra
daemarTa, vandevelebis omi rogor gaTavda, [hiugo] imas
aRar mogviTxrobs. istoriiT ki viciT, rom revoluciam
gaimarjva maSin. lantnaki da imisi vandea droTa mdinarebam
dahfara samaradisod~ (pirvelnabeWdi. gv. 74).

a. p. berJes xsovnisaTvis (gv. 167-169)
xelnaweri:
peterburgi. ruseTis mecnierebaTa akademiis rusuli
literaturis instituti (`puSkinis saxli~). Jurnal
`ruskaia starinas~ arqivi, #5498; fondi 265, aRw. 2,
#216. avtografi. rusul enaze. f. 6. *
saTauri: Ещё несколько слов памяти А. П. Берже.
teqsti dauTariRebelia. aSkarad Cans, rom igi dawer-

ilia a. berJes gardacvalebidan (1886 w. 31 ianvari) axlo
xanebSi. am monacemze dayrdnobiT, teqsts 1886 wliT va-
TariRebT. dim. yifianis werili, rogorc zemoT aRiniSna,
Jurnal `ruskaia starinas~ (`Русская старина~) arqivSia dac-
uli da igi, unda vifiqroT, specialurad am JurnalSi ga-
mosaqveyneblad daiwera _ `ruskaia starinas~ 1886 wlis III
(martis) nomerSi (gv. 727-744) a. berJes gardacvalebasTan
dakavSirebuli, maT Soris, Tbilisidan gagzavnili, masale-
bia dabeWdili (biografiuli cnobebi, misi naSromebis bib-
liografia, gazeT `kavkazSi~ gamoqveynebuli da Cven mier
qvemoT miTiTebuli werili d. kobiakovisa), Tumca dim. yi-
* xelnaweris mopovebaSi daxmarebisTvis madlobas movaxsenebT

xelnawerTa erovnuli centris direqtors, b-n zaza abaSiZes.
T. j.
363
fianis teqsti raRac mizeziT arc am da arc Semdgom nomreb-
Si ar gamoqveynebula.
marTalia, dim. yifianis winamdebare werilSi ar aris ms-
jeloba literaturul sakiTxebze, magram, vinaidan teqsti
mecniersa da literators exeba, Cven SesaZleblad CavTva-
leT, igi winamdebare tomSi Segvetana.
rac Seexeba TviTon adolf berJes (1828-1886), igi iyo
franguli warmoSobis rusi istorikosi (aRmosavleTm-
codne, kavkasiologi, arqeografi), memuaristi, liter-
atori, saidumlo mrCeveli (`Тайный советник~). 1851 wels
daamTavra peterburgis universitetis aRmosavleTmcodne-
obis fakulteti, imave wels Cinovnikad ganaweses kavkasiis
mefisnacval m. voroncovis kancelariaSi, ase moxvda Tbi-
lisSi da samudamod aq darCa. gamoaqveyna araerTi samecnie-
ro statia Tu wigni kavkasiismcodneobis sakiTxebze. 1864
wlidan sicocxlis bolomde Tavmjdomareoba `kavkasiis
arqeografiul komisias~. misi redaqtorobiT gamoica ar-
qeografiuli komisiis àqtebis~ (Акты, собранные Кавказской
археографической комиссиею. Т. 1-12. Тифлис: 1866-1904) pirveli
10 tomi (XI-XII tomebi gamoica d. kobiakovis redaqciiT).
adolf berJe gardaicvala 1886 wlis 31 ianvars TbilisSi,
luTeranul eklesiaSi gadaxdili wirva-panaSvidis Semdeg
dakrZales kukiaze, germanelTa sasaflaoze [a. berJes Ses-
axeb ix.: kobiakovi 1886 (gameorebulia gaz. `kavkazis~ (1886,
4.II, #32) publikacia _ `Похороны Адольфа Петровича Берже~);
brokhauzi-efroni 1891: 530-531; titviniZe 1997: 408-409;
WiWinaZe 1915]. xelnawerTa erovnul centrSi daculia a.
berJes mokle biografia _ Sedgenili mose janaSvilis mier
(m. janaSvilis arq., saq. #47, f. 2).
1
(gv. 167) `kavkasiis mefisnacvlis kancelariis direqto-
ris movaleobas vasrulebdi~ _ dim. yifiani mefisnacvalma
nik. muraviovma Tavisi kancelariis direqtoris movaleo-
364
bis Semsruleblad 1856 wlis TebervalSi daniSna, Tumca
imave wlis maisSi peterburgidan damtkicebaze uari miiRo
(xec. dim. yifianis arq., saq. #29, f. 103). am faqtsa da mis-
gan gamowveul sazogadoebriv rezonansze al. orbelians
uweria: ài muraviovma kidev ra kargi saqme hqmna qarTuel-
ebisaTvis, magram kidev goneba dagvibrmavda; rogorc Tvi-
Ton qarTueli, ise namdvili qarTuelebisTvisa keTilgamZ-
raxveli dimitri yifiani Tavis kancelariis gamge[d] Tavad
daayena (kancelariis pravitelad), imis marTuelada, Tavis
mxedvelobis qveSe. es is niSani iyo muraviovisagan: ai qar-
Tuelebi ase miyvaran, rom amisTana Cueni didi kancelaria
qarTuels Cavabareo. sadac yovlis mxridgan, sxua saqmeebs
garda, yoveli saidumloebi iq Sedis da iqidganve gadis. es
imisTana CuengniT moulodneli da ufiqrebeli adgili qa-
rTuels Caabara, magram ra giTxraT? _ aseTi yiJina Seiqna
varancovis dasisagan yifianze, rom raRa vTqua. _ `muravio-
vi, is aseTi, is iseTi, is yifiani imisTana im dids adgilze
rogor daayenao?~ da sxuani. ase gegonebodaT: erTi raRac
ubedureba mosvliaTo. ase RavRavebdnen muraviovzed da
yifianzed isini. is imaTi RavRavi iqamdisin wavida, rom
peterburRidgan uari mouvida muraviovs imis daniSvnisa.
mainc kidev meoreT waradgina, bolos mainc srulad daiTx-
oves yifiani iqidgan~ (orbeliani 1999: 61-62). sxva cnobebiT,
mefisnacvlis kancelariis direqtorad dim. yifianis damt-
kiceba kavkasiis momdevno mefisnacval al. bariatinskisa da
`kavkasiis komitetis~ saqmeTa mwarmoebel vladimer petres
Ze butkovs (cnobili istorikosis Svils) CauSliaT (or-
jonikiZe 1992: 237). TviTon dim. yifiani ki Tavis `memuareb-
Si~ wers: `[nik. muraviovs] miarTves peterburgidan foStiT
mosuli uari yifianis damtkicebisa da brZaneba direqto-
rad kruzenSternis daniSvnisa ... raRa mefis moadgile
var, Tu ki direqtoris amorCevac ar SemiZliano, sTqva mu-
raviovma ... CamomarTva magra xeli da damabruna ukan sabWos
365
kancelariaSi~ (yifiani 1990: 65; sanam nik. muraviovi dim.
yifians Tavisi kancelariis direqtorad waradgenda, dim-
itri mefisnacvlis sabWos kancelariis mmarTveli iyo da
peterburgidan miRebuli uaris Semdeg am Tanamdebobazeve
gaagrZela samsaxuri).
2
(gv. 168) `samsaxurSi mxvdeboda, roca iq mivdiodi da rCe-
boda, roca iqaurobas vtovebdi~ _ nik. muraviovis kancela-
riaSi muSaobis Sesaxeb dim. yifiani Tavis `memuarebSi~
wers: ìs ki (sakuTar Tavze ambobs _ T. j.) muSaobs TavisTvis
kancelariaSi dilis 6 saaTidan naSuadRevis 3 saaTamde da
saRamos 5 saaTidan Ramis 11 saaTamde yovelTvis sami Tvis
ganmavlobaSi~ da iqve dasZens: èrTaderTi a. p. berJe uxvde-
ba mas kancelariaSi, roca miva da iqve stovebs, roca wava~
(yifiani 1990: 65).
3
(gv. 168) `mefisnacvali... saerTod ar imyofeboda Tbilis-
Si~ _ mefisnacvlis kancelariis direqtoris movaleobis Sems-
ruleblad dim. yifianis daniSvnidan cota xanSi nik. muravio-
vi `stavropolis guberniaSi wabrZanda~ (yifiani 1990: 65).
s a i s t o r i o
T x z u l e b e b i
Tamar mefis saukune (gv. 173-176)
nabeWdi: `Кавказ~, 17 agvisto, 1846, #33.

saTauri: Век царицы Тамары.
vaTariRebT pirvelnabeWdis mixedviT (teqsti daiwerebo-

da 1846 w. 13 aprilsa da 17 agvistos Soris _ iv. evlaxovis
366
qvemoT dasaxelebuli Targmanis dabeWdvidan dim. yifianis
winamdebare werilis gamoqveynebamde).
dim. yifiani am weriliT exmaureba im polemikas, romel-
ic 1846 wels daviT CubinaSvilsa da ivane evlaxovs Soris
gaimarTa. kerZod, iv. evlaxovma Targmna `vefxistyaosnis~
monakveTi (nawili Tavisa _ `naxva arabTa mefisagan mis ymi-
sa vefxistyaosnisa~) da es Targmani gazeT `kavkazSi~ ga-
moaqveyna (evlaxovi 1846a; Targmanis Sesaxeb ix. andRulaZe
1968: 177-187). d. CubinaSvilma imave `kavkazSi~ iv. evlax-
ovis Targmanis mkacri kritika dabeWda (CubinaSvili 1846).
mTargmnelma kritikas kritikiTve upasuxa da, sxvaTa Soris,
sapasuxo werilSi Tamaris epoqis mimarT nihilisturi
damokidebuleba gamoavlina (evlaxovi 1846b; d. CubinaSv-
ilisa da iv. evlaxovis teqstebis qarTuli Targmanebi ix.
qrestomaTia 1954: 29-36; wyaroebi da literatura sakiTxis
Sesaxeb ix. jologua 2002a: 143-145). drois am monakveTSive
`kavkazSi~ gamoqveynda mixeil maisurovis moTxroba `vard-
cixis cixe-darbazi~, romelsac siuJetur safuZvlad daedo
erTi uxamsi gadmocema Tamar mefisa da SoTa rusTvelis
sasiyvarulo urTierTobis Sesaxeb (maisurovi 1846). dim.
yifianis winamdebare teqsti saqarTvelos istoriis gayal-
bebisa da qarTuli kulturis mimarT negatiuri ganwyobeb-
is winaaRmdeg aris mimarTuli.
1
(gv. 174) àbdul-mesia~ _ àbdul-mesiaSi~ aq igulisxmeba
ioane SavTeli, XII_XIII ss. qarTveli mwerali, romelsac sax-
otbo Zegli àbdulmesiani~ miewereba.
2
(gv. 175) àrcTu mravalricxovan mkiTxvelTa wreSi cno-
bilma...~ _ avtori aq, Cans, imas gulisxmobs, rom im droisTvis
`vefxistyaosans~ saqarTvelos farglebs gareT ar icnobdnen.
3
(gv. 175) ìcavs ra sakuTar Targmans b-ni d. C-s kritikisa-
gan~ _ `d. C.~ (Д. Ч.) daviT CubinaSvilis (Cubinovis) inicialebia.
4
(gv. 175) ùaryofs Tamaris epoqis sidiades~ _ amis Tao-
367
baze iv. evlaxovs uweria: `nuTu uf. recenzenti xumrobis
gareSe im dros naTlavs drod ùmaRlesi keTilmdgomareo-
bisa, saxalxo da samoqalaqo sidiadisa~ ... Tu Tamarma daawy-
nara saqarTvelo im Relvisagan, romelic samefos aryevda
mis taxtze asvlamde, Tu igi ganaTlebisaTvis iRvwoda da
saberZneTSi mis misaRebad gzavnida axalgazrdebs, _ es is-
toriulis TvalsazrisiT mainc ar iyo drod saqarTvelos
umaRlesi keTilmdgomareobisa, miT umetes, im dros ar Sei-
Zleba ewodos saerTod qarTuli literaturis, mecnier-
ebisa da ganaTlebis oqros saukune, sxvagvarad, es oqros
saukune ar iyo metad brwyinvale ... ori-sami saxalxo nawar-
moebi, rogorc, magaliTad, `vefxistyaosani~, `Tamariani~
da sxv., kidev ar SeiZleba saqarTvelos ganaTlebulobis
faqtad CaiTvalos im saxiT, rogorc mas uf. recenzenti
warmogvidgens~ (qrestomaTia 1954: 32-33).
5
(gv. 175) `vefxvis-tyaosans saqarTveloSi cotani kiTx-
uloben da cotas Tu gaegeba misio~ _ iv. evlaxovis TqmiT,
rusTvelis poema, `rogorc sapatio Zegli, rogorc adgilo-
brivi gaRmerTebis saunjis kidobani, fasdebulia saqarT-
veloSi da adgilobriv mkvidrTa siamayis sagania _ udavoa.
magram, samwuxarod da uf. recenzentis Sexedulebis sawi-
naaRmdegodac, kidev cotaa bageni saqarTveloSi, romelnic
zepirad mRerian amierkavkasiis iliadis furclebs, * arian
iseTi pirovnebanic, romelTac araviTari warmodgena ara
aqvT am qmnilebaze. umTavresi mizezi amisa aris xelmiu-
wvdomloba enisa, romliTac dawerilia `vefxistyaosani~
(qrestomaTia 1954: 33). mogvianebiT iv. evlaxovma sakiTxis
* d. CubinaSvili xsenebul werilSi `vefxistyaosans~ àmier-

kavkasiis iliadas~ uwodebs: `...она написана до-того народно, что
едва-ли найдутся Грузинские уста, не поющие наизусть несколько страниц
Закавказской Иллиады~ (CubinaSvili 1846; ès wigni... imdenad xalx-
uradaa dawerili, rom Znelad ipoveba qarTuli bage, romelic
amierkavkasiis am iliadis ramdenime furcels ar mRerodes~ _
qrestomaTia 1954: 30).
368
mimarT amgvari damokidebuleba Secvala. kerZod, 1847 w.
igi wers: `vefxistyaosani (Барсова кожа) qarTuli enis sruly-
ofilebis nimuSia. imereTSi igi saxalxo qmnilebad miiCneva
am sityvis sruli mniSvnelobiT da Zalian bevrisTvis ga-
sagebia (`...доступна весьма многим~); miT umetes, iq mravladaa
qarTuli enis SesaniSnavi mcodne da isini saqarTvelos is-
toriisTvis metad Zvirfas masalasac floben~ (evlaxovi
1847).
6
(gv. 176) `mas iseT ambebs miawers...~ _ m. maisurovis moTx-
robaSi aRwerilia ambavi, Tu rogor sTxova Tamar mefem
rusTvels sparsuli poemis Targmna. mefeze gamijnurebuli
poeti davalebis Sesrulebis Semdeg jildod satrfosgan
xorciel siyvaruls moiTxovs. Txovna Sesruldeba, Tumca
amis Semdeg poetis TavmokveTil cxedars mdinareSi ipovian
(moqmedeba xdeba imereTSi, vardcixeSi, romelic, moTxro-
bis mixedviT, Tamaris sazafxulo rezidenciaa).
7
(gv. 176) `romelime margarita burgundielsa da la tour de
Nesle-s rom ukavSirdeba~ _ folkloruli wyaroebisa da mx-
atvruli literaturis (al. diuma, m. driuoni...) mixedviT,
safrangeTis dedofali (1314-1315) margarita burgundieli
nesles koSkSi (La tour de Nesle) RamiT orgiebs awyobda, diliT
ki orgiis monawile mamakacebs akvlevinebda (maT md. senaSi
axrCobdnen).
8
(gv. 176) èrT bneliT mocul pirs, gadmocemis mixedviT,
im koSkSi rom cxovrobda...~ _ Cven ver gamovarkvieT, rome-
li `gadmocema~ SeiZleboda hqonoda avtors mxedvelobaSi
(gamoricxuli ar aris, es iyos TiTqos Tamar mefis daze,
dariaze, arsebuli, Tumca werilobiT daudasturebeli da
daujerebeli `gadmocema~, romelic transformirebuli
saxiT safuZvlad daedo mix. lermontovis mier 1841 wels
daweril leqss `Тамара~).
369
nino _ saqarTvelos ganmanaTlebeli (gv. 177-179)
nabeWdi:
`Закавказский вестник~, 1849, ##12-18 (17 marti, #12; 24 mar-
ti, #13; 31 marti, #14; 7 aprili, #15; 14 aprili, #16; 21
aprili, #17; 28 aprili, #18).
saTauri: Нина просветительница Грузии.
vaTariRebT pirvelnabeWdis mixedviT.

xelnawerTa erovnul centrSi, dim. yifianis arqivSi (saq.
#226, f. 1) daculia Tbilisis sajaro biblioTekis di-
reqtoris, g. tokarevis, werili dimitrisadmi, romelSic
mocemulia sia biblioTekaSi Sesuli wignebisa da Camon-
aTvalSi dasaxelebulia: Кипиани, Св. Нина, просветительница
Грузии. Тифлис: 1849. in 120. Cven verc es gamocema da verc sxva
raime cnoba am gamocemis Sesaxeb ver movipoveT. savarau-
dod, es iqneba gazeTSi `Закавказский вестник~ gamoqveynebuli
teqsti, gamocemuli calke wignakad.
winamdebare teqsti leonti mrovelis `ninos mier qa-
rTlis moqcevis~ dim. yifianiseuli rusuli Targmanis
winaTqmaa (`Закавказский вестник~, 17.III, 1849, #12). Targmans
darTuli aqvs sqolioebi _ ganmartebebi da komentarebi.
aqve gadmogvaqvs es sqolioebi teqstiseuli Tanamimdev-
robiT. jer vimowmebT Sesabamis monakveTs `ninos mier qar-
Tlis moqcevidan~ (viyenebT gamocemas _ qarTlis cxovreba
1955: 72-128), rasac mosdevs am monakveTTan dakavSirebuli
dim. yifianiseuli ganmarteba Tu komentari:
I. `da aRdgomil iyvnes mas Jamsa branjni brZolad

hromTa...~ (qarTlis cxovreba 1955: 73) _ CemTvis cno-
bil istorikosTa naSromebSi me aseTi xalxi (Бранджи)
370
ar Semxvedria. SeiZleba qarTvelebi ase uwodebdnen
guTebs an baqtrielebs, SeiZleba britanelebs, an kidev,
ufro maRali albaTobiT _ barselonelebs. (17.III. #12)
II. `da movides ltolvilni areTa somxiTisaTa, adg-
ilsa mas... romel ars dvini~ (qarTlis cxovreba 1955: 82)
_ arzanovebis 1827 wlis `somxeTis samefos istoriis~
[Опыт начертания историй царства Армянского. М.: 1827] 118-e
gverdis mixedviT, dvini anu tvini (Твин) Zveli dedaqa-
laqis, artaSatis, maxlobladaa da igi axal dedaqa-
laqad aqcia xosrov II-m, * Trdatis Svilma. arzanovebi
tvinis daarsebas aTariReben qristes dabadebidan 344
wlis axlos. es monacemi ki aq moTxrobil ambavTan 30-40
wlis sxvaobas iZleva. (24.III, #13)
III. `xolo keisari aRivso mwuxarebiTa da waravlin-
na kacni yovelTa adgilTa moZiebad maTda~ (qarTlis
cxovreba 1955: 82) _ es keisari an konstancius qloru-
sia (Констанций Хлор), an konstantine didi (Константин
Великий), ramdenadac, vaxtangis gamoTvliT, moqmede-
ba IV saukunis dasawyisSi xdeba. vaxtangi ki, Tavis mx-
riv, eyrdnoba qarTul qoronikons anu mzis cikls
(`...основанному на Грузинском Хрониконе, т. е. солнечном
цикле~), romelic 532 wels Seicavs. (24.III, #13)
IV. `wamoemarTa da moiwia mTaTa javaxeTisaTa...~ (qar-
Tlis cxovreba 1955: 85) _ vaxtangTan ukve aRar Cans, iyo
Tu ara nino efesoSi elenes moqcevis mizniT. (24.III, #13)
V. `waremarTa mdinaresa mas tbisasa, da iyo dineba
misi dasavleTiT-kerZo~ (qarTlis cxovreba 1955: 87) _
axalqalaqiswyali (Ахалкалакская речка), romelic sofel
xerTvisTan erTvis mtkvars da masTan erTad samxreT-aR-
mosavleTisken uxvevs. (24.III, #13)
* unda iyos: xosrov III kotaki _ somexTa mefe 330-339 ww., qalaq
dvinis damaarsebeli.
T. j.
371
VI. `...miiwia sanaxebsa qarTlisasa, qalaqsa mas, romel-
sa ewodebis urbnisi~ (qarTlis cxovreba 1955: 87) _ am-
Jamad sofeli goris mazraSi. (24.III, #13)
VII. `wmidaman nino Seuswro cixed armazad... da ixi-
la wmidaman nino, rameTu dga kaci erTi spilenZisa...~
(qarTlis cxovreba 1955: 89) _ armazis Sesaxeb vaxtang
V-is matianeSi naTqvamia: `pirvelma qarTvelma mefem,
farnavazma, aRmarTa spilenZis uzarmazari kerpi da
mas Tavisi saxeli armazi uwoda imitom, rom farsu-
lad farnavazs armazi erqva. farnavazma daamkvidra
xalxSi am kerpis Tayvaniscema, mis pativsacemad daawe-
sa dResaswauli da, farnavazisave anderZis mixedviT,
igi am kerpis ferxTiT unda daekrZalaT~. imave matianis
mixedviT, farnavazi mefobas Seudga kavkasiis qveynebSi
aleqsandre makedonelis laSqrobidan 24 wlis Semdeg,
da imefa 63 weliwadi. Sesabamisad, armazisTvis Tayva-
niscemis SemoReba qristes dabadebamde 420 wlis siax-
loves unda vivaraudoT. (31.III, #14)
VIII. `marjueniT missa kaci oqrosi da saxeli misi
gaci; da marcxeniT missa udga kaci vecxlisa, da saxeli
misi gaim, romelni-igi RmerTad uCndes ersa mas qarT-
lisasa~ (qarTlis cxovreba 1955: 89-90) _ aq naxsenebi ar
aris meoTxe RvTaeba _ zadeni (Заден), agreTve, qalRmer-
Ti afroditosi (Афродите), Tumca qvemoT maTzec iqneba
naTqvami. (31.III, #14)
IX. `[kerpTa Semusvris Semdeg] wmida nino darCa mSÂdo-
biT adgilsa mas, sada pirvel Sesrul iyo~ (qarTlis
cxovreba 1955: 91) _ am monakveTs dim. yifiani Targm-
nis ase: `Под таким разрушительным явлением Нина оставалась
невредимою свидетельницею уничтожения Армаза и его собогов~
da urTavs sqolios: `Tu ase Tqma SeiZleba _ собрат [Tan-
amoZme], сотоварищ [Tanaamxanagi], сожитель [Tanamcxovrebi],
maSin SeiZleba davtovoT sityva, romelic kalams moswy-
372
da: Собог [TanaRmerTi]. (31.III, #14)
X. `wmidaman nino auwya da uTxra yoveli gza da saqme
misi, TÂnier xolo deda-ZmaTa misTa ara auwya, rameTu
tyued uTxra Tavi TÂsi~ (qarTlis cxovreba 1955: 93) _
inokenti Tavis àxali aRTqmis istoriaSi~ (`История
Нового Завета~) ninos uwodebs `tyve qal nonas~. ai, misi
sityvebi: ìveriaSi anu saqarTveloSi vinme tyve qalis,
nonas, RvawliT moxda, Tu qristianobis Semosvla ara,
ramdenadac qarTvelTa naTlisRebas zogierTi ufro
adrindel xanas ukavSirebs, gavrceleba mainc. man ram-
denime wlis moTminebis Semdeg locviT gankurna erTi
qalis yrma da Semdeg imave saSualebiT gankurna mefis
meuRle, romelsac imdenad STaenerga macxovris rwmena,
rom mefe bakurma imperator konstantines episkoposi
da saqarTvelos ganaTlebisTvis saWiro maswavleblebi
gamosTxova (gv. 214, 215)~. ucnobia, ratom aris inokentis
mier mirianis nacvlad dasaxelebuli bakuri (Вакурий),
romelsac IV saukuneSi saerTod ar umefia. * bakuris Ses-
axeb qarTuli matianeebidan isRaa cnobili, rom igi 21-e
qarTveli mefea, miriani ki _ 24-e mefe. (31.III, #14)
XI. `da pova huria erTi mRdeli, saxeliT abiaTar, da
uqadaga mas da asulsa missa sidonias saxareba uflisa
Cuenisa ieso qristesi...~ (qarTlis cxovreba 1955: 95)
_ abiaTarma (Авиафоар) maleve irwmuna ninos qadageba-
ni, ramdenadac mas antioqieli mRvdlebisgan smenoda
macxovris Sesaxeb da, amdenad, suli misi momzadebuli
iyo sanetaro swavla-moZRvrebis misaRebad. (7.IV, #15)
XII. `da maT JamTa Sina iyo Seslva mirian mefisa da Zm-
iswulisa misisa, didisa sparsTa mefisa, saberZneTad...~
(qarTlis cxovreba 1955: 95) _ Ze mirianis umcrosi Zmisa,
* Cans, aq avtori gulisxmobs bakur I-s, `qarTlis cxovrebis~

mixedviT _ iberiis mefes III s. II naxevarSi.
T. j.
373
sparseTis mefe bartamisa. (7.IV, #15)
XIII. `...RmrTisa ZaliTa iqm kurnebasa amas, anu xar Sen
asuli armazisi, anu Svili zadenisi~ (qarTlis cxovre-
ba 1955: 106) _ zadenis Sesaxeb vaxtangi ambobs: `meoTxe
mefe farnajom nebroTianma farnavazis dinastiidan
umata qalaqTa da cixeTa Senebas, aago cixesimagre
zadeni da aRmarTa kerpi zadeni imave saxelis mqone
mTaze, iwyo Seneba kaxeTSi qalaqisa nelqari (rac niS-
navs qars, nela rom uberavs), romelsac amJamad nekresi
hqvia. garda zadenisa, vaxtangi axsenebs agreTve mexuTe
RmerTs, ufro sworad, qalRmerT afrodites, romlis
pativsacemadac sefelia loRoTeTis asulTan daqor-
winebis Semdeg kerpi aRmarTa qarTvelTa me-19 mefe rev-
ma, somexTa mefis Zem~. (14.IV, #16)
XIV. àramed ucxosa amas sityuasa nu ityÂ, hromTa maT
SecTomilTa sjulsa, nuca gnebavs yovladve Tqmad~ (qa-
rTlis cxovreba 1955: 106) _ romaelebSi qarTvelebi
berZnebsac gulisxmobdnen imdenad, ramdenadac bizan-
tiis imperia aRmosavleT romis imperiis saxelwodebiT
Camoyalibda da romis erTmpyrobelobis (единодержавие)
nawili iyo. amitomac berZnebi romaelebad iwodebod-
nen. (14.IV, #16)
XV. `xolo mefeman movlo yoveli sanaxebi muxnarisa
da aRvida mTasa zeda TxoTisasa maRalsa, raTamca moix-
ila kaspad da ufliscixed~ (qarTlis cxovreba 1955:
109) _ kaspi yofili qalaqia, amJamad _ sofeli, romel-
ic Tavad amilaxvrebs ekuTvnis. am SeniSvnis aucile-
bloba iman warmoSva, rom mkiTxvels * kaspi (TargmanSi:
`...долины Каспия~ _ T. j.) ar aerios kaspiis zRvaSi, romel-
ic aqedan iseve Soria, rogorc _ Savi zRva. (21.IV, #17)
* `mkiTxvelSi~ aq saqarTvelos geografiis armcodne rusuleno-

vani mkiTxveli unda vigulisxmoT.
T. j.
374
XVI. `xolo nana dedofali da yoveli eri ganvida mige-
bebad mefisa... da miegebodes qinZaras da RarTas~ (qarTlis
cxovreba 1955: 110) _ RarTa (Гарт), sadac axla RarTiska-
ris postia, mdebareobs mcxeTidan 4 versze, xolo qinZara
(Киндзара) RarTidan cota moSorebiTaa. (21.IV, #17)
XVII. `warixueniT orni juarni da aRmarTeniT erTi
TxoTs... da erTi miec salomes, mÃevalsa qristessa...~
(qarTlis cxovreba 1955: 121) _ salome, mefiswul re-
vis meuRle, iyo somexTa mefe Trdatis asuli (`дочь...
Тиридата~). (28.IV, #18)
XVIII. `...da aRmarTos ujarmas qalaqsa~ (qarTlis cx-
ovreba 1955: 121) _ ujarma (Уджармо), amJamad Tavad
ColoyaSvilTa (Челокаевы) kuTvnili sofeli muxrovanis
maxloblad, mefis asul salomes saufliswulo mamuli
iyo. (28.IV, #18)
XIX. `da Sevedra suli TÂsi meufesa caTasa, qarTlad
moslviTgan misiT meToTxmetesa welsa, qristes am-
aRlebiTgan samas ocdaTurametsa welsa, dasabamiTgan-
Ta welTa x u T i a T a s r v a a s o c d a T u r a m e t s a~
(qarTlis cxovreba 1955: 127) _ dim. yifiani am monakveTs
Targmnis ase: `Так прошла Св. Нина земное поприще свое столь
славное и столь достопамятное, по прибытий своем в Грузию в 14-е
лето; по рождестве Христове в 371-е~ da sqolioSi urTavs
SeniSvnas: `zogni amas miakuTvneben 310-320 wlebs, sxvebi
_ 340-s~ * (`...к 340-му~). (28.IV, #18)
1
(gv. 177) `...an kidev vaxtang V-isa~ _ adrindel wyaroebSi,
maT Soris, TviTon vaxtangis nawerebSi (sxvaTa Soris, daviT
guramiSvilis `daviTianSic~) vaxtang VI ase ixsenieba _ vax-
* mogvianebiT, 1854 w. gamoqveynebul naSromSi `ramdenime mosaz-
reba saqarTvelos istoriis masalebze~, dim. yifiani wm. ninos
mier qarTlis moqcevas IV s. meore aTwleuliT aTariRebs (ix.
aqve, gv. 194).
T. j.
375
tang mexuTe (`mexuTe vaxtang~).
2
(gv. 177) ès garemoeba Txzulebis vaxtangiseul dasa-
TaurebaSi Cans~ _ dim. yifians mxedvelobaSi aqvs winaTqma,
romelic vaxtangiseuli redaqciis nusxebs uZRvis win: `pa-
tiosanno da didebulno qarTvelno, JamTa viTarebisagan qa-
rTlis cxovreba ganryunil iyo, romelime mweralTa mier da
romelime JamTa viTarebisagan arRara werebul iyo. xolo
mexuTeman vaxtang, Zeman leonisman da Zmiswulman saxelovnis
giorgisman, Sekriba mecnierni kacni da moixuna, saca ram qa-
rTlis cxovrebaebi povna, da kualad gujarni mcxeTisani,
gelaTisani da mravalTa eklesiaTa da didebulTani, da Sea-
mowmes, da romeli ganryunil iyo, ganmarTes. da sxuaca wer-
ilni moixunes, romelime somexTa da sparsTa cxovrebisagan
gamoxunes da esreT aRweres~ (qarTlis cxovreba 1955: 024).
3
(gv. 179) `Caiwera RvTismosavma mefis asulma...~ _ dim.
yifians mxedvelobaSi aqvs monakveTi `ninos mier qarTlis
moqcevidan~: `maSin mswrafl moixunes sawerelni salome
ujarmelman da peroJavri sivnielman: iwyo sityuad wmida-
man nino, xolo igini werdes. da warmouTxra yoveli, rome-
li zemoT davwereT, cxovreba mis wmidisa da netarisa~ (qar-
Tlis cxovreba 1955: 127).
ramdenime mosazreba saqarTvelos

istoriis masalebze (gv. 180-221)
nabeWdi:
„Кавказ“, 21 aprili, 1854, №30; 24 aprili, 1854, №31; 28
aprili, 1854, №32; 1 maisi, 1854, №33; 8 maisi, 1854, №35;
15 maisi, 1854, №37; 22 maisi, 1854, №39.
Несколько мыслей о материалах для истории Грузии. Статья Д. И. Кипиани.
Тифлис: Типография Канцелярий Наместника Кавказского. 1854, 36 gv.
(ydaze gamocemis TariRad 1855 welia miTiTebuli).
376
T. jologua. dimitri yifianis ori saistorio Txzuleba.
Tbilisi: ivane javaxiSvilis saxelobis Tbilisis sax-
elmwifo universitetis gamomcemloba. 2016, gv. 69-103.
saTauri: Несколько мыслей о материалах для истории Грузии.
Targmani aq ibeWdeba wignakad gamocemuli teqstis mixedviT.

teqsti dauTariRebelia. TariRad viRebT pirvelnabeWds.
1
(gv. 180) `saqarTvelo sakuTari mefisa da xalxis survi-
liT SeuerTda ruseTis saxelmwifos~ _ ruseTTan saqarT-
velos SeerTebis `nebayoflobiTi~ xasiaTis Sesaxeb msjelo-
bisas aq da sxva teqstebSi dim. yifiani safuZvlad iRebs
giorgi XII-is `saTxovarTa punqtebs~, romliTac qarTl-kax-
eTis ukanaskneli kanonieri (`RvTivkurTxeuli~, `mironcx-
ebuli~) mefe Tavis samefos ruseTs uSualo gamgeblobaSi
gadascemda da mxolod arsebiTad fiqciad qceuli taxtis
memkvidreobiTi uflebiT SenarCunebas iTxovda: ùmsxver-
pleT yoveli samefo da samflobeloi Cemi uzakveliTa da
qristianebriTa WeSmaritebiTa msxverplebiTa da daudeviT
ara Tu mfarvelobasa qveSe udidebulessa didsa ruseTisa
saimperatorosa taxtsa, aramed daanebeT srulsa nebasa da
mzrunvelobasa maTsa, raTa amieriTgan daidvas samefo qa-
rTlosianTa saimperiod ruseTisad wesiTa miT, viTarca sx-
vani igi ruseTsa Sina pyrobilni provinciani sargebloben...
saxlsa Sina Cemsa ara aRayenos mefeni, garda oden samefos
memkvidriTi memkvidre viTarca winaparni Cemni~ (ioseliani
1936: 92; ix. agreTve: dubrovini 1897: 162-164; ufro vrclad
sakiTxis Sesaxeb ix. winamdebare gamocemis I tomi, gv. 407-409).
2
(gv. 180) ès yvelaferi moxseniebuli iqneba... vladimiris,
ivane mrisxanis, boris godunovis, aleqsi mixeilis Zis, petre
didis saxelebTan dakavSirebuli movlenebis Txrobisas~ _
avtori aq asaxelebs ruseTis im monarqebs, romlebTanac qa-
377
rTvel mefeebs ama Tu im formiTa da intensivobiT politi-
kuri, diplomatiuri Tu samxedro urTierTobebi hqondaT.
3
(gv. 180) `...romelTa formireba kacobriobis akvnis
mosazRvre qveynebSi moxda~ _ `kacobriobis akvnis~ Sesaxeb
amave teqstSi (gv. 201) dim. yifians uweria: `xalxebi msofli-
oSi ganifantnen araratis midamoebidan _ Cveni bibliuri
akvnidan, tigrs, evfrats, araqssa da oronts Soris rom
mdebareobs~.
4
(gv. 181) `m. i. brosem...~ _ mari-qsavie felisite brose
rusul wyaroebsa da literaturaSi umetesad mari ivanes
Ze brosed moixsenieba.
5
(gv. 181) `1849-1850 wlebSi qarTul da frangul enebze
gamosca sanqt-peterburgSi~ _ sinamdvileSi orive gamocema
(qarTulica da frangulic) 1849 wels ganxorcielda _ ix.
brose 1849a; brose 1849b.
6
(gv. 181) `...S-P. 1851~ _ broSuraSi gamocemis wlad dim.
yifians SecdomiT miTiTebuli aqvs 1854 weli (yifiani 1854b:
5), Tumca pirvelnabeWdSi (yifiani 1854a: #30) gamocemis
weli mas sworad (1851) aqvs aRniSnuli.
7
(gv. 184) `Tavisi sparsuli saxeli _ armazi _ uwoda~ (gv.
??) _ sxva TvalsazrisiT, saxeli `farnavaz~ `warmosdgeba
midiuri sityvidan `farna-vazda~: `farna _ brwyinvaleba,
bedniereba, mefuri dideba~ (qarTlis cxovreba 1994: 121).
8
(gv. 187) Grave (ingl.) _ maRali xarisxis mqone gavleniani
pirovneba.
9
(gv. 188) `makedonel mxedarTmTavar aleqsandre dids
dapyrobili qarTlis mmarTvelad hyavda daniSnuli~ _ ale-
qsandre makedonelis mier qarTlis dapyroba (saerTod misi
qarTlSi yofna) wyaroebiT ar dasturdeba.
10
(gv. 188) `daxmarebisaTvis asurelebisTvis miemarTa, ro-
gorc es Cvens matianeebSia naTqvami?~ _ avtors mxedveloba-
Si aqvs leonti mrovelis cnoba: àman farnavaz waravlinna
mociqulni winaSe mefisa antioqos asurastanisa, da warsca
378
ZRueni didZali. da aRuTqua mas msaxureba, da iTxova misgan
Sewevna berZenTa zeda. xolo antioqos Seiwynara ZRueni misi
da uwoda Svilad TÂsad, da warmosca gÂrgÂni. da ubrZana er-
isTavTa somxeTisaTa, raTa Seeweodian farnavazs~ (qarTlis
cxovreba 1955: 23). aq àsurastanSi~ selevkidebis saxelmwi-
fo igulisxmeba (sakiTxis Sesaxeb ix. qavTaria 1999: 83-93).
11
(gv. 189) `saeklesio anbanis SeTxzva miewereba wm. mes-
rops...~ _ `saeklesio anbanze~ msjelobisas dim. yifiani imeo-
rebs im dros gavrcelebul Tvalsazriss, gamyarebuls mari
broses mosazrebiT, romlis mixedviTac, farnavazma Seqmna
saero, mxedruli, anbani, mesropma ki sasuliero _ xucuri
(brose 1895: 65-66). sinamdvileSi `cnoba qarTul-albanuri
anbanis Sedgenaze maStocis cxovrebis Tavdapirvels redaq-
ciaSi ar yofila da mermindeli CanarTia~ (javaxiSvili
1996: 196) da, amas garda, ìrkveva, rom m e s r o p - m a S T o
c i TviT ar iyo dauflebuli qarTuls, rac sruliad g a m
o r i c x a v s SesaZleblobas mis mier qarTuli anbanis Seqm-
nisas~ (gamyreliZe 1989: 195). am mxriv, savsebiT damajerebe-
lia z. aleqsiZis Tvalsazrisi, romlis mixedviTac, iv. java-
xiSvilisa da g. wereTlis paleografiuli kvlevebis Semdeg
`maStocis sakiTxi saerTod moswyda qarTuli damwerlobis
warmoSobis problemas da mxolod istoriografiis sagnad
darCa~ (aleqsiZe 1968: 033; ufro vrclad sakiTxis Sesaxeb
ix. winamdebare gamocemis I tomi, gv. 401-403).
12
(gv. 189) `Tu erTdroulad davxedavT, erTi mxriv, qar-
Tul saeklesio, xolo, meore mxriv, somxur damwerlobebs~
_ qarTul nusxursa da somxur asoebs Soris grafikul ur-
TierTmimarTebaze e. maWavarians uweria: ÌX saukunidan moy-
olebuli nawili qarTuli asoebisa wres xsnis da rkalur
formebze gadadis... nusxur damwerlobaSi swrafi gamar-
tivebuli werisaken miswrafebam asoTa moxazulobani mar-
jvniv gadaxara da maT mianiWa kuTxovani forma (nusxuri dam-
werloba IX saukunidan gvxvdeba), roca gabmuli weris dros
379
xatovani elementebisa da horizontaluri Sverilebis Tval-
saCinoeba, Tu SeiZleba iTqvas, erTgvarad waiSala, qarTuli
da somxuri teqstebi dawerilobis saerTo ieriT daemsgavsa
erTmaneTs. savsebiT SesaZlebelia, rom somxuri versiac qar-
Tuli da somxuri anbanebis erTi piris Seqmnis Sesaxeb swored
am mogviano xanaSi gaCnda~ (maWavariani 1982: 77).
13
(gv. 189) `baraTaevma numizmatikur masalaze dayrdno-
biT eWvmiutanlad daasabuTa mxedruli damwerlobis arse-
boba jer kidev VII saukuneSi~ _ dim. yifians mxedvelobaSi
aqvs mixeil baraTaevis kapitaluri naSromi `Нумизматические
факты Грузинского царства~ (СПб.: 1844; rusul da frangul en-
ebze; monetebis aRweriloba qarTul enazecaa mocemuli).
avtori VII s. qarTul monetebze `poulobs~ mxedrulad Ses-
rulebul warwerebs, Tumca mix. baraTaevis es mosazreba ar
aris gaziarebuli.
14
(gv. 190) `mubidi aRmoCnda~ _ unda iyos: mobedi _
sasuliero piri zoroastrizmSi.
15
(gv. 192) `kaciWamiobaSic ki sdeben brals...~ _ avtors
mxedvelobaSi aqvs `qarTlis cxovrebiseuli~ cnoba, romlis
mixedviTac, qarTlSi aleqsandre makedonelis gamoCenamde
aqaurni `...yovelsa suliersa Wamdes, mkudarsa SesWamdes,
viTarca mÃecni da pirutyuni~ (qarTlis cxovreba 1955:
17); vaxuStisTan: `ra mokudis vinme kaci anu brZolasa, _
meore ivasxis da SesWamdian, xolo ukeTu ara, TÂT SesWam-
dian, viTarca ityÂs: `karsnelTa marTebs kodmanelTa xuTi
mkudari dRedmde~ (vaxuSti 1973: 15), òdiTgan daatevebina
aleqsandrem Wama mkudarTa...~ (vaxuSti 1973: 25), `[aleqsan-
drem] mospo Wamaca mkudarTa~ (vaxuSti 1973: 54).
qarTvelTa kanibalizmis Sesaxeb wyaroTa cnobebisa ar
sjeroda mari broses: `...sruliad ver veTanxmebiT, Tu mxed-
velobaSi iveriis miwis nayofierebas da ganaTlebul erTa,
berZnebsa da sparsTa, mezoblobas miviRebT. ufro sarwmu-
noa is, rom iverielebma, viTarca sanaxevrod mTiulma xalx-
380
ma, SeuracxyofisaTvis magieris gardaxda da mtrisaTvis
sisxlis zRveva icoden. es iseTi zne-Cveulebaa, rom verc
erTs marTeblobas amdens xans imis mospoba korsikis kun-
Zulze da kavkasiis yvela tomebSi ver mouxerxebia~ [brose
1895: 17-18; sainteresoa, rom vaxuStis zemoxsenebul cnobas
(`karsnelTa marTebs kodmanelTa...~) mogvianebiT ilia Wav-
WavaZec `sisxlis aRebiT~ an `sisxlis fasiT~ xsnis: `gana ex-
la-ki ar amboben, magaliTebr, mTielebi, saca sisxlis aReba
jer gadavardnili ar aris, rom Cveni mkvdari ama da am Temsa
hmarTebso. es imas niSnavs, rom erTs Tems meoris Temis kaci
mouklavs da jer an sisxli ar auRiaT, an sisxlis fasi~ _
WavWavaZe 1955b: 101].
Teimuraz batoniSvilic amgvar gadmocemas usafuZvlos
uwodebs, Tumca mas sxvagvar axsnas uZebnis: òdes moiqca
sruliad eri qarTlosianTa qristes sarwmunoebasa zeda,
mravalTa maTganTa kvalad moqcevisaca Semdgomad egreT-
ca axsomdaT kerpni da Znelad aRuCndebodaT daviwyeba
CveulebaTa, romelica kerpT-msaxurebisa JamTa aqvndaT maT;
amisTÂs ekklesiisa Cvenisa moZRvarni uZagebdes maT gar-
ddavlilTa winaparTa maTTa, da maTsa etyodes mravalTa
uwesoTa qcevaTa da arawmindaTa da mkvdarTa Wamasa ÃorcTa
kacisaTa, raTa amiT daaviwyon winaparTa TÂsTa kerpT-msax-
urebisa saqmeni~ (Teimuraz batoniSvili 1848: 54).
rac Seexeba vaxuStis naTqvams _ karsnelebs kodmanelTa
xuTi mkvdari marTebTo, amas Teimurazi ase xsnis: àqvndaT
Cveuleba qarTlosianTa Jamsa mamasaxlisTasa, odes war-
vidodes laSqarsa mravalgzis SexvdebodaT ese, romel
mizeziTa, romlisame saqmisaTa ra vera Zal-edva erTsa,
romelsame sofelsa warsvla laSqarsa sTxovda mezoblisa
TÂsisa meorisa soflisa kacTa nacvlad TÂssa, raodenica
kaci xvdebodaT, warsul iyvnen igini da ese valad daede-
boda mTxovnelTa maT, raTa Semdgomsa laSqrobasa igini
warsul iyvnen nacvlad pirvelTa da gardexadaT vali TÂsi
381
da raodenica kacni brZolasa Sina daakldebodaT maT, ese
igi piris-pir mterTa mier moikvlodis, egeodeni ricxvi
momkvdarisa daedebodaT maT valad, romelTaca magierad
warsrul iyvnen igini brZolad mterTa da Semdgomad sxva-
sa Semdgomsa laSqrobasa, odes gardauxdides samagierod,
movaleni igi warvidodes nacvlad pirvelTa maT ama meori-
sa soflisa kacni egeodenni ricxviT raodenica marTebdaT
da odes srul iqmneboda brZolani, maSin aRiricxebodnen
amaTnica momkvdarni da gamoiangariSian maT pirvelTa mok-
lulTagan, ama meoresa brZolasa Sina moklulTa, da romli-
saca umetesi iqmneboda mkvdari, erTi sofeli meores daav-
alebda da ese iyo davaleba anu marTeba mkvdrisa, romel
mis JamiTgan davalebulni mkvdarni vidre ama Jamadmde
hmarTebs karsnelTa kodmanelTi xuTi mkvdari~ (Teimuraz
batoniSvili 1848: 55).
16
(gv. 194) `safuZvlad udevs gamarjvebis gamomxatveli
qarTuli yiJina _ i! verie!~ _ ìveriis~ es etimologia dim.
yifians vaxuSti batoniSvilisgan aqvs aRebuli: `...saxeli,
iveria, eniTave qarTuliTa mieca, rameTu ìi~ ars Sorisyri-
li, romeli ars sasixarulo Ãma zaxilisa, xolo `verie~ _
moverive, aramed wyobisaTÂs SeTxzulad ìveria~, rameTu
odes i~ mefeman aderkim mokla arSak, mefe qarTlisa, goli-
aTobiTa TÂsiTa, maSin aRuteva Ãma spaTa mimarT TÂsTa: ìi,
verie!~ da ganÃda Ãma ese, da ityodian yovelni simÃnisa misi-
saTÂs; amis gamo iwoda iveria...~ (vaxuSti 1973: 39).
17
(gv. 195) `nebayoflobiT gadasca... gvirgvini~ _ sakiTxis
Sesaxeb ix. aqve: koment. #1.
18
(gv. 200) `qarTul enas Zveli sparsuli enis dialeqtTa
jgufs miakuTvnebs~ _ dim. yifiani aq gulisxmobs mari broses
Tvalsazriss, romlis mixedviTac, `mxedruli qarTuli an-
bani... SeTxzulia mimzgavsebiT zendur asoebisa, romelTac
CrdiloeT sparseTSi xmarobden. TviT saxelwodeba axal
SeTxzul alfabetisa sruliad udris fexleurs e. i. sag-
382
miro enas, romlidganac igi warmomdinareobs da romelsac
Zlier daaxlovebuli mniSvneloba aqvs qarTul mxedrul-
Tan~ (brose 1895: 26).
mogvianebiT zendurTan daakavSira qarTuli anbani ilia
oqromWedliSvilmac, romelmac es Tvalsazrisi kategori-
uli formiT gamoxata: `farnaozma SemoiRo zenduri anba-
ni sparselebisagan... mxedrulsa da zendurs anbans Soris
dResac ki sakvirveli mzgavsebaa~ (oqromWedliSvili 1881:
101-102). sxvaTa Soris, qarTuli anbanis warmoSobasTan
dakavSirebuli msjelobis Semdeg i. oqromWedliSvili
daaskvnis: `1. saqarTveloSi anbani SemoRebul iqmna mefe
farnaozisagan, meoTxe saukunis bolos, an mesame saukunis
dasawyisSi qristes winad; 2. xucuri anbani igive mxedruli
anbania, mxolod Secvlili, da 3. mesrofma, Tu miiRo rame
monawileoba xucuris anbanis SemoRebaSi, miiRo mxolod
esa, rom arCia mxedrul asoebSi mrgvalis xazebis magierad
swore xazebiT eweraT~ (oqromWedliSvili 1881: 112).
19
(gv. 200) `qarTuli ena miekuTvneba sanskrituli warmo-
mavlobis indogermanuli anu indoevropuli enebis ojaxs~
_ qarTuli enis warmomavlobis Sesaxeb am da sxva adrindel
Sexedulebebze ix.: brose 1895: 19-20; patariZe 1980: 27-46;
ufro vrclad _ Ciqobava 2008: 105-173.
20
(gv. 202) `qarTul mxedrulSi 39 asoa~ _ aq avtori Tan-
amedrove qarTuli anbanis 33 asos umatebs 5 Zvel, e. w. fun-
qciadakargul, asos: À, Á, Â, Ã, ჵ; agreTve Ф-s. [rac Seexeba
u-brjgus (ñ), igi Zvel qarTul anbanSi ar moipoveboda da
saliteraturo qarTulSi mogvianebiT anton I-is gavleniT
SemoiRes].
21
(gv. 203) `mecnieruli ganswavlulobiT gamorCeuli
avtori am ukanaskneli Sexedulebisa~ _ Cans, aq igulisxmeba
mari brose, romlis mixedviTac, `saxelis formebi, didi naw-
ili brunebisa, SedarebiTi xarisxis formanti da TiTqmis
yvela qarT[uli] nacvalsaxeli savsebiT sanskrituli anda
383
zenduria~ (iosava 2008: 93; ix. agreTve: Ciqobava 2008: 143).
22
(gv. 203) `droTa ganmavlobaSi SeiZleba davasabuTo da
warmovadgino qarTuli enis calkeul formaTa gansacvi-
frebeli msgavseba...~ _ ramdenadac CvenTvis cnobilia, dim.
yifians SemdgomSi am mimarTulebiT specialuri kvleva ar
Cautarebia.
23
(gv. 208) `mSobliur enaze kiTxulobdnen bit-pas~ _ `bit-
pa~ (bidpai, bitpai; Bidhâpati): didaqtikur-moralisturi
xasiaTis Zveli induri Txzuleba (igavTa wigni), romelic
igavTa sayovelTaod cnobili krebulebis (`panCatantra~,
`qilila da damana~) pirvelwyarod (literaturul safuZ-
vlad) miiCneva.
24
(gv. 210) `SesaZloa, eklesias igi Tavisi RvTismosaobisa
da umwikvlo zneobis gamo wmindanTa dasSi Caericxa~ _ Tama-
ris wmindanad Seracxvis dro da garemoebebi bundovania.
Cans, im dros, rodesac dim. yifianis es Txzuleba iwerebo-
da, qarTvelebisaTvis saerTod ar iyo cnobili Tamar mefis
(`keTilmsaxuris~) wmindanad Seracxvis ambavi.
25
(gv. 211) `vaxtang VI-isa da vaxuSti batoniSvilis mier
iseTi mravlismetyveli saTauri ewoda, rogoricaa `qarT-
lis cxovreba~ _ aseTi saTauri (`qarTlis cxovreba~) gac-
ilebiT ufro adre gvxvdeba (`ninos cxovrebis~ gadamkeT-
ebeli arsen beri, somexi mematiane stefanos orbeliani...
sakiTxis Sesaxeb ix. grigolia 1954: 4-5).
26
(gv. 211) ìsini uklebliv Tamaris epoqis moRvaweebi
arian...~ _ CamoTvlilTagan ioane petriwi (XI-XII ss.) ar iyo
Tamar mefis Tanamedrove. xolo rac Seexeba dim. yifianis
cnobas, èrT-erTi wyaro miuTiTebs _ Tamaris babuis aRmzr-
deliao~, unda vifiqroT, avtori aq swored ioane petriws
gulisxmobs.
27
(gv. 213) `...erTi xeli marTavda... _ magaliTad, giorgi
VI-is _ dros~ _ es unda iyos ara giorgi VI (mcire), aramed
giorgi V (brwyinvale), ramdenadac giorgi VI-is mefobis
384
mokle periodSi saqarTveloSi `mravalmefoba~ iyo da, Ses-
abamisad, qveyanas èrTi xeli~ ar marTavda.
28
(gv. 214) ùkanaskneli mefis, giorgi XIII-is...~ _ qa-
rTl-kaxeTis ukanaskneli mefe giorgi XII adrindel wyar-
oebsa Tu literaturaSi moixsenieba rogorc giorgi XIII.
mizezi amisa is aris, rom qarTlis mefe giorgi XI (1651-1709)
taxtze orjer avida _ 1676 da 1703 wlebSi (sakiTxis Sesaxeb
ix.: aqtebi 1866: 93; a. gawerelias `teqstisaTvis~ wignSi _
ioseliani 1936: 290).
29
(gv. 215) èrekle Tavadobasa da saqarTveloSi sakmaod
vrcel dasaxlebul mamuls uboZebs vinme Samirs, madrasis
mkvidrs...~ _ dim. yifians mxedvelobaSi aqvs madrasSi mcx-
ovreb somex didvaWar Samir-aRa Samirianisadmi (imave iakob
sulTanumianisadmi) gagzavnili erekle II-is sigeli, rom-
lis mixedviTac, erekle Samirs qarTveli Tavadis wodebas
uboZebs: `dae uwyodes yvelam, rom radganac axal julfeli
sulTnis Svils Samirs da mis winaprebs winandeli Sahebisa
da nadirSahis dros hqondaT Cveni winaprebisa da Cveni si-
yvaruli da erTguleba mas Semdeg, rac isini gadasaxldnen
aziaSi, da radganac man (Samirma) amJamad kvlav gamoamJRav-
na Soreuli indoeTidan aseTive siyvaruli da erTguleba
da mravalgvari samsaxuri gauwia Cvens samefos erTguleb-
iTa da sasargeblo cnobebis mowodebiT, amitom gviboZebia
misTvis qarTveli Tavadis wodeba...~ (danibegaSvili 1971:
118; es sigeli dawerilia TbilisSi: `dawerilia Cven sasax-
leSi dedaqalaq tfilisSi... qristes Sobidan 1786 wels.
Cveni mefobis ormocdamesame wels, 22 marts, qoronikonsa
474~ _ danibegaSvili 1971: 118). rac Seexeba dim. yifianis
mier naxseneb `vrcel dasaxlebul mamuls~, romelic erekle
II-s SamirisTvis uboZebia, es ukve sxva sigels ukavSirdeba
da mis Sesaxeb erekles mier indoeTSi wargzavnil rafiel
danibegaSvils uweria: `1795 wlis martis me-15 dResa warg-
zavnili viyavi saqarTvelos mefis erekles mier indoeTs
385
Semdegi garemoebis gamo. madrasSi cxovrobda mdidari
somexi, romelic erekles yovelwliurad saCuqrebs ugza-
vnida. mefem sapasuxo jildod didi sofeli lore uboZa da
mflobelobis sigeli Cemi xeliT gaugzavna. madrasSi Casv-
lisas is somexi cocxali aRar damxvda, igi Cem misvlamde
erTi wliT adre gardacvliliyo. xsenebuli mfarvelobis
sigeli gadaveci mis vaJiSvils, romelic im dros madrasSi
imyofeboda~ (danibegaSvili 1971: 7; ix. agreTve: danibegaS-
vili 1950: 1; danibegaSvili 1963: 11).
erekle II-sTan kavSirs Samiris mxridan is motivacia hqon-
da, rom igi, gr. zardaliSvilis TqmiT, òcnebobda uZlier-
esi qarTveli mefis erekle II-is daxmarebiT aRedgina somx-
eTis saxelmwifo, romelic qarTveli mefis mfarvelobis
qveS unda yofiliyo. am mizniT Samir-aRa didZal saCuqrebs
ugzavnida qarTvel mefes, mimowera hqonda masTan da SesTx-
ovda daxmarebas somxeTis saxelmwifos aRdgenaze~ (danibe-
gaSvili 1971: 52).
30
(gv. 215) `...adasturebs saqarTvelos urTierTobas in-
doeTTan~ (gv. ??) _ am sakiTxis Sesaxeb s. iordaniSvilisa
da gr. zardaliSvilis narkvevebi ix.: danibegaSvili 1950:
III-XVIII, 37-102; danibegaSvili 1971: 78-83.
386
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doeba. // d. janeliZe. saxioba (werilebis krebuli). wgn.
IV. Tbilisi: saqarTvelos Teatris moRvaweTa kavSiri.
1990.
jologua 2000: jologua T. aleqsandre WavWavaZis mTarg-
mnelobiTi moRvaweobidan. `macne~ (els). 2000, #1-4.
jologua 2002a: jologua T. dimitri yifiani (1830-1860
wlebi). Tbilisi: Tbilisis universitetis gamomcemlo-
ba. 2002.
jologua 2002b: jologua T. `myÂrala (qarTleli)~-s vina-
obisaTvis. Jurnalistika. X (saqarTvelos ssr umaRlesi
saswavleblebisa da Tbilisis saxelmwifo universitet-
is Jurnalistikis fakultetis respublikuri samecnie-
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Tbilisis universitetis gamomcemloba. 2002.
jologua 2016: jologua T. dimitri yifianis ori sais-
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413
Semoklebani:
avt. _ avtori.
arq. _ arqivi.
aqtebi _ Акты, собранные Кавказской археографической комиссиею
(АКАК). т. 1-12. Тифлис: Типография главного управления
наместника Кавказского. 1866-1904.
aRw. _ aRweriloba.
b. (bat.; b-ni) _ batoni (mimarTvis forma).
berZ. _ berZnuli.
d. _ daba.
gaz. _ gazeTi.
gany. _ ganyofileba.
els _ enisa da literaturis seria.
T. (T-di) _ Tavadi.
TT. _ Tavadebi.
ing. _ inglisuri.
ital. _ italiuri.
ix. _ ixile.
kn. _ kneina/kniazi.
krb. _ krebuli.
koment. _ komentari/komentarebi.
laT. _ laTinuri.
lsm _ giorgi leoniZis saxelobis qarTuli literaturis
saxelmwifo muzeumi.
naw. _ nawili.
pers. _ personaJi.
J. (Jurn.) _ Jurnali.
red. _ redaqtori/redaqcia.
rus. _ rusuli.
saq. _ saqme.
tf. _ tfilisi.
u. (uf.) _ ufali (=batoni _ moxseniebis Tavaziani forma);
414
ufalo (=batono _ mimarTvis Tavaziani forma).
uu. _ ufalTa/ufalT.
f. (furc.) _ furceli.
frang. _ franguli.
fsevd. _ fsevdonimi.
qegl _ qarTuli enis ganmartebiTi leqsikoni.
qse _ qarTuli sabWoTa enciklopedia.
`qSw-kg sazogadoeba~ _ `qarTvelTa Soris wera-kiTxvis
gamavrcelebeli sazogadoeba~.
Zv. _ Zveli/moZvelebuli.
wgn. _ wigni.
wm. _ wminda.
x. _ xelnaweri.
xec _ korneli kekeliZis saxelobis xelnawerTa erovnuli
centri.
Кн. – Книга.
КОСХ – Кавказское общество сельского хозяйства.
М. – Москва.
СПб – Санкт-Петербург.
Тфл. – Тифлис.
in _ in-folio (laT. in folio) _ gamocemis formati.
H _ xelnawerTa erovnuli centris fondi.
415
saZieblebi
pirTa:*
abas I (Sah-abasi) (1571-1629) _ iranis Sahi 1587-1629 wlebSi.

amierkavkasiaSi iranis samudamo batonobis aucilebel
pirobad miiCnevda qarTl-kaxeTis gadaqcevas yizilbaS-
ur-mahmadianur saxanoebad da am mizniT saqarTveloSi
araerTxel moawyo gamanadgurebeli laSqroba _ 75, 181
abaSeli (namdvili gvari _ CoCia) aleqsandre (1884-1954) _
mwerali (poeti, prozaikosi, kritikosi), àkademiuri
mwerlobis kavSiris~ wevri, vaJa-fSavelas TxzulebaTa
pirveli sruli krebulis Semdgenel-gamomcemeli, da-
krZalulia didubis panTeonSi _ 397
abaSiZe giorgi _ msaxiobi _ 57, 269, 270
abaSiZe vaxuSti (gard. 1746) _ qarTlis samefos politi-
kuri moRvawe, vaxtang VI-is TanamebrZoli da misi poli-
tikuri kursis mimdevari _ 270
abaSiZe zaza _ istorikosi, korneli kekeliZis saxelo-
bis xelnawerTa erovnuli centris direqtori, saqarT-
velos sapatriarqos saeklesio-saenciklopedio cen-
tris xelmZRvaneli _ 363
abdulmesia (abdul-mesia) _ ix. ioane SavTeli
abiaTari _ mcxeTel ebraelTa mRvdeli, romelic ninos
xeliT qristianad moinaTla _ 373; ix. agreTve: Авиафар
(Авиафоар)
*
pirTa saZiebelSi bibliuri, miTologiuri, sazRapro, liter-
aturuli personaJebis saxelebicaa Setanili.
416
abramiZe _ giorgi erisTavis profesiuli Teatris (1850-
iani ww.) msaxiobi _ 208
abulaZe ilia (1901-1968) _ qarTvelologi, armenologi,
paleografi, leqsikografi, mis saxels ukavSirdeba ka-
vkasiis albanelTa anbanis aRmoCena _ 266, 286, 350, 387,
402
abxazi (abxazovi) dimitri _ kaxeli (kardanaxeli) memam-
ule. mamamisi, ivane Sermazanis Ze abxazi (gard. 1847),
aqtiurad monawileobda kaxeTis 1812 wlis ajanyebis
CaxSobaSi, ris gamoc ajanyebulebma mas saxl-kari gadau-
wves da venaxebi aukafes. 1867 w. dim. abxazma da misma va-
Jma, aleqsandrem, vaWar giorgi foraqaSvilisgan vali
aiRes, Tavdebad ki dim. yifiani daiyenes, Tumca vali ver
gadaixades da am valis gadaxda Tavdebs mouwia _ 31
abxazi (afxazovi) ivane (daaxl. 1784-1831) _ general-maio-
ri, yarabaRis, nuxisa da Sirvanis mmarTveli (1829-1830),
vladikavkazis komendanti (1830-1831), Tavis droze
ganTqmuli mxatvris, nikoloz abxazis, Svili, 1832 wlis
SeTqmulebis aqtiuri wevris, anton abxazis (1806-1837),
Zma; SeTqmulebis xelmZRvaneloba apirebda, gamarjveb-
is SemTxvevaSi iv. abxazisTvis samxedro ministroba See-
Tavazebina, Tumca man iqamde veRar icocxla _ 1831 wels
iv. paskeviCma poloneTis ajanyebis CaxSobaSi monawile-
obisaTvis gaiwvia, Tumca 31 agvistos iv. abxazi gzaSi
(brest-litovskSi) gardaicvala qolerisagan. gr. or-
belians Tavis TxzulebaSi `mgzavroba Cemi tfilisid-
am peterbuRamdis~ aRwerili aqvs Sexvedra iv. abxazTan
vladikavkazSi da masTan gamarTuli dialogi, romlis
mixedviTac, mkafiod ikveTeba iv. abxazis gulwrfeli
patriotizmic (gr. orbeliani mas uwodebs `WeSmarit Zes
mamulisas~), arsebuli politikuri sistemis mimarT loia-
lobaca da politikuri pragmatizmic. kerZod, iv. abxaz-
is SexedulebiT, saWiro iyo jer saqarTvelos fizikuri
gadarCena da moRoniereba, partikularizmis aRmofxvra,
ganaTlebis gavrcelebisa da kulturis aRorZinebis gziT
saerTo-erovnuli TviTSegnebis Camoyalibeba da mxolod
amis Semdeg, fiqri saxelmwifoebriobis aRdgenaze _ 74
adami _ adamianTa modgmis bibliuri mamamTavari _ 206; ix.
agreTve: Адам
417
adarnase (adrnerse) _ qarTlis erismTavari da kurapala-
ti (VII s. I naxevari), stefanoz I erismTavris Ze _ 188
aderki _ leonti mrovelis mixedviT, qarTlis meaTe mefe
(ax. w. I s.) _ 382
avaliani giorgi _ mkvlevari, avtori wignisa `rusi
da qarTveli xalxebis sabrZolo Tanamegobrobis is-
toriidan~ (Tb.: 1967) _ 349, 387
avaliSvili nikoloz (niko) (1844-1929) _ mwerali, Jurnal-
isti, publicisti, Teatraluri da sazogado moRvawe,
Jurnal `mnaTobis~ (1869-1872) redaqtori, `qarTuli
kalendris~ (1867) Semdgenel-gamomcemeli, TvalsaCino
figura XIX s. qarTuli Teatris istoriaSi _ 280, 281
avarosi _ 186
avTandili (pers.) _ 362
azat-xani (gard. 1760-iani ww. dasawy.) _ avRanuri warmo-
Sobis iraneli politikuri da samxedro moRvawe (na-
dir-Sahis sardali). 1751 wels daarbia erekle II-is
moxarke erevnis saxano, ris gamoc imave wels ereklem
sastikad daamarcxa erevnis maxloblad (yirxbulaxSi).
1760 wels erekle II-m Seipyro iranis taxtze pretenziis
mqone azat-xani da gadasca igi qerim-xans (gagzavna Sir-
azSi, sadac azat-xans Tvalebi dasTxares) _ 214
azoni (azo) _ qarTuli saistorio wyaroebis mixedviT,
aleqsandre makedonelis erT-erTi sardali da mis mier
mcxeTaSi gamgeblad datovebuli (`pirveli mefeÀ mcxe-
Tas Sina...~ _ `moqcevaÁ qarTlisaÁ~). arian-qarTlis mefis
Ze (`moqcevaÁ...~). azonma gaafarTova Tavisi samflobe-
lo, Tumca mas daupirispirda mcxeTis mamasaxlisis, sa-
maras, Zmiswuli farnavazi. `mefeTa cxovrebis~ mixedviT,
àTasi mÃedari rCeuli hromTa maTgani, romelTa boro-
ti wahkideboda azonisagan, ganudges azons da movides
winaSe farnavazisa. maSin yovelni qarTvelni ganudges
azons...~. gadamwyvet brZolaSi (`naqalaqevsa Tana artan-
isasa~) azoni daiRupa _ 188, 189
aieri _ siyvarulisa da mogzaurobis qalRmerTi _ 193
aleqsandre _ qarTvel mefeTa saxeli _ 174, 210
aleqsandre I (1777-1825) _ ruseTis imperatori (1801-1825;
taxtze avida sasaxlis karze dagegmili da ganxorciel-
ebuli gadatrialebis Semdeg). 1801 w. 12 seqtembris
418
manifestiT daarRvia 1783 wlis georgievskis traqta-
tis pirobebi da qarTl-kaxeTSi ruseTis uSualo mmarT-
veloba daamyara. 1820-ian ww. igi misticizmma Seipyro,
ramac warmoSva legenda, romlis mixedviTac, impera-
tori marTlac 1825 wels ki ar mokvda (taganrogSi), ar-
amed malulad datova taxti da cimbiris erT-erT monas-
terSi berad aRikveca, misi peterburgSi Camosveneba da
dakrZalva ki sinamdvileSi mistifikacia iyo _ 51, 224,
256
aleqsandre II (1818-1881) _ ruseTis imperatori (1855-
1881), msoflmxedvelobiT konservatori, Tumca amas
xeli ar SeuSlia, ganexorcielebina liberaluri xasia-
Tis umniSvnelovanesi (maT Soris samxedro, sasamarTlo,
1861 w. saglexo, sacenzuro, TviTmmarTvelobis...) re-
formebi, ris gamoc ruseTis istoriaSi Sesulia epiTet-
iT _ `ganmaTavisuflebeli~. 1881 w. 1 marts aleqsandre
II mokles `narodnaia volias~ aRmasrulebeli komitetis
gadawyvetilebiT (mkvlelobis dRes apirebda msvlelo-
ba mieca mix. loris-meliqovis mier SemuSavebuli ruseT-
is konstituciis proeqtisaTvis) _ 235-238, 243, 262, 264,
286, 287, 292, 335
aleqsandre ivanes Ze _ ix. bariatinski aleqsandre
aleqsandre makedoneli (aleqsandre didi) (Zv. w. 356-Zv. w.
323) _ makedoniis mefe (336 wlidan), aristoteles mowa-
fe, erT-erTi udidesi mxedarTmTavari kacobriobis is-
toriaSi. `qarTlis cxovrebis~ mixedviT, aleqsandre
makedonelma TiTqos qarTlSic ilaSqra, gaimarjva da aq
mmarTvelad arian-qarTlidan Camoyvanili azo datova,
Tumca sxva wyaroebiT es ar dasturdeba _ 188, 192, 372,
378, 380
aleqsandre pavles Ze _ ix. nikolai aleqsandre
aleqsi mixeilis Ze (1629-1676) _ ruseTis meore mefe ro-
manovTa dinastiidan (1645-1676). didi wvlili Seitana
ruseTis saxelmwifos centralizaciis saqmeSi _ 180, 377
aleqsiSvili mesxi daviT _ ix. daviT reqtori
aleqsiZe zaza _ istorikosi, filologi, armenologi, kap-
italuri naSromebis avtori qarTvelologiaSi, armeno-
logiasa da kavkasiis albanologiaSi _ 379, 387
aleqs. qors. _ ix. qors. aleqs.
419
alzira (pers.) _ 134
amaRlobeli rati _ poeti, Jurnal `cxeli Sokoladis~
redaqtori (2010-2011), literaturul premia `sabas~
laureati (2006) _ 288, 308, 321
amilaxvari (amilaxori, amilaxvrebi, amilaxvarovebi) _ Ta-
vadTa sagvareulo qarTlSi, saamilaxoros mflobelni.
gvari warmomdgaria amilaxoris samoxeleo Tanamdebo-
bidan. vaxuSti batoniSvilis mixedviT: `...Sida qarTls
amilaxori, aramed ara ars gvari, gana wesi mejinibeTx-
ucobisa, viTarca uwodeben sparsni, xolo gvari zedg-
iniZe ars da pativcemuli mefeTagan mTavrobiT~ _ 13, 43,
374
amilaxvari (amilaxvarovi) giorgi _ qarTleli memamule
goris mazridan _ 29, 30
amilaxori _ ix. amilaxvari (amilaxori, amilaxvrebi, ami-
laxvarovebi)
amirani _ qarTuli miTologiis gmiri, xalxur epos àmira-
nianisa~ da sagmiro-saraindo roman àmirandarejani-
anis~ mTavari personaJi. misi kvali Zv. welTaRricxvis
mesame aTaswleulis arqeologiur ZeglebSi dasturde-
ba. axlo msgavseba akavSirebs ZvelberZnul miTologiur
gmir promeTesTan. XIX s. saqarTveloSi kavkasiis qedze
mijaWvuli amirani dapyrobili saqarTvelos simbolod
iqca (a. wereTeli, vaJa-fSavela da sxv.) _ 193, 204
ana (wm.) _ mariam TvTismSoblis deda, wm. ioakimes meuRle.
wm. anas ordens (gaaCnda oTxi xarisxi) ruseTSi saxelmwi-
fo da samxedro damsaxurebisTvis aniWebdnen _ 132
andria pirvelwodebuli _ ieso qristes pirveli mowafe,
Zma petre mociqulisa. qristianobis pirveli mqadagebe-
li saqarTveloSi. giorgi mTawmidlis mixedviT, saqarT-
velos eklesiis damfuZnebeli _ 34, 193, 195; ix. agreTve:
Андрей Первозванный
andronikaSvilebi (andronikovebi, endronikaSvilebi) _
Tavaduri sagvareulo. legendis mixedviT _ bizantiis
imperator andronike komnenosis STamomavalni, kaxeTSi
XII saukunis II naxevarSi damkvidrebulni. georgievskis
traqtatze darTul qarTl-kaxeTis Tavadaznaurobis
nusxaSi endronikaSvili kaxeTis TavadTa nusxaSia Sey-
vanili _ 47
420
andronikaSvili iase (1814-1892) _ sasamarTlos maRalCi-
nosani. saidumlo mrCeveli (Тайный советник). 1830-ian ww.
monawileobda Tbilisis gimnaziis mowafeTa mier xel-
naweri Jurnalis `Цветок Тифлисской гимназий~ (`Tbilisis
gimnaziis yvavili~) gamocemaSi (aqvea Sesuli misi ram-
denime mcire zomis prozauli teqsti), `qSw-kg sazoga-
doebis~ damfuZnebeli wevri. 1887 wels TbilisSi zeimiT
aRiniSna misi samsaxurebrivi moRvaweobis 50 wlisTavi.
TanamedroveTa Soris cnobili iyo umwikvlo pirovnu-
li da samsaxurebrivi reputaciiT (àrc erTxel saswori
samarTlisa mis xelSi ar gamrudebula!~ _ naTqvamia gaz.
ìveriaSi~ gamoqveynebul nekrologSi). gardaicvala
TbilisSi. anderZis Tanaxmad, dakrZales veris wm. ioane
RvTismetyvelis eklesiis galavanSi _ 105
andronikaSvili ivane (ioane) (1798-1868) _ solomon II-is
diswuli, kavaleriis generali. monawileobda 1832 wlis
SeTqmulebaSi, magram ver daumtkices da gaaTavisu-
fles; samxedro ganaTleba miiRo peterburgSi, erTxans
samxedro samsaxurisTvis Tavis danebebas apirebda, ma-
gram Teimuraz batoniSvilis rCeviT xeli aiRo am ganz-
raxvaze, risTvisac dedam, ruseTis moZule mariam (maia)
arCil batoniSvilis asulma (1775-1854), daswyevla Svi-
li, datova ojaxi da anCisxats Seafara Tavi. 1849-1856
ww. i. andronikaSvili Tbilisis samxedro gubernatori
iyo. mis samxedro karieraSi sagangebod unda aRiniSnos
osmalTa winaaRmdeg Catarebuli brwyinvale operacia
axalcixesTan 1853 w. 14 noembers _ 301
andronikaSvili (andronikovi) solomon _ kaxeli memamule
_ 31
andRulaZe lia (1931-2010) _ literaturaTmcodne, rusT-
velologi, ZiriTadad ikvlevda Zvel da axal qarTul
literaturasTan dakavSirebul problematikas, saqa-
rTvelos respublikis ganaTlebis ministri (1990-1991),
uzenaesi sabWos deputati (1990-dan) _ 367, 387
anTelava irakli (1912-1978) _ istorikosi, ZiriTadad
muSaobda XVII-XIX ss. saqarTvelos istoriasTan dakav-
Sirebul problematikaze. avtori monografiebisa: `sax-
elmwifo glexebi XIX saukunis saqarTveloSi~ (I-II. Tb.:
1962-1969), `sazogadoebriv-politikuri moZraobisa da
421
sazogadoebrivi azris istoriidan saqarTveloSi~ (Tb.:
1967) da sxv. _ 244, 387, 402
antioqe I soteri (Zv. w. 324-261) _ selevkidebis elinistu-
ri saxelmwifos, siriis, mefe, romlisganac, `qarTlis
cxovrebis~ mixedviT, azosTan mebrZolma farnavaz I-ma
daxmareba da samefo gvirgvini miiRo _ 378, 379
anton I (eriskacobaSi _ Teimuraz bagrationi) (1720-1788)
_ saqarTvelos kaTolikos-patriarqi 1744-1755 da
1764-1788 ww., saeklesio cxovrebis reformatori, sax-
elmwifo moRvawe, diplomati (evropuli orientaciis
mimdevari), mwerali, mecnieri, TvalsaCino figura qar-
Tuli kulturis istoriaSi. dakrZalulia mcxeTis svet-
icxovlis taZarSi _ 145, 146, 349, 383
antoni kaTalikozi (antoni qaTalikozi) _ ix. anton I
anuka batoniSvili (1698-1746) _ vaxtang VI-is asuli. 1712 w.
miaTxoves qarTlis samefos politikur moRvawes vaxuS-
ti abaSiZes. SemorCenilia misi `mziTvis wigni~, romelic
saintereso saistorio masalas Seicavs _ 270, 395
anCabaZe murzayan _ ix. SarvaSiZe murzayan
aragvis erisTavi _ ix. erisTavebi
arzanovi daviT _ damTavrebuli hqonda moskovis laza-
revis aRmosavlur enaTa instituti; `tfilisis kerZo
biblioTekis~ (1842-1848) damfuZnebeli wevri, 1850-ian
ww. msaxurobda kavkasiis saswavlo olqis sacenzuro
komitetSi cenzorad, Tavis ZmasTan, i. arzanovTan, er-
Tad 1830-ian ww. TbilisSi surda qarTul enaze gamoeca
Jurnali àRmosavleTis futkari~, magram xelisufleb-
is nebarTva ver moipova _ 371
arzanovi iakob _ damTavrebuli hqonda moskovis laza-
revis aRmosavlur enaTa instituti; Tavis ZmasTan, d.
arzanovTan, erTad 1837 wels TbilisSi daaarsa kerZo
stamba, sadac unda dabeWdiliyo maT mierve gamosacemad
ganzraxuli qarTuli Jurnali àRmosavleTis futka-
ri~, Tumca xelisuflebam CaSala arzanovebis es inici-
ativa _ 371
arlovi _ ix. orlovi
armazi _ `qarTlis cxovrebis~ mixedviT, iberiuli pan-
Teonis uzenaesi warmarTuli RvTaeba, romelic mcx-
eTasTan iyo aRmarTuli; warmoadgenda spilenZiT
422
SejavSnul oqrosmuzaradian meomars. misi kulti qa-
rTlSi Semoitana da daamkvidra farnavaz I-ma. erT-erTi
versiiT, SesaZlebelia igi Zvelsparsuli ahuramazdas
nairsaxeoba iyos. qarTlSi qristianobis saxelmwifo
religiad gamocxadebam armazis kultis gaqroba gamoi-
wvia, Tumca misi saxeli toponimikaSi mainc darCa _ 184,
193, 372, 374, 378; ix. agreTve: Армаз (RvTaeba)
arsen beri _ XI-XII ss. sasuliero moRvawe, romelsac unda
ekuTvnodes `ninos cxovrebis~ metafrasuli redaq-
cia (miewereba araerTi teqsti, maT Soris, `cxovreba
mefeT-mefisi daviTisi~) _ 384
arSaki _ `qarTlis cxovrebis~ mixedviT, qarTlis mecxre
mefe _ 382
aurmazi _ ix. ormuzdi (ormuzda, aurmazi)
arRuTaSvili (arRuTinski, arRuTinski-dolgorukovi)
mose (1797-1855) _ general-leitenanti da general-adiu-
tanti, sruliad somexTa patriarq ioseb (ovsep) arlute-
anis (arRuTinskis) (1743-1801) SviliSvili, TvalsaCino
figura `kavkasiis omSi~, meTaurobda guriis 1841 wlis
ajanyebis CaxSobas; gardaicvala TbilisSi, dakrZalu-
lia sanainis monasterSi, sagvareulo akldamaSi _ 74
arRuTinskebi (arRuTaSvilebi, arRuTaSvil-mxargrZelebi,
arRuTinski-dolgorukebi) _ Tavaduri (1780-ian wlebam-
de _ aznauruli) gvareuloba; mamulebi hqondaT lores
xeobaSi, rezidencia _ alaverdSi. vaxuSti bagrationis
mixedviT, àrRuTaSvili aw aznauri, garna mxargrZelni
arian~; ioane batoniSvilis mixedviT, èseni iyvnen Zvelad
juRelni somexni... ukanasknel drosa imperatoris pav-
lesasa miiRes mxar-grZelisa gvaroba somexTa arqierisa
osefasagan SewevniT~. georgievskis traqtatze darTul
qarTl-kaxeTis Tavadaznaurobis nusxaSi arRuTasSvili
qarTlis TavadTa nusxaSia Seyvanili _ 47, 91
arSakuni vardan (gard. 1862) _ mdidari Tbiliseli somexi
mrewveli da qvelmoqmedi, Tbilisis qalaqis Tavi 1858-
1860 ww. _ 145, 349
arCil I (arCil mirdatis Ze) _ `qarTlis cxovrebis~ (ju-
anSeri) mixedviT, qarTlis mefe V s. 20-30-ian ww.; ibrZo-
da iranelTa batonobisagan qveynis gasaTavisufleblad
_ 189, 190
423
arwruni grigol (1845-1892) _ TbilisSi moRvawe TvalsaCi-
no somexi Jurnalisti, publicisti, kritikosi, gazeT
`mSakis~ (1872-1920) damaarsebeli da redaqtor-gamomce-
meli (1872-1892), filosofiis doqtori (damTavrebuli
hqonda haidelbergis universiteti); TbilisSi, iq, sad-
ac amJamad griboedovis saxelobis rusuli dramatuli
Teatris Senobaa, mdebareobda gr. arwrunis qarvasla,
romelSic qiriT kulturul-saganmanaTleblo dawese-
bulebebic iyo ganTavsebuli: qarTuli da somxuri Tea-
trebi, `qSw-kg sazogadoeba~ (1885 wlidan) Tavisi bibli-
oTekiTa da wignebis sawyobiT da sxv.; gr. arwrunis mama,
general-maiori da Tbilisis qalaqis Tavi (1866-1868)
ieremia arwruni (1804-1877), qalaqis Tavis 1875 wlis
arCevnebSi daupirispirda dim. yifians, Tumca erTi xmiT
damarcxda. gavrcelebuli cnobiT, kenWisyrisas gr. ar-
wrunma xma dim. yifians misca. gr. arwruni Tbilisis xo-
javanqis somxur sasaflaozea dakrZaluli _ 270, 393
asaTiani iovel (1907-2002) _ mecnieri-ekonomisti, XIX s.
qarTuli sazogadoebrivi azris istoriis mkvlevari _
333, 334, 387, 388
asaTiani levan (1900-1955) _ literaturaTmcodne. ZiriT-
adad ikvlevda XIX s. saliteraturo procesebs. dakrZa-
lulia didubis panTeonSi _ 397, 398
asqanazi _ bibliuri iafetis (iafeTis) SviliSvili, gomer-
is (Rameris) Ze _ 183
afroditosi _ leonti mrovelis mixedviT, warmarTuli
RvTaeba qarTlSi, romelic aRmarTa qarTlis mecxramete
mefe revma (àman rev moiyvana coli saberZneTiT, asuli
loRoTeTisa, saxeliT sefelia. da aman sefelia moitana
Tana kerpi, saxeliT afroditos, da aRmarTa Tavsa zeda
mcxeTisasa~) _ 193, 372, 374; ix. agreTve: Афродита (Афродите)
afxazovi _ ix. abxazi (afxazovi) ivane
afxazosi _ 186
aRa-mahmad-xani (1742-1797) _ iranis gamgebeli (1794-1796),
Sahi (1796-1797), damaarsebeli yajarTa dinastiisa. 1795
w. ilaSqra saqarTveloze, aiRo Tbilisi, daarbia da mi-
wasTan gaaswora igi _ 11, 195
424
b
b. l. _ ix. lominaZe besarion

b. q. _ dim. yifianis fsevdonimi _ 267, 350
bagrati _ qarTvel mefeTa saxeli _ 210
bagrationebi _ saqarTvelos samefo dinastia (IX s.-1810),
warmoSobiT speris mkvidrni Wan-lazTa tomidan (sxva
versiiT _ farnavazianTa dinastiis ganStoeba). erTi
Sto bagrationebisa, muxranbatonebi, Camoyalibda feo-
dalur sagvareulod (XVI-XIX ss), romelic flobda mux-
rans (samuxranos, samuxranbatonos) _ 47, 91
bagrationi daviT _ ix. daviT batoniSvili
bagrationi vaxuSti _ ix. vaxuSti batoniSvili
bagrationi Teimuraz _ ix. Teimuraz batoniSvili
bagrationi (bagration-muxranski) ivane (ioane) _ ix. mux-
ranbatoni (bagrationi, bagration-muxranski) ivane (io-
ane)
bagrationi petre (1765-1812) _ infanteriis generali,
ruseTis istoriaSi cnobili borodinos brZolis (1812)
gmiri (am brZolaSi mZimed daiWra da maleve gardaicva-
la. dakrZales vladimiris guberniis sof. simSi, sai-
danac 1839 wels misi yofili adiutantis, mwerlisa da
umamacesi meomris, general denis davidovis mondomebiT
borodinos velze gadaasvenes) _ 74
bakur I _ `qarTlis cxovrebis~ mixedviT, qarTlis (iberiis)
21-e mefe, vaCes Ze _ 373
balaxaSvili iakob (1910-1982) _ filologi. ZiriTadad
ikvlevda XIX saukunis qarTuli literaturis, kul-
turul-saganmanaTleblo cxovrebisa da sazogadoebri-
vi azris istorias _ 341, 388
baraTaevi mixeil (1784-1856) _ qarTuli warmoSobis
(baraTaSvili) saxelmwifo moxele, poeti, istorikosi,
avtori kapitaluri naSromisa `saqarTvelos samefos
numizmatikuri faqtebi~ (sanqt-peterburgi: 1844) _ 189,
380
baraTaSvilebi (baraTovebi) _ Tavaduri sagvareulo, rom-
lis fuZemdeblad miiCneva baraTa qaCibaiZe (XV s.); somx-
425
iT-sabaraTianos sardlebi; samflobelos centri _ samS-
vilde. georgievskis traqtatze darTul qarTl-kaxeTis
Tavadaznaurobis nusxaSi baraTaSvilebi qarTlis Tav-
adTa nusxaSi arian Seyvanilni _ 43
baraTaSvili (baraTovi) nikoloz (1817-1845) _ poeti-ro-
mantikosi, wevri Tbilisis gimnaziis mowafeTa im jgu-
fisa, romelic 1835-1836 ww. uSvebda xelnawer Jur-
nals `Цветок Тифлисской гимназий~ (`Tbilisis gimnaziis
yvavili~), `tfilisis kerZo saamxanago biblioTekis~
(1842-1848) damfuZnebeli wevri. gardaicvala ganjaSi,
saidanac 1893 w. Camoasvenes samSobloSi da dakrZales
didubis eklesiis galavanSi. 1938 w. gadaasvenes mTawmin-
dis panTeonSi _ 205
bardosi _ leonti mrovelis mixedviT, kavkasielTa erT-er-
Ti eTnarqi, Targamosis Ze, kavkasiis albaneTis mTavari
qalaqis, bardis (bardavis), damaarsebeli _ 183, 212
bariatinski aleqsandre (1815-1879) _ kavkasiis mefis-
nacvali da mTavarsardali (1856-1862), imperator
aleqsandre meoresTan daaxloebuli piri. 1859 wlis
25 agvistos daatyveva Samili, risTvisac miiRo gener-
al-feldmarSloba da ruseTis imperiis umaRlesi jil-
do _ andria pirvelwodebulis ordeni. 1862 wels mZime
avadmyofobis gamo gadadga kavkasiis mefisnacvlobidan.
gardaicvala JenevaSi, saidanac gadaasvenes samSobloSi
da dakrZales sagvareulo samarxSi, kurskis guberniis
sofel ivanovskoeSi. iqvea dakrZaluli misi meuRlec
_ elisabed (liziko) dimitris as. orbeliani-bariatin-
skaia (1836-1899; elisabedi iyo aleqsandre da vaxtang
orbelianebis Zmiswuli) _ 22, 71, 231, 234, 261, 352, 365
barklai-de-toli mixeil (1761-1818) _ Sotlandiur-ger-
manuli warmoSobis rusi general-feldmarSali da
samxedro ministri (1810-1812), 1812 w. ruseTis samamulo
omis gmiri _ 132, 337
barTolomei (bartolomei) ivane (1813-1870) _ rusi
samxedro piri (general-leitenanti) da mecnieri (enaT-
mecnieri, arqeologi, eTnografi, numizmati; saqarT-
velodan gatanili mdidari numizmaturi koleqcia
gadasca ermitaJs), peterburgis saimperatoro mecniere-
bTa akademiis wevr-korespondenti (1856 wlidan). wlebis
426
ganmavlobaSi msaxurobda kavkasiaSi (CaCneTi, afxazeTi,
svaneTi, Tbilisi), emsaxureboda zogadad kavkasiisa da,
kerZod, saqarTvelos rusifikaciis ideas da am saqmeSi
jaSuSobasac ar Takilobda; `kavkasiaSi marTlmadidebe-
li qristianobis aRmdgeneli sazogadoebis~ davalebiT
Seadgina `svanuri anbani~ (`Лушну анбан. Сванетская азбука~
_ tf.: 1864); àfxazuri anbanisa~ (tf.: 1866) da `CeCnuri
anbanis~ (tf.: 1866) Semdgeneli. gardaicvala TbilisSi,
dakrZalulia sololakis amaRlebis eklesiaSi _ 89, 235
bartami _ leonti mrovelis mixedviT, mirian III-is umcrosi
Zma, sparseTis mefe _ 374
baqar qarTleli _ dim. yifianis fsevdonimi _ 146, 267, 343,
347, 348, 350, 357, 404
baqraZe akaki (1928-1999) _ literaturaTmcodne, istoriko-
si, literaturuli-, Teatraluri- da kinokritikosi,
publicisti, politikuri da sazogado moRvawe. dakrZa-
lulia didubis panTeonSi _ 238, 288, 308, 321, 405, 413
baqraZe daviT (1838-1918) _ iuristi (damTavrebuli hqon-
da peterburgis universiteti), publicisti (fsevd.
`d. b-Ze~, `seveli~ da sxv.), pedagogi, sazogado moR-
vawe, qvelmoqmedi, quTaisSi gamomaval gazeT `Sromis~
(1881-1883) erT-erTi damaarsebeli da aqtiuri TanamS-
romeli, quTaisis saTavadaznauro-saadgilmamulo bank-
is gamgeobis Tavmjdomare, `qSw-kg sazogadoebis~ dam-
fuZnebeli wevri _ 334
baqraZe dimitri (1826-1890) _ istorikosi, Tbilisis
saeklesio muzeumis daarsebis iniciatori (1889), peter-
burgis mecnierebaTa saimperatoro akademiis wevr-ko-
respondenti, `qSw-kg sazogadoebis~ damfuZnebeli wev-
ri. dakrZalulia didubis panTeonSi _ 412
baqraZe ioseb (1850-1904) _ mwerali, publicisti, Teatra-
luri moRvawe. Targmna j. baironis, f. Sileris, u. sko-
tis, k. guckovisa da sxv. nawarmoebebi, TanamSromlobda
qarTul presasTan (`droeba~, ìveria~, `mnaTobi~, `kva-
li~ da sxv.), aqveynebda originalur leqsebs, Targmanebs,
publicistur werilebs (fsevd.: ì. elaqiZe~, ì. oqriaS-
vili~, `g. TenaZe~, `g. cimakuriZe~...). dakrZalulia Tbi-
lisSi, petre-pavles sasaflaoze _ 280, 281
baqraZe laSa _ istorikosi, germanisti, g. leoniZis sax-
427
elobis qarTuli literaturis saxelmwifo muzeumis
direqtori (2010 wlidan), avtori monografiisa `ger-
manul-qarTuli urTierTobebi pirveli msoflio omis
dros~ (Tb.: 2009) _ 388
bebuTovebi (bebuTaSvilebi) _ somxuri warmoSobis Tavade-
bi. ioane batoniSvilis mixedviT, èseni arian mosrul-
ni anisa qalaqidgan, odes sparsTa aRaoxres adgili igi
da moviden gvarni maTni da daeSenen kaxeTisa nawilsa
Sigan adgilsa, maxlobel tfilisisa, sofelsa pirSa-
vad wodebulsa...~. georgievskis traqtatze darTul
qarTl-kaxeTis Tavadaznaurobis nusxaSi bebuTovi qar-
Tlis TavadTa nusxaSia Seyvanili _ 47, 91
bebuTovi vasil (1791-1858) _ infanteriis generali, ru-
seTis saxelmwifo sabWos wevri, andria pirvelwodebu-
lis ordenis kavaleri, TvalsaCino figura `kavkasiisa~
da `yirimis~ omebSi, amierkavkasiis mxaris samoqalaqo
sammarTvelos ufrosi da mTavari sammarTvelos sabWos
Tavmjdomare (1847-1856). dakrZalulia TbilisSi, xoja-
vanqis somxur sasaflaoze _ 47, 74, 90, 302
bebuTovi (bebuTaSvili) mixeil _ Teatraluri moRvawe,
`qarTuli dramatiuli sazogadoebis~ pirveli gamge-
obis wevri, qarTuli profesiuli Teatris reJisori
(1881 wlidan; reJisori uaRresad rezonansuli speqtak-
lisa `samSoblo~); èmbes~ fsevdonimiT Teatralur re-
cenziebs aqveynebda gaz. `droebaSi~ _ 67, 280, 282
beburiSvili giorgi (gard. 1894) _ senakis mazris ufro-
si (1878-1894). aqtiurad monawileobda sazogadoe-
briv-kulturul saqmeebSi. misi iniciativiT an meTau-
robiT daarsda senakSi qalTa da vaJTa pirveldawyebiTi
saswavleblebi, biblioTeka, ufaso samkiTxvelo da sxv. _
80, 87, 295, 296
bendianiSvili aleqsandre (1926-2010) _ istorikosi.
ZiriTadad ikvlevda XIX-XX ss. saqarTvelos istoriis
sakiTxebs _ 251, 388
beJitaZe marine _ literaturaTmcodne, Semdgeneli (i. ki-
knaZesa da l. mamulaiSvilTan erTad) wignisa `vaJa-fSave-
las idiomebisa da frazeologiur SesityvebaTa mcire
leqsikoni~ (Tb.: 2015) _ 292, 388
beJuaSvili bego _ filologi, saqarTveloSi disiden-
428
turi moZraobis wevri (`helsinkis jgufis~ daarsebis
erT-erTi iniciatori da damfuZnebeli wevri), Semdgene-
li (g. murRuliasTan erTad) krebulisa `msoflio lit-
eratura. rCeuli moTxrobebi~ (t. 1-11. Tb.: 2007-2017) _ 4
beriZe ivane (1833-1890) _ mwerali (poeti, prozaikosi),
Jurnalisti, TanamSromlobda qarTul presaSi (iv. ker-
eseliZis `ciskari~, `saqarTvelos moambe~), msaxurobda
jer Tergis saolqo sammarTveloSi (1866-1870), Semdeg
_ senakis mazraSi momrigebel mosamarTled (1870-1890).
Tavis droze popularuli iyo misi moTxrobebi `xanizd-
eq~ (`ciskari~, 1859, ##7, 9-11) da ùcnauri niSnoba
tfilisis saidumloebisagan~ (`saqarTvelos moambe~,
1863, ##7-9) _ 80, 296
berJe adolf (1828-1886) _ istorikosi, literatori,
saidumlo mrCeveli (Тайный советник), `kavkasiis arqe-
ografiul komisiis~ Tavmjdomare, 1851 wlidan gar-
dacvalebamde cxovrobda da moRvaweobda TbilisSi; da-
krZalulia TbilisSive, kukiis sasaflaoze _ 8, 167, 169,
363, 364, 366, 397, 404
berZeniSvili nikoloz (niko) (1894-1965) _ istoriko-
si, akademikosi, saqarTvelos mecnierebaTa akademiis
vice-prezidenti (1951-1957), ZiriTadad ikvlevda fe-
odaluri xanis saqarTvelos istorias. dakrZalulia
mTawmindis panTeonSi _ 225, 388
berZniSvili maqsime (1889-1967) _ istorikosi, politikuri
moRvawe (socialist-federalisti). misi TaosnobiT
daarsda perioduli bibliografiuli gamocemebi: `bib-
liografiis moambe~, `wignis matiane~, `gazeTis matiane~.
ikvlevda saqarTvelos rogorc Zvel, ise XIX s. istorias
_ 349, 388
besiki (besarion gabaSvili) (1750-1791) _ poeti, politi-
kuri moRvawe, qarTul poeziaSi axali sazomis, besi-
kuris, damamkvidrebeli _ 205
bibileiSvili cisana _ mkvlevari, mTargmneli, pedagogi,
franguli enisa da literaturis specialisti _ 257, 258
bobilevi (bobiliovi) fedot (fadei) (1819-1866 w. Semdeg)
_ rusi poeti, Jurnalisti, literaturuli da Teatra-
luri kritikosi, gazeT `kavkazis~ redaqtori (1857-
1863; daiTxoves finansuri darRvevebisaTvis), lit-
429
eraturul almanax `feSqeSis~ gamomcemeli (Tb.: 1857;
rusul enaze), avtori leqsebis ciklisa ìmeruli melo-
diebi~ (`Имеретинские мелодии~) _ 33, 233, 389
boris godunovi (1552-1605) _ ruseTis faqtobrivi mmarT-
veli (1587-1598), mefe (1598-1605). ganaxorciela efeqtu-
ri politika saxelmwifos centralizaciisa da axali
teritoriebis Semomtkicebis mimarTulebiT. gaaZliera
ruseTis poziciebi kavkasiaSi. kavSiri gaaba kaxeTis mefe
aleqsandre meoresTan, ris Sedegadac 1587 wels daido
moskov-kaxeTis mfarvelobiTi xelSekruleba (`ficis
wigni~); aleqsandre II-is TxovniTa da xelSekrulebiT
gaTvaliswinebuli pirobis Tanaxmad, boris godunovi
ibrZoda daRestnelTa winaaRmdeg _ 180, 377
borozdini kornili (1828-1896) _ rusi mwerali, memuaris-
ti, saxelmwifo moxele, saqarTveloSi msaxurobda 1853-
1867 wlebSi: jer ekaterine dadianis mdivnad da Svileb-
is aRmzrdelad (1853-1856), Semdeg _ senakisa (1856-1861)
da Telavis (1861-1865) mazrebis ufrosad, saglexo
saqmeTa sagubernio sakrebulos wevrad (1865-1867). amis
Semdeg k. borozdinma datova saqarTvelo; cxovrob-
da jer moskovSi, 1870 wlidan ki _ peterburgSi, sadac
gardaicvala; dakrZalulia iqve, wm. aleqsandre nevelis
lavraSi _ 127, 286, 287, 302, 335, 389
bocvaZe ioseb (1914-1981) _ filologi, XIX s. qarTuli
literaturisa da Jurnalistikis istoriis mkvlevari.
Seadgina, winasityviT, SeniSvnebiTa da komentarebiT ga-
mosca sergei mesxis `Txzulebani~ (I-III. Tb.: 1962-1964) _
325, 389, 394, 398, 399
brahma _ induizmis samebis umaRlesi RvTaeba, romel-
sac samyaros Semoqmedad miiCnevdnen. misi kultis war-
moSobas ukavSireben gviandel vedur periods (Zv. w. I
aTaswleulis I naxevari) _ 193
brokhauzi fridrix arnold (1772-1823) _ germaneli ga-
momcemeli, romelmac daaarsa sagamomcemlo firma
`brokhauzi~ da romlis mier gamocemuli `brokhauzis
enciklopedia~ safuZvlad daedo brokhauz-efronis
rusul enciklopedias (1890-1907) _ 235, 239, 336, 364, 389
brose mari-qsavie felisite (rusul wyaroebsa da lit-
eraturaSi _ mari ivanes Ze) (1802-1880) _ frangi orien-
430
talisti, qarTvelologi, peterburgis mecnierebaTa
akademiis wevri (1838 wlidan); safuZveli Cauyara mecni-
erul qarTvelologias evropaSi, frangul enaze Targ-
mna da mecnieruli komentarebiT 1849-1858 ww. Svid to-
mad gamosca `qarTlis cxovreba~, vaxuSti batoniSvilis
ìstoriis~ geografiis nawili, sexnia CxeiZis, papuna
orbelianisa da oman xerxeuliZis saistorio Txzulebe-
bi. arsebobs seriozuli safuZveli vifiqroT, rom mari
brose 1832 wlis SeTqmulebis minimum saqmis kursSi iyo
_ 181, 182, 216, 378-383, 389, 395
buda _ indoelTa erT-erTi tomis (Sakiebis) ufliswuli
gautamas gvaridan, romelmac mogvianebiT budas (`gasx-
ivosnebuli~) saxeli miiRo (Tqmulebis mixedviT, cxov-
robda Zv. w. 623-543); safuZveli Cauyara axal religiur
moZRvrebas _ budizms (Zv. w. VI-V ss.) _ 193; ix. agreTve:
Sigemuni
butkovi vladimer (1818-1881) _ saxelmwifo mdivani
(stats-sekretari), saxelmwifo sabWosa da ministrTa
komitetis wevri; senatorisa da peterburgis mecniere-
baTa akademiis akademikosis, kavkasiis istoriis Sesaxeb
mniSvnelovani naSromebis avtoris, general-leitenant
petre grigolis Ze butkovis (1775-1857), Svili; peter-
burgSi arsebuli `kavkasiis komitetis~ saqmeTa mmarT-
veli (1845 wlidan) da xelmZRvaneli 1860-1865 ww. _ 336,
365
gabaevi besik _ ix. besiki (besarion gabaSvili)

gaimi _ ix. gaci da gaimi
galavini _ ix. golovini evgeni
gamezardaSvili daviT (1920-1985) _ literaturaTmcodne,
XIX s. qarTuli literaturisa da Jurnalistikis is-
toriis mkvlevari. Seadgina da gamosca n. nikolaZis, k.
abaSiZis, v. kotetiSvilisa da sxv. TxzulebaTa krebule-
bi. damaarsebeli da redaqtori samecniero perioduli
gamocemisa `Jurnalistikis Teoriisa da istoriis sak-
431
iTxebi~ (I_VIII. 1968-1981) _ 267, 278, 389, 401
gamyreliZe Tamaz _ enaTmecnieri, aRmosavleTmcodne,
ZiriTadad ikvlevs Zveli aRmosavluri enebis, indoev-
ropuli, semituri da qarTveluri enebis struqturasa
da TeoriasTan dakavSirebul problematikas _ 379, 390
gardabosi _ leonti mrovelis mixedviT, qarTvelTa
erT-erTi eTnarqi, qarTlosis Ze _ 183
gaCiosi _ leonti mrovelis mixedviT, qarTvelTa erT-er-
Ti eTnarqi, qarTlosis Ze _ 183
gaci da gaimi _ `qarTlis cxovrebis~ mixedviT, qarTuli
warmarTuli panTeonis RvTaebebi, romelTa oqrosa da
vercxlis kerpebi mcxeTaSi iyo aRmarTuli da isini wm.
ninos locvis Semdeg saswaulebrivad Seimusrnen _ 193,
372
gawerelia akaki (1910-1994) _ literaturaTmcodne, mwer-
ali. gamoirCeoda mecnieruli interesebis mravalmx-
rivobiT. didi amagi dasdo XIX s. qarTvel mweralTa (n.
baraTaSvili, gr. orbeliani...) Txzulebebis (maT Soris,
epistoluri memkvidreobis) Seswavlisa da gamocemis
saqmes _ 385, 396
gegeWkori ioane _ ix. ioane gegeWkori
gersamia sergo (1892-1969) _ Teatrmcodne, Jurnalisti,
pedagogi, sazogado moRvawe, saqarTvelos Teatraluri
sazogadoebis damfuZnebeli wevri da pasuxismgebeli
mdivani. Seadgina (Tumca gamouqveynebeli darCa) wigni
`qarTuli Teatris moRvaweni~ _ 267, 281, 282, 390
gerceni aleqsandre (1812-1870) _ rusi mwerali, filoso-
fosi, publicisti (fsevd. _ ìskanderi~). mxars uWerda
sazogadoebriv-politikur cvlilebebs revoluciuri
gziT, ris gamoc xangrZlivad mouwia emigraciaSi cx-
ovreba (monawileobda safrangeTis 1848 w. revoluci-
aSi. gardaicvala parizSi). 1835-1836 ww. gadasaxale-
buli iyo viatkaSi, sadac urTierToba hqonda 1832 w.
SeTqmulebaSi monawileobisaTvis dasjil s. dodaSvil-
sa da i. mamacaSvilTan _ 251, 253
gilioteni (giioteni) Jozef ignas (1738-1814) _ anatomiis
profesori (damTavrebuli hqonda parizis universi-
teti), masoni, giliotinis gamomgonebeli (1789); zoga-
dad winaaRmdegi iyo sikvdiliT dasjisa, Tumca adami-
432
anis mokvdinebis imdroindel sxva formebTan SedarebiT
(CamoxrCoba, oTxad gankveTa, koconze dawva) sakuTar ga-
mogonebas ufro humanurad miiCnevda _ 165
gior. abaS. _ ix. abaSiZe giorgi
giorgi _ qarTvel mefeTa saxeli _ 174, 210
giorgi (wm.) (daaxl. 275-303) _ kapadokieli didmowame,
saqarTvelos mfarveli wmindani _ 194
giorgi V brwyinvale (gard. 1346) _ saqarTvelos mefe 1318-
1346 ww.; diplomatiuri niWisa da politikuri moqnilo-
bis meSveobiT monRolTa batonobis qveS myofi, ekono-
mikurad dauZlurebuli da politikurad daSlili
qveynisgan Zlieri, gamTlianebuli da centralizebuli
qarTuli saxelmwifo Seqmna _ 384
giorgi VI mcire _ saqarTvelos mefe 1308-1318 ww.; daviT
VIII-is Ze _ 213, 384
giorgi XI (gard. 1709) _ qarTlis mefe (1676-1688, 1703-
1709), vaxtang V Sahnavazis Ze; ibrZoda qarTlSi iranel-
Ta batonobis aRmofxvrisaTvis, saamisod eZebda poli-
tikur kavSirebs osmaleTTan da ruseTTan, Tumca es
mcdelobebi uSedegod dasrulda. iranis Sahis mier
avRaneTSi ajanyebis CasaxSobad gagzavnili giorgi XI
iqve (avRaneTSi) RalatiT iqna mokluli _ 376, 385
giorgi XII (giorgi XIII) (1746-1800) _ qarTl-kaxeTis ukanask-
neli mefe [Ze erekle II-isa da ana dedoflisa (zaal abaSi-
Zis asulis)]. 1800 wels fizikuri dauZlurebiT, poli-
tikuri, ekonomikuri, samxedro sisustiTa da samefo
karze aSlilobiT gawamebulma ruseTis imperator pav-
le I-s mimarTa `saTxovarTa punqtebiT~, romliTac Tmob-
da georgievskis traqtatiT gansazRvrul damoukide-
blobas saSinao cxovrebaSi da qveyanas faqtobrivad
ruseTis uSualo gamgeblobaSi gadascemda, oRond im
pirobiT, rom ruseTi ar gaauqmebda qarTl-kaxeTis arse-
biTad fiqciad qceul taxts da ar mospobda masze gior-
gi XII-is pirdapir STamomavalTa uflebas _ 134, 214, 228,
256, 377, 385, 396
gogebaSvili iakob (1840-1912) _ mecnieruli pedagogikis
fuZemdebeli saqarTveloSi, mwerali, publicisti, sa-
zogado moRvawe, qvelmoqmedi (materialurad exmarebo-
da saqarTvelos farglebs gareT moswavle axalgazrdo-
433
bas, sazogado da politikur moRvaweebsa da sxv.) `qSw-kg
sazogadoebis~ daarsebis erT-erTi iniciatori (Tavisi
qoneba da saavtoro uflebebi `qSw-kg sazogadoebas~
uanderZa), avtori `deda enisa~ da `bunebis karisa~, rom-
lebiTac fasdaudebeli amagi dasdo araerTi Taobis
patriotuli suliskveTebiT aRzrdas. dakrZalulia
mTawmindis panTeonSi _ 295, 298, 303, 390, 391
gogia revaz _ filologi, istorikosi, mTargmneli (g. k.
Cestertoni, v. garSini...), avtori naSromisa `pontoeli
berZnebi saqarTveloSi~ _ 4
gogijanovi _ ix. gorgijaniZe (giorgijaniZe) farsadan
goeTe iohan volfgang (1749-1832) _ germaneli mwerali (po-
eti, prozaikosi, dramaturgi), filosofosi, saxelmwi-
fo moRvawe _ 133, 339
gozaliSvili giorgi (1900-1988) _ istorikosi (ZiriTa-
dad ikvlevda saqarTvelos Zveli istoriis sakiTxebs),
avtori wignisa `1832 wlis SeTqmuleba~ (t. I-III. Tb.: 1935-
1976) _ 350, 390
gozaliSvili Salva (1909-1993) _ filologi, istorikosi,
ZiriTadad ikvlevda XIX s. qarTuli literaturis, Jur-
nalistikis, sazogadoebrivi azris istorias _ 225, 271,
342, 390
golovini evgeni (1782-1858) _ infanteriis generali, saqa-
rTvelos mTavarmarTebeli da kavkasiis calke korpusis
sardali (1837-1842). 1840-ian ww. misi saxeli ewoda Tbi-
lisis mTavar quCas, romelic 1918 wlidan rusTavelis
saxelobisaa _ 354
gomarTeli ivane (1875-1938) _ mwerali, publicisti, kri-
tikosi, eqimi, politikuri da sazogado moRvawe, `mesame
dasis~ wevri (SemdgomSi _ menSeviki), saqarTvelos dam-
fuZnebeli krebisa da parlamentis wevri. TanamSrom-
lobda qarTul presaSi (`jejili~, `moambe~, `kvali~,
ìveria~, `cnobis furceli~, `mogzauri~, `Teatri da
cxovreba~, àxali gza~, `cisartyela~, `miwis muSa~ da
sxv.), aqveynebda publicistur Txzulebebs, originalur
mxatvrul nawarmoebebs, kritikul-literaturul wer-
ilebs, samecniero-popularuli da memuaruli xasiaTis
teqstebs da sxv.; 1920 w. redaqtorobda yovelkvireul
gazeTs `soflis muSa~ (sul gamovida 15 nomeri). dakrZa-
434
lulia TbilisSi, vakis sasaflaoze _ 281, 391
gomeri _ ix. Rameri
gorgijaniZe (giorgijaniZe) farsadan (1626-XVII s. bolo
wlebi) _ istorikosi, mwignobari (mTargmneli, leqsiko-
grafi), avtori Txzulebisa `saqarTvelos istoria~,
romelic moicavs periods qarTlis gaqristianebidan
XVII saukunis miwurulamde _ 182
graCovi _ rusi gamomcemeli _ 354
griboedova nino _ ix. WavWavaZe-griboedova nino
griboedovi aleqsandre (1795-1829) _ polonuri war-
moSobis (grJibovski) rusi mwerali da diplomati,
masonuri loJis `Du Bien~ erT-erTi damfuZnebeli (1817),
ruseTis elCi (ministr-rezidenti) iranSi (1828-1829),
meuRle nino aleqsandres as. WavWavaZisa; 1829 w. 30 ian-
vars ruseTis politikiT aRSfoTebulma brbom Teiran-
Si ruseTis saelCos TanamSromlebi amoxoca da griboe-
dovic am Tavdasxmas Seewira. dakrZalulia TbilisSi,
mTawmindaze _ 133, 388
grigol dadiani (1770-1804) _ odiSis (samegrelos) mTavari
(1788-1804; ramdenjerme dakarga taxti, Tumca yov-
el jerze isev ibrunebda), meuRle nino giorgi XII-is
asulisa; 1803 wlis dekemberSi SezRuduli avtonomiis
uflebiT ruseTTan dado `mfarvelobiTi xelSekrule-
ba~ (imperator aleqsandre I-is mier damtkicda 1804
wlis ivlisSi) _ 51
grigolia konstantine (1904-1982) _ istorikosi, ZiriTa-
dad ikvlevda qarTuli istoriografiisa da wyaroTm-
codneobis sakiTxebs _ 384, 391
griSaSvili ioseb (1889-1965) _ poeti, literaturaTm-
codne, leqsikografi, bibliofili, Teatraluri da sa-
zogado moRvawe. dakrZalulia mTawmindis panTeonSi _
362, 391
grosmani aleqsandre (1836-1890) _ general-leitenanti,
Tbilisis gubernatori (1883-1887; manamde jer Tergis
olqSi msaxurobda, Semdeg yarsis olqis gubernatori
iyo); 1887-1890 ww. _ quTaisis samxedro gubernatori _
328, 406
guguSvili paata (1905-1987) _ mecnieri (ekonomisti, soci-
ologi, qarTuli wignisa da Jurnalistikis istoriis
435
mkvlevari), saqarTvelos mecnierebaTa akademiis akade-
mikosi, avtori monografiisa `saqarTvelosa da amierka-
vkasiis ekonomikuri ganviTareba XIX-XX ss.~ (t. I-VII, Tb.:
1949-1984) _ 229, 231, 232, 354, 391
guramiSvili daviT (1705-1792) _ poeti, avtori `daviTian-
isa~ _ 375
guramiSvili ekaterine _ ix. staroselskaia ekaterine
guramiSvili (guramovi) Tadeoz (gard. 1875) _ saguramoe-
li memamule, i. WavWavaZis simamri, avtori leqsisa `say-
varelo mamulo~ (J. `saliteraturoni nawilni tfilisis
uwyebaTani~, 1832, #5); damTavrebuli hqonda Tbilisis
keTilSobilTa saswavlebeli da Tavis wreSi karg or-
atorad iTvleboda; tipuri qarTveli aristokrati,
romlis SegnebaSi umtkivneulod Tanaarsebobda gulwr-
feli qarTveli patrioti da ruseTis monarqiuli tax-
tis uerTgulesi qveSevrdomi [ix. zedaznis monasterSi
egzarqos isidores stumrobis dros warmoTqmuli misi
sityva, rusul da qarTul enebze, gamoqveynebuli gaz.
`zakavkazski vestnikSi~ (1849, #20)]. T. guramiSvilma
xandazmulobaSic SeinarCuna interesi literaturuli
cxovrebisadmi _ 1859 w. igi stambis gasaumjobeseblad
materialurad exmareba Jurnal `ciskris~ redaqtor-ga-
momcemel iv. kereseliZes _ 31
gurgeniZe nana _ mkvlevari, avtori wignisa `Zveli wignsa-
cavebi saqarTveloSi~ (Tb.: 1969) _ 339, 341, 391
gurgeniZe solomon _ memamule, TanamSromlobda qarTul
presasTan (iv. kereseliZis `ciskari~, `guTnis-deda~),
aqveynebda werilebs soflis meurneobis (ZiriTadad _
mevenaxeobis) sakiTxebze _ 29
gurginbekovi a. e. _ memamule somxiTidan (qvemo qarTli).
SesaZlebelia, es iyos abel egoris Ze gurginbekovi,
samxedro piri, romelic kavkasiis calke korpusSi msax-
urobda da romelsac 1855 w. podpolkovnikis Cini aqvs
_ 31
436
d
d. y. _ dimitri yifianis inicialebi _ 18, 94, 126, 161, 165; ix.

agreTve: yifiani dimitri
d. C. _ ix. CubinaSvili (Cubinovi) daviT
d. zurabisSvili _ daviT (daTa) miqelaZis fsevdonimi _ 270
dadianebi _ samegrelos (odiSis) samTavros gamgeblebi _
50, 302
dadiani grigol (kacia II-is Ze) _ ix. grigol dadiani
dadiani (kolxideli) grigol (1814-1901) _ odiSis mTavar
levan V dadianis (1791-1846) Ze, sazogado da samxedro
moRvawe, general-adiutanti da infanteriis generali,
monawileobda ruseT-osmaleTis 1828-1829 da 1877-1878
ww. omebSi, agreTve, `kavkasiis omSi~, maT Soris, Runibis
aRebaSi (sadac Samili daatyveves), xelmZRvanelobda
partizanul omebs samegreloSi SemoWrili omer-faSas
winaaRmdeg; poeti (fsevd.: `kolxideli~, ìoane gegeWko-
ri~, `k.~, `g. d.~, `megreli~...), `qSw-kg sazogadoebis~
damfuZnebeli wevri, monawileobda 1880 w. daarsebuli
`vefxistyaosnis~ teqstis damdgeni komisiis muSaobaSi,
didi amagi dasdo poemis i. bartdinskiseul rusul Targ-
mans; qvelmoqmedi _ sikvdilis win qoneba da mdidari bib-
lioTeka uanderZa `qSw-kg sazogadoebas~, Seswira fuli
sxvadasxva saskolo-saganmanaTleblo dawesebulebebs,
daawesa premia `saukeTeso TxzulebisaTvis qarTul
enaze~, sagangebod datova Tanxa quTaisis Rarib mosax-
leobaSi dasarigeblad... sicocxlis ukanaskneli wle-
bi gaatara leCxumSi, sadac, sazogadoebas garidebu-
li, ganmartoebiT cxovrobda sof. surmuSSi, mamiseul
sasaxleSi. gardaicvala 1901 w. 24 dekembers quTaisSi,
dakrZalulia martvilis sakaTedro taZarSi _ 8, 145,
146, 302, 347-349, 397, 399; ix agreTve: ioane gegeWkori
dadiani ekaterine _ ix. ekaterine dadiani
dadiani-mingrelski nikoloz (niko) (1847-1903) _ samegre-
los ukanaskneli mTavari (1867 w. ianvarSi nebayoflo-
biT Tqva uari mTavris uflebebze, rasac samegrelos
samTavro taxtis gauqmeba mohyva), samxedro da sazoga-
437
do moRvawe, qvelmoqmedi, bibliofili, damfuZnebeli
wevri `qSw-kg sazogadoebisa~, romelsac 1885 wels um-
didresi da uZvirfasesi biblioTeka Seswira; 1886 w.
misi kandidatura ruseTis imperator aleqsandre III-is
mier wardgenili iyo bulgareTis mTavris Tanamdeboba-
ze, magram im dros bulgareTSi gavrcelebuli anti-
rusuli suliskveTebis gamo es idea ver ganxorcielda.
1859-1867 ww. arasrulwlovani niko dadianisa da same-
grelos samTavro qonebis meurve (òpekuni~) iyo dim. yi-
fiani, magram es urTierToba n. dadianis saCivriT das-
rulda, ris safuZvelzec dimitris samegrelos yofili
mTavris sasargeblod 113 aTasi maneTis gadaxda daeki-
sra, rac sabolood 50 000 maneTamde dauyvanes. n. dadi-
ani-mingrelski gardaicvala peterburgSi, saidanac Ca-
moasvenes samSobloSi da martvilis taZarSi dakrZales
_ 51, 69, 70, 261-263, 283, 284, 286, 327
daviT IV aRmaSenebeli (1073-1125) _ saqarTvelos mefe
1089-1125 wlebSi; ganaxorciela sasicocxlo mniSvnelo-
bis reformebi saxelisuflebo, saeklesio, ekonomi-
kur, samxedro sferoebSi, aRadgina da gaaerTiana
Turq-selCukTagan daqceuli da damcrobili qveyana;
gelaTis akademiis damaarsebeli _ 75, 174, 209, 210, 348,
397
daviT reqtori (daviT aleqsis Ze mesxiSvili; daviT ale-
qsi-mesxiSvili) (1745-1824) _ mwerali, mecnieri-bib-
liografi, leqsikografi, pedagogi, kaligrafi, mdi-
van-mwignobari erekle II-is karze, Telavis sasuliero
seminariis reqtori (1780-1801), avtori saxotbo iam-
bikoebisa. dakrZales TbilisSi, mamadaviTis eklesiaSi
(amJamad saflavi dakargulad iTvleba) _ 146
daviTi _ ix. WavWavaZe daviT
daviwyebuli mwerali _ vladimer miqelaZis fsevdonimi _
284
danibegaSvili rafiel (1778-XIX s. 30-iani ww.) _ mogzauri,
diplomati, vaWari, sxvadasxva misiiT 1795-1827 ww. xuT-
jer imogzaura indoeTsa da aziis sxva qveynebSi _ 385,
386, 391, 392
dantoni JorJ (1759-1794) _ TvalsaCino figura safrangeT-
is 1789-1794 ww. revoluciaSi (roialistTa winaaRmdeg
438
brZolis meTauri, iusticiis ministri, konventis wevri,
sazogadoebrivi xsnis pirveli komitetis faqtobrivi
xelmZRvaneli), brwyinvale oratori, iakobineli, Tum-
ca SemdgomSi revoluciuri teroris Serbilebis moTx-
ovniT daupirispirda m. robespieris frTas, rasac See-
wira kidevac (gaasamarTla revoluciurma tribunalma
da 1794 wlis 5 aprils giliotinaze aiyvanes) _ 165
daraxveliZe mixeil _ quTaiseli advokati _ 271, 272
darejani _ personaJi sagmiro-saraindo romanisa àmiran-
darejaniani~ _ 204
daria (pers.) _ 369
darios III kodomani (daaxl. Zv. w. 380-330) _ sparseTis aqe-
menidTa saxelmwifos ukanaskneli mefe (Zv. w. 336-330).
misi taxti, sicocxle da sparseTis aqemenidTa imperiac
aleqsandre makedonelTan dapirispirebas Seewira _ 187,
201
daRestanosi _ 186
devi _ fantastikuri zRapris personaJi, goliaTuri aRna-
gobis avsuli (eSmakeuli) _ 193
dvanaZe giorgi (1829-1886) _ giorgi erisTavis profesiu-
li Teatris (1850-iani ww.) msaxiobi, poeti, dramatur-
gi; 1876 w. mkvlelobis cru braldebiT gaasamarTles da
katorRaSi gagzavnes. patimrobidan gaTavisuflebuli
gzaSi (xarkovi) gardaicvala _ 208
diasamiZe daviT (gard. 1849) _ goris mazris Tavadaznau-
robis winamZRoli (1830-iani ww.), gamoirCeoda xelisu-
flebis mimarT uaRresad principuli, glexobisadmi
lmobieri damokidebulebiT; iyo mdidari da gavleniani
memamule, amasTanave, mwignobrobis moyvaruli da bibli-
ofili _ 27, 28
didebuliZe olRa _ rusi maTematikosisa da pedagogis,
vasil evtuSevskis, ariTmetikis saxelmZRvanelos mTarg-
mneli qarTul enaze _ 86, 298, 299, 392, 394
dimitri _ qarTvel mefeTa saxeli _ 174
dimitri (demetre) II (Tavdadebuli) (daaxl. 1259-1289) _
saqarTvelos mefe 1271-1289 wlebSi. politikurma vi-
Tarebam aiZula, monawileoba mieRo monRolTa dinasti-
ur dapirispirebaSi. qveynis aoxrebis SiSiT gamocxadda
sailxanoSi, sadac Tavi mohkveTes. STamomavlobam deme-
439
tres `Tavdadebuli~ uwoda, xolo saqarTvelos eklesi-
am wmindanad Seracxa _ 210
diuma aleqsandre (mama) (1802-1870) _ frangi mwerali (pro-
zaikosi, dramaturgi, memuaristi), 1850-iani ww. bolos
imogzaura kavkasiaSi da Tavisi STabeWdilebebi asaxa
wignSi `kavkasia (mogzaurobis STabeWdilebani)~ (Tb.:
1970) _ 369
doliZe isidore (1915-1982) _ iuristi, samarTlis is-
torikosi, saqarTvelos kompartiis centraluri
komitetis mdivani (1957-1960), saqarTvelos mecniere-
baTa akademiis vice-prezidenti (1960-1966), samecniero
aparatis TandarTviT Seadgina `qarTuli samarTlis Ze-
glebis~ rvatomeuli (Tb.: 1963-1985) _ 225, 394, 403
driuoni moris (1918-2009) _ frangi mwerali, franguli
akademiis wevri (1967 wlidan) _ 369
dubrovini nikoloz (1837-1904) _ samxedro istoriko-
si, general-leitenanti, peterburgis mecnierebaTa
akademiis akademikosi da mdivani; miuxedavad winas-
warganzraxuli tendenciisa (amarTlebda ruseTis ba-
tonobas kavkasiaSi), misi naSromebi dRemde inarCunebs
mecnierul Rirebulebas zogadad kavkasiisa da, kerZod,
saqarTvelos axali istoriisaTvis _ 377, 393
egrosi _ leonti mrovelis mixedviT, qarTvelTa erT-erTi

eTnarqi, egrisis samefos damfuZnebeli, Targamosis Ze _
183, 213
evaldi iohan-ludvig (1748-1822) _ germaneli mwerali, mqa-
dagebeli, saRvTismetyvelo TxzulebaTa avtori. dim.
yifianma Targmna misi Txzuleba `zneobiTisa aRzrdisaT-
vis~, romelic ar gamouqveynebia (xelnaweri Targmanisa _
H-2780. avtografi daTariRebulia 1832 w. 31 maisiT. f.
18. bolonakluli) _ 340
evlaxiSvili (evlaxovi) ivane (1825-1888) _ mwerali, mTarg-
mneli, folkloristi, musikosi, Jurnalisti; 1857 wels
440
sasamarTlos moxeled msaxurobs SemaxaSi da iqidan mad-
lobis werils swers dim. yifians _ Seni sarekomendacio
werili Zalian gamomadgao (xec. dim. yifianis arq., saq.
#1311. rusul enaze. f. 2) _ 175, 176, 366-369, 393
evtuSevski vasil (1836-1888) _ rusi maTematikosi, peda-
gogi da meTodisti, maTematikis saxelmZRvaneloebis
avtori _ 86, 298, 299, 394
ekaterine II (1729-1796) _ ruseTis imperatori 1762-1796
ww., `ganaTlebuli absolutizmis~ mimdevari; ramden-
jerme daamarcxa osmaleTi, ramac kavkasiaSi ruseTis
damkvidreba ganapiroba, 1783 w. erekle meoresTan gaa-
forma mfarvelobiTi xelSekruleba (`georgievskis
traqtati~) _ 45
ekaterine dadiani (1816-1882) _ samegrelos ukanaskneli
dedofali, aleqsandre WavWavaZis asuli, n. baraTaSv-
ilis trfobis sagani (poetma uZRvna ramdenime leqsi,
agreTve, Tavisi lirikuli Sedevrebisa da `bedi qarT-
lisas~ ori avtografuli krebuli, romelTagan erTi
dakargulad iTvleba); samegrelos samTavros gauqme-
biT dainteresebulma ruseTis xelisuflebam 1857 wels
ekaterine dadiani `miiwvia~ peterburgSi, saidanac
mxolod 1868 wels, samTavros gauqmebis Semdeg, SeZlo
dabruneba. `qSw-kg sazogadoebis~ damfuZnebeli wevri.
dakrZalulia martvilis taZarSi. 1859-1867 ww. misi
qoneba-mamulebisa da mcirewlovani Zis, samegrelos
samTavro taxtis memkvidris, niko dadianis (mingrel-
skis) (1847-1903), meurve iyo dim. yifiani _ 7, 50, 51, 133,
257-261, 286, 287, 335, 341
elene dedofali (daaxl. 250-330) _ romis imperator kon-
stantine I didis deda, mociqulTaswori _ 371
ele. dim-is asuli _ ix. lorTqifaniZe elene
elisa (eliSa) _ bibliuri noes SviliSvili, iafetis Ze _
183
erekle _ qarTvel mefeTa saxeli _ 210
erekle II (1720-1798) _ kaxeTisa (1744-1762) da qarTl-kaxeT-
is (1762-1798) mefe. saqarTvelos istoriuli mtrebisagan
ukiduresad Seviwroebulma, mas mere, rac evropaSi ver
ipova mokavSire, samefos bedi daukavSira ruseTs _ 1783
wels gaaforma `georgievskis mfarvelobiTi traqtati~.
441
dakrZalulia mcxeTis sveticxovlis taZarSi _ 45, 134,
180, 214, 215, 340, 385, 386
erTi 126 SemdgenTagani _ dim. yifianis fsevdonimi _ 303,
350
erTi amxanagTagani _ gauxsneli fsevdonimi _ 282, 394
erivanski _ ix. paskeviCi ivane
erisTavebi (erisTovebi) _ saxelmwifos teritoriul-ad-
ministraciuli gamgeblobidan transformirebuli Tav-
aduri gvari, romelic gavrcelda rogorc aRmosavleT
(qsnisa, aragvisa...), ise dasavleT (guriisa, raWisa...)
saqarTveloSi _ 13, 43, 47
erisTavi (erisTovi) giorgi daviTis Ze (1813-1864) _ mwer-
ali, Jurnalisti, Teatraluri da sazogado moRvawe,
profesiuli qarTuli Teatris (daarsda 1850 w.) pirve-
li xelmZRvaneli, Jurnal `ciskris~ redaqtor-gamomce-
meli (1852-1853), 1832 wlis SeTqmulebis wevri. dakrZa-
lulia ikorTaSi, qsnis erisTavTa sagvareulo samarxSi
_ 205, 208, 267, 268, 389, 390, 394
erisTavi giorgi iases (ieses) Ze (1759-1863) _ ruseTis
armiis general-leitenanti, senatori, umamacesi meo-
mari, poeti da oratori, avtori leqsebisa da Teolo-
giur-moralisturi xasiaTis Txzulebisa _ `mamisagan
Svilis darigeba~ (`ciskari~, 1862, #10). sxva giorgi eri-
sTavebisgan rom ganesxvavebinaT, metsaxelad `senators~
uwodebdnen. dakrZalulia ikorTaSi, qsnis erisTavTa
sagvareulo samarxSi _ 74
erisTavi giorgi revazis (romanis, romanozis) Ze (1812-
1891) _ sazogado da samxedro moRvawe (kavaleriis gen-
erali), qvelmoqmedi, erekle II-is SviliSvili (anasta-
sia batoniSvilis Ze), 1832 wlis SeTqmulebis monawile
(gadaasaxles arxangelskSi. samSobloSi dabrunda 1840
w.), quTaisis general-gubernatori 1858-1861 ww. (im
drois sxva giorgi erisTavebisgan rom ganesxvavebinaT,
àtamans~ uwodebdnen _ 1852 wels kavkasiis xazis kazak-
Ta jaris atamani iyo) _ 287
erisTavi (erisTovi) g. r. _ ? [SesaZlebelia, giorgi reva-
zis (romanis, romanozis) Ze erisTavi iyos] _ 31
erisTavi daviT (1847-1890) _ mwerali, Jurnalisti, Tea-
traluri da sazogado moRvawe, giorgi erisTavis (1813-
442
1864) Svili; TanamSromlobda rogorc qarTul (`droe-
ba~, `krebuli~, ìveria~...), ise rusul presaSi (`tifliski
vestnik~, `falanga~ da sxv., agreTve, `kavkaz~, romelsac
1882-1884 ww. redaqtorobda kidevac), aqveynebda publi-
cistur Txzulebebs, originalur mxatvrul nawarmoe-
bebs, Targmanebs, monawileobda `qSw-kg sazogadoebisa~
da `qarTuli dramatiuli sazogadoebis~ dafuZnebaSi,
gadmoakeTa frangi dramaturgis, v. sardus, piesa `samS-
oblo~ (`Patrie~), romlis dadgmas STambeWdavi rezonan-
si mohyva. dakrZalulia mTawmindis panTeonSi _ 280, 281,
310-312, 407
erisTavi (erisTovi) dimitri (1805/1811-1854) _ damTavre-
buli hqonda peterburgis saartilerio saswavlebeli,
1832 wlis SeTqmulebis wevri (monawileobda `pirveli
Ramis gankargulebis~ SedgenaSi), sagamomZieblo komi-
siam gadasca samxedro sasamarTlos, romelmac mas jer
CamoarTva Tavadis wodeba, samxedro Cini da miusaja
oTxad gankveTa, Semdeg ki sasjeli Seucvala da àr-
tileriis me-10 brigadaSi~ ganawesa; 1840-ian ww. Tavis
ZmasTan, elizbar erisTavTan, erTad atenis xeobis sof.
RvarebSi minis qarxnis damaarsebeli _ 28
erisTavi (erisTovi) elizbar (1809-1871) _ politikuri
da sazogado moRvawe, general-maiori, 1832 wlis
SeTqmulebis erT-erTi meTauri (Tavidan miusajes sikvdi-
li _ òTxad gankveTa~, Tumca Semdeg sasjeli Seucvales
da fineTSi gagzavnes rigiT jariskacad), `tfilisis
kerZo biblioTekis~ (1842-1848) damfuZnebeli wevri.
mrewveli (1840-ian ww. ZmasTan, dimitri erisTavTan, er-
Tad atenis xeobis sof. RvarebSi daaarsa minis qarxana,
romelSic boTlebi da sxva WurWleuli mzaddeboda da
romelic elizbar erisTavis gardacvalebis Semdeg male
daixura); sicocxlis bolo wlebSi iyo goris mazris
ufrosi. dakrZalulia gorSi (amJamad misi saflavi da-
kargulia) _ 28
erisTavi ivane (oqro) (1818-1858) _ literatori, giorgi
daviTis Ze erisTavis Zma. rusuli da franguli enebidan
Targmnida da g. erisTavis `ciskarSi~ aqveynebda ucxoel
avtorTa nawarmoebebs. qarTul enaze pirvelma Targmna
molieri, kerZod, `Zalad eqimi~ (iv. erisTavis Targman-
443
Si _ ùneburaT eqimi~), romelic TbilisSi daidga 1853
wels _ 267
erisTavi (erisTovi) k. m. _ qarTleli memamule _ 31
erisTavi (erisTovi) mixeil (1817-1870) _ guruli Tavadi.
Cais kulturis pioneri saqarTveloSi (guriaSi, kerZod,
gorabereJoulSi), misdevda agreTve mefutkreobas. dim-
itri yifianTan daaxloebuli piri da mZaxali (niko yi-
fianis simamri). gaurkveveli mizeziT mokles sakuTar
saxlSi. mixeilis mier wamowyebuli meCaieobis saqme gaa-
grZela misma Svilma andria erisTavma (1855-1932; garda-
icvala emigraciaSi _ parizSi. iqvea dakrZaluli) _ 31
erisTavi oqro _ ix. erisTavi ivane (oqro)
erisTavi (erisTovi) r. i. _ qarTleli memamule _ 31
esqile (Zv. w. 525-Zv. w. 456) _ Zveli berZeni dramaturgi,
miiCneva èvropuli tragediis mamad~; avtori 90-mde
nawarmoebisa, romelTagan Cvenamde moRweuli mxolod
Svidi tragediis avtoroba ar iwvevs davas (òrestea~,
`sparselebi~, `mavedrebeli qalebi~ da sxv.) _ 208
efroni ilia (dab. 1847) _ gamomcemeli, damaarsebeli sag-
amomcemlo firmisa `brokhauzi-efroni~, romelmac
rusul enaze gamosca `brokhauz-efronis enciklopedia~
(1890-1907) _ 235, 239, 336, 364, 389
vaJa-fSavela (1861-1915) _ mwerali, kritikosi, publicis-

ti, folkloristi, eTnografi, TanamSromlobda qar-
Tul presaSi (ìveria~, `Teatri~, `jejili~, `nakaduli~,
`kvali~, `saxalxo gazeTi~, `ganaTleba~ da sxv.), aqveyneb-
da originalur mxatvrul nawarmoebebs, Targmanebs (f.
Sileri, e. po, h. haine, m. lermontovi...), publicistur
Txzulebebs, werilebs literaturul, eTnografiul,
folklorul da sxv. sakiTxebze _ 292, 388
varancovi _ ix. voroncovi mixeil
varSavski _ ix. paskeviCi ivane
vaxania nino _ literaturaTmcodne, ZiriTadad ikvlevs
444
XIX saukunis qarTuli literaturis istoriasTan daka-
vSirebul problematikas _ 402
vaxtang batoniSvili _ ix. vaxtang VI
vaxtang I gorgasali (daaxl. V s. 40-iani ww.-502) _ qarTlis
mefe, didi sardali da reformatori, iRvwoda iranel-
Ta batonobisagan qarTlis gaTavisuflebis, qveynis da-
moukideblobisa da centralizaciisaTvis, rasac See-
wira kidec _ 75, 174, 209-211, 215, 375
vaxtang VI (vaxtang sjulmdebeli) (1675-1737) _ qarTlis
gamgebeli (janiSini) (1703-1714), qarTlis mefe (1716-1724),
poeti, mecnieri. ibrZoda iranis gavlenis Sesustebisa da
qveynis mmarTvelobiTi centralizaciisaTvis. 1708-1709
ww. TbilisSi daaarsa pirveli qarTuli stamba. misi Ta-
osnobiT Seiqmna samarTlis wignTa krebuli, risTvisac
`sjulmdebeli~ ewoda. 1724 wels daxmarebis imediT gaemg-
zavra ruseTSi, Tumca mizans ver miaRwia. gardaicvala
astraxanSi. dakrZalulia iqve, RvTismSoblis miZinebis
taZarSi. adrindel wyaroebSi asec ixsenieba: vaxtang mex-
uTe (`mexuTe vaxtangi~) _ 13, 15-17, 75, 108, 177-179,182, 198,
211, 225, 226, 288, 330, 371, 372, 374, 384, 394, 403
vaxtangi _ ix. vaxtang VI
vaxuSti batoniSvili (1696-1757) _ istorikosi, geografi,
kartografi, vaxtang VI-is Svili, avtori naSromisa àR-
wera samefosa saqarTvelosa~, romelic warmoadgens
saqarTvelos gabmul istorias uZvelesi droidan (`da-
sabamidan~) XVIII saukunis I naxevramde da gamsWvalulia
qarTvelTa eTnikuri da politikuri erTianobis ideiT.
1724 wels mamas gahyva ruseTSi, iqve damkvidrda da iqve
gardaicvala. dakrZalulia moskovis donis monasterSi
_ 177, 178, 181-183, 211, 380-382, 384, 394
visi _ personaJi sparsuli poemisa `vis o ramin~ _ 204
vite iuli (1814-1868) _ rusi saxelmwifo moRvawe, namdvi-
li samoqalaqo mrCeveli (Действительный статский советник),
kavkasiis mefisnacvlis mTavarsammarTvelos saxelmwifo
qonebaTa departamentis direqtori (1857-1868), ruseTis
istoriaSi cnobili saxelmwifo moRvawisa da reforma-
toris, sergei vites (1849-1915), mama _ 231
vladimiri (wm.) _ vladimir I sviatoslavis Ze didi (958-
1015), kievis ruseTis didi mTavari, romelmac 988 wels
445
qristianoba oficialur religiad gamoacxada. ekater-
ine II-m 1782 wels wm. vladimiris saxelobaze daaarsa or-
deni (IV xarisxisa), romelic samxedro (podpolkovnikis
Cinsa da zemoT) da saSualo rangis Cinovnikebs eniWebo-
daT (gauqmda 1917 w.) _ 132, 377
vladimir II monomaxi (1053-1125) _ kievis ruseTis didi
mTavari. arsebobs mosazreba, romlis mixedviTac, daviT
aRmaSenebels saqarTveloSi yivCaRTa gadmosaxlebasTan
dakavSirebiTa da `sarwmuno kacTa~ meSveobiT molapar-
akeba unda hqonoda vladimir monomaxTan _ 180
vl. kulaSeli _ vladimer miqelaZis fsevdonimi _ 284
volnei (volne) konstanten fransua (1757-1820) _ frangi
ganmanaTlebeli, filosofosi, orientalisti, mogzau-
ri, politikuri moRvawe _ 215
volteri (1694-1778) _ frangi mwerali, istorikosi, filo-
sofosi, ganmanaTlebeli _ 134, 205
voronovi nikoloz (1832-1888) _ eTnografi, Jurnalisti,
prozaikosi, pedagogi, damTavrebuli hqonda xarkovis
universitetis istoriisa da filologiis fakulteti
(1853), 1860-iani wlebidan msaxurobda kavkasiaSi, gaze-
Tis `Кавказ~ redaqtor-gamomcemeli (1875-1880), 1880 w.
Tavi daaneba samsaxurs, xolo 1882 w. dasaxlda webelda-
Si, gardaicvala iqve _ 278
voroncovi mixeil (1782-1856) _ general-feldmarSali, ka-
vkasiis mefisnacvali (`namestniki~) da calke korpusis
mTavarsardali (1844-1854; kavkasiis marTvas praqtiku-
lad 1845 wlis gazafxulidan Seudga). miiCnevda, rom
enobrivi da kulturuli mravalferovneba imperiis
Zlierebis wyaro iyo da ara _ misi sisustis maCvenebeli.
amitomac, Tu erTi mxriv, zrunavda ruseTis imperiaSi
saqarTvelos politikur da ekonomikur asimilirebaze,
imavdroulad, xels uwyobda evropeizaciis gziT qar-
Tuli kulturis aRorZinebasa da ganviTarebas _ 42, 43,
88, 229, 230, 232, 247, 248, 251, 336, 341, 364, 365
vrangeli aleqsandre (1804-1880) _ infanteriis gener-
ali, baroni, `kavkasiisa~ (CaCneTi, daRestani...) da 1853-
1856 ww. ruseT-osmaleTis (`yirimis~) omebis monawile,
ganmsazRvreli mniSvnelobis roli Seasrula 1859 w. Sa-
milis datyvevebaSi; gardaicvala peterburgSi _ 88
446
z
z. W. _ ix. WiWinaZe zaqaria

zadeni _ Zveli qarTuli warmarTuli RvTaeba. leonti
mrovelis mixedviT, àman farnajom mefeman... aRaSena
cixe zadeni, da Seqmna kerpi saxeliT zaden, da amarTa
zadens~. vaxuSti batoniSvilis sityvebiT ki, `[ialonis]
mTis Txemsa zeda, mWvreteli aragvisa, muxranisa, xerki-
sa, mcxeTisa da tfilisisa, aRaSena cixe mefeman farna-
jom da aRmarTa mun kerpi zadeni, da amiTi ewoda mTasa
amas zedazeni~ _ 193, 372, 374
zardaliSvili grigol (1914-1979) _ geografiis mecniere-
baTa doqtori, profesori, mecnierebis damsaxurebuli
moRvawe _ 386, 392
zaqaria mxargrZeli _ ix. mxargrZeli zaqaria
zevsi _ uzenaesi RvTaeba Zv. berZnul miTologiaSi, RmerT-
Ta da adamianTa mbrZanebeli _ 193
zvima (pers.) _ 8, 138, 343
zubalaSvili (zubalovi) ioseb _ qvelmoqmed zubalaSvil-
Ta cnobili gvaris warmomadgeneli, `qSw-kg sazogadoe-
bis~ wevri (1879 wlidan), axalgazrdobidanve evropaSi
wavida sacxovreblad, iqve dacolSvilda da iqve (vena-
Si) gardaicvala _ 344, 346, 347
zurabisSvili _ ix. d. zurabisSvili
zurabiSvili ilia (1872-1955) _ mwerali (prozaikosi,
mTargmneli, memuaristi), publicisti, Teatraluri,
musikaluri, politikuri da sazogado moRvawe. dakrZa-
lulia didubis panTeonSi _ 403
T. j. _ 113, 224, 227, 228, 231, 233, 237, 261, 266, 280, 291, 292,
295, 297, 322, 329, 347, 348, 353, 358, 359, 363, 366, 371, 373-
375; ix. agreTve: jologua Tamaz
TavamaiSvili giorgi (1914-1999) _ istorikosi, arqivm-
447
codne, mniSvnelovani wvlili Seitana saqarTveloSi
sagamomcemlo, poligrafiuli da saarqivo saqmis ganvi-
TarebaSi _ 268, 323, 394
TavberiZe elguja _ mwerali, literaturaTmcodne, lit-
eraturul premia `sabas~ laureati (2013 w.) _ 271, 394
TavziSvili giorgi (1902-1963) _ mecnieri, pedagogi.
ZiriTadad ikvlevda saqarTveloSi saxalxo ganaTlebi-
sa da pedagogiuri azris istorias. i. gogebaSvilis, ek.
gabaSvilis, s. mgalobliSvilisa da sxvaTa Txzulebeb-
is gamomcemeli. dakrZalulia didubis panTeonSi _ 241,
394
Tavisufali svani _ ix. niJaraZe besarion
TaTua (pers.) _ 268
Tamaz I (Sah-Tamazi) (1513-1576) _ iranis Sahi (1524-1576);
1541-1554 ww. oTxjer dalaSqra saqarTvelo _ 195
Tamari (daaxl. 1160-1213) _ saqarTvelos mefe 1184 wlidan
(giorgi III-is Tanamosaydre 1178-1184 ww.) _ 8, 75, 173-176,
197, 206, 210, 211, 213, 366-369
Tamari (pers.) _ 369, 384
Targamosi _ bibliuri iafetis (iafeTis) SviliSvili, gom-
eris (Rameris) Ze, kavkasiis xalxTa eTnarqi (`somexTa da
qarTvelTa, ranTa da movaknelTa, herTa da lekTa, me-
grelTa da kavkasianTa, amaT TvisTa erTi iyo mama, sax-
eliT Targamos~ _ leonti mroveli) _ 183, 187, 211
Tarxan-mouravi (TarxniSvili) giorgi (1841-1911) _ ru-
seTis armiis generali da qarTveli sazogado moRvawe
(TvalsaCino figura Tbilisis saTavadaznauro-saadgil-
mamulo bankSi, 1890-ian ww. iyo bankis Tanadireqtori).
gardaicvala qarTlis sof. axalqalaqSi, dakrZalulia
erTawmindis taZris galavanSi _ 323
TarxniSvilebi (Tarxan-mouravebi) _ qarTlis Tavaduri
saxli, romlis samflobelo TeZmis axalqalaqsa da mim-
debare teritorias moicavda. saTavados centri iyo qa-
laqi axalqalaqi (amJamad sofeli kaspis raionSi) _ 349
TarxniSvili (Tarxnis-Svili) aleqsandre (1812-1874) _ Ze
1832 wlis SeTqmulebis monawilis, daviT TarxniSvili-
sa, goris mazris Tavadaznaurobis winamZRoli (`marSa-
li~), dim. yifianTan erTad swavlobda Tbilisis keTil-
SobilTa saswavlebelSi _ 146, 349
448
TarxniSvili giorgi _ ix. Tarxan-mouravi (TarxniSvili)
giorgi
TarxniSvili daviT (1762/1765-1839) _ polkovniki, goris
mazris Tavadaznaurobis winamZRoli (`marSali~), 1832
wlis SeTqmulebis monawile (ver daumtkices da gaaTa-
visufles). dakrZalulia erTawmindis taZarSi _ 349
Teimuraz batoniSvili (1782-1846) _ giorgi XII-is Ze, mwer-
ali, mecnieri, bibliofili, peterburgis saimperatoro
mecnierebaTa akademiis sapatio wevri, parizis saazio da
kopenhagenis samefo antikvarTa sazogadoebebis wevri,
peterburgis qarTvelologiuri skolis fuZemdebeli.
1810 wels gadaasaxles peterburgSi, iqve gardaicvala,
dakrZalulia aleqsandre nevelis lavris wm. Tedores
eklesiaSi _ 348, 381, 382, 394, 408
Teimuraz vakeli _ dim. yifianis fsevdonimi _ 343, 350
Teimurazi _ dim. yifianis fsevdonimi _ 138, 139, 343, 350,
357
Telia avTandil _ mkvlevari. avtori wignisa `qarTuli sa-
Tavadaznauro banki da ilia WavWavaZe~ (Tb.: 1989) _ 243,
324, 332, 333, 394
Temurlengi (1136-1405) _ gaTurqebuli monRoli, mxedarT-
mTavari, emiri (1370-1405). 1386-1403 wlebSi saqarTve-
lom rvajer iwvnia Temurlengis damangreveli laSqro-
ba _ 75, 181, 195
TvalavaZe Tea _ mkvlevari, g. leoniZis saxelobis qarTu-
li literaturis saxelmwifo muzeumis direqtoris
moadgile, otia paWkorias TxzulebaTa oTxtomeulis
Semdgeneli (Tb.: 2015) _ 388
TvaraZe revaz (1928-2006) _ literaturaTmcodne, mTarg-
mneli (m. lermontovi, a. bloki, u. folkneri da sxv.),
Jurnalisti (gaz. `literaturuli saqarTvelos~
redaqtori 1967-1968 ww.), memuaristi _ 238, 288, 308, 321,
405
Tirasi _ bibliuri noes SviliSvili, iafetis Ze _ 183
Tmogveli _ ix. sargis Tmogveli
Tobeli (Tubali) _ bibliuri noes SviliSvili, iafetis Ze
_ 183
Todua grigol _ ekonomikur moZRvrebaTa da qarTuli sa-
zogadoebriv-ekonomikuri azris istoriis mkvlevari,
449
avtori monografiisa `XIX saukunis qarTuli sazoga-
doebriv-ekonomikuri azris istoriis sakiTxebi~ (naw. I.
Tb.: 1983; naw. II. Tb.: 1987) _ 224, 232, 394
Trdat III (gard. 330) _ somxeTis mefe arSakidTa dinas-
tiidan, 301 wels somxeTSi qristianoba saxelmwifo re-
ligiad gamoacxada _ 179, 371, 375
Tubali _ ix. Tobeli (Tubali)
TulaSvili vaxtang (1834-1910) _ publicisti, pedagogi,
qvelmoqmedi, Teatraluri da sazogado moRvawe, `qSw-kg
sazogadoebis~ damaarsebelTagani (1904 wlidan _ sapa-
tio wevri), TvalsaCino figura im moZraobaSi, romelic
miznad isaxavda saqarTveloSi patriotuli mizandasax-
ulobis kulturul-saganmanaTleblo procesebis aRor-
Zinebasa da ganviTarebas (Jurnalistika, Teatri, sastam-
bo-sagamomcemlo saqme da sxv.) _ 264, 265, 295-297, 395
TumaniSvili (Tumanovi) giorgi (1854-1920) _ Jurnalisti,
publicisti, kritikosi, iuristi, sazogado moRvawe,
`qarTuli dramatiuli sazogadoebis~ erT-erTi dam-
fuZnebeli, gazeT `novoe obozrenies~ Tanaredaqtori
(v. da k. TumaniSvilebTan erTad; 1891-1904), mix. Tuman-
iSvilis (1818-1875) Svili. damTavrebuli hqonda odesis
universitetis iuridiuli fakulteti (1875), qarTul
enaze gamoscemda araperiodul gamocemas saxelwodebiT
àlmanaxi~ (1878-1879), aqveynebda sxvadasxva xasiaTis Tx-
zulebebs rogorc qarTul (`droeba~, ìveria~ da sxv.),
ise rusul (`kavkaz~, `tiflisski vestnik~, `novoe oboz-
renie~, `vestnik evropi~, `falanga~, `baku~ da sxv.) pre-
saSi. dakrZalulia TbilisSi, xojavanqis somxur sasaf-
laoze _ 280, 281, 323
iavani _ bibliuri noes SviliSvili, iafetis Ze _ 183

ianovski kirile (1822-1902) _ ukrainuli warmoSobis
rusi saxelmwifo moRvawe (ruseTis imperiis saxelm-
wifo sabWos wevri), namdvili saidumlo mrCeveli
450
(Действительный тайный советник), `moskovis arqeologiuri
sazogadoebis~ wevri, kavkasiis saswavlo olqis mzrun-
veli (1878-1899), ukiduresi reaqcioneri, kavkasiaSi
carizmis asimilatoruli politikis erT-erTi burji.
gardaicvala soxumSi, iqvea dakrZaluli _ 7, 72, 73, 75,
77, 78, 80, 81, 83, 84, 86, 87, 288, 290-296, 299, 395, 398
iafeti (iafeTi) _ bibliuri noes Ze, msoflios xalxTa
mamamTavari ZmebTan, semTan da qamTan, erTad _ 183, 187
ieso qriste _ Ze RvTisa, qristianuli religiis fuZemdebe-
li _ 35, 184, 186, 187, 199, 202, 204, 211, 228, 371, 372, 373,
375, 381, 383, 385, 389
ivane IV mrisxane (1530-1584) _ moskovis didi mTavari, ru-
seTis mefe (1547-1584), gaaerTiana, ganavrco da ganamtki-
ca ruseTis centralizebuli saxelmwifo, misi sagareo
politikis interesTa sferoSi kavkasiac iyo moqceuli,
diplomatiuri da samxedro kavSiri hqonda kaxeTis mefe
levanTan (1518/1520-1574) _ 180, 377
ivane (ioane) mxargrZeli _ ix. mxargrZeli ivane (ioane)
izmailovi pavle (1852-1895) _ sazogado moRvawe, Jur-
nalisti, n. nikolaZesa da dav. miqelaZesTan erTad gaz.
`droSis~ gamomcemeli (1873. parizi), Tbilisis qalaqis
Tavi (1893-1895); gardaicvala peterburgSi, dakrZalu-
lia TbilisSi, vanqis somxuri eklesiis galavanSi _ 61,
62, 270, 276
ilia _ ix. ilia WavWavaZe
imereli _ gauxsneli fsevdonimi _ 301, 395
ingoroyva pavle (1893-1983) _ literaturaTmcodne, te-
qstologi, Jurnalisti, kritikosi, politikuri da sa-
zogado moRvawe, saqarTvelos pirveli respublikis er-
ovnuli sabWos (SemdgomSi _ parlamentis) wevri _ 411
inokenti arqiepiskoposi (saero cxovrebaSi _ ivane bor-
isovi) (1800-1857) _ xersonis arqiepiskoposi (1848 wl-
idan), ruseTis marTlmadidebeli eklesiis wm. sinodis
wevri _ 373
ioane [arCilis Ze] _ ix. iovane (ioane)
ioane-abdulmesia _ ix. ioane SavTeli
ioane beri (pers.) _ 143
ioane gegeWkori _ grigol dadianis fsevdonimi _ 410; ix.
agreTve: dadiani (kolxideli) grigol
451
ioane zedazneli _ Tormet mowafesTan erTad VI s.
SuawlebSi siriidan misioneruli mizniT saqarTveloSi
Camosuli sasuliero moRvawe, romelmac zedaznis mTaze
daaarsa monasteri, iqve aResrula da iqvea dakrZalu-
li (asurel mamaTa saqarTveloSi Camosvlis motivaciis,
TariRis, maTi raodenobis, saqarTveloSi yofnis xangr-
Zlivobisa da sxv. arsebiTi mniSvnelobis sakiTxebi dRem-
de rCeba kamaTis sagnad) _ 195
ioane petriwi _ XI-XII ss. qarTveli filosofosi-neopla-
tonikosi, mwerali, mTargmneli. mwiri biografiuli
cnobebis mixedviT, ganaTleba miuRia manganis akademiaSi
(konstantinopoli); moRvaweobda petriwonis (baCkovo)
monasterSi, Sav mTaze, gelaTis akademiaSi _ 75, 174, 211,
292, 384
ioane SavTeli (abdulmesia, ioane-abdulmesia) _ Tamaris
epoqis (XII_XIII ss.) qarTveli mwerali, miewereba qarTu-
li literaturis klasikuri saxotbo Zegli àbdul-
mesiani~. misi saxeliTaa moRweuli agreTve ramdenime
sasuliero xasiaTis teqsti (maT Soris, `galobani varZi-
is RmrTismSoblisani~) _ 174, 205, 206, 211, 367
iovane (ioane) _ VIII s. politikuri moRvawe, Ze arabTagan
wamebuli arCil stefanozis Zisa. `matiane qarTlisais~
mixedviT, mamis sikvdilis Semdeg gadavida dasavleT
saqarTveloSi da daeufla egriss, svaneTs, Takvers, arg-
veTsa da gurias _ 188
iordaniSvili solomon (1898-1953) _ enaTmecnieri, lit-
eraturaTmcodne, rusTvelologi, mTargmneli (e. orbe-
lianTan erTad frangul enaze Targmna `vefxistyaosani~),
mecnierulad gamosca `daviTiani~ (al. baramiZesTan er-
Tad), s.-s. orbelianis `mogzauroba evropaSi~, r. danibe-
gaSvilis `mogzauroba indoeTSi~ da sxv. _ 386, 392
iosava neli _ enaTmecnieri, avtori wignisa `praqtikumi
sintaqsSi~ (Tb.: 2003) _ 384, 395
ioseliani i. _ `kavkasiis soflis meurneobis sazogadoe-
bis~ mdivani, Semdgeneli wignisa `Обзор деятельности
Императорского Кавказского общества сельского хозяйства за
пятьдесят лет (1850-1900)~ (Тиф.: 1901.) _ 231, 232, 396
ioseliani platon (1809-1875) _ mecnieri (istorikosi,
filologi, folkloristi), Jurnalisti, gamomcemeli,
452
aTenis arqeologiuri sazogadoebis namdvili wevri.
literaturuli da msoflmxedvelobrivi principebiT
ekuTvnoda `mamebis~ Taobas _ 228, 229, 340, 341, 377, 385,
395, 396
isidore (eriskacobaSi _ iakob nikolski) (1799-1892) _
saqarTvelos egzarqosi 1844-1858 ww.; saqarTvelo-
Si yofnisas energiulad iRvwoda CrdiloeT kavkasiis
xalxebSi islamis Seviwroebisa da marTlmadidebluri
qristianobis gavrcelebisaTvis. 1849 w. misi iniciativ-
iT Seiqmna bibliis qarTuli Targmanis Semsworebeli
pirveli komiteti. 1858 w. gadaiyvanes kievis mitropol-
itad. dakrZalulia sanqt-peterburgSi, aleqsandre nev-
elis lavraSi _ 234
ismail I (Sah-ismail sofi) (1487-1524) _ iranis sefianTa
samefos damaarsebeli, poeti (fsevd. `xaTai~); amierka-
vkasiaSi fexis mokidebis mizniT XVI s. dasawyisSi ram-
denjerme dalaSqra saqarTvelo da aRmosavleT saqarT-
velos mefeebi da samcxis mTavari iranis vasalebad aqcia
_ 195
iupiteri _ romaul miTologiaSi cis, sinaTlis, Weqa-quxi-
lis RmerTi, romis saxelmwifos mfarveli, Zv. berZnuli
zevsis romauli analogi _ 122, 193, 335
kavkasosi _ leonti mrovelis mixedviT, kavkasielTa

(savaraudod, CeCen-inguSTa) eTnarqi, Targamosis Ze _
183, 212
kalandaZe aleqsandre (1916-1996) _ mwerali, liter-
aturaTmcodne. meore msoflio omSi ibrZoda polonel-
ebisa da frangebis winaaRmdegobis moZraobaSi. avtori
kapitaluri naSromisa `qarTuli Jurnalistikis isto-
ria~ (I-V. Tb.: 1977-1987) _ 349, 351-353, 355, 358, 396
kapuleti (pers.) _ 345
kastela (gard. 1828) _ frangi negocianti da mewarme,
romelmac 1820-ian ww. dasawyisSi safrangeTidan Camot-
453
anili manqana-danadgarebiT TbilisSi daaarsa abre-
Sumsaxvevi fabrika, Tumca wamowyebam ver gaamarTla,
1841 w. kastelas mier daarsebuli fabrika daixura,
xolo manqana-danadgarebi kerZo pirebma SeiZines _ 25
katkova sofio (1832-1913) _ rusi Jurnalistisa da lit-
eratoris, mixeil katkovis, meuRle, m. katkovis Txzu-
lebaTa gamomcemeli, warmoSobiT qarTveli _ Salikova
[mamamisi _ petre Salikovi (1767/1768-1852) _ iyo mwer-
ali, Jurnalisti da gamomcemeli, xolo da _ natalia
Salikova (1815-1878) _ mwerali da pirveli Jurnalisti
qali ruseTSi] _ 396
katkovi mixeil (1818-1887) _ rusi Jurnalisti da publi-
cisti, mTargmneli (h. haine, e. hofmani, u. Seqspiri da
sxv.), gazeT `moskovskie vedomostis~ redaqtori (1851-
1856; 1863-1887), dediT qarTveli (Tulaeva/TulaSvili),
gavleniani figura ruseTis politikur wreebSi, maT
Soris _ saimperatoro karze. ukiduresi Sovinisti _
ruseTis imperiaSi Semavali xalxebis asimilaciis ide-
ologi. Tavis gazeTSi kari gauRo qarTvelTa erovnuli
Rirsebis Semlaxvel publikaciebs, rasac qarTvel moR-
vaweTa (dim. yifiani, n. nikolaZe, i. WavWavaZe, l. maRal-
aSvili da sxv.) mwvave reaqcia mohyva _ 39, 43, 91, 244, 251-
255, 302, 312, 320, 396
kaxosi _ leonti mrovelis mixedviT, qarTvelTa erT-erTi
eTnarqi, qarTlosis Ze _ 183
kekeliZe korneli (1879-1962) _ literaturaTmcodne, Tbi-
lisis saxelmwifo universitetis damaarsebelTagani.
fasdaudebeli amagi dasdo Zveli qarTuli mwerlobis
mecnierul kvlevas. saqarTvelos gasabWoebamde iyo
sasuliero moRvawe (dekanozi, Tbilisis sasuliero sem-
inariis reqtori). dakrZalulia iv. javaxiSvilis sax-
elobis Tbilisis saxelmwifo universitetis panTeonSi
_ 1, 415
kekeliZe mixeil (1911-1996) _ mwerali, Jurnalisti, publi-
cisti, pedagogikis istoriis mkvlevari _ 292, 396
kereseliZe ivane (1829-1892) _ mwerali, Jurnalisti, pub-
licisti, pedagogi, Teatraluri da sazogado moRvawe,
Jurnal `ciskrisa~ (1857-1875) da gazeT `ciskris~ (1887)
redaqtor-gamomcemeli. `ciskris~ redaqciaSi masTan
454
stumroba aRwerili aqvs al. diumas Tavis `kavkasiaSi~.
dakrZalulia didubis panTeonSi _ 342, 344, 348-352, 354,
407
kvintus kurciusi _ ix. kurciusi rufus kvintus
kikn[aZe] _ qviSxeTis scenismoyvareTa wris wevri _ 57, 269
kiknaZe vasil (1929-2016) _ Teatrmcodne, pedagogi, saqarT-
velos SoTa rusTavelis saxelobis Teatraluri insti-
tutis (amJamad _ Teatrisa da kinos saxelmwifo univer-
sitetis) proreqtori (1973-2005) _ 281, 397
kiknaZe nana _ g. leoniZis saxelobis qarTuli litera-
turis saxelmwifo muzeumis fondebis mTavari mcveli _
388
kilaZe i. _ quTaiseli gamomcemeli _ 343
klaproTi hainrix iulius fon (1783-1835) _ germaneli
lingvisti da orientalisti. 1807-1808 ww. peterburgis
mecnierebaTa akademiis davalebiT imogzaura kavkasia-
Si, maT Soris, saqarTveloSi. 1812-1814 ww. or tomad ga-
mosca `mogzauroba kavkasiasa da saqarTveloSi~ (`Reise
in den Kaukasus und Georgien in den Jahren 1807 und 1808~.
Halle: 1812-14; frangulad iTargmna da parizSi gamoica
1823 w.). dawyebuli hqonda beWdva `qarTuli gramatiki-
sa~, romelic misi gardacvalebis Semdeg mari brosem
daasrula _ 185
kluSini pavle (1814-1886) _ ruseTis saxelmwifo sabWos
wevri (1877 wlidan), senatori, namdvili saidumlo mrCe-
veli (Действительный тайный советник); 1875-1876 ww. iyo ka-
vkasiis mefisnacvlis mTavarsammarTvelos ufrosi _ 286
kobaZe bondo _ proeqtis avtori da Semdgeneli krebuleb-
isa: àkaki wereTeli _ 170~ (Tb.: 2010), `galaktioni _ 120~
(Tb.: 2011), `dimitri yifiani _ 200~ (Tb.: 2014) da sxv. _
238, 289, 308, 321, 350
kobiakovi dimitri (1841-1892) _ rusi istorikosi, ge-
ografi, statistikosi, `kavkasiis arqeografiuli
komisiis~ Tavmjdomare (1886-1892), ekuTvnis araerTi
mniSvnelovani naSromi kavkasiismcodneobis sferoSi,
maT Soris, wigni: Театр в Тифлисе с 1845-1856 год (Тифлис:
1888). gardaicvala TbilisSi _ 363, 364, 397
kozlovski k. _ Tbiliseli mestambe da gamomcemeli. misi
stamba golovinis (amJamad rusTavelis) prospeqtze mde-
455
bareobda _ 396, 508
koliubakini nikoloz (1810-1868) _ rusi saxelmwifo da
samxedro moRvawe, general-leitenanti da senatori;
quTaisis vice-gubernatori da samegrelos mmarTve-
li (1857), erevnisa (1858-1861) da quTaisis (1861-1862)
samxedro gubernatori. 1862 wels gaiwvies kavkasiidan.
sicocxlis bolo wlebi gaatara moskovSi, sadac iyo vl.
odoevskis literaturuli wris wevri. n. koliubakini
iyo sxvadasxva wlebSi samegrelos mmarTvelis, quTai-
sis vice-gubernatorisa da baqos gubernatoris, gener-
al-leitenant mixeil koliubakinis (1806-1872), Zma _ 286
kolumbi (kolombi) qristefore (1451-1506) _ italiuri
(genua) warmoSobis espaneli mezRvauri da mkvlevari,
amerikis aRmomCeni _ 138
kolxideli _ ix. dadiani (kolxideli) grigol
konstantine I didi (272-337) _ romis imperatori (306-337),
romelmac qristianoba imperiis oficialur religiad
gamoacxada; konstantinopolis damaarsebeli, mociqul-
Taswori _ 371, 373
konstancius I qlorusi (250/264-306) _ romis imperiis keis-
ari (293-305), imperatori (305-306) _ 371
korneli pier (1606-1684) _ frangi mwerali, frangul
dramaturgiaSi tragediis Janris damamkvidrebeli, sa-
frangeTis akademiis wevri _ 134
kortesi (kortezi) ernan (1485-1547) _ espaneli konkista-
dori, daipyro meqsika da gaanadgura actekTa saxelmwi-
foebrioba (1519-1521) _ 139
kraevski andrei (1810-1889) _ rusi Jurnalisti da gamomce-
meli, redaqtor-gamomcemeli Jurnalisa `Отечественные
записки~ (1839-1867) da gazeTisa `Голос~ (1863-1883) _ 312
kruzenSterni aleqsi (1813-1887) _ saidumlo mrCeveli
(Тайный советник), 1830-1831 ww. poloneTis ajanyebis
CaxSobisa da ruseT-osmaleTis 1853-1856 ww. (yirimis)
omis monawile, 1850 wlidan _ kavkasiis mefisnacvlis
kancelariis vice-direqtori, 1856-dan _ direqtori,
1858 wlidan asrulebda amierkavkasiis mxaris samoqa-
laqo sammarTvelos ufrosis movaleobas. saxelmwifo
samsaxuri Sewyvita sakuTari nebiT (1863) mTavarsam-
marTvelos ufrosis Tanamdebobaze _ 365
456
kulaSeli (I) _ daviT miqelaZis fsevdonimi _ 270
kulaSeli (II) _ ix. vl. kulaSeli
kurciusi rufus kvintus _ daaxloebiT I saukunis romaeli
istorikosi, avtori vrceli Txzulebisa àleqsandre
makedonelis istoria" _ 208
kusraSvili rusudan _ literaturaTmcodne, teqstolo-
gi, i. WavWavaZisa da a. wereTlis TxzulebaTa, agreTve
d. guramiSvilis `daviTianis~ simfonia-leqsikonis Sem-
dgenel-gamomcemeli _ 391
kuCaevi mixeil (1835-1893) _ kavkasiis mTavarmarTeblis
sabWos wevri, kavkasiis sastatistiko komitetis Tav-
mjdomare, 1860-ian ww. monawileobda amierkavkasiaSi
saglexo reformis ganxorcielebaSi, `kavkasiis soflis
meurneobis sazogadoebis~ vice-prezidenti (nebayoflo-
biT gadamdgari zaqaria jorjaZis nacvlad airCies 1887
w.). gardaicvala rigasTan axlos, maiorengofSi _ 61
kuxosi _ leonti mrovelis mixedviT, qarTvelTa erT-erTi
eTnarqi, qarTlosis Ze _ 183
lazarevi ivane (1763-1803) _ giorgi XII-is mowveviT 1799 w.

noemberSi saqarTveloSi Semosuli ruseTis legionis
meTauri, general-maiori. giorgi XII-is gardacvalebis
Semdeg cota xniT faqtobrivad marTavda qveyanas, xolo
1801-1802 ww. saTaveSi edga adgilobriv droebiT mmarT-
velobas. 1803 wlis 19 aprils ruseTSi Zaladobrivad
gadasaxlebis mcdelobisaTvis mokla qarTl-kaxeTis
ukanasknelma dedofalma mariam giorgi ciciSvilis
asulma (sxvadasxva wyaro lazarevis mkvlelad asaxel-
ebs nikoloz ximSiaSvils, ioseb yorRanovs, jibrail
batoniSvils). dakrZalulia Tbilisis sionis taZarSi _
228
lang Temuri _ ix. Temurlengi
lavrenti (pers.) _ 142
lang Temuri _ ix. Temurlengi
lantenaki (lantnaki) (pers.) _ 363
457
laraZe petre (1770-1837) _ poeti, kaligrafi, monawile-
obda politikur procesebSi, 1803-1810 ww. axlda spar-
seTSi gadaxvewil Teimuraz batoniSvils, Semdeg cxov-
robda peterburgSi, magram sabolood (1820-iani ww.)
saqarTveloSi dabrunda. avtori lirikuli da epikuri
nawarmoebebisa (maT Soris, poemisa `dilariani~) _ 146
laroSi benJamen (1797-1852) _ frangi mwerali, u. Seqspiris,
v. skotis, C. dikensisa da sxvaTa mTargmneli frangul
enaze _ 408
lasxiSvili giorgi (1865-1931) _ Jurnalisti, publicis-
ti, memuaristi, sazogado, saxelmwifo da politikuri
moRvawe (socialist-federalistTa erT-erTi lideri),
saqarTvelos pirveli demokratiuli respublikis mTav-
robis wevri (ganaTlebis ministri), 1895-1896 ww. _ wamy-
vani figura ìveriis~ redaqciaSi, 1900-ian ww. _ `cnobis
furclis~ faqtobrivi redaqtori, 1905 w. _ parizSi ga-
momaval gazeT `saqarTvelos~ Tanaredaqtori (a. jor-
jaZesa da T. saxokiasTan erTad), qarTul da rusul pre-
saSi (ìveria~, `moambe~, `kvali~, `novoe obozrenie~ da
sxv.) aqveynebda sxvadasxva xasiaTis (ZiriTadad publi-
cistur) werilebs (fsevd. `lali~). politikuri saqmi-
anobisaTvis ramdenjerme cimbirSi iyo gadasaxlebuli.
dakrZalulia didubis panTeonSi _ 271, 285, 397
lekosi _ leonti mrovelis mixedviT, lekebis eTnarqi,
Targamosis Ze _ 183, 212
levan (leon) batoniSvili (bagrationi) (gard. 1709) _ vax-
tang V-is Svili, mama vaxtang VI-isa; 1675-1677 da 1703
ww. Zmis, giorgi XI-is, iranSi yofnis gamo daniSnuli iyo
qarTlis janiSinad (gamgeblad). cnobilia agreTve Sah
yuli-xanis saxeliT (1678 w. iranSi gaamahmadianes); 1708
w. romis paps ucxadebs morCilebas _ 376
levani (pers.) _ 56
levaSovi vladimer (1834-1898) _ artileriis generali,
quTaisis samxedro gubernatori (1867-1874), mxilebul
iqna qarTuli eklesia-monastrebis Zarcvasa da ganZis
saqarTvelodan gatanaSi, ris gamoc xelisufleba iZule-
buli gaxda, igi kavkasiidan gaewvia _ 89, 90
leoni _ ix. levan batoniSvili
leoniZe giorgi (1899-1966) _ mwerali, mecnieri, Jurnal-
458
isti, sazogado moRvawe, Jurnal `safironisa~ (1916; ga-
movida erTi nomeri) da gazeT `baxtrionis~ (1922-1923)
redaqtor-gamomcemeli. misi iniciativiT daarsda qar-
Tuli literaturis muzeumi (amJamad giorgi leoniZis
saxelobisa), i. WavWavaZis saguramos saxl-muzeumi, peri-
oduli gamocema `literaturuli memkvidreoba~ da sxv.
_ 1, 324, 414
leontievi nikoloz (1739-1824) _ rusi mwerali, ruseTis
akademiis wevri, senatori, namdvili saidumlo mrCeveli
(Действительный тайный советник) _ 267
leonti mroveli _ XI s. sasuliero piri (ruisis episkopo-
si) da mematiane, romelsac `qarTlis cxovrebaSi~ Sesu-
li ramdenime Txzuleba miewereba _ 370, 378
lermontovi mixeil (1814-1841) _ rusi mwerali (poeti,
prozaikosi). 1837 w. puSkinis mkvlelobasTan dakavSire-
biT xelnaweris saxiT gavrcelda misi antireJimuli su-
liskveTebis leqsi `poetis sikvdili~, ris gamoc saqa-
rTveloSi gadmoasxles. monawileobda `kavkasiis omSi~.
mis SemoqmedebaSi uxvadaa kavkasiuri Tematika. daiRupa
duelSi _ 369
liveni andrei (1839-1913) _ saxelmwifo mdivani (stats-se-
kretari) da senatori, astronomi, ruseTis saxelmwifo
qonebaTa ministri (1877-1881); 1880-1881 ww. daniSnuli
iyo niko dadian-mingrelskis maioratis saqmeTa gamom-
rkvevi droebiTi saxelmwifo komisiis Tavmjdomared _
286
lomTaTiZe qeTevan (1911-2007) _ enaTmecnieri, saqarTvelos
mecnierebaTa akademiis akademikosi, enaTmecnierebis in-
stitutis direqtori 1953-1963 da 1975-1987 ww. _ 403
lominaZe besarion _ axalsenakis skolis maswavlebeli,
saswavleblis zedamxedveli, qarTul presaSi (`droe-
ba~, ìveria~, `moambe~, `jejili~...) aqveynebda Txzule-
bebs saxalxo ganaTlebasTan dakavSirebul sakiTxebze,
agreTve Targmanebs (fsevd.: `b. l.~, `salominaveli~, `l-
Ze b.~, `sa-li bes.~...) _ 292, 295, 296, 397
lomiZe Tamar _ literaturaTmcodne (leqsTmcodneoba,
lingvisturi poetika, semiotika, qarTuli litera-
turis istoria), mTargmneli _ 349, 397
lorTqifaniZe anton (1847-1894) _ veqili, bibliofili,
459
sazogado moRvawe, elene dimitris as. yifianis meuRle.
damTavrebuli hqonda odesis universitetis iuridi-
uli fakulteti. cxovrobda quTaisSi da mniSvnelovan
rols asrulebda quTaisis kulturul-saganmanaTle-
blo cxovrebaSi. 70-iani wlebidan monawileobda Tea-
tralur warmodgenebSi _ iyo wevri dim. yifianisa da i.
mamacaSvilis mier Camoyalibebuli Teatraluri wrisa.
xalxosnuri moZraobis monawile (Sedioda xalxosanTa
quTaisis wreSi), ris gamoc policiis saidumlo meTval-
yureobis qveS imyofeboda da erTxans dapatimrebulic
iyo. dakrZalulia quTaisSi, wm. giorgis eklesiaSi (go-
ris ubani) _ 268
lorTqifaniZe elene (1855-1890) _ mwerali, Jurnalisti,
qvelmoqmedi, Teatraluri da sazogado moRvawe, dim.
yifianis qaliSvili. moRvaweobda quTaisSi, sadac gaTx-
ovili iyo sazogado moRvawesa da bibliofil anton
lorTqifaniZeze. didi amagi dasdo qarTuli xalxuri
simRerebisa da sasuliero sagaloblebis Sekrebasa da
notebze gadatanas. misi iniciativiT gamoica `Targmanni
saamo sakiTxavTa TxzulebaTa~ (1872), agreTve TargmanTa
kidev ori krebuli _ `moTxrobani~ (1880, 1882), almanax
`qarTuli biblioTekis~ (gamodioda quTaisSi 1883 w.)
erT-erTi damaarsebeli da redaqciis wevri. TanamSrom-
lobda qarTul presasTan (`droeba~, ìveria~, `mnaTobi~,
nobaTi~ da sxv.), aqveynebda sxvadasxva xasiaTis Txzule-
bebs (ZiriTadad, Targmanebs: molieri, mopasani, dode
da sxv.). gardaicvala quTaisSi, dakrZalulia iqve, wm.
giorgis eklesiaSi (goris ubani) _ 56, 267-269
loris-meliqovebi (loris-meliqiSvilebi) _ somxuri war-
moSobis aznauruli gvareuloba. ioane bagrationis
mixedviT, èseni arian Zveladve Tavadis meliqis Svilis
saxlTa kacTaganni... da arian aw mosaxleni, romelni-
me loris xeobaSia, romelnime tfiliss da romelnime
ruseTsa Sina~. georgievskis traqtatze darTul qa-
rTl-kaxeTis Tavadaznaurobis nusxaSi loris-meli-
qisSvili qarTlis aznaurTa nusxaSia Seyvanili. 1878 w.
generalma mixeil tarielis Ze loris-meliqovma miiRo
grafis tituli da safuZveli Cauyara graf loris-mel-
iqovebis Stos _ 47, 91
460
loris-meliqovi mixeil (1825-1888) _ general-adiutanti,
ruseTis saxelmwifo sabWos wevri, 1880-1881 ww. _ ruse-
Tis Sinagan saqmeTa ministri da JandarmTa faqtobrivi
Sefi (sargeblobda aleqsandre II-is ganusazRvreli ndo-
biT, ramac mefis Semdeg ruseTis xelisuflebis centra-
lur figurad aqcia); `qSw-kg sazogadoebis~ damfuZnebe-
li wevri, qarTuli literaturis istoriaSi Sesulia,
rogorc i. WavWavaZisa (`kidev gamocanebi~) da a. wer-
eTlis (`Cveni mixaka~) gamanadgurebeli satiris obieqti.
aleqsandre II-is mkvlelobis (1881) Semdeg gadadga Tan-
amdebobidan, saerTod CamoSorda saxelmwifo samsaxurs
da darCenili wlebi ZiriTadad ucxoeTSi gaatara; gar-
daicvala safrangeTis q. nicaSi, dakrZalulia Tbilis-
Si, vanqis eklesiis galavanSi _ 74
luarsab [TaTqariZe] (pers.) _ 152
lui XVI de burboni (1754-1793) _ safrangeTis mefe 1774-
1792 ww., safrangeTis didi revoluciis Semdeg kon-
ventma gaasamarTla da 1793 w. 21 ianvars giliotinaze
sikvdiliT dasaja _ 165
luka (pers.) _ 56
lukiane samoseli _ Zv. berZeni mwerali-satirikosi (II s.) _
335
magogi _ bibliuri noes SviliSvili, iafetis Ze _ 183

madai _ bibliuri noes SviliSvili, iafetis Ze _ 183
maisurovi mixeil _ mwerali, Jurnalisti, gazeTebis `kav-
kazisa~ da `zakavkazski vestnikis~ TanamSromeli _ 175,
176, 367, 369, 397
mamacaSvili (mamacovi) konstantine (1818-1900) _ samxedro
(general-leitenanti) da sazogado moRvawe, `kavkasiis
omis~ monawile, `qSw-kg sazogadoebis~ damfuZnebeli
wevri, memuaristi (gamoqveynebuli aqvs mogonebebi siyr-
mis megobarze _ n. baraTaSvilze). TanamSromlobda qa-
rTul presasTan (`droeba~, ìveria~ da sxv.). dakrZalu-
461
lia didubis panTeonSi _ 105, 275
mansvetaSvili iakob (1855-1939) _ mwerali, memuaristi,
publicisti, navTobis msxvili mrewveli (baqoSi), qv-
elmoqmedi, i. WavWavaZesTan daaxloebuli sazogado
moRvawe. damTavrebuli hqonda peterburgis universi-
tetis sabunebismetyvelo fakulteti. TanamSromlob-
da qarTul presasTan (ìveria~, `jejili~, `moambe~ da
sxv.), aqveynebda publicistur da mxatvrul Txzulebebs
(fsevd.: `don-iago~, `bareli~, àleqsandriZe~, `Serma-
dini~ da sxv.). iyo `qSw-kg sazogadoebis~ mdivani, bib-
lioTekis gamge, 1912 wlidan _ `sazogadoebis~ sapatio
wevri. gardaicvala TbilisSi da iqve (vakis sasaflaoze)
dakrZales _ 332, 333, 397
man. qoC. asuli _ ix. [yifiani] man[ana(?)]
mar. iva-s as. _ ix. yifiani mariam (maSo)
mar. tat-s asuli _ ix. tat[iSvili] mar[iam]
marati Jan pol (1743-1793) _ TvalsaCino figura safrange-
Tis 1789-1794 ww. revoluciaSi (parizis komunis sameT-
valyureo komitetisa da konventis wevri, iakobinelTa
erT-erTi meTauri m. robespierTan erTad, Jirondisteb-
is dauZinebeli mteri), mecnieri (medicinis mecnierebaTa
doqtori, fizikosi), Jurnalisti, publicisti... mZimed
daavadebuli marati missave saxlSi xanjliT mokla rev-
oluciuri teroriT SeZrwunebulma Sarlota kordem
(1768-1793) _ 165
margarita burgundieli (1290-1315) _ safrangeTis dedo-
fali (1314-1315), lui X-is (1289-1316) meuRle, ojaxuri
Ralatis gamo gamoamwyvdies cixeSi, sadac savaraudod
mokles _ 176, 369
marvan II ibn muhamadi (murvan yru) (688-750) _ arabTa ukanask-
neli xalifa omaianTa dinastiidan (744-750). 735-736 ww.
dalaSqra da aaoxra saqarTvelo (rogorc aRmosavleTi,
ise _ dasavleTi). gamoirCeoda gansakuTrebuli sisas-
tikiT, ris gamoc qarTul wyaroebSi `murvan yrus~ sax-
eliTaa Sesuli _ 195
mari (mari-montegiu) iakob (1793-1874) _ Sotlandieli swav-
luli agronomi, romelmac miiRo ruseTis qveSevrdomo-
ba, cxovrobda odesaSi, xolo 1820-ian ww. saqarTveloSi
damkvidrda, aq komercias mohkida xeli, Tumca warume-
462
teblad. amis Semdeg gadavida guriaSi (sof. dablacixe)
da sicocxlis bolomde agronomiul saqmianobas eweoda
dasavleT saqarTveloSi (guria, imereTi...); mis saxelTa-
naa dakavSirebuli meCaieobis damkvidreba saqarTvelo-
Si. mama gamoCenili mecnieris, niko marisa, romelic
eyola meore meuRlis, aRaTi SaraSiZe-maRulariasgan.
iakob mari dakrZalulia sof. bukiscixis eklesiis gala-
vanSi pirveli meuRlis, fakunda antonios, gverdiT _ 31
maria aleqsandres asuli (1824-1880) _ ruseTis dedofa-
li (`Императрица~), imperator aleqsandre II-is meuRle
(iqorwines 1841 w. 16 aprils), deda imperator aleqsan-
dre III-isa; gardaicvala tuberkulozisagan. dakrZalu-
lia peterburgSi, petre-pavles taZarSi _ 34
mariam RvTismSobeli _ deda ieso qristesi, `yovladwida~,
`marad qalwuli~, dedobisa da Svilierebis mfarveli,
kaTolikuri eklesiis mier èklesiis dedad~ Seracxili
_ 177, 193, 194
mari-antuaneta (1755-1793) _ safrangeTis dedofali,
meuRle lui XVI-isa (iqorwines 1770 w.), safrangeTis
didi revoluciis Semdeg iTvleboda kontrrevoluci-
is erT-erT sulisCamdgmelad, ris gamoc konventma gil-
iotinaze sikvdili miusaja (Tavi mohkveTes 1793 w. 24
oqtombers) _ 165
marsovi vasil _ saqarTveloSi dabadebuli rusi pedagogi,
quTaisis guberniis saxalxo skolebis direqtori (1878-
1880) _ 73, 87, 299-301, 397
maruaSvili levan (1912-1992) _ geografi (geomorfologi,
paleogeografi, speleologi, glaciologi...), mecniere-
bis damsaxurebuli moRvawe _ 392
matinovi aleqsandre (1843-1909) _ iuristi (1862 w.
daamTavra moskovis universitetis iuridiuli
fakulteti), Tbilisis qalaqis Tavi (mouravi) 1879-1891
ww.; mis xelSi Tbilisis TviTmmarTveloba aqtiurad up-
irispirdeboda qarTul burJuazias da icavda somxuri
burJuaziis interesebs. 1891 w. zedized meoTxed airCies
Tbilisis qalaqis Tavad, magram oriode TveSi opozici-
am aiZula, gadamdgariyo. gardaicvala parizSi (Tavisi
qoneba uanderZa Tbiliss, TviTon ki uSvilod gadaego),
Camoasvenes TbilisSi da vanqis taZris galavanSi, somx-
463
ur sasaflaoze dakrZales _ 61, 62
maRraZe elguja (1927-1999) _ mwerali, kritikosi, lit-
eraturaTmcodne, Jurnalebis `niangisa~ da `mnaTobis~
mTavari redaqtori, avtori romanebisa: `grigol orbe-
liani~, `godeba anu cxovreba daviT guramiSvilisa~ da
sxv.; inglisuri enidan Targmna da gamosca t. main ridis,
j. golzuorTisa da sxv. nawarmoebebi _ 271, 397
maCabeli ivane (1854-1898) _ mwerali, Jurnalisti, pub-
licisti, Teatraluri da sazogado moRvawe, ìveri-
is~ Tanaredaqtori (1882-1883; i. WavWavaZesTan erTad),
`droebis~ redaqtori (1883-1885), `vefxistyaosnis~ 1888
wlis `qarTveliSviliseuli~ gamocemis faqtobrivi
redaqtori, erT-erTi wamyvani TanamSromeli Tbili-
sis saTavadaznauro-saadgilmamulo bankisa, `qSw-kg sa-
zogadoebisa~, `qarTuli dramatiuli sazogadoebisa~.
umaRlesi ganaTleba miRebuli hqonda peterburgis,
hopenhaimis, sorbonis universitetebSi. kongenialurad
Targmna u. Seqspiris piesebi (`hamleti~, òtelo~, ìu-
lius keisari~ da sxv.). 1890-ian wlebSi i. WavWavaZesTan
hqonda sabediswero polemika Tbilisis saTavadaznau-
ro-saadgilmamulo bankis safinanso-sakredito poli-
tikasTan dakavSirebul sakiTxebze (`bankobiada~),
romelSic damarcxda da am damarcxebam gamoiwvia misi
gariyva sazogadoebriv-kulturuli asparezidan. 1898
wlis 26 ivniss gavida saxlidan da dRemde gaurkvevel
viTarebaSi gauCinarda _ 280, 281, 322, 325, 326, 334
maWavariani elene _ istorikosi, filologi, xelovnebaTm-
codne, xelnawerTa erovnuli centris mTavari special-
isti _ 379, 380, 398
maWavariani Tamar (1895-1979) _ bibliografi, Tbilisis
sajaro biblioTekaSi kavkasiologiis (amJamad _ qarT-
velologiis) ganyofilebis damaarsebeli _ 279, 398
maWaraSvili nestor (1856-1931) _ sasuliero piri (dekano-
zi). aTeuli wlebis ganmavlobaSi winamZRvrobda mTaw-
mindis mama daviTis eklesias. avtori wignisa àRwera
mTa-wmidis ekklesiisa da wm. mama daviTis cxovrebisa~,
romlis erTi monakveTi dim. yifianis cxovreba-moRvawe-
obas eTmoba. bolSevikuri represiebis msxverpli (dax-
vrites 1931 wels) _ 338, 398
464
maWaraZe valerian _ istorikosi, ZiriTadad ikvlevda XVI-
II-XIX ss. rusul-qarTul urTierTobebTan dakavSirebul
problematikas _ 404
mgalobliSvili sofrom (1851-1925) _ mwerali, Jurnalis-
ti, publicisti, memuaristi, pedagogi, sazogado moR-
vawe, xalxosnuri ideebis aqtiuri propagandisti mwer-
lobaSi da praqtikuli saqmianobiTac, ris gamoc 1876
da 1878 ww. dapatimrebuli iyo, gazeTebis `Cveni dro-
eba~ (1912-1913; 1915 w. gamovida erTaderTi nomeri) da
`Temis~ (1912) redaqtori, presaSi (`droeba~, ìveria~,
ìmedi~, `moambe~, `Teatri da cxovreba~ da sxv.) aqveyneb-
da publicistur Txzulebebs, moTxrobebs, dramatul
scenebs, memuarebs... dakrZalulia didubis panTeonSi _
268, 292, 398
megrabovi avaq-xan _ Tbiliseli miwis mesakuTre _ 26
megreliSvili lamara _ literaturaTmcodne, teqstolo-
gi _ 411
megreliZe SamSe (1922-1989) _ istorikosi, avtori naS-
romebisa: àWaris warsulidan~ (muhajiroba 1878-1882
wlebSi)~ (Tb.: 1964), `Cveni saxelovani samxedro winapre-
bi~ (Tb.: 1979) da sxv. _ 338, 398
mevele _ daviT (daTa) miqelaZis fsevdonimi _ 270, 397
meliqiSvilebi (meliqovebi) _ Tavaduri gvareuloba.
georgievskis traqtatze darTul qarTl-kaxeTis Tav-
adaznaurobis nusxaSi meliqiSvili (meliqisSvili) qar-
Tlis TavadTa nusxaSia Seyvanili _ 47, 91
meliqiSvili (meliqovi) l. _ memamule somxiTidan _ 31
meliqiSvili levan (1817-1892) _ general-leitenanti
da kavaleriis generali, ruseTis umaRlesi jildos,
andria pirvelwodebulis ordenis, kavaleri, Tval-
saCino figura `kavkasiis omSi~ (1859 wlis 25 agvistos
monawileobda Samilis ukanaskneli TavSesafris, aul
Runibis, aRebasa da imamis datyvevebaSi), daRestnis ol-
qis mmarTveli (1877-1880; Temir-xan-SuraSi daaarsa sko-
la pansioniTurT), kavkasiis mefisnacvlisa da mTavar-
sardlis moadgile (1880 wlidan), ruseTis saxelmwifo
sabWos wevri (1882 wlidan); n. baraTaSvilis gimnazie-
li megobari, Tbilisis gimnazielTa im jgufis wevri,
romelic 1835-1836 wlebSi uSvebda xelnawer Jurnals
465
`Цветок Тифлисской гимназий~ (`Tbilisis gimnaziis yvavi-
li~), `tfilisis kerZo biblioTekisa~ (1842) da `qSw-kg
sazogadoebis~ (1879) damfuZnebeli wevri _ 74
meliqiSvili stefane (1841-1887) _ gazeT `droebis~ gamom-
cemeli (1866-1883), publicisti, mestambe. mTeli Tavisi
avladideba Seswira `droebis~ gamocemas da, materia-
lurad ukiduresad Seviwroebuli, komerciuli mizniT
wavida Sua aziaSi, sadac TviTmkvlelobiT daamTavra
sicocxle (aSxabadSi) _ 407
mesrop (mesrof) maStoci (361-440) _ somexi ganmanaTle-
beli, somxuri anbanis Semqmneli (405-406), siriulidan
somxurad bibliis nawilis mTargmneli. zogierTi somx-
uri wyaros (koriuni, xorenaci...) mixedviT, manve Seqmna
qarTuli anbani, Tumca es Tvalsazrisi moklebulia re-
alur safuZvels _ 189-191, 202, 383
mesxi sergei (1845-1883) _ Jurnalisti, publicisti, kri-
tikosi, mTargmneli, kulturisa da ganaTlebis popu-
larizatori, gazeT `droebis~ redaqtori (1869-1883;
1880-1881 ww. ilia WavWavaZesTan erTad iyo `droebisa~
da ìveriis~ gaerTianebuli redaqciis Tanaredaqtori).
TvalsaCino figura XIX s. qarTuli kulturis istoria-
Si. dakrZalulia mSobliur sofel rionSi _ 72, 73, 76-78,
80, 81, 87, 289-298, 303, 304, 306, 325, 389, 398, 399
metreveli elene (1917-2003) _ filologi-literaturaT-
mcodne, ZiriTadad ikvlevda VIII-XIX ss. qarTul mwer-
lobas, qarTuli kulturis sazRvargareTuli kerebis
istorias; saqarTvelos mecnierebaTaA akademiis k. keke-
liZis xelnawerTa institutis (amJamad _ xelnawerTa er-
ovnuli centri) direqtori (1968-1988) _ 413
meunargia iona (1852-1919) _ mwerali, publicisti, sazoga-
do moRvawe, qarTul mwerlobaSi biografiuli Janris
damamkvidrebeli, `qSw-kg sazogadoebis~ mdivani, `vefx-
istyaosnis~ 1888 wlis (e. w. qarTveliSviliseuli) ga-
mocemis erT-erTi sulisCamdgmeli. TanamSromlobda qa-
rTul da rusul presasTan (`droeba~, ìveria~, `Кавказ~,
`Новое обозрение~ da sxv.). frangul enaze Targmna `vefx-
istyaosani~ (Targmani dakargulad iTvleba). dakrZalu-
lia mSobliur sofel caiSSi _ 341, 349, 399
meSeqi _ ix. mosoxi
466
meZvelia konstantine (1907-1974) _ literaturaTmcodne,
pedagogi, quTaisis saxelmwifo pedagogiuri institu-
tis reqtori (1965-1973) _ 358, 399
mileri aleqsandre (gard. 1886) _ ruseTis armiis gener-
al-maiori, elisavetgradis samxedro-sakavalerio sas-
wavleblis ufrosi (1873-1878; am dros polkovnikis Cini
hqonda) _ 260, 261, 261
mingrelski nikoloz (niko) _ ix. dadiani-mingrelski
nikoloz (niko)
mini andrei _ rusi mTargmneli _ 354
mirian III _ qarTlis mefe (IV s.), mis saxelTanaa dakavSire-
buli qarTlSi qristianobis gamocxadeba saxelmwifo
religiad _ 186, 194, 373
mitCeli (mitCelli) ormsbi-maqnaiT (1810-1862) _ amer-
ikeli astronomi, maTematikosi, inJineri da samxedro
piri (monawileobda amerikis 1860-iani wlebis samoqa-
laqo omSi, sadac general-maioris xarisxiT ibrZoda
samxreTelTa rigebSi, Tumca male cieba Seeyara da amas
gadahyva kidec), cincinatis (aSS) observatoriis di-
reqtori, astronomiuli codnis popularizatori _ 8,
147, 148, 342, 350-352, 354, 399; ix. agreTve: Mitchel Ormsby
MacKnight, Митчель Ормсби Макнайт
miqaZe givi (1924-2008) _ literaturaTmcodne, biblio-
grafi, pedagogi, avtori wignebisa `mamuka baraTaSvili~
(Tb.: 1958), `qarTul fsevdonimTa samyaroSi~ (Tb.: 1998)
da sxv. _ 285, 399
miqelaZe aleqsandre (1818-1881) _ polkovniki, yirimis omis
(1853-1856) monawile, quTaisis guberniis Tavadaznauro-
bis winamZRoli (`marSali~) 1864-1867 ww.; gamoirCeoda
glexobisadmi loialuri damokidebulebiT, `marSlad~
yofnisas sagangebo yuradRebas aqcevda swavla-ganaT-
lebis sakiTxebs _ 274, 275
miqelaZe daviT (daTa) (1843-1918) _ Jurnalisti, publicis-
ti, mwerali, sazogado moRvawe _ 7, 59, 270-274, , 282-285,
397, 399, 400, 410; ix. agreTve: mevele, d. zurabisSvili,
kulaSeli
miqelaZe vladimer (1856-1926) _ poeti, kritikosi, publi-
cisti, pedagogi, sazogado moRvawe _ 7, 69, 70, 395, 399,
412; ix. agreTve: daviwyebuli mwerali, vl. kulaSeli
467
miSo Jozef-fransua (1767-1839) _ frangi istorikosi,
franguli akademiis wevri, avtori wignebisa jvarosan-
Ta laSqrobebis Sesaxeb _ 215
mixeil nikolozis Ze (romanovi) (1832-1909) _ romanovTa
samefo ojaxis wevri (didi mTavari), general-feld-
marSali, kavkasiis mefisnacvali da jarebis sardali
(1862-1881), ruseTis saxelmwifo sabWos Tavmjdomare
(1881-1905; kavkasiis mefisnacvlobidan oficialurad
gaTavisuflda 1881 w. 23 ivliss, xolo saxelmwifo
sabWos Tavmjdomared manamde, 14 ivliss, dainiSna. 1905
w. gadadga postidan, Tumca sikvdilamde darCa saxelm-
wifo sabWos sapatio Tavmjdomared). misi mmarTvelo-
bis dros damTavrda ruseTis imperiis TiTqmis nax-
evarsaukunovani sisxlismRvreli brZola CrdiloeT
kavkasiis dasamorCileblad (1817-1864 wlebis `kavkasiis
omi~). SedarebiT loialurad iyo ganwyobili qarTvel-
Ta sazogadoebriv-kulturuli cxovrebis ganviTarebis
mimarT, Tumca dabejiTebiT cdilobda saswavlo-sagan-
manaTleblo sistemis maqsimalur rusifikacias _ 251,
269, 277, 281
mobidani (muSidomi) _ qarTlis mTavarepiskoposi (V s.
30-iani ww.). maniqeizmis faruli mimdevari. `qarTlis
cxovrebis~ mixedviT, èse iyo naTesavad sparsi, da aC-
uenebda igi marTl-madideblobasa. xolo iyo vinme
mogÂ usjuloÁ da SemSleli wesTaÁ... farulad werda
wignebsa yovlisa sacTurebisasa, romeli Semdgomad mis-
sa dawua yoveli werili misi WeSmaritman episkoposman
miqael~ (juanSeri) _ 190, 203
modzalevski l. n. _ ix. moZalevski lev
movakanosi _ leonti mrovelis mixedviT, kavkasiis al-
banelTa winapari, Targamosis Ze _ 183, 212
mozgolevski aleqsi _ dim. yifianis TanamSromeli im-
ereTSi (1830-iani ww. bolo) _ 337
molieri (1622-1673) _ frangi dramaturgi da Teatraluri
moRvawe _ 54-57, 267, 268
montegi (pers.) _ 345
mosoxi (meSeqi) _ bibliuri noes SviliSvili, iafetis Ze _
183
moZalevski lev (1837-1896) _ pedagogi, poeti, pedagogikis
468
istorikosi; damTavrebuli hqonda peterburgis univer-
sitetis istoriul-filologiuri fakulteti. 1870-ian
ww. kavkasiis saswavlo olqis inspeqtori iyo da, faqto-
brivad, ganaTlebis mzrunvelis moadgilis funqcias as-
rulebda _ 61, 276, 297
muraviovi nikoloz (1794-1866) _ general-adiutanti, in-
fanteriis generali, saxelmwifo sabWos wevri, kavkasiis
mefisnacvali da calke korpusis mTavarsardali (1854-
1856); mtrulad iyo ganwyobili Tavisi winamorbedis,
m. voroncovis, administraciuli da kulturul-sagan-
manaTleblo kursisadmi, surda kavkasiaSi jer kidev er-
molovis droindeli naxevrad gasamxedroebuli mmarT-
velobis aRdgena, magram am ganzraxvis ganxorcieleba ar
dascalda (1856 wlis ivlisSi aleqsandre II-m gadaayena
kavkasiis mefisnacvlis Tanamdebobidan da gaiwvia ka-
vkasiidan) _ 364-366
murvan yru _ ix. marvan II ibn muhamadi
murzayan _ ix. SarvaSiZe murzayan
muSidomi _ ix. mobidani
muxranbatoni (bagrationi, bagration-muxranski) ivane
(ioane) (1755-1800) _ politikuri da samxedro moR-
vawe, qarTl-kaxeTis ukanasknel mefeTa saxlTuxucesi,
meuRle qeTevan erekle II-is asulisa; rogorc erekle
II-is sruluflebian warmomadgenels, xeli aqvs moweri-
li georgievskis traqtatze. 1795 w. krwanisis brZola-
Si meTaurobda brZolas mtkvar-seidabadis aRmosavleT
kalTebze. dakrZalulia sveticxovlis taZarSi _ 31, 134,
340
muxranbatoni (muxranski) ivane (1812-1895) _ samxedro (gen-
eral-leitenanti) da sazogado moRvawe, erekle II-is
STamomavali (qeTevan batoniSvilis SviliSvili), gav-
leniani memamule, Tbilisis guberniis Tavadaznauro-
bis winamZRoli (`marSali~; 1885-1891), `tfilisis kerZo
saamxanago biblioTekis~ (1842-1848) damfuZnebeli wev-
ri, `qSw-kg sazogadoebis~ damfuZnebeli wevri da rigiT
meore Tavmjdomare (1882-1885). dakrZalulia sveticx-
ovlis taZarSi _ 354
myvirala (qarTleli) _ dim. yifianis fsevdonimi _ 350, 355,
356, 413
469
mcxeTosi _ leonti mrovelis mixedviT, qarTvelTa erT-er-
Ti eTnarqi, qarTlosis Ze _ 183, 185-187
mxargrZeli zaqaria (gard. 1212) _ TvalsaCino saxelmwi-
fo da samxedro moRvawe Tamar mefis karze, amirspasal-
ar-mandaturTuxucesi _ 211
mxargrZeli ivane (ioane) (gard. 1227) _ Tamaris karis war-
Cinebuli saxelmwifo da samxedro moRvawe, msaxurTuxu-
cesi, amirspasalari da aTabagi _ 211
mxargrZeli sargis (gard. 1187) _ zaqaria da ioane (ivane)
mxargrZelebis mama. amirspasalar-mandaturTuxucesi
Tamar mefis karze _ 211
m. jimSeriZe (jimSeriZe) _ ilia WavWavaZis fsevdonimi _
151, 360, 410
nadir-Sahi (nadirSa) (1688-1747) _ iranis Sahi 1736-1747 ww.;

qarTl-kaxeTSi daamyara reJimi, romelic Cvens istoria-
Si `yizilbaSobis~ saxeliTaa Sesuli _ 75, 385
nana _ qarTlis dedofali, mirian III-is meuRle _ 375
nanitaSvili leila _ mkvlevari, literatori, gamomce-
meli. ZiriTadad ikvlevs XIX-XX ss. qarTuli litera-
turis, Jurnalistikisa da sazogadoebrivi azris isto-
rias _ 298, 304, 306, 400
napoleon I bonaparti (1769-1821) _ frangi saxelmwifo
moRvawe da mxedarTmTavari, safrangeTis respublikis
pirveli konsuli (1799-1804), safrangeTis imperatori
(1804-1815) _ 42, 249, 337
nacarqeqia _ qarTuli zRapris personaJi _ 8, 150, 152, 220,
355-357, 360, 408
neverovi ianuari (1810-1893) _ rusi pedagogi da mwer-
ali-memuaristi, kavkasiis saswavlo olqis mzrunveli
(1864-1878). iyo Tanamimdevruli rusifikatori da ener-
giulad moqmedebda kavkasiis saswavleblebSi rusulis
gasaZliereblad da adgilobrivi enebis dasaknineblad.
s. mesxis SefasebiT, `politikosma dasZlia imaSi pedago-
470
gi. nacionalur viwro interesebis devnam daaviwya imas
xalxis ganaTlebis saqme~. kavkasiidan wasvlis Semdeg
i. neverovi erTxans iyo ruseTis ganaTlebis ministris
sabWos wevri _ 297
nikolai aleqsandre (1821-1899) _ Sveduri warmoSobis
rusi saxelmwifo moRvawe, baroni, senatori da sax-
elmwifo mdivani (stats-sekretari). sxvadasxva wlebSi
iyo mefisnacval m. voroncovis salaSqro kancelari-
is direqtori, kavkasiis mefisnacvlis sabWos wevri da
saswavlo olqis mzrunveli, kievis saswavlo olqis mz-
runveli, kavkasiis mefisnacvlis mTavarsammarTvelos
ufrosi, ruseTis saxelmwifo sabWos wevri, ganaTlebis
ministri, saxelmwifo sabWos kanonTa departamentis
Tavmjdomare; mTavari figura im reformebis praqtiku-
li ganxorcielebisas, romlebic mefisnacvalma mixeil
nikolozis Zem (1862-1881) kavkasiaSi gaatara; meuRle
sofio aleqsandres as. WavWavaZisa. al. nikolai garda-
icvala beTaniaSi, sakuTar mamulSi; meuRlesTan erTad
dakrZalulia mSobliur q. viborgSi _ 23, 26, 31, 33, 71,
231-233, 400
nikolai sofio _ ix. WavWavaZe-nikolai sofio
nikolaZe niko (1843-1928) _ Jurnalisti, publicisti,
kritikosi, politikuri da sazogado moRvawe, Jurnal
`krebulis~ (1871-1873) faqtobrivi redaqtori, gaze-
Tis `Обзор~ (1878-1880) damaarsebeli da redaqtori,
gazeTis `Новое обозрение~ redaqtori (1887-1891), foTis
qalaqis Tavi (1894-1912), saqarTvelos erovnuli sabWo-
sa (1917-1918) da damfuZnebeli krebis (1919-1921) wevri
erovnul-demokratiuli partiidan. dakrZalulia mTaw-
mindis panTeonSi _ 7, 63-66, 231, 251-254, 270, 277-279, 281,
282, 284, 398, 400, 401; ix. agreTve: Николадзе Н. Я., Рио-Нели.
nikoloz I (1796-1855) _ ruseTis imperatori (1825-1855).
saxelmwifos marTvaSi absoluturi monarqiis mim-
devari, Tumca mis mierve waxalisebulma biurokratiam
imperatoris absolutizmi biurokratiuli tiraniiT
Secvala. Tanamimdevruli rusifikatori. gardaicvala
peterburgSi 1855 wlis 18 Tebervals [misi sikvdilis
oficialuri versia banaluria _ gacieba, romelic mwvave
formis cieb-cxelebiTa da imperatoris sikvdiliT das-
471
rulda. Tumca gavrcelebuli iyo araoficialuri ver-
siac _ `yirimis omSi~ (1853-1856) gancdili katastrof-
uli marcxiT daTrgunvili imperatoris dabejiTebuli
moTxovniT piradma eqimma, nik. mandtma, Sxami daalevina]
_ 229, 232, 262, 336
nikoloz iakobis Ze _ ix. nikolaZe niko
nik. yif. _ ix. yifiani nikoloz (niko)
nik. xud. (nik. xudad) _ ix. xudadovi nikoloz
nino (wm.) _ qarTvelTa ganmanaTlebeli (daaxl. IV s. pir-
veli mesamedi), mociqulTaswori, warmoSobiT kapadok-
ieli. aResrula sofel bodinSi/bodSi (amJamad bodbe).
iqvea dakrZaluli _ 8, 34, 75, 177-179, 194, 195, 197, 370-
373, 375, 376, 384
niJaraZe besarion (1852-1919) _ publicisti, eTnografi,
folkloristi, leqsikografi (ZiriTadi fsevd. `Tavis-
ufali svani~; agreTve: `svani~, `besarion svani~, `vinme
svani~, `T. s.~ da sxv.), sasuliero da sazogado moRvawe;
dakrZalulia uSgulis lamarias eklesiis galavanSi _
235, 401
noe _ bibliuri patriarqi, adamis pirdapiri (meaTe) STa-
momavali, lameqis Svili, semis, qamisa da iafetis mama,
warRvnisas kacobriobis gadamrCeneli _ 183, 185-187
nona _ ix. nino (wm.)
ogariovi nikoloz (1813-1877) _ rusi poeti, Jurnalis-

ti da publicisti, revoluciuri moRvaweobisTvis ar-
aerTxel iyo represirebuli, cxovrebis erTi nawili
gaatara emigraciaSi, ZiriTadad, did britaneTSi (gar-
daicvala londonSi, dakrZalulia moskovSi) _ 253
olga Teodores asuli (olga feodorovna) (1839-1891) _
didi mTavris, kavkasiis mefisnacval mixeil nikolozis
Zis, meuRle (iqorwines 1857 w.), saqarTveloSi cxovreb-
isas didi amagi dasdo qalTa ganaTlebis saqmes, iyo `cx-
ovelTa dacvis tfilisis sazogadoebis~ sapatio Tavm-
jdomare; gardaicvala q. xarkovSi; meuRlesTan erTad
472
dakrZalulia peterburgSi, petre-pavles taZarSi _ 61,
277
omer-faSa (mixail latasi) (1806-1871) _ serbuli war-
moSobis avstrieli oficris Svili, romelmac isla-
mi miiRo da STambeWdavi kariera Seiqmna osmaleTis
samxedro ZalebSi... 1868 w. datova samxedro samsaxuri.
gardaicvala stambolSi. omer-faSa mTavari personaJia
nobeliant ivo andriCis romanisa òmer faSa latasi~ _
90, 91, 302
orbelianebi (orbelianovebi, orbeliSvilebi, yaflaniS-
vilebi, jambakur-orbelianebi) _ feodaluri sagvareu-
lo aRmosavleT saqarTveloSi (gvaris fuZemdeblad iT-
vleba orbel baraTaSvili _ XVI s. I naxevari) _ 14, 31, 43,
47, 91
orbeliani (jambakur-orbeliani) aleqsandre (1802-1869)
_ mwerali, istorikosi, publicisti, politikuri da
sazogado moRvawe, erekle II-is SviliSvili (Tekla ba-
toniSvilis ufrosi vaJi), 1832 wlis SeTqmulebis erT-er-
Ti xelmZRvaneli, gadaasaxles orenburgis guberniaSi,
saidanac 1838 wels `kavkasiis xazze~ gadmoiyvanes, xolo
samSobloSi 1840 wels daabrunes. gamoirCeoda mkafiod
gamokveTili antirusuli suliskveTebiT. sazogadoe-
briv-kulturul asparezze misi saxeli dakavSirebu-
lia iv. kereseliZis `ciskarTan~, romlis daarsebasa da
gamocemaSi arsebiTi xasiaTis monawileoba miiRo. aqve
aqveynebda leqsebs, dramatul nawarmoebebs, saistorio
Txzulebebs, recenziebs, naSromebs qarTuli sasaubro
Tu saliteraturo enis Sesaxeb, memuarebs. dakrZalulia
Tbilisis sionis taZarSi _ 355, 356, 365, 402, 410
orbeliani grigol (1804-1883) _ poeti-romantikosi,
samxedro, saxelmwifo da sazogado moRvawe, gener-
al-adiutanti da infanteriis generali, TvalsaCino
figura `kavkasiis omSi~, ruseTis imperiis umaRlesi
jildos, andria pirvelwodebulis ordenis, kavaleri,
kavkasiis mefisnacvlis mTavarsammarTvelos sabWos Tav-
mjdomare (xangamoSvebiT asrulebda mefisnacvlis mov-
aleobas), Tbilisis general-gubernatori, `tfilisis
kerZo saamxanago biblioTekisa~ (1842-1848) da `qSw-kg sa-
zogadoebis~ damfuZnebeli wevri, `mamebisa~ da `Svileb-
473
is~ brZolis monawile (icavda `mamebis~ pozicias), 1832
wlis SeTqmulebis wevri [miesaja gadayvana `pirveli
liniis~ (moicavda teritorias yubanidan Tergis Sesar-
Tavamde) qveiT korpusSi ramdenime wlis ganmavlobaSi
saqarTveloSi Camosvlis uflebis aRkveTiT]. dakrZalu-
lia qaSveTis taZarSi _ 74, 205, 244, 251, 333, 352, 354
orbeliani dimitri vaxtangis Ze (1808-1882) _ aleqsandre da
vaxtang orbelianebis Zma. samxedro saswavlebeli hqon-
da peterburgSi damTavrebuli. 1832 wlis SeTqmulebis
monawile. dakavSirebuli iyo SeTqmulTa rogorc Tbi-
lisis, ise peterburgisa da moskovis wreebTan (gadaas-
axles kalugaSi). dakrZalulia qaSveTis taZarSi _ 30, 31
orbeliani dimitri Tamazis (Tomas) Ze (1797-1868) _ gener-
al-leitenanti (monawileobda ruseT-iranis 1826-1828
da ruseT-osmaleTis 1828-1829 ww. omebSi, maT Soris, ax-
alqalaqis, axalcixisa da xerTvisis aRebaSi; TvalsaCino
figura `kavkasiis omSi~ (meTaurobda qarTul milicias).
am faqts uZRvna n. baraTaSvilma leqsi _ òmi saqarT-
velos Tavad-aznaur-glexTa piris-pir daRistnisa da
CeCnelTa, welsa 1844-sa, mZRvanvelobasa qveSe Ruberni-
is marSlis, Tavadis dimitri Tamazis Zis orbelianisa~),
1832 wlis SeTqmulebis wevri (ver daumtkices da gaaTa-
visufles), Tbilisis guberniis Tavadaznaurobis winamZ-
Roli 1839-1855 ww. _ 74
orbeliani stefanos (daaxl. 1250-1304) _ somexi istoriko-
si, sasuliero da politikuri moRvawe _ 384
orbeliani sulxan-saba (1658-1725) _ mwerali, mecnieri, le-
qsikografi, ganmanaTlebeli, sasuliero da politikuri
moRvawe. 1713-1716 ww. vaxtang VI_is davalebiT (mokav-
SireTa mopovebis diplomatiuri misiiT) imogzaura ev-
ropaSi (safrangeTi, italia...), Tumca es misia uSedegod
damTavrda. evropaSi yofnisas miiRo kaTolikoba, ramac
mis mimarT saqarTvelos sasuliero wreebis mwvave agre-
sia gamoiwvia. gardaicvala moskovSi da iqvea (vsesviat-
skoeSi) dakrZaluli _ 269, 306, 328, 329, 344, 361, 362, 402
orbeliani-WavWavaZe salome (1795-1847) _ al. WavWavaZis
meuRle. dakrZalulia TbilisSi, mTawmindis mamadavi-
Tis eklesiaSi _ 133, 338
orbeliSvili _ ix. orbelianebi (orbeliSvilebi, yaflaniS-
474
vilebi, jambakur-orbelianebi)
orlovi d. _ quTaisis guberniis saswavleblebis di-
reqtori 1880-ian ww.; saqarTveloSi ganaTlebis rusi-
fikaciis mimdevari _ 300
orlovski konstantine (1810-1876) _ polonuri warmo-
Sobis rusi saxelmwifo moRvawe, TvalsaCino figura
amierkavkasiis administraciaSi. 1860 w. daniSnes Tbi-
lisis samoqalaqo gubernatorad da am Tanamdebobaze
dayo sicocxlis bolomde; dim. yifianis iniciativiTa da
xelmZRvanelobiT daarsebuli `tfilisis kerZo saamxan-
ago biblioTekis~ (1842-1848) damfuZnebeli wevri. axlo
megobroba akavSirebda qarTvel moRvaweebTan (dim. yi-
fiani, elizbar erisTavi da sxv.). gardaicvala TbilisSi
1876 w. 8 marts _ 251
ormuzdi (ormuzda, aurmazi) _ igivea, rac Zvelsparsuli
miTologiis uzenaesi RvTaeba ahuramazda _ 184
orjonikiZe eTer (1927-2007) _ istorikosi, avtori mono-
grafiuli naSromebisa `rusuli mmarTvelobis damyare-
ba saqarTveloSi. XIX s. pirveli naxevari~ (Tb.: 1992),
àleqsandre batoniSvilis brZola rusuli xelisu-
flebis winaaRmdeg. aleqsandre batoniSvilis werile-
bi~ (Tb.: 1999) _ 286, 302, 365, 402
osten-sakeni maqsimilian (gard. 1884) _ baroni, Tbilisis
gubernatori 1876-1877 ww.; al. WavWavaZis SviliSvilis,
salome daviTis as. WavWavaZis (1848-1919), meuRle _ 277
oqromWedliSvili (serebriakovi) ivane (1833-1868) _
agronomi, Jurnalisti. damTavrebuli hqonda gorig-
oreckis samiwaTmoqmedo instituti. mniSvnelovani
figura `kavkasiis soflis meurneobis sazogadoebaSi~
(1850-1918). Jurnal `guTnis-dedis~ daarsebis savarau-
do iniciatori da gardacvalebamde _ misi faqtobrivi
redaqtori. iqve aqveynebda agronomiuli xasiaTis orig-
inalur Tu naTargmn werilebs (fsevd. ì. s.~) _ 354
oqromWedliSvili (serebriakovi) ilia (1838-1898) _ mec-
nieri, pedagogi, sazogado moRvawe, mrewveli, qvelmoqme-
di. daamTavra peterburgis universitetis aRmosavlur
enaTa fakulteti. gamoqveynebuli aqvs samecniero-sais-
torio naSromebi, mniSvnelovan fulad Semweobas aZlev-
da `qSw-kg sazogadoebas~, qarTul Teatrs, saswavle-
475
blebs, hyavda stipendiantebi ruseTsa da sazRvargareT,
gamoscemda Zveli qarTuli literaturis Zeglebs da
sxv.; dakrZalulia didubis panTeonSi _ 383, 402
oZrxosi _ leonti mrovelis mixedviT, qarTvelTa erT-er-
Ti eTnarqi, mcxeTosis Ze _ 183
pavle I (1754-1801) _ ruseTis imperatori (1796-1801). gior-

gi XII-is `saTxovarTa punqtebze~ dayrdnobiT 1800 wlis
18 dekembers gamosca manifesti, romlis Tanaxmadac, uqm-
deboda bagrationTa taxti da qarTl-kaxeTis samefo
ruseTis uSualo mmarTvelobaSi gadadioda, Tumca es
ganzraxva praqtikulad ver ganaxorciela (1801 wlis 12
marts sasaxlis karis SeTqmulebas emsxverpla) _ 256
pantiuxovi ivane (1836-1911) _ rusi eqimi, anTropologi
da publicisti. damTavrebuli hqonda kievis universi-
tetis samedicino fakulteti; rogorc samxedro eqimi,
monawileobda `kavkasiis omSi~ (1862 wlidan), romel-
Sic mZimed daiWra. xangamoSvebiT msaxurobda ruseTSi,
ukrainasa da kavkasiaSi. avtoria araerTi wignisa medi-
cinisa da anTropologiis sakiTxebze (maTgan ramdenime
TbilisSi gamosca). sicocxlis bolo wlebi gaatara ki-
evSi da iqve gardaicvala _ 255, 256, 402
paskeviCi ivane (1782-1856) _ ukrainuli warmoSobis (pol-
tavidan) rusi general-feldmarSali (1829 wlidan), ka-
vkasiis mTavarmarTebeli (1827-1831) da jarebis sardali
(1826-1831). 1831 w. nikoloz I-is mier poloneTis ajanyeb-
is CasaxSobad gagzavnilma i. paskeviCma aiRo varSava da
jildod poloneTis samefos mefisnacvlis Tanamdebo-
ba miiRo. igi TvalsaCino figura iyo ruseT-osmaleTis
1853-1856 ww. (`yirimis~) omSi, xolo manamde, ungreTis
1848-1849 ww. revoluciis CaxSobisas, ruseTis armias
sardlobda. ruseT-osmaleTis 1828-1829 ww. omSi ruseT-
is gamarjvebis Semdeg i. paskeviCi win aRudga qarTveli
mahmadianebisagan daclil javaxeTSi dasavleT saqarT-
476
velodan qarTuli mosaxleobis gadmoyvanis iniciativas
da iq osmaleTidan gadmosuli somxebi Caasaxla. garda-
icvala varSavaSi. anderZis Tanaxmad, dakrZales sofel
ivanovskoeSi (yofili demblini) _ 337
patariZe ramaz _ filologi, istorikosi, avtori mono-
grafiuli naSromisa `qarTuli asomTavruli~ (Tb.: 1980)
_ 383, 402
patrici _ ix. ioane petriwi
pauluCi filip (1779-1849) _ markizi, ruseTis saxelmwi-
fo da samxedro moRvawe (warmoSobiT italieli), gen-
eral-leitenanti da infanteriis generali, kavkasi-
is mTavarmarTebeli 1811-1812 ww.; kaxeTis 1812 wlis
ajanyebis CaxSobis Semdeg mzad iyo mniSvnelovani daT-
mobebisTvis, ris gamoc kavkasiidan gaiwvies. gardaicva-
la nicaSi, dakrZalulia italiis qalaq mirandolaSi _
132
pepo (pers.) _ 270
peroJavri sivnieli (wm.) _ qarTlis erisTavis deda, salome
ujarmelTan erTad Caiwera wm. ninos cxovreba _ 376
petre I didi (1672-1725) _ ruseTis ukanaskneli mefe (1682-
1721) da pirveli imperatori (1721-1725). ganaxorcie-
la umniSvnelovanesi reformebi ruseTis politikuri,
socialuri, samxedro da kulturuli cxovrebis evro-
peizaciis mizniT _ 180, 377
petriwi _ ix. ioane petriwi
peSCurovi petre (1829-1898) _ saidumlo mrCeveli (Тайный
советник), kavkasiaSi msaxurobda 1866 wlidan gar-
dacvalebamde. sxvadasxva wlebSi iyo ganjis saolqo
sasamarTlos Tavmjdomare, Tbilisis sasamarTlo pala-
tis departamentis Tavmjdomare, mefisnacvlis mTavar-
sammarTvelos ufrosi, mTavarmarTeblis sabWos wevri
(1883 wlidan) _ 269
pisaro (pizaro) fransisko (daaxl. 1475-1541) _ espaneli
konkistadori, perus dampyrobi, qalaq limas damaarse-
beli _ 139
platonovi aleqsandre _ sasuliero piri, misioneri, Tbi-
lisSi gamomavali sasuliero-misioneruli da saliter-
aturo Jurnalis `Кавказский благовестник~ (`kavkasiis max-
arebeli~; 1911-1915) gamomcemeli _ 235, 236, 402
477
plinius ufrosi (ax. w. 23/24-79) _ romaeli swavluli da
saxelmwifo moRvawe, avtori enciklopediuri xasiaTis
naSromisa `bunebis istoria~ (37 wignad) _ 185
pompeusi gneus magnus (Zv. w. 106-48) _ romaeli mxedarT-
mTavari da saxelmwifo moRvawe. Zv. w. 65 wels dalaSqra
iberia da kolxeTi, iberiis mefe artagi aiZula romael-
Ta `mokavSirisa da megobris~ tituli mieRo, rac arseb-
iTad romisadmi iberiis vasalur damokidebulebas niS-
navda _ 195
potiomkini (potiomkin-Tavrizeli) pavle (1743-1796) _
rusi saxelmwifo da samxedro moRvawe, grafi, gener-
al-anSefi (1782-1787 ww. ibrZoda CrdiloeT kavkasiaSi
CeCenTa da noRaelTa winaaRmdeg), ruseTis istoriaSi
cnobili general-feldmarSlis, grigol potiomkin-Tav-
rizelis (Потёмкин-Таврический; 1739-1791), naTesavi. 1783
w. 24 ivliss (4 agvistos) cixesimagre georgievskSi ivane
muxranbatonTan da garsevan WavWavaZesTan erTad xeli
moawera ruseT-saqarTvelos (`georgievskis~) traqtats.
hqonda literaturuli interesebi [werda leqsebs, masve
ekuTvnis naSromebi: `История пугачевского бунта~ (`pugaCov-
is amboxebis istoria~) da `Описание кавказских народов~ (`ka-
vkasiis xalxTa aRweriloba~; exeba CrdiloeT kavkasiis
xalxebs]. 1796 wels brali dasdes, rom monawileobda
sparseTis princis mkvlelobasa da gaZarcvaSi, rasac ga-
dahyva kidec _ 134
promeTe _ berZnuli miTologiis gmiri; RmerTebTan me-
brZoli da adamianTa interesebis damcveli (maT Soris,
adamianTaTvis cecxlis mompovebeli). miTi promeTes Ses-
axeb gavrcelebuli iyo kavkasiaSic, sadac igi araerTi
msgavsebis gamo amiranis Sesaxeb Tqmulebas Seerwya _ 193
ptolemaiosi klavdios (ax. w. 100-178) _ romaeli (aleqsan-
drieli) geografi, maTematikosi da astronomi _ 185
ptolomeebi _ elinisturi epoqis egviptis mmarTveli di-
nastia (Zv. w. IV-I ss.) _ 215
puSkini aleqsandre (1799-1837) _ rusi mwerali. iTvleba ax-
ali rusuli literaturis fuZemdeblad _ 133, 339, 363
478
J
Janlisi madlen felisite (1746-1830) _ frangi mwerali

qali, avtori prozauli, dramatuli, sabavSvo, liter-
aturul-kritikuli, didaqtikur-moralisturi xasia-
Tis Txzulebebisa _ 8, 138, 343
Jvania luka _ axalsenakis saqalaqo deputati _ 80, 296
r. _ ix. romeo (pers.)

ramini _ personaJi sparsuli poemisa `vis o ramin~ _ 204
rasini Jan (1639-1699) _ frangi dramaturgi, avtori pieseb-
isa: àndromaqe~, ìfigenia~, `miTridate~ da sxv.; al. Wav-
WavaZem 1840-ian ww. Targmna rasinis tragediebi `fedra~
da èsTeri~ _ 134
rev I marTali _ iberiis (qarTlis) mefe _ 374
rev II (IV s.) _ qarTlis mefe mirian III-is Ze (mirianis mefo-
bisas marTavda kaxeTsa da kuxeTs, rezidencia hqonda
ujarmaSi), meuRle salome Trdat III-is asul ujarmel-
isa _ 179
rifaTi _ bibliuri iafetis (iafeTis) SviliSvili, gomer-
is (Rameris) Ze _ 183
robespieri maqsimilian (1758-1794) _ erT-erTi mTavari
figura 1789-1794 wlebis safrangeTis revoluciisa
(iakobinelTa diqtaturis ideologi da meTauri), pari-
zis revoluciuri komunisa da safrangeTis konventis
wevri, sazogadoebrivi xsnis komitetis faqtobrivi
xelmZRvaneli. 1794 w. 28 ivliss, iakobinelTa diqtat-
uris damxobisTanave, gausamarTleblad miusajes
sikvdili da ramdenime uaxloes TanamebrZolTan (maT
Soris, ZmasTan _ ogiusten robespierTan) erTad gili-
otinaze Tavi mohkveTes _ 165
romanovi mixeil _ ix. mixeil nikolozis Ze
479
romanozi _ ix. favleniSvili romanoz (roman)
romeo (pers.) _ 8, 140, 340, 344-346, 408, 409
rom. favl. _ ix. favleniSvili romanoz (roman, raman)
rostevani (pers.) _ 362
rusTveli (rusTaveli) SoTa _ poeti, avtori `vefxistya-
osnisa~ _ 75, 140, 174, 205, 211, 362, 367-369, 402
ruqa (pers.) _ 140, 344
ruxaZe trifon (1910-1979) _ filologi, Zveli qarTuli
literaturis istoriis mkvlevari, avtori wignebi-
sa: `qarTuli eposi gardamavali xanis literaturaSi~
(Tb.: 1939), `Zveli qarTuli Teatri da dramaturgia (Tb.:
1949) da sxv. _ 348, 403
s. m. _ ix. mesxi sergei

s-Ze _ fsevdonimi (Cveni azriT, sergi gorgaZis) _ 404
saadi (XIII s. dasawyisi-1292) _ poeti, sparsuli litera-
turis klasikosi _ 133, 339
saba _ ix. orbeliani sulxan-saba
savarsamiZe (sevarsamiZe) leonti (1778-1838) _ gener-
al-maiori, monawileobda ruseT-iranis 1826-1828 ww.,
ruseT-osmaleTis 1828-1829 ww., agreTve `kavkasiis
omSi~. gamoirCeoda uCveulo simamaciT. 1836 w. asruleb-
da War-belaqnis olqis ufrosis movaleobas; wm. anas, wm.
vladimiris, wm. giorgis sxvadasxva xarisxis ordenebis
kavaleri; colad hyavda i. WavWavaZis simamris, Tadeoz
guramiSvilis, da _ salome (salome guramiSvili-savar-
samiZe mTawmindaze, mamadaviTis eklesiaSia dakrZalu-
li) _ 74
salome ivanes asuli _ ix. orbeliani-WavWavaZe salome
salome ujarmeli (salome uJarmeli) _ somxeTis mefe Tr-
dat III-is asuli, rev II mirianis Zis meuRle, wm. ninosTan
daaxloebuli didebuli da misi mowafe, saqarTvelos
eklesiis mier wmindanad Seracxili _ 179, 375, 376
saltikov-SCedrini mixeil (1826-1889) _ rusi mwerali, Jur-
480
nalisti (1868-1884 ww. iyo n. nekrasovis Tanaredaqtori
JurnalSi `Отечественные записки~), publicisti. qarTul
presaSi misi nawarmoebebidan pirvelad gamoqveynda
moTxroba `gegemonievi~ (`ciskari~, 1866, #9; mTargmneli
ar aris miTiTebuli) _ 311, 403
sanaZe manana _ istorikosi, Turqologi, avtori naSromisa
`qarTlis cxovreba~ da saqarTvelos istoriis uZvelesi
periodi (qarTlosidan mirianamde)~ (Tb.: 2001) _ 405
sarajiSvili aleqsandre (1851-1914) _ mwerali, mecnie-
ri, publicisti, gamomcemeli, Teatraluri da sazoga-
do moRvawe. swavlobda peterburgis, yazanis, kievis
universitetebSi, sabolood ki Jenevis universitetis
sityvierebis fakulteti daasrula (1876). iyo `qSw-kg
sazogadoebisa~ da `saqarTvelos saistorio da saeT-
nografio sazogadoebis~ damfuZnebeli wevri, gazeT
ìveriis~ redaqtori (1902-1903) da gamomcemeli (1902-
1905), `visramianis~ gamomcemeli (1884; i. WavWavaZesa da
p. umikaSvilTan erTad), mniSvnelovani wvlili Seitana
rusTvelologiis ganviTarebaSi _ 281, 306, 307
sarajiSvili (sarajovi) daviT (1848-1911) _ sazogado
moRvawe, qarTuli koniakis warmoebis fuZemdebeli, qv-
elmoqmedi, qimiisa da filosofiis doqtori, swavlob-
da peterburgis, miunxenis, haidelbergis, hales univer-
sitetebSi, koniakis warmoebas daeufla safrangeTSi.
dakrZales didubis panTeonSi, saidanac jer vakis sas-
aflaoze (1938), mogvianebiT ki (1995) qaSveTis taZris
galavanSi gadaasvenes _ 280
sarajiSvili vasil (gard. 1888) _ namdvili samoqalaqo
mrCeveli (Действительный статский советник), kandidatis
xarisxiT damTavrebuli hqonda sanqt-peterburgis uni-
versitetis aRmosavluri sityvierebis ganyofileba
(1850), 1850-ian ww. Tarjimnad msaxurobda kavkasiis sas-
wavlo olqis mzrunvelis (попечитель) kancelariaSi, Sem-
deg _ sakancelario moxeled War-belaqnisa da daRestnis
mmarTvelobaSi, kavkasiis mTavarmarTeblis kancelaria-
Si, `ruseTis saimperatoro geografiuli sazogadoebis
kavkasiis ganyofilebis~ wevri, `qSw-kg sazogadoebis~
damfuZnebeli wevri. gardaicvala TbilisSi, dakrZales
kaloubnis eklesiis galavanSi _ 225
481
sargis Tmogveli _ XII-XIII ss. mijnis qarTveli mwerali,
mecnieri, filosofosi, ritori. tradicia miawers Cve-
namde mouRweveli poemis, `dilargeTianis~ (`dilari-
anis~), avtorobas (`...dilargeT _ sargis Tmogvelsa, mas
enadauSromelsa~ _ `vefxistyaosani~). masve miewereba
prozauli qarTuli Targmani sparsuli poemisa `vis o
ramin~ (`visramiani~) _ 174, 205, 211
sargis mxargrZeli _ ix. mxargrZeli sargis
saxokia Tedo (1868-1956) _ mwerali, Jurnalisti, publi-
cisti, pedagogi, eTnografi, folkloristi, politi-
kuri da sazogado moRvawe; sxvadasxva dros swavlobda
Jenevisa da parizis (sorbonis) universitetebSi, pari-
zis umaRles anTropologiur saswavlebelSi (iyo pari-
zis anTropologiuri sazogadoebis wevri). 1903-1905
ww. redaqtorobda (a. jorjaZesa da g. lasxiSvilTan
erTad) parizSi gamomaval socialist-federalistTa
gazeT `saqarTvelos~; didi amagi dasdo qarTul enas,
literaturas, zogadad erovnul kulturas Tavisi
eTnografiuli da samogzauro xasiaTis TxzulebebiT,
memuarebiT, qarTul xatovan sityva-TqmaTa SekrebiTa
da gamocemiT, TargmanebiT (bokaCo, volteri, zola, mo-
pasani da sxv.) _ 335, 389
sganareli (pers.) _ 268
sevarsamiZe leonti _ ix. savarsamiZe (sevarsamiZe) leonti
semionovi dimitri (1834-1902) _ pedagogi (ganaTleba miRe-
buli hqonda peterburgis universitetSi), saxelmZ-
Rvaneloebis avtori rusul enasa da geografiaSi, go-
ris saostato (samaswavleblo) seminariis direqtori
(1878-1883), 1883 wlidan isev peterburgSia, 1888-1891
ww. redaqtorobda Jurnals `Детское чтение~ _ 73, 291, 292,
398, 403
serebriakovi ivane _ ix. oqromWedliSvili (serebriakovi)
ivane
sefelia loRoTeTis as. _ leonti mrovelis mixedviT, ber-
Zeni warCinebulis asuli, rev I marTalis meuRle _ 374,
375
svimona (pers.) _ 102, 104
svimon (simon) kananeli _ ieso qristes erT-erTi mociquli.
qarTuli tradiciiT, andria pirvelwodebulTan er-
482
Tad qristes moZRvrebas qadagebda SavizRvispireTis
qveynebSi, maT Soris, afxazeTSi, sadac warmarTTa xeliT
mowamebrivad aResrula da iqve (dRevandel axal aTon-
Si) dakrZales _ 193, 195
sigua aleqsandre _ mkvlevari, avtori wignebisa `qarTuli
xelovnebis moRvaweni~ (Tb.: 1985), `vin mokla ilia Wav-
WavaZe~ (Tb.: 1996) da sxv. _ 285, 403
sidonia (wm.) _ da mcxeTeli ebraelis, eliozisa, romelic
uflis jvarcmas daeswro da iqidan qristes kvarTi mcx-
eTaSi Camoitana. sidoniam Zmas kvarTi gamoarTva, gulSi
Caixuta da moTqma-godebiT suli ganuteva _ 186, 373
sina (pers.) _ 134
siraZe (pers.) _ 348, 397
sitovski nikoloz (1829-1890) _ `kavkasiis soflis meur-
neobis sazogadoebis~ mdivani. avtori wignisa `Обзор
двадцатипятилетней деятельности Кавказского общества сельского
хозяйства (1850-1875)~ (Тиф.: 1875) _ 231, 403
smirnovi Tedore _ namdvili samoqalaqo mrCeveli
(Действительный статский советник), niko dadian-mingrel-
skis maioratis saqmeTa gamomrkvevi droebiTi saxelmwi-
fo komisiis mdivani _ 283
sokolovi _ imereTSi mcxovrebi samxedro piri (maiori) _
120, 334
sologubi vladimer (1813-1882) _ rusi mwerali, Jurnalis-
ti, Teatraluri moRvawe, memuaristi, ruseTis saimper-
atoro karis istoriografi. 1850-ian ww. cxovrobda
TbilisSi, sadac eweoda literaturul da Teatralur
moRvaweobas, TanamSromlobda gaz. `kavkazTan~ _ 180
sof. tat. asuli _ ix. tat[iSvili] sof[io]
staricki egor (1825-1899) _ ruseTis saxelmwifo sabWos
wevri (1879 wlidan), senatori, namdvili saidumlo mrCe-
veli (Действительный тайный советник), Tbilisis komerci-
uli sasamarTlos Tavmjdomare (1850-1870), kavkasiis
mefisnacvlis sabWos wevri (1862 wels, roca dim. yifi-
ani samsaxuridan daiTxoves, mis adgilze e. staricki
daniSnes); aqtiurad monawileobda kavkasiis mxaris sasa-
marTlo reformebis SemuSaveba-ganxorcielebaSi; sico-
cxlis bolo wlebSi iyo ruseTis saxelmwifo sabWos
sakanonmdeblo departamentis Tavmjdomare _ 286
483
staroselskaia (qaliSvilobis gvari _ guramiSvili) eka-
terine _ ilia WavWavaZis colisda, general dim. sta-
roselskis meuRle, sazogado moRvawe _ `qSw-kg sazoga-
doebis~ damfuZnebeli wevri _ 313
staroselski dimitri (1832-1884) _ general-leitenanti,
senatori, kavkasiaSi Camovida 1857 wels da samudamod
aq darCa. sxvadasxva wlebSi iyo quTaisis general-guber-
natoris adiutanti, baqos gubernatori, Tergis olqis
mmarTvel mix. loris-meliqovis TanaSemwe (moadgile),
1877-1884 ww. eWira mefisnacvlis (SemdgomSi _ mTavar-
marTeblis) mTavarsammarTvelos ufrosis posti; ilia
WavWavaZis qvisli _ colad hyavda ekaterine Tadeozis as.
guramiSvili-staroselskaia (1834-1901); dim. starosel-
skis, rogorc gavlenian figuras kavkasiis xelisufleba-
Si, mniSvnelovani wvlili aqvs Setanili `qSw-kg sazog-
adoebis~ daarsebis saqmeSi. dakrZalulia saguramoSi _
312, 313, 319, 406
stepanovi (stefanovi) aleqsandre (1845-1887) _ rusi
iuristi (warmoSobiT permis guberniidan; saqarTvelo-
Si moRvaweobda 1869 wlidan sicocxlis bolomde), Tbi-
lisis saolqo sasamarTlo palatis nafici veqili, 1873
wlidan _ advokati, Jurnal ìuridiCeskoe obozrenies~
(`Юридическое обозрение~. 1881-1886) redaqtor-gamomce-
meli, gazeT `novoe obozrenies~ (`Новое обозрение~; 1884-
1906) damaarsebeli da redaqtor-gamomcemeli (1884-
1887). gardaicvala manglisSi, dakrZales amaRlebis
eklesiis (sololaki) galavanSi _ 311, 320, 395
stefanoz erismTavari _ qarTlis erismTavrebidan ram-
denime stefanozia cnobili: stefanoz I (daaxl. 590/591-
604/605) _ guaram kurapalatis Ze; stefanoz II (VII s. Sua
wlebi da II naxevari) _ daasrula mcxeTis jvris monas-
tris mSenebloba; stefanoz III (711-739) _ atenis sion-
is warweris mixedviT, `qarTuelTa da megrelTa eri-
sTavTerisTavTa ufali~; stefanoz IV (VIII s. 80-iani ww.) _
nerse erismTavris diswuli _ 188
stefansoni _ ebraeli swavluli _ 310
straboni (Zv. w. 64/63-ax. w. 23/24) _ Zveli berZeni istoriko-
si, geografi, mogzauri, avtori Txzulebebisa `saisto-
rio narkvevebi~ da `geografia~, romlebic warmoadgens
484
uZvirfases da sando wyaros antikuri xanis, maT Soris,
saqarTvelos (iberia, kolxeTi) istoriis, istoriuli
geografiis, eTnografiis Sesaswavlad _ 185
sudraki (Sudraka) _ Zveli indoeTis legenduri mefe,
dramaturgi, avtori sanskritze dawerili piesisa `vas-
antasena~ (`vasantazena~) _ 208
sulTanumiani iakob _ ix. Samir-aRa Samiriani
sumbaTaSvili (sumbaTovi) vasil _ nikoloz baraTaSvilis
siZe (sofio baraTaSvilis meuRle). generali. samsaxuri-
dan gasvlis Semdeg mSobliur qviSxeTSi cxovrobda _ 54
sundukiani (sundukianci) gabriel (1825-1912) _ somexi
dramaturgi da saxelmwifo moxele (namdvili samoqa-
laqo mrCeveli), daibada da cxovrobda TbilisSi, aqve
gardaicvala, dakrZalulia xojavanqis panTeonSi _ 270
scipioni (publius kornelius scipion afrikeli) (Zv. w.
235-Zv. w. 183) _ romaeli mxedarTmTavari, meore puni-
kuri omis (Zv. w. 218-Zv. w. 202) gmiri (204 w. 30-aTasiani
armiiT gaanadgura karTagenelTa da numidielTa jare-
bi, xolo 202 w. daamarcxa hanibali) _ 42
tabiZe nodar (1930-2016) _ mecnieri, literatori, ZiriT-

adad ikvlevda XIX s. qarTuli Jurnalistikis is-
toriis, agreTve, Jurnalistikis Teoriis sakiTxebs,
mniSvnelovani naSromebis avtori galaktionologiaSi
_ 271, 355, 362, 404
tat[iSvili] mar[iam] _ qviSxeTis scenismoyvareTa wris wev-
ri _ 57, 269
tat[iSvili] sof[io] _ qviSxeTis scenismoyvareTa wris wev-
ri _ 57, 269
titviniZe meri _ literaturaTmcodne, mTargmneli (m. de
unamuno, a. maCado, x. kortasari, l. pirandelo da sxv.)
_ 364, 404
tokarevi gabriel (1796-1854) _ mwerali (poeti, prozai-
kosi, dramaturgi), mkvlevari (istorikosi, eTnografi),
485
bibliografi; m. voroncovis mowveviT saqarTveloSi Cam-
ovida 1846 wels; Tbilisis sajaro biblioTekis pirve-
li direqtori; `kavkasiis muzeumis~ mdivani, didi amagi
dasdo TbilisSi wignis maRaziebis qselis Camoyalibebas;
ubeduri SemTxveviT gamowveul avadmyofobas emsxverpla
1854 wlis agvistoSi; dakrZalulia TbilisSi (savarau-
dod, qaSveTis wm. giorgis eklesiis galavanSi) _ 370
tolstoi lev (1828-1910) _ rusi mwerali, filosofiuri,
religiuri, literaturul-esTetikuri, publicisturi
Txzulebebis avtori _ 271
uTuraSvili ioseb (1915-1999) _ istorikosi, avtori mon-

ografiisa `dimitri yifiani~ (Tb.: 1989) _ 224, 232, 295,
332, 404
umikaSvili petre (1838-1904) _ mwerali, Jurnalisti,
folkloristi, pedagogi, gamomcemeli, Teatraluri
da sazogado moRvawe (fsevd.: ànCisxateli~, ànCisx-
atisubneli~, `m. petriZe~ da sxv.); d. guramiSvilis, s.-s.
orbelianis, al. WavWavaZis, gr. da vaxt. orbelianebis, n.
baraTaSvilisa da sxvaTa Txzulebebis gamomcemeli. da-
krZalulia didubis panTeonSi _ 281
uslari petre (1816-1875) _ rusi enaTmecnieri (ZiriTadad
ikvlevda kavkasiis xalxTa enebs), eTnografi, folk-
loristi, peterburgis mecnierebaTa akademiis wevr-ko-
respondenti, samxedro piri (general-maiori; `kavkasii-
sa~ da sxv. omebis monawile); 1864 w. erT-erTma pirvelma
gamoTqva mosazreba iberiul-kavkasiur enaTa naTesaobis
Sesaxeb _ 89-91
uflosi _ leonti mrovelis mixedviT, qarTvelTa erT-er-
Ti eTnarqi, mcxeTosis Ze _ 183, 186, 187
uSakovi dimitri (1873-1942) _ rusi enaTmecnieri, ssrk
mecnierebaTa akademiis wevr-korespondenti, misi saer-
To redaqciiT gamoica `rusuli enis ganmartebiTi le-
qsikonis~ oTxtomeuli (1935-1940 ww.) _ 311, 326, 404
486
f
favleniSvili iase _ borjomis diambegi (msajul-mosa-

marTle) m. voroncovis mmarTvelobis wlebSi (ìveria~,
1886, #21) _ 268
favleniSvili roman (romanoz, raman) (gard. 1877) _ rev-
olucioneri-xalxosani, swavlobda peterburgis sa-
medicino akademiaSi, romelic dapatimrebisa da avadmy-
ofobis gamo ar dausrulebia _ 55, 268
faresovi _ patroni saxlisa, romelSic erTxans `qSw-kg sa-
zogadoeba~ mdebareobda _ 305
farnavaz I (Zv. w. IV-III ss.) _ qarTlis (iberiis) pirveli mefe,
farnavazianTa dinastiis fuZemdebeli. tradiciis mixed-
viT, qarTuli damwerlobis SemomRebi (àman ganavrco
enaÁ qarTuli da arRara izraxeboda sxuaÁ enaÁ qarTlsa
Sina TÂnier qarTulisa, da aman Seqmna mwignobrobaÁ qar-
Tuli~ _ leonti mroveli) _ 84, 185, 187-189, 192, 193, 201,
204, 372, 374, 378, 379, 383, 404
farnajomi (farnajom nebroTiani) _ leonti mrovelis
mixedviT, qarTlis (iberiis) mefe (II s.) _ 374
farsman VI _ iberiis mefe (daaxl. VI s. 30-ian ww.). `qarTlis
cxovrebis~ (juanSeri) mixedviT, farsmani iyo qarTlis
ocdameCvidmete mefe da misi mmarTvelobis periodis
RirsSesaniSnavi movlena iyo asurel mamaTa gamoCena
saqarTveloSi (`farsmanis-ze movida iovane Sua-mdinar-
iT, romelsa ewoda zedazadneli, ganmanaTlebeli qar-
Tlisa da ganwmendeli sjulisa, maSenebeli eklesiaTa,
romelman qmna saswaulebi da niSebi mravali, man da mowa-
feTa misTa...~) _ 194
fedra (pers.) _ 134
feie (felieti; Фelieti) oktav (1821-1890) _ JorJ sandis sk-
olis frangi mwerali (prozaikosi, dramaturgi), frangu-
li akademiis wevri (1862 wlidan). dim. yifianma franguli
enidan Targmna da 1860 wels `baqar qarTlelis~ fsevdonim-
iT gamoaqveyna o. feies mier 1858 wels gamocemuli `romani
Raribis ymawvili-kacisa~ _ 223, 224, 404; ix. agreTve: feie
(felieti; Фelieti) oktav, Фёйе (Фёлье), Фeuillet
487
feria _ miTologiuri personaJi, silamaziT gamorCeu-
li zebunebrivi ymawvili qali (zogjer _ frTosani),
romelsac aqvs grZneulis Tvisebebi _ 193
feSangi (feSangi faSvibertyaZe; ferSangovi; namdvili
gvari _ xiTariSvili) _ XVII s. poeti, mefeTa (arCil II,
vaxtang V Sahnavazi) mdivan-mwignobari, avtori saisto-
rio poemisa `Sahnavaziani~. masve gauleqsavs sparsuli
sagmiro-samijnuro romani `firmaliani~ (feSangis es
ukanaskneli Txzuleba dakargulad iTvleba) _ 205
fiola (fulie, furiki) _ ix. feie (felieti; Фelieti) ok-
tav
qavTaria grani _ istorikosi, avtori monografiuli naS-

romebisa `hanibali~ (Tb.: 1979), `Zmebi grakxusebi~ (Tb.:
1990), `farnavazi~(Tb.: 1999) da sxv. _ 379, 404
qarTlosi _ leonti mrovelis mixedviT, qarTvelTa eTnar-
qi, Targamosis Ze _ 183-185, 187, 211
qaji _ adamianis msgavsi, Tumca mis mimarT mtrulad gan-
wyobili zRapruli personaJi. gvxvdeba gamonaklise-
bi (gansakuTrebiT, wylis qajTa Soris), romlebic
mfarveloben adamianebs _ 193
qeTevan batoniSvili (1764-1840) _ erekle II-isa da darejan
dedoflis asuli, saxlTuxuces ivane (ioane) muxranba-
tonis meuRle, poeti. monawileobda 1804 w. mTianeTis
ajanyebaSi, ris gamoc daapatimres, Semdeg ki erTxans
SvilebiTurT ruseTSi iyo gadasaxlebuli. moRweulia
misi erTaderTi leqsi `hoi, viTar vsTqva gansakrTome-
li~, romelSic alegoriuli formiT gamoxatulia Wmun-
va samSoblos damxobis gamo. meuRlesTan erTad dakrZa-
lulia mcxeTaSi, sveticxovlis taZarSi _ 340
qeTevan dedofali (wm.) (gard. 1624) _ kaxeTis mefe daviT
I-is meuRle, aSoTan muxranbatonis asuli, Teimuraz
I-is deda. 1614 wlidan mZevlad imyofeboda Sah-abas I-is
karze; gamahmadianebaze uari Tqva da 1624 wlis seqtem-
488
berSi SirazSi mowamebrivad aResrula _ 197
qobalava izabela _ enaTmecnieri. Semdgeneli wignisa `qar-
Tuli ena. enciklopedia~ (Tb.: 2008) _ 395
qobulaSvili evgeni (geno) (1856-1915) _ kaxeli (kisisxeve-
li) Tavadi, al. orbelianis (1802-1869) SviliSvili, nino
elizbaris as. erisTavis (1860-1935 w. Semdeg) meuRle.
gardaicvala olTisSi, sadac omSi moqmed sanitarul
razmSi msaxurobda _ 349
qors. aleqs. _ qviSxeTis scenismoyvareTa wris wevri _ 56,
269
qorqaSvili levan (1801-1879 w. Semdeg) _ imereli memam-
ule, dimitri yifianTan daaxloebuli piri (xelnawer-
Ta erovnul centrSi, dim. yifianis arqivSi, daculia l.
qorqaSvilis piradi werilebi dim. yifianisadmi) _ 31
qriste _ ix. ieso qriste
qsnis erisTavi _ ix. erisTavebi
quTaTelaZe aristo (aristid) (1850-1912) _ pedagogi, mwer-
ali, publicisti, istorikosi, Teatraluri da sazoga-
do moRvawe; damTavrebuli hqonda peterburgis univer-
sitetis aRmosavlur enaTa fakulteti (1874). 1880 wels
muSaobda niko nikolaZis gazeT òbzoris~ redaqciaSi,
sxvadasxva wlebSi qarTul enasa da literaturas aswav-
lida gorisa (1880-1882) da xonis (1882-1883) saostato
seminariebSi, Tbilisis qarTul saTavadaznauro gim-
naziaSi (1885-1906); avtori saxelmZRvaneloebisa: `pir-
vel-dawyebiTi qarTuli gramatika~, `konspekti saqarT-
velos istoriidan~, `sazogado geografia~... sicocxlis
bolo wlebSi, mZimed daavadebuli, sacxovreblad gadav-
ida mSobliur xonSi da iqve gardaicvala _ 281
Radua ia _ mkvlevari, g. leoniZis saxelobis qarTuli

literaturis saxelmwifo muzeumis TanamSromeli _ 388
Rameri (gomeri) _ bibliuri noes SviliSvili, iafetis Ze,
mama kavkasielTa eTnarq Targamosisa _ 183
489
RvTismSobeli _ ix. mariam RvTismSobeli
Rlonti aleqsandre (1912-1999) _ enaTmecnieri, folklor-
isti, ikvlevda qarTuli enisa da misi dialeqtebis, le-
qsikologiis, onomastikis, folkloris sakiTxebs _ 409
RoRoberiZe nikoloz (1839-1911) _ sazogado moRvawe, pub-
licisti (fsevd. `rganeli~), gazeT `droebis~ daarse-
bis erT-erTi iniciatori, `qSw-kg sazogadoebis~ dam-
fuZnebeli wevri, qvelmoqmedi (WiaTuris Savi qvis
warmoebiT mopovebuli qonebis didi nawili anderZiT
qarTul saganmanaTleblo organizaciebs dautova) _
273, 334, 354, 389
RoRoberiZe simon (1842-1914) _ istorikosi, filologi,
pedagogi, publicisti (fsevd. `vakeli~), sazogado moR-
vawe, `qSw-kg sazogadoebis~ damfuZnebeli wevri _ 389
yauxCiSvili simon (1895-1981) _ literaturaTmcodne, is-

torikosi, saqarTvelos mecnierebaTa akademiis akade-
mikosi, saqarTveloSi klasikuri filologiis erT-er-
Ti damfuZnebeli, qarTuli bizantinologiuri skolis
damaarsebeli _ 394, 405
yaflaniSvilebi _ ix. orbelianebi
yvirilis-pireli _ fsevdonimi (Cveni monacemebiT, es fsev-
donimi gauxsnelia) _ 271, 406
yifiani barbare (varia, vara, varo) (1879-1965; T. papavas
cnobiT, varo [barbare] yifiani gardaicvala 1950 wels da
dakrZalulia monakoSi) _ mecnieri (fsiqofiziologi),
pedagogi, sazogado moRvawe, dim. yifianis SviliSvili
(nik. yifianis asuli); damTavrebuli hqonda briuselis
universitetis samedicino fakulteti; moRvaweobda
iqve, sadac, garda specialuri fsiqofiziologiuri dis-
ciplinebisa, kiTxulobda qarTuli sityvierebis kurss;
didi amagi dasdo evropaSi saqarTvelos istoriisa da
qarTuli kulturis popularizacias, 1910 w. briuselis
saerTaSoriso muzeumSi misi iniciativiT daarsda qar-
490
Tuli ganyofileba, iyo meurve salome dadianisa (1848-
1913) da miuratebis ojaxis qonebisa. italiaSi moRvawe
mixeil (miqel) TarxniSvilma (1897-1958) barbares inicia-
tiviTa da miuratebis mier naanderZevi saxsrebiT romSi
daaarsa qarTuli sasuliero da kulturul-saganmanaT-
leblo kera. 1910-ian ww. dabrunda samSobloSi, magram
saqarTvelos bolSevizaciis Semdeg axali xelisufleb-
isagan Seviwroebulma samudamod datova saqarTvelo da
briuselSi damkvidrda _ 347
yifiani daviT (1835-1892) _ iuristi, publicisti, pedagogi,
mwerali, gamomcemeli, sazogado moRvawe, dim. yifianis
Zmiswuli, i. WavWavaZis megobari (erTad swavlobdnen pe-
terburgis universitetSi), Tanamoazre da TanamSrome-
li (gansakuTrebuli amagi dasdo ilias `saqarTvelos
moambes~), TbilisSi vaJTa kerZo pansionis damaarsebeli
(1862), aqtiurad monawileobda `qSw-kg sazogadoebis~
dafuZnebaSi, qarTuli presis gavrcelebis organize-
baSi da sxv.; Tbilisis saTavadaznauro-saadgilmamulo
bankis zedamxedveli komitetis wevri, Tavmjdomare.
TanamSromlobda qarTul presasTan (`saqarTvelos moam-
be~, `droeba~, ìveria~), aqveynebda publicistur da
samecniero Txzulebebs (fsevd. `qarTleli~). Targmnili
aqvs u. Seqspiris, J. sandis nawarmoebebi. gardaicvala
qviSxeTSi, iqvea dakrZaluli _ 153, 154, 156, 157, 159, 162,
164, 323, 325, 326, 354, 357-361, 407
yifiani dimitri (1814-1887) _ sazogado moRvawe, mwerali,
publicisti, mkvlevari, Teatrali, 1832 wlis SeTqmuleb-
is monawile (gadaasaxles vologdaSi), `tfilisis kerZo
saamxanago biblioTekis~ (1842-1848) damaarsebeli, Tbi-
lisis saTavadaznauro-saadgilmamulo bankis daarse-
bis iniciatori, `qSw-kg sazogadoebis~ erT-erTi dam-
fuZnebeli da pirveli Tavmjdomare (1879-1882) da sxv.;
mokles gadasaxlebaSi (stavropolSi). dakrZalulia
mTawmindis panTeonSi _ 2, 3, 60, 70, 71, 127, 128, 219, 220,
222-240, 243, 244, 251-258, 261-265, 267, 269, 270, 273, 275-
284, 286-291, 293-296, 302-304, 306-313, 316, 319, 321-340,
342-344, 347-351, 354-355, 357-360, 362-367, 370, 375-380,
382, 384, 385, 390, 393, 395, 399-401, 403, 404, 406-413; ix.
agreTve: b. q., d. y., baqar qarTleli, erTi 126 SemdgenTa-
491
gani, Teimuraz vakeli, Teimurazi, myÂrala (qarTleli),
Кипиани Дмитрий
yifiani elene _ ix. lorTqifaniZe elene
yifiani konstantine (kote) (1849-1921) _ msaxiobi, Teat-
ris Teoretikosi, mwerali, publicisti, leqsikografi,
sazogado moRvawe, qarTuli realisturi samsaxiobo
skolis erT-erTi fuZemdebeli. misi, rogorc Teatris
Teoretikosis, naazrevi mniSvnelovani etapia qarTuli
Teatraluri azrovnebis istoriaSi. qarTul da rusul
presaSi (`droeba~, ìveria~, `faskunji~, `Temi~, `kav-
kazski vestnik~, `moskovskie vedomosti~...) aqveynebda
publicistur da kritikul-literaturul werilebs,
originalur da naTargmn mxatvrul nawarmoebebs, recen-
ziebs; iyo qarTvel samocianelTa sazogadoebriv-poli-
tikuri da kulturul-saganmanaTleblo Sexedulebebis
erTguli mimdevari da damcveli. dakrZalulia didubis
panTeonSi _ 268, 281, 342, 391, 398
yifiani levan (1863-1936) _ mwerali, publicisti, dim. yi-
fianis Zmis SviliSvili (daviT qaixosros Ze yifianis
Svili), swavlobda peterburgis universitetis iurid-
iul fakultetze, Tumca sruli kursis dasruleba ver
SeZlo _ ojaxur garemoebaTa gamo (mamis gardacvaleba,
usaxsroba) iZulebuli Seiqna naadrevad dabrunebuli-
yo samSobloSi. ZiriTadad TanamSromlobda rusul pre-
sasTan (`kavkaz~, `novoe obozrenie~, `kavkazski vestnik~,
`tiflisski listok~, `zakavkazskaia reC~, `bakinskie iz-
vestia~ da sxv., agreTve qarTuli `cnobis furceli~),
beWdavda leqsebs, moTxrobebs, Targmanebs, publicis-
tur Txzulebebs, literaturul da Teatralur re-
cenziebs... rusul enazeve aqvs gamoqveynebuli poeturi
(Думы и песни, СПб.: 1905) da prozauli (Сказки жизни, Тфл.:
1905) krebulebi. dakrZalulia TbilisSi, kukiis sasaf-
laoze _ 322, 323, 408
[yifiani] man[ana (?)] _ qviSxeTis scenismoyvareTa wris wev-
ri _ 56, 269
yifiani mariam (maSo) (gard. 1914) _ msaxiobi, dim. yifianis
naTesavi, daviT qarTveliSvilze gaTxovili. monawile-
obda scenismoyvareTa warmodgenebSi, 1879 w. ki axalSe-
qmnil qarTul mudmiv dasSi Cairicxa (ZiriTadad saxas-
492
iaTo rolebs asrulebda). monawileoba aqvs miRebuli
Seqspiris `venecieli vaWris~ 1878 wlis 3 aprilis dadg-
maSi (saqarTvelos matiane. ìveria~, 6.IV, 1878, #14) _ 56,
269
yifiani marine _ filologi, teqstologi, g. leoniZis sax-
elobis qarTuli literaturis muzeumis mecnieri Tan-
amSromeli, Semdgeneli wignebisa: a. wereTeli. saarqivo
gamocema (I-II. Tb.: 2010), razikaSvilebis mimowera (Tb.:
2011) da sxv. _ 388
yifiani nikoloz (niko) (1846-1905) _ kritikosi, publicis-
ti, mecnieri, memuaristi, gamomcemeli, veqili, politi-
kuri da sazogado moRvawe, SesamCnevi figura 1870-1880
ww. qarTul sazogadoebriv-kulturul cxovrebaSi, dim.
yifianis ufrosi Svili. 1890 w. sazRvargareT gaemgza-
vra samkurnalod da samudamod iq darCa _ cxovrob-
da safrangeTSi, italiaSi, SveicariaSi, sabolood ki
belgiaSi damkvidrda; iyo briuselisa da mosos uni-
versitetebis profesori, briuselis universitetSi
ganagebda rusuli sityvierebis kaTedras, iqve daaarsa
poliglotTa kaTedra. belgiaSi feministuri sazoga-
doebis damaarsebeli. miuxedavad ucxoobaSi yofnisa,
ar gauwyvetia kavSiri samSoblosTan _ qarTul Jur-
nal-gazeTebs ugzavnida korespondenciebs, statiebs,
mogonebebs. iyo qarTuli kulturis propagandisti
evropaSi. saqarTvelos istoriis, qarTuli litera-
turis, eTnografiis, folkloris sakiTxebze aqveynebda
naSromebs frangul, italiur, inglisur enebze. garda-
icvala briuselSi. iqvea dakrZaluli _ 57, 258, 268, 270,
273, 334, 338, 351, 395, 407
yifiani nino iagoris (giorgis) as. _ ix. WilaSvili-yifiani
nino
yifiani nino (nuca) nikolozis as. (1877-1921) _ dim. yi-
fianis SviliSvili, iuristi da politikuri moRvawe
(daaxloebuli iyo jer socialist-federalistebTan,
Semdeg _ erovnul-demokratebTan). damTavrebuli hqon-
da briuselis universitetis iuridiuli fakulteti.
aqtiurad monawileobda 900-iani ww. saqarTvelos gan-
maTavisuflebel moZraobaSi, risTvisac ramdenjerme
iyo dapatimrebuli. 1904 w. Jenevis interpartiuli kon-
493
ferenciis erT-erTi organizatori. gardaicvala qviSx-
eTSi tuberkulozisagan. dakrZalulia iqve, macxovris
aRdgomis dedaTa monastris ezoSi _ 347
yifSiZe grigol (giga) (1858-1921) _ mwerali, kritikosi,
Jurnalisti, bibliografi, pedagogi, Teatraluri da
sazogado moRvawe, `qSw-kg sazogadoebis~ saqmeTa mwar-
moebeli (1881-1885), gaz. ìveriis~ redaqtori (1903-
1905), i. WavWavaZis uaxloesi TanamSromeli da misi bi-
ografi; qarTul presaSi (`droeba~, ìveria~, ìmedi~,
`moambe~, `cnobis furceli~ da sxv.) aqveynebda publicis-
tur, kritikul-literaturul, samecniero werilebs,
Targmanebs (m. saltikov-SCedrini, a. dode, mopasani, h.
senkeviCi da sxv.; fsevd.: `g. y.~, `gr. y-Ze~, ùxucesi~ da
sxv.). meuRlesTan, msaxiob barbare korinTelTan, er-
Tad dakrZalulia qarelTan axlos, sof. saRolaSenis
RvTismSoblis miZinebis eklesiis galavanSi _ 94, 305
yifSiZe cisana _ literaturaTmcodne, teqstologi,
avtori naSromisa `kote mayaSvili~ (Tb.: 1983) _ 411-412
SavguliZe lamara _ literaturaTmcodne, teqstologi,

avtori naSromisa `mamia gurielis literaturuli mem-
kvidreoba~ (Tb.: 1984) _ 412
SavTeli _ ix. ioane SavTeli
SaviSvili Tedore (1890-1974) _ revoluciuri moZraobis
monawile (bolSeviki), partiuli funqcioneri, gamom-
cemloba `sabWoTa mwerlis~ mTavari redaqtori _ 325,
408
Samir-aRa Samiriani (iakob sulTanumiani) (1723-1797) _ in-
doeTis q. madrasSi mcxovrebi somexi didvaWari (misi
winapari Sah-abasis mier naxiWevanidan gadasaxlebul
tyveTa Soris iyo). indoeTSi bedis saZieblad wasulma
muSaoba TerZobiT daiwyo, Tumca Semdgom Tval-margal-
itis vaWrobiT uzarmazari qoneba daagrova _ 215, 385,
386
494
SaniZe akaki (1887-1987) _ enaTmecnieri (qarTveluri eneb-
is struqtura da istoria, qarTuli dialeqtologia,
teqstologia, epigrafika, folkloristika, rusTvel-
ologia, armenistika, albanologia...), saqarTvelos mec-
nierebaTa akademiis erT-erTi damfuZnebeli _ 390, 409
SaraSeniZe eTer _ literaturaTmcodne, teqstologi _
411
SaraZe guram (1940-2007) _ filologi, sazogado da poli-
tikuri moRvawe, iv. javaxiSvilis saxelobis Tbili-
sis saxelmwifo universitetSi qarTuli emigraciis
muzeumis damaarsebeli (1994) _ 271, 348, 350, 408
SarvaSiZe murzayan _ afxazeTis mTavar zegnay SarvaSiZis
(XVII s. II naxevari) SviliSvili, dRevandeli samurzaya-
nos mflobeli XVIII s. daaxloebiT I mesamedSi (samurzaya-
nos es saxeli swored murzayan SarvaSiZis saxelis mixed-
viT ewoda) _ 43, 255
Saroni lui _ TbilisSi mcxovrebi frangi mewarme _ 30
Sah abasi _ ix. abas I (Sah-abasi)
Sah-Tamazi _ ix. Tamaz I
Sah-ismail sofi _ ix. ismail I
Seningi a. _ saxelmwifo moxele _ 61
Seqspiri uiliam (1564-1616) _ ingliseli mwerali (poeti,
dramaturgi) da Teatraluri moRvawe. qarTul enaze Se-
qspiris pirveli Targmani ekuTvnis dim. yifians (`romeo
da julieta~, 1841 w.), pirveli gamoqveynebuli Targmani
_ lavrenti ardazians (`hamleti princi daniisa~, `ciska-
ri~, 1858, ##5-8) _ 57, 140, 340, 344, 347, 408, 409
SveliZe zaqaria (1923-1982) _ istorikosi, ZiriTadad ikv-
levda XIX-XX ss. saqarTvelos istoriasTan dakavSire-
bul problematikas _ 268, 409
Sigemuni _ budas saxeli zogierT xalxSi (monRolebi, ko-
reelebi...), igive sakiamuni (Sakiamuni), sidharTa gauta-
ma _ 193; ix. agreTve: buda
Sio (pers.) _ 56
SmuliCi Smul _ ebraeli swavluli _ 310
SoSiaSvili nodar (1924-1999) _ istorikosi. ZiriTadad
ikvlevda Sua saukuneebis saqarTvelos istoriasTan da-
kavSirebul problematikas (wyaroTmcodneoba, diplo-
matika, paleografia, rusTvelologia, qarTul-somxuri
495
urTierTobebi, qarTuli gvarebis istoria...) _ 405
Sudraka _ ix. sudraki
SCedrini _ ix. saltikov-SCedrini mixeil
CaxruxaZe _ XII-XIII ss. qarTveli poeti, romelic saxotbo

poema `Tamarianis~ avtorad miiCneva _ 174, 205-207
CerniSovi aleqsandre (1785-1857) _ grafi, general-adi-
utanti da kavaleriis generali, ruseTis imperiis
samxedro ministri (1832-1852; aqtiurad iyo CarTuli qa-
rTvelTa 1832 wlis SeTqmulebis gamoZiebaSi), ruseTis
saxelmwifo sabWos Tavmjdomare (1848 wlidan), `kavkasi-
is komitetis~ Tavmjdomare (1840-1856) _ 336
Cerqezosi _ 186
Cilaevi boris _ ix. WilaSvili (Cilaevi) boris
Cilaevi gabriel _ ix. WilaSvili (Cilaevi) gabriel
Cingiz-yaeni (Cingis-xani) (daaxl. 1155-1227) _ gaerTianebu-
li monRoluri saxelmwifos damaarsebeli. 1220-1221 ww.
misi laSqris erTi nawili jebesa da subudais meTauro-
biT samjer SeebrZola qarTvelebs, samjerve gamarjveba
moipova, Tumca saqarTveloSi fexis mokideba ar ucdia _
75, 88, 181, 195
Ciqobava arnold (1898-1985) _ enaTmecnieri, iberiul-ka-
vkasiuri enaTmecnierebis qarTuli skolis fuZemdebe-
li, akademikosi. misi saerTo redaqciiT gamoica `qarTu-
li enis ganmartebiTi leqsikoni~ (I-VIII. Tb.: 1950-1964) _
383, 384, 405, 409
Ciqovani giorgi (1841-1887) _ Jurnalisti, mTargmneli
(v. hiugo, n. gogoli da sxv.), sazogado moRvawe, i. Wav-
WavaZis `saqarTvelos moambis~ TanamSromeli, gaz. `tif-
liski vestnikis~ redaqtori (1880-1882) _ 280
CijavaZe niko _ imereli memamule; 1850 w. quTaisis mazra-
Si (sof. sebeka) moawyo abreSumsaxvevi fabrika, romlis
produqcia iyideboda rogorc adgilobriv, ise _ saz-
RvargareT; masve Tavis saCinos meurneobaSi mohyavda
496
bamba (1851 w. niko CijavaZis bambam londonis gamofenaze
qebis sigeli daimsaxura) _ 31
ColoyaSvilebi (ColayaSvilebi) _ Tavaduri gvareuloba.
georgievskis traqtatze darTul qarTl-kaxeTis Ta-
vadaznaurobis nusxaSi ColayaSvili kaxeTis TavadTa
nusxaSia Seyvanili _ 375
ColoyaSvili aleqsandre _ Tbilisis saTavadaznau-
ro-saadgilmamulo bankis Tanadireqtori (1870-1890-
iani ww.). sabanko politikaSi mxars uWerda i. WavWavaZes,
Tumca 900-ian wlebSi ilias opoziciaSi gadavida; `qSw-
kg sazogadoebis~ damfuZnebeli wevri _ 334
CubinaSvili (Cubinovi) daviT (1814-1891) _ enaTmecnieri,
literaturaTmcodne, istorikosi, leqsikografi, ga-
momcemeli, sazogado moRvawe, qarTuli kulturis popu-
larizatori ruseTsa da evropaSi, peterburgis univer-
sitetis profesori da qarTuli enisa da sityvierebis
kaTedris gamge (1855-1871). gardaicvala peterburgSi,
iqvea dakrZaluli _ 153, 154, 175, 266, 283, 307, 358, 360,
361, 367, 368, 409, 410
CubinaSvili nikoloz (niko) (1788-1845) _ leqsikografi,
mTargmneli, qarTuli siZveleebis mkvlevari. 1825-1837
ww. msaxurobda peterburgSi. 1845 w. imogzaura pal-
estinaSi (aRwera jvris monastris siZveleebi, `grigol
xanZTelis cxovrebis~ xelnaweri, gadmoiRo rusTvelis
portreti da sxv.). gardaicvala peterburgSi, iqve, smo-
lenskis sasaflaozea dakrZaluli _ 255, 266, 268, 306,
307, 311
CxeiZe rostom _ mwerali, literaturaTmcodne, folk-
loristi, kritikosi, Jurnalisti [Jurnalebis òmegasa~
(1999-2004) da `Cveni mwerlobis~ redaqtori], publicis-
ti, sazogado moRvawe (àleqsandre orbelianis sazog-
adoebis~ damfuZnebeli), ikvlevs sakiTxTa farTo wres,
maT Soris, XIX s. qarTuli literaturisa da sazogadoe-
brivi azris istorias _ 271, 409
Cxetia Salva (1899-1978) _ istorikosi, arqivmcodne, sa-
zogado moRvawe; didi amagi dasdo dim. yifianis cxovre-
bisa da moRvaweobis kvlevas _ 223, 227, 240, 243, 269, 287,
293, 307, 312, 313, 321, 322, 324, 328, 330, 334, 390, 409, 410
497
c
cagareli avqsenti (asiko) (1857-1902) _ mwerali (poeti,

dramaturgi), msaxiobi, publicisti, cnobili mecnieris,
al. cagarelis Zma, msaxiob nato gabunias meuRle, pop-
ularoba moupova piesebma `rac ginaxavs, veRar naxav~,
`xanuma~ da sxv. _ 282
caiSvili sargis (1929-1992) _ literaturaTmcodne, rusT-
velologi, ZiriTadad ikvlevda Zveli da XIX s. qarTuli
literaturis istoriasTan dakavSirebul problemati-
kas. saqarTvelos alpinistTa federaciis prezidenti.
dakrZalulia didubis panTeonSi _ 388
caiSvili solomon (1900-1957) _ literaturaTmcodne,
folkloristi. ikvlevda XIX s. qarTuli literaturis,
Jurnalistikisa da sazogadoebrivi azris istorias.
dakrZalulia didubis panTeonSi _ 271, 349, 399, 410
cicianovi pavle (1754-1806) _ infanteriis generali,
saqarTvelos mTavarmarTebeli 1802-1806 ww. [misi papa
_ paata (pavle) zazas Ze ciciSvili _ vaxtang VI-is ama-
lis wevri iyo, ase moxvda ruseTSi da iqve darCa samu-
damod; qarTuli warmoSobisa (daviTaSvilTa gvaridan)
iyo pavle cicianovis dedac _ elisabed davidova]. wina-
parTa samSobloSi Camosuli p. cicianovi energiulad
Seudga saqarTvelos rusifikacias: ruseTSi gadaasaxla
mariam dedofali, darejan dedofali, daviT, vaxtang,
farnaoz, iulon batoniSvilebi... sisxlSi CaaxSo 1804
wlis mTianeTis ajanyeba; amasTanave, garkveuli wesrigi
Seitana mmarTvelobis sistemaSi, gaiyvana an moawesriga
gzebi, daamyara safosto kavSirebi, aRadgina aRa-mahmad-
xanis Semosevis dros ganadgurebuli stamba, TbilisSi
daafuZna keTilSobilTa saswavlebeli da sxv.; miaRwia
STambeWdav samxedro warmatebebs _ daimorCila ganjis,
Saqis, yarabaRis, Sirvanis saxanoebi, Suragelis sasulT-
no... daiRupa 1806 wlis 8 Tebervals baqos misadgomebTan;
erTxans baqoSi, somxur eklesiaSi, iyo dakrZaluli; 1811
w. misi neSti TbilisSi Camoasvenes da gansakuTrebuli
pativiT dakrZales sionis taZarSi _ 74
498
ciciSvili (ciciSvilebi, cicianovebi) _ feodaluri sag-
vareulo qarTlSi, taoel fanaskertelTa Camomavlebi.
vaxuSti batoniSvilis mixedviT, `...mcxeTis dasavliT
da mtkvris samxriT [mkvidrobs] ciciSvili, romeli Zve-
ladve movida fanaskeTidam~. ioane batoniSvilis azriT,
àmaTni wina-parni arian uriastanidgan mosrulni... es-
eni movidnen daeSennen axalcixis nawilsa adgilsa Sina,
fanaskentad wodebuls~ _ 14, 43, 91
wereTeli akaki (1840-1915) _ mwerali (poeti, prozaiko-

si, dramaturgi, kritikosi, mTargmneli), Jurnalisti,
publicisti, Teatraluri da sazogado moRvawe, Jur-
nal àkakis Tviuri krebulisa~ (1897-1900) da gazeT `xu-
maras~ (1907) redaqtor-gamomcemeli, almanax `zurnas~
(1908) redaqtori, Jurnal `cecxlis~ (1907-1908) faqto-
brivi redaqtori _ 281, 331, 332, 411
wereTeli giorgi eqvTimes Ze (1842-1900) _ mwerali, Jur-
nalisti, publicisti, sazogado moRvawe, `Tergdaleul-
Ta~ Taobis TvalsaCino wevri, gazeT `droebis~ erT-erTi
damaarsebeli da pirveli redaqtori (1866-1869), `saso-
flo gazeTis~ redaqtor-gamomcemeli (1868; 1870-1873),
Jurnal `krebulis~ (1871-1873) oficialuri redaqtori,
gazeT `kvalis~ faqtobrivi xelmZRvaneli (1893-1897).
dakrZalulia didubis panTeonSi _ 281, 282
wereTeli giorgi vasilis Ze (1904-1973) _ aRmosavleT-
mcodne, enaTmecnieri, istorikosi, politikuri moR-
vawe (saqarTvelos erovnul-demokratiuli partiis
axalgazrduli organizaciis wevri), saqarTvelosa da
sabWoTa kavSiris mecnierebaTa akademiebis akademikosi;
aqtiurad monawileobda 1921-1924 ww. winaaRmdegobis
moZraobaSi, ris gamoc bolSevikuri xelisuflebis mier
ramdenjerme iyo dapatimrebuli. dakrZalulia iv. java-
xiSvilis saxelobis Tbilisis saxelmwifo universitet-
is panTeonSi _ 379
499
wereTeli simon _ samxedro piri (polkovniki) _ 91
wowelia vladimer (1912-1990) _ literaturaTmcodne,
damsaxurebuli biblioTekari, avtori naSromebisa:
`jaju jorjikia~ (Tb.: 1987), `qarTveli kavkasiologebi~
(Tb.: 1992) da sxv. _ 391
wulukiZe _ imereli Tavadi _ 120, 334
WavWavaZeebi _ Tavaduri gvareuloba. georgievskis

traqtatze darTul qarTl-kaxeTis Tavadaznaurobis
nusxaSi WavWavaZe kaxeTis TavadTa gvareulobaSia Sey-
vanili _ 47
WavWavaZe aleqsandre (1786-1846) _ poeti, mTargmneli,
ruseTis armiis general-leitenanti, 1804 w. mTianeTis
ajanyebisa da 1832 wlis SeTqmulebis aqtiuri monawile
(orjerve tambovSi gadaasaxles). dakrZalulia kaxeTis
SuamTis monasterSi _ 7, 74, 131-134, 205, 336-341, 399, 413
WavWavaZe garsevan (1757-1811) _ politikuri moRvawe,
diplomati, erekle II-is sruluflebiani warmomadgene-
li 1783 w. georgievskis traqtatis momzadebisa da
dadebisas, qarTl-kaxeTis sagangebo da sruluflebiani
elCi ruseTis saimperatoro karze (1784-1801), icavda
1783 w. traqtatiT gaTvaliswinebul damoukideblobas
qarTl-kaxeTis saSinao cxovrebaSi, risTvisac peter-
burgSi gadaasaxles. iqve gardaicvala da iqvea (aleqsan-
dre nevelis lavraSi) dakrZaluli _ 134, 340
WavWavaZe daviT (1818-1884) _ general-leitenanti da im-
peratoris fligel-adiutanti (1854 wlidan), aleqsan-
dre WavWavaZis vaJi, `kavkasiisa~ da ruseT-osmaleTis
1853-1856 ww. omebis monawile, dim. yifianis iniciativ-
iTa da xelmZRvanelobiT daarsebuli `tfilisis kerZo
biblioTekis~ (1842-1848) damfuZnebeli wevri. dakrZa-
lulia kaxeTis axal SuamTaSi _ 71, 135, 338-341
WavWavaZe ekaterine _ ix. ekaterine dadiani
WavWavaZe ilia (1837-1907) _ mwerali, Jurnalisti, pub-
500
licisti, bankiri, politikuri da sazogado moRvawe,
saqarTveloSi erovnuli mizandasaxulobis liber-
alur-demokratiuli ideologiis fuZemdebeli, period-
uli gamocemebis _ `saqarTvelos moambisa~ da ìveriis~
_ redaqtor-gamomcemeli, avtori `nacionaluri kon-
solidaciis~ koncefciisa, romlis mixedviTac, mxolod
konsolidirebul ers SeuZlia, erTi mxriv, tradiciebze
dafuZnebuli da individualizmiT aRbeWdili erovnuli
kulturis ganviTareba, xolo meore mxriv, axali ideebi-
sa da RirebulebebisaTvis gaxsnili, drois gamowvevebis
mimarT adekvaturi sazogadoebis Camoyalibeba _ 7, 66,
102, 105, 114, 120-123, 153-156, 220, 231, 280, 281, 284, 285,
289, 305, 313, 324, 325, 328, 330-334, 350-352, 354, 355, 358,
360, 361, 381, 388, 394, 395, 399, 404, 410, 411; ix. agreTve:
m. jimSeriZe
WavWavaZe nikoloz (1830-1903) _ iuristi. sxvadasxva
wlebSi msaxurobda mazris mosamarTled, Tbilisis
vice-gubernatorad (1865-1867); 1867 w. daniSnes Tbili-
sis saolqo sasamarTlos Tavmjdomared, xolo 1878 w. _
Tbilisis sasamarTlo palatis departamentis Tavmjdo-
mared. 1890-iani ww. dasasruls samsaxurs Tavi daaneba
da, rogorc kerZo pirma, moipova kaxeTis rkinigzis mSen-
eblobis ufleba, Tumca sikvdilma ar daacala ganzrax-
vis praqtikuli ganxorcieleba _ 251
WavWavaZe salome _ ix. orbeliani-WavWavaZe salome
WavWavaZe-griboedova nino (1812-1857) _ asuli al. WavWava-
Zisa da meuRle rusi mwerlisa da diplomatis al. gri-
boedovisa (jvari daiweres 1828 wlis 22 agvistos, Tbi-
lisSi, sionis taZarSi). TeiranSi diplomatiuri misiiT
mimavalma qmarma uTxra: `Tu sparseTSi movkvde, nu da-
toveben iq Cems Zvlebs; TbilisSi, mamadaviTis monas-
terSi, damkrZaleT~. ninom qmris es survili Seasrula,
griboedovi mamadaviTis eklesiis galavanSi damarxa da
saflavze Zeglic daudga; gardaicvala 1857 wels, Tbi-
lisSi, qoleriT. dakrZalulia mTawmindaze, meuRlis
gverdiT _ 133, 341, 388
WavWavaZe-nikolai sofio (1833-1862) _ al. WavWavaZis um-
crosi qaliSvili, baron al. nikolais meuRle [iqorwines
1850 w.; maTi qaliSvili mariam (maka) nikolai (1859-1919;
501
dakrZalulia qaSveTis eklesiis galavanSi) iyo meuRle
Tbilisis gubernator giorgi dimitris Ze SarvaSiZisa
(1847-1918)]. sofio gardaicvala kievSi. dakrZalulia
qmris mamulSi, q. viborgSi _ 233, 341
WilaSvili (Cilaevi, Ciliaevi) boris (babana) (1798-1850)
_ dim. yifianis meuRlis, nino WilaSvil-yifianis, biZa,
`kavkasiis omis~ monawile; 1839 wels daniSnes Tbilisis
policmaisterad. gardacvalebisas iyo War-belaqnis
samxedro olqisa da lekeTis sakordono xazis ufrosi
da hqonda general-maioris Cini. samxedro ganaTleba
hqonda miRebuli peterburgSi, sadac dekabristebTan
(gansakuTrebiT a. bestuJev-marlinskisTan) hqonda axlo
nacnoboba. icnobda agreTve a. puSkinsa da a. griboedovs.
peterburgSi yofnisas Tavis ZmebTan, iagor (giorgi) da
konstantine WilaSvilebTan (CiliaevebTan), erTad iyo
ruseTis istoriaSi cnobili mistikosisa da masonis, al.
labzinis (1766-1825), loJis wevri _ 231
WilaSvili (WilaZe, wyaroebSi gvxvdeba babanaSvilis
gvariTac) gabriel (glaxa) _ (1762-1818) _ dim. yifianis
meuRlis, nino WilaSvil-yifianis babua, vaxtang (al-
masxan) erekle II-is Ze batoniSvilis amilaxori. 1803 w.
Tan gahyva peterburgSi gadasaxlebul vaxtang (almasx-
an) batoniSvils da amis Semdeg periodulad Camodio-
da saqarTveloSi; monawileoba aqvs miRebuli rusebis
winaaRmdeg moZraobaSi, Tumca sabolood prorusuli
mimarTulebis politikur figurad iqca _ 408
WilaSvili-yifiani nino (1827-1902) _ dimitri yifianis
meuRle. gaizarda peterburgSi da iqve daamTavra smol-
nis keTilSobil qalTa instituti. kargad erkveoda
musikasa da literaturaSi. misi mogoneba n. baraTaSvil-
ze mniSvnelovani wyaroa poetis cxovrebis Sesaswavlad.
gardaicvala qviSxeTSi. dakrZalulia mTawmindaze,
meuRlis gverdiT _ 257, 258, 262
WilaZe varlam _ quTaiseli gamomcemeli da mestambe, `qSw-
kg sazogadoebis~ wevri _ 397
WiWinaZe aleqsi (1851-1917) _ pedagogi, Jurnalisti, mTarg-
mneli, Teatraluri da sazogado moRvawe. miRebuli
hqonda sauniversiteto iuridiuli ganaTleba (mosko-
vi); eweoda nayofier pedagogiur moRvaweobas; TanamS-
502
romlobda qarTul presasTan (`droeba~, `Sroma~, ìver-
ia~, `kvali~ da sxv.), aqveynebda publicistur werilebs,
Targmanebs (goeTe, gogoli, a. ostrovski da sxv.; fsevd.
à. W-Ze~). dakrZalulia imereTis sof. WolevSi _ 273, 334,
412
WiWinaZe daviT (gard. 1898) _ iuristi, gamomcemeli,
damaarsebeli gamomcemlobisa `Типография Д. В. Чичинадзе~
(peterburgi). gardaicvala peterburgSi, iqvea dakrZa-
luli _ 393
WiWinaZe zaqaria (1854-1931) _ mkvlevari (istorikosi,
filologi, folkloristi), Zveli qarTuli liter-
aturuli Zeglebis (àmirandarejaniani~, ioane batoniS-
vilis `kalmasoba~, Teimuraz I-is, d. guramiSvilis,
besikis, n. baraTaSvilis, gr. orbelianisa da sxv.) gamom-
cemeli, zepirsityvierebis nimuSTa Semkreb-gamomceme-
li, sazogado moRvawe; dakrZalulia mTawmindis panTe-
onSi _ 351, 362, 364, 412
WrelaSvili levan (gard. 2001) _ literaturaTmcodne,
teqstologi, araerTi naSromi miuZRvna qarTveli
klasikosebis (vaJa-fSavela, i. WavWavaZe, a. wereTeli)
TxzulebaTa atribuciasTan dakavSirebul sakiTxebs _
412
WumburiZe jumber (1921-2012) _ literaturaTmcodne,
ZiriTadad ikvlevda XIX saukunis qarTuli literatur-
isa da saliteraturo kritikis istorias _ 355, 356, 358,
361, 412
Wyonia ilia (1860-1927) _ mwerali, Jurnalisti, publicis-
ti, sazogado moRvawe, 1895-1898 ww. iyo gazeT `meurnes~
redaqtor-gamomcemeli, 1917 wels _ gazeT `simarT-
lis gzis~ redaqtor-gamomcemeli (i. sonRulaSvilTan
erTad); TanamSromlobda qarTul presasTan (`droe-
ba~, ìveria~, `mwyemsi~, `kvali~, `cnobis furceli~ da
sxv.), aqveynebda mxatvrul nawarmoebebs (poezia, pro-
za), publicistur werilebs, Targmanebs (a. puSkini, m.
lermontovi, h. haine, h. senkeviCi da sxv.), recenziebs,
zepirsityvierebis nimuSebs da sxv. (fsevd.: `T. magmaZe~,
èlaniZe~, `m-Ze~, ì-a i-Ze~ da sxv.); 1886 w. gamosca `qil-
ila da damana~. dakrZalulia didubis panTeonSi _ 298-
300, 412; ix agreTve: ჵ
503
x
xelaZe ioseb _ quTaiseli mestambe da gamomcemeli _ 343

xitrovi _ teqstis mixedviT, somexi mematiane _ 182
xomeriki nunu _ filologi, mTargmneli, avtori naSromi-
sa `dimitri yifianis literaturul samkvidroSi~ _ 343,
412
xosrov III kotaki (gard. 339) _ somexTa mefe (330-339) ar-
SakunianTa dinastiidan, qalaq dvinis damaarsebeli _
371
xudadovi nikoloz (1850-1907) _ eqimi, sazogado da poli-
tikuri moRvawe, qvelmoqmedi. damTavrebuli hqonda
peterburgis samxedro-samedicino akademia. Tbilisis
saqalaqo sabWos xmosani. TbilisSi gaaSena tyis masivi,
romelsac Semdeg `xudadovis tye~ ewoda. revoluciur
procesebSi monawileobisTvis mokles 1907 wels. da-
krZales Zveli veris somxur sasaflaoze _ 56, 57, 269
xundaZe simon (1897-1933) _ literaturaTmcodne, is-
torikosi, Jurnalisti, politikuri moRvawe (social-
ist-federalisti); ZiriTadad ikvlevda XIX s. qarTuli
sazogadoebrivi azris istorias _ 222-224, 232, 252, 253,
324, 328, 332, 400, 408, 412
xundaZe trofime (1889-1977) _ istorikosi, pedagogi, swav-
lobda moskovis universitetSi, saidanac revoluciur
moZraobaSi monawileobisTvis garicxes (daamTavra xark-
ovis universiteti), ikvlevda XIX s. da XX s. dasawyisis
qarTuli kulturis (ZiriTadad ganaTlebis) istorias _
298, 412
xuciSvili solomon (1908-1995) _ literaturaTmcodne,
sazogado moRvawe, XIX s. qarTuli literaturis, Jur-
nalistikis, sazogadoebrivi azris istoriis mkvlevari
_ 285, 400, 406, 408, 412
504
j
j. _ ix. julieta (pers.)

javaxiSvili ivane (1876-1940) _ istorikosi, sazogado
moRvawe, fuZemdebluri naSromebis avtori qarTvelo-
logiaSi, Tbilisis universitetis daarsebis sulisCam-
dgmeli (1918) da reqtori (1919-1926), saqarTvelos sais-
torio da saeTnografio sazogadoebis Tavmjdomare
(1921-1930) _ 377, 379, 412, 413
javaxosi _ leonti mrovelis mixedviT, qarTvelTa erT-er-
Ti eTnarqi, mcxeTosis Ze _ 183
janaSvili mose (1855-1934) _ istorikosi, enaTmecnieri,
literaturaTmcodne, leqsikografi, publicisti, ped-
agogi, folkloristi, saqarTvelos istoriis saxelmZ-
Rvanelos avtori, sazogado moRvawe. daibada da aRiz-
arda saingiloSi, sof. kaxSi. dakrZalulia didubis
panTeonSi _ 364
janeliZe dimitri (1906-1994) _ Teatrmcodne, pedagogi,
ikvlevda qarTuli Teatris istorias misi xalxuri sawy-
isebidan mokidebuli XX saukunis CaTvliT, k. marjaniSv-
ilis premiis laureati (1985) _ 281, 413
jimSeriZe _ ix. m. jimSeriZe
jini _ zebunebrivi Tvisebebis mqone personaJi islamur
folklorsa da miTologiaSi _ 193
jologua Tamaz _ XIX saukunis qarTuli literaturis, Ju-
rnalistikisa da sazogadoebrivi azris istoriis mkv-
levari _ 3, 4, 232 237, 238, 257, 288, 293, 294, 307, 308, 321,
338, 340, 342, 343, 351, 357, 359, 362, 367, 377, 390, 403, 405,
408, 413; ix. agreTve: T. j.
jorjaZe arCil (1872-1913) _ politikuri da sazogado
moRvawe, sociologi, publicisti (fsevd. `sabueli~),
`saqarTvelos socialist-federalistTa sarevolucio
partiis~ erT-erTi damfuZnebeli da misi faqtobrivi
meTauri, parizSi gamomavali qarTuli gazeTis, `saqarT-
velos~ (1903-1905), Tanaredaqtori (giorgi lasxiSvilsa
da Tedo saxokiasTan erTad), TvalsaCino figura qarTu-
li kulturis istoriaSi _ 263, 295, 332, 413
505
juanSeri _ qarTlis erismTavari (VIII s. II naxevari), Ze
arabTagan wamebuli arCil stefanozis Ze erismTavrisa
_ 188
julieta (pers.) _ 8, 140, 340, 344-346, 408, 409
haosi (haiosi, haiki) _ somexTa eTnarqi, Targamosis Ze _

183, 211
hafezi Sams al-din muhamad Sirazi (daaxl. 1320-1389) _
sparseli poeti, romlis Semoqmedeba sparsuli lirikis
mwvervalad iTvleba. dim. yifianis cnobiT, hafezis le-
qsebi qarTul enaze uTargmnia al. WavWavaZes _ 133, 339
herakle (herakle keisari) (575-641) _ bizantiis impera-
tori (610 wlidan), 627-628 ww. mokavSireebTan erTad
ramdenjerme dalaSqra qarTli, aiRo da moaoxra Tbi-
lisi, qarTlis erismTavroba aRudgina adarnases, ris
Semdegac qarTlSi (saerTod amierkavkasiaSi) bizantiis
xangrZlivi politikuri hegemonia damkvidrda _ 195
herosi _ leonti mrovelis mixedviT, qarTvelTa erT-erTi
eTnarqi, Targamosis Ze _ 183, 212
hiugo viqtor (1802-1885) _ frangi mwerali (poeti, pro-
zaikosi, dramaturgi). safrangeTis akademiis wevri _ 8,
133, 165, 339, 362, 363
ჵ
ჵ _ ilia Wyonias fsevdonimi _ 412
Авиафар (Авиафоар) _ 373; ix. agreTve: abiaTari

Адам _ 206; ix. agreTve: adami
Андрей Первозванный _ 236; ix. agreTve: andria pirvel-
wodebuli
Армаз _ 372; ix. agreTve: armazi (RvTaeba)
Афродита (Афродите) _ 372; ix. agreTve: afroditosi
506
Багратион-Мухранский И. К. _ 340; ix. agreTve: muxranbatoni
(bagrationi, bagration-muxraneli) ivane (ioane)
Бебуришвили Г. _ 388; ix. agreTve: beburiSvili giorgi
Берже А. П. _ 363, 364, 397; ix. agreTve: berJe adolf
Беридзе И. _ 388; ix. agreTve: beriZe ivane
Бобилев Ф. Ф. _ 389; ix. agreTve: bobilevi (bobiliovi) fed-
ot (fadei)
Брокгауз Ф. А. _ 389; ix. agreTve: brokhauzi fridrix ar-
nold
Вакурий _ 373; ix. agreTve: bakur I

Варшавский _ 337; ix. agreTve: paskeviCi ivane
Георгий XII (Георгий XIII) _ 393; ix. agreTve: giorgi XII (gior-
gi XIII)
Грачев _ 354; ix. agreTve: graCovi
Д. Ч. _ 367, 409; ix. agreTve: CubinaSvili (Cubinovi) daviT

Дубровин Н. Ф. _ 393; ix. agreTve: dubrovini nikoloz
Евлахов И. _ 393; ix. agreTve: evlaxovi (evlaxiSvili) ivane

Ефрон И. А. _ 389; ix. agreTve: efroni ilia
Жвания Л. _ 388; ix. agreTve: Jvania luka
Иисус Христос _ 375; ix. agreTve: ieso qriste

Иоселиани И. _ 396; ix. agreTve: ioseliani i.
Иоселиани П. И. _ 395; ix. agreTve: ioseliani p.
Каткова С. П. _ 396; ix. agreTve: katkova sofio

Катков М. Н. _ 312, 396; ix. agreTve: katkovi mixeil
Кипиани Д. И. _ 222, 230, 243, 277, 279, 293, 307, 308, 316, 328,
336, 342, 363, 366, 370, 376, 377, 396, 400, 401, 406-408; ix.
agreTve: yifiani dimitri
Кипиани Л. Д. _ 408; ix. agreTve: yifiani levan
507
Кобяков Д. А. _ 397; ix. agreTve: kobiakovi dimitri
Козловский К. П. _ 396; ix. agreTve: kozlovski k.
Константин Великий _ 371; ix. agreTve: konstantine I didi
Констанций Хлор _ 371; ix. agreTve: konstancius I qlorusi
Майсуров М. _ 397; ix. agreTve: maisurovi mixeil

Меликов С. Г. _ 407, 410; ix. agreTve: meliqiSvili stefane
Миллер А. К. _ 261; ix. agreTve: mileri aleqsandre
Мин Андрей _ 354; ix. agreTve: mini andrei
Митчель О. М. _ 350, 354; ix. agreTve: mitCeli (mitCelli)
ormsbi-maqnaiT, Mitchel Ormsby MacKnight
Николаи А. П. _ 400; ix. agreTve: nikolai aleqsandre

Николадзе Н. Я. _ 400; ix. agreTve: nikolaZe niko
Николай Яковлевич _ 278; ix. agreTve: Николадзе Н. Я.
Нина (св.) _ 237, 370, 372, 375; ix. agreTve: nino (wm.)
Пантюхов И. _ 402; ix. agreTve: pantiuxovi ivane

Паресов _ 305; ix. agreTve: faresovi
Платонов А. И. _ 402; ix. agreTve: platonovi aleqsandre
Рио-Нели _ 39, 40, 253; ix. agreTve: nikolaZe niko
Ситовский Н. П._ 403; ix. agreTve: sitovski nikoloz
Тамар (царица) _ 366; ix. agreTve: Tamari

Тамара (перс.) _ 369; ix. agreTve: Tamari (pers.)
Трдат (Тиридат) _ 375; ix. agreTve: Trdat III
Ушаков Д. Н. _ 404; ix. agreTve: uSakovi dimitri
Фёйе (Фёлье) _ 223; ix. agreTve: feie (felieti; Фelieti) ok-

tav, Фeuillet
Христос _ ix. Иисус Христос
508
Челокаевы _ 375; ix. agreTve: ColoyaSvilebi
Чикоани Г. А. _ 280; ix. agreTve: Ciqovani giorgi
Чичинадзе Д. В. _ 393; ix. agreTve: WiWinaZe daviT
Чубинов Д. И. _ 409; ix. agreTve: CubinaSvili (Cubinovi)
daviT
Эриванский _ 337; ix. agreTve: paskeviCi ivane
Brosset M-F _ 389, 395; ix. agreTve: brose mari-qsavie fe-

lisite
Mitchel Ormsby MacKnight _ 350; ix. agreTve: mitCeli (mit-
Celli) ormsbi-maqnaiT, Митчель О. М.
Фeuillet _ 223; ix. agreTve: feie (felieti; Фelieti) oktav,
Фёйе (Фёлье)
geografiul saxelTa
abaSeTi _ ix. eTiopia

abisinia _ ix. eTiopia
avlabari _ 26, 362
avstria (austria) _ 163, 345
avWala _ 185
azia _ 163, 385, 392
alazani _ 212, 214
aleqsandropoli _ 18
alupka _ 247
amerika (amerikis SeerTebuli Statebi) _ 24, 163
amerika (kontinenti) _ 138, 139, 343
amierkavkasia _ 25, 28, 39, 40, 43, 85, 87, 88, 132, 178, 223, 226,
229-232, 241, 245-250, 252, 262, 287, 368, 391; ix. agreTve:
kavkasia
anatolia _ 132, 215
antioqia _ 215
509
arabeTi _ 214
aragvi _ 13, 185
ararati _ 201, 378
araqsi _ 201, 211, 212, 378
arTvini _ 334
armazi (md.) _ 184
armazi (armazqalaqi, armazcixe, armaktika, armastisi, ar-
mozika) (qalaqi) _ 185, 372; ix. agreTve: Hamastis
arsi-siur-obi (arsio-siur-oberi) _ 338
artaani _ 277
artaSati _ 371
asureTi (asurastani) _ 181, 378, 379
austria _ ix. avstria
afrika _ 163
afxazeTi _ 43, 44, 213, 255
aSS _ ix. amerika (amerikis SeerTebuli Statebi)
awyuri _ 214
aWara _ 277
axali SuamTa _ 341
axalsenaki _ 79, 80, 81, 87, 290, 292, 296, 397; ix. agreTve: senaki
axalqalaqi (qarTlis) _ 349
axalqalaqiswyali _ 371
axalcixe _ 11, 18, 132, 184, 214, 337
baTumi _ 334
baiazeTi _ 88, 132
barda (bardavi) _ 186, 212
baqo _ 87, 299-301
baqtria _ 181
baSkadiklari _ 90
bebriscixe _ 176
belgia _ 25
berduji _ 211, 212
bizantia _ 214, 215, 374
borCalo _ 30, 211
brieni _ 338
briuseli _ 30
510
gaenaTi _ ix. gelaTi (gaenaTi)
ganja _ 214
gariyula _ 349
gelaTi (gaenaTi) _ 177, 376
georgia (giorgia) _ 394; ix. agreTve: saqarTvelo, iveria,
Грузия
georgievski _ 340, 404
germania _ 24, 25
gluki _ 185
gomori (gomora) _ 102, 104, 325
gori _ 27, 28, 30, 73, 107, 109, 184, 372, 388, 394
gulguli (guguli) _ 212
guria _ 31, 90, 91, 136, 213, 302
dariali _ 214
daRestani (daRistani) _ 87
debeda _ 211
dvini _ 371
duSeTi _ 107, 109
egri _ 186; ix. agreTve: samegrelo

evropa (evropia, ievropia) _ 25, 26, 133, 163, 165, 166, 251,
319, 337, 346
evfrati _ 201, 378
eTiopia (abaSeTi, abisinia) _ 215
elizavetpoli _ 46, 214
enguri _ 90
erevani _ 18, 132, 214, 337, 362
erzurumi _ 132, 337
efeso _ 371
vande (vandea) _ 363

vardcixe (varcixe) _ 175, 176, 367, 369, 397
varSava _ 132, 337
vaxanis qedi _ 214
vena _ 347
venecia _ 214, 345, 347
vere _ 194
verona _ 344-347
511
versgersi _ 338
volga _ 211, 212
zadeni (cixesimagre) _ 374

zestafoni _ 271, 404, 406
zugdidi _ 149, 302, 350, 407
Tbilisi _ 4, 11, 17, 25, 26, 30, 34, 40, 42, 45, 46, 63, 64, 67, 83,
87, 106, 107, 109, 110, 131, 135, 137, 168, 177, 184, 221, 224,
228, 232, 233, 235, 237, 239-241, 245, 246, 249-252, 254, 264,
268, 278, 279, 284, 285, 294, 304, 306, 323-325, 328, 333, 334,
338, 341, 349, 363, 364, 366, 370, 377, 385, 387, 388, 393, 413;
ix. agreTve: Tfilisi, tfilisi, Тифлис
Telavi _ 107, 333
Tergi (lomeki) _ 212, 213
TrialeTi _ 108, 330
TurqeTi _ 12, 132, 214; ix. agreTve: osmaleTi
TuSeTi _ 214
Tfilisi _ 61, 228, 276; ix. agreTve: Tbilisi, tfilisi,
Тифлис
TxoTis mTa _374, 375
ialbuzi _ 192
ievropia _ ix. evropa
ierusalimi _ 186
iveria _ 372, 380, 381, 394; ix. agreTve: saqarTvelo, geor-
gia (giorgia), Грузия
imereTi _ 31, 91, 120, 136, 213, 232, 285, 337, 369
imerxevi _ 277
inglisi _ 342
indoeTi _ 138, 200, 202, 215, 385, 386, 391
irlandia _ 24
italia _ 24, 345, 346
kavkasia _ 7, 12, 23, 34, 35, 43, 47, 50, 72, 78, 82, 85, 127, 167,
169, 200, 203, 210, 212, 213, 229-232, 234-237, 244, 245, 248,
249, 251, 253, 255-257, 260, 261, 276, 277, 281, 287, 294, 296,
297, 299, 312, 335, 336, 352, 353, 364, 372, 381, 392, 401, 406,
410, 411; ix. agreTve: amierkavkasia
512
kavkasioni _ 212, 213, 258
kazenskis-defile (?) _ 338
karlovi-vari (karlsbadi) _ 347
kaspi _ 349, 388
kaspiis zRva _ 212, 213, 374
kaspiispireTi _ 211
kaf-mTa (mTa kafi) _ 192
kaxeTi _ 12, 31, 92, 135, 174, 186, 213, 214, 224, 256, 285, 341,
342, 374, 377, 385
kievi _ 88
klarjeTi _ 212, 277
kola _ 277
korsika _ 382
kukia _ 364
kulaSi _ 274, 275
kuxeTi _ 186, 214
lazeTi (lazika) _ 184

lailaSi _ 65
laifcigi _ 338
lima _ 343
lixi _ 212, 213
lombardia _ 345
lomeki _ ix. Tergi (lomeki)
londoni _ 253
lore _ 386
loWini _ 64, 233
luvri _ 258
madrasi _ 215, 385, 386

mamadaviTi _ ix. mTawminda
mengrelia _ ix. samegrelo
mTawminda (mamadaviTi) _ 338, 398
mkvdari zRva _ 258, 261
movakani _ 186, 212
moskovi _ 20, 96, 229, 244, 287, 320, 341; ix. agreTve: Москва
mtkvari _ 26, 185, 211, 212, 228, 371
muxnari _ ix. muxrani (muxnari)
muxrani (muxnari) _ 374
513
muxrovani _ 375
mcxeTa _ 176, 177, 185-187, 375, 376, 388; ix agreTve: Мцхет
mwvaneyvavila _ 271
nabakevi _ 255
naqulbaqevi _ 185
nekresi (nelqari) _ 374
nelqari _ ix. nekresi (nelqari)
nesle _ 176, 369
ninevia _ 180
oTaraSeni _ 30
olTisi _ 277
oronti _ 201, 378
orpiri _ 65
oseTi _ ix. CrdiloeTi oseTi
osmaleTi _ 277, 342; ix. agreTve: TurqeTi
palestina _ 215, 311

parizi (pariJi) _ 132, 166, 257-259, 270, 337, 338, 347, 408
peru _ 343
peterburgi (peterburRi, sanqt-peterburgi, s.-peterbur-
gi) _ 69, 104, 127, 134, 181, 258, 264, 268-270, 283, 286, 287,
293, 308, 309, 312, 316, 327, 335, 336, 352, 354, 360, 363-366,
378; ix. agreTve: S. P., St. Petersburg
piza _ 214
po (md.) _ 345
poloneTi _ 250, 320
poltava _ 88
ponto _ 211, 214, 215
Jeneva _ 253
raini _ 25
rioni _ 248
romi _ 214, 374
ruseTi _ 11, 20, 21, 34, 45, 47, 70, 71, 74, 75, 88-91, 97, 98, 127,
134, 163, 180, 194, 195, 213, 214, 216, 227, 229, 237, 245-248,
250, 256, 258, 260-262, 266, 271, 277, 286, 287, 298, 317, 318,
514
320, 330, 337, 342, 360, 363, 377, 387, 399; ix. agreTve: Россия
saaTabago _ 184
saamilaxvro _ 43
sabaraTiano _ 43
saberio _ 255
saberZneTi _ 145, 368, 373
saburTalo _ 228
saerisTavo _ 43
saingilo _ 214, 235
samegrelo (mengrelia) _ 43, 44, 50, 51, 69-71, 90, 91, 127, 133,
136, 213, 255, 258-263, 283, 286-288, 296, 302, 327, 335, 389,
399, 407; ix. agreTe: egri
samurzayano _ 43, 44, 249, 255, 256, 402
sanqt-peterburgi (s.-peterburgi, peterburgi) _ ix. pe-
terburgi
sardi _ 200
sardinia _ 342
safrangeTi (francia) _ 24, 25, 165, 166, 259, 260, 337, 338, 342
saqarTvelo _ 8, 11-13, 15-17, 34, 35, 45, 47, 75, 78, 90-92, 97,
103, 108, 131, 133, 134, 136, 137, 145, 161, 163, 164, 174, 175,
177, 180-182, 184, 185, 187, 190, 193-195, 199, 208, 210, 212,
213, 222-225, 227, 231-233, 237, 243, 250, 251, 253, 256, 263,
264, 266, 273, 275, 277, 281, 284, 285, 288, 302, 313, 316, 317,
329, 335, 339-342, 345, 347, 349, 352, 353, 367-369, 373-375,
377, 383, 385, 387-389, 391, 394, 401, 402, 404, 409-413; ix.
agreTve: georgia (giorgia), iveria, Грузия
saqaSeTi _ 27, 28
saqsonia _ 337
sayaflaniSvilo _ 43
sayviris-gora _ 164, 355
saciciano _ 43
sena _ 369
senaki _ 73, 296; ix. agreTve: axalsenaki
svaneTi _ 213, 335, 389
sinopi _ 215
sioni _ 177, 341
siRnaRi _ 107
sodomi _ 102, 104, 325
515
solovecki _ 337
somxeTi (somxiTi) _ 132, 177, 214, 250, 362, 371; 379, 386; ix.
agreTve: haiastani
somxiTi (qarTlis provincia) _ 14, 31
soxumi _ 235, 302, 334
sparseTi _ 12, 92, 132, 177, 214, 382
speris zRva _ 212
stavropoli _ 366
surami _ 267
tao-klarjeTi _ 212
tvini _ ix. dvini
tigri _ 201, 378
tiroli _ 345
troa _ 208
tfilisi _ 7, 38, 52, 60, 114, 238, 239, 241, 242, 263, 264, 270,
275, 278, 296, 332, 334, 338, 347, 348, 353, 354, 385, 392, 410,
411, 414; ix. agreTve: Tbilisi, Tfilisi, Тифлис
tyviavi _ 268
uelsi _ 25
urbnisi _ 372
ufliscise (uflosiscixe) _ 186, 374
ujarma _ 375
francia _ ix. safrangeTi (francia)

frigia _ 181, 200
fSavi _ 214
qareli _ 388
qarTli (samefo, mxare) _ 31, 174, 184, 186, 188, 211, 213, 214,
224, 225, 256, 270, 285, 330, 342, 349, 370-382, 384, 385, 389,
391, 394, 405
qarTli (qalaqi) _ 184
qviSxeTi _ 7, 49, 54, 57, 62, 65, 71, 95, 101, 105, 113, 128, 166,
243, 258, 267, 268, 276, 282, 277, 303, 306, 308, 312, 321, 323,
324, 328, 331, 362
qvenatkoca _ 58, 139, 146, 267, 343, 347
qinZara _ 375
516
qsani _ 13
quTaisi _ 71-73, 76, 78, 80, 83, 85, 87, 92, 114, 117, 119, 125, 221,
249, 269-271, 273, 274, 287, 289-293, 295, 298, 300, 301, 330-
332, 333, 334, 394, 412
quruq-dara _ 90
Rados mTa _ 212, 213

RarTa (RarTiskari) _ 375
yazbegi _ 174
yarabaRi _ 214
yarsi _ 302
yvirila _ 301
yirimi _ 24, 301, 302, 342, 402
yubani _ 213
Savi zRva _ 174, 212, 213, 374

SaviszRvispireTi _ 43
SavSeTi _ 277
Seqi _ 214
Sveicaria _ 24
SuamTa _ ix. axali SuamTa
CineTi _ 24
Coloqi _ 90, 301
CrdiloeTi oseTi _ 235
cimbiri _ 228
cincinati _ 354
cxeniswyali _ 91
xazareTi _ 213
xaSuri _ 388
xevsureTi _ 214
xerTvisi _ 371
xunani _ 211, 212
javaxeTi _ 186, 371
517
haiastani _ 186; ix. agreTve: somxeTi
Ахалкалакская речка _ 371; ix. agreTve: axalqalaqiswyali

Вардцихе _ 397; ix. agreTve: vardcixe (varcixe)
Гарт _ 375; ix. agreTve: RarTa (RarTiskari)
Грузия _ 194, 222, 224, 227, 233, 237, 252, 253, 313, 370, 375-377,
393, 407; ix. agreTve: iveria, georgia (giorgia), saqarT-
velo
Европа _ 315; ix. agreTve: evropa
Заден _ 372; ix. agreTve: zadeni (RvTaeba)
Кавказ _ 234, 402; ix. agreTve: kavkasia
Каспи _ 374; ix. agreTve: kaspi
Каспиа _ 374; ix. agreTve: kaspiis zRva
Киндзара _ 375; ix. agreTve: qinZara
Мингрелия _ 335, 393; ix. agreTve: samegrelo
Москва _ 221, 415; ix. agreTve: moskovi
Мцхет _ 185; ix. agreTve: mcxeTa
Россия _ 236, 315, 393; ix. agreTve: ruseTi
Самурзакано _ 402; ix. agreTve: samurzayano
Санкт-Петербург _ 221, 415; ix. agreTve: peterburgi, S. P., St.
Petersburg
Сванетия _ 335; ix. agreTve: svaneTi
Твин _ 371; ix. agreTve: dvini
Тифлис _ 221, 305, 415; ix. agreTve: Tbilisi, Tfilisi, tfil-
isi
Уджарма (Уджармо) _ 375; ix. agreTve: ujarma
Цинциннати _ 354; ix. agreTve: cincinati
Géorgie _ 181, 182; ix. agreTve: saqarTvelo

Hamastis _ 185; ix. agreTve: armazi (armazcixe, armaktika, ar-
mastisi, armozika)
Nesle _ 369; ix. agreTve: nesle
S. P. _ 181, 378; ix. agreTve: peterburgi
St. Petersburg _ 221; ix. agreTve: S. P., peterburgi
518
sagamomcemlo jgufi:
ilia xelaia
519

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