საქართველოს პარლამენტის ეროვნული ბიბლიოთეკა

ეგნატე გაბლიანი

თბილისი
2018

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ქართული ეთნოგრაფიული
მემკვიდრეობა II

ეგნატე გაბლიანი
(1881-1937 წწ.)

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 საქართველოს პარლამენტის ეროვნული ბიბლიოთეკა 2016
წლიდან გამოსცემს სერიას „ქართული ეთნოგრაფიული
მემკვიდრეობა“. უკვე გამოცემულია პირველი წიგნი, რომელიც
მიეძღვნა ცნობილ სასულიერო მოღვაწესა და ეთნოგრაფს დეკანოზ
იოანე მარგიანს. მეორე წიგნში წარმოდგენილია ეროვნული
მოღვაწის, ეთნოგრაფის, არქეოგრაფის, მუზეუმთმცოდნისა და
პუბლიცისტის ეგნატე გაბლიანის მეცნიერული მემკვიდრეობა.
წინამდებარე გამოცემაში შესულია ეგნატე გაბლიანის სამი
მონოგრაფია და პრესაში დაბეჭდილი სტატიები და წერილები.
წიგნს ახლავს ეგნატე გაბლიანის ცხოვრებისა და მოღვაწეობის
ამსახველი პუბლიკაციები, მოგონებები და ეგნატე გაბლიანისადმი
მიძღვნილი კონფერენციების მოკლე ანგარიშები.

რედაქტორები: როზეტა გუჯეჯიანი

მირიან ხოსიტაშვილი

სარედაქციო კოლეგია: ელენე გაბლიანი, ზვიად კვიციანი, სოსო

კვიციანი, ნინო მინდაძე, ციალა ჩართოლანი, ქეთევან ხუციშვილი
(სარედაქციო კოლეგიის გამგე).

კონსულტანტები: ციური გაბლიანი, ივერი ჭელიძე, ლალი

გაბლიანი, ავთანდილ გაბლიანი.

©საქართველოს პარლამენტის ეროვნული ბიბლიოთეკა

ISBN 978-9941-9620-3-5
UDC(უაკ) 39(=353.1) +94 (479.222.3)
ქ-279

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რედაქტორებისაგან
საქართველოს პარლამენტის ეროვნულ ბიბლიოთეკაში
შექმნილია მეცნიერთაგან დაკომპლექტებული ჯგუფი, რომელიც
ამზადებს „ქართული ეთნოგრაფიული მემკვიდრეობის“
მრავალტომეულს. „ქართული ეთნოგრაფიული მემკვიდრეობის“
პირველი ტომი – „დეკანოზ იოანე მარგიანის ეთნოგრაფიული
მემკვიდრეობა“ – 2016 წელს გამოიცა. ამჯერად კი მკითხველ
საზოგადოებას წარვუდგენთ მეცნიერის (ეთნოგრაფის,
არქეოგრაფის), პუბლიცისტის, მესტიის მუზეუმის დამაარსებლის,
ეროვნულ-განმათავისუფლებელი მოძრაობის ერთ-ერთი
ხელმძღვანელის – ეგნატე გაბლიანის (1881-1937 წწ.) სამეცნიერო
შრომებსა და პუბლიცისტიკას.
2017 წელს რეპრესირებული მეცნიერის ეგნატე გაბლიანის
გარდაცვალებიდან 80 წელი შესრულდა. ეს თარიღი საქართველოს
ორმა დიდმა ინსტიტუციამ სამეცნიერო კონფერენციებით აღნიშნა
თბილისსა და ქუთაისში. 11-12 ნოემბერს ჩატარდა ქუთაისის ილია
ჭავჭავაძის სახელობის საჯარო ბიბლიოთეკის IX საერთაშორისო
სამეცნიერო კონფერენცია და იგი მიეძღვნა ქართველ საზოგადო
მოღვაწეს, ეთნოგრაფსა და პუბლიცისტს ეგნატე გაბლიანს.
21დეკემბერს კი ივანე ჯავახიშვილის სახელობის თბილისის
სახლმწიფო უნივერსიტეტში თსუ ეთნოლოგიის სასწავლო-
სამეცნიერო ინსტიტუტის ორგანიზებით შედგა ეგნატე გაბლიანის
ხსოვნისადმი მიძღვნილი სამეცნიერო სესია: „სვანეთი საუკუნეთა
მიჯნაზე“.
ეგნატე გაბლიანის წიგნები, გამოცემული 1927, 1929 და 1930
წლებში, უკვე ბიბლიოგრაფიულ იშვიათობადაა ქცეული. საბჭოთა
ხელისუფლებამ, ეგნატე გაბლიანის დაპატიმრებისა და დახვრეტის
შემდეგ, აკრძალა მეცნიერის სამივე წიგნი. წიგნების ეგზემპლართა
მხოლოდ მცირე ნაწილმა მოაღწია ჩვენს დრომდე და თვით საჯარო
ბიბლიოთეკაში დაცული ცალებიც კი კითხვისაგან გაცვეთილი და
დაზიანებულია.
სამეცნიერო და ფართო საზოგაოდებას დიდი ხანია სურდა,
მზის სინათლე ეხილა ეგნატე გაბლიანის წიგნების ახალ გამოცემას,
რის გამოც გადაწყდა, რომ „ქართული ეთნოგრაფიული
მემკვიდრეობის“ მეორე ტომი დათმობოდა რეპრესირებული
მეცნიერის შრომათა სრულ კრებულს.
სამუშაო ჯგუფის წევრებმა მოიძიეს ეგნატე გაბლიანის სამივე
წიგნის შედარებით უკეთ შემონახული ეგზემპლარები, პერიოდულ
გამოცემებში გაბნეული წერილები და სტატიები. საბოლოოდ

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მივიღეთ ვრცელტანიანი გამოცემა, რომელშიც შესულია ეგნატეს
სამივე მონოგრაფია და ქართულ პრესაში გამოქვეყნებული
წერილების ერთი ნაწილი. ამათგან რამდენიმე წერილი არის
სამეცნიერო მნიშვნელობისა, ნაწილი კი ავლენს იმდროინდელი
ეროვნულ-კულტურული პრობლემატიკის არსს, ხოლო ზოგიერთ
წერილში აღწერილია სვანეთში მიმდინარე პროცესები.
წიგნი ორ ნაწილად იყოფა: პირველ ნაწილში
გამოქვეყნებულია ეგნატე გაბლიანის ბიოგრაფიისა და ღვაწლის
ამსახველი პუბლიკაციები, მოგონებები, ხოლო მეორე ნაწილში
წარმოდგენილია ეგნატეს მონოგრაფიები და საგაზეთო წერილები.
წიგნზე მუშაობა გრძელდებოდა 2018 წლის განმავლობაში.
გამოცემის სტილის რედაქტორია თათია გიგანი.
წიგნზე მუშაობისას კონსულტაციებს გვიწევდნენ ეგნატე
გაბლიანის ახლო ნათესავები და ოჯახის მეგობრები: ქალბატონი
ციური გაბლიანი, ქალბატონი ლალი გაბლიანი, ბატონი ავთანდილ
გაბლიანი, ბატონი ივერი ჭელიძე.
წიგნის მომზადების დროს გამოიკვეთა პრობლემებიც: 1900-
იან წლებში გამოქვეყნებლ წერილებსა და 30-იან წლებში
გამოცემულ მონოგრაფიებში შეიმჩნეოდა კორექტურული
შეცდომები: ხშირად სიტყვებს აკლდა ასოები, სქოლიოს კი –
ნუმერაცია, სხვადასხვაგვარი იყო დამოწმებული წყაროს
მითითების წესი; ზოგან სიტყვები არ იკითხებოდა და ა. შ.
გადავწყვიტეთ, რომ ახლა გამოცემაში ცვლილებები არ შეგვეტანა
და პირველი გამოცემა უცვლელად გადმოგვეტანა, რადგან
კორექტურის გასწორება გამოიწვევდა ტექსტის აცდენას ძველ და
ახალ გამოცმებს შორის, რის გამოც შევიტანეთ მხოლოდ ერთი
შესწორება: გამოყენებული წყაროებისა და ლიტერატურის უკეთ
აღქმის გასაადვილებლად სქოლიოში დამოწმებული, ხშირად
არეული, ნუმერაცია გასწორდა და ყოველი თავის ბოლოში იქნა
დაბეჭდილი.
წიგნში შეტანილია ეგნატეს ორი ისეთი წერილიც,
რომელთაგანც ერთი ფსევდონიმით, ხოლო მეორე სხვისი გვარ-
სახელით არის გამოქვეყნებული. ორივე წერილი თავის
მონოგრაფიაში ეგნატეს საკუთარ წერილებად აქვს მოხსენიებული,
შესაბამისად, მოვიძიეთ ეს წერილები და წინამდებარე კრებულში
შევიტანეთ.
ეგნატემ რთული გზა განვლო, მას ხშირად სწამებდნენ ცილს,
მის შესახებ წერდნენ საჩივრებს. წიგნში შეტანილ ერთ წერილში
სწორედ ამგვარ ცილისწამებაზეა საუბარი და ეგნატე გაბლიანი

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აკადემიური ფორმით და კეთილგანწყობით ასაბუთებს თავის
სიმართლეს.
ვფიქრობთ, რომ ეგნატე გაბლიანის მეცნიერული
მემკვიდრეობის ცალკე მონოგრაფიად გამოცემას დიდი
მნიშვნელობა აქვს. წიგნი უკვე აღარ იქნება ბიბლიოგრაფიული
იშვიათობა და მივა დაინტერესებულ მკითხველთან. წიგნი
საყურადღებოა როგორც სპეციალისტების (ეთნოლოგი,
ისტორიკოსი, არქეოლოგი), ასევე, საზოგადოების ფართო
წრეებისათვის.
მადლიერნი ვართ ყველა იმ ადამიანისა, რომლებიც
ზრუნავდნენ ეგნატე გაბლიანის ცხოვრებისა და მოღვაწეობის
შესწავლისა და პოპულარიზებისათვის. ამ მხრივ დიდი წვლილი
მიუძღვით ქალბატონ ნესტან კირთაძეს, ბატონ ოთარ ჯანელიძეს,
ბატონ მიხეილ რეხვიაშვილს, ბატონ როსტომ ჩხეიძეს, ბატონ
ლევან ჯიქიას, ბატონ შოთა ჩართოლანს, ქალბატონ რუსუდან
დაუშვილს, ბატონ კარლო ქოჩქიანს, ქალბატონ პოლინა თოიძესა
და სხვებს.
ბატონი კარლო ქოჩქიანი თავის ერთ-ერთ ბოლო წერილში
გულისტკივილით მიმართავდა საზოგადოებას: „ეგნატე გაბლიანის
უკვდავსაყოფად ბევრი რამაა გასაკეთებელი და ეს უნდა ითავოს
ვინმემ. მართალია, მან თავისი საქმეებით, რაც სამშობლოსაგან
სიცოცხლეში არ დაუფასდა, თავისი სახელი უკვდავყო, მაგრამ
ჩვენ ეს არ გვათავისუფლებს მის მიმართ დიდი ყურადღებისაგან“.
ვწუხვართ, რომ ბატონი კარლო ვერ მოესწრო ამ გამოცემას.
„არ-დავიწყება მოყვრისა აროდეს გვიზამს ზიანსა“ – ეგნატე
გაბლიანის მოწამებრივი ცხოვრების გზა ზეციური საქართველოში
გრძელდება. მისი წიგნები კი კვლავ გავრცელდება აწ უკვე
თავისუფალ საქართველოში და შეასრულებს თავის ეროვნულ
მისიას.

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ეგნატე გაბლიანის ცხოვრებისა და მოღვაწეობის
ძირითადი ასპექტები

8
 როზეტა გუჯეჯიანი

ეგნატე გაბლიანი (1881-1937 წწ.)

მრავალფეროვანია ეგნატე გაბლიანის ეროვნული ღვაწლი და

მეცნიერული მემკვიდრეობა, მას მნიშვნელოვანი წვლილი აქვს
შეიტანილი ქართული კულტურიის განვითარებაში. ის გახლდათ
საქართველოს ეროვნულ-განმათავისუფლებელი მოძრაობის
თვალსაჩინო წარმომადგენელი, სვანეთის მასშტაბური
ანტიბოლშევიკური აჯანყებების (1921-1924 წწ.) ერთ-ერთი
ხელმძღვანელი; ეგნატეს სახელს უკავშირდება სვანეთის
სიძველეთა მოძიებისა და დაცვის ისტორია: ის არის ზემო
სვანეთის ისტორიულ-ეთნოგრაფიული მუზეუმის დამფუძნებელი
და სულისჩამდგმელი, შემკრები სამუზეუმო კოლექციებისა
(ქრისტიანული სიწმიდეები, ხელნაწერები, დგამ-ავეჯი, საბრძოლო
და შრომითი იარაღები, სხვადასხვა ინვენტარი...). ეგნატეს
ცხოვრების მნიშვნელოვანი ფურცელია მისი მონაწილეობა
ლენხერის საავტომობილო გზის გაყვანაში, მის გარჯას
უკავშირდება სამეგრელოსთან მაკავშირებელი ხიდის გადება და
სხვ.
ეგნატე გაბლიანი 1881 წელს დაიბადა გიორგი (გუტა)
გაბლიანის ოჯახში, მულახის თემის სოფელ ზარდლაშში.

ეგნატე სწავლობდა სანკტ-პეტერბურგის უნივერსიტეტის

აღმოსავლეთმცოდნეობის ფაკულტეტზე. მან მრავალმხრივი და
9
ფუნდამენტური განათლება მიიღო. გახლდათ სანკტ-პეტერბურგის
აკადემიის კორესპოდენტი, ქართველთა შორის წერა-კითხვის
გამავრცელებელი საზოგადოების წევრი.
საქართველოში დაბრუნების შემდეგ ეგნატე მუშაობდა
სხვადასხვა ადმინისტრაციულ თანამდებობაზე: მეფის რუსეთის
პერიოდშიც, საქართველოს პირველი რესპუბლიკის დროსაც და
საქართველოს გასაბჭოების შემდეგაც. ყოველ თანამდებობას ის
იყენებდა სვანეთის განვითარებისა და წინსვლისათვის.
ამავე დროს, ეგნატე აქტიურად თანმშრომლობდა ქართულ
ჟურნალ-გაზეთებთან და მკითხველს აცნობდა სვანეთის
ეთნოგრაფიას, არსებულ პრობლემებს, სიახლეებს.
ეგნატე იყო ერთ-ერთი მასპინძელი სვანეთით
დაინტერესებული მეცნიერებისა და მოგზაურებისა. თუკი ამ
წლების უცხოელ მოგზაურთა წერილებში ობიექტურად არის
აღწერილი სვანეთში შექმნილი დიდი ქართული ტრადიციული
კულტურის ესა თუ ის ელემენტი, წარმოჩენილია სვანეთის
მოსახლეობის სწრაფვა რუსეთის იმპერიისაგან გათავისუფლებისა-
კენ, ეს უთუოდ ეგნატე გაბლიანისა და სხვა ადგილობრივ
მოღვაწეთა (მამა გიორგი მარგიანი, დეკანოზი იოანე მარგიანი,
თავადი ლევან დადეშქელიანი, თავადი თათარყან დადეშქელიანი)
დამსახურების შედეგია.
ეგნატეს განუზომელი წვლილი მიუძღვის ქართულ ეროვნულ-
განმათავისუფლებელ მოძრაობაში, XIX საუკუნის მიწურულისა და
XX საუკუნის პირველი მეოთხედის სვანეთში მეწინავე ქართული
საზოგადოებრივი აზრისა და იდეალების ფორმირებაში.
საქართველოს პირველი რესპუბლიკის პერიოდში ეგნატე
გაბლიანი დიდ საზოგადოებრივ მოღვაწეობას ეწეოდა, ცდილობდა
სვანეთის ცხოვრების მოწესრიგებას ძველი ქართული სამართლის
ამოქმედებით, რომელიც ყველაზე ცოცხლად სვანეთშია
შემონახული ჩვეულებითი სამართლის სახით . 1

საქართველოს ბოლშევიკური ოკუპაციის შემდეგ (1921 წ.)

ეგნატე გაბლიანის ცხოვრებაში უმძიმესი პერიოდი დადგა. ეგნატემ
დაიწყო დაუცხრომელი ბრძოლა საბჭოთა ხელისუფლების
წინააღმდეგ. ცნობილია, რომ სვანეთის საზოგადოება არ ეპუებოდა

1
ეგნატე გაბლიანი, თავისუფალი სვანეთი, ტფ., 1927.
10
ბოლშევიკურ ოკუპაციას. 1921 წელს სვანეთი კარგა ხანს
უმკლავდებოდა რუსებს. საქართველოს თავისუფლებისათვის
მებრძოლმა სვანებმა ლენხერის გზაზე (მდინარე ენგურის ხეობა)
„წითლების“ დიდი რაზმი განაიარაღეს. სვანეთის წინააღმდეგობის
ამბავი ფართოდ გავრცელდა მთელ საქართველოში და
საზღვარგარეთაც: სვანეთის მოსახლეობის მძაფრი
წინააღმდეგობის ისტორია აისახა საქართველოს პატრიარქის
მემორანდუმშიც (გენუის კონფერენცია)2.
ეგნატე აქტიურად მონაწილეობდა 1924 წლის აჯანყებაშიც.
ბოლშევიკური ოკუპაციის პირველ ეტაპზე ეგნატე გაბლიანი
ცოცხალი გადარჩა, რადგან იმ დროს დამპყრობელს ჯერ კიდევ არ
ჰქონდა ფეხი მტკიცედ მოკიდებული სვანეთში, ეგნატე კი
გამორჩეულად უყვარდა მთელ სვანეთს და ხელისუფლებამ მისი
შემორიგება არჩია, თუმცა კი ზარდლაშში სახლი აუფეთქეს და
კარ-მიდამო გადაუწვეს.
1930-იანი წლების მეორე ნახევარში ეგნატე მესტიის რაიკომში
მუშაობდა. ამ წლებში მან ბევრი სასიკეთო სიახლე დანერგა ზემო
სვანეთში: მისი ინიციატივითა და მონაწილეობით გაყვანილ იქნა
ზუგდიდი-მესტიის პირველი სამანქანო გზა, რაშიც მას მხარში
ედგა მიშა პირველი. გაიდო სამეგრელოსთან მაკავშირებელი ხიდი
მდინარე მაგანაზე და სხვ.
ეგნატე გაბლიანი მუხლჩაუხრელად იღვწოდა ქართული
ეროვნული საგანძურის მოძიების, თავმოყრისა და გადარჩენისა-
თვის. მან საფუძველი ჩაუყარა მესტიის მხარეთმცოდნეობის
მუზეუმს3 (იგი დღეს ეროვნული მუზეუმის ნაწილია და ჰქვია
„სვანეთის მუზეუმი“), აქ დაუნჯებული უნიკალური საგანძურით.
„ამ მუზეუმის ისტორია 1936 წლიდან იწყება. მისი შექმნის
აუცილებლობის საკითხის დაყენება კულტურული
მემკვიდრეობის დაცვის და შესწავლის მიზნით ქართული
ჰუმანიტარული მეცნიერების ფუძემდებლთა და ადგილობრივ
მოღვაწეთა სახელს უკავშირდება. სეტის წმიდა გიორგის

2
ოთარ ჯანელიძე, ბოლშევიკური ოკუპაციის წინააღმდეგ სვანეთის
განმათავისუფლებელი ბრძოლის ისტორიიდან, – კრ., სვანეთი – ქართული
კულტურის სავანე, გამომცემლობა „ხვამლი“, თბ., 2008.
3
ციალა ჩართოლანი, სვანეთის ისტორიულ-ეთნოგრაფიული მუზეუმი,
„ხელოვნება“, თბ., 1986.გვ., 2.
11
სახელობის ეკლესიაში დაცული სიძველეების ბაზაზე შექმნილი
მუზეუმის დირექტორი ეგნატე გაბლიანი გახდა. მისი
ხელმძღვანელობით მუზეუმში სხვადასხვა გზით შემოსული
ნივთების საშუალებით კოლექცია ნელ-ნელა მდიდრდებოდა“4.

დეკანოზი იოანე მარგიანი და ეგნატე გაბლიანი

4
სვანეთის მუზეუმი, საქართველოს ეროვნული მუზეუმი, „სეზანი“,თბ., 2014.
12
ეგნატე გაბლიანი ინჟინერებთან ერთად

სეტის წმ. გიორგის ეკლესია.

წყარო: fb.com/svanetitravelguide

13
 სვანეთის მუზეუმი

ეგნატე გაბლიანმა მოიპოვა არქეოლოგიური გათხრების

ჩატარების უფლება, დაზვერვითი სამუშაოები შეასრულა
ჩუბეხევის, ლახამულისა და ჭუბერის ტერიტორიებზე5.
ამავე წლებში დაიწერა და გამოქვეყნდა ეგნატე გაბლიანის
სამი მონოგრაფია.
საგულისხმოა ერთი უცნაური, მაგრამ დიდებული ისტორია:
ეგნატეს უახლოესი მეგობარი ბოლშევიკი სილიბისტრო ნავერიანი
(1890-1937) გახლდათ. განსხვავებული და დაპირისპირებული
იდოლოგიის ეგნატესა და სილიბისტრო, წესით, სამკვდრო-
სასიცოცხლოდ უნდა გადჰკიდებოდნენ ერთმანეთს, ნაცვლად
ამისა მათმა მეგობრობა ყველა სიძნელეს გაუძლო. ის ურყევი
აღმოჩნდა: საქართველოს თავისუფლების მოტრფიალე ეგნატე და
ბოლშევიკი სილიბისტრო ერთად შრომობდნენ სვანეთის
განვითარებისათვის. სილიბისტრო მუდამ ცდილობდა ეგნატეს
დაცვას, საბოლოოდ კი ისიც დააპატიმრეს და დახვრიტეს.
სიცოცხლის ბოლო წელს ეგნატე მესტიის მუზეუმს ედგა
სათავეში.
რამდენიმეგზის რეპრესირებული ეგნატე (ის დაპატიმრებუ-
ლი იყო 1922 და 1924–1926 წლებში) ხელახლა დააპატიმრეს და

5
ჟურნალი ,,დროშა“, 1930 წლის № 18 გვ. 13-14; და №-19 გვ. 12-13.

14
დახვრიტეს 1937 წელს. რეპრესიების მთელი სიმძიმე იწვნია ეგნატე
გაბლიანის ოჯახმაც. საბჭოთა ხელისუფლებამ დააპატიმრა და
ხანგრძლივად გადაასახლა ეგნატე გაბლიანის მეუღლე, ცნობილი
პედაგოგი ვერა თევზაძე. მამის დახვრეტიდან ორი წლისთავზე
გარდაიცვალა ეგნატე გაბლიანის ქალიშვილი ეთერი.

სილიბისტრო ნავერიანი

15
ვერა თევზძე და ეგნატე გაბლიანი

ეთერ გაბლიანი

16
 გივი გაბლიანი

ეგნატეს მეორე შვილის გივი გაბლიანის (1915-2001 წწ.)

ცხოვრების გზა საქართველოს უახლესი ისტორიის განუყოფელი
ნაწილია. გივი იყო პროფესიით ექიმი იყო. ის ვერ ურიგდებოდა
ბოლშევიკურ რეჟიმს და ცდილობდა საქართველოს
გათავისუფლებას. სწორედ ამ მიზნით, გივი, მეორე მსოფლიო ომის
დროს ტყვედ ჩაბარდა გერმანულ მხარეს და დაუკავშირდა
ქართულ ემიგრაციას, ჩამოყალიბდა ეროვნულ-განმათავისუფლე-
ბელი მოძრაობის ერთ-ერთი თვალსაჩინო ფიგურად6.
ცნობილია, რომ გივი გაბლიანმა ომის წლებში დაღუპვას
გადაარჩინა მრავალი ქართველი და ებრაელი ტყვე. ომის შემდეგ
გივი ამერიკის მოქალაქე გახდა, თანამშრომლობდა ემიგრაციულ
გამოცემებთან. გივი გაბლიანის წვლილი ქართული ეროვნულ-
განმათავისუფლებელ მოძრაობაში ცალკე განხილვის თემაა.
სასიხარულოა, რომ ქართულ ენაზე გამოიცა მისი მოგონებები,

6
რუსუდან დაუშვილი, https://www.kvirispalitra.ge/history/8295-givi-gabliani-moghalate-
thu-gmiri.html?add=1&start=8
17
რითაც გივის სახელი ფართო საზოგადოებისათვის გახდა
ცნობილი7.
ეგნატესა და გივის სახელებს სასოებით ინახავდა სვანეთის
საზოგადოება. სვანეთს მთელი საბჭოთა ოკუპაციის პერიოდში
ახსოვდა ორივე მათგანი. ეგნატე რომ დახვრეტილი იყო, იცოდნენ,
გივის დაბრუნების იმედი კი მუდამ ჰქონდათ. გივის სახელი
ერთგვარ ლეგენდად იქცა, მასზე საუბრობდნენ ჩუმად, მაგრამ
დიდი სიამაყით.

გივი გაბლიანი

გივი გაბლიანი სიცოცხლის ბოლო წუთამდე ფიქრით და

ღვაწლით საქართველოსთან იყო დაკავშირებული. იგი
საქართველოს ხელახალ გათავისუფლებას მოესწრო და მასთან
ამერიკის შეერთებულ შტატებში სტუმრად ჩასულ ახლო ნათესავს,
ცნობილი მთამსვლელის, ილია გაბლიანის შვილს, ქალბატონ

7
გივი გაბლიანი, ჩემი მოგონებანი, თბილისი, 1998.
18
ციური გაბლიანს დაწვრილებით ესაუბრა საქართველოსა და
მშობლიური სვანეთის ყოფის ყოველი ნიუანსის შესახებ.

ილია გაბლიანი

ბატონი ივერი ჭელიძის დამსახურებით გაირკვა, რომ

თბილისში შემონახულია ქანდაკება, რომელიც მოქანდაკე შოთა
მიქატაძემ (1905-1979 წწ.) გივი გაბლიანის სახისა და აღნაგობის
მიხედვით გამოძერწა 1939 წელს. ეს ქანდაკება ცნობილია სახელით
„ალპინისტი“ და ამკობს კინოთეატრ „რუსთაველს“. ცნობილია,
რომ კინოთეატრის მშენებლობა დამთავრდა 1939 წელს
(არქიტექტორი ნ. სევეროვი). შენობას ვ. თოფურიძის
ნამუშევრებიც ამშვენებს. „ამ ფიგურების შექმნის დროს ავტორთა
წინაშე ფიზიკურად სრულყოფილი, ჰარმონიული და ძლიერი
აგებულების ადამიანთა გადმოცემის ამოცანა იდგა“, – წერს
ხელოვნებათმცოდნე ლელა შანიძე8. როგორც გივი გაბლიანის

8
ლელა შანიძე, ქართული საბჭოთა ქანდაკება, საქართველოს სსრ მეცნიერებათა
აკადემია, გ. ჩუბინაშვილის სახელობის ქართული ხლოვნების ისტორიის
ინსტიტუტი, „მეცნიერება“, თბ., 1975. გვ., 22.
19
თანმედროვე ტფილისელები იხსენებენ, გივი, მართლაც
გამორჩეული გარეგნობისა ყოფილა. გასაკვირია, რომ ეს ქანდაკება
გდაურჩა რეპრესიების მსახვრალ ხელს, როგორც ჩანს,
ხელისუფლებისათვის უცნობი დარჩა მენატურის ვინაობა.

შ. მიქატაძის სკულპტურა
„ალპინისტის ქანდაკება“ –„კინო რუსთაველი“
20
 ეგნატე გაბლიანი ყოველ დროში ფხიზლად ადევნებდა თვალს
ერის მაჯისცემას: ყოველ პრობლემას ეროვნული თვალთახედვით
სჭვრეტდა და მუდამ უპირისპირდებოდა ანტიქართულ
პროცესებს, თვით სახელმწიფო მოხელედ მუშაობის დროსაც კი.
განსაკუთრებით აღსანიშნავია ეგნატე გაბლიანის დიდი
წვლილი სვანეთის სკოლებში ქართული ენის სწავლების
შენარჩუნების საქმეში. ის ამხელდა რუსეთის იმპერიული
დაკვეთით შესრულებულ და სვანეთისათვის თავსმოხვეულ
სამეცნიერო „თეორიებს“ სვანებისა და სვანური კილოების
არაქართული წარმომავლობისა შესახებ9.
ცნობილია, რომ რუსეთის იმპერიის მესვეურებმა
რამდენჯერმე სცადეს საქართველოს ზოგიერთი ისტორიულ-
ეთნოგრაფიული მხარიდან (სამეგრელო, აფხაზეთი, სვანეთი)
ქართული ენის განდევნა, რაც მიზნად ისახავდა ამ მხარეებში
მცხოვრებ ქართველთა შორის ქართული ეროვნული იდენტობის
გაქრობას. რუსიფიკატორული საგანმანათლებლო პოლიტიკა
ხორციელდებოდა მთელი ოკუპაციის პერიოდის განმავლობაში.
დამპყრობლის მხრიდან დაგეგმილი ყოველი ამგვარი ქმედება
ქართველი საზოგადოების ბუნებრივ წინააღმდეგობას აწყდებოდა
და ამ საქმეში მნიშვნელოვან როლს სვანეთისა და სამეგრელოს
მოსახლეობა ასრულებდა.
ეგნატე გაბლიანი, სხვა ადგილობრივ მოღვაწეთა მხარდამხარ
(დეკანოზი ბესარიონ ნიჟარაძე, დეკანოზი იოანე მარგიანი, თავადი
ლევან დადეშქელიანი, თავადი ქაიხოსრო გელოვანი და სხვ.,),
ცდილობდა სვანეთის საგანმანათლებლო სივრცეში დედაენის
(ქართულის) სწავლების აღდგენასა და შენარჩუნებას. ეგნატე
ეხმაურებოდა ამ თემატიკას პერიოდული გამოცემების
ფურცლებზე.
მკითხველს შეუძლია გაეცნოს ეგნატე გაბლიანის შრომებს,
რომლებშიც ღრმა მეცნიერული არგუმენტაციით არის
დასაბუთებული სვანური კილოების ქართულობა და
გაკრიტიკებულია რუსეთის იმპერიის მიერ გამოგზავნილი

9
როზეტა გუჯეჯიანი, ეგნატე გაბლიანი, – ჟურნალი „ჯვარი ვაზისა“, 1-2, თბ.,
„საქართველოს საპატრიარქო“, 2011.

21
სახელმწიფო მოხელეებისა და მკვლევარ-მოგზაურების
(ბართლომეი, უსლარი, ტეპცოვი, სტოიანოვი...) არამეცნიერული
დებულებები. რამდენიმე ამონარიდი ეგნატე გაბლიანის
წერილებიდან: „მრავალი მეცნიერული საბუთი ნათლად ღაღადებს
სვანებისა და დანარჩენ მის მოძმე ქართველ ტომების ერთიანობაზე
და ნათესაობაზე. მაგრამ... ამ საკითხზე დღემდე გრძელდება
ბუნდოვანი აზრების გამოთქმა და ფაქტების დამახინჯება იმ
პირების მიერ, რომლებსაც საქართველოს წარსულზე თითქმის
არაფერი გაეგებოდათ და იგი... გამარუსებელი პოლიტიკის
ნაკარნახევათ უნდა ჩაითვალოს“. „ამჟამათ თამამად შეიძლება
ითქვას, რომ სვანური... უნდა წარმოადგენდეს უძველესი
ქართული ენის ნაშთს და დღესაც მის ერთ შტოთ უნდა
ჩაითვალოს“, „ის კი თამამად შეიძლება ითქვას, რომ სვანურში...
ბევრი ისეთი სიტყვები შემონახულა, რომლებიც ქართულ
ლიტერატურაში ერთ დროს ხმარებაში ყოფილან, მაგრამ შემდეგში
მას ეს სიტყვები დაუკარგავს და მარტო სვანურს შერჩენია
დღემდე“10. სვანეთის საზოგადოების პროტესტს, რომელიც მოჰყვა
ხელისუფლების მხრიდან სკოლებში მხოლოდ რუსული ენის
დამკვიდრების ცდას, ეგნატე შემდეგნაირად აღწერს: „სვანებმა
ერთი ალიაქოთი მოახდინეს, „არ გვინდა ჩვენ რუსული პრაშნი-
პრუშნიო“, ჩვენ მამა-პაპურად და ძველებურად გვინდა
ვიცხოვროთო“11. ეგნატე გაბლიანი აქვეყნებს ლექსიკონსაც,
რომელშიც საერთოქართული ლექსიკური ერთეულებია
დაფიქსირებული12. რასაკვირველია, დღევანდელი ლინგვისტიკის
გადმოსახედიდან ეგნატე გაბლიანისეული მსჯელობა ამა თუ იმ
სიტყვის ეტიმოლოგიასთან დაკავშირებით, ერთგვარად
გულუბრყვილოდაც მოჩანს, მაგრამ აქ მნიშვნელოვანია მისი
სულისკვეთება – გამოავლინოს სვანურის ქართულობა და სვანის
ეროვნული (ქართული) იდენტობის საყრდენად დედაენის -
სამწიგნობრო ქართულის – არსებობა.
ეგნატე გაბლიანის უმთავრესი მეცნიერული კვლევები
საქართველოს ეთნოლოგიის შესწავლისაკენ იყო მიმართული. ის

10
ეგნატე გაბლიანი, ძველი და ახალი სვანეთი, ტფ., 1925.
11
ეგნატე გაბლიანი, ზემო სვანეთი, – გაზ. „ივერია“, 16 აპრილი, #82, 1903 წ.
12
ეგნატე გაბლიანი, ძველი და ახალი სვანეთი, ტფ., 1925.
22
ქართული ეთნოლოგიური სკოლის პირველი თაობის
წარმომადგენელია. პრესაში გაბნეულ მის წერილებში აღწერილია
სვანეთის ყოფისა და კულტურის ესა თუ ის ელემენტი.
მოთხრობილია კონკრეტული ფაქტები, მიმდინარე ამბები,
წამოჭრილია საჭირბოროტო პრობლემები. განსაკუთრებული
მნიშვნელობისა კი ეგნატეს ორი სამეცნიერო მონოგრაფია: 1925
წელს გამოცემული „ძველი და ახალი სვანეთი“ და 1927 წელს
დაბეჭდილი „თავისუფალი სვანეთი“. 1930 წელს გამოქვეყნდა
მცირე ფორმატის წიგნი „ჯიხვი სვანეთის მთებში“. ეს
მონოგრაფიები დღემდე ძვირფას წყაროდ რჩება სვანეთის
წარსულით, ყოფითა და კულტურით დაინტერესებული
მკვლევარებისათვის. რასაკვირველია, სამეცნიერო ნაშორმებს
ეტყობა ცენზურის მძიმე კვალი, მაგრამ სტრიქონებს შორის
იძულებით ჩაწერილი ხელოვნური ფრაზების მიღმა მოჩანს
ავტორის უდიდესი ერუდიცია და მეცნიერული ანალიზის უნარი.
ეგნატე გაბლიანის კვლევის თეორიული ამოსავალი და
მეთოდოლოგია მომდინარეობდა იმ დროს მთელ მსოფლიოში
გაბატონებული ისტორიულ-შედარებითი სკოლის
გამოცდილებიდან, რაც მკვლევარს ზოგჯერ არსებული
სამეცნიერო დოგმების ტყვედ აქცევს, მაგრამ ასეთ შემთხვევაშიც კი
ეთოგრაფიული მასალა სანდოა და ძვირფასი წყაროა
ტრადიციული ყოფისა და კულტურის რეკონსტრუირებისათვის.
ეგნატეს მონოგრაფიებში წარმოდგენილია სვანეთის
ისტორიის საკვანძო პრობლემები, განხილულია საისტორიო
წყაროები და არქეოლოგიური არტეფაქტები. წარმოჩენილია
სვანეთის როლი საქართველოს ისტორიაში. შესწავლილია შემდეგი
მნიშვნელოვანი თემები: სვანეთის ისტორია, სვანეთის
მატერიალური კულტურის ძეგლები, სვანეთის ეთნოგრაფია.
მეტად საყურადღებოა ეგნატეს მიერ შეკრებილი მასალა სვანეთის
საეკლესიო საგანძურის (ეკლესიების, ჯვარ-ხატების, წარწერების),
საეკლესიო დღეობებისა და რიტუალების, სვანეთის ჩვეულებითი
სამართლის (ქალთა ქონებრივი უფლებების, ქორწინების,
განქორწინების, სამედიატორო სასამართლოს), სვანების საოჯახო
ყოფის და სხვა ეთნოგრაფიული თემების შესახებ. მეცნიერს
შესწავლილი აქვს სვანური ფოლკლორი: ლეგენდები,
გადმოცემები, არაკები, ზღაპრები, ლექსები, ფერხულები. ეგნატე
23
გაბლიანი მასალის შეკრებასთან ერთად, ახდენს ინფორმაციის
დაჯგუფებას, ანალიზს, გვაწვდის არგუმენტირებულ დასკვნებს.
ზოგიერთი ეთნოგრაფიული ფაქტი მხოლოდ ეგნატე გაბლიანის
წიგნებით შემოგვენახა, რადგან ის თავად იყო მასალის შემკრები და
ამა თუ იმ კონკრეტული ამბის, სამართლებრივი დავის, რიტუალის
მონაწილე, ზოგჯერ ორგანიზატორიც. ამასთანავე, უნდა ითქვას,
რომ ეგნატე გაბლიანის მონოგრაფიები არ არის მხოლოდ წმინდა
ეთნოგრაფიული კვლევები. მეცნიერი ყოველ საკითხს განიხილავს
კომპლექსურად, ისტორიულ-არქეოლოგიურ და ლინგვისტურ
მონაცემთა საფუძველზე. მონაცემებს აანალიზებს ისტორიული
განვითარების დინამიკის კონტექსტში. ამიტომ ეგნატე გაბლიანი
უნდა მივიჩნიოთ ისტორიული ეთნოლოგიის ერთ-ერთ
ჩამომყალიბებლად საქართველოში.
ეგნატეს დახვრეტის შემდეგ აიკრძალა მისი წიგნებიც.
წიგნების დიდი ნაწილი გაანადგურეს. ბიბლიოთეკებში არსებული
ეგზემპლარები კი საიდუმლო ფონდებს გადასცეს. გავიდა
ათწლეულები, ვიდრე მკითხველებს ამ წიგნების თავიდან
გაცნობის შესაძლებლობა მიეცემოდათ. სწორედ ამ მიზეზით
აიხსნება ის გარემოება, რომ ადრეული პერიოდის ქართველი
საბჭოთა ეთნოგრაფები არ იმოწმებენ და არ იხსენიებენ ეგნატე
გაბლიანის მეცნიერულ მემკვიდრეობას.
ბუნებრივია, რომ ეგნატე გაბლიანის მრავალმხრივი
მოღვაწეობა, მისი ნაშრომ-ნააზრევის არაერთი ასპექტი კიდევ
დიდხანს იქნება მეცნიერების სხვადასხვა დარგის
წარმომადგენლების კვლევისა და ანალიზის საგანი.
ეგნატე გაბლიანის სახელის უკვდავყოფის მიზნით
საქართველოს სამეცნიერო საზოგადოებას სასურველად მიაჩნია,
მესტიაში არსებულ სვანეთის მუზეუმს ეწოდოს მისი
დამაარსებლისა და კოლექციების დიდი ნაწილის შემკრების,
არქეოგრაფი და ეთნოლოგის ეგნატე გაბლიანის სახელი.

24
 Š„…€Œ ›ˆ“ˆ€

„‚Œ€¢„ ‚€Šˆ€Œˆ ƒ€ 1924 ¡Šˆ €Œ¢ˆ€™‡€

„ …Œ‘Šˆ €›€Œ•„€ …€Œ„‡–ˆ

1921 ˄ʲʰʹ ʯʬʩʬʸʭʨʲ-ʳʨʸʺˀʰ ʹʨʩ˅ʵʯʨ ʸʻʹʬʯʳʨ

ʹʨʽʨʸʯʭʬʲʵʹ ʫʬʳʵʱʸʨʺʰʻʲʰ ʸʬʹʶʻʩʲʰʱʰʹ ʵʱʻʶʨ˂ʰʨ ʫʨ ʨʴʬʽʹʰʨ
ʪʨʴʨˆʵʸ˂ʰʬʲʨ. ʹʨʽʨʸʯʭʬʲʵˀʰ 1921 ˄ʲʰʫʨʴʭʬ ʹʺʨʸʺʹ ʰʾʬʩʹ
ʨʴʺʰʹʨʩ˅ʵʯʨ ʬʸʵʭʴʻʲʰ ʳʵ˃ʸʨʵʩʨ, ʸʵʳʬʲʰ˂ ʳʨʲʬʭʬ
ˀʬʰʨʸʨʾʬʩʻʲ ʨˇʨʴʿʬʩʨˀʰ ʪʨʫʨʰʮʨʸʫʨ. ʨˇʨʴʿʬʩʰʹ ʶʰʸʭʬʲ ʱʬʸʨʹ
ʹʭʨʴʬʯʰ ˄ʨʸʳʵʨʫʪʬʴʫʨ. ʹʭʨʴʬʯʰʹ ʨʴʺʰʹʨʩ˅ʵʯʨ ʬʸʵʭʴʻʲʰ
ʨˇʨʴʿʬʩʨ 1921 ˄ʲʰʹ 28 ʵʽʺʵʳʩʸʰʫʨʴ 1922 ˄ʲʰʹ ʳʨʰʹʨʳʫʬ
ʳʰʳʫʰʴʨʸʬʵʩʫʨ. ʨʳ ʶʬʸʰʵʫʰʹ ʪʨʴʳʨʭʲʵʩʨˀʰ ʹʭʨʴʬʯˀʰ ʹʨʩ˅ʵʯʨ
ˆʬʲʰʹʻʼʲʬʩʨ ʶʸʨʽʺʰʱʻʲʨʫ ʨʸ ʨʸʹʬʩʵʩʫʨ. ʯʻʳ˂ʨ,
ʲʵʱʨʲʻʸʵʩʰʹ ʪʨʳʵ ʹʭʨʴʬʯʰʹ ʨˇʨʴʿʬʩʨ ʳʨʸ˂ˆʰʯ ʫʨʳʯʨʭʸʫʨ.
1922 ˄ʲʰʹ ʨʪʭʰʹʺʵˀʰ ʹʨʽʨʸʯʭʬʲʵʹ ˄ʨʳʿʭʨʴʳʨ ˆʻʯʳʨ
ʶʵʲʰʺʰʱʻʸʳʨ ʶʨʸʺʰʨʳ ʹʨʼʻ˃ʭʬʲʰ ˁʨʻʿʨʸʨ ʰʴʺʬʸʶʨʸʺʰʻʲ
ʵʸʪʨʴʵʹ Äʹʨʽʨʸʯʭʬʲʵʹ ʫʨʳʵʻʱʰʫʬʩʲʵʩʰʹ ʱʵʳʰʺʬʺʹ³
Äʫʨʳʱʵʳʹ³ ʸʵʳʲʰʹ ʳʰʮʨʴʰ ʹʨʽʨʸʯʭʬʲʵʹ ʹʨˆʬʲʳ˄ʰʼʵʬʩʸʰʭʰ
ʫʨʳʵʻʱʰʫʬʩʲʵʩʰʹ ʨʾʫʪʬʴʨ ʰʿʵ. ʫʨʳʱʵʳʰ ʹʭʨʴʬʯʹ
ʪʨʴʹʨʱʻʯʸʬʩʻʲ ʿʻʸʨʫʾʬʩʨʹ ʨʽ˂ʬʭʫʨ, ʹʨʫʨ˂ ʨʴʺʰʹʨʩ˅ʵʯʨ ʳʻˆʺʰ
ʳʻʫʳʰʭʨʫ ʨʸʹʬʩʵʩʫʨ13.
ʹʨʩ˅ʵʯʨ ˆʬʲʰʹʻʼʲʬʩʨ ʰʴʼʵʸʳʨʺʵʸʬʩʰʹ ʳʬˀʭʬʵʩʰʯ
ʳʻʫʳʰʭʨʫ ʾʬʩʻʲʵʩʫʨ ʰʴʼʵʸʳʨ˂ʰʨʹ ʨʳʨ ʯʻ ʰʳ ʸʬʪʰʵʴˀʰ ʫʨ ʳʨʯ
ˀʵʸʰʹ ʹʭʨʴʬʯˀʰ ʨʸʹʬʩʻʲʰ ʶʵʲʰʺʰʱʻʸʰ ʪʨʴ˄ʿʵʩʰʹ ˀʬʹʨˆʬʩ.
ʳʰʾʬʩʻʲʰ ʰʴʼʵʸʳʨ˂ʰʬʩʰʫʨʴ ʰʸʱʭʬʵʫʨ, ʸʵʳ ʹʭʨʴʬʯˀʰ
ʪʨʴʹʨʱʻʯʸʬʩʻʲʰ ʪʨʭʲʬʴʰʯ ʹʨʸʪʬʩʲʵʩʫʨ ʶʵʲʰʺʰʱʻʸʰ
ʫʨˇʪʻʼʬʩʨ, ʸʵʳʬʲˀʰ˂ ʴʬʹʺʵʸ ʪʨʸʫʨʼˆʨ˃ʬ (ʬʸʵʭʴʻʲ-
ʫʬʳʵʱʸʨʺʰ, ʿʵʼʰʲʰ ʶʵʲʱʵʭʴʰʱʰ), ʩʰ˃ʰʴʨ ʶʰʸʭʬʲʰ (ʬʸʵʭʴʻʲ-
ʫʬʳʵʱʸʨʺʰ 1922 ˄ʲʰʫʨʴ, ʹʺʻʫʬʴʺʰ, ʻ˂ʵʲˀʭʰʲʵ), ʬʪʴʨʺʬ
ʪʨʩʲʰʨʴʰ (ʹʵ˂ʰʨʲʰʹʺ-ʼʬʫʬʸʨʲʰʹʺʰ 1915 ˄ʲʰʫʨʴ, ʳʬʼʰʹ ʫʸʵʹ
ʹʭʨʴʬʯˀʰ ʳʨʳʨʹʨˆʲʰʹʨʫ ʳʻˀʨʵʩʫʨ) ʫʨ ʰʲʨʸʰʵʴ ʳʨʸʪʭʬʲʰʨʴʰ
(ʬʸʵʭʴʻʲ-ʫʬʳʵʱʸʨʺʰ, ʴʬʹʺʵʸ ʪʨʸʫʨʼˆʨ˃ʰʹ ʳʨʸˇʭʬʴʨ ˆʬʲʰ,

13
ʹʨʽʨʸʯʭʬʲʵʹ ˀʰʴʨʪʨʴ ʹʨʽʳʬʯʨ ʹʨʳʰʴʰʹʺʸʵʹ ʨʸʽʰʭʰ (I), ʼʵʴʫʰ 6, ʹʨʽʳʬ 24333,
ʼʻʸ˂ʬʲʰ 119.
25
ˀʬ˃ʲʬʩʻʲʰ ʪʲʬˆʰ) ˀʬʫʰʵʫʴʬʴ. ʸʵʪʵʸ˂ ʰʴʼʵʸʳʨʺʵʸʰ
ʰʺʿʵʩʰʴʬʩʵʫʨ, ʮʬʳʵʯ ˁʨʳʵʯʭʲʰʲʰ ʶʰʸʬʩʰ ʮʬʳʵ ʹʭʨʴʬʯˀʰ
ʯʨʭʰʹʻʼʲʨʫ ʳʵ˃ʸʨʵʩʫʴʬʴ. ʳʨʯ ʨʫʪʰʲʵʩʸʰʭʰ ˆʬʲʰʹʻʼʲʬʩʰʹ
ʨʸʨʴʨʰʸʰ ˀʰˀʰ ʨʸ ˈʽʵʴʫʨʯ ʫʨ ˆˀʰʸʨʫ ʹʨʳʨʮʸʵ ʨʾʳʨʹʸʻʲʬʩʬʲʰ
ʱʵʳʰʺʬʺʰʹ ˀʬʴʵʩʨˀʰ˂ ʱʰ ʯʨʭʰʹʻʼʲʨʫ ˀʬʫʰʵʫʴʬʴ.
1924 ˄ʲʰʹ 14 ʳʨʰʹʹ ʫʨʳʱʵʳʳʨ ʹʭʨʴʬʯˀʰ ʨˇʨʴʿʬʩʰʹ
ʳʵʹʨʳʮʨʫʬʩʬʲʰ ʹʨʳʻˀʨʵʬʩʰʹʨʯʭʰʹ ʸ˄ʳʻʴʬʩʻʲʬʩʰ ʪʨʪʮʨʭʴʨ.
˂ʬʴʺʸʰʫʨʴ ʪʨʪʮʨʭʴʰʲʰ ʶʰʸʬʩʰ ʴʬʹʺʵʸ ʪʨʸʫʨʼˆʨ˃ʬʹ, ʵʯʨʸ
ʫʨʫʰʨʴʹʨ ʫʨ ʹˆʭʬʩʹ ˀʬˆʭʫʴʬʴ14.
1924 ˄ʲʰʹ ʨˇʨʴʿʬʩʰʹ ʫʨ˄ʿʬʩʨʳʫʬ ˂ʵʺʨ ˆʴʰʯ ʨʫʸʬ ʹʭʨʴʬʯˀʰ
ʹʨʳˆʬʫʸʵ ʵʸʪʨʴʰʮʨ˂ʰʨ ˁʨʳʵʿʨʲʰʩʫʨ, ʸʵʳʬʲˀʰ˂ ˀʬʫʰʵʫʴʬʴ:
ʩʰ˃ʰʴʨ ʶʰʸʭʬʲʰ, ʬʪʴʨʺʬ ʪʨʩʲʰʨʴʰ, ʯʬʴʪʰʮ ʫʨʫʬˀʽʬʲʰʨʴʰ ʫʨ
ʩʬʹʨʸʰʵʴ ˆʬʸʪʰʨʴʰ. ʵʸʪʨʴʰʮʨ˂ʰʨˀʰ ʳʯʨʭʨʸ ʸʵʲʹ ʩʰ˃ʰʴʨ
ʶʰʸʭʬʲʰ ʫʨ ʬʪʴʨʺʬ ʪʨʩʲʰʨʴʰ ʨʹʸʻʲʬʩʫʴʬʴ. ʵʸʪʨʴʰʮʨ˂ʰʰʹ
ʫʨʴʨʸˁʬʴ ˄ʬʭʸʬʩʹ ʫʨʳʱʵʳʯʨʴ ʻˀʻʨʲʵ ʱʨʭˀʰʸʰ ʨʸ ˈʽʵʴʫʨʯ15.
1924 ˄ʲʰʹ ʰʭʲʰʹˀʰ ʩʰ˃ʰʴʨ ʶʰʸʭʬʲʰ ʯʩʰʲʰʹˀʰ ˁʨʳʵʭʰʫʨ.
ʩʰ˃ʰʴʨ ʶʰʸʭʬʲʹ ʬʸʵʭʴʻʲ-ʫʬʳʵʱʸʨʺʰ ʬʲʰʹʬ ʶʨʺʨʸʰ˃ʬ ˀʬˆʭʫʨ ʫʨ
ʨʻ˄ʿʨ, ʸʵʳ ʳʰʹʰ ʴʨˆʭʨ ʹʨʽʨʸʯʭʬʲʵʹ ʫʨʳʵʻʱʰʫʬʩʲʵʩʰʹ
ʱʵʳʰʺʬʺʰʹ ʯʨʭʳˇʫʵʳʨʸʰʹ ʳʵʨʫʪʰʲʬʹ ʰʨʹʵʴ ˇʨʭʨˆʰˀʭʰʲʹ
ʹʻʸʫʨ16. ʰʨʹʵʴ ˇʨʭʨˆʰˀʭʰʲʰ ʩʰ˃ʰʴʨ ʶʰʸʭʬʲʹ ʹʨʽʨʸʯʭʬʲʵʹʨ ʫʨ
ʳʹʵʼʲʰʵˀʰ ʨʸʹʬʩʻʲ ʶʵʲʰʺʰʱʻʸ ʭʰʯʨʸʬʩʨʮʬ ʬʹʨʻʩʸʨ ʫʨ ʨʻ˄ʿʨ,
ʸʵʳ ʬʭʸʵʶʰʹ ʹʨˆʬʲʳ˄ʰʼʵʬʩʰ ʳʮʨʫ ʰʿʭʴʬʴ ʹʨʽʨʸʯʭʬʲʵʹʨʯʭʰʹ
ʫʨˆʳʨʸʬʩʨ ʪʨʬ˄ʰʨʯ, ʯʻ ʹʨʽʨʸʯʭʬʲʵˀʰ ʨʴʺʰʹʨʩ˅ʵʯʨ ʬʸʵʭʴʻʲʰ
ʨˇʨʴʿʬʩʨ ʫʨʰ˄ʿʬʩʵʫʨ. ˇʨʭʨˆʰˀʭʰʲʳʨ ʶʰʸʭʬʲʹ ʹʯˆʵʭʨ ʹʭʨʴʬʯˀʰ
ʫʨ ʲʬˁˆʻʳˀʰ ʨˇʨʴʿʬʩʰʹʨʯʭʰʹ ʶʰʸʨʫʨʫ ʬˆʬʲʳ˃ʾʭʨʴʬʲʨ, ʸʨʮʬ˂
ʶʰʸʭʬʲʳʨ ʯʨʴˆʳʵʩʨ ʪʨʴʨ˂ˆʨʫʨ. ˇʨʭʨˆʰˀʭʰʲʰ ʶʰʸʭʬʲʹ ˀʬˈʶʰʸʫʨ,
ʸʵʳ ʨˇʨʴʿʬʩʰʹ ʯʨʸʰʾʹ ʳʵʪʭʰʨʴʬʩʰʯ ˀʬʨʺʿʵʩʰʴʬʩʫʨ17.

14
ʹʨʽʨʸʯʭʬʲʵʹ ˀʰʴʨʪʨʴ ʹʨʽʳʬʯʨ ʹʨʳʰʴʰʹʺʸʵʹ ʨʸʽʰʭʰ (I), ʼʵʴʫʰ 6, ʹʨʽʳʬ 24333,
ʼʻʸ˂ʬʲʰ 92.
15
ʹʨʽʳʬ ʹʨʽʨʸʯʭʬʲʵʹ ʨʴʺʰʹʨʩ˅ʵʯʨ ʶʨʸʺʰʬʩʰʹ ʶʨʸʰʺʬʺʻʲʰ ʱʵʳʰʺʬʺʰʹ ˀʬʹʨˆʬʩ
(ʹʨʩʸʨʲʫʬʩʵ ʫʨʹʱʭʴʨ). ʯʩʰʲʰʹʰ, 1925, ʪʭ. 111-112.
16
ʹʨʽʨʸʯʭʬʲʵʹ ˀʰʴʨʪʨʴ ʹʨʽʳʬʯʨ ʹʨʳʰʴʰʹʺʸʵʹ ʨʸʽʰʭʰ (II), ʼʵʴʫʰ 14, ʨʾ˄ʬʸʨ 2,
ʹʨʽʳʬ 28, ʼʻʸ˂ʲʬʩʰ 23-29.
17
ʹʨʽʳʬ ʹʨʽʨʸʯʭʬʲʵʹ ʨʴʺʰʹʨʩ˅ʵʯʨ ʶʨʸʺʰʬʩʰʹ ʶʨʸʰʺʬʺʻʲʰ ʱʵʳʰʺʬʺʰʹ ˀʬʹʨˆʬʩ
(ʹʨʩʸʨʲʫʬʩʵ ʫʨʹʱʭʴʨ). ʯʩʰʲʰʹʰ, 1925, ʪʭ. 111.
26
 ʨʳʰʹ ˀʬʳʫʬʪ ʩʰ˃ʰʴʨ ʶʰʸʭʬʲʰ ʹʨʽʨʸʯʭʬʲʵʹ
ʫʨʳʵʻʱʰʫʬʩʲʵʩʰʹ ʱʵʳʰʺʬʺʰʹ ʯʨʭʳˇʫʵʳʨʸʬʹ ʱʵʴʹʺʨʴʺʰʴʬ
(ʱʵʺʬ) ʨʴʫʸʵʴʰʱʨˀʭʰʲʹ ˀʬˆʭʫʨ. ʨʴʫʸʵʴʰʱʨˀʭʰʲʹʨ˂ ʩʰ˃ʰʴʨ
ʶʰʸʭʬʲʯʨʴ ʨʴʨʲʵʪʰʻʸʰ ˀʰʴʨʨʸʹʰʹ ʹʨʻʩʨʸʰ ˈʽʵʴʫʨ18. ʨʳʰʹ
ˀʬʳʫʬʪ ʩʰ˃ʰʴʨ ʶʰʸʭʬʲʰ ʹʭʨʴʬʯˀʰ ʫʨʩʸʻʴʫʨ ʫʨ ʬʪʴʨʺʬ ʪʨʩʲʰʨʴʹ
ʫʨʳʵʻʱʰʫʬʩʲʵʩʰʹ ʱʵʳʰʺʬʺʯʨʴ ˄ʨʸʳʵʬʩʻʲʰ ʳʵʲʨʶʨʸʨʱʬʩʰʹ
ˀʰʴʨʨʸʹʰ ʪʨʨ˂ʴʵ19.
1924 ˄ʲʰʹ 26 ʨʪʭʰʹʺʵʹ ʬʪʴʨʺʬ ʪʨʩʲʰʨʴʳʨ ʹʨʽʨʸʯʭʬʲʵʹ
ʫʨʳʵʻʱʰʫʬʩʲʵʩʰʹ ʱʵʳʰʺʬʺʰʹʨʪʨʴ ˀʬʳʫʬʪʰ ˀʰʴʨʨʸʹʰʹ ˄ʬʸʰʲʰ
ʳʰʰʾʵ Äʹʭʨʴʬʯʰʹ ʵʸʪʨʴʰʮʨ˂ʰʨʹ. ʹʨˁʽʨʸʵʫ ʪʨ˂ʴʵʩʬʩʯ, ʸʵʳ
ʪʨʳʵʹʭʲʨ ʳʯʬʲ ʹʨʽʨʸʯʭʬʲʵˀʰ ʫʨʰ˄ʿʬʩʨ ˀʻʨʾʨʳʰʹʨʹ 28-29
ʨʪʭʰʹʺʵʹ. ʫʨʸ˄ʳʻʴʬʩʻʲʰ ʰʿʨʭʰʯ, ʸʵʳ ʽʨʸʯʭʬʲʰ ˆʨʲˆʰ ʫʨ ˇʨʸʰ
ˁʭʬʴʹ ʳˆʨʸʬʮʬ ʨʸʰʨʴ. ˁʭʬʴ ʫʨˆʳʨʸʬʩʨʹ ʪʭʰ˄ʬʭʹ ʨʪʸʬʯʭʬ ʬʭʸʵʶʨ.
ʨʳʰʺʵʳ ˄ʰʴʨʫʨʫʬʩʨʹ ʪʨ˃ʲʬʭʯ ʫʨʴʰˀʴʻʲ ʫʾʬʹ ʳʵʨ˄ʿʵʯ
ˀʬʰʨʸʨʾʬʩʻʲʰ ʨʳʩʵˆʬʩʨ ʹʭʨʴʬʯˀʰ ʫʨ ˆʬʲʰʹʻʼʲʬʩʰʹ
ʨʫʪʰʲʵʩʸʰʭʰ ʵʸʪʨʴʵʬʩʰʹ ʲʰʱʭʰʫʨ˂ʰʰʹ ˀʬʳʫʬʪ ʫʨʰ˃ʸʨʯ
ʲʬˁˆʻʳʰʹʨ ʫʨ ʽʻʯʨʰʹʰʹʨʱʬʴ, ʭʰʴʨʰʫʨʴ ʲʬˁˆʻʳʰʹ ʵʸʪʨʴʰʮʨ˂ʰʨ
ʹʰʹʻʹʺʬʹ ʰˁʬʴʹ ʫʨ ʹʨ˅ʰʸʵʨ ʳʨʹ ʫʨˆʳʨʸʬʩʨ ʪʨʬ˄ʰʵʹ³20 ˄ʬʸʰʲʹ
ˆʬʲʹ ʱʵʴʹʺʨʴʺʰʴʬ ʨʴʫʸʵʴʰʱʨˀʭʰʲʰ ʨ˄ʬʸʫʨ21. ʬʪʴʨʺʬ ʪʨʩʲʰʨʴʳʨ
ʨʾʴʰˀʴʻʲʰ ˄ʬʸʰʲʰ, ʭʰʴʳʬ ˆʬʩʲʰʨʴʰʹ ʳʬˀʭʬʵʩʰʯ, ʩʰ˃ʰʴʨ ʶʰʸʭʬʲʹ
ʪʨʻʪʮʨʭʴʨ22. ʫʨʳʱʵʳʰʹʪʨʴ ʨʴʨʲʵʪʰʻʸʰ ˀʰʴʨʨʸʹʰʹ ˄ʬʸʰʲʰ
ʶʰʸʨʫʨʫ ʩʰ˃ʰʴʨ ʶʰʸʭʬʲʳʨ˂ ʳʰʰʾʵ23.
27 ʨʪʭʰʹʺʵʹ ʩʰ˃ʰʴʨ ʶʰʸʭʬʲʰ ʫʨ ʬʪʴʨʺʬ ʪʨʩʲʰʨʴʰ ʬʸʯʳʨʴʬʯʹ
ʹʵʼʬʲ ʲʨʺʨʲˀʰ ˀʬˆʭʫʴʬʴ24. ʰʳʨʭʬ ʫʾʬʹ ʶʰʸʭʬʲʳʨ ʫʨ ʪʨʩʲʰʨʴʳʨ

18
ʹʨʽʨʸʯʭʬʲʵʹ ˀʰʴʨʪʨʴ ʹʨʽʳʬʯʨ ʹʨʳʰʴʰʹʺʸʵʹ ʨʸʽʰʭʰ (II), ʼʵʴʫʰ 14, ʨʾ˄ʬʸʨ 2,
ʹʨʽʳʬ 28, ʼʻʸ˂ʬʲʰ 31.
19
ʹʨʽʳʬ ʹʨʽʨʸʯʭʬʲʵʹ ʨʴʺʰʹʨʩ˅ʵʯʨ ʶʨʸʺʰʬʩʰʹ ʶʨʸʰʺʬʺʻʲʰ ʱʵʳʰʺʬʺʰʹ ˀʬʹʨˆʬʩ
(ʹʨʩʸʨʲʫʬʩʵ ʫʨʹʱʭʴʨ). ʯʩʰʲʰʹʰ, 1925, ʪʭ. 111.
20
ʹʨʽʳʬ ʹʨʽʨʸʯʭʬʲʵʹ ʨʴʺʰʹʨʩ˅ʵʯʨ ʶʨʸʺʰʬʩʰʹ ʶʨʸʰʺʬʺʻʲʰ ʱʵʳʰʺʬʺʰʹ ˀʬʹʨˆʬʩ
(ʹʨʩʸʨʲʫʬʩʵ ʫʨʹʱʭʴʨ). ʯʩʰʲʰʹʰ, 1925, ʪʭ. 111.
21
ʹʨʽʨʸʯʭʬʲʵʹ ˀʰʴʨʪʨʴ ʹʨʽʳʬʯʨ ʹʨʳʰʴʰʹʺʸʵʹ ʨʸʽʰʭʰ (II), ʼʵʴʫʰ 14, ʨʾ˄ʬʸʨ 2,
ʹʨʽʳʬ 28, ʼʻʸ˂ʬʲʰ 15.
22
ʹʨʽʨʸʯʭʬʲʵʹ ˀʰʴʨʪʨʴ ʹʨʽʳʬʯʨ ʹʨʳʰʴʰʹʺʸʵʹ ʨʸʽʰʭʰ (II), ʼʵʴʫʰ 14, ʨʾ˄ʬʸʨ 2,
ʹʨʽʳʬ 28, ʼʻʸ˂ʬʲʰ 39.
23
ʹʨʽʨʸʯʭʬʲʵʹ ˀʰʴʨʪʨʴ ʹʨʽʳʬʯʨ ʹʨʳʰʴʰʹʺʸʵʹ ʨʸʽʰʭʰ (II), ʼʵʴʫʰ 14, ʨʾ˄ʬʸʨ 2,
ʹʨʽʳʬ 28, ʼʻʸ˂ʬʲʰ 24.
24
ʹʨʽʨʸʯʭʬʲʵʹ ˀʰʴʨʪʨʴ ʹʨʽʳʬʯʨ ʹʨʳʰʴʰʹʺʸʵʹ ʨʸʽʰʭʰ (II), ʼʵʴʫʰ 14, ʨʾ˄ʬʸʨ 2,
ʹʨʽʳʬ 28, ʼʻʸ˂ʬʲʰ 10.
27
˂ˆʬʴʬʩʰʯ ʳʻʲʨˆʰʹ, ʳʬʹʺʰʰʹ, ʲʨʺʨʲʰʹ, ˂ˆʻʳʨʸʰʹ, ʩʬˁʵʹʨ ʫʨ
ʬ˂ʬʸʰʹ ʹʨʮʵʪʨʫʵʬʩʰʹ ʹʵʼʲʬʩʰ ˀʬʳʵʰʨʸʬʹ ʫʨ ʨʳ ʹʵʼʲʬʩʰʹ
ʳ˂ˆʵʭʸʬʩʲʬʩʹ ʪʨʳʵʻ˂ˆʨʫʬʹ, ʸʵʳ ʭʰʹʨ˂ ʱʰ ʰʨʸʨʾʰ ˈʽʵʴʫʨ 28
ʨʪʭʰʹʺʵʹ, ʹʨʾʨʳʵʹ, ʩʨʲʰʹ ʳʯʨʮʬ, ʹʵʼʬʲ ʩʬˁʵʹ ʳʨˆʲʵʩʲʨʫ
ʪʨʳʵ˂ˆʨʫʬʩʻʲʰʿʭʴʬʴ.
28 ʨʪʭʰʹʺʵʹ, ʹʨʾʨʳʵʹ, ʫʨʳʱʵʳʳʨ ʩʰ˃ʰʴʨ ʶʰʸʭʬʲʹ ʫʨ ʬʪʴʨʺʬ
ʪʨʩʲʰʨʴʹ ʱʰʫʬʭ ʬʸʯʰ ˄ʬʸʰʲʰ ʪʨʻʪʮʨʭʴʨ. ʫʨʳʱʵʳʰʹ
ˆʬʲʳ˃ʾʭʨʴʬʲʬʩʰ ʳʨʯ ʹʨʯʨʴʨʫʵ ʫʰʸʬʽʺʰʭʬʩʹ ʨ˃ʲʬʭʫʴʬʴ25.
28 ʨʪʭʰʹʺʵʹ, ʾʨʳʰʯ, ˀʬʯʨʴˆʳʬʩʰʹʨʳʬʩʸ, ʩʨʲʰʹ ʳʯʨʮʬ 150
ʹʭʨʴʰ ˀʬʰʱʸʰʩʨ26. ˀʬʱʸʬʩʰʲʬʩʹ ʩʰ˃ʰʴʨ ʶʰʸʭʬʲʳʨ ʫʨ ʬʪʴʨʺʬ
ʪʨʩʲʰʨʴʳʨ ʹʨʽʨʸʯʭʬʲʵʹ ʫʨʳʵʻʱʰʫʬʩʲʵʩʰʹ ʱʵʳʰʺʬʺʰʹʨʪʨʴ
ʪʨʳʵʪʮʨʭʴʰʲʰ ˄ʬʸʰʲʬʩʰ ˄ʨʻʱʰʯˆʬʹ ʫʨ ʨʻ˄ʿʬʹ, ʸʵʳ ʳʯʬʲʰ
ʹʨʽʨʸʯʭʬʲʵʹ ʳʨʹˀʺʨʩʰʯ ʨʴʺʰʹʨʩ˅ʵʯʨ ʬʸʵʭʴʻʲʰ ʨˇʨʴʿʬʩʨ ʻʴʫʨ
ʫʨ˄ʿʬʩʻʲʰʿʵ. ʨʳʰʹ ˀʬʳʫʬʪ ʩʰ˃ʰʴʨ ʶʰʸʭʬʲʳʨ ʫʨ ʬʪʴʨʺʬ ʪʨʩʲʰʨʴʳʨ
ˀʬʱʸʬʩʰʲʬʩʰ ʹʨʳ 50 ʱʨ˂ʰʨʴ ʸʨʮʳʨʫ ʫʨˈʿʭʬʹ. ʬʸʯ-ʬʸʯ ʸʨʮʳʹ
ʹʨʯʨʭʬˀʰ ʩʰ˃ʰʴʨ ʶʰʸʭʬʲʰ ʫʨ ʬʪʴʨʺʬ ʪʨʩʲʰʨʴʰ ˁʨʻʫʪʴʬʴ,
ʫʨʴʨʸˁʬʴ ʵʸʹ ± ˃ʳʬʩʰ ʱʵʴʹʺʨʴʺʰʴʬ (ʱʵ˄ʰʨ) ʫʨ ʳʵʹʬʹʺʸʵ
ʫʨʫʬˀʽʬʲʰʨʴʬʩʰ27. ˃ʳʬʩʰ ʫʨʫʬˀʽʬʲʰʨʴʬʩʰ ʨˇʨʴʿʬʩʨˀʰ
ʳʵʴʨ˄ʰʲʬʵʩʰʹ ʳʰʹʨʾʬʩʨʫ ʶʰʸʨʫʨʫ ʩʰ˃ʰʴʨ ʶʰʸʭʬʲʳʨ ʳʰʰ˄ʭʰʨ. 28-
29 ʨʪʭʰʹʺʵʹ, ʾʨʳʰʹ 2 ʹʨʨʯʮʬ, ʨˇʨʴʿʬʩʻʲʰ ʹʭʨʴʬʩʰ ʮʬʳʵ ʹʭʨʴʬʯʰʹ
ʨʫʳʰʴʰʹʺʸʨ˂ʰʻʲ ˂ʬʴʺʸʹ ʹʵʼʬʲ ʩʬˁʵʹ ʯʨʭʹ ʫʨʬʹˆʴʬʴ.
ʨˇʨʴʿʬʩʻʲʬʩʳʨ ʨʫʪʰʲʵʩʸʰʭ ʹʨʩ˅ʵʯʨ ˆʬʲʰʹʻʼʲʬʩʨʹ
ʳʵʹʯˆʵʭʬʹ ʳʯʬʲʰ ʹʨˆʨʮʰʴʵ ʽʵʴʬʩʨ ʫʨ ʰʨʸʨʾʰ ʳʨʯʯʭʰʹ
ʪʨʫʨʬʩʨʸʬʩʰʴʨʯ, ʸʨʫʪʨʴ, ʳʨʯʰ ʯʽʳʰʯ, ʳʯʬʲʰ ʹʨʽʨʸʯʭʬʲʵʹ
ʳʨʹˀʺʨʩʰʯ ʨʴʺʰʹʨʩ˅ʵʯʨ ʬʸʵʭʴʻʲʰ ʨˇʨʴʿʬʩʨ ʫʨʰ˄ʿʵ ʫʨ
˃ʨʲʨʻʼʲʬʩʨ ʶʨʺʸʰʵʺʻʲʳʨ ˃ʨʲʬʩʳʨ ʨʰʾʬʹ ˆʬʲˀʰ.
ʨʫʪʰʲʵʩʸʰʭʳʨ ʹʨʩ˅ʵʯʨ ˆʬʲʰʹʻʼʲʬʩʨʳ ʨˇʨʴʿʬʩʻʲʯʨ
˄ʰʴʨʫʨʫʬʩʨ ʻʨʸʿʵ. ʵʸʳˆʸʰʭʰ ʹʸʵʲʬʩʰ ʫʨʰ˄ʿʵ. ˆʬʲʰʹʻʼʲʬʩʰʹ
ˀʬʰʨʸʨʾʬʩʻʲʳʨ ˃ʨʲʬʩʳʨ ʨˇʨʴʿʬʩʻʲʬʩʯʨ ˀʺʻʸʳʹ ʭʬʸ ʪʨʻ˃ʲʬʹ,
ʰʨʸʨʾʰ ʫʨʿʨʸʬʹ ʫʨ ʨˇʨʴʿʬʩʻʲʬʩʹ ʺʿʭʬʫ ˁʨʩʨʸʫʴʬʴ. ʺʿʭʬʫ

25
ʹʨʽʳʬ ʹʨʽʨʸʯʭʬʲʵʹ ʨʴʺʰʹʨʩ˅ʵʯʨ ʶʨʸʺʰʬʩʰʹ ʶʨʸʰʺʬʺʻʲʰ ʱʵʳʰʺʬʺʰʹ ˀʬʹʨˆʬʩ
(ʹʨʩʸʨʲʫʬʩʵ ʫʨʹʱʭʴʨ). ʯʩʰʲʰʹʰ, 1925, ʪʭ. 112.
26
ʹʨʽʨʸʯʭʬʲʵʹ ʬʸʵʭʴʻʲʰ ʨʸʽʰʭʰʹ ʻʨˆʲʬʹʰ ʰʹʺʵʸʰʰʹ ˂ʬʴʺʸʨʲʻʸʰ
ʹʨʰʹʺʵʸʰʵ ʨʸʽʰʭʰ, ʼʵʴʫʰ 285, ʨʾ˄ʬʸʨ 1, ʹʨʽʳʬ 1062, ʼʻʸ˂ʲʬʩʰ 5-6.
27
ʹʨʽʳʬ ʹʨʽʨʸʯʭʬʲʵʹ ʨʴʺʰʹʨʩ˅ʵʯʨ ʶʨʸʺʰʬʩʰʹ ʶʨʸʰʺʬʺʻʲʰ ʱʵʳʰʺʬʺʰʹ ˀʬʹʨˆʬʩ
(ʹʨʩʸʨʲʫʬʩʵ ʫʨʹʱʭʴʨ). ʯʩʰʲʰʹʰ, 1925, ʪʭ. 112.
28
ˁʨʭʨʸʫʴʰʲʯʨ ˀʵʸʰʹ ʰʿʭʴʬʴ: ʨʴʫʸʵ ʨʳʨˀʻʱʬʲʰ (ʮʬʳʵ ʹʭʨʴʬʯʰʹ
ʳʨʮʸʰʹ ʳʰʲʰ˂ʰʰʹ ʻʼʸʵʹʰ), ˀʨʲʭʨ (ˀʨʲʰʱʵ) ʨʳʰʲʨˆʭʨʸʰ (ʮʬʳʵ
ʹʭʨʴʬʯʰʹ ʳʨʮʸʰʹ ʳʰʲʰ˂ʰʰʹ ʻʼʸʵʹʰʹ ʯʨʴʨˀʬʳ˄ʬ), ʩʬʹʨʸʰʵʴ (ʩʬʹʵ)
ʨʳʨˀʻʱʬʲʰ (ʹʵʼ. ʩʬˁʵʹ ʳʰʲʰ˂ʰʰʹ ʻʼʸʵʹʰ), ʪʸʰʪʵʲ (ʪʸʰˀʨ)
ʱʨʸʨʴʨ˃ʬ, ˀʨʲʭʨ (ˀʨʲʰʱʵ) ʴʰʱʻʸʨ˃ʬ (ʳʬʹʺʰʰʹ ʸʨʰʵʴʻʲʰ
ʳʰʲʰ˂ʰʰʹ ʻʼʸʵʹʰ), ʶʨʸʳʬʴ ʴʵʫʰʨ (ʹʨˆʨʲˆʵ ʳʵʹʨʳʨʸʯʲʬ) ʫʨ
ʹˆʭʬʩʰ, ʹʻʲ 35 ʱʨ˂ʰ. ʨˇʨʴʿʬʩʻʲʬʩʳʨ ʰʹʰʴʰ ʪʨʴʨʰʨʸʨʾʬʹ ʫʨ
ʪʨʨʯʨʭʰʹʻʼʲʬʹ28.
29 ʨʪʭʰʹʺʵʹ, ʫʰʲʰʯ, ʹʵʼʬʲ ʩʬˁʵʹ ʫʨʱʨʭʬʩʰʹ ˀʬʳʫʬʪ
ʨˇʨʴʿʬʩʻʲʬʩʳʨ ʳʰʺʰʴʪʰ ˁʨʨʺʨʸʬʹ. ʳʰʺʰʴʪʮʬ ʹʰʺʿʭʰʯ ʿʵʼʰʲʰ
ʯʨʭʨʫʰ ʯʬʴʪʰʮ ʫʨʫʬˀʽʬʲʰʨʴʰ ʪʨʳʵʭʰʫʨ, ʸʵʳʬʲʳʨ˂ ˆʨʲˆʹ
ʹʨʩ˅ʵʯʨ ˄ʿʵʩʰʲʬʩʰʹ ʫʨʳˆʵʩʰʹ ʳʰʮʴʰʯ ʪʨʬʸʯʰʨʴʬʩʰʹʨʱʬʴ
ʳʵʻ˄ʵʫʨ. ʯʬʴʪʰʮ ʫʨʫʬˀʽʬʲʰʨʴʰʹ ʯʽʳʰʯ, 29 ʨʪʭʰʹʺʵʹ ʹʨʩ˅ʵʯʨ
ˆʬʲʰʹʻʼʲʬʩʰʹ ˄ʰʴʨʨʾʳʫʬʪ ʪʨʳʵʹʭʲʨʹ, ʹʨʽʨʸʯʭʬʲʵʹʯʨʴ ʬʸʯʨʫ,
ʹʵʳˆʬʯʰ ʫʨ ʯʰʯʽʳʰʹ ʳʯʬʲʰ ʸʻʹʬʯʰ ʫʨʰ˄ʿʬʩʫʨ ʫʨ ʨʸʨ ʻʳʬʺʬʹ
ʬʸʯʰ ʱʭʰʸʰʹʨ ʹʨʩ˅ʵʯʨ ˄ʿʵʩʰʲʬʩʨ ʿʭʬʲʪʨʴ ʫʨʬʳˆʵʩʵʫʨ.
ʨʴʨʲʵʪʰʻʸʨʫ ʰʲʨʶʨʸʨʱʨ ʬʪʴʨʺʬ ʪʨʩʲʰʨʴʳʨ˂. ʨʳʰʹ ˀʬʳʫʬʪ
ʨˇʨʴʿʬʩʻʲʯʨ ʸʰ˂ˆʭʳʨ ʨʯʨʹʹ ʳʰʨʾ˄ʰʨ29. ʩʰ˃ʰʴʨ ʶʰʸʭʬʲʳʨ ʫʨ
ʬʪʴʨʺʬ ʪʨʩʲʰʨʴʳʨ ˆʨʲˆʹ ʨʻˆʹʴʬʹ, ʸʵʳ ˀʬʹʨ˃ʲʬʩʬʲʰ ʰʿʵ
ʨˇʨʴʿʬʩʰʹ ʫʨʳʨʸ˂ˆʬʩʨ, ʨʳʰʺʵʳ, ʳʨʯʰ ʯʽʳʰʯ, ʭʰʹʨ˂ ʨʸ ˈʽʵʴʫʨ
ʨˇʨʴʿʬʩʨˀʰ ʳʵʴʨ˄ʰʲʬʵʩʰʹ ʹʻʸʭʰʲʰ, ˀʬʬ˃ʲʵ ʨʸ ˁʨʩʳʻʲʰʿʵ ʳʨʹˀʰ.
ˆʨʲˆʳʨ ʬʸʯˆʳʨʫ ʪʨʴʨ˂ˆʨʫʨ, ʸʵʳ ʳʨʯ ˄ʰʴʨʹ˄ʨʸ ˈʽʵʴʫʨʯ
ʿʭʬʲʨʼʬʸʰ ʨ˄ʵʴʰʲ-ʫʨ˄ʵʴʰʲʰ ʫʨ ʳʮʨʫ ʰʿʭʴʬʴ ʨˇʨʴʿʬʩʨˀʰ
ʨʽʺʰʻʸʰ ʳʵʴʨ˄ʰʲʬʵʩʰʹ ʳʰʹʨʾʬʩʨʫ30. ʨʳʰʹ ˀʬʳʫʬʪ ʩʰ˃ʰʴʨ
ʶʰʸʭʬʲʳʨ ʮʬʳʵ ʫʨ ʽʭʬʳʵ ʹʭʨʴʬʯʰʹ ʸʨʮʳʬʩʰʹ ˀʺʨʩʰ ˀʬʽʳʴʨ.
ʸʨʮʳʬʩʰʹ ʳʬʯʨʻʸʵʩʨ ʯʨʭʰʹ ʯʨʭʮʬ ʩʰ˃ʰʴʨ ʶʰʸʭʬʲʳʨ ʨʰʾʵ. ˀʺʨʩʰʹ
ʻʼʸʵʹʨʫ ʬʪʴʨʺʬ ʪʨʩʲʰʨʴʰ ʫʨʰʴʰˀʴʨ, ʹʭʨʴʬʯʰʹ ˂ʬʴʺʸʰʹ
ʸ˄ʳʻʴʬʩʻʲʨʫ _ ʬʽʰʳʰ ʰʲʰʨ ʱʵʩʨʲʨ˃ʬ, ˀʺʨʩʰʹ ʳʫʰʭʴʨʫ _ ʱʨʶʰʺʵʴ
˅ʰ˅ʰʴʨ˃ʬ. ˀʺʨʩˀʰ ʳʴʰˀʭʴʬʲʵʭʨʴ ʼʻʴʽ˂ʰʬʩʹ ʶʨʭʲʬ ʱʵʩʬˀʨʭʰ˃ʬ

28
ʹʨʽʨʸʯʭʬʲʵʹ ʬʸʵʭʴʻʲʰ ʨʸʽʰʭʰʹ ʻʨˆʲʬʹʰ ʰʹʺʵʸʰʰʹ ˂ʬʴʺʸʨʲʻʸʰ ʹʨʰʹʺʵʸʰʵ
ʨʸʽʰʭʰ, ʼʵʴʫʰ 285, ʨʾ˄ʬʸʨ 1, ʹʨʽʳʬ 1069, ʼʻʸ˂ʲʬʩʰ 7-8.
29
ʹʨʽʨʸʯʭʬʲʵʹ ʬʸʵʭʴʻʲʰ ʨʸʽʰʭʰʹ ʻʨˆʲʬʹʰ ʰʹʺʵʸʰʰʹ ˂ʬʴʺʸʨʲʻʸʰ
ʹʨʰʹʺʵʸʰʵ ʨʸʽʰʭʰ, ʼʵʴʫʰ 285, ʨʾ˄ʬʸʨ 1, ʹʨʽʳʬ 829, ʼʻʸ˂ʬʲʰ 37.
30
ʹʨʽʨʸʯʭʬʲʵʹ ˀʰʴʨʪʨʴ ʹʨʽʳʬʯʨ ʹʨʳʰʴʰʹʺʸʵʹ ʨʸʽʰʭʰ (II), ʼʵʴʫʰ 14, ʨʾ˄ʬʸʨ 2,
ʹʨʽʳʬ 377, ʼʻʸ˂ʬʲʰ 24-25.
29
(ʳʬʹʺʰʰʹ ʨʾʳʨʹʸʻʲʬʩʬʲʰ ʱʵʳʰʺʬʺʰʹ ʹʨʽʳʰʹ ʳ˄ʨʸʳʵʬʩʬʲʰ,
ʿʵʼʰʲʰ ʵʼʰ˂ʬʸʰ) ʨʹʸʻʲʬʩʫʨ31.
ʹʵʼʬʲ ʩʬˁʵʹ ʫʨʱʨʭʬʩʰʹ ˀʬʳʫʬʪ ʨˇʨʴʿʬʩʻʲʯʨ ʳˆʨʸʬʮʬ
ʴʬʩʨʿʵʼʲʵʩʰʯ ʪʨʫʨʭʰʫʴʬʴ: ʨʫʪʰʲʵʩʸʰʭʰ ʸʨʰʵʴʻʲʰ
ʳʰʲʰ˂ʰʰʹ ʻʼʸʵʹʰ, ʿʵʼʰʲʰ ʵʼʰ˂ʬʸʰ ʱʨʶʰʺʵʴ ˅ʰ˅ʰʴʨ˃ʬ,
ʹʨʫʨʮʾʭʬʭʵ ʹʨʲʨʸʵʹ ʸ˄ʳʻʴʬʩʻʲʰ ʪʰʵʸʪʰ ʩʬʸʻʲʵʭʰ, ʳʬʨʴʬ
ʽʨʲʰ ʹʵʼʰʵ ʶʨʭʲʬʹ ʨʹʻʲʰ ʨˆʨʲʨ˃ʬ, ʳʰʲʰ˂ʰʬʲʬʩʰ: ʰʨʹʵʴ
ʲʨʪʵˀʭʰʲʰ, ʫʰʲʰʳʵʴ ʪʬʸʪʨʹʲʰʫʰ, ʮʨʽʨʸʰʨ ʹʨʳʨʫʨˀʭʰʲʰ ʫʨ
ʫʨʭʰʯ ʪʵʸʫʨ˃ʬ.
31 ʨʪʭʰʹʺʵʹ ʹʭʨʴʬʯʰʫʨʴ ʿʨʩʨʸʫʵ-ʩʨʲʿʨʸʬʯʰʹ
ʨʭʺʵʴʵʳʰʻʸʰ ʵʲʽʰʹ ʺʬʸʰʺʵʸʰʨʮʬ, ʻʾʬʲʺʬˆʰʲ ʻʹʬʴʪʰʹ
(ʳʫʬʩʨʸʬʵʩʹ ʨʳ ʨʭʺʵʴʵʳʰʻʸʰ ʵʲʽʰʹ ʺʬʸʰʺʵʸʰʨʮʬ) ʪʨʭʲʰʯ
ʨˇʨʴʿʬʩʻʲʬʩʰʹ ʳʰʬʸ ʪʨʯʨʭʰʹʻʼʲʬʩʻʲʰ ʳʰʲʰ˂ʰʬʲʬʩʰ
ʪʨʫʨʭʰʫʴʬʴ, ʸʵʳʬʲʯʨ ˀʵʸʰʹ ʰʿʭʴʬʴ: ʹʨʳʨʮʸʵ ʳʰʲʰ˂ʰʰʹ
ʻʼʸʵʹʰʹ ʯʨʴʨˀʬʳ˄ʬ ˀʨʲʭʨ ʨʳʰʲʨˆʭʨʸʰ, ʹʨˆʨʲˆʵ ʳʵʹʨʳʨʸʯʲʬ
ʶʨʸʳʬʴ ʴʵʫʰʨ, ʹʨʳʨʮʸʵ ʪʨʳʵʳ˃ʰʬʩʬʲʰ ʱʻʪʻʴʨʲʵ ʫʨ ʹˆʭ.
ʿʨʩʨʸʫʵ-ʩʨʲʿʨʸʬʯʰʹ ʨʭʺʵʴʵʳʰʻʸʰ ʵʲʽʰʹ ˆʬʲʳ˃ʾʭʨʴʬʲʵʩʨʳ
ʬʴʬʸʪʰʻʲʰ ʮʵʳʬʩʰ ʳʰʰʾʵ ʹʭʨʴʬʯ-ʩʨʲʿʨʸʬʯʰʹ ʹʨʮʾʭʸʰʹ
ʪʨʹʨʳʨʪʸʬʩʲʨʫ, ʸʨʯʨ ʩʨʲʿʨʸʬʲʬʩʹ ʨˇʨʴʿʬʩʻʲʰ ʹʭʨʴʬʩʰʹʨʯʭʰʹ
ʳˆʨʸʰ ʨʸ ʫʨʬ˅ʰʸʨʯ. ʯʻʳ˂ʨ ʩʨʲʿʨʸʬʲʬʩʹ ʹʭʨʴʬʯˀʰ ʳʰʳʫʰʴʨʸʬ
ʳʵʭʲʬʴʬʩʰʹʨʫʳʰ ʫʨʰʴʺʬʸʬʹʬʩʨ ʨʸ ʪʨʳʵʻʳʷʾʨʭʴʬʩʰʨʯ. ʿʨʩʨʸʫʵ-
ʩʨʲʿʨʸʬʯʰʹ ʨʭʺʵʴʵʳʰʻʸʰ ʵʲʽʰʹ ˆʬʲʳ˃ʾʭʨʴʬʲʵʩʨʹ
ʪʨʴʹʨʱʻʯʸʬʩʰʯ ʩʬʲʰʳʰʹ ʹʨʮʵʪʨʫʵʬʩʨˀʰ ʳʵʳʻˀʨʭʬ ʹʭʨʴʬʩʰʹ
ʬˀʰʴʵʫʨ (ʩʬʲʰʳʰ ʩʨʲʿʨʸʬʯʰʹ ʬʸʯ-ʬʸʯ ʸʨʰʵʴʹ ˄ʨʸʳʵʨʫʪʬʴʫʨ),
ʸʵʳʬʲʯʨ ʸʰ˂ˆʭʰ 200 ʨ˅ʨʸʩʬʩʫʨ. ʳʨʪʸʨʳ ʿʨʩʨʸʫʵ-ʩʨʲʿʨʸʬʯˀʰ
ʹʸʻʲʰ ʹʰʳˀʭʰʫʬ ʰʿʵ32.
29 ʨʪʭʰʹʺʵʹ ʮʬʳʵ ʹʭʨʴʬʯʰʹ ʯˆʻʯʳʬʺʰʭʬ ʹʨʮʵʪʨʫʵʬʩʨʹ
ʩʰ˃ʰʴʨ ʶʰʸʭʬʲʰʹʨ ʫʨ ʬʪʴʨʺʬ ʪʨʩʲʰʨʴʰʹ ʳʰʬʸ ˆʬʲʳʵ˄ʬʸʰʲʰ
ʩʸ˃ʨʴʬʩʨ ʫʨʬʪʮʨʭʴʨ. ʩʸ˃ʨʴʬʩʨˀʰ ʨʾʴʰˀʴʻʲʰ ʰʿʵ, ʸʵʳ ʿʭʬʲʨ ʹʭʨʴʰ
20-ʫʨʴ 40 ˄ʲʨʳʫʬ, ʭʰʹʨ˂ ʯʵʼʰ ʪʨʨˁʴʫʨ, ʳʰʳʫʰʴʨʸʬ ˄ʲʰʹ 2
ʹʬʽʺʬʳʩʬʸʹ ʻʴʫʨ ʪʨʳʵ˂ˆʨʫʬʩʻʲʰʿʵ ʹʵʼʬʲ ʱʨʲʨˀʰ ʹʨʱʻʯʨʸʰ
ʰʨʸʨʾʰʯʨ ʫʨ ʵʸʰ ʫʾʰʹ ʹʨʳʿʵʼʰ ʹʻʸʹʨʯʰʯ. ʹʵʼʬʲ ʱʨʲʨˀʰ

31
ʹʨʽʳʬ ʹʨʽʨʸʯʭʬʲʵʹ ʨʴʺʰʹʨʩ˅ʵʯʨ ʶʨʸʺʰʬʩʰʹ ʶʨʸʰʺʬʺʻʲʰ ʱʵʳʰʺʬʺʰʹ ˀʬʹʨˆʬʩ
(ʹʨʩʸʨʲʫʬʩʵ ʫʨʹʱʭʴʨ). ʯʩʰʲʰʹʰ, 1925, ʪʭ. 112.
32
ʹʨʽʨʸʯʭʬʲʵʹ ʬʸʵʭʴʻʲʰ ʨʸʽʰʭʰʹ ʻʨˆʲʬʹʰ ʰʹʺʵʸʰʰʹ ˂ʬʴʺʸʨʲʻʸʰ
ʹʨʰʹʺʵʸʰʵ ʨʸʽʰʭʰ, ʼʵʴʫʰ 285, ʨʾ˄ʬʸʨ 1, ʹʨʽʳʬ 829, ʼʻʸ˂ʬʲʰ 37.
30
ˀʬʱʸʬʩʰʹ ˀʬʳʫʬʪ ʨˇʨʴʿʬʩʻʲʬʩʰ ʽʭʬʳʵ ʹʭʨʴʬʯˀʰ ʪʨʫʨʹʭʲʨʹ
ʪʬʪʳʨʭʫʴʬʴ. 2 ʹʬʽʺʬʳʩʬʸʹ ʹʵʼʬʲ ʱʨʲʨˀʰ 120 ˀʬʰʨʸʨʾʬʩʻʲʰ ʹʭʨʴʰ
ˀʬʰʱʸʰʩʨ. 3 ʹʬʽʺʬʳʩʬʸʹ ʨˇʨʴʿʬʩʻʲʬʩʰ ʹʵʼʬʲ ˁʵʲʻʸˀʰ
ˀʬʭʰʫʴʬʴ, ʹʨʫʨ˂ ˃ʨʲʨʻʼʲʬʩʨ ʻʱʭʬ ʨʬʾʵ ˆʬʲˀʰ ʨˇʨʴʿʬʩʻʲ
ʪʸʰʪʵʲ ʱʭʨʹʺʰʨʴʹ. ʩʰ˃ʰʴʨ ʶʰʸʭʬʲʰʹ ʸʨʮʳʹ ˀʬʻʬʸʯʫʴʬʴ ʪʸʰʪʵʲ
ʱʭʨʹʺʰʨʴʰ, ʹʵʼʬʲ ʲʨˀˆʬʯʰʹ ʨˇʨʴʿʬʩʻʲʯʨ ʳʬʯʨʻʸʰ ʳʨʲʨʽʰʨ
ʵʴʰʨʴʰ ʫʨ ʨʹʬʭʬ ʹʵʼʬʲ ʲʬʴʺʬˆʰʹ ʨˇʨʴʿʬʩʻʲʯʨ ʳʬʯʨʻʸʰ. ʳʨʯ
ʪʨʴʱʨʸʪʻʲʬʩʨˀʰ 50 ˀʬʰʨʸʨʾʬʩʻʲʰ ʫʨ 150 ʻʰʨʸʨʾʵ ʹʭʨʴʰ ʰʿʵ33.
4 ʹʬʽʺʬʳʩʬʸʹ ʽʭʬʳʵ ʹʭʨʴʬʯʰʫʨʴ ʨˇʨʴʿʬʩʻʲʬʩʳʨ ʲʬˁˆʻʳʰʹ
ʳʨʮʸʰʹ ʳʰʳʨʸʯʻʲʬʩʰʯ ˄ʨʹʭʲʨ ʪʨʫʨ˄ʿʭʰʺʬʹ. ʨʽ ʳʨʯ
ˁʨʹʨʼʸʬʩʻʲʳʨ ʱʵʳʻʴʨʸʬʩʳʨ ʹʸʵʲʨ ʨʻʺʬˆʬʹ. ʱʵʳʻʴʨʸʬʩʳʨ
ʨˇʨʴʿʬʩʻʲʯʨ ʰʬʸʰˀʬʩʹ ʭʬʸ ʪʨʻ˃ʲʬʹ ʫʨ ʸʨʳʫʬʴʰʳʬ ʳʨʯʪʨʴʰ
ʺʿʭʬʫ ˁʨʭʨʸʫʨ, ʫʨʴʨʸˁʬʴʬʩʰ ʱʰ ˂ʨʪʬʸʰʹ ʳʰʳʨʸʯʻʲʬʩʰʯ
ʪʨʰʽ˂ʴʬʴ. ʨˇʨʴʿʬʩʻʲʬʩʰ ʪʨʽ˂ʬʻʲʬʩʹ ʫʨʬʫʬʭʴʬʴ. ʩʰ˃ʰʴʨ ʶʰʸʭʬʲʰ
ʫʨ ʬʪʴʨʺʬ ʪʨʩʲʰʨʴʰ ʯʨʭʰʨʴʯʰ ʸʨʮʳʬʩʰʯ ˂ʨʪʬʸˀʰ ˀʬʰ˅ʸʴʬʴ ʫʨ
ʹʨʶʿʸʵʩʰʲʬ ʨʰʾʬʹ34.
˂ʨʪʬʸˀʰ ʳʿʵʼʳʨ ʩʰ˃ʰʴʨ ʶʰʸʭʬʲʳʨ ʫʨ ʬʪʴʨʺʬ ʪʨʩʲʰʨʴʳʨ
ʹʨʩ˅ʵʯʨ ˆʬʲʰʹʻʼʲʬʩʰʹ ʳʰʬʸ ʨˇʨʴʿʬʩʰʹ ʳʯʬʲʰ ʹʨʽʨʸʯʭʬʲʵʹ
ʳʨʹˀʺʨʩʰʯ ˁʨˆˀʵʩʰʹ ˀʬʹʨˆʬʩ ˀʬʰʺʿʭʬʹ. ʨʳʰʺʵʳ ʳʨʯ ˂ʨʪʬʸʹ ʨʲʿʨ
ˀʬʳʵʨʸʺʿʬʹ ʫʨ ʿʭʬʲʨ ʹʺʸʨʺʬʪʰʻʲʰ ʨʫʪʰʲʰ ʫʨʰʱʨʭʬʹ. ˂ʨʪʬʸˀʰ
ʨˇʨʴʿʬʩʻʲ ʹʭʨʴʬʩʹʨ ʫʨ ʸʻʹʬʯʰʹ ˄ʰʯʬʲʰ ʨʸʳʰʰʹ ʴʨ˄ʰʲʬʩʹ ˀʵʸʰʹ
ˀʬʺʨʱʬʩʨ ʳʵˆʫʨ. ʨˇʨʴʿʬʩʻʲʬʩʰ ʩʸ˃ʵʲʰʹ ʪʨʪʸ˃ʬʲʬʩʰʹ
ʻʶʬʸʹʶʬʽʺʰʭʵʩʨˀʰ ʫʨʸ˄ʳʻʴʫʴʬʴ ʫʨ ʽʭʬʳʵ ʹʭʨʴʬʯˀʰ
ʫʨʩʸʻʴʫʴʬʴ. ʹʨʫʨ˂ ʸʻʹʬʯʰʹ ˄ʰʯʬʲʰ ʨʸʳʰʰʹ ʴʨ˄ʰʲʬʩʳʨ
ʨˇʨʴʿʬʩʻʲʬʩʮʬ ʰʬʸʰˀʰ ʳʰʰʺʨʴʬʹ, ʯʻʳ˂ʨ ʻˀʬʫʬʪʵʫ.
ʨˇʨʴʿʬʩʻʲʬʩʳʨ ʸʨʳʫʬʴʰʳʬ ˇʨʸʰʹʱʨ˂ʰ˂ ʱʰ ˀʬʰʶʿʸʬʹ35.
11 ʹʬʽʺʬʳʩʬʸʹ ʽʭʬʳʵ ʹʭʨʴʬʯˀʰ ʳʿʵʼ ʨˇʨʴʿʬʩʻʲʬʩʹ ʹʵʼʬʲ
ʲʬʽʹʻʸʨˀʰ ʮʬʳʵ ʹʭʨʴʬʯʰʫʨʴ ʳʵʹʻʲʰ ʨˇʨʴʿʬʩʻʲʬʩʰ˂
ˀʬʻʬʸʯʫʴʬʴ, ʸʵʳʬʲʯʨ ˀʵʸʰʹ ʰʿʭʴʬʴ ʹʨʳʬʪʸʬʲʵʹ ʨˇʨʴʿʬʩʰʹ

33
ʹʨʽʳʬ ʹʨʽʨʸʯʭʬʲʵʹ ʨʴʺʰʹʨʩ˅ʵʯʨ ʶʨʸʺʰʬʩʰʹ ʶʨʸʰʺʬʺʻʲʰ ʱʵʳʰʺʬʺʰʹ ˀʬʹʨˆʬʩ
(ʹʨʩʸʨʲʫʬʩʵ ʫʨʹʱʭʴʨ). ʯʩʰʲʰʹʰ, 1925, ʪʭ. 112.
34
ʹʨʽʨʸʯʭʬʲʵʹ ˀʰʴʨʪʨʴ ʹʨʽʳʬʯʨ ʹʨʳʰʴʰʹʺʸʵʹ ʨʸʽʰʭʰ (II), ʼʵʴʫʰ 14, ʨʾ˄ʬʸʨ 2,
ʹʨʽʳʬ 377, ʺʵʳʰ 3, ʼʻʸ˂ʲʬʩʰ 24-25.
35
ʹʨʽʨʸʯʭʬʲʵʹ ˀʰʴʨʪʨʴ ʹʨʽʳʬʯʨ ʹʨʳʰʴʰʹʺʸʵʹ ʨʸʽʰʭʰ (II), ʼʵʴʫʰ 14, ʨʾ˄ʬʸʨ 2,
ʹʨʽʳʬ 377, ʺʵʳʰ 3, ʼʻʸ˂ʲʬʩʰ 25-26.
31
ʳʬʯʨʻʸʬʩʰ, ʹʻʲ 120 ʱʨ˂ʰ36. ʹʨʳʬʪʸʬʲʵʫʨʴ ʪʨʽ˂ʬʻʲʳʨ
ʨˇʨʴʿʬʩʻʲʬʩʳʨ ʩʰ˃ʰʴʨ ʶʰʸʭʬʲʹ ʨˇʨʴʿʬʩʰʹ ʫʨʳʨʸ˂ˆʬʩʰʹ ˀʬʳʫʬʪ
ʫʨ˄ʿʬʩʻʲʰ ʻʹʨʹʺʰʱʬʹʰ ʸʬʶʸʬʹʰʬʩʰʹ ˀʬʹʨˆʬʩ ʨʻ˄ʿʬʹ. ʩʰ˃ʰʴʨ
ʶʰʸʭʬʲʹ ʪʨʮʬʯʬʩʰ ʳʵʻʺʨʴʬʹ, ʸʵʳʲʬʩʰ˂ ʨˇʨʴʿʬʩʰʹ ʳʯʬʲʰ
ʹʨʽʨʸʯʭʬʲʵʹ ʳʨʹˀʺʨʩʰʯ ʫʨʳʨʸ˂ˆʬʩʨʹ ʨʫʨʹʺʻʸʬʩʫʨ. ʪʨʮʬʯˀʰ
ʹʨʽʨʸʯʭʬʲʵʹ ʫʨʳʵʻʱʰʫʬʩʲʵʩʰʹ ʱʵʳʰʺʬʺʰʹ ˆʬʲʳ˃ʾʭʨʴʬʲʬʩʰʹ
ʪʨʴ˂ˆʨʫʬʩʨ ʰʿʵ ʳʵʯʨʭʹʬʩʻʲʰ, ʸʵʳʲʰʯʨ˂ ʰʹʰʴʰ ʨˇʨʴʿʬʩʻʲʬʩʹ
˄ʰʴʨʨʾʳʫʬʪʵʩʰʹ ˀʬ˄ʿʭʬʺʰʹʨʱʬʴ ʳʵʻ˄ʵʫʬʩʫʴʬʴ. ʩʰ˃ʰʴʨ ʶʰʸʭʬʲʳʨ
ʨˇʨʴʿʬʩʰʹ ʿʭʬʲʨ ʨʽʺʰʻʸ ʳʵʴʨ˄ʰʲʬʹ ˄ʬʸʰʲʬʩʰ ʫʨʻʪʮʨʭʴʨ ʫʨ
ʻʸˁʰʨ ʳʨʯ ʸʻʹʬʯʰʹ ˄ʰʯʬʲʰ ʨʸʳʰʰʹ ʴʨ˄ʰʲʬʩʰʹʯʭʰʹ
˄ʰʴʨʨʾʳʫʬʪʵʩʨ ʨʸ ʪʨʬ˄ʰʨʯ. ʳʰʻˆʬʫʨʭʨʫ ʨʳʰʹʨ, ʸʻʹʰʹ ˇʨʸʯʨʴ
ˀʬʺʨʱʬʩʨ ʳʨʰʴ˂ ʳʵˆʫʨ, ʸʵʳʲʰʹ ʫʸʵʹʨ˂ ʸʻʹʰʹ 9 ˇʨʸʰʹʱʨ˂ʰ
ʫʨʰʾʻʶʨ37. 14 ʹʬʽʺʬʳʩʬʸʹ ʩʰ˃ʰʴʨ ʶʰʸʭʬʲʳʨ ʨˇʨʴʿʬʩʻʲʬʩʰ
ʫʨʰʯˆʵʭʨ, ʯʭʰʯʵʴ ʱʰ ʰʼʨʸʰʹ ʺʿʬʹ ˀʬʨʼʨʸʨ ʯʨʭʰ38.
ʮʬʳʵ ʹʭʨʴʬʯˀʰ ˀʬʹʻʲʳʨ ʸʻʹʰʹ ˇʨʸʳʨ ʸʨʳʫʬʴʰʳʬ ʹʨˆʲʰ
ʨʨʼʬʯʽʨ, ʳʨʯ ˀʵʸʰʹ ʬʪʴʨʺʬ ʪʨʩʲʰʨʴʰʹ ʹʨˆʲʰ˂. ʸʻʹʬʩʳʨ
ʸʨʳʫʬʴʰʳʬ ʹʭʨʴʰ ʫʨʰ˅ʰʸʬʹ, ʸʵʳʲʬʩʰ˂ ʨʫʪʰʲʮʬʭʬ ʫʨˆʭʸʰʺʬʹ39.
ʪʨʸʫʨ ʨʳʰʹʨ, ʹʭʨʴʬʯˀʰ ˀʬʹʻʲʳʨ ˇʨʸʳʨ ʨʫʪʰʲʵʩʸʰʭ ʳʵʹʨˆʲʬʵʩʨʹ
˂ˆʬʴʬʩʰ ʫʨ ʹˆʭʨʫʨʹˆʭʨ ʳʹˆʭʰʲʼʬˆʨ ʶʰʸʻʺʿʭʰ ˁʨʳʵʨʸʯʭʨ.
ʹʨʽʨʸʯʭʬʲʵʹ ʱʵʳʻʴʰʹʺʻʸʰ ʶʨʸʺʰʰʹ (ʩʵʲˀʬʭʰʱʬʩʰʹ)
˂ʬʴʺʸʨʲʻʸʰ ʱʵʳʰʺʬʺʰʹ 1924 ˄ʲʰʹ 13 ʹʬʽʺʬʳʩʸʰʹ
ʪʨʴʱʨʸʪʻʲʬʩʰʹ ˀʬʹʨʩʨʳʰʹʨʫ, ʹʭʨʴʬʯʰʹ ʳʨʮʸʰʹ ʨʾʳʨʹʸʻʲʬʩʬʲʰ
ʱʵʳʰʺʬʺʰʹ ʯʨʭʳˇʫʵʳʨʸʬ, ʶ. ʫʭʨʲʰ, ʩʵʩʵˆʰ˃ʬʹʯʨʴ, ʰʳʬʫʨ˃ʬʹʯʨʴ
ʫʨ ʹˆʭʬʩʯʨʴ ʬʸʯʨʫ ˂ʨʪʬʸʰʫʨʴ ʽʭʬʳʵ ʹʭʨʴʬʯʰʹ ʳʰʳʨʸʯʻʲʬʩʰʯ
ʪʨʬʳʪʮʨʭʸʨ. ʽʭʬʳʵ ʹʭʨʴʬʯˀʰ ʶ. ʫʭʨʲʳʨ ʫʨ ʳʰʹʳʨ ʳˆʲʬʩʲʬʩʳʨ
ʨˇʨʴʿʬʩʻʲʬʩʰʹ ʳʰʬʸ ʯʰʯʽʳʰʹ ʪʨʴʨʫʪʻʸʬʩʻʲʰ ʹʨʩ˅ʵʯʨ
ʨʶʨʸʨʺʬʩʰ ʨʾʨʫʪʰʴʬʹ. ʳʨʯ ʸʨʳʫʬʴʰʳʬ ʹʨʬ˅ʭʵ ʶʰʸʰ ʫʨʨʶʨʺʰʳʸʬʹ,
ʸʰʹ ˀʬʳʫʬʪʨ˂ ʪʬʮʰ ʮʬʳʵ ʹʭʨʴʬʯʰʹʨʱʬʴ ʨʰʾʬʹ. ʶ. ʫʭʨʲʰʹ ʸʨʮʳʹ

36
ʹʨʽʳʬ ʹʨʽʨʸʯʭʬʲʵʹ ʨʴʺʰʹʨʩ˅ʵʯʨ ʶʨʸʺʰʬʩʰʹ ʶʨʸʰʺʬʺʻʲʰ ʱʵʳʰʺʬʺʰʹ ˀʬʹʨˆʬʩ
(ʹʨʩʸʨʲʫʬʩʵ ʫʨʹʱʭʴʨ). ʯʩʰʲʰʹʰ, 1925, ʪʭ. 113.

37
ʹʨʽʨʸʯʭʬʲʵʹ ˀʰʴʨʪʨʴ ʹʨʽʳʬʯʨ ʹʨʳʰʴʰʹʺʸʵʹ ʨʸʽʰʭʰ (II), ʼʵʴʫʰ 14, ʨʾ˄ʬʸʨ 2,
ʹʨʽʳʬ 377, ʺʵʳʰ 3, ʼʻʸ˂ʬʲʰ 27.
38
ʹʨʽʳʬ ʹʨʽʨʸʯʭʬʲʵʹ ʨʴʺʰʹʨʩ˅ʵʯʨ ʶʨʸʺʰʬʩʰʹ ʶʨʸʰʺʬʺʻʲʰ ʱʵʳʰʺʬʺʰʹ ˀʬʹʨˆʬʩ
(ʹʨʩʸʨʲʫʬʩʵ ʫʨʹʱʭʴʨ). ʯʩʰʲʰʹʰ, 1925, ʪʭ. 113.
39
ʹʨʽʨʸʯʭʬʲʵʹ ˀʰʴʨʪʨʴ ʹʨʽʳʬʯʨ ʹʨʳʰʴʰʹʺʸʵʹ ʨʸʽʰʭʰ (II), ʼʵʴʫʰ 14, ʨʾ˄ʬʸʨ 2,
ʹʨʽʳʬ 377, ʺʵʳʰ 3, ʼʻʸ˂ʬʲʰ 14.
32
ʮʬʳʵ ʹʭʨʴʬʯˀʰ ʨʸʨʴʨʰʸʰ ˄ʰʴʨʨʾʳʫʬʪʵʩʨ ʨʸ ˀʬˆʭʬʫʸʰʨ. ʶ. ʫʭʨʲʳʨ
ʹʵʼʬʲ ʭʨʲʨˀʰ ʳʰʹʭʲʰʹʯʨʴʨʭʬ ʺʿʬʬʩˀʰ ʪʨˆʰʮʴʻʲ ʳ˂ˆʵʭʸʬʩʲʬʩʹ
ʻʩʸ˃ʨʴʨ ʨʫʪʰʲʵʩʸʰʭʰ ʹʨʹ˄ʨʭʲʬʩʲʰʹ ʬʮʵˀʰ
ʪʨʳʵ˂ˆʨʫʬʩʻʲʰʿʭʴʬʴ. ˆʨʲˆʰ ʫʨʴʰˀʴʻʲ ʨʫʪʰʲʮʬ ʪʨʳʵ˂ˆʨʫʫʨ.
ʶ. ʫʭʨʲʳʨ ʳʰʺʰʴʪʰ ˁʨʨʺʨʸʨ, ʸʵʳʲʰʹ ˀʬʳʫʬʪ ˆʨʲˆʳʨ ʰʨʸʨʾʰʹ
ˁʨʩʨʸʬʩʨ ʫʨʰ˄ʿʵ. ʨʳʰʹ ˀʬʳʫʬʪ ʶ. ʫʭʨʲʳʨ ʨˇʨʴʿʬʩʰʹ ʸʨʳʫʬʴʰʳʬ
ʳʵʴʨ˄ʰʲʬ ʫʨʨʶʨʺʰʳʸʨ. ʶ. ʫʭʨʲʰʹ ʰʴʰ˂ʰʨʺʰʭʰʯ ʹʨʪʨʴʪʬʩʵ
ʹʨʳʬʻʲʰ ˀʬʫʪʨ, ʸʵʳʬʲʹʨ˂ ʹʨʯʨʴʨʫʵ ʫʰʸʬʽʺʰʭʬʩʰ ʳʰʬ˂ʨ. ʶ.
ʫʭʨʲʳʨ ʹʨʳʬʻʲʬʩʰʹ ʫʨʹʨˆʳʨʸʬʩʲʨʫ ʹʵʼʬʲ ʭʨʲʨˀʰ ʱʵʳʻʴʨʸʬʩʰ
ʫʨʺʵʭʨ. ʶ. ʫʭʨʲʳʨ ʮʬʳʵ ʹʭʨʴʬʯʰʹ ʫʨʴʨʸˁʬʴʰ ʹʵʼʲʬʩʰʹ
ʪʨʴʰʨʸʨʾʬʩʨ˂ ʪʨʴʨˆʵʸ˂ʰʬʲʨ.
ʰʼʨʸʰʹ ʺʿʬˀʰ ʳʿʵʼ ʩʰ˃ʰʴʨ ʶʰʸʭʬʲʹ ʳʯʨʭʸʵʩʨʳ ʹʨʪʨʴʪʬʩʵ
ʱʵʳʰʹʰʰʹ ʸ˄ʳʻʴʬʩʻʲʰ ʳʰʻʪʮʨʭʴʨ, ʸʵʳʬʲʳʨ˂ ʰʹ ʳʯʨʭʸʵʩʨʹʯʨʴ
ˀʬʨʸʰʪʨ40. 1 ʵʽʺʵʳʩʬʸʹ ʩʰ˃ʰʴʨ ʶʰʸʭʬʲʰ ʹʨʩ˅ʵʯʨ ˆʬʲʰʹʻʼʲʬʩʨʹ
ʴʬʩʨʿʵʼʲʵʩʰʯ ˁʨʩʨʸʫʨ41. ʯʨʭʰʹ ʳˆʸʰʭ, ʩʰ˃ʰʴʨ ʶʰʸʭʬʲʳʨ
ʨˇʨʴʿʬʩʰʹ ʳʵʴʨ˄ʰʲʬʬʩʰ ʳʯʨʭʸʵʩʨʹʯʨʴ ˀʬʨʸʰʪʨ. ʹʨʪʨʴʪʬʩʵ
ʱʵʳʰʹʰʰʹ ˄ʨʸʳʵʳʨʫʪʬʴʬʲʰ ʺʿʬˀʰ ʳʿʵʼ ʬʪʴʨʺʬ ʪʨʩʲʰʨʴʯʨʴʨ˂
ʪʨʳʵ˂ˆʨʫʫʨ ʫʨ ʰʹ ʹʨʩ˅ʵʯʨ ˆʬʲʰʹʻʼʲʬʩʨʹʯʨʴ ˀʬʨʸʰʪʨ42.
1925 ˄ʲʰʹ 15 ʰʭʲʰʹʰʫʨʴ 3 ʨʪʭʰʹʺʵʳʫʬ 1924 ˄ʲʰʹ
ʨˇʨʴʿʬʩʨˀʰ ʳʵʴʨ˄ʰʲʬʯʨ ʹʨʹʨʳʨʸʯʲʵ ʶʸʵ˂ʬʹʰ ʳʰʳʫʰʴʨʸʬʵʩʫʨ.
ʹʨʹʨʳʨʸʯʲʵʳ ʩʸʨʲʫʬʩʻʲʬʩʰ ʱʨʺʬʪʵʸʰʬʩʨʫ ʫʨˈʿʵ. ʬʪʴʨʺʬ
ʪʨʩʲʰʨʴʰ ʳʬʵʸʬ ʱʨʺʬʪʵʸʰʨˀʰ ʳʵˆʭʫʨ. ʬʪʴʨʺʬ ʪʨʩʲʰʨʴʰ
ʹʨʹʨʳʨʸʯʲʵʳ 16 ʫʨ 23 ʰʭʲʰʹʹ ʫʨʱʰʯˆʨ43. ʹʨʹʨʳʨʸʯʲʵʳ ʬʪʴʨʺʬ
ʪʨʩʲʰʨʴʹ ˄ʨʻʿʬʴʨ ʩʸʨʲʰ ʪʨʯʭʨʲʰʹ˄ʰʴʬʩʻʲʰ ʹʨʽʨʸʯʭʬʲʵʹ ʹʹʸ
ʹʰʹˆʲʰʹ ʹʨʳʨʸʯʲʰʹ ʱʵʫʬʽʹʰʹ 61-ʬ ʳʻˆʲʰʯ44, ʸʨ˂ ʪʻʲʰʹˆʳʵʩʫʨ
ʰʳ ʵʸʪʨʴʰʮʨ˂ʰʰʹ ˄ʬʭʸʵʩʨʹ, ʸʵʳʲʰʹ ʳʰʮʨʴʰ ʰʿʵ ˀʬʰʨʸʨʾʬʩʻʲʰ
ʨˇʨʴʿʬʩʰʹ ʪʮʰʯ ʳʻˀʻʸ-ʪʲʬˆʻʸʰ ʹʨˆʬʲʳ˄ʰʼʵʹ ʫʨʳˆʵʩʨ ʫʨ ʻ˂ˆʵ

40
ʹʨʽʨʸʯʭʬʲʵʹ ˀʰʴʨʪʨʴ ʹʨʽʳʬʯʨ ʹʨʳʰʴʰʹʺʸʵʹ ʨʸʽʰʭʰ (II), ʼʵʴʫʰ 14, ʨʾ˄ʬʸʨ 2,
ʹʨʽʳʬ 377, ʺʵʳʰ 3, ʼʻʸ˂ʬʲʰ 19.
41
ʹʨʽʳʬ ʹʨʽʨʸʯʭʬʲʵʹ ʨʴʺʰʹʨʩ˅ʵʯʨ ʶʨʸʺʰʬʩʰʹ ʶʨʸʰʺʬʺʻʲʰ ʱʵʳʰʺʬʺʰʹ ˀʬʹʨˆʬʩ
(ʹʨʩʸʨʲʫʬʩʵ ʫʨʹʱʭʴʨ). ʯʩʰʲʰʹʰ, 1925, ʪʭ. 113.
42
ʹʨʽʨʸʯʭʬʲʵʹ ˀʰʴʨʪʨʴ ʹʨʽʳʬʯʨ ʹʨʳʰʴʰʹʺʸʵʹ ʨʸʽʰʭʰ (II), ʼʵʴʫʰ 14, ʨʾ˄ʬʸʨ 2,
ʹʨʽʳʬ 377, ʺʵʳʰ 3, ʼʻʸ˂ʲʬʩʰ 14-19.
43
ʹʨʽʨʸʯʭʬʲʵʹ ˀʰʴʨʪʨʴ ʹʨʽʳʬʯʨ ʹʨʳʰʴʰʹʺʸʵʹ ʨʸʽʰʭʰ (II), ʼʵʴʫʰ 14, ʨʾ˄ʬʸʨ 2,
ʹʨʽʳʬ 375, ʺʵʳʰ 1, ʼʻʸ˂ʲʬʩʰ 7-19, 71.
44
ʹʨʽʨʸʯʭʬʲʵʹ ˀʰʴʨʪʨʴ ʹʨʽʳʬʯʨ ʹʨʳʰʴʰʹʺʸʵʹ ʨʸʽʰʭʰ (II), ʼʵʴʫʰ 14, ʨʾ˄ʬʸʨ 2,
ʹʨʽʳʬ 40, ʼʻʸ˂ʬʲʰ 773.
33
ʹʨˆʬʲʳ˄ʰʼʵʬʩʯʨʴ ʨʴ ʳʰʹ ˄ʨʸʳʵʳʨʫʪʬʴʲʬʩʯʨʴ ʻʸʯʰʬʸʯʵʩʨ
ʹʨʽʨʸʯʭʬʲʵˀʰ ʰʴʺʬʸʭʬʴ˂ʰʰʹ ʪʨʴʹʨˆʵʸ˂ʰʬʲʬʩʲʨʫ45. ʬʪʴʨʺʬ
ʪʨʩʲʰʨʴʹ ʳʰʬʹʨˇʨ ʯʨʭʰʹʻʼʲʬʩʰʹ ʨʾʱʭʬʯʨ ʹʨʳʰ ˄ʲʰʯ, ʹʨʹʺʰʱʰ
ʰʮʵʲʨ˂ʰʰʯ. ʻʮʬʴʨʬʹʳʨ ʹʨʹʨʳʨʸʯʲʵʳ ʳˆʬʫʭʬʲʵʩʨˀʰ ʳʰʰʾʵ
ʹʨʱʨʭˀʰʸʵ ˂ʬʴʺʸʨʲʻʸʰ ʨʾʳʨʹʸʻʲʬʩʬʲʰ ʱʵʳʰʺʬʺʰʹ ʳʬʹʨʳʬ
ʹʬʹʰʰʹ 1925 ˄ʲʰʹ 7 ʳʨʸʺʰʹ ʫʨʫʪʬʴʰʲʬʩʨ ʫʨ ʨˇʨʴʿʬʩʨˀʰ
ʳʵʴʨ˄ʰʲʬʵʩʰʹ ʩʸʨʲʫʬʩʰʯ ʫʨʶʨʺʰʳʸʬʩʻʲʰ ʸʨʳʫʬʴʰʳʬ ʨʫʨʳʰʨʴʰ
ʫʨ ʳʨʯ ˀʵʸʰʹ ʬʪʴʨʺʬ ʪʨʩʲʰʨʴʰ ʹʨʹˇʬʲʰʹʨʪʨʴ ʪʨʨʯʨʭʰʹʻʼʲʨ.

45
ʹ.ʹ.ʹ.ʸ. ʹʰʹˆʲʰʹ ʹʨʳʨʸʯʲʰʹ ʱʵʫʬʽʹʰ. ʯʩʰʲʰʹʰ, 1924, ʪʭ. 15-16.
34
 ‹‚Œ„„ˆ „‚Œ€¢„ ‚€Šˆ€Œˆ –„€š„

„‚Œ€¢„ ƒ€ …„ € ‚€Šˆ€Œ„ˆ

Äʾʳʬʸʯʳʨ ˆʵʳ ʰ˂ʰʹ, ʸʨ˂ ʳʰʱʬʯʬʩʰʨ³± ʬʹ ʰʿʵ ʪʨʫʨʹʨˆʲʬʩʰʹʯʭʰʹ

ʪʨʳ˄ʬʹʬʩʻʲʰ
ʬʪʴʨʺʬ ʪʨʩʲʰʨʴʰʹ ʩʵʲʵ ʹʰʺʿʭʬʩʰÄʳʨʳʻʲʨ, ʰ˂ʵʫʬ ˂ʻʫʰ ʨʸʨʼʬʸʰ
ʳʰʱʬʯʬʩʰʨ³± ˀʬʹ˃ʨˆʨ
ʳʰʹʱʬʴ ʪʨ˄ʬʻʲ ˃ʳʰʹˀʭʰʲʹ, ʸʵʳʬʲʹʨ˂ ʹʻʸʫʨ ʯʩʰʲʰ ʯʨʭˀʨʲʰ
ʳʵʬˆʻʸʨ ʴʨʲʵʲʰʨʭʬʩʰ
ʩʰ˃ʰʹʯʭʰʹ.

35
 ʫʨʶʨʺʰʳʸʬʩʻʲʰ ʬʪʴʨʺʬ ˁʨʹʭʬʹ ʵʸʱʨ˂ʰʨʴ, ʾʰʨ, ʶʨʺʨʸʨ
ʯʭʰʯʳʼʸʰʴʨʭˀʰ. ʳʨʴ ʻʱʨʴʨʹʱʴʬʲʨʫ ʳʵʨʭʲʵ
ʯʭʨʲʰ ʪʨʸʬʳʵʹ. ʩʵʲʵ ˄ʻʯʬʩˀʰ ˂ˆʬʴʰ ʳʵʨʪʬʲʭʨ ʳʰʹʳʨ ˀʭʰʲʳʨ
ʪʰʭʰʳ, ˃ʲʰʭʹ ʳʵʨʹ˄ʸʵ ʳʨʳʰʹ ʫʨʴʨˆʭʨ.... ʨʲʩʨʯ ʬʹ ʰʿʵ ʹʻʸʨʯʰ, ʸʵʳʬʲʰ˂
ʳʨʳʨ-ˀʭʰʲʹ ʹʰ˂ʵ˂ˆʲʰʹ ʩʵʲʵʳʫʬ ʯʭʨʲ˄ʰʴ ʬʫʪʨʯ.
ʬʪʴʨʺʬ ʪʨʩʲʰʨʴʹ ʻʹʮʾʭʸʵʫ ʻʿʭʨʸʫʨ ʯʨʭʰʹʰ ʱʻʯˆʬ ʫʨ ʰ˂ʵʫʨ
ʹʨʱʻʯʨʸʰ ˆʨʲˆʰʹ ˅ʰʸ-ʭʨʸʨʳʰ, ʰʹ ʳʻʫʨʳ ʬˆʳʨʸʬʩʵʫʨ ʽʭʸʰʭ-ʵʩʲʬʩʹʨ ʫʨ
ˆʬʲʳʵʱʲʬ ʵˇʨˆʬʩʹ. ʳʰʹʰ ʻˀʻʨʲʵ ʯˆʵʭʴʰʯ, ʳʨˀʰʴʫʬʲʳʨ ʳʯʨʭʸʵʩʨʳ
ʪʨʫʨʹʨˆʨʫʰ, ʸʵʳʲʰʹ ʪʨʫʨˆʫʨ˂ ʳʵʹʨˆʲʬʵʩʨʹ ʻ˅ʰʸʫʨ ˀʬʻ˂ʭʨʲʨ, ʳʨʯ
ʨʹʱʰʲʰʹ ˀʬʪʸʵʭʬʩʰʯ.
ʿʭʬʲʨ ʹʵʼʬʲʰ ˀʬʳʵʰʨʸʨ, ʩʨʭˀʭʬʩʰ ˀʬʱʸʰʩʨ ʫʨ ʯʩʰʲʰʹˀʰ
Äʳʻˀʼʨʱˀʰ³ ʳʵʨ˄ʿʵ ʹʨʹ˄ʨʭʲʬʩʲʨʫ, ʫʨʨʩʰʴʨʭʨ ʬʪʸʬʯ˄ʵʫʬʩʻʲ
Äʳʯʰʬʲʯʨ ʯʨʭˀʬʹʨʼʨʸˀʰ³ʬʹʬ˂ ʨʸ ʰʱʳʨʸʨ ʫʨ ʯʨʭʰʹ ʽʨʲʰˀʭʰʲʹ ʬʯʬʸʹ,
ʸʵʳʬʲʹʨ˂ ʹʨʿʭʨʸʬʲʰ ʩʰ˂ʵʲʰʹ ʶʨʺʰʭʹʨ˂ʬʳʨʫ, ġʨʳʬʯ¶³ ˀʬʨʸʽʭʨ,
ʫʨʨʭʨʲʨ ʹʨʾʨʳʵʵʩʰʯ ʩʨʭˀʭʬʩʰʹ ʳʵʴʨˆʻʲʬʩʨ ʫʨ ʳʨʯʰ ʳʫʪʵʳʨʸʬʵʩʰʹ
ˀʬʹʨˆʬʩ ʳʨʳʰʹʨʯʭʰʹ ʰʴʼʵʸʳʨ˂ʰʰʹ ʳʰ˄ʵʫʬʩʨ. ʭʨʷʰˀʭʰʲ ʪʰʭʰʹ ʱʰ,
ʸʵʳʬʲʹʨ˂ ʸʵʳʬʲʹʨ˂ ʹʻʸʫʨ, ʸʵʳ ʳʹʪʨʭʹʨʫ ʳʨʳʰʹʨ ʰʴʷʰʴʬʸʰ
ʪʨʳˆʫʨʸʰʿʵ, ʹʯˆʵʭʨ ʹʨʳʬʫʰ˂ʰʴʵ ʰʴʹʺʰʺʻʺʰ ʫʨʬʳʯʨʭʸʬʩʰʴʨ, ʸʨʫʪʨʴ
ʹʭʨʴʬʯʹ ʬʽʰʳʰ ʹ˅ʰʸʫʬʩʵʫʨ. ʨʹʬ ʨˁʭʬʭʫʨ ˀʭʰʲʬʩʹ ʱʻʯˆʰʹʨ ʫʨ ˆʨʲˆʰʹ
ʹʰʿʭʨʸʻʲʹ.
ʰʹ ʱʨʸʪʨʫ ʰ˂ʴʵʩʫʨ ʯʨʭʰʹ ʱʻʯˆʬʹ. ʯʨʭʰʹ ʫʸʵʮʬ ʨʸʽʬʵʲʵʪʳʨ
ˀʵʯʨ ˁʨʸʯʵʲʨʴʳʨ ʳʰˁʭʬʴʨ 1936 ˄ʲʰʹ ʷʻʸʴʨʲʰ Äʫʸʵˀʨ³ ʸʵʳʬʲˀʰ˂
ʬʪʴʨʺʬʹ ˄ʬʸʰʲʰ ʰʿʵ ʹʭʨʴʬʯˀʰ ˁʨʹʨʺʨʸʬʩʬʲʰ ʨʻ˂ʰʲʬʩʬʲʰ
ʨʸʽʬʵʲʵʪʰʻʸʰ ʪʨʯˆʸʬʩʰʹ ˀʬʹʨˆʬʩ.
ʸʨʳʫʬʴʰʳʬ ˄ʲʰʹ ˄ʰʴ ʬʸʯ-ʬʸʯʳʨ ʩʰ˃ʨʳ ʳʱʰʯˆʨ Äʯʻ ʰ˂ʰ ʸʵʳ
ʳʻʮʬʻʳˀʰ ʨʸʹʬʩʻʲʰ Äʲ˙˅ˋˀˆ ʲʨʳʺʭʨʸʨʨʲ³ ʼʬˆʰʨʴʰ ʹʨʱʭʨʸʬ) ˁʭʬʴʰ
ʨʸʰʹʵ"³ ʯʻʸʳʬ, ʸʵ˂ʨ ʬʪʴʨʺʬʹ ʳʻʮʬʻʳʰʹ ˀʬʽʳʴʨ ʫʨʻ˄ʿʰʨ, ʴʰʭʯʬʩʰʹ
ˀʬʪʸʵʭʬʩʨʨ ʹʨʱʻʯʨʸʰ ʹʨˆʲʰʫʨʴ ˀʬʫʪʵʳʰʨ, ʸʨʯʨ ʹʭʨʴʬʩʹ ʳʰʹʯʭʰʹ
ʳʰʬʩʨ˃ʨʯ.
ˆʨʲˆˀʰ ʫʰʫʰ ʹʰʿʭʨʸʻʲʰ ʫʨ ʨʭʺʵʸʰʺʬʺʰ ˈʽʵʴʫʨ
ʳʵˆʭʬ˅ʰʲʰ.
ʪʭʨʸʰʹ ʫʨ ʨʸʨʳʨʸʺʵ ʪʭʨʸʰʹ, ʳʯʬʲʰ ʹʵʼʲʰʹ ʭʨʷʱʨ˂ʬʩʰ
ʳʨʲʻʲʨʫ ʯʻ ʨˀʱʨʸʨʫ ʯʨʴ ʫʨˈʿʭʬʩʵʫʴʬʴ, ʸʨʰʳʬ ʪʨʹʨ˅ʰʸʹ ʯʻ ˆʰʼʨʯʹ
ʳʵʻʲʵʫʴʬʲʨʫ ʸʵʳ ʨʸ ʪʨʫʨˈʿʸʵʫʨ.
ʨʼʨʹʬʩʫʨ ʹˆʭʰʹ ʪʵʴʰʬʸʬʩʨʹ ʫʨ ʨʳʰʹ ʨʾʰʨʸʬʩʨ˂ ʨʸ ʬʮʨʸʬʩʵʫʨ.

36
 ʬʸʯˆʬʲ ʹʨʳʻˀʨʵʫʨʴ ʳʵʳʨʭʨʲʳʨ ʹʵʼʲʬʲʬʩʳʨ ʳʨʾʲʵʩʰʫʨʴ
ˀʬʴʰˀʴʬʹ ʸʵʳ ʬʪʴʨʺʬʹ ʱʨʸ-ʳʰʫʨʳʵ ʰ˄ʭʵʫʨ, ʱʭʨʳʲʹʨ ʫʨ ʩʻʾˀʰ ʰʿʵ
ʪʨˆʭʬʭʻʲʰ (ʹʨˆʲʰ ʨʨʼʬʯʽʬʹ), ʳʨʪʸʨʳ ʬʹ ʹʨ˂ˆʵʭʸʬʩʬʲʰ ʹʨˆʲʰ ʨʸ ʰʿʵ.
ʳʰˆʭʫʨ ʬʪʴʨʺʬ ʸʵʳ ʸʵʳʬʲʰʳʾʨ˂ ʯʨʴʹʵʼʲʬʲʳʨ Äˁʨʼʸʬʩʹ³ˀʬʪʴʬʩʻʲʨʫ
ˀʬ˂ʫʵʳʰʯ ʳʰʨʹ˄ʨʭʲʨ ʳʰʹʰ ʨʸʨʹʨ˂ˆʵʭʸʬʩʬʲʰ ʹʨˆʲʰ. ʰʳʨʹʨ˂ ʳʰˆʭʫʨ, ʯʻ
ʭʰʴ ʰʿʵ ʬʹ ʱʨ˂ʰ. ʨʳ ʱʨ˂ʹ ʹʵʼʬʲʰ ʪʵʴʰʬʸ ʱʨ˂ʨʫ ʰ˂ʴʰʩʫʨ, ʪʭʨʸʨʫ
ʴʨʭʬʸʰʨʴʰ ʪʨˆʲʫʨʯ.
ʳʬʵʸʬ ʫʾʬʹ, ʸʵ˂ʨ ʳʨʹ ʪʮʨˀʰ ˀʬˆʭʫʨ ʬʪʴʨʺʬ, ʪʨʻʾʰʳʨ ʫʨ ʻʯˆʸʨ:
Äʬʹ ˀʬʴ ˆʨʸ ʪʵʴʰʬʸʰ ʫʨ ʳʰˆʭʬʫʸʰʲʰ ʱʨ˂ʰ ,ʳʰʭˆʭʫʰ ʨʳʨʹ ˀʬʴ
ʪʨʨʱʬʯʬʩʫʰ³
ʰʹʬ ˄ʨʭʰʫʴʬʴ ʨʳʽʭʬʿʴʰʫʨʴ ʳʰʹʰ ʯʨʵʩʰʹ ʨʫʨʳʰʨʴʬʩʰ ʸʵʳ ʬʪʴʨʺʬʹ
ʹʨˆʬʲʹ ˆʳʨʳʨʾʲʨ ʭʬʸ ʨˆʹʬʴʬʩʫʴʬʴʫʨ, ʳʨʪʸʨʳ ʪʻʲʰʯ ʳʰʹ ʹʰʿʭʨʸʻʲʹʨ
ʫʨ ʶʨʺʰʭʰʹ˂ʬʳʨʹ ʨʺʨʸʬʩʫʴʬʴ, ʳʵʴʨʺʸʬʩʨʹ ʪʻʲˀʰ ʰʱʲʨʭʫʴʬʴ.
ʫʸʵʳ ʪʨʨʳʨʸʯʲʨ ʬʪʴʨʺʬ... ʳʨʪʸʨʳ, ʭʨʪʲʨˆ, ʸʵʳ ʪʭʰʨʴ, ʯʻʳ˂ʨ
ʳʰʹ ʴʨʾʭʨ˄ʳʨ ʫʨ ʴʨˀʸʵʳʳʨ ʨʾʰʨʸʬʩʨ ʫʨ ʳʮʰʹʴʨʯʬʲʰ ˈʶʵʭʨ.
ʹʨʪʭʨʸʬʻʲʵʹʨ ʫʨ ʹʨʴʨʯʬʹʨʵʹ ʹʨˆʬʲʰʯ ʳʨʫʲʰʬʸʬʩʨʹ
ʪʨʳʵʭˆʨʺʨʭ ʹʨʽʨʸʯʭʬʲʵʹ ʶʨʸʲʨʳʬʴʺʰʹ ʬʸʵʭʴʻʲʰ ʩʰʩʲʰʵʯʬʱʰʹʨʫʳʰ,
ʸʵʳʲʰʹ ʳˆʨʸʫʨ˅ʬʸʰʯʨ˂ ˄ʰʴʨʳʫʬʩʨʸʬ ˄ʰʪʴʰ ʪʨʳʵʰ˂ʨ.
£ˆ‘ ˆ ‚€Šˆ€Œˆ

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ʨʸʰʨʴ ʨʫʨʳʰʨʴʬʩʰ, ʳʹ˄ʸʨʼʲ˄ʨʸʳʨʭʨʲʰ ʫʸʵʰʹ ʹʨ˂ʬ˂ʬʩʹ ʸʵʳ

ʪʨʫʨʻʸˁʬʩʰʨʴ ˆʵʲʳʬ ʫʨ ʯʨʭʰʨʴʯʰ ʴʨʾʭʨ˄-ʴʨʨʳʨʪʨʸʰʯ
ʻʱʭʫʨʭʬʩʨʹ ʰˆʭʬ˅ʬʴ, ʳʨʯʰ ʹʨˆʬʲʰ ʰʹʬʯʰ ʳʿʰʼʬ ʨʸ ʨʾʳʵˁʴʫʬʩʨ
ˆʵʲʳʬ, ʫʸʵʳ ʸʵʳ ʳʺʭʸʨʫ ʨʽ˂ʰʵʹ ʨʴ ʫʨʭʰ˄ʿʬʩʰʹ ʩʨʲʨˆʰʯ
ʫʨʼʨʸʵʹ. ʶʰʸʰʽʰʯ, ʹ˄ʵʸʬʫ ʫʸʵ ʨʽ˂ʬʭʹ ʳʨʯ ʳʿʨʸ ʫʨ ʼʨʹʬʻʲ
ʾʰʸʬʩʻʲʬʩʨʫ.. ʹʨʩʬʫʴʰʬʸʵʫ,ʹʨʽʨʸʯʭʬʲʵ ʨʳʪʭʨʸ ʨʫʨʳʰʨʴʯʨ
ʹʰʳ˂ʰʸʬʹ ʨʸ ʻˁʰʭʰʹ, ʻʨʳʸʨʭ ʨʫʨʳʰʨʴʹ ʫʨʭʨʹʨˆʬʲʬʩʯ, ʯʨʭʰʹʰ
˂ˆʵʭʸʬʩʰʯʨ ʫʨ ˀʬʳʵʽʳʬʫʬʩʰʯ ʪʨʳʵʸˁʬʻʲʹ, ʾʰʸʹʬʻʲʹ,
ʹʨˆʬʲʵʭʨʴʹ, ʶʨʺʰʭʳʰʹʨʪʬʩʹ, ˁʭʬʴʰ ʯʨʿʭʨʴʰʹ˂ʬʳʰʹ ʾʰʸʹʹ...
ʳʬ ʩʬʫʴʰʬʸʰ ʭʨʸ,ʸʵʳ ʨʳʪʭʨʸ ʪʨʳʵʸˁʬʻʲ ʨʫʨʳʰʨʴʯʨ ʸʰʪʬʩˀʰ
ʭʰʪʻʲʭʬʩ ˁʬʳʹ ʫʰʫʹʨ ʫʨ ʹʨˆʬʲʵʭʨʴ ˄ʰʴʨʶʨʸʹ, ʹʭʨʴʬʯʰʹ ʻʫʰʫʬʹ
ʳ˄ʬʹʨ ʫʨ ʽʵʳʨʪʹ, ʨʳʨʪʫʨʸʹʨ ʫʨ ʫʨʳʨˀʭʸʨʲʹ ʳʰʹʯʭʰʹ ± ʬʪʴʨʺʬ
ʪʨʩʲʰʨʴʹ, ʸʵʳʬʲʹʨ˂ ʬ˃ʾʭʴʬʩʨ ʬʹ ˄ʰʪʴʰ.
ʹʬʸʭʨʴʺʬʹʰ ʨʳʩʵʩʫʨ: ,,ʰʹʺʵʸʰʨ ˁʭʬʴʰ ʹʨʽʳʬʬʩʰʹ ʹʨʪʨʴ˃ʻʸʰʨ,
˄ʨʸʹʻʲʰʹ ʳʵ˄ʳʬʨ, ʳʨʪʨʲʰʯʰ ʫʨ ʹ˄ʨʭʲʬʩʨʨ ʨ˄ʳʿʵʹʨʯʭʰʹ,
ʹʰʼʸʯˆʰʲʬʨ ʳʵʳʨʭʲʰʹʨʯʭʰʹʵ³
ʯʻ ʰʹʺʵʸʰʰʹ ʹʨʳʮʬʸʰʫʨʴ ʪʨʫʨʭˆʬʫʨʭʯ ʬʪʴʨʺʬ ʪʨʩʲʰʨʴʰʹ
ʳʵʾʭʨ˄ʬʵʩʨʹ, ʴʨʯʬʲʰ ʪʨˆʫʬʩʨ, ʳʰʹʰ ʴʨʳʵʾʭʨ˄ʨʸʰʫʨʴ ʸʨʳʫʬʴʰ ʸʨʳ
ʫʨʸˁʨ ʫʾʬʳʫʬ ʾʰʸʬʩʻʲʰ, ˄ʨʸʻʭʨʲʰ ʫʨ ʫʨʻ˃ʭʬʲʬʩʬʲʰ...
ʸʨʳʫʬʴʰ ʸʨʳ ʻʱʬʯʬʩʰʨ ʶʬʺʬʸʩʻʸʪʰʹ ʻʴʰʭʬʸʹʰʺʬʺʰʹ
ʨʾʳʵʹʨʭʲʬʯʳ˂ʵʫʴʬʵʩʰʹ ʼʨʱʻʲʺʬʺʰʹ ʱʻʸʹʫʨʳʯʨʭʸʬʩʻʲʹ,
ʱʨʲʳʰʯ ʻʩʸ˃ʵʲʰʨ (ʩʸ˃ʵʲʰʹ ʷʰʴʰ, ʻʴʨʸʰ ʫʨ ˃ʨʲʨ ʹ˅ʰʸʫʬʩʵʫʨ
ʹ˄ʵʸʬʫ ʰʳʫʸʵʰʴʫʬʲ ʶʸʬʹʨˀʰ ʹʭʨʴʬʯʰʹ ʹʨ˅ʰʸʩʵʸʵʺʵ
ʹʨʱʰʯˆʬʩʰʹ ʪʨˀʻʽʬʩʨʹ ʫʨ ʳʨʭʨʴʯʨ ʿʻʸʨʫʾʬʩʰʹ ʳʰʶʿʸʵʩʨʹ
ʹʭʨʴʬʯʰʹ ʶʸʵʩʲʬʳʬʩʰʹʨʫʳʰ), ʳʱʭʲʬʭʨʸʰʹ ʪʻʲʳʵʫʪʰʴʬʩʰʯ
ʻʱʭʲʬʭʰʨ ʹʭʨʴʬʯʰʹ ʿʵʼʨ, ʼʵʲʱʲʵʸʰʹʺʰʹ ʬʴʯʻʮʰʨʮʳʰʯ
ʻʪʸʵʭʬʩʰʨ ʹʭʨʴʻʸʰ ʮʬʶʰʸʹʰʺʿʭʰʬʸʬʩʰʹ ʴʰʳʻˀʬʩʰ,
ʵʸʪʨʴʰʮʨ˂ʰʻʲʰ ʴʰ˅ʰ˂ ʪʨʳʵʻʭʲʬʴʰʨ ʹʭʨʴʬʯʰʹ ʬʯʴʵʪʸʨʼʰʻʲ-
ʰʹʺʵʸʰʻʲʰ ʳʻʮʬʻʳʰʹ ʫʨʨʸʹʬʩʰʹʨ ʫʨ ʶʰʸʭʬʲʰ ʫʰʸʬʽʺʵʸʵʩʰʹ
ʷʨʳʹ, ʮʻʪʫʰʫʰ-ʳʬʹʺʰʰʹ ʹʨʨʭʺʵʳʵʩʰʲʵ ʪʮʰʹʨ ʫʨ ʳʬʹʺʰʰʹ
ʨʬʸʵʶʵʸʺʰʹ ʫʨʨʸʹʬʩʰʹ ʰʴʰ˂ʰʨʺʵʸʰ˂ ʿʵʼʰʲʨ.. ʨʫʭʰʲʰ
˄ʨʸʳʵʹʨʫʪʬʴʰʨ, ʸʨ ʫʰʫʰ ˃ʨʲʰʹˆʳʬʭʨ ʹ˅ʰʸʫʬʩʵʫʨ ʨʳ
ʳʸʨʭʨʲʳˆʸʰʭ, ʨʸ˂ʯʻ ʰʵʲ ʹʨʽʳʰʨʴʵʩʨʹ, ʳʰʯ ʻʳʬʺʬʹ, ʯʻ ʰʳʨʹʨ˂
ʫʨʭʨʳʨʺʬʩʯ, ʸʵʳ ʬʪʴʨʺʬ ʪʨʩʲʰʨʴʰ ʨʽʺʰʻʸʰ ʫʨ ʯʭʨʲʹʨˁʰʴʵ
39
ʳʵʾʭʨ˄ʬ ʰʿʵ 1921-1924 ˄ʲʬʩʰʹ ʬʸʵʭʴʻʲ-ʪʨʴʳʨʯʨʭʰʹʻʼʲʬʩʬʲʰ
ʳʵ˃ʸʨʵʩʰʹʨ, ʬʸʯ-ʬʸʯʰ ʲʰʫʬʸʰ 1924 ˄ʲʰʹ ʹʭʨʴʬʯʰʹ ʨˇʨʴʿʬʩʰʹʨ,
ʳʵʴʨ˄ʰʲʬ 1924 ˄ʲʰʹ ʨʪʭʰʹʺʵʹ ʨˇʨʴʿʬʩʰʹ ʳʵʳʮʨʫʬʩʰʹʨ...
ʨʸ ʫʨʸˁʬʴʰʲʨ ʳʬʺ-ʴʨʱʲʬʩʨʫ ʳʴʰˀʭʴʬʲʵʭʨʴʰ ʬʸʵʭʴʻʲʰ
ʹʨʽʳʬ ʰʳ ʬʶʵʽʨˀʰ, ʬʪʴʨʺʬ ʪʨʩʲʰʨʴʰʹ ʳʵʴʨ˄ʰʲʬʵʩʰʹ ʪʨʸʬˀʬ ʸʵʳ
ˁʨʬʭʲʵ... ˄ʬʸʫʨ, ʰʱʭʲʬʭʫʨ,ʬ˃ʬʩʫʨ, ʨʪʸʵʭʬʩʫʨ, ʨʽʭʬʿʴʬʩʫʨ,
ʨʳʮʨʫʬʩʫʨ, ʨʨʸʹʬʩʫʨ, ʳʵʴʨ˄ʰʲʬʵʩʫʨ, ʰ˄ʿʬʩʫʨ, ʨʳʯʨʭʸʬʩʫʨ...
Äʹʰʺʿʭʨ ʹʨʽʳʰʨʴʰ³ ˈʽʵʴʫʨ ʫʨ ,,ʹʨʽʳʬ ʹʰʺʿʭʰʨʴʰ³ ˀʰʪʨʫʨˀʰʪ
ʰ˅ʬʸʫʴʬʴ ˁʬʱʰʹʺʬʩʰ, ʹˇʰʫʴʬʴ, ʯʨʭʰʹʻʼʲʬʩʨʹ ʻʮʾʻʫʨʭʫʴʬʴ...
ʰʹ ʱʰ ʳʨʰʴ˂ ʨʪʸ˃ʬʲʬʩʫʨ ± ˄ʬʸʫʨ, ʰʱʭʲʬʭʫʨ, ʰʩʸ˃ʵʫʨ, ʰʽʳʵʫʨ,
ʯʨʭʰʹʻʼʨʲ, ʪʨʴʨʯʲʬʩʻʲ, ʮʴʬʳʨʾʨʲ ʽʭʬʿʨʴʨʹ ʬʺʸʼʵʫʨ ʫʨ
ʿʭʬʲʨʼʬʸʹ ʨʱʬʯʬʩʫʨ ʨʳʰʹʯʭʰʹ...
1937 ˄ʬʲʹ ʱʰ ˀʬʬ˄ʰʸʨ ʱʰʫʬ˂ ʨʳʨʹ ± ʫʨˆʭʸʰʺʬʹ... ʯʻʳ˂ʨ ʭʬʸ˂
ʼʰʮʰʱʻʸʳʨ ʹʰʱʭʫʰʲʳʨ, ʭʬʸ˂ ʳʰʹʰ ʨʸʿʵʼʴʰʹ ʸʭʨ ʨʯʬʻʲʳʨ ˄ʬʲʳʨ
ʭʬʸʨʼʬʸʰ ʫʨʨʱʲʵ ʳʰʹ ʹʨˆʬʲʹ ʫʨ, ʨʲʩʨʯ, ʱʰʫʬʭ ʫʰʫˆʨʴʹ ʭʬʸ
ʫʨʨʱʲʬʩʹ, ʹʨʴʨʳ ʳʰʹ ʫʨʴʨʺʵʭʨʸʹ ʯʽʭʬʴʴʨʰʸʰ ʪʻʲˀʬʳʨʺʱʰʭʨʸʰ
ʬʿʵʲʬʩʨ, ʳʰʹ ʾʭʨ˄ʲʹ ± ʫʨʳʼʨʹʬʩʬʲʰ ʫʨ ʳʰʹ ʹʨʽʳʬʬʩʹ ± ʶʨʺʰʭʰʹ
ʳʰʳʪʬʩʰ... ʭʨʳʨʿʵʩ ʨʸʨ ʳʨʸʺʵ ʳʰʹʰ ʫʨʴʨʺʵʭʨʸʰʯ, ʨʸʨʳʬʫ ʰʳʰʯʨ˂,
ʸʵʳ ʹʨʽʨʸʯʭʬʲʵʳ ʫʾʬʹ ʰ˂ʰʹ ʯʨʭʰʹʰ ʫʰʫʰ ˀʭʰʲʬʩʰʹ ʼʨʹʰ, ʸʰʹʰ
ʫʨʹʺʻʸʰ˂ʨʨ ʬʹ ˄ʰʪʴʰ.

„Š„Œ„ ‚€Šˆ€Œˆ

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ʫʰʫʰ ˆʨʴʰʨ, ʸʨ˂ ʹʭʨʴʬʯʮʬ ʹʨʿʻʸʨʫʾʬʩʵ ˀʸʵʳʨ ʨʸ ʫʨ˄ʬʸʰʲʨ

ʫʨ ʯʨʴʨʳʬʫʸʵʭʬ ˁʭʬʴʰ ˆʨʲˆʰʹ ʻʳʸʨʭʲʬʹʵʩʨʹ ʨʸʨʭʰʯʨʸʰ
˄ʨʸʳʵʫʪʬʴʨ ʨʸʨ ʨʽʭʹ ʨʳ ʽʭʬʿʴʰʹ ʿʵʼʨ-˂ˆʵʭʸʬʩʨʮʬ, ʳʰʹʰ
ʪʬʵʪʸʨʼʰʰʹ, ʬʯʴʵʪʸʨʼʰʰʹ, ʰʹʺʵʸʰʰʹ, ʱʻʲʺʻʸʨ-ʬʱʵʴʵʳʰʱʰʹ ʫʨ
ʬʴʰʹ ˀʬʹʨˆʬʩ. ʳʨʸʯʨʲʰʨ ʹʭʴʨʬʯʰ ʹˆʭʨ ʫʨ ʹˆʭʨ ʫʸʵʹ ʳʵʪʮʨʻʸʬʩʰʹ
ʳʰʬʸ ʨʸʰʹ ʪʨʱʭʸʰʯ ʨʾ˄ʬʸʰʲʰ, ʳʨʪʸʨʳ ʨʸ˂ ʬʸʯ ʳʨʯʪʨʴʹ ʨʸ ʽʵʴʰʨ
ʹʨˀʻʨʲʬʩʨ ʹʨʼʻ˃ʭʲʰʨʴʨʫ ˀʬʬʹ˄ʨʭʲʨ ʹʭʨʴʬʯʰʹ ˂ˆʵʭʸʬʩʨ, ʸʵʳ ʳʰʹ
ʹʰʾʸʳʬˀʰ ˁʨʬˆʬʫʨ, ʰʽʰʫʨʴ ʹʰʴʨʳʫʭʰʲʬ ʨʳʵʬʾʵ ʫʨ ʨʳʰʺʵʳʨ˂
ʹʭʨʴʬʯʰʹ ˀʬʹʨˆʬʩ ˁʭʬʴ ʪʭʨʽʭʹ ʻʹ˄ʵʸʵ ʨʸʬʭ-ʫʨʸʬʻʲʰ, ʮʬʸʬʲʬ
˂ʴʵʩʬʩʰ, ˆʵʲʵ ʹʭʨʴʬʯʰʹ ʳʯʬʲʰ ʰʹʺʵʸʰʨ ʪʨˀʻʽʬʩʻʲʰ ʨʸ ʨʸʰʹ.
ʰʹʺʵʸʰʻʲʰ ˂ʴʵʩʬʩʰ ʨʳ ʽʭʬʿʴʰʹ ʭʰʯʨʸʬʩʰʹʨ, ʹˆʭʨ ʫʨ ʹˆʭʨ
˂ˆʵʭʸʬʩʰʹ ʳʵʭʲʬʴʬʩʰʹʨ ʫʨ ʳʹʭʲʬʲʵʩʰʹ ˀʬʹʨˆʬʩ ˃ʨʲʰʨʴ
ʴʨʱʲʬʩʨʫ ʳʵʰʶʵʭʬʩʨ, ˆʵʲʵ ʰʹ ʹʻʹʺʰ, ʳʨʪʸʨʳ ʾʰʸʹʨʾʹʨʴʰˀʴʨʭʰ
ʰʹʺʵʸʰʻʲʰ ˄ʿʨʸʵʬʩʰ, ʸʵʳʲʬʩʰ˂, ʹʨʱʻʯʸʰ ʳ˄ʬʸʲʵʩʰʹ
ʻʽʵʴʲʵʩʰʹ ʪʨʨʳʵ, ʹʭʨʴʬʩʰʹ ʳʬˆʹʰʬʸʬʩʨˀʰ ˀʬʴʨˆʻʲʨʴ ˆʨʲˆʻʸʰ
ʹʰʳʾʬʸʬʩʰʹʨ ʫʨ ʮʬʶʰʸ ʪʨʫʳʵ˂ʬʳʬʩʰʹ ʹʨˆʰʯ ± ʫʾʬʹʨ˂
ʹˆʭʨʫʨʹˆʭʨʴʨʰʸʨʫ ʫʨʳʨˆʰʴˇʬʩʻʲʨʯ ʪʭʬʹʳʰʹ ʿʭʬʲʨ
ʹʨʮʵʪʨʫʵʬʩʬʩˀʰ ʫʨ, ʫʨʸ˄ʳʻʴʬʩʻʲʰ ʭʨʸ, ʹʻʲ ʨˆʲʵ ʳʵʳʨʭʨʲˀʰ
ʰʹʰʴʰ ʹʸʻʲʰʨʫ ʳʰʬ˂ʬʳʰʨʴ ʳʰʭʰ˄ʿʬʩʨʹ ʫʨ ʪʨʽʸʬʩʰʨʴ ʹʭʨʴʬʯʰʹ
˂ˆʵʭʸʬʩʰʫʨʴ. ʨʳʴʨʰʸʨʫ ˀʬʰ˃ʲʬʩʨ ʪʭʬʼʰʽʸʨ, ʸʵʳ ʬʹ ʱʻʯˆʬ
ʫʨʸˁʬʩʵʫʨ ʹʸʻʲʰʨʫ ˀʬʻʹ˄ʨʭʲʬʲʰ. ʫʨ ʨʳʰʺʵʳʨ˂ ʳʬ ʳʰʮʴʨʫ
ʫʨʭʰʹʨˆʬ, ʸʨʳʫʬʴʨʫʨ˂ ˀʬʳʬ˃ʲʵ, ʹʭʨʴʬʯʰʹ ʮʵʪʰʬʸʯ ʳʱʭʲʬʭʨʸʯʨ
ʳʰʬʸ ʫʨʳʨˆʰʴˇʬʩʻʲ ˂ʴʵʩʬʩˀʰ ˀʬʹ˄ʵʸʬʩʬʩʰ ˀʬʳʬʺʨʴʨ, ˀʬʭˆʬʩʵʫʰ
ʿʵʭʬʲʳˆʸʰʭʨʯ ʨʳ ʽʭʬʿʴʰʹ ʨʾ˄ʬʸʨ-ʪʨʳʵʱʭʲʬʭʨʹ, ʹʭʨʴʬʯˀʰ
ʨʸʹʬʩʻʲ ʹˆʭʨ ʫʨ ʹˆʭʨ, ʨʳ ˄ʰʪʴˀʰ ʳʵʯʨʭʹʬʩʻʲ, ʨʫʪʰʲʵʩʸʰʭ
˄ʿʨʸʵʬʩʰʹ ʫʨʳʻˀʨʭʬʩʨʹ, ʸʨʯʨ ʨʳ ˁʬʳʰ ˀʸʵʳʰʯ ʳʱʰʯˆʭʬʲʰʹʨʯʭʰʹ
ʳʵʳʬ˂ʨ ʹʨˀʻʨʲʬʩʨ ʹʭʨʴʬʯʹ ʪʨ˂ʴʵʩʵʫʨ, ˆʵʲʵ ʯʨʴʨʳʬʫʸʵʭʬ
ʳʬ˂ʴʰʬʸʬʩʰʹʨʯʭʰʹ ʰʹ ʳʰʳʬ˄ʭʫʰʴʨ ʳʨʹʨʲʨʫ ʹʭʨʴʬʯʰʹ
ʳʬ˂ʴʰʬʸʬʻʲʨʫ ˀʬʹ˄ʨʭʲʨ-ʪʨʳʵʱʭʲʬʭʰʹʨʯʭʰʹ ʫʨ ʳʰʹ ˁʭʬʴ ʫʸʵʳʫʬ
ʪʨʳʽʸʨʲ ʰʹʺʵʸʰʰʹ ˀʬʹʨʫʪʬʴʨʯ. ʻʩʸʨʲʵ ʪʲʬˆʰʹ ʵˇʨˆˀʰ
ʨʾʮʸʫʨʳ, ʳʻʫʳʰʭʨʫ ʹʭʨʴʬʯˀʰ ˂ˆʵʭʸʬʩʨʳ, ʳʬ ʹʨˀʻʨʲʬʩʨ ʳʵʳ˂ʨ
ʳʰʹʰ ʿʵʼʨ-˂ˆʵʭʸʬʩʨ ʫʨ ʮʴʬ-ˁʭʬʻʲʬʩʬʩʰ ˀʬʳʬʹ˄ʨʭʲʨ,
ʲʬʴʰʴʪʸʨʫʰʹ ʹʨʳʬ˂ʴʰʬʸʵ ʨʱʨʫʬʳʰʰʹ ʸʨʳʵʫʬʴʰʳʬ ˄ʲʰʹ
ʯʨʴʨʳˀʸʵʳʲʵʩʨʳ ʫʨ ʳʰʹ ʫʨʭʨʲʬʩʰʯ ʹʭʨʴʬʯʰʹ ˀʬʹ˄ʨʭʲʨ-
43
ʪʨʳʵʱʭʲʬʭʨʳ, ˆʵʲʵ ʹʨʩ˅ʵʯʨ ˆʬʲʰʹʻʼʲʬʩʰʹ ʹʻʸʭʰʲʳʨ
ˁʨʳʵʸˁʬʴʰʲ ʽʭʬʿʴʰʹ ˂ˆʵʭʸʬʩʰʹ ʪʨˀʻʽʬʩʰʹʨ ʳʬ ˆʬʲʰ ˀʬʳʰ˄ʿʵ
ʫʰʫʰ ˆʴʰʫʪʨʴ ˁʬʳ ʪʻʲˀʰ ˁʨʴʬʸʪʰʲ ʹʭʨʴʬʯʰʹ ˂ˆʵʭʸʬʩʰʹ
ˀʬʹ˄ʨʭʲʰʹʨʯʭʰʹ ʳʬʳʻˀʨʭʴʨ ʫʨ ʫʨʳʬ˄ʬʸʨ ʬʹ ˄ʰʪʴʰ. ʰʳʬʫʰ ʳʨʽʭʹ, ʬʹ
ˁʬʳʰ ˀʸʵʳʨ ʳʱʰʯˆʭʬʲ ʹʨʮʵʪʨʫʵʬʩʨʹ ʹʭʨʴʬʯʹ ʹʨʼʻ˃ʭʲʰʨʴʨʫ
ʪʨʨ˂ʴʵʩʹ ʫʨ ʨʳ ʽʭʬʿʴʰʹ ʻʼʸʵ ʼʨʸʯʵ ʹʨˆʰʯ ʳʬ˂ʴʰʬʸʻʲʨʫ
ˀʬʹ˄ʨʭʲʨ-ʪʨʳʵʱʭʲʬʭʨʹ ˆʬʲʹ ˀʬʻ˄ʿʵʩʹ.
ʫʨʹʨʹʸʻʲ ʻʾʸʳʬʹ ʳʨʫʲʵʩʨʹ ʭʻ˃ʾʭʴʰ ʹʨʽʨʸʯʭʬʲʵʹ
ʹʨˆʨʲˆʵ ʱʵʳʰʹʨʸʯʨ ʹʨʩ˅ʵʹ ʰʳ ʿʻʸʨʫʾʬʩʰʹʨ ʫʨ ʫʨˆʳʨʸʬʩʰʹʨʯʭʰʹ,
ʸʵʳʬʲʰ˂ ʳʨʴ ʨʾʳʵʳʰˁʰʴʨ ʨʳ ˄ʰʪʴʰʹ ʪʨʳʵ˂ʬʳʨˀʰ ʫʨ ʨʪʸʬʯʭʬ ʨʳˆ.
ʯʬʫʵ ʾʲʵʴʺʹ, ʸʵʳʬʲʳʨ˂ ʹʨʼʻ˃ʭʬʲʰ ˁʨʻʿʨʸʨ ʨʳ ˄ʰʪʴʰʹ
ʪʨʳʵ˂ʬʳʨʹ ʫʨ ʪʨʳʰ˄ʰʨ ʿʵʭʬʲʪʭʨʸʰ ʱʻʲʺʻʸʻʲʰ ʫʨˆʳʨʸʬʩʨ ʨʳ
ʹʨʽʳʰʹ ʪʨʴˆʵʸ˂ʰʬʲʬʩʨˀʰ.

ʨʭʺʵʸʰ.
1928 ˄. ʳʨʸʺʰ.
ʽ. ʺʼʰʲʰʹʰ

…€Œ„‡ˆ ‹‰Š„ ‚„‚ €’ˆ€

ʱʨʭʱʨʹʰʰʹ ʳʸʰʹˆʨʴʬ ʻʳʯʨʭʸʬʹʰ ʽʬʫʰʹ ʹʨʳˆʸʬʯ ʨʾʳʵʹʨʭʲʬʯʰʹ

ʳʰʿʸʻʬʩʻʲ ʳʯʰʹ ʱʨʲʯʬʩˀʰ, ʳʻʫʳʰʭʰ ʯʵʭʲʰʯʨ ʫʨ ʳʿʰʴʭʨʸʬʩʰʯ
ʫʨʼʨʸʻʲ ʫʨ ʪʨʸˀʬʳʵʸʺʿʳʻʲ ʬʴʪʻʸʰʹʨ ʫʨ ˂ʬʴʰʹ ˄ʿʲʰʹ
ʹʨʯʨʭʬʬʩˀʰ, ʪʨʸʬʪʴʻʲʨʫ ʱʨʭʱʨʹʰʰʹ ˀʭʬʰ˂ʨʸʰʨʫ ʫʨ ʨʸ˄ʰʭʰʹ
ʱʻʯˆʬʯ ˂ʴʵʩʰʲ ʽʭʬʿʨʴʨˀʰ, ʻ˃ʭʬʲʬʹ ʫʸʵʰʫʨʴ ʹ˂ˆʵʭʸʵʩʬʴ
ʰʨʼʬʺʻʸʰ ʳʵʫʪʳʰʹ, ʽʨʸʯʭʬʲ ˆʨʲˆʰʹ ʳʬʹʨʳʬ ˀʺʵʹ ˆʨʲˆʰ,
ʸʵʳʲʬʩʹʨ˂ ʹʭʨʴʬʩʰ ʽʭʰʨʴ, ˆʵʲʵ ʳʨʯ ʹʨʳʱʭʰʫʸʬʩʬʲ ʽʭʬʿʨʴʨʹ
ʹʭʨʴʬʯʰ.
ʯʭʰʯ ʹʨˆʬʲʰ ʹʭʨʴʬʯʰʹʨ ,,ʹʨʭʨʴʬ³³ (ˀʬʹʨˆʰʮʴʰ) ʯʨʭʰʹʯʨʭʨʫ
ʨˆʨʹʰʨʯʬʩʹ ʨʳ ʽʭʬʿʨʴʨʹ. ˆʵʲʵ ʹʰʺʿʭʨ ʹʭʨʴʰ ʹʨʽʨʸʯʭʬʲʵʹ ʹˆʭʨ
ʱʻʯˆʬʬʩˀʰ ˁʨʳʵʸˁʬʴʰʲʵʩʰʹ, ˆʨʹʰʨʯʰʹ ʹʰʳʺʱʰ˂ʰʹʨ, ʷʰʴʰʨʴʵʩʰʹʨ,
ˀʻʸʰʹ-˃ʰʬʩʰʹʨ ʨʴʻ ʹʰʹˆʲʰʹ ʨʾʬʩʰʹ ʯʨʴʨʺʵʲ ʹʰʺʿʭʨʯʨʨ
ʳʰʾʬʩʻʲʰ. ʳʰ˄ʨ-˄ʿʨʲʰ; ʸʵʳʬʲʰ˂ ʻ˅ʰʸʨʭʯ ʹʭʨʴʬʩʹ ʨʳʷʨʳʨʫ,
ʹʰʪʸ˃ʰʯ 160 ʭʬʸʹʮʬ ʳʬʺʰʨ, ʹʰʪʨʴʰʯ ʱʰ 28 ʭʬʸʹʨʳʫʬ.

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 ʹʭʨʴʬʯʰ, ʸʵʪʵʸ˂ ʮʬʳʵʯ ʭʯʽʭʰʯ, ʪʨʫʨʹʬʸʰʲʰʨ ʬʴʪʻʸʰʯʨ
ʫʨ ˂ʬʴʰʹ ˄ʿʲʰʯ ʫʨ ʰʳ ʳʫʰʴʨʸʬʬʩʰʯ, ʸʵʳʲʬʩʰ˂ ʨʳ ʵʸ ʳʯʨʭʨʸ
˄ʿʨʲʹ ʬʸʯʭʰʹ. ʳʨʹ ʪʨʸˀʬʳʵ ʿʵʭʬʲ ʳˆʸʰʫʨʴ ʨʸʺʿʰʨ ʳʨʾʨʲʰ ʫʨ
˂ʰ˂ʨʩʵ ʳʯʬʩʰ, ʸʵʳʬʲʯʨ ʳ˄ʭʬʸʭʨʲʬʩʹ ʳʻʫʳʰʭʰ ʯʵʭʲʰ ʫʨ
ʳʿʰʴʭʨʸʬʩʰ ʨʳʱʵʩʬʴ, ˆʵʲʵ ʳʨʯ ˃ʰʸʬʩˀʰ ʳʸʨʭʨʲʴʨʰʸʰ
ʿʭʨʭʰʲʵʭʨʴʰ ʹʨʩʨʲʨˆʵ ʳʯʬʩʰʨ ʪʨʫʨˀʲʰʲʰ, ʳʨʯ ʳʰʹʫʬʭʹ
ʫʨʩʻʸʻʲʰ ʪʨʻʭʨʲʰ ʺʿʬʬʩʰ. ʨʳ ʺʿʬʯʨ ˀʵʸʰʹ ʨʲʨʪ-ʨʲʨʪ ʨʪʬʩʻʲʰ
ʫʨ ʪʨˀʬʴʬʩʻʲʰʨ ʳʨʾʨʲʰ ʵʸʹʨʸʯʻʲʰʨʴʰ ˂ʰˆʬ-ʱʵˀʱʬʩʰʨʴʰ
ʹʨˆʲʬʩʰ ± ʬʹʨʨ ʹʭʨʴʬʯʰʹ ʹʵʼʲʬʩʰ.
ʹʨʮʾʨʶʸʵʨ ʨʳ ˆʨʲˆʰʹ ʯʨʭʪʨʫʨʹʨʭʨʲʰ ʫʨ ʿʵʼʨ-˂ˆʵʭʸʬʩʨ.
ʳʵʳˆʰʩʲʨʭʰʨ ʫʨ ʳʫʰʫʨʸʰ ʹʭʨʴʬʯʰʹ ʩʻʴʬʩʨ. ʨʫʪʰʲʳʫʬʩʨʸʬʵʩʰʹ
˄ʿʨʲʵʩʰʯ ʹʭʨʴʬʯʰ ʳʵ˄ʿʭʬʺʰʲʰʨ ʳʯʬʲ ʽʭʬʿʴʰʬʸʬʩʨʹ
ʪʨʴʹʨʱʻʯʸʬʩʰʯ ʰʳ 7-8 ʯʭʰʹ ʪʨʴʳʨʭʲʵʩʨˀʰ, ʸʵ˂ʨ ʹʭʨʴʬʯˀʰ
ʳʰʳʨʭʨʲʰ ʹʨ˂ʨʲʼʬˆʵ ʪʮʬʩʰ ʯʵʭʲʰʹʨʪʨʴ ˀʬʱʸʻʲʰʨ. ʨʳ ˆʴʰʹ
ʪʨʴʳʨʭʲʵʩʨˀʰ ʳʰʳʵʹʭʲʨ ʳʯʬʩʰʹ ʳ˄ʭʬʸʭʨʲʬʩʮʬ ʳˆʵʲʵʯ
ʯˆʰʲʨʳʻʸʬʩʰʹ ʹʨˀʻʨʲʬʩʰʯ ˀʬʰ˃ʲʬʩʨ, ʳʨʪʸʨʳ ʿʵʭʬʲ˄ʲʰʻʸʨʯ
ʳʸʨʭʨʲʰ ʹʭʨʴʰ ˆʫʬʩʨ ʨʳ ʳʵʪʮʨʻʸʵʩʰʹ ʳʹˆʭʬʸʶʲʰ.
ʮʬʳʵ ʹʭʨʴʬʯʰʹ ʹʨʮʾʭʸʬʩʹ ˀʬʨʫʪʬʴʬʴ: ʹʨʳˆʸʬʯʰʯ ʹʭʨʴʬʯʰʹ
ʽʬʫʰ, ʸʵʳʬʲʹʨ˂ ˀʵʸʰʫʨʴ ʳʴʨˆʭʬʲʴʰ ˀʬ˂ʫʵʳʰʯ ʳʰʹ ʻʱʨʴ
ˁʸʫʰʲʵʬʯʰʯ ʨʾʳʨʸʯʻʲ ʻʳʯʨʭʸʬʹ ʱʨʭʱʨʹʰʰʹ ʽʬʫʨʫ ʯʭʲʰʨʴ.
ʹʭʨʴʬʯʰʹ ʽʬʫʰ ʰ˄ʿʬʩʨ ʻˀʪʻʲʰʹ ʨʾʳʵʹʨʭʲʬʯʰʯ
ʿʵʸʰʲʫʨˀʰʹ ʳʯʰʹ ˃ʰʸʰʫʪʨʴ ʫʨ ʳʫʬʩʨʸʬʵʩʹ ʬʴʪʻʸʰʹʨ ʫʨ ˂ʬʴʰʹ
˄ʿʲʰʹ ʳʫʰʴʨʸʬʯʨ ˀʵʸʰʹ, ʳʨʯʰ ʹʨʯʨʭʬʫʨʴ ʹʨʳʬʪʸʬʲʵʳʫʬ.
ʹʭʨʴʬʯʰʹ ʽʬʫʰ ʨʴʻ ʹʨʳˆʸʬʯʰʹ ʹʨʮʾʭʨʸʰ, ʹˆʭʨʯʨ ˀʵʸʰʹ, ˀʬʳʫʬʪʰ
ʳʯʬʩʰʹʨʪʨʴ ˀʬʫʪʬʩʨ: ˈʨʸʬʺ-ʮʨʪʨʸ, ʫʨʫʰʨˀ, ʲʨʴʽʵʸ, ʨʺʱʭʬʸʰ,
ʪʵʸʭʨˀʰ, ʲʨʺʼʨʸʰ, ʳʻˀʻʸʰ, ʾʻʸʰ, ʲʨʹʰʲʰ, ʳʬʽʼʨˀʰ, ˄ʰʰʲʫ,
ʾʭʨʫʨʸʨˀʰ, ʲʨˈʲʨ, ʲʬˀʴʰʲ, ʲʬˀʴʻʸʰ, ˆʬʲʬʫʻʸʨ, ʻˁʨˆʨʸˆʰ,
ʴʨʺʨˆʫʨˀ, ʯˆʬʰˀʰʹ ʫʻʫʰ, ʻʸʻʲʨʶʰ ʫʨ ʺʿʨʩʬʫʴʰʬʸʰ.
ʹʭʨʴʬʯʰʹ ˁʸʫʰʲʵʬʯʰʹ ʹʨʮʾʭʨʸʰʨ ʳʯʬʩʰ ˄ʻʸʻʴʪʨʲ, ʨʰʲʨʳʨ,
ʴʨʳʿʭʨʳ, ˀˆʨʸʰ, ˇʰʴʪʰʯʨʻ, ʱʨˀʺʨʴʯʨʻ, ʯʭʬʯʴʻʲʫ, ʪʰʹʺʵʲʨ,
ʽʬʲʩʨˀ, ʲʨʲʭʵʸ, ˄ʨʴʬʸ, ʹʨʲʹʭʨʴʫʨˀ, ʺʰˆʺʬʴʪʬʴ, ʺʭʰʩʬʸ-ʮʨʪʨʸ,
ʩʨˀʲʨʯʨʴʨʾ, ʲʨ˂ʪʨ, ʪʻʳʨˁʰ, ʩʨˀʱʨʸʨ, ʩʷʬʫʻˆ, ʫʨʲʨʿʵʸ, ˀˆʬʲʫʰ,
ʻˀʩʨ, ʩʬˁʵʹʯʨʴʨʾ, ʱʵʪʻʺʵʳʨˀʰ, ˅ʰʩʬʸ, ʫʵʴʪʻʮ-ʵʸʻʴ ʫʨ ʹˆʭʨ
ʳʯʬʩʰ, ʸʵʳʬʲʯʨ ʰʽʬʯ ʪʨʫʨʾʳʨ ʼʬʸʫʵʩʬʩˀʰ ʨʴʻ ˆʬʵʩʬʩˀʰ
ʹʭʨʴʬʩʰʹ ˁʸʫʰʲʵʬʯʰʹ ʳʬʮʵʩʲʬʩʰ ʿʨʸʨˁʲʬʩʰ, ˁʬʸʽʬʮʲʬʩʰ,
ʩʨˆʹʨʴʲʬʩʰ, ˁʬʪʬʳʲʬʩʰ, ʬʶ˄ʨʴʲʬʩʰ, ʳʨʲʿʨʸʲʬʩʰ ˂ˆʵʭʸʵʩʬʴ.
45
 ʨʾʳʵʹʨʭʲʬʯʰʯ ʹʭʨʴʬʯʰʹ ʹʨʮʾʭʨʸʰʨ: ˀʨʸʰʭ˂ʬʱʰ, ʼʨʹʰʹ ʳʯʨ
ʲʨʼʻʸ), ʭʨ˂ʰʹ ˄ʭʬʸʰ, ʴʬˀʱʨ, ʳʯʨ ʮʬʹˆʭʨ, ʪʭʨʴʫʨʸʨ, ʳʵʪʭʨˀʰʸˆʨ,
ˆʨʸˆʨʸʨ, ˆʵʲʵ ʫʨʹʨʭʲʬʯʰʯ: ˀʨʭʨʲʬʸʨ, ʯʬʴʪʰʮʰ ʴʨʱʸʨʭʨʲ,
ʮʰʫʨ, ʨʸʬˀʻʨ, ˇʻʾʭʨ-ʮʨʪʨʸ, ʱʨʲʨʳʸʨ ʹʭʰʱʭʰ, ʬˆʵʫʷʨʲ,
ʬʸʪʮʨˀʰʸʨ ʫʨ ʳʫ. ʬ˂ʰ, ʸʵʳʬʲʰ˂ ʬʸʯʭʰʹ ʬʴʪʻʸʹ
ˁʸʫʰʲʵʬʯʰʫʪʨʴ ʳʨʸˇʭʴʰʯ 15 ʭʬʸʹʰʹ ʳʨʴ˃ʰʲʮʬ ʹ. ˇʭʨʸʰʫʪʨʴ.
ʲʨʺʼʨʸʰʹ ʻʮʨʸʳʨʮʨʸʰ ʻʾʬʲʺʬˆʰʲʰ ʨʴʻ ʳʨʹʮʬʫ ʳʰʱʸʻʲʰ
ʮʬʳʵˆʹʬʴʬʩʻʲʰ ʹʭʨʴʬʯʰʹ ʽʬʫʰ ʵʸ ʴʨ˄ʰʲʨʫ ʿʵʼʹ ʹʭʨʴʬʯʹ: ʮʬʳʵ
(ʨʴʻ ʬʴʪʻʸʰʹ ˆʬʭʰ) ʫʨ ʽʭʬʳʵ ʨʴʻ ʬʪʸʬʫ˄ʵʫʬʩʻʲ ʹʨʫʨʫʰʨʴʵ
(˂ʬʴʰʹ ˄ʿʲʰʹ ˆʬʵʩʨ) ʹʭʨʴʬʯʨʫ.
ʮʬʳʵ ʹʭʨʴʬʯʰ ˀʬʹʫʪʬʩʨ 15 ʹʨʮʵʪʨʫʵʬʩʰʹʨʪʨʴ: ʻˀʪʻʲ, ʱʨʨʲ,
ʰʼʨʨʸ, ʳʻʲʨˆ, ʳʬʹʺʰʨ, ʲʬʴˇʨʨʸ, ʲʨʺʲʰ, ʩʬˁʭʰ, ʬ˂ʬʸ, ˂ˆʻʳʨʸ,
ʼʨʸ, ˁʻʩʬˆʬʭ, ˅ʭʰʩʬʸ, ʲʬʴˆʬʸʨ ʫʨ ʲʨˆʨʳʻʲʰ.
ʩʨʲʰʹ ʽʬʫʰʯ (ʲʨʺʨʲʰʹ ʫʨʹʨʭʲʬʯʰʯ) ʹʭʨʴʬʯʰ ʪʨʴʰʿʵʼʬʩʨ
ʵʸʨʫ: ʯʨʭʰʹʻʼʨʲ ʫʨ ʿʵʼʰʲ ʹʨʫʨʫʬˀʽʬʲʰʨʴʵ ʹʭʨʴʬʯʨʫ.
ʯʨʭʰʹʻʼʨʲʰ ʹʭʨʴʬʯʰ ˀʬʹʫʪʬʩʨ ʶʰʸʭʬʲʰ ˀʭʰʫʰ
ʹʨʮʵʪʨʫʵʬʩʰʹʨʪʨʴ. ʨʹʬʯʰ ʹʨˆʬʲʰ ʨʳ ʱʻʯˆʬʹ ʫʨʬʸʽʭʨ ʰʳʰʺʵʳ, ʸʵʳ
ʻ˃ʭʬʲʬʹ ʫʸʵʰʫʪʨʴ ʸʻʹʬʯʯʨʴ ˀʬʬʸʯʬʩʨʳʫʬ ʳʨʴ ʩʸ˃ʵʲʰʯ
ʳʵʰʶʵʭʨ ʫʨ ˀʬʰʴʨʸˁʻʴʨ ʫʨʳʵʻʱʰʫʬʩʲʵʩʨ. ʬʹ
ʯʨʭʰʹʻʼʲʬʩʰʹʨʯʭʰʹ ʯʨʭʫʨʫʬʩʻʲʰ ˆʨʲˆʰ ʭʬʸ ʫʨʰʳʵʸˁʰʲʨ
ʭʬʸ˂ ʬʸʯʳʨ ʨʳ ʱʻʯˆʰʹ ʩʨʺʵʴ±ʶʨʺʸʵʴʳʨ ʫʨ ʰʪʰ ʯʨʭʰʹʬʩʻʸ
ʱʨʴʵʴʬʩʰʯ ʫʨʳʻʱʰʫʬʩʬʲ ˂ˆʵʭʸʬʩʨʹ ʬ˄ʬʵʫʨ. ʹʨʫʨʫʬˀʽʬʲʰʨʴʵ
ʹʭʨʴʬʯʰ ˀʬʹʫʪʬʩʨ ʫʨʴʨʸˁʬʴ 6 ʹʨʮʵʪʨʫʵʬʩʰʹʨʪʨʴ ʫʨ ʨʹʬʯʰ ʹʨˆʬʲʰ
ʨʳ ʳˆʨʸʬʹ ʰʳʰʺʵʳ ʫʨʬʸʽʭʨ, ʸʵʳ ʳʬ-15-ʬ ʹʨʻʱ. ʰʹ ʫʨʰʳʵʸˁʰʲʬʹ ʯ-
ʫ ʫʨʫʬˀʽʬʲʰʨʴʬʩʳʨ, ʸʵʳʬʲʯʨ ʳ˃ʰʳʬ ʳʵʴʵʩʰʹ ʻʾʬʲʰ ʹʻʲ
ʻʱʨʴʨʹʱʴʬʲ ʫʸʵʳʫʬ ʹʨʹʺʰʱʨʫ ʹˁʨʪʸʨʭʫʨ ʹʭʨʴʬʩʹ.
ʳʫʰʴʨʸʬ ʬʴʪʻʸʰ, ʸʵʳʲʰʹ ˆʬʵʩʨˀʰ ʳʫʬʩʨʸʬʵʩʹ ʬʹ ʱʻʯˆʬ,
ʰ˄ʿʬʩʨ ʯʨʭʰʹʻʼʨʲ ʹʭʨʴʬʯʰʹ ʶʰʸʭʬʲʰ ʹʨʮʵʪʨʫʵʬʩʰʹ ʻˀʪʻʲʰʹ
ʨʾʳʵʹʨʭʲʬʯʰʯ 5-6 ʭʬʸʹʰʹ ʳʨʴ˃ʰʲʮʬ ˀˆʨʸʰʹ ʳʿʰʴʭʨʸʬʩʰʫʨʴ,
ʳʰʳʫʰʴʨʸʬʵʩʹ ʨʾʳʵʹʨʭʲʬʯʰʫʪʨʴ ʫʨʹʨʭʲʬʯʰʹʱʬʴ ʫʨ ʨʽ ʪʮʨ ʫʨ
ʪʮʨ ʳʨʹ ʬʸʯʭʰʹ ʹˆʭʨ ʳʫʰʴʨʸʬʬʩʰ.
ʻˀʪʻʲʰʹ ʹʨʮʵʪʨʫʵʬʩʨ ˀʬʹʫʪʬʩʨ ʵʯˆʰ ʹʵʼʲʰʹʨʪʨʴ: ʷʨʩʰʨʴʰ,
ˁʭʨʩʰʨʴʰ, ˁʨʷʨˀ ʫʨ ʳʻʸʿʳʬʲʰ.
ʬʹ ʹʨʮʵʪʨʫʵʬʩʨ ʾʨʸʰʩʰʨ ʺʿʰʯʨ ʫʨ ʳʵʹʨʭʨʲʰ˂ ʽʬʸʰʹ ʳʬʺʰ
ʨʸʨʼʬʸʰ ʳʵʫʰʹ. ʻˀʪʻʲʰʹ ʫʨʹʨʭʲʬʯʰʯ ʸʭʨ ʭʬʸʹʰʹ ʳʨʴ˃ʰʲʮʬ,
ʬʴʪʻʸʰʹ ʳʨʸˇʭʬʴʨ ʴʨʶʰʸʨʹ ʳʫʬʩʨʸʬʵʩʹ ʱʨʲʰʹ ʹʨʮʵʪʨʫʵʬʩʨ,
46
ʸʵʳʬʲʰ˂ ˀʬʹʫʪʬʩʨ ˀʬʳʫʬʪʰ ʹʵʼʲʬʩʰʹʨʪʨʴ: ʫʨʭʩʬʸ, ʲʨʲˆʵʸ,
ʰʼʸʨʸ, ʨʪʸʨʲ, ˆʨʲʫʬ, ˆʬ ʫʨ ʭʰˁʴʨˀʰ. ʬʹ ʹʨʮʵʪʨʫʵʬʩʨ ʹʭʨʴʬʯʰʹ
ʯʰʯʽʳʰʹ ʿʭʬʲʨ ʹʵʼʲʬʩʮʬ ʾʨʸʰʩʰʨ. ʨʽ ʨʸʰʹ ʻʻ˃ʭʬʲʬʹʰ,
ʻʳʫʰʫʸʬʹʰ ʫʨ ʹʭʨʴʬʩʰʹ ˀʬˆʬʫʻʲʬʩʰʯ ʿʭʬʲʨʮʬ ˃ʲʰʬʸʰ ˄ʳ.
ʱʭʰʸʰʱʬʹ ʺʨ˃ʨʸʰ.
ʹʵʼʬʲ ʲʨʲˆʵʸʯʨʴ ʳʨʹ ˁʸʫʰʲʵʬʯ-ʨʾʳʵʹʨʭʲʬʯʰʫʪʨʴ
ʬʸʯʭʰʹ ˆʨʲʫʬˀʰʹ ʫʰʫ ʳʿʰʴʭʨʸʬʩʰʫʨʴ ʳʵʳʫʰʴʨʸʬ ,,ˆʨʲʫʬˀʰʹ
˅ʨʲʨ³ 1), ʸʵʳʲʰʹ ʭʰ˄ʸʵ ˆʬʵʩʨˀʰ˂ ʨʸʰʹ ʳʵʯʨʭʹʬʩʻʲʰ 1876 ˄ʲʰʹ
ʨʳʩʵˆʬʩʰʯ ʫʨ ʯʭʰʯʳʶʿʸʵʩʬʲʵʩʨʹʯʨʴ ʩʸ˃ʵʲʨˀʰ ʪʳʰʸʵʩʰʹ
ʪʨʳʵˁʬʴʰʯ ʰʹʺʵʸʰʨˀʰ ʱʨʸʪʨʫ ˂ʴʵʩʰʲʰ ʹ. ˆʨʲʫʬ.
ʱʨʲʰʹ ʫʨʹʨʭʲʬʯʰʯ, 12 ʭʬʸʹʰʹ ʳʨʴ˃ʰʲʮʬ, ʰ˄ʿʬʩʨ ʰʼʨʸʰʹ
ʹʨʮʵʪʨʫʵʬʩʨ, ʸʵʳʬʲʰ˂ ˀʬʹʫʪʬʩʨ ˀʬʳʫʬʪʰ ʹʵʼʲʬʩʰʹʨʪʨʴ:
ʴʨʱʰʼʨʸʰ (5,800 ʼʻʺʰ ʮʾʭʰʫʨʴ), ʮʬʪʨʴʰ, ʩʵʪʸʬˀʰ, ʨʫʰˀʰ, ˄ʭʰʸʳʰ,
ʬʲʰ ʫʨ ʨ˂ʰ... ʶʰʸʭʬʲʰ ʵʸʰ ʳʫʬʩʨʸʬʵʩʹ ʬʴʪʻʸʰʹ ʳʨʸ˂ˆʬʴʨ
ʴʨʶʰʸʮʬ, ˆʵʲʵ ʫʨʴʨʸˁʬʴʬʩʰ ʳʰʹ ʳʨʸˇʭʬʴʨ ʴʨʶʰʸʮʬ. ʹ. ʩʵʪʸʬˀˀʰ
ʳʨʹ ʬʸʯʭʰʹ ˁʸʫʰʲʵʬʯ-ʨʾʳʵʹʨʭʲʬʯʰʫʪʨʴ, ʯʭʬʯʴʻʲʫʰʹ
ʹʨʳʸʬʯ-ʨʾʳʵʹʨʭʲʬʯʰʯ ʳʫʬʩʨʸʬ, ʨʫʰˀʰʹ ʫʰʫ ʳʿʰʴʭʨʸʬʩʰʫʨʴ
ʳʵʳʫʰʴʨʸʬ ˈʨʫʰˀʰʹ ,,˅ʨʲʨ³ʸʵʳʲʰʹ ˆʬʵʩʨˀʰ˂, ʰʼʨʸʰʫʪʨʴ 10-11
ʭʬʸʹʰʹ ʳʨʴ˃ʰʲʮʬ, ʳʫʬʩʨʸʬʵʩʹ ʹ. ʨʫʰˀʰ.
ʰʼʨʸʰʹ ˁʸʫʰʲʵʬʯʰʯ ʳʫʬʩʨʸʬʵʩʹ ʬʸʯʰ ʳʨʾʲʵʩʰ,
ʸʵʳʬʲʹʨ˂ ˈʽʭʰʨ ,,ʻʾʭʰʸ-ʮʨʪʨʸ³ ʰʹ ʨʸʰʹ ʨʾʳʵʹʨʭʲʬʯʰʯ
ʳʰʩʳʻʲʰ ʯʭʬʯʴʻʲʫʰʹ ʹʨʳˆʸʬʯ ʫʨʹʨʭʲʬʯʰʹ ʱʬʫʬʲʮʬ ʫʨ
ʳʰʫʰʹ ʲʨʺʨʲʨʳʫʬ, ʹʨʫʨ˂ ʹʵʼʬʲ ʲʨˆʻˀʺˀʰ ʯʨʭʫʬʩʨ, ʫʨ ˈʿʵʼʹ
ʰʼʨʸʰʹ ʹʨʮʵʪʨʫʵʬʩʨʹ ʫʨ ʳʫʰʴʨʸʬ ʬʴʪʻʸʹ ʳʻʲʨˆʰʹʨ, ʳʬʹʺʰʰʹʨ ʫʨ
ʲʬʴˇʬʸʰʹ ʹʨʮʵʪʨʫʵʬʩʬʩʰʫʪʨʴ.
ʨʳ ʽʬʫʹ ʪʨʫʨʾʳʨ ʳˀʭʬʴʰʬʸ ,,ʯʭʬʯʴʻʲʫʰʹ³ ʳʯʰʹ ˁʸʫʰʲʵ
ʨʾʳʵʹʨʭʲʬʯʰʹ ʱʨʲʯʬʩʰʫʪʨʴ ʰ˄ʿʬʩʨ ˄ʨʴʬʸʰʹ ʳʿʰʴʭʨʸʬʩʰʫʨʴ
ʳʵˁʻˆˁʻˆʬ ʳʫʰʴʨʸʬ ʳʻʲˆʨ ,,˅ʨʲʨʰʹ³ ˆʬʵʩʨˀʰ ʪʨˀʬʴʬʩʻʲʰ
ʳʻʲʨˆʰʹ ʹʨʮʵʪʨʫʵʬʩʨ. ʳʫ. ˄ʨʴʬʸʹ ˁʸʫʰʲʵʬʯʰʫʪʨʴ ʹ. ʷʨʩʬˀʯʨʴ
ʬʸʯʭʰʹ ʺʭʰʩʬʸʰʹ ʳʿʰʴʭʨʸʬʩʰʫʪʨʴ ʳʵʳʫʰʴʨʸʬ ˄ʿʨʲʰ ʫʨ ʬʹʬʴʰ
ʬʸʯʨʯ ʳʰʬʽʨʴʬʩʰʨʴ ʫʨʹʨʭʲʬʰʹʨʱʬʴ ʫʨ ʿʵʼʬʴ ʳʻʲʨˆʰʹ
ʹʨʮʵʪʨʫʵʬʩʨʹ ʵʸʨʫ: ,,ʳʻʲʨˆ-ʳʻʷʨʲʨʫ³ ʳʻʷʨʲʰ ˈʽʭʰʨ
ʨʾʳʵʹʨʭʲʬʯʰʹ ʴʨ˄ʰʲʹ, ʳʻʲʨˆʰ ʫʨʹʨʭʲʬʯʰʹ. ʶʰʸʭʬʲʰ
ʳʫʬʩʨʸʬʵʩʹ ʨʳ ʳʫʰʴʨʸʰʹ ʳʨʸ˂ˆʬʴʨ ʴʨʶʰʸʮʬ ± ʳʬʵʸʬ ʳʨʸˇʭʬʴʨ
ʴʨʶʰʸʮʬ.

47
 ʳʻʲʨˆʰʹ ʫʨʹʨʭʲʬʯʰʯ ʳʫʬʩʨʸʬʵʩʹ ʬʸʯʰ ʳʨʾʲʵʩʰ ʱʨˆʻʸ-
ʮʨʪʨʸʰ. ʬʹ ʳʨʾʲʵʩʰ ˈʿʵʼʹ ʳʻʲʨˆʰʹʨ ʫʨ ʳʬʹʺʰʰʹ ʹʨʮʵʪʨʫʵʬʩʬʩʹ
ʫʨ ʳʰʹ ʫʨʹʨʭʲʬʯʰʯ ʰ˄ʿʬʩʨ ʳʫʰʴʨʸʬ ʳʬʹʺʰʨ ,,˅ʨʲʨʰʹ³ ˆʬʵʩʨˀʰ
ʳʵʯʨʭʹʬʩʻʲʰ, ʪʨʸʬʪʴʻʲʰ ˀʬˆʬʫʻʲʬʩʰʯ ʲʨʳʨʮʰ ʳʬʹʺʰʰʹ
ʹʨʮʵʪʨʫʵʬʩʨ, ʸʵʳʬʲʰ˂ ˀʬʹʫʪʬʩʨ ˀʬʳʫʬʪʰ ʹʵʼʲʬʩʰʹʨʪʨʴ: ʲʨʾʨʳ,
ʳʨʸʪʰʨʴʨʲ, ʲʨʴˁʭʨʲ, ʲʨʪʭʴʰʨˀ, ʹʬʺʰ ʫʨ ʲʬˆʯʨʪ.
ʨʳ ʳʫʰʴʨʸʬʹ ʳʬʹʺʰʰʹ ˀʻʨʪʻʲ ʹʵʼʬʲ ʹʬʺʯʨʴ ʬʸʯʭʰʹ
ʮʬʳʵˆʹʬʴʬʩʻʲʰ ʳʻʲˆʨ ,,˅ʨʲʨʰ³ ʨʳ ʵʸ ˀʬʬʸʯʬʩʻʲ ʳʫʰʴʨʸʬʯʨ
ʳʨʸˇʭʬʴʨ ʴʨʶʰʸʮʬ, ʳʬʹʺʰʰʫʨʴ ʹʨʳʰ ʭʬʸʹʰʹ ʳʨʴ˃ʰʲʮʬ ʰ˄ʿʬʩʨ
ʲʬʴˇʬʸʰʹ ʹʨʮʵʪʨʫʵʬʩʨ, ʸʵʳʬʲʰ˂ ˀʬʹʫʪʬʩʨ ˀʬʳʫʬʪʰ
ʹʵʼʲʬʩʰʹʨʪʨʴ: ʴʬʹʪʻʲ, ʲʨˀʯˆʭʬʸ, ʲʬʳʹʰʨ, ʽʨˀʭʬʯ, ʱʨʬʸ,
ˆʬˀʱʰʲʫ ʫʨ ʹʵʲ-ʰʹʨʪʨʴ.
ʲʬʴˇʬʸʰʹ ʫʨʹʨʭʲʬʯʰʯ 5 ʭʬʸʹʰʹ ʳʨʴ˃ʰʲʮʬ, ʨʳʨʭʬ ˆʬʵʩʨˀʰ
ʳʫʬʩʨʸʬʵʩʹ ʯʨʭʰʹʻʼʨʲʰ ʹʭʨʴʬʯʰʹ ʻʱʨʴʨʹʱʴʬʲʰ ʹʨʮʵʪʨʫʵʬʩʨ
ʲʨʺʨʲʰ, ± ʬʹ ʹʨʮʵʪʨʫʵʬʩʨ ʪʨʴʯʽʳʻʲʰʨ
ʯʨʭʰʹʻʼʲʬʩʰʹʳʵʿʭʨʸʬʵʩʰʯ. ʰʪʰ ʳʻʫʨʳ ʳʬʫʪʸʨʫ ʰ˂ʨʭʫʨ
ʯʨʭʰʹʻʼʨʲʰ ʹʭʨʴʬʯʰʹ ʫʨʹʨʭʲʬʯʰʹ ʹʨʮʾʭʸʬʩʹ ʩʨʺʵʴʬʩʰʹ
ˀʬʳʵʹʭʲʰʹʨʪʨʴ ʫʨ ʨʳʰʺʵʳʨ˂ ʫʨʸʽʳʬʭʰʨ ʲʨʺʨʲʰ, ʸʨ˂ ʴʰˀʴʨʭʹ
ʫʨʸʨˇʹ.
ʨʽ ʹʵʼʬʲ ʱʭʨʴ˅ʰʨʴʨʸʯʨʴ, ʳʬʹʺʰʨˀʰ ʯʨʭʳʵʿʸʰʲ ʳʬʹʺʰʨ-
ʳʻʲʨˆʰʹ ,,˅ʨʲʬʩʹ³ ʻʬʸʯʫʬʩʨ ʰʼʨʸʰʹ ʹʨʮʵʪʨʫʵʬʩʰʫʪʨʴ
ʻʫʨʩʻʸ, ʳʰʻʭʨʲ ʾʸʬ-ʱʲʫʬʬʩˀʰ ʫʨ ʫʨʩʻʸʻʲ ʺʿʬʬʩʰʯ
ʳʵʳʫʰʴʨʸʬ ʬʴʪʻʸʰ, ʸʵʳʬʲʹʨ˂ ʲʨʺʨʲʰʹ ʨʾʳʵʹʨʭʲʬʯʰʯ 5 ʭʬʸʹʰʹ
ʳʨʴ˃ʰʲʮʬ ʹʨʳˆʸʬʯʰʫʪʨʴ ʬʸʯʭʰʹ ʵʯˆʰ ʶʨʺʨʸʨ ʳʫʰʴʨʸʬ
˄ʰʰʲʫʸʨ, ʲʨˆʭˀʺʻʲʫʸʨ, ʳʻʩʸʨ ʫʨ ˆʨˁʭʸʨʹʨʪʨʴ ˀʬʳʫʪʨʸʰ
,,ˈʬʸʨˀʰ ˅ʨʲʨʰ³. ʨʳ ʳʫʰʴʨʸʬʯʨ ˀʵʸʰʹ, ˀʬʹʨʸʯʨʭʯʨʴ
ʨʾʳʵʹʨʭʲʬʯʰʯ ʬʸʯʰ ʭʬʸʹʰʹ ʳʨʴ˃ʰʲʮʬ, ʳʫʬʩʨʸʬʵʩʹ ʹ. ʲʨˆʻˀʺʰ.
ʫʨʴʨʸˁʬʴʰ ʹʵʼʲʬʩʰ: ʱʭʨʴ˅ʰʨʴʨʸ, ʲʨʳ, ʬʴʨˀ, ʳʨ˂ˆʭʨʸʰˀ, ˀʿʨʲʬʸ,
ʴʨʳʿʭʨʳ, ʲʬˀʻʱʭ, ʹʰʫʰʨʴʨʸ ʫʨ ʰʼˆʰ, ʪʨˀʬʴʬʩʻʲʰʨ ʬʴʪʻʸʰʹ
ʳʨʸˇʭʬʴʨ ʴʨʶʰʸʮʬ, ˆʵʲʵ ʹ. ʲʨˈʰʲʰ ʫʨ ʹʪʵʩʻʲʫʰ ʱʰ ʳʨʸ˂ˆʬʴʨ
ʴʨʶʰʸʮʬ. ʨʳ ʹʵʼʲʰʹ ʫʨʹʨʭʲʬʯʰʯ, ʬʸʯʰ ʭʬʸʹʰʹ ʳʨʴ˃ʰʲʮʬ,
ʹʨʳˆʸʬʯʰʫʨʴ ʲʨˈʰʲʰʹ ʳʿʰʴʭʨʸʬʩʰʫʨʴ ʳʵʳʫʰʴʨʸʬ ʲʨˈʲʨ ,,˅ʨʲʨ³
ʻʬʸʯʫʬʩʨ ʬʴʪʻʸʹ.
ʲʨʺʨʲʰʹ ʫʨʹʨʭʲʬʯʰʯ ʳʫʬʩʨʸʬʵʩʹ ʳʨʾʲʵʩʰ ʩʨʲʰ,
ʸʵʳʬʲʰ˂, ʸʵʪʵʸ˂ ʮʬʭʰʯ ʨʸʰʹ ʴʨʯʽʭʨʳʰ, ˈʿʵʼʹ ʮʬʳʵ ʹʭʨʴʬʯʹ
ʵʸʨʫ: ʯʨʭʰʹʻʼʨʲ ʫʨ ʹʨʫʨʫʬˀʽʬʲʰʨʴʵ ʹʭʨʴʬʯʨʯ. ʬʹ ʨʸʰʹ
48
ʯʨʭʰʹʻʼʨʲ ʹʭʨʴʬʯʰʹ ʫʨʹʨʭʲʬʯʰ ʹʨʮʾʭʨʸʰ. ʨʳ ʳʯʰʹ
ʫʨʹʨʭʲʬʯʰʯ ʳʫʬʩʨʸʬʵʩʹ ʩʬˁʵʹ ,,˅ʨʲʨʹ³ ˆʬʵʩʨˀʰ ʳʵʯʨʭʹʬʩʻʲʰ
ʿʵʼʰʲʰ ʹʨʫʨʫʬˀʽʬʲʰʨʴʵ ʹʭʨʴʬʯʰʹ ʶʰʸʭʬʲʰ ʹʨʮʵʪʨʫʵʬʩʨ ʩʬˁʵ
(4.700 ʼ. ʮʾʭʰʹ ʫʵʴʰʫʨʴ), ʸʵʳʬʲʹʨ˂ ˁʸʫʰʲʵʬʯʰʫʨʴ ʨʳˀʭʬʴʬʩʹ
ʱʨʭʱʨʹʰʰʹ ʻʳʯʨʭʸʬʹ ʻʾʬʲʺʬˆʰʲʮʬ ʨʾʳʨʸʯʻʲʰ, ʵʸʯʨʭʰʨʴʰ,
ʲʨʳʨʮʰ ʳʯʨ ʻˀʩʨ (17.000 ʼʻʺʰ ʮʾʭʰʹ ʫʵʴʰʫʨʴ). ʳʨʹ ˀʬʨʫʪʬʴʬʴ
ˀʬʳʫʬʪʰ ʹʵʼʲʬʩʰ: ʳʨʮʬʸ, ʪʻʲ, ʩʨʪʭʫʨʴʨʸ, ʲʨˀʯʽʵʲ, ʺʭʬʩʰˀʰ,
˅ʵˆʻʲʫ, ʫʵʲʰ, ʻˀˆʭʨʴʨʸʰ, ˅ʱʰʫʰʨʴʨʸʰ ʫʨ ʽʨʸʯʭʨʴʰ. ʹʵʼ.
ʽʨʸʯʭʨʴʯʨʴ ʹʨʳˆʸʬʯʰʯ, ʬʸʯʰ ʭʬʸʹʰʹ ʳʨʴ˃ʰʲʮʬ ʩʬˁʵʹ ˅ʨʲʨʹ
ʬʸʯʭʰʹ ʬʴʪʻʸʰ, ʸʵʳʬʲʰ˂ ˈʿʵʼʹ ʩʬˁʵʹ ʹʨʮʵʪʨʫʵʬʩʰʫʨʴ
ʫʨʹʨʭʲʬʯʰʯ ʸʭʨ ʭʬʸʹʰʹ ʳʨʴ˃ʰʲʮʬ ʳʫʬʩʨʸʬ ʬ˂ʬʸʰʹ
ʹʨʮʵʪʨʫʵʬʩʨʹ ʵʸʨʫ: ˂ˆʻʳʨʸ-ʬ˂ʬʸ. ʶʰʸʭʬʲʰ ʳʫʬʩʨʸʬʵʩʹ
ʬʴʪʻʸʰʹ ʳʨʸ˂ˆʬʴʨ ʴʨʶʰʸʮʬ ʫʨ ˀʬʹʫʪʬʩʨ ʹʵʼ. ʹʭʰʼ, ʺʭʰʩʬʸ,
ʲʬʮʪʨʸʨ, ʳʨʪʨʸʫʬʲ, ʲʨʩʹʿʨʲʫ, ʪʭʨʲʫʬʸ ʫʨ ʾʭʬʩʨʲʫʰʹʨʪʨʴ.
ʬ˂ʬʸʰ ʰʿʵ ʫʨʫʬˀʽʬʲʰʨʴʬʩʰʹ ʪʭʨʸʬʻʲʵʩʰʹ ʻʳʯʨʭʸʬʹʰ
ʩʻʫʬ. ʰʹ ʳʵʯʨʭʹʬʩʻʲʰʨ ʬʴʪʻʸʰʹ ʳʨʸˇʭʬʴʨ ʴʨʶʰʸʮʬ ʫʨ ˀʬʹʫʪʬʩʨ
ˀʬʳʫʬʪʰ ʹʵʼʲʬʩʰʹʨʪʨʴ: ʱʨʲʨˀʰ, ʲʨˀˆʸʨˀʰ, ʲʨʫʸʬʸʰ, ʲʨʴʺʬʲʰ,
ʰʹʱʨʸʰ, ˂ʨʲʨʴʨʸ, ʼˆʵʺʸʬʸʰ, ʻʾʭʨʲʫʰ, ʽʻʸʨˀʰ, ʩʨʸˀʰ ʫʨ
˅ʬʲʰʸʰ. ʨʽ ʨʸʰʹ ʳˀʭʬʴʰʬʸʰ ˃ʭʬʲʰ ʺʨ˃ʨʸʰ, ʭʨˆʻˀʺʰʹ ʯʽʳʰʯ,
,,ʹʨˆʰʮʨʸʰ ʹʭʬʺʰʹ ˂ˆʵʭʲʰʹ ʹʨʳʱʨʻʲ ʹʨʻʴˇʰʹʨ³
ʬ˂ʬʸʰʹ ʫʨʹʨʭʲʬʯʰʯ, ʹʨʳʰ ʭʬʸʹʰʹ ʳʨʴ˃ʰʲʮʬ, ʬʴʪʻʸʰʹ
ʳʨʸˇʭʬʴʨ ʴʨʶʰʸʮʬ ʳʫʬʩʨʸʬʵʩʹ ʼʨʸʰʹ ʹʨʮʵʪʨʫʵʬʩʨ, ʹʨʫʨ˂
˂ˆʵʭʸʵʩʫʨ ʽʻʯʨʰʹʰʹ ʪʻʩʬʸʴʨʺʵʸʰʹ ʪʨʪʨʸʰʴʰʹ ʳʱʭʲʬʲʰ
ʱʵʴʹʺʨʴʺʰʴʬ (ʳʻʸʮʨʿʨʴ) ʫʨʫʬˀʽʬʲʰʨʴʰ, ʸʵʳʲʰʹ ˀʬʹʨˆʬʩʨ˂
ʽʭʬʳʵʯ ʪʭʬʽʴʬʩʨ ʲʨʶʨʸʨʱʰ.
ʬʹ ʹʨʮʵʪʨʫʵʬʩʨ ʨʸʰʹ ˀʬʳʫʪʨʸʰ: ʹʵʼ. ʼʨʸ, ʹʭʰʼ, ʱʨ˂ˆ,
ʲʨʳˆʬʸʰ, ʮʨʪʨʸ, ʷʨʩʬ ʲʻˈʨ, ˁʭʨʩʬ ʲʻˈʨ, ʲʨʿʭʸʰ, ʼʨʲʬʫ, ˆʵʹʭʸʨʸ
ʫʨ ʾʬˀʺʬʸʰʹʨʪʨʴ. ʨʽ ʨʸʰʹ ʳˀʭʬʴʰʬʸʰ ʫʨ ʹʨʬʱʲʬʹʰʵ ʴʰʭʯʬʩʰʯ
ʳʫʰʫʨʸʰ ʹʻʼʰʹ ˄ʳʰʴʫʨ ʪʰʵʸʪʰʹ ʬʱʲʬʹʰʨ.
ʼʨʸʰʹ ʫʨʹʨʭʲʬʯʰʯ ʸʭʨ ʭʬʸʹʰʹ ʳʨʴ˃ʰʲʮʬ ʳʫʬʩʨʸʬʵʩʹ
ʬʴʪʻʸʰʹ ʳʨʸˇʭʬʴʨ ʴʨʶʰʸʮʬ ˁʻʩʬˆʬʭʰʹ ʹʨʮʵʪʨʫʵʬʩʨ, ʸʵʳʲʰʹ
ʳʱʭʰʫʸʴʰ ʪʨʴʰʿʵʼʬʩʰʨʴ ʵʸ ʹˆʭʨʫʨʹˆʭʨ ʳʵʫʪʳʨʯ ± ʲʨˆʨʳʻʲʬʩʰ
ʫʨ ˁʻʩʬˆʬʭʬʲʬʩʰ.. ʶʰʸʭʬʲʴʰ ʳʵʹʨˆʲʬʵʩʬʴ ʬʴʪʻʸʰʹ ʳʨʸˇʭʬʴʨ
ʴʨʶʰʸʮʬ ʹ. ʲʨˆʨʳʻʲʰʫʨʴ ʫʨ˄ʿʬʩʻʲʰ ʹʵʼ. ʯʵʯʨʴʨʳʫʬ; ʹʭʨʴʬʩʰ ʨʳ
ˀʺʵʹ ʬʩʸʨʬʲʬʩʰʹ ˀʯʨʳʵʳʨʭʲʵʩʰʹ ˆʨʲˆʨʫ ʯʭʲʰʨʴ.

49
 ˁʻʩʬˆʬʭʬʲʬʩʰ ʳʵʹʨˆʲʬʵʩʬʴ: ʲʨˆʨʳʻʲʬʩʰʹ ˁʸʫʰʲʵʬʯʰʯ
ʻʼʸʵ ʳʯʨ-ʪʵʸʰʨʴ ʨʫʪʰʲʬʩˀʰ, ʫʨ˄ʿʬʩʻʲʰ ʹʵʼ.
ʱʰʴˁˆʻʲʫʨˀʰʫʪʨʴ ʰʳ ˁʻʩʬʸʨʳʫʬ, ʸʵʳʬʲʮʬʫʨ˂ ˁʭʬʴ ʽʭʬʳʵʫ
ʪʭʬʽʴʬʩʨ ʲʨʶʨʸʨʱʰ, ʸʵʪʵʸ˂ ˃ʭʰʸʼʨʹʹʨ ʫʨ ʰˀʭʰʨʯ ʨʸʽʬʵʲʵʪʰʻʸ
ʱʻʯˆʬʮʬ, ʹʨʫʨ˂ ʬʸʯ ʫʸʵʹ ʵʽʸʵʹʨ, ʭʬʸ˂ˆʲʰʹʨ ʫʨ ʹˆʭʨ
ʳʨʫʴʬʻʲʵʩʬʩʰʹ ʫʨʹʨʳʻˀʨʭʬʩʬʲʰ ʽʨʸˆʴʬʩʰ ʨʸʹʬʩʵʩʬʴ. ˃ʭʬʲ
ʫʸʵˀʰ ʲʨˆʨʳʻʲʬʩʰ ˂ˆʵʭʸʵʩʫʬʴ ʳʨʸʺʵ ʹ. ʲʨˆʨʳʻʲʨˀʰ.
ˁʻʩʬˆʬʭʲʬʩʰ ʹʵʼ. ʯʨʭʸʨʸˀʰ, ˂ʨʲʬʸˀʰ, ʲʨˀˆʸʨˀˀʰ ʫʨ
ʱʰʴˁˆʻʲʫʨˀˀʰ. ʨʳ ˂ʵʺʨ ˆʴʰʹ ˄ʰʴʬʯ ʵʸʰʭʬʳ ʰ˄ʿʬʹ
ʫʨʹʨʭʲʬʯʰʹʨʱʬʴ ˄ʨ˄ʬʭʨ. ʲʨˆʨʳʻʲʬʩʰ ʪʨˈʿʭʴʬʴ ʬʴʪʻʸʰʹ ʴʨʶʰʸʬʩʹ
ʫʨ ʳʰʹ ˆʬʵʩʨˀʰ ʫʨʨʨʸʹʬʹ ˀʬʳʫʬʪʰ ʹʵʼʲʬʩʰ: ʴʵʫʨˀʰ,
ʲʨˆʨʳʻʲʰʫʪʨʴ ʵʸʰ ʹʨʳʰ ʭʬʸʹʰʹ ʳʨʴ˃ʰʲʮʬ; ʳʰʹ ʫʨʹʨʭʲʬʯʰʯ
ʸʨʳʵʫʬʴʰʳʬ ʭʬʸʹʰʹ ʳʨʴ˃ʰʲʮʬ ʳʫ. ʴʨʱʸʨʹ ʫʨ ʬʴʪʻʸʰʹ ˀʬʹʨʸʯʨʭʰʹ
ˁʸʫʰʲʵʬʯʰʹ ʴʨʶʰʸʮʬ ʹ. ˀʫʻˆʰʸʰ. ʨʽʬʫʪʨʴ ʵʯˆʰ ʭʬʸʹʰʹ
ʳʨʴ˃ʰʲʮʬ ʹʵʼ. ʫʻʮʰ. ʹʨʳˆʸʬʯ ʨʾʳʵʹʨʭʲʬʯʰʯ ʨʽ ʬʴʪʻʸʹ ʬʸʯʭʰʹ
ʳʫ. ˆʻʳʼʸʬʸʰ, ʸʵʳʲʰʹ ʫʨʹʨ˄ʿʰʹʯʨʴ ʨʸʰʹ ʹʵʼ. ʻʹʱʭʰʸʰ, ˆʵʲʵ
ʳʨʸˇʭʬʴʨ ʴʨʶʰʸʮʬ ʹ. ʿʭʨʴʨ. ʫʻʮʰʫʪʨʴ ˀʭʰʫʰ ʭʬʸʹʰʹ ʳʨʴ˃ʰʲʮʬ
ʳʫʬʩʨʸʬʵʩʹ ʹʵʼʬʲʰ ʪʻʴ˄ʰˀʰ, ˆʵʲʵ ʳʨʹ ʫʨʹʨʭʲʬʯʰʯ ʵʸʰ
ʭʬʸʹʰʹ ʹʰˀʵʸʰʯ ʬʴʪʻʸʰʹ ʳʨʸ˂ˆʬʴʨ ʴʨʶʰʸʮʬ ʹʵʼ. ʰʼʨʸʰ, ʹʨʫʨ˂ ʨʽ
ʨʸʹʬʩʻʲ ʴʰˀʴʬʩʰʹ ʳʰˆʬʫʭʰʯ ˃ʭʬʲ ʫʸʵˀʰ ʳʰʲʬʩʰʹ
ʫʨʹʨʳʻˀʨʭʬʩʬʲʰ ʽʨʸˆʨʴʨ ʨʸʹʬʩʵʩʫʨ. ʨʳ ʹʵʼʲʰʹ ʫʨʹʨʭʲʬʯʰʯ
ʨʸʰʹ ʹʵʼ. ˇʵʸʱʭʨʲʰ, ʳʬʸʬ ʹ. ˅ʬʸʰ. ʳʰʹ ʫʨʹʨʭʲʬʯʰʯ, ʰʳ ʨʫʪʰʲʨʹ,
ʹʨʫʨ˂ ʬʴʪʻʸʹ ˁʸʫʰʲʵʬʯʰʫʪʨʴʬʸʯʭʰʹ ʳʫ. ʴʬʴʹʱʸʨ (˅ʭʰʩʸʻʲʫ),
ʨʸʰʹ ʹʵʼ. ʺʵʩʨʸʰ. ʨʽʬʫʨʴ ʹʨʳʰ ʭʬʸʹʰʹ ʳʨʴ˃ʰʲʮʬ ʳʫʬʩʨʸʬʵʩʹ ʹʵʼ.
ˆʨʰˀʰ, ʹʨʫʨ˂ ʹʨʳˆʸʬʯ-ʨʾʳʵʹʨʭʲʬʯʰʫʪʨʴ ʬʴʪʻʸʹ ʬʸʯʭʰʹ ʳʫ.
ˆʨʰˀʫʻʸʨ ʨʴʻ ʭʬʫʰʹ ,,˅ʨʲʨ³ʸʵʳʲʰʹ ˆʬʵʩʨˀʰ ʨʸʰʹ ʳʵʯʨʭʹʬʩʻʲʰ
ʹʵʼ. ʭʬʫʰ. ˆʨʰˀʰʹ ʫʨʹʨʭʲʬʯʰʯ ʨʸʰʨʴ ʹʵʼʲʬʩʰ: ʲʨʲˆʵʸʨʲ,
˂ʰ˂ˆʭʨʸʰ, ʴʨʸʽʵʲʭʨʸ ʫʨ ʰʹʯʵʯʨʴʨ, ʹʨʫʨ˂ ʯʨʭʫʬʩʨ ʹʭʨʴʬʩʰʹ
ʳʵʹʨˆʲʬʵʩʨ ʫʨ ʰ˄ʿʬʩʨ ʹʨʳʬʪʸʬʲʵ.
ʸʵʪʵʸ˂ ʨʸʰʹ ʻʱʭʬ ʴʨʯʽʭʨʳʰ, ʲʨˆʨʳʻʲʰʹ ˁʸʫʰʲʵʬʯʰʯ
ʳʫʬʩʨʸʬʵʩʹ ˁʻʩʬˆʬʭʰ, ʸʵʳʬʲʹʨ˂ ˀʬʨʫʪʬʴʬʴ: ʹʵʼ. ʹʵʼ.
ʱʰˁˆʻʲʫʨˀʰ ʨʴʻ ʷʰʩʨʸ, ˁʻʩʨʸ, ˂ʨʲʬʸʰ, ʯʨʭʸʨʸʰ ʫʨ ʲʨˀˆʸʨˀʰ.
ʲʨˀˆʸʨˀʰʹ ʫʨʹʨʭʲʬʯʰʯ ʫʵʴʪʻʮ-ʵʸʻʴʰʹ ʳʿʰʴʭʨʸʬʩʰʫʨʴ
ˁʨʳʵʫʰʹ ʳʫ. ʴʨʱʸʨ, ʸʵʳʲʰʹ ˆʬʵʩʨˀʰ ʳʫʬʩʨʸʬʵʩʹ ʹʵʼ. ʴʨʱʰ; ʨʳ
ʹʵʼʲʰʹ ʫʨʹʨʭʲʬʯʰʯ ʳʫʬʩʨʸʬ ʹʨʩʨʲʨˆʵ ʳʯʰʹ ʻʯʭʰʸʰʹ ʪʨʫʨʾʳʨ
ʰ˄ʬʩʨ ʳʫ. ˅ʭʰʩʸʻʲʫʰʹ (ʴʬʴʹʱʸʨʹ) ˆʬʵʩʨˀʰ ʳʵʯʨʭʹʬʩʻʲʰ,
50
ʮʬʳʵˆʹʬʴʬʩʻʲʰ ʴʨˀʯʬʩʰʯ ˂ʴʵʩʰʲʰ ˅ʭʰʩʬʸʰ, ʸʵʳʬʲʹʨ˂ ʫʰʫʰ
ʰʹʺʵʸʰʻʲʰ ˄ʨʸʹʻʲʰ ʨʽʭʹ 2).

1) ʨʽʬ ʻʴʫʨ ʨʭʾʴʰˀʴʵʯ, ʸʵʳ ʹʭʨʴʬʯˀʰ ,,˅ʨʲʨ³ ʹʨʬʸʯʵʯ

ʳʫʰʴʨʸʰʹ ʹʨˆʬʲʰʨ.
2) ʫʨ˄ʭʸʰʲʬʩʰʯ ʨʳʰʹ ˀʬʹʨˆʬʩ ʲʨʶʨʸʨʱʰ ʰʽʴʬʩʨ ʨʳ ˄ʰʪʴʰʹ ʰʳ
ʯʨʭˀʰ, ʹʨʫʨ˂ ʹʭʨʴʬʯʰʹ ˃ʭʬʲʰ ʱʻʲʺʻʸʨ ʫʨ ʬʱʵʴʵʳʰʻʸʰ
ʳʫʪʵʳʨʸʬʵʩʨ ʨʸʰʹ ʨʾ˄ʬʸʰʲʰ.

…€Œ„ˆ ‘˜…„Š„ˆ ˆ¢ ˆ€ ƒ€ ˆŒ€ƒ €

ʳʬ˂ʴʰʬʸʬʩʨʹ ʯʰʯʽʳʰʹ ʫʾʬʳʫʬ ʭʬʸ ʳʰʻʪʴʰʨ ʴʨʳʫʭʰʲʰ

ʹʨʩʻʯʬʩʰʹʨʯʭʰʹ ʰʳʰʹ ʪʨʹʨˀʻʽʬʩʲʨʫ, ʯʻ ʹʨʫ ˈʽʵʴʫʨʯ ˃ʭʬʲʨʫ
ʹʭʨʴʬʩʹ ʩʰʴʨʫʸʵʩʨ ʫʨ ʸʵʫʰʹ ʫʨʳʱʭʰʫʸʫʨ ʬʹ ˆʨʲˆʰ ʫʾʬʭʨʴʫʬʲ
ʹʭʨʴʬʯˀʰ.
ʨʳʰʹ ˀʬʹʨˆʬʩ ˁʭʬʴ ʻʿʵʿʳʨʴʵʫ ˀʬʪʭʰ˃ʲʰʨ ʨʾʭʰʨʸʵʯ
ʳˆʵʲʵʫ ʰʹ, ʸʵʳ ʹʭʨʴʬʩʰ, ʸʵʪʵʸ˂ ʰʨʼʬʺʻʸʰ ʳʵʫʪʳʰʹ ʫʨ
ʽʨʸʯʭʬʲʬʩʰʹ ʹʨʬʸʯʵ ʵˇʨˆʰʹ ʬʸʯ ˄ʬʭʸʯʨʪʨʴʰ, ʻˆʹʵʭʨʸ
ʫʸʵʰʫʨʴ ± ʫʨʨˆʲʵʬʩʰʯ ʳʬ-7 ʹ. ʽʸʰʹʺʬʹ ʫʨʩʨʫʬʩʨʳʫʬ, ʳʰʹ ʳʵ˃ʳʬ
ˆʨʲˆʬʩʹ ˀʵʸʰʹ ʻʴʫʨ ʿʵʼʰʲʰʿʭʴʬʴ ʫʨʳʱʭʰʫʸʬʩʻʲʰ: ʽʨʲʫʻˀʰ,
ˀʻʨʳʫʰʴʨʸʬˀʰ (ʳʬʹʵʶʵʺʨʳʰʨ), ʬ. ʰ. ʺʰʪʸ-ʬʭʼʸʨʺʰʹ ʭʨʱʬʬʩˀʰ ʫʨ
ˀʬʳʫʬʪ ʭʨʴʰʹ ʺʩʰʹʨ ʫʨ ʨʸʨʸʨʺʰʹ ʳʯʰʹ ʨˆʲʵ-ʳʨˆʲʵ ʳʫʬʩʨʸʬ
ʨʫʪʰʲʬʩˀʰ ʨʴʻ ʻʸʨʸʯʻʹ ʹʨˆʬʲʳ˄ʰʼʵˀʰ.
ʨʮʰʨˀʰ ʽʨʸʯʭʬʲʬʩʰʹ ʰʹʺʵʸʰʻʲʰ ˁʨʸˆʰʹ ʻʱʻʾʳʨ
ʫʨʺʸʰʨʲʬʩʰʹ ʪʨʳʵ (ʳʬ-7 ʹʨʻʱ.) ʹʭʨʴʬʩʰ ʫʨˀʵʸʫʴʬʴ ʫʨʴʨʸˁʬʴ
ʽʨʸʯʭʬʲʬʩʹ, ˁʸʫʰʲʵʬʯʰʯ ʱʰʳʳʬʸʲʬʩʰʹʨ, ʹʱʭʰʯʬʩʰʹʨ ʫʨ ʹˆʭ.
ʭʬʲʻʸʰ ˆʨʲˆʬʩʰʹ ˀʬʳʵʹʬʭʰʹ ˄ʿʨʲʵʩʰʯ. ʨʳʰʹ ʪʨʳʵ
ʨʳʰʬʸʱʨʭʱʨʹʰʨˀʰ ˀʬʳʵʹʭʲʨ ʶʰʸʭʬʲʨʫ ʹʭʨʴʬʩʹ ʳʵʻˆʫʨʯ.
ʰʨʼʬʺʻʸʰ ʳʵʫʪʳʰʹ ˆʨʲˆʰ, ʸʵʪʵʸ˂ ʰʹʺʵʸʰʻʲ
˄ʿʨʸʵʬʩʰʫʨʴ ˁʨʴʹ, ʹʬʳʰʺʻʸʰ ʳʵʫʪʳʰʹ ˆʨʲˆʳʨ ʪʨʳʵʫʬʭʴʨ 2.000
˄ʲ. ˄ʰʴʨʯ ʽʸʰʹʺʬʹ ʫʨʩʨʫʬʩʨʳʫʬ ʫʨ ʳʨʯʰ ʹʨʳʼʲʵʩʬʲʵ ʽʭʬʿʨʴʨ
ʩʨʩʰʲʵʴʬʲʬʩʳʨ ʫʨʰ˅ʰʸʬʹ, ˆʵʲʵ ʽʨʸʯʭʬʲʬʩʰ ʨʳʰʹ ˀʬʳʫʬʪ
,,ˀʻʨʳʫʰʴʨʸʬˀʰ³ʳʵʯʨʭʹʫʴʬʴ 3).
51
 ʨʳ ʫʸʵʹ ʹʭʨʴʬʩʹ, ʸʨ ʯʽʳʨ ʻʴʫʨ, ʨʳʪʭʨʸʰʭʬ ʩʬʫʰ ʬ˄ʬʵʫʨ
ʭʰʴʨʰʫʨʴ ʹʭʨʴʬʩʰ ʳʬ-17 ʹʨʻʱ. ʽʸʰʹʺʬʹ ʫʨʩʨʫʬʩʨʳʫʬ, ʫʨʴʨʸˁʬʴ
ʽʨʸʯʭʬʲʬʩʯʨʴ ʪʨʴʻʿʸʬʲʰ ʻʴʫʨ ʿʵʼʰʲʰʿʭʴʬʴ ˅ʰʸˀʰ ʫʨ ʲˆʰʴˀʰ
ʫʨ ʨʳ ˆʨʴʨʳʫʬ ʬʸʯʰ ʰʹʺʵʸʰʨ ʻʴʫʨ ˈʽʵʴʵʫʨʯ. ʸʵ˂ʨ ʽʨʸʯʭʬʲʬʩʰʹ
˃ʲʰʬʸʬʩʨ ˀʻʨʳʫʰʴʨʸʬʯˀʰʨ˂ ʫʨʬ˂ʨ (ʳʬ-13 ʹʨʻʱ. ʽʸʰʹʺ. ʫʨʩʨʫʬʩ.)
ʫʨ ʬʹ ʨʫʪʰʲʬʩʰ ʳʨʯ ʨʹʻʸʬʲʬʩʳʨ ʫʨ ʨʸʨʳʬʲʬʩʳʨ ʳʰʨʺʵʭʬʩʰʴʬʹ,
ʳʨˀʰʴ ʽʨʸʯʭʬʲʰ ˆʨʲˆʰʹ ʬʸʯʰ ʴʨ˄ʰʲʰ ʫʨʹʨʭʲʬʯʰʹʨʱʬʴ ˄ʨʹʻʲʨ,
ʾʨʲʰʹʰʹ ʨʻʮʬʩˀʰ ʨʴʻ ʱʨʶʨʫʵʱʰʨˀʰ ʫʨʳʱʭʰʫʸʬʩʻʲʨ, ˆʵʲʵ
ʳʬʵʸʬ ʴʨ˄ʰʲʰ ˁʸʫʰʲʵ-ʨʾʳʵʹʨʭʲʬʯʰʹʨʱʬʴ ʻʴʫʨ ˄ʨʹʻʲʰʿʵ ʫʨ
ʭʨʴʰʹ ʺʩʰʹʨ ʫʨ ʨʸʨʸʨʺʰʹ ʳʯʰʹ ʨˆʲʵ-ʳʨˆʲʵ ʳʫʬʩʨʸʬ ʨʫʪʰʲʬʩˀʰ
ʻʴʫʨ ʫʨʩʰʴʨʭʬʩʻʲʰʿʵ.
ˇʬʸ-ˇʬʸʵʩʰʯ ʳʬʺʰ ʳʵʳˆʸʬ ʿʨʭʹ ʰʳ ʨʮʸʹ, ʸʵʳ ʹʭʨʴʬʩʹ ʨʳ
ʫʸʵʹ ʨʳ ʻʱʨʴʨʹʱʴʬʲ ʨʫʪʰʲʬʩˀʰ ʻʴʫʨ ˆʭʫʵʳʵʫʨʯ ˄ʰʲʨʫ
ʫʨʳʱʭʰʫʸʬʩʨ.
ʯʻ ʨʳ ʨʮʸʳʨ ʪʨʰʳʨʸˇʭʨ, ˀʬʰ˃ʲʬʩʨ ʫʨʭʹ˃ʰʴʵʯ, ʸʵʳ ʹʭʨʴʬʩʰʹ
ʨʸʹʬʩʵʩʨ ʨʽ ʻʴʫʨ ʪʨʪʸ˃ʬʲʬʩʻʲʰʿʵ, ʸʵʪʵʸ˂ ʨʸʰʹ ʮʬʳʵʫ
ʴʨʯʽʭʨʳʰ, ʳʬ-7 ʹʨʻʱ. ʽʸʰʹʺʬʹ ʫʨʩʨʫʬʩʨʳʫʬ. ˆʵʲʵ ʨʳʰʹ ˀʬʳʫʬʪ
ʰʹʰʴʰ ʹʨʳʻʫʨʳʵʫ ʫʨˀʵʸʫʴʬʴ ʫʨʴʨʸˁʬʴ ʽʨʸʯʭʬʲʬʩʹ. ʨʳʰʺʵʳ
ˀʬʳʫʬʪˀʰ ʩʻʴʬʩʸʰʭ ʫʨ ʪʬʵʪʸʨʼʰʻʲ ʶʰʸʵʩʬʩʰʹ ˄ʿʨʲʵʩʰʯ
ʹʭʨʴʬʩʰʹʨʯʭʰʹ ʩʬʫʹ ʻʸʪʻʴʬʩʰʨ ʻˆʹʵʭʨʸ ʫʸʵʰʫʨʴ ʫʾʬʳʫʰʹ,
ʯʰʯʽʳʰʹ ˀʬʻ˂ʭʲʬʲʨʫ ʫʨ ʶʰʸʭʬʲʿʵʼʰʲ ʹʨˆʰʯ, ʳ˂ʰʸʬ ʨʮʰʨˀʰ
ʽʨʸʯʭʬʲʰ ˆʨʲˆʰʹ ˂ˆʵʭʸʬʩʰʹ ʫʸʵʰʹ ʮʴʬ-ˁʭʬʻʲʬʩʬʩʰʹ,
˄ʨʸʳʨʸʯʻʲ ʹʨʸ˄ʳʻʴʵʬʩʰʹ ʫʨ ʹˆʭʨ ʺʸʨʫʰ˂ʰʬʩʰʹ ʫʨ ʬʴʰʹ ˀʬʴʨˆʭʨ
ʫʨ ˀʬʴʨʸˁʻʴʬʩʨ. ʫʨ ʯʨʳʨʳʨʫ ˀʬʰ˃ʲʬʩʨ ʰʯʽʭʨʹ, ʸʵʳ ʭʰʹʨ˂
ʳʨˀʰʴʫʬʲʰ ʽʨʸʯʭʬʲʬʩʰʹ ʿʵʼʨ-˂ˆʵʭʸʬʩʰʹ ʫʨ ʺʸʨʫʰ˂ʰʬʩʰʹ
ˀʬʹ˄ʨʭʲʨ ʨʰʴʺʬʸʬʹʬʩʹ, ʳʨʹ ˀʬʻ˃ʲʰʨ ʿʵʭʬʲʰʭʬ ʬʹ ʹʭʨʴʬʯʰʹ
˂ˆʵʭʸʬʩʰʫʪʨʴ ʨʳʵʹ˄ʻʸʵʹ ʫʨ ʨʳʵʰʱʰʯˆʵʹ... ʹˆʭʨʯ ˀʵʸʰʹ ʨʳʨʹ
ʨʫʨʹʺʻʸʬʩʹ ʶʸʵʼ. ʳʨʸʰʹ ˀʬʳʫʬʪʰ ʹʰʺʿʭʬʩʰ DzȈȒ Ȋ ȉȣȚȕȖșȚȤ ȕȈ
ǨȜȖȕȍ Ȕȕȍ ȒȈȏȈȓȖșȤ ȟȚȖ ȧ ȗȍȘȍȕȍșȍȕ Ȋ ȥȗȖȝț ȊȐȏȈȕȚȐȑșȒȐȝ
ȝȘȐșȚȐȈȕșȒȐȝȌțȝȖȊȕȐȝȐȕȚȍȘȍșȖȊȚȈȒȐȊǹȊȈȕȐȐȧȟțȊșȚȊȖȊȈȓșȍȉȧ
ȖȒȘțȎȍȕȕȣȔ ȧȏȣȟȍșȒȖȑ ȒțȓȤȚțȘȕȖȑ ȈȚȔȖșȜȍȘȖȑ ȥȗȖȝȐ țȘȈȘȚȐȑȞȍȊ
ȐȓȐȌȈȎȍ ȗȖȟȐȚȈȚȍȓȍȑ ȊȐȠȈȗȖȊ³dzȐȠȤ ȟȈșȚȤșȊȈȕȖȊ ȏȈșȚȘȧȊȠȈȧȊ
ȗȘȍȌȍȓȈȝ ǹȊȈȕȐȐ ȕȣȕȍ ȧȊȓȧȍȚșȧ ȖȌȕȖȑ Ȑȏ ȓțȟȠȐȝ ȝȘȈȕȐȚȍȓȤȕȐȞ
ȐșȒȖȕȕȣȝ ȧȜȍȚȐȟȍșȒȐȝ ȚȘȈȌȐȞȐȑ Ȑ ȍȌȐȕșȚȊȍȕȕȖȑ ȎȐȊȖȑ
ȗȘȍȌșȚȈȊȐȚȍȓȤȕȐȞȍȑ țșȚȘȈȟȍȕȕȖȋȖ ȕȈ Ȧȋȍ ȟȘȍȏȊȣȟȈȑȕȖ ȊȈȎȕȖȋȖ
ȓȐȕȋȊȐșȚȐȟȍșȒȖȋȖȏȊȍȕȈ³4)
52
 ʳʨʸʰʹ ˀʬʳʫʬʪ, ʹʭʨʴʬʩʰʹ ʻʸʨʸʯʻʹ ʹʨˆʬʲʳ˄ʰʼʵˀʰ
ʩʰʴʨʫʸʵʩʨʮʬ, ʹˆʭʨʯʨ ˀʵʸʰʹ, ˀʬʻ˃ʲʰʨ ʪʭʨʼʰʽʸʬʩʰʴʵʹ ʨʪʸʬʯʭʬ
ʭʨʴʰʹ ʽʭʬʩʮʬ ʫʨ ʱʲʫʬʬʩʮʬʨʳʵ˅ʸʰʲʳʨ ʲʻʸʹʳʻʲʳʨ ˄ʨʸ˄ʬʸʬʩʳʨ,
ʸʵʳʬʲʯʨ ˄ʨʱʰʯˆʭʨ, ʳʨʸʰʹ ʯʽʳʰʯ, ʹʭʨʴʻʸʰ ʬʴʰʹ ˀʬʹ˄ʨʭʲʨʳ
ˀʬʨ˃ʲʬʩʰʴʨ ʫʨ ʪʨʻʨʫʭʰʲʨ ʳʬ˂ʴʰʬʸʬʩʨʹ 5).
ˇʨʭʨˆʰˀʭʰʲʰʹ ˂ʴʵʩʬʩʰʯ ʨʳ ʲʻʸʹʳʻʲ ˄ʨʸ˄ʬʸʬʩʰʹ ˀʬʹ˄ʨʭʲʨʹ
ʹʨʼʸʨʴʪʬʯʰʹ ʳʬ˂ʴʰʬʸʰ ʲʬʴʵʸʳʨʴʰ ʫʨʻʸ˄ʳʻʴʬʩʰʨ ʰʳʨˀʰ, ʸʵʳ ʬʹ
ʬʴʨ ˃ʭʬʲʰ ʽʨʸʯʻʲʰʨ ʫʨ ʭʨʴ±ʨʸʨʸʨʺʰʫʪʨʴ, ʨʳ ˄ʨʸ˄ʬʸʬʩʰʹ
ʳʰˆʬʫʭʰʯ, ʽʨʸʯʭʬʲʬʩʰ ʻʴʫʨ ʿʵʼʰʲʰʿʭʴʬʴ ʪʨʳʵ˃ʬʭʬʩʻʲʰ ʳʺ-6-
7 ʹʨʻʱ. ʽʸʰʹʺʬʹ ʫʨʩʨʫʬʩʨʳʫʬ 6).
ʸʻʹ ʳʬ˂ʴʰʬʸʹ ʴʰʱʵʲʹʱʰʹ ʬʹ ʬʴʨ ʻ˂ʴʰʨ ʽʨʸʯʻʲ ʬʴʰʹ
ʳʵʴʨʯʬʹʨʭʬʫ ʫʨ ʨʳʩʵʩʹ: ,,ʯʻ ʰʳ ʺʵʳ-ʳʵʫʪʳʨʹ, ʸʵʳʬʲʰ˂ ʭʨʴʻʸ
ʲʻʸʹʳʻʲ ˄ʨʸ˄ʬʸʬʩˀʰʨ ʳʵˆʹʬʴʬʩʻʲʰ, ʨʸ ʬʱʻʯʭʴʰʨʴ
ʫʾʬʭʨʴʫʬʲʰ ʽʨʸʯʭʬʲʬʩʰ, ʰʪʰ ʹʸʻʲʰʨʫ ʪʨʳʽʸʨʲ ʺʵʳʨʫ ʻʴʫʨ
ˁʨʰʯʭʨʲʵʹʵ³7).
ʳʬ˂ʴʰʬʸʬʩʹ ʹʬʰʹʹ, ʳʨʹʶʬʸʵʹ ʫʨ ˈʵʳʬʲʹ, ˇʨʭʨˆʰˀʭʰʲʰʹ ʯʽʳʰʯ,
ʨʳ ʲʻʸʹʳʻʲ ˄ʨʸ˄ʬʸʬʩʰʹ ˀʬʳʽʳʴʬʲʰ ˆʨʲˆʰ ʽʨʸʯʭʬʲʬʩʰʹ
˄ʰʴʨʶʸʬʩʨʫ ʨʴʻ ʳʵʴʨʯʬʹʨʭʬ ʺʵʳʨʫ ʻ˂ʭʴʰʨʯ 8).
ˆʵʲʵ ʳʬ˂ʴʰʬʸʰ ʶʨʺʱʨʴʵʭʰ˂ ʨʳ ʲʻʸʹʳʻʲ ˄ʨʸ˄ʬʸʬʩʰʹ
ˀʬʹ˄ʨʭʲʰʹ ˀʬʳʫʬʪ ʨʫʨʹʺʻʸʬʩʹ ʮʬʳʵʯ ˁʨʳʵʯʭʲʰʲ ʳʬ˂ʴʰʬʸʬʩʰʹ
ʨʮʸʹ ʫʨ ʫʨʹ˃ʬʴʹ, ʸʵʳ ʳʬ±7 ʹʨʻʱ. ʹʵʳˆʬʩʰ ˁʭʬʴʯʭʰʹ ʹʸʻʲʰʨʫ
ʻ˂ʴʵʩʰ ʺʵʳʰ ʨʸʰʹʵ 9).
ʽʨʸʯʻʲʰʹʨ ʫʨ ʹʵʳˆʻʸʰʹ ˀʬʹ˄ʨʭʲʨʹ ʳʬ˂ʴʰʬʸʰ ʪʨʺʨʸʬʰ
ʫʨʻʸ˄ʳʻʴʬʩʰʨ ʰʳʨˀʰ, ʸʵʳ ʫʰʫʰ ʴʨ˄ʰʲʰ ʽʨʸʯʻʲʰ ʹʰʺʿʭʬʩʰʹʨ ʫʨ
ʿʭʬʲʨ ˃ʰʸʬʩʰ ʬʱʻʯʭʴʰʨʴ ʪʨʴʹʨʱʻʯʸʬʩʻʲ ˇʪʻʼʹ ʬʴʬʩʰʹʨʹ,
ʸʵʳʬʲʹʨ˂ ʻ˄ʵʫʬʩʬʴ ʽʨʸʯʻʲ ˇʪʻʼʹ.
ʴ. ʳʨʸʰ ʨʳ ʩʵʲʵ ʫʸʵʹ, ʬ. ʰ. ʹʭʨʴʻʸʰ ʬʴʰʹ ʹʨʼʻ˃ʭʲʰʨʴʨʫ
ˀʬʹ˄ʨʭʲʰʹʨ ʫʨ ʭʨʴʻʸʰ ʲʻʸʹʳʻʲʰ ˄ʨʸ˄ʬʸʬʩʰʹ ˄ʨʱʰʯˆʭʰʹ ˀʬʳʫʬʪ
ʪʨʩʬʫʻʲʨʫ ʨ˂ˆʨʫʬʩʹ ǹ ȐȏțȟȍȕȐȍȔ șȊȈȕșȒȈȋȖ ȧȏȐȒȈ Ȕȣ
ȗȖșȚȍȗȍȕȕȖ ȊȝȖȌȐȔ Ȋ ȒțȓȤȚțȘȕȖ-ȐșȚȖȘȐȟȍșȒȐȑ ȊȖȗȘȖș ǨȘȔȍȕȐȐ ȏȈ
ȚȐșȧȟțȐȉȖȓȍȍȓȍȚȌȖȊȖȏȕȐȒȕȖȊȍȕȐȧȝȘȐșȚȐȈȕșȒȖȑȗȐșȤȔȍȕȕȖșȚȐț
ȧȜȍȚȐȟȍșȒȐȝȕȈȘȖȌȖȊȌȈȐțȈȘȔȧȕȊȊȖȗȘȖșȍȒȓȐȕȖȖȉȘȈȏȕȣȝȊȈȕșȒȐȝ
ȕȈȌȗȐșȍȑǪȣȧșȕȧȍȚșȧȟȚȖȧȏȣȒȊȈȕșȒȐȝȒȓȐȕȖȖȉȘȈȏȕȐȝȕȈȌȗȐșȍȑ
ȕȍ ȟȐșȚȣȑ ȧȜȍȚȐȟȍșȒȐȑȈ ȔȍȠȈȕȕȣȑ ȒȈȒșȊȈȕșȒȐȑ... șȖșȚȖȧȠȐȑȐȏ
șȓȖȧȒȖȘȍȕȕȖȋȖ³ ȐȚ. Ǭ. 10).

53
 ʳʨʸʰʹ ʯʽʳʰʯ, ʹʵʳˆʻʸʰ ʬʴʨ ʹʭʨʴʰʮʳʰʯ ʨʸʰʹ ʪʨʷʾʬʴʯʰʲʰ ʫʨ
ʫʰʫʰ ʴʨʯʬʹʨʵʩʨ ʨʽʭʹ ʳʨʹʯʨʴ. ʨʳʴʨʰʸʨʫ, ʯʻ ˁʭʬʴ ʩ. ʳʨʸʰʹ ʴʨʯʽʭʨʳʹ
ʫʨʭʬʿʸʫʴʵʩʰʯ ʫʨ ʳʰʹʰ ʨʮʸʰ ʰʳʰʹ ˀʬʹʨˆʬʩ, ʸʵʳ ʭʨʴʻʸ
ʲʻʸʹʳʻʲʰ ˄ʨʸ˄ʬʸʬʩʰʹ ˄ʨʱʰʯˆʭʨ ʹʭʨʴʻʸ ʬʴʰʹ ˀʬʹ˄ʨʭʲʨʳ
ʪʨʻʨʫʭʰʲʨ ʳʬ˂ʴʰʬʸʬʩʹʵ, ʪʨʰʳʨʸˇʭʬʩʹ, ˁʭʬʴ ʯʨʳʨʳʨʫ ˀʬʪʭʰ˃ʲʰʨ
ʭʹʯʽʭʨʯ, ʸʵʳ ʿʭʬʲʨ ʮʬʳʵˆʹʬʴʬʩʻʲ ʳʬ˂ʴʰʬʸʬʩʰʹ ʲʨʶʨʸʨʱʰ
ˀʬʰ˃ʲʬʩʨ ʨʳ ʽʨʸʯʭʬʲʬʩʰʹ ʳʬʹʨʳʬ ˇʪʻʼʨʫ ˂ʴʵʩʰʲ ʹʭʨʴʬʩʮʬ ʰʿʵʹ.
ˆʵʲʵ ʹʭʨʴʻʸ ʬʴʰʹʨ ʫʨ ʹʵʳˆʻʸʰʹ ˀʵʸʰʹ ʨʸʨʭʰʯʨʸʰ ʴʨʯʬʹʨʵʩʨ ʨʸ
ʻʴʫʨ ʨʸʹʬʩʵʩʫʬʹ, ʪʨʸʫʨ ʨʳʰʹʨ, ʸʵʳ, ʸʵʫʬʹʨ˂ ʹʭʨʴʬʩʰ ʭʨʴ-
ʨʸʨʸʨʺʰʹ ʳʰʫʨʳʵʬʩʰʫʨʴ ʨʴʻ ʻʸʨʸʯʻʹ ʹʨˆʬʲʳ˄ʰʼʵʫʪʨʴ,
ʸʵʪʵʸ˂ ʭʰ˂ʰʯ, ʳʬ-7 ʹʨʻʱ. ʽʸʰʹʺʬʹ ʫʨʩʨʫʬʩʨʳʫʬ ʰʿʭʴʬʴ ʨʿʸʰʲʴʰ
ʫʨ ʫʬʭʴʰʲʴʰ ʱʰʳʳʬʸʰʬʲʬʩʰʹʨ, ʹʱʭʰʯʬʩʰʹʨ ʫʨ ʹˆʭʨ ʰʴʫʵ-
ʪʬʸʳʨʴʻʲʰ ʭʬʲʻʸʰ ˆʨʲˆʬʩʰʹ ˀʬʳʵʹʬʭʰʹ ˄ʿʨʲʵʩʰʯ, ʳʨˀʰʴ ʰʽ
ʫʨʸˁʬʴʰʲʹʨ ʫʨ ʫʨʳˆʭʫʻʸ ʹʭʨʴʬʩʹ ˀʬʬʸʬʵʫʨ ʨˆʲʨʫ ˀʬʳʵʹʻʲʰ
ʨʸʳʬʴʬʩʰ ʫʨ ʨʰ, ʹ˄ʵʸʬʫ, ʨʳ ʫʸʵʹ ʻʴʫʨ ʳʵʳˆʫʨʸʰʿʵ ʨʳ ʵʸ ʹˆʭʨ ʫʨ
ʹˆʭʨ ˀʺʵʯʨ ʬʴʬʩʰʹ ˀʬʸʬʭʨ, ˀʬˆʲʨ-ˀʬʳʵˆʲʨ. ʫʸʵʯʨ ʭʰʯʨʸʬʩʰʹ
ʳʬʵˆʬʩʰʯ ˀʬʳʫʬʪˀʰ ʰʽ ʳʿʵʼʰ ʹʭʨʴʬʩʰ ʨʸʳʬʴʬʩʰʹ ʪʨʭʲʬʴʰʹ
˄ʿʨʲʵʩʰʯ ʪʨʹʵʳˆʫʬʩʵʫʬʴ. ʹʭʨʴʻʸ ʬʴʨʹ, ʯʨʭʰʹ ʯʨʭʨʫ ˂ˆʨʫʰʨ,
ʹʵʳˆʻʸʰ ʪʨʫʨʿʲʨʶʨʭʫʨ, ˆʵʲʵ ʹʵʳˆʻʸʰ˂ ,,ʹʭʨʴʰʮʳʰʯ³ ʹʨʱʳʨʵʫ
ʫʨ ʯʭʨʲʹʨˁʰʴʵʫ ʪʨʰʷʾʬʴʯʬʩʵʫʨ ʫʨ ʯʨʭʰʹ ʱʭʨʲʹ ʫʨʺʵʭʬʩʫʨ
ʹʵʳˆʻʸ ʬʴʨˀʰ.
ˇʨʴʨˀʭʰʲʰʹ ʯʽʳʰʯ, ʨʳʪʭʨʸʰ ʬʴʨʯʨ ˀʬʸʬʭʨ ʻʴʫʨ ʳʵʳˆʫʨʸʰʿʵ
˃ʭʬʲ ʹʨʽʨʸʯʭʬʲʵˀʰ ʫʨ ʨˆʨʲ ʨʸʳʬʴʰʨˀʰ ʫʨ ʳʬ-6-7 ʹ. ʽʸʰʹʺʬʹ
ʫʨʩʨʫʬʩʨʳʫʬ, ʬ. ʰ. ʳʨˀʰʴ, ʸʵ˂ʨ ʰʽ ʹʱʭʰʯʬʩʰ ʨʴʻ ˆʨʮʨʸʬʩʰ ʫʨ
ʱʰʳʬʸʰʬʲʴʰ ʫʨʯʨʸʬˀʵʩʫʬʴ. ʹˆʭʨ ʴʨʯʬʹʨʵʩʨ ʹʵʳˆʬʩʹʨ ʫʨ
ʽʨʸʯʭʬʲʬʩʹ ˀʵʸʰʹ ʨʸ ʨʸʹʬʩʵʩʹ ʨʸʫʨ ʨʳʰʹʨ, ʸʨ˂ ʳʵʹʻʲ ˆʨʲˆʹ ʫʨ
ʳʰʹ ʬʴʨʹ ˀʬʬʯʭʰʹʨ ʫʨ ˀʬʬʲʰʨ ʨʫʪʰʲʵʩʸʰʭ ʩʰʴʨʫʨʸ ˆʨʲˆʰʹʨʪʨʴʵ
11).

ʳʨʸʹ ʻʸʨʸʯʻʹ ʳʬʼʰʹ ʨʸʪʰˀʺʰʹ ʹʨˆʬʲʰ˂ ˄ʳʰʴʫʨ ʹʭʨʴʻʸ

ʹʨˆʬʲ˄ʵʫʬʩʨʯ ʳʰʨˁʴʰʨ ʫʨ ʨʹʬ ʪʭʰˆʹʴʰʹ Ǵȕȍ țȎȍ ȗȘȐȝȖȌȐȓȖșȤ
țȒȈȏȣȊȈȚȤȟȚȖȐȔȧȐȏȊȍșȚȕȖȋȖȞȈȘȧǨȘȋȐȠ-ȌȐȗȘȍȌșȚȈȊȓȧȍȚșȓȖȎȕȖȍ
șȓȖȊȖșȖȏȕȈȟȍȕȐȍȔȋȓȈȊȈȌȖȔȈ³ǬȖȔ-ȈȘȋȐȟȚȖșȖȝȘȈȕȐȓȖșȤȗȖșȍȑ
ȌȍȕȤȊșȊȈȕșȒȖȔ³12).
ʨʸʪʰ ʹʭʨʴʻʸʨʫ ʳʨʸʯʲʨ˂ ʵˇʨˆʹ ʴʰˀʴʨʭʹ, ˆʵʲʵ ʨʸʪʰˀ-ʫ ʫʰ
ʹʨʵˇʨˆʵʹ, ˀʬʰ˃ʲʬʩʨ ʵˇʨˆʰʹ ʹʨʻʼʸʵʹʵʹʨ˂.

54
 ʭʰʴʨʰʫʨʴ ʳʬ˂ʴʰʬʸʬʩʨʹ ˆʨʲˆʯʨ ʨʳʨ ʯʻ ʰʳ ʨʫʪʰʲʬʩˀʰ
ʩʰʴʨʫʸʵʩʰʹ ʹʨʻʱʬʯʬʹʵ ʹʨʩʻʯʨʯ ʳʰʨˁʴʰʨ ʨʳ ʨʫʪʰʲʬʩʰʹ
ʹʨʪʬʵʪʸʨʼʰʵ ʹʨˆʬʲʬʩʰ, ʨʳʰʺʵʳ ʻʨʫʪʰʲʵ ʨʸ ʰʽʴʬʩʨ ʳʬ˂ʴʰʬʸʬʩʰʹ
ʿʻʸʨʫʾʬʩʨ ʳʰʭʨʽ˂ʰʵʯ ʹʭʨʴʬʯˀʰ ʨʸʹʬʩʻʲ ʮʵʪʰʬʸʯ ʰʳ
ʹʵʼʲʬʩʰʹʨ ʫʨ ʨʫʪʰʲʬʩʰʹ ʹʨˆʬʲʬʩʹ, ʸʵʳʲʬʩʰ˂ ˀʬʴʨˆʻʲʰ ʨʸʰʨʴ
ʸʵʪʵʸ˂ ʹʭʨʴʬʯˀʰ, ʨʪʸʬʯʭʬ ʳ˂ʰʸʬ ʨʮʰʨˀʰ, ʹʨʫʨ˂ ˃ʭʬʲ ʫʸʵˀʰ
ʽʨʸʯʭʬʲʬʩʰ ʩʰʴʨʫʸʵʩʫʬʴ ʫʨ ʹʨʰʫʨʴʨ˂ ʬʹ ʹʨʪʬʵʪʸʨʼʰʵ
ʹʨˆʬʲʬʩʰ ʻʴʫʨ ʰʿʵʹ ʹʭʨʴʬʯˀʰ ˀʬʳʵʺʨʴʰʲʰ. ʳʨʪʨʲʰʯʨʫ:
ˁʻʩʬˆʬʭʰʹ ʹʨʮʵʪʨʫʵʬʩʰʹ ʬʸʯʹ ʳʯʨʹ ,,ʭʨʴʰ³³ ʽʭʰʨʴ.
ʰˀʶʻʰʴʰʹʨ ʫʨ ʳʰʹʰ ˀʭʰʲʰʹ ˄ʨʸ˄ʬʸʬʩˀʰ ʳʵˆʹʬʴʬʩʻʲʰʨ ʽʨʲʨʽʰ
ʨʺʱʨʴʨ ʫʨ ʳʬʲʰʫʨ 13).
ʨʺʱʭʬʸʰ
ʰ ʮʬʳʵ ʹʭʨʴʬʯˀʰ ʬʸʯʹ ʳʯʨʹʨ ʽʭʰʨʴ, ˆʵʲʵ ʳʬʲʰʫʨ
ʲʨˀˆʬʯʰʹ ʹʨʮʵʪʨʫʵʬʩʰʹ ʬʸʯ ʹʵʼʬʲʹ.
ˆʳʬʲʬʯʰʹ ʱʨʶʨʫʵʱʰʨˀʰ, ʱʰˀʬʸʰʹ ʽʨʲʨʽʰʹ ʹʨʳˆʸʬʯʰʯ
ʳʫʬʩʨʸʬ ʨʫʪʰʲʹ ʫʨ ʱʬʹʨʸʰʰʹ ʽʨʲʨʽʰʹ ʳʨˆʲʵʩʲʨʫ ʳʫʬʩʨʸʬ
ʫʨʩʨʹ ʳʻʷʻʸʰ ˈʽʭʰʨʴ 14). ˇʨʴʨˀʭʰʲʰʹ ʯʽʳʰʯ, ʬʹ ʹʨˆʬʲʰ ˄ʳʰʴʫʨ
ʽʨʸʯʻʲʰʨ, ʳʨʪʸʨʳ ʨʽ ʻʴʫʨ ʨʾʭʴʰˀʴʵʯ, ʸʵʳ ʬʹ ʹʨʪʬʵʪʸʨʼʰʵ
ʹʨˆʬʲʰ ˄ʳʰʴʫʨ ʹʭʨʴʻʸʰ ʹʨˆʬʲ˄ʵʫʬʩʨ ʻʴʫʨ ʰʿʵʹ ʫʨ ʴʰˀʴʨʭʹ
ʹʭʨʴʻʸʨʫ ʻʳʮʬʵ ʨʫʪʰʲʹ. ʹʭʨʴʬʯˀʰ ʳʻʲʨˆʰʹ ʹʨʮʵʪʨʫʵʬʩʰʹ ʰʳ
ʴʨ˄ʰʲʹ, ʸʵʳʬʲʰ˂ ʮʨʳʯʸʵʩʰʯ ʳʮʬʹ ʳʵʱʲʬʩʻʲʰʨ, ʳʻʷʨʲʰ ˈʽʭʰʨʴ,
ʸʵʳʬʲʰ˂ ʮʬʳʵˆʹʬʴʬʩʻʲ ʳʻʷʻʸʹ ʻʴʫʨ ʻʫʸʰʫʬʹ.
ʱʨʲʰʹ ʹʨʮʵʪʨʫʵʬʩʰʹ ʬʸʯʹ ʹʵʼʬʲʹ ˆʨʲʫʬ ʽʭʰʨʴ, ʸʵʳʬʲʰ˂:
ʳʨʸʰʹ, ˇʨʭʨˆʰˀʭʰʲʰʹ ʫʨ ʹˆʭʨ ʳʬ˂ʴʰʬʸʬʩʰʹ ʨʮʸʰʯ ʨʴ ʽʨʸʯʭʬʲʬʩʰʹ
ʻ˃ʭʬʲʬʹ ʫʸʵʰʹ ʹʨʩʰʴʨʫʸʵ ʨʫʪʰʲʰʹ ʽʨʲʫʬʨʹ ʹʨˆʬʲ˄ʵʫʬʩʰʫʨʴ
ʻʴʫʨ ʰʿʵʹ ˄ʨʸʳʵʳʫʪʨʸʰ, ʨʴ ʬˆʲʨʴʫʬʲʰ ʺʸʨʶʬʮʻʴʫʰʹ,
ʸʵʳʬʲʹʨ˂ ˃ʭʬʲʨʫ ˆʨʲʫʬ ʬʸʽʭʨ.
ʨʴʰʹ ʫʨʹʨʭʲʬʯʰʯ ʳʫʬʩʨʸʬ ʬʸʯʹ ʨʫʪʰʲʹ ʳʻˀ-ʰ ʽʭʰʨʴ, ˆʵʲʵ
ʹʭʨʴʬʯˀʰ ʨʳ ʹʨˆʬʲʹ ʨʺʨʸʬʩʹ ʬʸʯʰ ʳʯʨ ʳʻˀʻʸʰ.
˅ʭʬʲʼʰ. ʹʭʨʴʬʯˀʰ ʬʹ ʹʨˆʬʲʰ ˁʵʲʻʸʰʹ ʹʨʮʵʪʨʫʵʬʩʰʹ ʬʸʯʹ
ʹʵʼʲʬʹʨ ʽʭʰʨʴ, ʸʵʳʬʲʰ˂ ʳʨʸʰʹ ʯʽʳʰʯ ʹʨʳˆʸʬʯʰʫʨʴ ʨʸʰʹ
ˀʬʳʵʺʨʴʰʲʰ.
ʩʨʸˆʨʲ ± ʳʯʨʨ ʳʨˆʲʵʩʲʨʫ ʹʨʸʵʹ ʳʫʰʴʨʸʰʹʨ. ʹʨˆʬʲʹ
,,ʩʨʸˆʨʲʹ³ʨʺʨʸʬʩʬʴ ʹʭʨʴʬʯʰʹ ʸʨʳʵʫʬʴʰʳʬ ʳʯʬʩʰ ʫʨ ʹˆʭ.
ʳʬ˂ʴʰʬʸʬʩʰʹ ʿʻʸʨʫʾʬʩʨ ʳʰʴʫʨ ʳʰʭʨʽ˂ʰʵʯ ʨʪʸʬʯʭʬ ʰʳ
ʹʨʱʭʰʸʭʬʲ ʳʵʭʲʬʴʨʹ, ʸʵʳ ʹʭʨʴʬʯˀʰ ʻˆʹʵʭʨʸ ʫʸʵʰʫʨʴ ʫʾʬʳʫʬ

55
ˀʬʴʨˆʻʲʨ ʬʸʯʰ ʻʻ˃ʭʬʲʬʹʰ ʼʬʸˆʻʲʰ ʹʰʳʾʬʸʨ ,,ʰʨʭ ʽʨʲʫʰ³
ʸʵʳʬʲʰ˂ ˀʬʳʫʬʪʰ ˀʰʴʨʨʸʹʰʹ ʨʸʰʹ:

ʰʨʭ ʽʨʲʫʰ ʫʨ ʩʬʩʻ˂ʰʨ,

ʹʵʼʬʲ ʽʨʲʫʰ ʫʨ ˀʻˀʶʨʸʰʨ,
ˀʻˀʶʨʸ ˁʻʽʭʨʴ ʽʭʰˋʨʴʰʨ,
ʽʭʰˋʨʴ ˁʻʽʭʨʴ ʳʮʰˋʨʴʰʨ,
ˁʵʲʻʸ ʭʬˀʪʰʴ ʻʴʨʸʰʨ,
ʾʭʰʴʵʬʩʰʹʨ ʹʺʭʬʲʰˋʨʭʵ,
ʱʨʯˆʨ ˁʨʪʭʰ˄ʱʬʶʴʰˋʨʭʵ,
ʬʲʵ˂ʨ ʫʨ ʳʬʲʵ˂ʨ,
ʬˆʲʨ ʸʨ˅ʨ ˁʭʬʴʰˋʨʭʵ,
ˁʰʺʰ ʳʵʭʰ˄ʭʬʲʰˋʨʭʵ ʫʨ ʹˆʭ...

‡€ ‚‹€Œˆ

ʰʨ ʽʨʲʫʰ ʫʨ ʩʬʩʻ˂ʰʨ (ʨʫʪʰʲʬʩʰʨ ʫʨʹʨˆʬʲʬʩʻʲʰ.

ʹʵʼʬʲ ʽʨʲʫʻˀʰ ˀʻˀʶʨʸʰʨ (˂ʬʱʭʨ, ʯʨʳʨˀʰ, ʼʬʸˆʻʲʰ ʫʨ
ʹʰʳʾʬʸʨʨ ʹʵʼʬʲ ʽʨʲʫʻˀʰ).
ˀʻˀʶʨʸʹ ʫʨʩʲʨ ʽʭʰʨʴʰʨ (ʽʭʰʨʴʰ ʨʫʪʰʲʰ, ʬ.ʰ. ʽʨʲʫʻˀʰ, ʹʨʫʨ˂
ˀʻˀʶʨʸʰ ʰʿʵ,
ʰʳʨʹ ʫʨʩʲʨ ʽʭʰʨʴʰ ʨʫʪʰʲʰ ʿʵʼʰʲʨ).
ʽʭʰʨʴʹ ʫʨʩʲʨ ʳʮʰʨʴʰʨ (ʬ. ʰ. ʮʬʳʵʫ ʫʨʹʨˆʬʲʬʩʻʲ ʽʭʰʨʴʹ
ʫʨʩʲʨ ʳʮʰʨʴʰ ʨʫʪʰʲʰ ʿʵʼʰʲʨ).
ˁʵʲʻʸʹ ʻʱʨʴ ʻʴʨʸʰ ʨʽʭʹ.
ʾʭʰʴʵʬʩʰʹʨ ʹʺʭʬʲʰʨ.
ʱʨʯˆʨ ˁʨʪʭʰ˄ʱʬʶʴʰʨ.
ʬʲʵ˂ʨ ʳʬʲʵ˂ʨ,
ʬˆʲʨ ʸʨ˅ʨ˂ ˁʭʬʴʰʨ,
ˁʰʺʰ˂ ʳʵʪʭʰ˄ʭʬʲʰʨ ʫʨ ʹˆʭʨ...

ʳʬ ʳʪʵʴʰʨ ʻʩʸʨʲʵ ʼʨʴʺʨʮʰʰʹ ʴʨʿʵʼʨʯ ʨʸ ˁʨʰʯʭʲʬʩʨ ʫʨ

ˀʬʳ˂ʫʨʸʰ ʨʸ ʭʰʽʴʬʩʰ; ʯʻ ʨʳ ʹʰʳʾʬʸʨʹ ʰʹʺʵʸʰʻʲ ʹʨʩʻʯʨʫ
ʫʨʭʨʹʨˆʬʲʬʩ, ʭʰʴʨʰʫʨʴ ʳʸʨʭʨʲʰ ʳʨʪʨʲʰʯʰ ˁʭʬʴ ʪʭˆʭʫʬʩʨ
ʹʭʨʴʬʯʰʹ ˂ˆʵʭʸʬʩʨˀʰ ʰʳʰʹ ʫʨʹʨʳʺʱʰ˂ʬʩʲʨʫ, ʸʵʳ ʹʨʱʻʯʨʸʰ
ʳ˄ʬʸʲʵʩʰʹ ʻʽʵʴʲʵʩʰʹ ʪʨʳʵ ʹʭʨʴʬʩʹ ʹˁʭʬʭʰʨʯ ʮʵʪʰʬʸʯ
56
ʾʰʸʹˀʬʹʨʴʰˀʴʨʭʰ ʰʹʺʵʸʰʻʲʰ ʫʨ ʹˆʭʨ ʳʵʭʲʬʴʬʩʰʹ ʳˆʵʲʵʫ
ʹʰʳʾʬʸʬʩʰʹ ʹʨˆʰʯ ʳʵʪʵʴʬʩʨ, ˀʬʴʨˆʭʨ ʫʨ ˀʬʴʨʸˁʻʴʬʩʨ.
ʮʬʳʵˆʹʬʴʬʩʻʲʰ ʹʰʳʾʬʸʨ, ˁʭʬʴ ʹʭʨʴʬʯʰʹ ˀʵʸʬʻʲ ˄ʨʸʹʻʲʮʬ
ʳʵʪʭʰʯˆʸʵʩʹ, ʸʵʳ ʹʭʨʴʬʩʰ ˇʬʸ ʽʨʲʫʻˀʰ ˂ˆʵʭʸʵʩʫʴʬʴ, ˀʬʳʫʬʪ
ʬʲʵ-ʳʬʲʵˀʰ ʫʨ ʩʵʲʵʹ ʸʨ˅ʨˀʰ. ˆʵʲʵ ʨʳ ʹʰʳʾʬʸʰʹ ˀʰʴʨʨʸʹʰ
ʽʨʲʫʻˀʰ ˂ˆʵʭʸʬʩʨʹ ʻʼʸʵ ʺʱʩʰʲʨʫ ʰˆʹʬʴʰʬʩʹ,ʬʯʨʿʭʨʴʬʩʨ ʫʨ
ʳʨʾʲʨ ʨʿʬʴʬʩʹ, ʸʨʫʪʨʴ ,,ʹʵʼʬʲ ʽʨʲʫʻˀʰ ʰ ˀʻˀʶʨʸʰʨ³ ʻʴʫʨ
ʴʰˀʴʨʭʫʬʹ, ʸʵʳ ʰʽ ˂ʬʱʭʨ, ʯʨʳʨˀʰ, ʼʬʸˆʻʲʰ, ʲˆʬʴʨ ʫʨ ʳˆʰʨʸʻʲʬʩʨ
ˈʽʵʴʰʨʯ.
ʹʰʳʾʬʸʰʹ ˀʬʳʫʬʪʰ ʹʰʺʿʭʬʩʰ ˀʬʰ˃ʲʬʩʨ ʨʰˆʹʴʬʩʵʫʬʹ ʨʹʬ:
,,ʾʭʰʴʵʬʩʰʹ ʹʺʭʬʲʰʨ ʱʨʯˆʨ ˁʨʪʭʰ˄ʱʬʶʴʰʨ³³ ʻʴʫʨ ʴʰˀʴʨʭʫʬʹ
ʬʲʵʳʬʲʵˀʰ ʨʴʻ ˀʨʭʰ ʮʾʭʰʹ ʴʨʶʰʸʬʩʮʬ ʹʭʨʴʬʩʰʹ ˀʬʳʵʫʪʵʳʨʮʬ
ʫʨʳʱʭʰʫʸʬʩʨʹ. ˆʵʲʵ ʹʰʺʿʭʬʩʰ: ,,ʬˆʲʨ ʸʨʾʨ˂ ˁʭʬʴʰʨ³³ ʰʳʨʹ ʻʴʫʨ
ʴʰˀʴʨʭʫʬʹ, ʸʵʳ ʩʵʲʵʹ ʹʭʨʴʬʩʰʹʯʭʰʹ ʩʬʫʹ ʸʨ˅ʨˀʰ ˂ˆʵʭʸʬʩʨ
ʻʸʪʻʴʬʩʰʨ. ʹʰʺʿʭʬʩʰ ,,ˁʰʺʰ˂ ʳʵʪʭʰ˄ʭʬʲʰʨ³ ʻʱʨʴʨʹʱʴʬʲʰ ʳʨʯʰ
ʨʳʵʴʨʱʭʴʬʹʰ ʻʴʫʨ ʰʿʵʹ ʫʨ ʪʭʰʳʺʱʰ˂ʬʩʫʬʹ, ʸʵʳ ʨʳ ˆʨʲˆʹ ʰʳʫʬʴʰ
ʻʩʬʫʻʸʬʩʨ ʫʨ ʪʨ˅ʰʸʭʬʩʨ ʪʨʳʵʻ˂ʫʰʨ, ʰʹʬʯʰ ʳ˄ʨʸʬ ˆʭʬʫʸʰ ʫʨ
ʹʨ˃ʴʬʲʵ ʹʨʽʳʬ ʻʸʪʻʴʬʩʰʨ ʳʨʯʯʭʰʹ ʩʬʫʹ, ʸʵʪʵʸ˂ ʨʸʰʹ ˁʰʺʰʹ
ʳʵ˄ʭʬʲʨ, ʳʰʹʰ ʻʴʨʿʵʼʵʩʨ, ʻˀʬʫʬʪʵʩʨ ʫʨ ʹˆʭ...
ʨʳʴʨʰʸʨʫ, ʳʨʪʨʲʰʯʰʨ, ʰʹʺʵʸʰʻʲʰ ʹʨʩʻʯʬʩʰʹ ʹʰʾʨʸʰʩʰʹ
ʪʨʳʵ ʨʳʷʨʳʨʫ ʹʭʨʴʬʯʰʹ ʰʹʺʵʸʰʰʹ ʨʾʫʪʬʴʨ ʫʨ ʰʳʫʬʴʨʫ ʪʨˀʻʽʬʩʨ,
ʸʵʳ ʳʰʹ ˄ʨʸʹʻʲʹ ʴʨʯʬʲʰ ʳʵˈʼʰʴʵʹ ʫʨ ʳʱʰʯˆʭʬʲʰ
ʫʨʨʱʳʨʿʵʼʰʲʵʹ, ʯʰʯʽʳʰʹ ˀʬʻ˃ʲʬʩʬʲʰ ˆʫʬʩʨ, ʳʨʪʸʨʳ ʬʹ ˁʬʳʰ
ˀʸʵʳʨ ʳʰʴʫʨ ʳʰʭʨ˄ʵʫʵ ʳʬ˂ʴʰʬʸʬʩʨʹ ʳʨʹʨʲʨʫ ʹʭʨʴʬʯʰʹ ˁʭʬʴ
ʫʸʵʳʫʬ ʪʨʳʽʸʨʲ ʰʹʺʵʸʰʰʹ ʨʾʹʨʫʪʬʴʨʫ, ʫʨ ʰʳʬʫʰ ʳʨʽʭʹ,
ʳʵʳʨʭʨʲʰ ʻʼʸʵ ʪʨʨʼʨʸʯʵʭʬʩʹ ʫʨ ʹ˄ʵʸʨʫ ʪʨʨˀʻʽʬʩʹ ʨʳ ʹʨʱʰʯˆʹ.
ʼʨʽʺʨʫ ʻʴʫʨ ˁʨʰʯʭʨʲʵʹ ʳˆʵʲʵʫ ʰʹ ʪʨʸʬʳʵʬʩʨ, ʸʵʳ ʹʭʨʴʬʩʰ
ʳʨʸʯʲʨ˂ ˃ʭʬʲ ʫʸʵˀʰ, ʸʵʪʵʸ˂ ʨʸʰʹ ʮʬʳʵʫ ʴʨʯʽʭʨʳʰ, ʹˆʭʨ
ʽʨʸʯʭʬʲʬʩʯʨʴ ʬʸʯʨʫ ʹ˂ˆʵʭʸʵʩʫʬʴ ʳ˂ʰʸʬ ʨʮʰʨˀʰ ʫʨ ʳʨʯʯʨʴ
ʳ˂ˆʵʭʸʬʩ ʽʨʸʯʭʬʲʰ ʺʵʳʬʩʰʹ ˆʹʵʭʴʨʹ ʻʴʫʨ ʬʱʻʯʴʵʫʬʴ ʹʭʨʴʬʯˀʰ
ʫʾʬʳʫʰʹ ˀʬʴʨˆʻʲʰ ʹʰʺʿʭʬʩʰ: ,,ˆʪʯ³ˆʬʯʬʩʰ), ,,ʳʬʹˆ³ʳʬʹˆʬʩʰ) ʫʨ
,,ˇʰʽ³ʲʪˇʪʽʬ) ± ˇʰʽʬʩʰ.
,,ˆʪʯʹ³ʹʭʨʴʬʩʰ ʻ˄ʵʫʬʩʬʴ ˂ʵ˂ˆʨʲ ʫʨ ʨʭʹ ʱʨ˂ʹ.
,,ʳʬʹˆʹ³-ʹ ʹʰʳʨʸˇʭʰʯ, ʳʨʳʨ˂ʵʩʰʯ ʫʨ ʹʰ˂ʵ˂ˆʲʰʯ ʹʨʭʹʬ ʱʨ˂ʹ
(ʳʬʹˆʫ ʲʪʪʴʬ ʳʨʨʸʬ)...
,,ˇʰʽʹ³ʲʪˇʪʽʬ-ʹ ˁʨʼʹʱʭʴʰʲʹ, ʹʽʬʲ ʱʨ˂ʹ ʫʨ ʳʬʺʨʫ ʳʨʪʨʸʹ.
57
 3) ʰʭ. ˇʨʭʨˆʰˀʭʰʲʰ, ʽʨʸʯ. ʬʸʰʹ ʰʹʺ. ʪʵʸʪʨ˃ʬ ± ʹʨʽ. ʰʹʺ. ʪʭ. 20
4ǴȈȘȘǰȏȗȖȍȏȌ. ȊǹȊȈȕȐȐ. ǹȚȘ. Ȑ.
5) ʳʨʸʰ. ʰʽʭʬ. ʪʭ. 28
6) ˇʨʴʨˀʭʰʲʰ. ʭʨˆʻˀʺʰ ʫʨ ʳʰʹʰ ˀʸʵʳʨ. ʪʭ. ˋʪ.
7) ˇʨʴʨˀʭʰʲʰ. ʰʽʭʬ.
8) ˇʨʭʨˆʰˀʭʰʲʰ. ʽʨʸʯʭʬʲʰ ʬʸʰʹ ʰʹʺʵʸʰʨ. ʪʭ. 69.
9) ˇʨʴʨˀʭʰʲʰ. ʭʨˆʻˀʺʰ ʫʨ ʳʰʹʰ ˀʸʵʳʨ. ʪʭ. ˋʪ.
10ǴȈȘȘǰȏȗȖȍȏȌȒȐȊǹȊȈȕȐȦǹȚȘ
11) ˇʨʴʨˀʭʰʲʰ, ʭʨˆ. ʫʨ ʳʰʹʰ ˀʸʵʳʨ ʪʭ. ˋʮ ʫʨ ˋ˂.
12ǴȈȘȘǰȏȗȖȍȏȌȊǹȊȈȕȐȦǹȚȘ
13) ˇʨʴʨˀʭʰʲʰ. ʭʨˆʻˀʺʰ ʫʨ ʳʰʹʰ ˀʸʵʳʨ. ʪʭ. ʲʩ.).
14) ˇʨʴʨˀʭʰʲʰ. ʭʨˆʻˀʺʰ ʫʨ ʳʰʹʰ ˀʸʵʳʨ. ʪʭ. ʲʩ.

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€‹ˆ„ ‰€…‰€ˆ€–ˆ ƒ€‹‰…ˆƒ „€

ʳʬ˂ʴʰʬʸʬʩʨʳ ˇʬʸ ʱʰʫʬʭ ʹʨʱʳʨʵʫ ʭʬʸ ʪʨʨˀʻʽʨ ʫʨ ʪʨʳʵʨʸʱʭʰʨ

ʨʪʸʬʯʭʬ ʰʹ ʪʨʸʬʳʵʬʩʨ˂, ʯʻ ʸʵʫʰʹ ʫʨ ʸʨ ʶʰʸʵʩʬʩˀʰ ʻʴʫʨ
ʳʵʳˆʫʨʸʰʿʵ ʳ˂ʰʸʬ ʨʮʰʰʫʨʴ ʨʴʻ ʯʨʭʰʹ ʻʻ˃ʭʬʲʬʹ ʹʨʳʱʭʰʫʸʬʩʬʲ
ʽʭʬʿʴʬʩʰʫʨʴ ʹʭʨʴʬʩʰʹ ʨʳʰʬʸ-ʱʨʭʱʨʹʰʨˀʰ ˀʬʳʵʹʭʲʨ ʫʨ ʹʭʨʴʬʯˀʰ
ʫʨʳʱʭʰʫʸʬʩʨ, ʳʨʪʸʨʳ ʳʺʱʰ˂ʬ ʹʨʼʻ˃ʭʬʲʰ ʫʨʻʫʭʨ ʰʳ ʨʮʸʹ, ʸʵʳ
ʽʨʸʯʭʬʲʰ ˆʨʲˆʰʹ ʳʰʬʸ ʳ˂ʰʸʬ ʨʮʰʨˀʰ ʩʰʴʨʫʸʵʩʰʹ ʳʰʺʵʭʬʩʨ ʫʨ
ʨʳʰʬʸ-ʱʨʭʱʨʹʰʨˀʰ ʪʨʫʳʵˆʭʬ˄ʨ, ˀʬʳʵʹʭʲʨ ʫʨ ʫʨʩʰʴʨʭʬʩʨ ʻʴʫʨ
ʳʵʳˆʫʨʸʰʿʵ, ʸʵʪʵʸ˂ ʮʬʳʵʯ ʨʸʰʹ ʴʨʯʽʭʨʳʰ, ʳʬ-9-6 ʹʨʻʱ. ˀʻʨ
ʽʸʰʹʺʬʹ ʫʨʩʨʫʬʩʨʳʫʬ, ʬ. ʰ. ʳʰʹ ˀʬʳʫʬʪ, ʸʨ˂ˁʸʫʰʲʵʬʯʰʫʨʴ
ʮʬʳʵˆʹʬʴʬʩʻʲ ʱʰʳʳʬʸʰʬʲʬʩʰʹʨ, ʹʱʭʰʯʬʩʰʹʨ ʫʨ ʹˆʭʨ ʰʴʫʵ-
ʪʬʸʳʨʴʻʲʰ ʭʬʲʻʸʰ ˆʨʲˆʬʩʰʹ ˀʬʳʵʹʬʭʨ ʫʨʰ˄ʿʵ. ʭʰʴʨʰʫʨʴ ʿʭʬʲʨ
ʳʬ˂ʴʰʬʸʬʩʰ ʨʳʺʱʰ˂ʬʩʬʴ, ʸʵʳ ʹʨʽʨʸʯʭʬʲʵˀʰ ˀʬʳʵʹʭʲʨ ʶʰʸʭʬʲʨʫ
ʩʬʫʹ ʹʭʨʴʬʩʰʹʨʯʭʰʹ ʻʸʪʻʴʬʩʰʨ, ˂ˆʨʫʰʨ, ʹʭʨʴʬʩʰʹ ˁʭʬʴʹ ʽʭʬʿʨʴʨˀʰ
ʫʨʹʨˆʲʬʩʨ˂ ʻʴʫʨ ʳʵʳˆʫʨʸʰʿʵ ʳʬ-9-7 ʹʨʻʱ. ˀʻʨ ʽʸʰʹʺʬʹ ˄ʰʴ.
ʴʰʱ. ʳʨʸʰ ʹʭʨʴʬʩʰʹ ʹʨʳˆʸʬʯʰʫʪʨʴ ˁʸʫʰʲʵʬʯʰʹʨʱʬʴ ʫʨ˃ʭʸʰʹʨ
ʫʨ ˀʬʳʵʹʭʲʰʹ ˀʬʹʨˆʬʩ ʳʵʪʭʰʯˆʸʵʩʹ ǬȊȐȎȍȕȐȍ șȊȈȕȖȊ Ȑ
ȉȓȐȎȈȑȠȐȝ șȘȖȌȕȣȝ ș ȕȐȔȐ ȧȜȍȚȐȟȍșȒȐȔ șȓȖȍȔ ȈȉȝȈȏȖȊ ȐȓȐ
ȘȈȏȓȐȟȕȣȝ șȊȈȕșȒȐȝ ȗȓȍȔȍȕ ș ȦȋȈ ȕȈ șȍȊȍȘ ȘȈȏȌȍȓȧȓȖșȤ ȒȈȒ ȖȉȠȍȍ
ȧȊȓȍȕȐȍȊșȍȔȐȧȜȍȚȐȌȈȔȐȚȈȒșȦȋȈȕȈșȍȊȍȘȌȊȐȋȈȓȐșȤȕȈȏȈȗȈȌȖȚ
șȊȈȕȖȊȚțȉȈȓ-ȒȈȑȕȣȈȕȈȊȖșȚȖȒȖȚșȊȈȕȖȊȒȈȘȚȣ

58
 ǬȊȐȎȍȕȐȍ ȒȈȘȚȖȊ ș ȊȖșȚȖȒȈ ȕȈ ȏȈȗȈȌ ȐȔȍȓȖ ȔȍșȚȖ
ȗȘȐȉȓȐȏȐȚȍȓȤȕȖșVII ȊǬȖǸǽȘǬȊȐȋȈȧșȤȐȏȕȖȊȖȋȖșȊȖȍȋȖȋȕȍȏȌȈȊ
DzȈȘȚȈȓȐȕȐȦ (ʽʨʸʯʲʰ) ȕȈ ȏȈȗȈȌ ȖȕȐ ȌȖșȚȐȋȓȐ ǿȍȘȕȖȋȖ ȔȖȘȧ ȋȌȍ
ȊȘȍȏȈȓȐșȤ ȒȖȕȞȖȔ ȒȓȐȕȈ Ȋ ǺțȉȈȓ-ȒȈȑȕșȒțȦ șȗȓȖȠȕțȦ ȔȈșșț. ȅȚȖȚ
ȒȖȕȍȞ ȒȈȘȚșȒȖȋȖ ȐȓȐ ȋȘțȏȐȕșȒȖȋȖ ȗȓȍȔȍȕȐ ȒȓȐȕȈ ȗȘȍȌșȚȈȊȓȧȦȚ
ȚȍȗȍȘȤȋțȘȐȑȞȣȐȖȔțșțȓȤȔȈȕȐȊȠȐȍșȧȈȌȎȈȘȞȣǵȈșȍȊȍȘȍȖȚȒȓȐȕȈ
ȖȒȈȏȈȓȐșȤ ȐȊȍȘȣ ȕȣȕȍ ȔȐȕȋȘȍȓȤȞȣ ȕȈ Ȧȋȍ ȟȈȕȣ. ǵȖ ȘȈȕȤȠȍ ȟȍȔ
ȘȈșȒȖȓȖȚȤ ȒȓȐȕȖȔ ǺțȉȈȓ-ȒȈȑȕșȒțȦ ȔȈșșț ȋȘțȏȐȕȣ ȌȖȓȎȕȣ ȉȣȓȐ
șȌȍȓȈȚȤȉȘȍȡȤȊșȗȓȖȠȕȖȔșȊȈȕșȒȖȔȕȈșȍȓȍȕȐȐȐȖșȍșȚȤȔȍȎȌțȕȐȔȐ
ȉȖȓȍȍ ȠȐȘȖȒȖȑ ȟȈșȚȤȦ ȒȓȐȕȈ; ȥȚȐȔ ȌȊȐȎȍȕȐȍȔ ȒȈȘȚȖȊ șȊȈȕȣ ȉȣȓȐ
ȘȈȏȉȐȚȣȕȈșȍȊȍȘȕȣȝȐȦȎȕȣȝ: ȦȎȕȣȍȖȚȒȘȣȚȣȍȊșȍȔȊȓȐȧȕȐȧȔȐȓȐ
ȋȘțȏȐȕȐȏȖȊȈȕȣȐȓȐȈȘȔȍȕȐȏȖȊȈȕȣ; șȍȊȍȘȕȣȍșȊȈȕȣșȐȓȤȕȣȔȕȈȗȖȘȖȔ
ȐȕȖȗȓȍȔȍȕȕȐȒȖȊ ȗȘȐȕțȎȌȍȕȣ ȉȣȓȐ ȗȘȖȕȐȒȕțȚȤ ȏȈ ȚȘțȌȕȣȍ
ȗȍȘȍȊȈȓȣșȊȣșȖȚȣDzȈȊȒȈȏșȒȐȝȋȖȌȌȈȐȖȚȚțȌȈȗȘȖȘȊȈȓȐșȤȕȈȏȈȗȈȌȒ
ȗȘȐȉȘȍȎȤȦǿȍȘȕȖȋȖȔȖȘȧȐȚ. Ǭ. 15).
ʰ. ˇʨʭʨˆʰˀʭʰʲʰʹ ʨʮʸʰʯʨ˂, ʹʭʨʴʬʩʰʹ ʳ˂ʰʸʬ ʨʮʰʰʫʨʴ
ʨʳʰʬʸʱʨʭʱʨʹʰʨˀʰ ʪʨʫʳʵʹʨˆʲʬʩʨ ʳʵˆʫʨ ʳʨʹ ˀʬʳʫʬʪ, ʸʵ˂ʨ
ʮʬʳʵˆʹʬʴʬʩʻʲ ʱʰʳʳʬʸʰʬʲʬʩʰʹʨ, ʹʱʭʰʯʬʩʰʹʨ ʫʨ ʹˆʭʨ ʭʬʲʻʸʰ
ˆʨʲˆʰʹ ˀʬʳʵʹʬʭʰʹ ˄ʿʨʲʵʩʰʯ ʽʨʸʯʭʬʲʰ ˆʨʲˆʰ ʰ˃ʻʲʬʩʻʲʰ
ˀʬʰʽʳʴʨ ʯʨʭʰʹʰ ʹʨʳˀʵʩʲʵ ʳ˂ʰʸʬ ʨʮʰʨˀʰ ʳʰʬʺʵʭʬʩʰʴʨ ʫʨ ʨʳʰʬʸ-
ʱʨʭʱʨʹʰʨˀʰ ˀʬʳʵʹʻʲʰʿʵ. ʳʰʹʰ ʯʽʳʰʯ, ʨʳ ʫʸʵʹ ʶʰʸʭʬʲʨʫ ʨʳʰʬʸ-
ʱʨʭʱʨʹʰʨˀʰ ʻʴʫʨ ˀʬʳʵʹʻʲʰʿʭʴʬʴ: ʹʭʨʴʬʩʰ, ʨʼˆʨʮʬʩʰ, ʨʼˀʰʲʬʩʰ ʫʨ
ʹˆʭʨ ʿʭʬʲʨ ʰʹ ˆʨʲˆʬʩʰ, ʭʰʴ˂ ʨʳ ʷʨʳʨʫ ʿʭʬʲʨʮʬ ˁʸʫʰʲʵʬʯʰʯ
ʩʰʴʨʫʸʵʩʬʴ16).
ʪʨʮʬʯ ,,˂ʴʵʩʰʹ ʼʻʸ˂ʬʲʰʹ³ʱʵʸʬʹʶʵʴʫʬʴʺʰ ʹ. ʲ. ʨʳ ʪʨʮʬʯʰʹ
ȹ 5, 1907˄., ʹ˄ʬʸʫʨ, ʸʵʳ: ,,ʳ˂ʰʸʬ ʨʮʰʨˀʰ ʭʬʲʻʸ ˆʨʲˆʬʩʰʹ
ˀʬʳʵʹʬʭʰʹ ˀʬʳʫʬʪ ʻʸʨʸʯʻʹ ʹʨˆʬʲʳ˄ʰʼʵˀʰ ʳ˂ˆʵʭʸʬʩʰ ˆʨʲˆʰ
ʹʨʳʨʫ ʪʨʿʵʼʰʲʨ: ʬʸʯʰ ʴʨ˄ʰʲʰ ˁʸʫʰʲʵʬʯ ʨʾʳʵʹʨʭʲʬʯʰʹʨʱʬʴ
˄ʨʹʻʲʨ, ʨʸʨʽʹʰʹʨ ʫʨ ʳʺʱʭʸʰʹ ˆʬʵʩʨˀʰ ʳʵʯʨʭʹʬʩʻʲʨ. ʬʹ ʨʸʰʨʴ
ʫʾʬʭʨʴʫʬʲʰ ʽʨʸʯʬʩʰ.
ʳʬʵʸʬ ʴʨ˄ʰʲʰ ± ʹʭʨʴʬʩʰ, ʨʼˆʨʮʬʩʰ ʫʨ ʨʼˀʰʲʬʩʰ
ʫʨʹʨʭʲʬʯʰʹʨʱʬʴ ˄ʨʹʻʲʨʴ ʫʨ ˀʨʭʰ ʮʾʭʰʹ ʴʨʶʰʸʨʫ ʿʭʬʲʨ
ʽʨʸʯʭʬʲʬʩʮʬ ʻ˄ʰʴ ʫʨʳʱʭʰʫʸʬʩʻʲʨʴ, ˆʵʲʵ ʳʬʹʨʳʬ ʴʨ˄ʰʲʰ
ʰʴʫʵ-ʪʬʸʳʨʴʻʲ ʭʬʲʻʸ ˆʨʲˆʹ ʫʨˆʭʫʨ, ˀʬʸʰʨ ʫʨ ʨʽʬʫʨʴ ʪʨˁʴʫʴʬʴ
ʹʵʳˆʬʩʰʵ. ʨʳʨʭʬ ʨʮʸʹ ʪʨʳʵʹʯʽʭʨʳʹ ʹ. ʪʵʸʪʨ˃ʬ 17).

59
 ʸʨʫʪʨʴ ˆʨʲˆʯʨ ʨʳʨ ʯʻ ʰʳ ʨʫʪʰʲʬʩˀʰ ʩʰʴʨʫʸʵʩʰʹ
ʪʨʳʵʸʱʭʬʭʨˀʰ ʳʬ˂ʴʰʬʸʬʩʨʹ ʹʨʻʱʬʯʬʹʵ ʹʨˀʻʨʲʬʩʨʯ ʳʰʨˁʴʰʨ ʰʳ
ʨʫʪʰʲʬʩʰʹ ʹʨʪʬʵʪʸʨʼʰʵ ʹʨˆʬʲʬʩʰ, ʹʨʫʨ˂ ʨʳ ˆʨʲˆʹ ʻ˂ˆʵʭʸʰʨ,
ʨʳʰʺʵʳ, ʹˆʭʨʯʨ ˀʵʸʰʹ, ʨʽʨ˂ ˀʬʪʭʰ˃ʲʰʨ ʨʳ ʹʨˀʻʨʲʬʩʨʹ ʳʰʭʳʨʸʯʵʯ
ʮʬʳʵˆʹʬʴʬʩʻʲ ʳʬ˂ʴʰʬʸʬʩʰʹ ʹʨʹʨʸʪʬʩʲʵʫ ʹʭʨʴʬʩʰʹ ʬʸʯ ʫʸʵʰʹ
ˀʨʭʰ ʮʾʭʰʹ ʳʨˆʲʵʩʲʨʫ ʩʰʴʨʫʸʵʩʰʹ ʫʨʹʨʳʺʱʰ˂ʬʩʲʨʫ. ʹʭʨʴʬʯʰʹ
ʫʾʬʭʨʴʫʬʲʰ ʮʵʪʰʬʸʯʰ ʹʵʼʲʬʩʰ, ʳʯʬʩʰ ʫʨ ʨʫʪʰʲʬʩʰ ʨʺʨʸʬʩʬʴ
ʰʳ ʹʵʼʲʬʩʰʹʨ ʫʨ ʨʫʪʰʲʬʩʰʹ ʪʬʵʪʸʨʼʰʻʲ ʹʨˆʬʲʬʩʹ, ʸʵʳʲʬʩʰ˂
ˁʭʬʴ ʪʭˆʭʫʬʩʨ ˀʨʭʰ ʮʾʭʰʹ ʴʨʶʰʸʨʫ ʫʨ ʨˆʲʵ-ʳʨˆʲʵ ʳʫʬʩʨʸʬ
ʨʫʪʰʲʬʩˀʰ, ʳʨʪʨʲʰʯʨʫ: ʳʯʨ ʩʨʸʬˆʰ,, ˀʨʭʰ ʮʾʭʰʹ ʳʨˆʲʵʩʲʨʫ.
ʹʭʨʴʬʯˀʰ ʩʨʸˆʨʲ ʩʬʭʸ ʳʯʬʩʹ ˈʽʭʰʨʴ ʫʨ ˀʬʰ˃ʲʬʩʨ ʳʨʯ ˀʵʸʰʹ ʸʨʰʳʬ
ʬʸʯʰʨʴʵʩʨ ʨʸʹʬʩʵʩʫʬʹ.
ˆʨʲʫʬ. ʹʭʨʴʬʯˀʰ ˆʨʲʫʬ, ʸʵʪʵʸ˂ ʨʸʰʹ ʮʬʳʵʯ ʴʨʯʽʭʨʳʰ,
ˈʽʭʰʨ ʱʨʲʰʹ ʹʨʮʵʪʨʫʵʬʩʨˀʰ ʰʳ ʹʵʼʬʲʹ, ʸʵʳʬʲʰ˂ ʰʹʺʵʸʰʨˀʰ
ʪʨʴʯʽʳʻʲʰʨ 1876 ˄ʲ. ʸʻʹʬʯʯʨʴ ʩʸ˃ʵʲʰʯ. ʳʰʹʰ ʹʨˆʬʲʰ ʻʴʫʨ
ʰʿʵʹ ˄ʨʸʳʵʳʫʪʨʸʰ ʨʴ ʻʻ˃ʭʬʲʬʹ ʽʨʸʯʭʬʲʬʩʰʹ ʹʨˆʬʲʰʹ ˆʨʲʫʬ-
ʹʨʪʨʴ (ˆʨʲʫʬʭʬʲʴʰ) ʨʴ ʬˆʲʨʴʫʬʲʰ ʺʸʨʶʬʮʻʴʫʰʹʪʨʴ, ʸʵʳʬʲʹʨ˂
˃ʭʬʲʨʫ ˆʨʲʫʬ ʬʸʽʭʨ.
˅ʵʸʵˆʨˋ.. ʹʭʨʴʬʯˀʰ ʻˀʪʻʲʰʹ ʹʨʮʵʪʨʫʵʬʩʰʹ ʬʸʯ ʹʵʼʲʰʹ
ʴʨʴʪʸʬʭʬʩʹ ʫʨ ʨʳ ʹʵʼʬʲˀʰ ʳʰʳʫʰʴʨʸʬ ʳʫʰʴʨʸʬʹ ,,˅ʵʸʵˆʨˋ ˋ ʽʭʰʨ.
ʬ˅ʭʹ ʪʨʸʬˀʬʨ, ʬʹ ʻʫʸʰʹ ˅ʵʸʵˆʹ ʫʨ ʰʽʰʫʪʨʴ ʨʸʰʹ ˀʬʳʵʺʨʴʰʲʰ.
ˁʻʱʻʲʰ. ʬʹ ʹʨˆʬʲʰ ʽʭʰʨ ʲʨˀˆʬʯʰʹ ʹʨʮʵʪʨʫʵʬʩʰʹ ʬʸʯʹ
ʹʵʼʬʲʹ.
ʳʬʲʵ. ʹʭʨʴʬʯˀʰ ʲʨˀˆʬʯʰʹ ʹʨʮʵʪʨʫʵʬʩʰʹ ʬʸʯʹ ʹʵʼʬʲʹ
ʳʬʲʬ ʽʭʰʨʴ.
ˆʵʼʻʸʰ. ʨʳ ʹʨˆʬʲʹ ʨʺʨʸʬʩʹ ʲʬʴʺʬˆʰʹ ʹʨʮʵʪʨʫʵʬʩʰʹ
ʹʵʼʬʲʰ.
ʪʻʲʬʫʰ. ʩʨʯʵʳʰʹ ʳʨˆʲʵʩʲʨʫ ʹʭʨʴʬʯˀʰ ʲʬʴʺʬˆʰʹ
ʹʨʮʵʪʨʫʵʬʩʰʹ ʬʸʯʹ ʹʵʼʬʲʹ ʪʻʲʰʫʨ ʽʭʰʨʴ.
ʳʻʸʪʻˀʰ, ʩʨʯʵʳʰʹ ʵʲʽˀʰ. ʹʭʨʴʬʯˀʰ ˁʵʲʻʸʰʹ
ʹʨʮʵʪʨʫʵʬʩʨˀʰ ʳʫʬʩʨʸʬ ʨʫʪʰʲʹʨ ʫʨ ʬʸʯ ʹʵʼʬʲʹ ʳʻʸʪʻˀʰ
ˈʽʭʰʨʴ.
ʲʨʴˁˆʻʯʰ, ʪʻʸʰʨˀʰ. ʹʭʨʴʬʯˀʰ ʯʻʳ˂ʨ ʨʹʬʯʰ ʪʬʵʪʸʨʼʰʻʲʰ
ʹʨˆʬʲʰ ʨʸ ʨʸʰʹ, ʳʨʪʸʨʳ ʬʹ ʻʴʫʨ ʰʿʵʹ ʹʭʨʴʻʸʰ ʬʯʴʰʻʸʰ ʹʨˆʬʲʰ,
ʭʰʴʨʰʫʨʴ ʯʨʭʹʨʸʯʰ ʳʰʹʰ ,,ʲʨ³³ ʹʭʨʴʻʸ ʹʨʪʬʵʪʸʨʼʰʵ ʹʨˆʬʲʬʩʰʹ

60
ʨʾʳʴʰˀʴʬʲʰʨ, ,,ˁˆʻʺ³³-ʰ ʱʰ ʹʭʨʴʻʸʨʫ ˄ʭʸʰʲ ʽʭʨʹ ˈʽʭʰʨʴ. ʬʸʯʨʫ ʱʰ
ʲʨʴˁˆʻʺʰ ʴʰˀʴʨʭʹ ˄ʭʸʰʲ ʽʭʰʨʴ ʨʫʪʰʲ.
ʽʨʸʯʵʭʨʴʰ. ʨʳ ʹʨˆʬʲʹ ʹʭʨʴʬʯˀʰ ʨʺʨʸʬʩʹ ʩʬˁʵʹ
ʹʨʮʵʪʨʫʵʬʩʰʹ ʬʸʯʰ ʹʵʼʬʲʰ. ʻʬ˅ʭʬʲʰʨ ʬʹ ʽʨʸʯʻʲʰ
ʹʨˆʬʲ˄ʵʫʬʩʨʨ, ʽʨʸʯʭʬʲʰ, ʽʨʸʯʵʭʨʴʰ ʨʴʻ ʽʨʲʫʬʭʬʲʰʹʨʪʨʴ ʻʴʫʨ
ʰʿʵʹ ˄ʨʸʳʵˀʵʩʰʲʰ.
˂ˆʻʳ. ʬˆʲʨʴʫʬʲʰ ʹʵˆʻʳʰ. ʹʭʨʴʬʯˀʰ ˂ˆʻʳʳʨʸʰ ʽʭʰʨʴ
ʬ˂ʬʸʰʹ ʹʨʮʵʪʨʫʵʬʩʰʹ ʬʸʯ ʹʵʼʬʲʹ.
ʬ˄ʬʸʰ, ʵʮʻʸʪʬʯʰʹ ʳʨʮʸʨˀʰ. ʹʭʨʴʬʯˀʰ ʨʸʹʬʩʵʩʹ ʨʳ
ʹʨˆʬʲ˄ʵʫʬʩʰʹ ʹʨʮʵʪʨʫʵʬʩʨ ʬ˂ʬʸʰ.
ʫʨʲʰ, ʹʵˆʻʳʰʹ ʵʲʽˀʰ. ʹʭʨʴʬʯˀʰ ʩʬˁʵʹ ʹʨʮʵʪʨʫʵʬʩʰʹ
ʬʸʯʹ ʹʵʼʬʲʹ ʫʵʲʰ ʽʭʰʨʴ.
ʱʨ˂ˆʰ, ˀʵʸʨʶʴʰʹ ʳʨʮʸʨˀʰ. ʼʨʸʰʹ ʹʨʮʵʪʨʫʵʬʩʨˀʰ ʬʸʯʹ
ʹʵʼʬʲʹ ʱʨ˂ˆʰ ˈʽʭʰʨ.
ʮʻʪʫʰʫʰ. ˇʨʴʨˀʭʰʲʹ ʬʹʬ˂ ʹʭʨʴʻʸ ʹʨʪʬʵʪʸʨʼʰʵ ʹʨˆʬʲʨʫ
ʳʰʨˁʴʰʨ, ʸʨʫʪʨʴʨ˂ ʮʻʪ±ʹʭʨʴʻʸʰ ʹʰʺʿʭʨʨ ʫʨ ʴʰˀʴʨʭʹ ʳʨʾʲʵʩʹ.
ʫʰʫʰ ʳʨʹʮʬ ʳʰʳʨʺʬʩʻʲʰ ʽʨʸʯʻʲ ʫʰʫʹ ʻʴʫʨ ʻʫʸʰʫʬʹ. ˆʵʲʵ
ʮʻʪʫʰʫʰ ʬʸʯʨʯ ʫʰʫ ʳʨʾʲʵʩʹ ʴʰˀʴʨʭʹ.
ʲʨʱʨʫʨ, ʹʨʳʬʪʸʬʲʵˀʰ ʬʸʯ ʱʻʯˆʬʹ ˈʽʭʰʨ, ˆʵʲʵ ʹʭʨʴʻʸʨʯ
ʬʹ ʴʰˀʴʨʭʹ ,,ʹʨʴʨˇʨˆʬʹ³± ʬʹʬ ʰʪʰ ʰʹʬʯ ʨʫʪʰʲʹ, ʹʨʫʨ˂ ʴʨˇʨˆʰʯ
ʳʻˀʨʵʩʨ ʹ˄ʨʸʳʵʬʩʹ.
ʹʨʳʬʪʸʬʲʵˀʰ ʪʭˆʭʫʬʩʨ ʹˆʭʨ ʳʸʨʭʨʲʰ ʹʭʨʴʻʸʰ
ʹʨʪʬʵʪʸʨʼʰʵ ʹʨˆʬʲʬʩʰ˂.
ʹʭʨʴʻʸʰ ʹʨʪʬʵʪʸʨʼʰʵ ʹʨˆʬʲʬʩʰ ʪʭˆʭʫʬʩʨ ʨʪʸʬʯʭʬ
ʨʾʳʵʹʨʭʲʬʯ ʹʨʽʨʸʯʭʬʲʵˀʰ˂, ʳʨʪʨʲʰʯʨʫ:
ˆʵˀʨ±ʱʱʨʲʨ. ʹʰʺʿʭʨ ,,ˆʵˀʨ³³ ʹʭʨʴʻʸʰʨ ʫʨ ʴʰˀʴʨʭʹ ʫʰʫʹ,
ˆʵʲʵ ʱʨʲʨ ˈʽʭʰʨ ʹʭʨʴʬʯʰʹ ʬʸʯʹ ʹʨʮʵʪʨʫʵʬʩʨʹ. ʬʸʯʫ ˆʵˀʨʱʨʲʨ
ʴʰˀʴʨʭʹ ʫʰʫ ʱʨʲʨʹ.
ʽʭʨˀʭʬʯʰ. ʹʭʨʴʬʯˀʰ ʲʬʴˇʬʸʰʹ ʹʨʮʵʪʨʫʵʬʩʰʹ ʬʸʯʹ
ʹʵʼʬʲʹ ʽʨˀʭʬʯʰ ˈʽʭʰʨʴ.
ʮʬʪʨʴʰ. ʨʳ ʹʨˆʬʲʹ ʨʺʨʸʬʩʹ ʰʼʨʸʰʹ ʹʨʮʵʪʨʫʵʬʩʰʹ ʬʸʯʰ
ʹʵʼʬʲʰ.
ʽʭʰˀʲʬʯʰ. ʹʭʨʴʬʯˀʰ ʽʭʰˀʰ ˈʽʭʰʨʴ ʩʬˁʵʹ ʹʨʮʵʪʨʫʵʬʩʰʹ
ʬʸʯˀ ʳʯʨʹ ʫʨ ʳʻʲʨˆʰʹ ʹʨʮʵʪʨʫʵʬʩʰʹ ʹʵʼʬʲʹ.
ˁʭʨʴʬˀʰ. ˁʭʨʴʬˀʰ ˈʽʭʰʨ ʲʨʺʨʲʰʹʨ ʫʨ ʲʬʴˇʬʸʰʹ
ʹʨʮʵʪʨʫʵʬʩʨʯʨ ˀʻʨ ʳʫʬʩʨʸʬ ˆʬʵʩʨʹ.
61
 ʹʭʨʴʬʩʹ ʸʵʳ ʬʹ ʹʨʪʬʵʪʸʨʼʰʵ ʹʨˆʬʲʬʩʰ ʹʨʳˆʸʬʯʰʫʪʨʴ
ˀʬʳʵʻʺʨʴʰʨʯ ʫʨ ʫʨʻʸʽʳʬʭʰʨʯ ʳʨʯʰ ʨˆʨʲ ʹʨʳʱʭʰʫʸʬʩʬʲ
ʹʵʼʲʬʩʰʹʨʯʭʰʹ, ʰʹʬ ʸʵʪʵʸ˂ ʨʳʨʹ ʫʾʬʹʨ˂ ʨʽʭʹ ʨʫʪʰʲʰ, ʳʨʯʰ
ʨʼˆʨʮʬʯˀʰ, ʹʵˆʻʳʰʹ ʵʲʽˀʰ ʪʨʫʨʹʨˆʲʬʩʰʹ ʫʸʵʹ, ʨʳʨʹ, ʹˆʭʨʯʨ
ˀʵʸʰʹ, ʴʰʱ. ʳʨʸʰ˂ ʨʳʺʱʰ˂ʬʩʹ ǬȊȐȎȍȕȐȍ șȊȈȕȖȊ ș ȦȋȈ ȕȈ șȍȊȍȘ
ȕȈȟȐȕȈȍȚ ȖȉȘȐșȖȊȣȊȈȚȤșȧ ȌȖȊȖȓȤȕȖ ȧȘȒȖ Ǫ ȥȚȖȔ ȌȊȐȎȍȕȐȐ șȊȈȕȣ
ȕȍșȓȐ ș șȖȉȖȦ ȊȔȍșȚȍ ș ȒțȓȤȚțȘȕȣȔ ȕȈșȓȍȌȐȍȔ ȦȎȕȣȝ ȧȜȍȚȐȌȖȊ Ȑ
ȋȍȖȋȘȈȜȐȟȍșȒȐȍȚȍȘȔȐȕȣȕȈȏȊȈȕȐȧșȍȓȐȌȍȘȍȊȍȕȤșȒȖȚȖȘȣȔȐȖȕȐ
șȎȐȓȐșȤȕȈȗȍȘȊȖȕȈȟȈȓȤȕȖȑșȊȖȍȑȘȖȌȐȕȍ³ ȐȚ. Ȍ. 18)
ʳʬ˂ʴʰʬʸʬʩʰʹ ʿʻʸʨʫʾʬʩʨ ʳʰʴʫʨ ʳʰʭʨʽ˂ʰʵ ʨʪʸʬʯʭʬ
ʹʭʨʴʬʯˀʰ ʫʾʬʳʫʬ ˀʬʴʨˆʻʲ ʰʳ ˃ʭʬʲ ʼʬʸˆʻʲ ʹʰʳʾʬʸʨʹ: ,,ʲʬʳˁʰʲ
ʰʨʽʨˀ ʪʰʭʬʸʪʰʲʨ³-ʹ, ʸʵʳʬʲʰ˂ ˅ʨʴʬʯʰʫʨʴ ˀʬʰ˃ʲʬʩʨ ʰʿʵʹ
ˀʬʳʵʺʨʴʰʲʰ, ʫʨ ʨʳʰʺʵʳ ʹʭʨʴʬʩʰʹ ʬʸʯ ʫʸʵʹ ʨʳ ʽʭʬʿʨʴʨˀʰ
˂ˆʵʭʸʬʩʰʹ ʴʨˀʯʨʯ ʻʴʫʨ ˁʨʰʯʭʨʲʵʹ. ʨʳ ʹʰʳʾʬʸʨˀʰ ʴʨʯʭʨʳʰʨ, ʸʵʳ
ʬʸʯʰ ʭʰʾʨ˂ ʳʵʴʨʫʰʸʬ ʪʰʭʬʸʪʰʲʨ (ʪʰʵʸʪʰ) ˅ʨʴ-ʪʻʲˀʰ ʨʴʻ
˅ʨʴʬʯˀʰ ʴʨʫʰʸʵʩʫʨ, ʮʾʭʨʹ ʯʬʭʮʬʩʹ (˂ʻʮʨʹ) ʨʸ ʨʸˁʬʴʫʨ, ʺʿʬʹ-
ʴʨʫʰʸʹ ʫʨ ʱʲʫʬʬʩʹ ˇʰˆʭ-ʨʸˁʭʹ. ʹʨˆʲʰ ʬʫʪʨ ʹʵʼʲʰʹ ʯʨʭˀʰ,
ˇʰˆʭʰʹ ˃ʭʲʰʹʨ, ʫʨˆʻʸʻʲʰ ˇʰˆʭʰʹ ʺʿʨʭʰʯ. ʳʨʸʯʲʨ˂, ʨʽ ʸʵʳ
˅ʨʴʬʯˀʰ ʳ˂ˆʵʭʸʬʩ ʳʵʴʨʫʰʸʬʮʬ ʨʸ ʰʿʵʹ ʲʨʶʨʸʨʱʰ ± ʬʹ ʳʵʴʨʫʰʸʬ
ʮʾʭʨˀʰ ʯʬʭʮʮʬ ,,ʴʨʫʰʸʵʩʨʹ ʹʭʨʴʬʯˀʰ, ʮʾʭʰʹ ʹʰˀʵʸʰʹ ʪʨʳʵ, ʭʬʸ
ʨ˄ʨʸʳʵʬʩʫʨ, ʫʨ, ʪʨʸʫʨ ʨʳʰʹʨ, ʨʸ˂ ʬʸʯʰ ʱʻʯˆʬ ʹʭʨʴʬʯˀʰ ʨʳ
ʹʨˆʬʲ˄ʵʫʬʩʨʹ ˅ʨʴʬʯʹ ʨʴʻ ˅ʨʴ-ʪʻʲʹ ʨʸ ʨʺʨʸʬʩʹ. ʹʵʼʬʲ ʨʫʰˀˀʰ
ʨʸʹʬʩʵʩʹ ʬʸʯʰ ʬʱʲʬʹʰʨ, ʸʵʳʬʲʹʨ˂ ʹʭʨʴʬʩʰ ʬ˃ʨˆʰʨʴ: ˇʪʪʸʨʪ
ˁʨʴʰˀʰˀ-ʹ, ʨʴʻ ˄ʳʰʴʫʨ ʪʰʵʸʪʰʹ ˅ʨʴʬʯʰʹʨ. ʨʳ ʬʱʲʬʹʰʰʹ ʪʨʲʨʭʨʴˀʰ
ʿʵʭʬʲ˄ʲʰʻʸʨʫ ʱʭʰʸʰʱʵʩʰʹ ʯʭʬˀ ʹʭʨʴʬʯʰʹ ʹˆʭʨʫʨʹˆʭʨ
ʱʻʯˆʬʬʩʰʫʨʴ ʳʸʨʭʨʲʰ ʻ˃ʬʵʫ ʨʴʻ ʻˀʭʰʲʵʫ ʫʨʸˁʬʴʰʲʰ ʹʭʨʴʬʩʰ
ʰʿʸʰʨʴ ʯʨʭʹ, ʮʭʨʸʨʱʰʯʨ, ʨʸʨʿ-ʶʻʸʰʯʨ, ʫʨ ʹʯˆʵʭʬʴ ˅ʨʴʬʯʰʹ
˄ʳʰʴʫʨ ʪʰʵʸʪʰʹ ʭʨʷʰˀʭʰʲʰʹ ʳʰ˂ʬʳʨʹ. ʨʳ ʫʾʬʵʩʨʹ ʽʭʰʨʴ ʲʰ-
ˁʨʴʰˀʰ, ʸʵʳʬʲʰ˂ ʻʫʸʰʹ ˅ʨʴʬʯʵʩʨʹ.
ʫʨʹʨʹʸʻʲ, ʴʰʱ. ʳʨʸʰʹ ʿʻʸʨʫʾʬʩʨ ʳʰʴʫʨ ʳʰʭʨʽ˂ʰʵ ˀʬʳʫʬʪ
ʪʨʸʬʳʵʬʩʨʹ, ʳʨʹ, ʹˆʭʨʯ ˀʵʸʰʹ, ʹʨʳˆʸʬʯʰʫʪʨʴ ʹʭʨʴʬʯˀʰ
ˀʬʺʨʴʰʲʨʫ ʳʰʨˁʴʰʨ ʨʪʸʬʯʭʬ ʹʵʼ. ʻˀʪʻʲʰʹʨ ʫʨ ʲʨˀˆʬʯʰʹ
ʹʨʪʬʵʪʸʨʼʰʵ ʹʨˆʬʲʬʩʰ˂. ʰʹ ʹ˄ʬʸʹ: ʻˀʪʻʲʰʹ ʹʨˆʬʲʰ ʨʸʰʹ
ˀʬʳʫʪʨʸʰ ˅ʵʸʵˆʰʹ ˆʬʵʩʰʹ ʹʨʯʨʭʬˀʰ ʨʸʹʬʩʻʲ ʹʵʼ. ʵˀʱʰʹʨʪʨʴ ʨʴʻ
ʻˀʱʰʹʨʪʨʴ, ˆʵʲʵ ʲʨˀˆʰ ʴʰˀʴʨʭʹ ʳʵʹʵˆʬʩʰʹ ʽʭʬʿʨʴʨʹʵ ʫʨ ʵʸʰʭʬʴʰ
ʹʨʳˆʸʬʯʰʫʪʨʴ ʨʸʰʨʴ ʹʭʨʴʬʯˀʰ ˀʬʺʨʴʰʲʰʵ 19). ʬʹ ʫʬʩʻʲʬʩʨ
62
ʹʰʳʨʸʯʲʬʹ ʳʵʱʲʬʩʻʲʰ ʻʴʫʨ ʰʿʵʹ, ʭʰʴʨʰʫʨʴ ʹʭʨʴʻʸ ʬʴʨˀʰ
ʨʸʹʬʩʵʩʹ ʹʰʺʿʭʨ ,,ʻˀʪʻʲʰ³ ʸʵʳʬʲʰ˂ ʴʰˀʴʨʭʹ ʻʱʻʾʳʨʹ ʨʴʻ
ʻʱʻʾʳʨʸʯʹ, ʫʨ ˄ʿʬʻʲʹ ʨʫʪʰʲʹ. ʸʵ˂ʨ ʹʭʨʴʬʩʰ ʬʸʯʳʨʴʬʯʹ
ʹ˄ʿʬʭʲʰʨʴ, ˆˀʰʸʨʫ ʨʳʩʵʩʬʴ ˆʵʲʳʬ: ,,ʻˀʪʻʲ ʨʫʪʰʲʯʬ ʨʫʬ³
ʻʱʻʾʳʨʸʯ ʨʫʪʰʲʨʹ ˄ʨʫʰ. ˂ʻʫʨʫ ʸʵʳ ʭʰʴʳʬʹ ˄ʨʻʭʨ ʹʨʽʳʬ, ʨʳʩʵʩʬʴ
ʹʭʨʴʻʸʨʫ: ,,ʻˀʪʻʲ ʨˁʨʫ ʬˁʰʰ ʪʭʬˀ³ʻʱʻʾʳʨ ˄ʨʭʰʫʨ ʳʰʹʰ ʹʨʽʳʬ ʫʨ
ʹˆʭ...
ʹʵʼʬʲʰ ʻˀʪʻʲʰ˂ ʹ˄ʵʸʬʫ ˀʬʫʨʸʬʩʰʯ ʫʨʴʨʸˁʬʴ
ʹʭʨʴʬʯʰʹ ʹʵʼʲʬʩʯʨʴ, ʯʨʭʰʹʰ ʳʵʻʹʨʭʲʰʨʴʵʩʰʯ, ʳ˄ʰʸʰ
ʨʫʪʰʲʬʩʰʯ, ʳʰʻʭʨʲ ʱʲʫʬ-ʾʸʰʨʴ ʪʮʬʩʰʯ ± ˄ʨʸʳʵʨʫʪʬʴʹ
ˀʬʱʸʻʲʹ ʫʨ ʳʰʯ ʫʨʴʨʸˁʬʴʹ ʹʭʨʴʬʯʰʫʪʨʴ ʳʵ˄ʿʭʬʺʰʲʹ,
ʪʨʴʹˆʭʨʭʬʩʻʲʹʨ ʫʨ ʪʨʴ˂ʨʲʱʬʭʬʩʻʲ ʱʻʯˆʬʹ, ʸʨʹʨ˂ ʹʭʨʴʬʩʰ
ʹʨʮʵʪʨʫʵʫ: ,,ʻˀʪʻʲ ʨʫʪʰʲʹ³³ (ʻʱʻʾʳʨʸʯ ʨʫʪʰʲʹ) ʬ˃ʨˆʰʨʴ.
ʭʰʳʬʵʸʬʩ, ʸʵʳ ʹʵʼ. ʻˀʪʻʲʹ ʹʨʪʬʵʪʸʨʼʰʵ ʹʨˆʬʲʰ˂
ʮʬʳʵˆʹʬʴʬʩʻʲ ʹʰʺʿʭʨ ʻˀʪʻʲʰʹʨʪʨʴ ʻʴʫʨ ʳʰʬʾʵ ʫʨ ʨʸʨ ˅ʵʸʵˆʰʹ
ˆʬʵʩʨˀʰ ʳʫʬʩʨʸʬ ,,ʵˀʱʰʹʨʪʨʴ³
ʰʪʰʭʬ ʻʴʫʨ ʰʯʽʭʨʹ ,,ʲʨˀˆ³-ʮʬ˂, ʭʰʴʨʰʫʨʴ ʳʬ˂ʴʰʬʸʻʲʨʫ
ʨʸʰʹ ʻʱʭʬ ʫʨʳʺʱʰ˂ʬʩʻʲʰ, ʸʵʳ ʰʹ ʹʨʪʬʵʪʸʨʼʰʵ ʹʨˆʬʲʬʩʰ,
ʸʵʳʲʬʩʹʨ˂ ʯʨʭˀʰ ʻʮʰʹ ʯʨʭʹʨʸʯʰ ,,ʲʨ³ ʨʴʻ ,,ʲʬ³ ʹʭʨʴʻʸ
ʹʨʪʬʵʪʸʨʼʰʵ ʹʨˆʬʲʬʩʹ ˄ʨʸʳʵʨʫʪʬʴʬʴ20).
ʳʨʸʯʲʨ˂, ʭʰʴ˂ ʱʰ ʫʨʻʱʭʰʸʫʬʩʨ ʹʭʨʴʻʸ ʹʨʪʬʵʪʸʨʼʰʵ
ʹʨˆʬʲʬʩʹ, ʳʰʹʯʭʰʹ ʨʴʩʨʴʻʸ ˅ʬˀʳʨʸʰʺʬʩʨʹ ʻʴʫʨ ˀʬʨʫʪʬʴʫʬʹ ʳʨʯ
ʨˆʹʴʨ ± ʪʨʳʵʱʭʲʬʭʰʹ ʹʨʽʳʬˀʰ ʰʹ ʳʵʭʲʬʴʨ, ʸʵʳ ʰʹ ʹʨʪʬʵʪʸʨʼʰʵ
ʹʨˆʬʲʬʩʰ, ʸʵʳʲʬʩʹʨ˂ ʯʨʭˀʰ ʻʮʰʯ ʯʨʭʹʨʸʯʰ: ,,ʲʨ³ ʫʨ ,,ʲʬ³
ʸʵʪʵʸ˂ ʽʭʬʳʵʫ ʫʨʭʰʴʨˆʨʭʯ, ʨʳʨ ʯʻ ʰʳ ʨʫʪʰʲʬʩʰʹ ʯʭʰʹʬʩʰʹ,
ʳʴʰˀʭʴʬʲʵʩʰʹ ʫʨ ʫʨʴʰˀʴʻʲʬʩʰʹ ʹʨʻʱʬʯʬʹʵ ʫʨʳʨˆʨʹʰʨʯʬʩʬʲʰʨ.
ʳʨʪʨʲʰʯʨʫ: ʫʨʭʰ˄ʿʵʯ ʲʨʺʼʨʸʰʹ ʳʯʰʹ ʹʨˆʬʲʰʫʨʴ.
,,ʺʨʼʨʸ³³-ʰ ʴʰˀʴʨʭʹ ʫʨʪʨʴʬʩʨʹ, ʬ. ʰ. ʪʨʴʰʹ ʪʮʨʹ, ˆʵʲʵ ,,ʲʨ³³ ʫʨ ʳʰʹʰ
ʯʨʭʹʨʸʯʰ, ʨʫʪʰʲʰʹ ʨʴʻ ʪʮʰʹ ʨʳʴʨʰʸ ʯʭʰʹʬʩʨʹ ʨˆʨʹʰʨʯʬʩʹ.
ʲʨʺʼʨʸʰ ʪʨʴʰʹ ʪʮʨʹ ʴʰˀʴʨʭʹ. ʰʪʰʭʬ ʰʯʽʳʰʹ ʨʪʸʬʯʭʬ ˀʬʳʫʬʪ
ʹʵʼʲʬʩʰʹ ʹʨʪʬʵʪʸʨʼʰʵ ʹʨˆʬʲʬʩʮʬ:
,,ʲʬʴˇʬʸʰ³³. ʯʨʭʰʹʻʼʨʲ ʹʭʨʴʬʯʰʹ ʬʸʯʹ ʹʨʮʵʪ. ʲʬʴˇʬʸʰ
ʽʭʰʨ, ʸʵʳʬʲʰ˂, ˄ʨʸʳʵʹʫʪʬʩʨ ʹʰʺʿʭʨ ,,ʲʬˇˈʬʸʰʹʨʪʨʴ³ʬ. ʰ. ʹʨʳʻˆʬ
ʨʫʪʰʲʰ.
ʲʨʿʨʸʨ (ʬʸʯʰ ʺʿʰʹ ʹʨˆʬʲʰʨ). ,,ʿʨʸ³³-ʰ ʰ ʹʭʨʴʻʸʨʫ ʿʨʭʨʸʹ
ʽʭʰʨ. ,,ʲʨ³ʨʳ ˀʬʳʯˆʭʬʭʨˀʰ ʨʫʪʰʲʰʹ ʯʭʰʹʬʩʰʹ ʨʴʻ ʫʨʴʰˀʴʻʲʬʩʰʹ
63
ʫʨʳʨˆʨʹʰʨʯʬʩʬʲʰʨ ʫʨ ʬʸʯʨʫ, ʸʵʳ ʪʨʫʨʭʯʨʸʪʳʴʵʯ, ,,ʲʨʿʨʸʨ³
ʹʨʿʨʭʸʵʹ, ʿʨʭʸʰʹ ʹʨˆʫʬʲʹ, ʬ. ʰ. ʰʳ ʨʫʪʰʲʹ ˈʽʭʰʨʴ, ʹʨʫʨ˂ ʿʨʭʨʸʹ
ˆʫʰʨʴ.
ʲʬˀʻʱʰ. ʹʭʨʴʻʸʨʫ ˀʻʱ-ʰ ˀʻʱʨʹ ʨʴʻ ʪʮʨʹ ʴʰˀʴʨʭʹ. ʲʬˀʻʱʰ
ʹʨˀʻʱʬʹ, ʪʮʰʨʴʹ.
ʲʨʩʹʿʨʲʫ. ʩʨʹʿʰ ʳʨʸ˄ʿʭʰʹ ʹʨˆʬʲʰʨ. ʯʨʭʹʨʸʯʰ ,,ʲʨ³
ʨʫʪʰʲʰʹ ʫʨʳʨˆʨʹʰʨʯʬʩʬʲʰʨ ʫʨ ʲʨ-ʩʹʿʨʲʫʰ, ʸʵʳ
ʪʨʫʨʭʯʨʸʪʳʴʵʯ, ʴʰˀʴʨʭʹ ʹʨʳʨʸ˄ʿʭʬʹ, ʬʹʬ ʰʪʰ ʨʫʪʰʲʹ, ʹʨʫʨ˂ ʩʬʭʸʰ
ʳʨʸ˄ʿʭʰ ʳʵʫʰʹ.
ʲʨʫʸʬʸ. ʬʹ ʹʨˆʬʲʰ ʹʰʺʿʭʨ ʫʰʸʰʹʨʪʨʴ ˀʬʹʫʪʬʩʨ.
ʹʭʨʴʻʸʨʫ ,,ʫʰʸ³ʫʰʸʬʹ ʽʭʰʨ. ʯʨʭʹʨʸʯʰ ʳʰʹʰ ,,ʲʨ³ʨʽʨ˂ ʨʫʪʰʲʰʹ
ʳʴʰˀʴʬʲʵʩʨʹ ʨˆʨʹʰʨʯʬʩʹ. ʸʨʫʪʨʴʨ˂ ,,ʲʨ-ʫʸʬʸ³ ʬʸʯʨʫ, ʸʵʳ
ʪʨʫʨʭʯʨʸʪʳʴʵʯ, ʴʰˀʴʨʭʹ ʹʨʫʰʸʬʹ, ʬ. ʰ. ʰʳ ʨʫʪʰʲʹ, ʹʨʫʨ˂ ʫʰʸʬʩʹ
ʹ˅ʸʰʨʴ.
ʲʨʺʨʲʰ. ,,ʺʨʲʨ³ʴʰˀʴʨʭʹ ʫʨʸʨˇʹ, ʳ˂ʭʬʲʹ (ʰˆ. ʹʨʩʨ ʹʻʲˆʨʴ
ʵʸʩʬʲʰʨʴʰʹ ʲʬʽʹʰʱʵʴʰ) ˆʵʲʵ ʲʨʺʨʲʰ ʹʨʫʨʸʨˇʵʹ. ʳʰʹʰ
ʯʨʭʹʨʸʯʰ ,,ʲʨ³ ʨʽʨ˂ ʳˀʬʴʰʭʸʨʫ ʨˆʨʹʰʨʯʬʩʹ ʨʫʪʰʲʰʹ ʨʹʬʯ
ʳʴʰˀʭʴʬʲʵʩʨʹ. ʭʰʴʨʰʫʨʴ ʲʨʺʨʲʰ ʳʫʬʩʨʸʬʵʩʹ ʯʨʭʰʹʻʼʨʲ ʨʴʻ
ʻʩʨʺʵʴʵ ʹʭʨʴʬʯʰʹ ʫʨʹʨʭʲʬʯʰʹ ʹʨʮʾʭʨʸʮʬʫ ʫʨ ʬʹ ʨʫʪʰʲʰ ʬʸʯ
ʫʸʵʹ ʳʨʸʯʲʨ˂ ˄ʨʸʳʵʨʫʪʬʴʫʨ ʹʨʫʨʸʨˇʵʹ ʯʨʭʰʹʻʼʨʲ
ʹʭʨʴʬʯʰʹʨʯʭʰʹ, ʸʵʳ ʨʳ ʨʫʪʰʲʮʬ ʨʸ ˀʬʳʵ˅ʸʰʲʰʿʭʴʬʴ ʳʨʯʰ
ʯʨʭʰʹʻʼʲʬʩʰʹ ʳʺʸʬʩʰ ʫʨʫʬˀʽʬʲʰʨʴʬʩʰ ʫʨ ʹˆʭʬʩʰ ʯʨʭʰʹʻʼʨʲ
ʹʭʨʴʬʯˀʰ.
ʲʨˀˆʸʨˀ. ˀʬˀʰʹ ʫʨʹʨʶʵʩ ʨʫʪʰʲʹ ʽʭʰʨ ʲʨˀˆʸʨ ʫʨ ʹʵʼ.
ʲʨˀˆʸʨˀʰʹ ʹʨˆʬʲʰ˂ ʨʽʬʫʨʴ ˄ʨʸʳʵʹʫʪʬʩʨ.
ʲʨˀʯˆʭʬʸ. ʲʨˀʯˆʭʬʸʰ ʹʭʨʴʻʸ ʹʰʺʿʭʨ ʲʨˀʫʾʭʰʨʸʰʹʨʪʨʴ
ˀʬʹʫʪʬʩʨ ʫʨ ʴʰˀʴʨʭʹ ʹʨʹʨʼʲʨʵʹ.
ʲʨʼʻʸʰ. ʼʻʸʰ ʹʭʨʴʻʸʨʫ ˃ʸʵˆʨʹ ʽʭʰʨʴ. ,,ʲʨ-ʼʻʸʰ³
ʹʨ˃ʸʵˆʬʹ, ʬ. ʰ. ʹʨʫʨ˂ ˃ʸʵˆʰʹ ˇʵʪʬʩʹ ʨ˃ʵʭʬʩʬʴ.
ʲʨˈʰʲ. ˈʰʲ ʹʭʨʴʻʸʨʫ ʳˀʭʬʲʹ ˈʽʭʰʨʴ. ,,ʲʨˈʰʲ³-ʭʰ
ʹʨˀʭʬʲʬ ʨʫʪʰʲʹ.
ʲʨˆʰʸ. ʲʨˆʻʸʰ ʴʰˀʴʨʭʹ ʻʳʯʵ ʨʲʨʪʹ (ʹʨʫʨ˂ ʳʯ ʨʸ ʨʸʰʹ)
ʫʨ ʹʵʼʬʲ ʲʨˆʰʸʰʹ ʹʨˆʬʲʰ˂ ʨʽʬʫʨʴ ʨʸʰʹ ˄ʨʸʳʵʳʫʪʨʸʰ, ʭʰʴʨʰʫʨʴ
ʨʳ ʹʵʼʬʲʹ, ʳʨʸʯʲʨ˂, ʬʸʯ ʫʸʵʹ ʹʨʩʨʲʨˆʵ ʳʯʨ ʨʸ ʽʵʴʰʨ ʫʨ
ʫʾʬʭʨʴʫʬʲʰ ʳʨʯʰ ʹʨʩʨʲʨˆʵ ʳʯʨ ˀʬʳʫʬʪˀʰ ˅ʵʲʨˀʲʬʩʰʹʨʪʨʴ
ˀʬʻ˃ʬʴʰʨ.
64
 ʬʹ ʮʬʳʵʫ ʨʾ˄ʬʸʰʲʰ ʳʨʪʨʲʰʯʬʩʰ ʫʨ ʳʵʹʨʮʸʬʩʨʴʰ
ʳʨʩʬʫʭʰʴʬʩʬʴ ʯʨʳʨʳʨʫ ʭʹʯʽʭʨ, ʸʵʳ ,,ʲʨˀˆʰʹ³³ ʹʨʪʬʵʪʸʨʼʰʵ
ʹʨˆʬʲʰ, ʸʵʳʬʲʰ˂ ʳʨʸʰʹ ʹʨʳˆʸʬʯʰʫʪʨʴ ˀʬʳʵʺʨʴʰʲʨʫ ʳʰʨˁʴʰʨ ±
ʻʴʫʨ ʰʿʵʹ ˄ʳʰʴʫʨ ʹʭʨʴʻʸʰ ʫʨ ʨʸʨ ʹʨʳˆʸʬʯʰʫʨʴ ˀʬʳʵʺʨʴʰʲʰ.
ʹʭʨʴʻʸʨʫ ,,ˀʰˆ³-ʰ ʽʭʰʨʴ ʴʨˆˀʰʸʹ, ʯʨʭʹʨʸʯʰ ,,ʲʨ³ ʨʳ
ˀʬʳʯˆʭʬʭʨˀʰ˂ ʰʹʬ, ʸʵʪʵʸ˂ ʫʨʭʰʴʨˆʬʯ ʮʬʳʵʫ ʫʨʹʨˆʬʲʬʩʻʲ
ʹʨʪʬʵʪʸʨʼʰʵ ʹʨˆʬʲʬʩʰʹ ʨˆʹʴʨˀʰ, ʨʳ ʨʫʪʰʲʰʹ ʨʹʬʯ ʯʭʰʹʬʩʰʹ,
ʫʨʴʰˀʴʻʲʬʩʰʹ ʨʴʻ ʳʴʰˀʭʴʬʲʵʩʰʹ ʫʨʳʨˆʨʹʰʨʯʬʩʲʨʫ ˁʨʰʯʭʲʬʩʨ
ʫʨ ,,ʲʨˀˆ³-ʰ, ʸʵʳ ʪʨʫʨʭʯʨʸʪʳʴʵʯ, ʻʴʫʨ ʴʰˀʴʨʭʫʬʹ ʹʨʴʨˆˀʸʬʹ ʨʴʻ
ʴʨˆˀʰʸʰʹ ʫʨʹʨ˄ʭʨʭʹ.
ʳʨʸʰ ˀʬʳ˂ʫʨʸʰ ʻʴʫʨ ʰʿʵʹ ʨʪʸʬʯʭʬ ,,˂ˆʬʴʰʹ ˄ʿʲʰʹ³
ʹʨˆʬʲ˄ʵʫʬʩʰʹ ʨˆʹʴʨˀʰ, ʸʵʫʬʹʨ˂ ʰʹ ʩʬʸ˃ʴʻʲ ʹʨˆʬʲʨʫ ʹʯʭʲʰʹ.
ʬʹ ʳʫʰʴʨʸʬ ʰ˄ʿʬʩʨ ʹʵʼ. ,,˂ʬʴʨˀʰ³ʹʭʨʴʻʸʨʫ ʱʰ ʹʨʮʵʪʨʫʵʯ ʳʸʨʭʨʲ
ʳʫʰʴʨʸʬʬʩʹ ˈʽʭʰʨʯ ʰʳ ʹʵʼʲʬʩʰʹ ʹʨˆʬʲʬʩʰ, ʹʨʫʨ˂ ʳʨʯ ʹʨʯʨʭʬ
ʨʽʭʯ, ʳʨʪ. ˆʨʲʫʬʹ ,,˅ʨʲʨ³ ʱʨʲʨ ,,˅ʨʲʨ³ ʰʼʨʸʰ, ʨʫʰˀʰ, ʳʻʲʨˆʰ,
ʳʬʹʺʰʰʹ ˅ʨʲʬʩʰ. ʨʳʨʹʨ˂, ʸʵʪʵʸ˂ ˂ʬʴʰʹ ʹʵʼʲʰʫʨʴ ʳʵʳʫʰʴʨʸʬʹ,
ʫʨʸʽʳʬʭʰʨ ˂ʬʴʰʹ ,,˅ʨʲʨ³ ʳʫʰʴʨʸʬ). ʹʭʨʴʬʩʰ ʳʨʹ ʨʹʬʯʹ ʹʨˆʬʲʹ
ʫʾʬʳʫʬ ʻ˃ʨˆʰʨʴ.

15) ǴȈȘȘǰȏȗȖȍȏȌȊǹȊȈȕȐȦǹȚȘȐ
16) ˇʨʭʨˆʰˀʭʰʲʰ. ʽʨʸ. ʬʸʰʹ ʰʹʺʵʸ. ʪʭ. 66.
17) ʹ. ʪʵʸʪʨ˃ʬ. ʹʨʽ. ʰʹʺ. ʪʭ. 33.
18) ǴȈȘȘǰȏȗȖȍȏȌȊǹȊȈȕȐȦǹȚȘ
19ǴȈȘȘǰȏȗȖȍȏȌȊǹȊȈȕȐȦǹȚȘ-33.
20) ʰʭ. ˇʨʭʨˆʰˀʭʰʲʰ. ʽʨʸ. ʬʸ. ʰʹʺ. ʪʭǴȈȘȘǰȏȗȖȍȏȌȊǹȊȈȕȐȦǹȚȘ

…€Œ„ˆ €‹š „‡ˆƒ€Œ …€Œ„‡–ˆ –„‹…Š€ ƒ€

ƒ€‹‰…ˆƒ „€

ʳ˂ʰʸʬ ʨʮʰʰʫʪʨʴ ʨʳʰʬʸ-ʱʨʭʱʨʹʰʨˀʰ ˀʬʳʵʹʭʲʰʹ ˀʬʳʫʬʪ

ʹʭʨʴʬʩʰ, ʹʨʳ˄ʻˆʨʸʵʫ, ʰʹʺʵʸʰʨˀʰ ʹʺʸʨʩʵʴʰʹ ʫʨ ʶʲʰʴʰʻʹʰʹ
ʫʸʵʳʫʬ ʪʨʸʱʭʬʻʲʨʫ ʳʵˆʹʬʴʬʩʻʲʰ ʯʰʯʽʳʰʹ ʨʸ ʨʸʰʨʴ. ʨʳʰʺʵʳ
ˇʬʸ ʱʰʫʬʭ ʹʨʱʳʨʵʫ ʪʨˀʻʽʬʩʻʲʰ ʨʸ ʨʸʰʹ ʰʹ ʪʨʸʬʳʵʬʩʨ, ʯʻ ʸʵʫʰʹ
ʻʴʫʨ ʳʵʳˆʫʨʸʰʿʵ ʹʭʨʴʬʩʰʹ ʳʰʬʸ ˀʨʭʰ ʮʾʭʰʹ ʴʨʶʰʸʬʩʰʹ ʳʰʺʵʭʬʩʨ
ʫʨ ʫʾʬʭʨʴʫʬʲ ʹʭʨʴʬʯˀʰ ʫʨʳʱʭʰʫʸʬʩʨ.

65
 ʶʸʵʼ. ʰʭ. ˇʨʭʨˆʰˀʭʰʲʰʹ ʨʮʸʰʯ ʹʭʨʴʬʩʰ ˃ʭʬʲ ʫʸʵˀʰ ʻʼʸʵ
ʹʨʳˆʸʬʯˀʰ ʩʰʴʨʫʸʵʩʫʴʬʴ, ʭʰʫʸʬ ʬˆʲʨ. ʫʨ ʨʳ ʹʨʩʰʴʨʫʸʵ
ʨʫʪʰʲʬʩʰʹ ʳʨʯ ʳʰʬʸ ʳʰʺʵʭʬʩʨ ʻʴʫʨ ʳʵʳˆʫʨʸʰʿʵ ʳʨˀʰʴ, ʸʵ˂ʨ
ʱʨʭʱʨʹʰʨˀʰ ʶʰʸʭʬʲʨʫ ˀʬʳʵʹʻʲʹʨ ʫʨ ʹˆʭʨ ʽʨʸʯʭʬʲ ʺʵʳʬʩʰʹ
ˁʸʫʰʲʵʬʯʰʯ ʫʨʳʱʭʰʫʸʬʩʻʲʹ ʹʭʨʴʬʩʹ, ʨʩˆʨʮʬʩʹ, ʯʻˀʬʩʹ ʫʨ
ʹˆʭʨ ʳʯʰʬʲʬʩʹ ʳʰʨ˄ʭʬʩʵʫʨ ʰʳ ʽʨʸʯʭʬʲʬʩʰʹ ʳ˃ʲʨʭʸʰ ʺʨʲʾʨ,
ʸʵʳʬʲʴʰ˂ ʹʨʳˆʸʬʯʰʫʪʨʴ (ʬ. ʰ. ʳ˂ʰʸʬ ʨʮʰʰʫʨʴ) ʳʨʯ ˀʬʳʫʬʪ ʰʿʭʴʬʴ
ʨʿʸʰʲʴʰ ʫʨ ʫʬʭʴʰʲʴʰ ʮʬʳʵˆʹʬʴʬʩʻʲ ʱʰʳʳʬʸʰʬʲʬʩʰʹʨ ʫʨ
ˁʸʫʰʲʵʬʯʰʫʨʴ ˀʬʳʵʹʻʲ ʹˆʭʨ ʭʬʲʻʸ ˆʨʲˆʬʩʰʹ ˀʬʳʵʹʬʭʰʹ
˄ʿʨʲʵʩʰʯ, ʸʨʹʨ˂, ʸʵʪʵʸ˂ ʨʸʰʹ ʴʨʯʽʭʨʳʰ, ʨʫʪʰʲʰ ˈʽʵʴʫʨ ʳʬ-7-6
ʹʨʻʱ. ʽʸ. ˄ʰʴ.
ʨʳ ʫʸʵʹ ʿʭʬʲʨʮʬ ʹʨʳˆʸʬʯʰʯ ʻʴʫʨ ʿʵʼʰʲʰʿʭʴʬʴ
ʺʻʩʨʲʬʩʰ, ʸʵʳʬʲʴʰ˂ ʨʳ ʭʬʲʻʸ ˆʨʲˆʰʹ ʳʰʬʸ ʰʽʳʴʬʴ ʨʿʸʰʲʴʰ ʫʨ
˄ʨʲʬʱʰʲʴʰ.
ʺʻʩʨʲʬʩʰ ʳʰʨ˄ʭʬʩʵʫʴʬʴ ʳʨʯ ˁʸʫʰʲʵʬʯʰʯ ʳ˂ˆʵʭʸʬʩ
ʳʻʹʱʬʩʹ (ʳʬʹˆʬʩʹ) ʫʨ ʱʵʲˆʬʩʹ, ˆʵʲʵ ʬʹ ʻʱʨʴʨʹʱʴʬʲʴʰ˂
ʰ˃ʻʲʬʩʻʲʴʰ ʪʨˆʫʬʩʵʫʴʬʴ ˄ʨʹʻʲʰʿʭʴʬʴ ʻʼʸʵ
ˁʸʫʰʲʵʬʯʰʹʨʱʬʴ. ʱʵʲˆʬʩʰ ʹʭʨʴʬʩʹ ʱʭʨʲʫʨʱʭʨʲ ʳʰʹʫʬʭʫʴʬʴ ʫʨ
ʳʨʯ ʨʫʪʰʲʬʩʹ ʰʶʿʸʵʩʫʬʴ, ʹʨʴʨʳʫʬ ʱʨʭʱʨʹʰʰʹ ʳʯʬʩˀʰ ʨʸ
ʳʰʰʳ˄ʿʭʫʰʬʹ 21).
ˀʬʰ˃ʲʬʩʨ ʬʹ ʨʳʩʨʭʰ ʳʵʳˆʫʨʸʰʿʵ ʻʼʸʵ ʨʫʸʬ ʳʨˀʰʴ, ʸʵ˂ʨ
ˇʨʭʨˆʰˀʭʰʲʰʹ ʯʽʳʰʯ, ʽʨʸʯʭʬʲʬʩʰʹ ʶʵʲʰʺʰʱʻʸʰ ʳʫʪʵʳʨʸʬʵʩʨ
ˀʨʭʰ ʮʾʭʰʹ ʴʨʶʰʸʬʩʮʬ ˈʬʸʵʫʵʺʬʹ ʫʸʵʰʫʪʨʴ ʹʺʸʨʩʵʴʰʹ
ʫʸʵʳʫʬ ʯʭʨʲʹʨˁʰʴʵʫ ˀʬʰ˂ʭʨʲʨ, ʬʹʬ ʰʪʰ ʳʨˀʰʴ, ʸʵ˂ʨ ʽʨʲʫʬʬʩʳʨ
ʱʵʲˆʬʩʰ ʨʾʳʵʹʨʭʲʬʯʰʹʨʱʬʴ ʪʨʸʬʱʬʹ 22).
ʨʳʴʨʰʸʨʫ, ʭʰʴʨʰʫʪʨʴ ˈʬʸʵʫʵʺʬʹ ʫʸʵʹ ˀʨʭʰ ʮʾʭʰʹ
ʨʾʳʵʹʨʭʲʬʯʰ ʴʨʶʰʸʬʩʰ ʱʵʲˆʬʩʹ ʬʶʿʸʨʯ, ˀʬʹʨ˃ʲʬʩʬʲʰʨ
ʭʰʼʰʽʸʵʯ, ʸʵʳ ʹʭʨʴʬʩʰʹ ʩʰʴʨʫʸʵʩʨʹ ʹʨʳˆʸʬʯˀʰ ʩʵʲʵ
ʳʵʾʬʩʵʫʬʹ ʳʬ-5 ʹʨʻʱʻʴʬˀʰ.
ʹʭʨʴʬʩʰʹ ʬʸʯʰ ʴʨ˄ʰʲʰ, ʨʳ ʫʸʵʹ, ʨʳ ʨʫʪʰʲʬʩʹ ˀʬʸˁʬʩʵʫʨ,
ʱʵʲˆʬʩʹ ʫʨˆʭʫʬʩʵʫʨ, ʪʨʬʸʬʵʫʨ, ʳʨʯˀʰ ʪʨʰʯʽʭʰʼʬʩʵʫʨ ʫʨ,
˂ˆʨʫʰʨ, ʨʽʬʫʨʴ ʪʨˁʴʫʬʩʵʫʨ ʰʹ ,,ʹʭʨʴ±ʱʵʲˆʬʩʰʹ³ ʴʨʸʬʭʰ ʺʵʳʰ,
ʸʵʳʬʲʹʨ˂ ʶʺʵʲʵʳʬʰ 23), ʹʵʳˆʬʯʰʹ ʰʹʺʵʸʰʱʵʹʰ ʼʨʻʹʺʰ
ʩʰʮʨʴʺʰʬʲʰ, ʶʲʰʴʰʻʹʰ, ʳʨʸʰ, ˇʨʭʨˆʰˀʭʰʲʰ ʫʨ ʹˆʭʬʩʰ
ʰˆʹʬʴʰʬʩʬʴ.

66
 ʽʨʸʯʲʰʹ ˂ˆʵʭʸʬʩʰʹ ʨʭʺʵʸʰ, ʭʨˆʻˀʺʰ ʩʨʺʵʴʰˀʭʰʲʰ,
ʹʭʨʴʬʩʰʹ ʳʨʯ ʽʭʬʿʨʴʨˀʰ ± ʹʭʨʴʬʯˀʰ ʫʨʹʨˆʲʬʩʰʹ, ʨʴʻ ʫʨʳʱʭʰʫʸʬʩʰʹ
ˀʬʹʨˆʬʩ ʳʵʪʭʰʯˆʸʵʩʹ: ,,ʵʫʬʹ ʭʬʸʾʨʸʨ ʰʺʬʭʫʨ ˃ʻʸ˃ʻʱʬʯʰ ʱʨ˂ʯʨ
ʳʬʵʸʬʳʨʴ ʳʬʼʬʳʨʴ ʹʨʻʸʳʨʪʳʨʴ ʨˈʿʨʸʨ ʳʻʴʰʫʪʨʴ ʫʨ ʳʰʹ˂ʨ ʨʽʨ ʹʨʭʨʴʬ
ʫʨ ʫʨʹˆʴʨ ʹʻʲʴʰ ʫʰʫ˃ʨʲʴʰ, ʨʳʰʹ ʪʨʳʵ ʬ˄ʵʫʨ ʹʭʨʴʬʯʰ. ʨʸʨʳʬʫ
ʨʸʰʨʴ ʱʨ˂ʴ ʫʰʫ ʺʨʴʵʭʨʴʴʰ, ʨˆʵʭʨʴʴʰ, ʫʰʫ ʳ˃ʲʬ ʳʻˀʨʱʴʰ, ʩʨʸʯʨ
ˀʰʴʨ ʸʨʮʳʯʨ ʭʬʸ ˀʬʳʳʨʸʯʬʩʬʲʴʰ ʫʨ ʹˆʭʨ... 24).
ʻʨʫʪʰʲʵ ʨʸ ʰʽʴʬʩʨ ˀʬʭʴʰˀʴʵʯ, ʸʵʳ ʨʽ ʲʨʶʨʸʨʱʰ ʻʴʫʨ
ʰʿʵʹ ʰʳ ʹʨʻʸʳʨʪ ʳʬʼʬʮʬ, ʸʵʳʬʲʰ˂ ʰʿʵ ˃ʬ ʹʨʽʨʸʯʭʬʲʵʹ ʶʰʸʭʬʲʰ
ʳʬʼʰʹ ʼʨʸʴʨʭʨʮ ʴʬʩʵʸʯʰʨʴʰʹʨ. ʬʹ ʹʨʻʸʳʨʪʰ ʳʬʼʵʩʫʨ 206-162
˄ʲʨʳʫʬ ʽʸ. ˄ʰʴ ʫʨ ʨʳʰʹʫʨ ʳʰˆʬʫʭʰʯ, ʭʨˆʻˀʺʰʹ ʨʮʸʰʯ, ʹʭʨʴʬʩʰʹ
ʳʨʯ ʽʭʬʿʨʴʨˀʰ ʫʨʳʱʭʰʫʸʬʩʨ ʻʴʫʨ ʳʵʳˆʫʨʸʰʿʵ ʳʬ-3-2 ʹʨʻʱʻʴʬˀʰ
ʽʸ. ˄ʰʴ, ʸʨʰ˂ʨ ʹʰʴʨʳʫʭʰʲʬʹ ʳʵʱʲʬʩʻʲʰʨ ˀʬʳʫʬʪʰ ʳʵʹʨʮʸʬʩʰʯ:
ʲʬʵʴʺʰ ʳʸʵʭʬʲʰ ʳʵʪʭʰʯˆʸʵʩʹ, ʸʵʳ ʼʨʸʴʨʭʨʮʳʨ ʳʰʹ˂ʨ ʽʻˇʰʹ
ʽʭʬʿʨʴʨ ʬʪʸʰʹʰʹ ˄ʿʨʲʹʨ ʫʨ ʸʰʵʴʰʹ ˀʻʨ ʮʾʭʰʫʪʨʴ ʳʯʨʳʫʬ,
ʸʵʳʬʲʹʨ ˀʰʴʨ ʨʸʰʹ ʬʪʸʰʹʰ ʫʨ ʹʭʨʴʬʯʰʵ³ 25) ʫʨ ʬʹ ˂ʴʵʩʨ, ʹˆʭʨʯʨ
ˀʵʸʰʹ, ʬ˄ʰʴʨʨʾʳʫʬʪʬʩʨ ʭʨˆʻˀʺʰʹ ʮʬʳʵʫʳʵʿʭʨʴʰʲ ʹʰʺʿʭʬʩʹ,
ʭʰʴʨʰʫʨʴ ʹʭʨʴʬʯʰ ʹʨʻʸʳʨʪʰʹ ʳʨʳʰʹ ʼʨʸʴʨʭʨʮʰʹ ʫʸʵʹ ʹʨʬʸʰʹʯʨʵʫ
ʰʯʭʲʬʩʵʫʨ ʫʨ ʹʨʻʸʳʨʪʰʹ ʳʬʼʵʩʨʳʫʬ ʨʳ ʽʭʬʿʨʴʨˀʰ ʱʨʸʪʨ ˆʴʰʯ
ʿʵʼʰʲʨʴ ʫʨʹʨˆʲʬʩʻʲʰ. ʯʨʭʰʹ ʹʨʽʨʸʯʭʬʲʵʹ ʪʬʵʪʸʨʼʰʻʲ
ʨʾ˄ʬʸʰʲʵʩʨˀʰ ʯʭʰʯ ʭʨˆʻˀʺʰʹ ʬʸʯʹ ʨʲʨʪʨʹ ʯʨʭʰʹʰ ʨʳʪʭʨʸʰ
ʨʮʸʰʹ ʻʨʸʰʹʳʿʵʼʬʲʰ ʨʴʻ ʹʨ˄ʰʴʨʨʾʳʫʬʪʵ ˂ʴʵʩʬʩʰ ʨʽʭʹ
ʳʵʿʭʨʴʰʲʰ. ʰʹ ʹ˄ʬʸʹ: ,,ʹʬʴʨʱʰʹ ʮʬʭʰʯ, ʻʴʨʪʰʸʨʹ ˃ʰʸˀʰ ʨʸʹ
ʴʨʽʨʲʨʽʬʭʰ, ˂ʰˆʬ ʪʵˇʨʫ ˄ʵʫʬʩʻʲʰ, ʬʹ ʨʾʨˀʬʴʨ ʶʰʸʭʬʲ ʳʬʼʰʹ
ʼʨʸʴʨʭʨʮʰʹ ʷʨʳʹ ʽʻˇʰʳ, ʽʨʲʨʽʰ ʫʨ ˂ʰˆʬ ʫʨ ʨʳʰʹʰ ʹʨʬʸʰʹʯʨʵ ʰʿʵ
ʹʸʻʲʰʨʫ ʸʰʵʴʰʹ ʫʨʹʨʭʲʬʯʰ ʹʭʨʴʬʯʰʯ³ 26). ʬʹ ʰʹ ʽʻˇʰʨ,
ʸʵʳʬʲʰ˂ ʼʨʸʴʨʵʮʳʨ ʶʰʸʭʬʲʨʫ ʫʨʴʰˀʴʨ ʬʸʰʹʯʨʭʨʫ, ʯʭʰʹʰ ʫʨ
ʳʨʹ ˂ʵʲʨʫ ʳʰʨʯˆʵʭʨ ʫʨ ʳʰʹ˂ʨ ʳʨʹ ʹʨʬʸʰʹʯʨʵʫ ʸʰʵʴʰʹ
ʳʫʰʴʨʸʰʫʪʨʴ ʬʸʪʨʹʰʹ ʳʫʰʴʨʸʬʳʫʬ ʿʵʭʬʲʰ ʱʵʲˆʰʫʨ
ʹʭʨʴʬʯʰʯʻʸʯ... 27)

ʪʨʸʫʨ ʨʳʰʹʨ, ʳʬ˂ʴʰʬʸʬʩʰʹ ʨʮʸʰʯ, ʹʭʨʴʬʩʰ ˀʨʭʰ ʮʾʭʰʹ

ʴʨʶʰʸʬʩʰʫʪʨʴ, ʬ. ʰ. ʹʨʳˆʸʬʯʰʫʪʨʴ ʻʴʫʨ ʨʳʵʿʵʲʵʫʴʬʴ ʳʫ.
ʸʰʵʴʰʹ, ˂ʬʴʰʹ ˄ʿʲʰʹ ʫʨ ʬʴʪʻʸʰʹ ʨʻʮʬʩʹ ʫʨ ʨʳ ʪʮʰʯ ʻʴʫʨ
ˀʬʹʻʲʰʿʭʴʬʴ ʫʾʬʭʨʴʫʬʲ ʹʭʨʴʬʯˀʰ ʫʨ ʨʸʨ ˁʸʫʰʲʵʬʯ-
ʨʾʳʵʹʨʭʲʬʯʰʯ ʳʫʬʩʨʸʬ ˃ʻʸ˃ʻʱʬʯʰʫʨʴ.

67
 ʫʨʹʨʹʸʻʲ, ˄ʰʴʨʨʾʳʫʬʪ ʭʨˆʻˀʺʰʹ ʨʮʸʰʹʨ, ʯʻ ʨʸʨ
ʰ˃ʻʲʬʩʰʯ, ʫʨ ˃ʲʰʬʸʰ ʳʺʸʰʹ ʳʵ˄ʵʲʰʯʨ ʫʨ ʳʰʹ ʳʰʬʸ ʨʿʸʰʹ ʪʨʳʵ,
ʳʨʸʺʵ ʰʳ ʳʵʭʲʬʴʰʹ ʳʬʵˆʬʩʰʯ, ʸʵʳ ˃ʻʸ˃ʻʱʬʯʰʹ ʵʲʽˀʰ ˆʨʲˆʰ
ʭʬʸ ʬʺʬʵʫʨ, ʨʸ ʻʴʫʨ ʳʵʳˆʫʨʸʰʿʵ ʹʭʨʴʬʩʰʹ ʰʳ ʽʭʬʿʴʰʫʨʴ ʨʿʸʨ ʫʨ
ʫʾʬʭʨʴʫʬʲ ʹʭʨʴʬʯˀʰ ʹʨʳʻʫʨʳʵʫ ʫʨʩʰʴʨʭʬʩʨ. ʬʹ ʰʹʺʵʸʰʻʲʰ
ʨʳʩʨʭʰ ʻʴʫʨ ʳʵʳˆʫʨʸʰʿʵ ʳʨˀʰʴ, ʸʵʫʬʹʨ˂ ʨʮʰʰʫʨʴ ʶʰʸʭʬʲʨʫ
ʫʨ˃ʸʻʲʹʨ ʫʨ ˀʨʭʰ ʮʾʭʰʹ ʴʨʶʰʸʬʩʮʬ ʨʴʻ ʳʰʹ ʨˆʲʵ-ʳʨˆʲʵ
ʳʫʬʩʨʸʬ ʨʫʪʰʲʬʩˀʰ ʫʨʳʱʭʰʫʸʬʩʻʲ ʹʭʨʴʬʩʹ ʳʰʨ˄ʭʬʩʵʫʨ ʰʳ
ʽʨʸʯʭʬʲʬʩʰʹ ʳ˃ʲʨʭʸʰ ʺʨʲʾʨ, ʸʵʳʲʬʩʰ˂, ʸʵʪʵʸ˂ ʮʬʳʵʯ ʨʸʰʹ
ʴʨʯʽʭʨʳʰ, ʳʨʯ ˀʬʳʫʬʪ ʰʿʭʴʬʴ ʨʿʸʰʲʴʰ ʮʬʳʵˆʹʬʴʬʩʻʲ ʭʬʲʻʸ
ˆʨʲˆʬʩʰʹ ˀʬʳʵʹʬʭʰʹ ˄ʿʨʲʵʩʰʯ. ʰʹʰʴʰ ʳʰʨʺʵʭʬʩʰʴʬʩʫʬʴ ʹʭʨʴʬʩʹ
ʨʳ ʨʫʪʰʲʬʩʹ ʫʨ ˁʸʫʰʲʵʬʯʰʹʨʱʬʴ ʪʨʸʬʱʨʭʫʴʬʴ. ʯʻ ʬʹ ʨʹʬ ʨʸ
ʨʸʰʹ, ʰʳ ˀʬʳʯˆʭʬʭʨˀʰ ʹʭʨʴʬʯʹ ʳʨʰʴ˂ ʨʸ ʻʴʫʨ ʫʨʸʽʳʬʵʫʨ ,,ʹʨʭʨʴʬ³³
(ˀʬʹʨˆʰʮʴʰ), ʸʵʪʵʸ˂ ʪʭʰˆʴʰʹ ʭʨˆʻˀʺʰ, ʸʨʫʪʨʴ ˃ʻʸ˃ʱʬʯˀʰ
ʹʰʭʰ˄ʸʵʭʰʹ ʪʨʳʵ ʨʿʸʰʲʹʨ ʫʨ ʯʨʭʰʹ ʹʻʸʭʰʲʰʯ ʹʨ˂ˆʵʭʸʬʩʲʨʫ
ʨʸˁʬʻʲʹ ʨʫʪʰʲʹ ʰʹʬʯʰ ʹʨˆʬʲʰ ʨʸ ʫʨʬʸʽʳʬʵʫʨ.
ʭʨˆʻˀʺʰʹ ˀʬ˂ʫʵʳʨ ʻʴʫʨ ˈʽʵʴʫʬʹ ʨʪʸʬʯʭʬ ʹʭʨʴʬʯʰʹ
ʹʨʪʬʵʪʸʨʼʰʵ ʹʨˆʬʲʬʩʰʹ ʨʾ˄ʬʸʰʲʵʩʨˀʰ. ʰʹ ʹ˄ʬʸʹ: ,,ʲʬˁˆʻʳʰʹ
ʹʨʳˆʸʬʯʰʯ ʨʸʰʹ ʲʨˀˆʬʯʰ. ʲʬˁˆʻʳʰʹ ʹʨʳˆʸʬʯʰʯ ʫʨ ʵʫʰˀʰʹ
ʨʾʳʵʹʨʭʲʬʯʰʯ ʬ˂ʬʸʰ. ʨʽ ʨʸʹ ʬʱʲʬʹʰʨ, ʹʭʬʺʨʫ ˄ʵʫʬʩʻʲʰ,
ʹʨˆʰʮʨʸʰ ʹʭʬʺʰʹ ˂ˆʵʭʲʰʹ ʹʨʳʱʨʻʲ-ʹʨʻʴˇʰʹʨ, ʸʵʳʬʲʹʨ ˀʰʴʨ
ʰʺʿʭʰʨʴ ʹʭʬʺʰʹ ˂ˆʵʭʬʲʰʹ ʱʨʴʱʬʲʰʹ ʿʵʼʨʹʨ ʫʾʬʹ˂ʨ ± ʸʵʳʬʲʰ˂
ʳʰʰʾʵ ʪʵʸʪʨʹʨʲ ʰʴʫʵʬʯʰʫʪʨʴ, ˄ʰʯʲʰʹ ʰʨʪʻʴʫʰʯ ʽʳʴʰʲʰ.
ʨʸʨʳʬʫ ʹʨˁʰʴʵʫ ʨʸʰʨʴ ʨ˄˂ʨ ˆʨʺʴʰ ʫʨ ˇʭʨʸʴʰʵʽʸʵ-ʭʬʸ˂ˆʲʰʹʨʴʰ,
ʳʵ˅ʬʫʰʲʴʰ ʽʭʰʯʨ, ʳʸʨʭʨʲʴʰ ʫʨ ʶʨʺʰʵʹʨʴʴʰ, ʫʰʫʴʰ ʫʨ ʳ˂ʰʸʬʴʰ,
ʸʵʳʬʲʯʨ ʮʬʫʨ ʨʽʭʯ ʹʨʹʵʬʩʨ ʫʨ ʶʨʺʰʭʹ ʹ˂ʬʳʬʴ, ʨʸʨʳʬʫ ʻʳˇʵʩʬʹʰ
ˆʨʺʰ ʻʩʰʨʯ ˃ʬ˄ʱʭʰʯʨ ʵʽʸʵʹʨʯʰ ʫʨ ʰʺʿʭʰʨʴ, ʻʱʬʯʻ ʨʻˀʭʨʯ,
ʫʨʲʬ˄ʨʭʹ ʿʵʭʬʲʹʨʭʬ ʨʽʨ ʳʿʵʼʹʨ ˆʨʺ-ˇʭʨʸʯʨ ʫʨ ʬʹʵʫʬʴ ʻʪʻʴʻʸ
ʨʸʰʨʴ ʯʭʰʹʯʨ ʻ˂ʴʵʩʬʲʵʩʰʯʨ, ʨʸʨʳʬʫ ʯʻ ˀʬʭʰʫʬʹ ʳʻʴ
ʹʨʹʰʱʭʫʰʴʵ ʨʴʻ ʺʿʭʬ, ʸʨʰʹʨʾʨʴ ʻʿʵʼʬʴ, ʪʨʴʨ ʪʨʴʻʺʬʭʬʩʬʴ
ʯʨʭʰʹʻʼʲʨʫ, ʱʭʨʲʨʫ ʨʾʳʯʽʳʬʲʹʨ ʨʴʻ ˀʬʳʼʰ˂ʨʸʹ ʳʨʹ ʮʬʫʨ
ʫʨʬʸ˄ʳʻʴʬʩʰʨʴ ʼʸʰʨʫ ʫʨ ʹˆʭ 28³
ʹʨʽʳʬ ʰʳʨˀʰʨ, ʸʵʳ ʲʨˀˆʬʯʰ ʳʫʬʩʨʸʬʵʩʹ ʨʸʨ ʸʨ˅ʨ-
ʲʬˁˆʻʳʰʹ ʹʨʳˆʸʬʯʰʯ, ʸʵʪʵʸ˂ ʭʨˆʻˀʺʰ ʪʭʨʻ˄ʿʬʩʹ, ʨʸʨʳʬʫ
ˁʸʫʰʲʵʬʯʰʯ, ʬ˂ʬʸʰ ʫʨ ʹʨʬʸʯʵʫ ʮʬʳʵ ʹʭʨʴʬʯʰ ʳʫʬʩʨʸʬʵʩʹ ʨʸʨ
ʲʬˁˆʻʳʰʹ ʹʨʳˆʸʬʯʰʯ, ʸʵʪʵʸ˂ ʨʳʩʵʩʹ ʰʪʰʭʬ ʨʭʺʵʸʰ, ʨʸʨʳʬʫ
68
ʲʬˁˆʻʳʰʹ ˁʸʫʰʲʵʬʯ-ʨʾʳʵʹʨʭʲʬʯʰʯ. ʬ˂ʬʸʰʹ ʺʨ˃ʸʰʹ
ʨʾ˄ʬʸʰʲʵʩʨ ʻʴʫʨ ʬʱʻʯʭʴʵʫʬʹ ʨʸʨ ʨʳ ʬʱʲʬʹʰʨʹ, ʨʸʨʳʬʫ ʱʨʲʰʹ
˂ʴʵʩʰʲ ˄ʳ. ʱʭʰʸʰʱʬʹ ʫʨ ʰʭʲʰʺʬʹ ʳʵʴʨʹʺʬʸʹ, ʸʵʳʬʲʮʬʫʨ˂ ʨʸʰʹ
ʹ˄ʵʸʨʯ ʮʬʫʪʨʳʵ˅ʸʰʲʰ ʿʵʭʬʲʰʭʬ, ʰʹ, ʸʨʹʨ˂ ʭʨˆʻˀʺʰ ʬ˂ʬʸʰʹ
ʬʱʲʬʹʰʰʹ ˀʬʹʨˆʬʩ ʨʳʩʵʩʹ. ʱʨʲʰʹ ˆʹʬʴʬʩʻʲʰ ʳʵʴʨʹʺʬʸʰ ʳʨʸʯʲʨ
ʹʨʭʹʬʨ ʹʨʬʱʲʬʹʰʵ ʹʰʳʫʰʫʸʰʯ ʫʨ ˆʨʺ-ˇʭʨʸʰʯ. ʰʹ ˆʨʺʰ, ʸʵʳʬʲʰ˂
ʵʽʸʵʹ ˃ʬ˄ʱʭʰʯ ʻʩʰʨʯ, ʸʵʳ ʹˆʭʨ ˆʨʺ-ˇʭʨʸʰ ʨʸ ʫʨʲʬ˄ʵʹʵ, ʨʳ
ʳʵʴʨʹʺʬʸˀʰ ʰʴʨˆʬʩʨ. ʳʨʹ ʫʾʬʳʫʬ ˀʬʰʨʸʨʾʬʩʻʲʰ ʿʨʸʨʻʲʰ ʰ˂ʨʭʹ
ʫʨ ʿʵʭʬʲ ʱʻʯˆʰʫʨʴ ʫʨʹʨʼʰ˂ʬʩʲʨʫ ʨʳ ʺʨ˃ʨʸˀʰ ʳʵʫʰʨʴ, ʸʨʫʪʨʴ
ʳʰʹʰ ʪʨʺʬˆʭʨ ʿʵʭʲʨʫ ˀʬʻ˃ʲʬʩʲʨʫ ʳʰʨˁʴʰʨʯ ʫʨ ʨʳʰʺʵʳ ʩʬʭʸ
ʩʵʸʵʺʬʩʨʹ, ʹʰʹˆʲʰʹ ʾʭʸʨʹ ʫʨ ˀʻʸʰʹ ˃ʰʬʩʨʹ ʻʾʬʩʬʴ ʩʵʲʵʹ ʨʳ
ʬʱʲʬʹʰʨʮʬ ʫʨʼʰ˂ʬʩʰʯ ʨʫʪʰʲʵʩʸʰʭʰ ʳ˂ˆʵʭʸʬʩʴʰ.
ʬ˂ʬʸʰʹ ʬʱʲʬʹʰʨ ʱʰ ˃ʨʲʰʨʴ ʾʨʸʰʩʰʨ ˆʨʺ-ˇʭʨʸʰʯ,
ʹʨʬʱʲʬʹʰʵ ʽʵʴʬʩʰʯ ʫʨ ʫʨʹʨʼʰ˂ʬʩʲʨʫʨ˂ ʳʨʹ ʹʭʨʴʬʯʰʹʯʭʰʹ ʫʰʫʰ
ʳʴʰˀʭʴʬʲʵʩʨ ʨʸʨ ʨʽʭʹ.
ʭʨˆʻˀʺʰ ʻʴʫʨ ʹ˂ʫʬʩʵʫʬʹ ʨʪʸʬʯʭʬ ʲʬˆʻʳʰʹ
ʹʨʪʬʵʪʸʨʼʰʵ ʹʨˆʬʲʰʹ ʨˆʹʴʨˀʰ, ʭʰʴʨʰʫʨʴ ʰʹ ʹ˄ʬʸʹ: ,,ˆʵʲʵ
ʲʬˁˆʻʳʰ ʬ˄ʵʫʬʩʨ ˆʵʳʲʰʹ ʱʲʫʰʹ ʪʨʳʵ³ ʴʨʳʫʭʰʲʨʫ ʱʰ ʬʹ
ʹʨʪʬʵʪʸʨʼʰʵ ʹʨˆʬʲʰ ʻʴʫʨ ʰʿʵʹ ʹʭʨʴʻʸ-ʳʬʪʸʻʲʰ, ʸʨʫʪʨʴ
ʯʨʭʹʨʸʯʰ ʳʰʹʰ ,,ʲʬ³ ʨʸʰʹ ʹʭʨʴʻʸ ʽʭʬʿʴʬʩʰʹ ʹʨʪʬʵʪʸʨʼʰʵ
ʹʨˆʬʲʬʩʰʹ ʨʾʳʴʰˀʭʴʬʲʰ, ˆʵʲʵ ˁˆʻʳʰ ʱʰ ʳʬʪʸʻʲʨʫ ʱʨʲʳʨˆʰ.
ʬʸʯʨʫ, ʸʵʳ ʪʨʫʨʭʯʨʸʪʳʴʵʯ, ʲʬˁˆʻʳʰ ʴʰˀʴʨʭʹ ʹʨʱʨʲʳʨˆʬʹ 29).
ʨʳʴʨʰʸʨʫ ʹʭʨʴʬʩʰʹ ʫʾʬʭʨʴʫʬʲ ʹʭʨʴʬʯˀʰ ˀʬʳʵʹʭʲʨ ʻʴʫʨ
˄ʨʸʳʵʭʰʫʪʰʴʵʯ ˀʬʳʫʬʪʰ ʹʨˆʰʯ:
ʹʭʨʴʬʩʰʹ ʬʸʯʰ ʴʨ˄ʰʲʰ, ˀʨʭʰ ʮʾʭʰʹ ʴʨʶʰʸʬʩʰʹ ʳʰʺʵʭʬʩʰʹ
ˀʬʳʫʬʪ, ʸʵʪʵʸ˂ ʮʬʳʵʫ ʨʸʰʹ ʴʨʯʽʭʨʳʰ, ʨʳ ʨʫʪʰʲʬʩʹ ʻʴʫʨ
ˀʬʸˁʬʴʵʫʨ ʫʨ ʨʽʬʫʪʨʴ ʪʨˁʴʫʬʩʵʫʨ ,,ʹʭʨʴ-ʱʵʲˆʬʩʰʹ ʴʨʸʬʭʰ
ʺʵʳʰ³ ˆʵʲʵ ʳʬʵʸʬ ʴʨ˄ʰʲʰ, ʱʵʲˆʬʩʰʹ ʳʰʬʸ ʫʬʭʴʰʲʰ, ˀʬʹʻʲʨ
ʫʾʬʭʨʴʫʬʲ ʲʬˁˆʻʳ-ʹʭʨʴʬʯʰʹʨ ʫʨ ʸʨ˅ʰʹ ʳʯʨ-ʪʵʸʰʨʴ ʨʫʪʰʲʬʩˀʰ.
ʲʬˁˆʻʳˀʰ ʨʸʹʬʩʻʲʰ ʰʹ ʹʨʪʬʵʪʸʨʼʰʵ ʹʨˆʬʲʬʩʰ,
ʸʵʳʲʬʩʰ˂ ˇʨʭʨˆʰˀʭʰʲʹ ˄ʳʰʴʫʨ ʳʬʪʸʻʲ ʬʯʴʰʻʸ ʹʨˆʬʲʬʩʨʫ
ʳʰʨˁʴʰʨ (ʵʼʰˁˆʬʯʰ, ʵʴ˅ʬʰˀʰ, ʽʵʸʬʴʰˀʰ, ʺʭʰˀʰ, ʾʭʰʸʰˀʰ, ʮʵʪʰˀʰ
ʫʨ ʹˆʭ.), ˁʭʬʴ ʪʭʰʳʺʱʰ˂ʬʩʹ, ʸʵʳ ʱʵʲˆʬʩʹ ʨʳ ʫʬʭʴʰʹ ʫʸʵʹ
ʹʭʨʴʬʩʰʹʨʯʭʰʹ ʳʫ. ʸʰʵʴʰʹ ʨʻʮˀʰ ʨʴʻ ʴʨʶʰʸʬʩʮʬ ʫʨʳʱʭʰʫʸʬʩʰʹ
ʹʨˀʻʨʲʬʩʨ˂ ʨʸ ʳʰʻ˂ʰʨʯ ʫʨ ʯʭʰʯʵʴ ʫʨʩʰʴʨʭʬʩʻʲʨʴ, ˆʵʲʵ
ʹʭʨʴʬʩʰʹ ʬʸʯʰ ʴʨ˄ʰʲʰ ʨʽʬʫʪʨʴ ʪʨʫʨʹʻʲʨ ʫʨ ʫʨʳʱʭʰʫʸʬʩʻʲʨ
69
ˁʸʫʰʲʵʬʯʰʯ ± ʳʫ. ˂ʬʴʰʹ ˄ʿʨʲʰʹʨ ʫʨ ʬʴʪʻʸʰʹ ʨʻʮʬʩˀʰ, ʬ. ʰ.
ʫʾʬʭʨʴʫʬʲ ʲʬˁˆʻʳ-ʹʭʨʴʬʯˀʰ, ʨʳ ʳʫʰʴʨʸʬʬʩʰʹ ʹʨʯʨʭʰʫʪʨʴ
ʫʨ˄ʿʬʩʻʲʰ, ʹʺʸʨʩʵʴʰʹʨ ʫʨ ʶʲʰʴʰʻʹʰʹ ʯʽʳʰʯ, ʫʰʵʹʱʻʸʰʨʳʫʬ
30).

ʫʾʬʭʨʴʫʬʲ ʲʬˁˆʻʳʰʹ ˂ʬʴʰʹ ˄ʿʲʰʹ ʨʻʮˀʰ ʳʫʬʩʨʸʬ

ʺʬʸʰʺʵʸʰʨʮʬ ʸʵʳ ʹʭʨʴʬʩʰ ʰʿʭʴʬʴ ʫʨʳʱʭʰʫʸʬʩʻʲʰ ʫʨ ʲʬˁˆʻʳʰʹ
ʬʹ ʴʨ˄ʰʲʰ ʳʨʯ ʹʨʳʼʲʵʩʬʲʵʹ ˄ʨʸʳʵʨʫʪʬʴʫʨ, ˆʵʲʵ ʮʬʳʵ ʸʨ˅ʰʹ
ʳʯʨ-ʪʵʸʰʨʴʰ ʨʫʪʰʲʬʩʰ ʹʭʨʴʬʯʰʹ ʬʸʯ ʴʨ˄ʰʲʹ ʬʶʿʸʨ ± ʨʳʨʹ ˁʭʬʴ,
ʹˆʭʨʯʨ ˀʵʸʰʹ, ʴʨʯʲʨʫ ʪʭʰʳʺʱʰ˂ʬʩʹ ʸʨ˅ʨˀʰ ʫʨ ʲʬˁˆʻʳˀʰ
ʨʸʹʬʩʻʲʰ ˀʬʳʫʬʪʰ ˄ʳʰʴʫʨ ʹʭʨʴʻʸʰ ʹʨʪʬʵʪʸʨʼʰʵ ʹʨˆʬʲʬʩʰ.
˂ʨʪʬʸʰ. ,,˂ʨʪ³-ʰ ʹʭʨʴʻʸʨʫ ʬʸʯʹ ʬʱʲʰʨʴ ʩʨʲʨˆʹʨ ˈʽʭʰʨ.
ˆʵʲʵ ʨʳ ˂ʨʪʰʯ ʨʴʻ ʳ˂ʬʴʨʸʰʯ ʫʨʼʨʸʻʲʹ ʨʫʪʰʲʹ ʹʭʨʴʬʩʰ
,,˂ʨʪʨʸʹ³ ʬ˃ʨˆʰʨʴ ʫʨ, ʭʰʴʨʰʫʨʴ ʫʨʩʨ ˂ʨʪʬʸʰ ʹ˄ʵʸʬʫ ʨʳ ʩʨʲʨˆʰʯ
ʨʸʰʹ ʻˆʭʨʫ ʫʨˇʰʲʫʵʭʬʩʻʲʰ, ʨʳʰʺʵʳ, ˂ˆʨʫʰʨ, ʳʰʹʰ
ʹʨˆʬʲ˄ʵʫʬʩʨ ˄ʳʰʴʫʨ ʹʭʨʴʻʸʰʨ ʫʨ ʹʭʨʴʻʸʰ ʹʰʺʿʭʨ ˂ʨʪʨʸʰʹʨʪʨʴ
˄ʨʸʳʵʳʫʪʨʸʰ 31).
ˁˆʻʺʬʲ. ,,ˁˆʻʺʨʸ³ ʹʭʨʴʻʸʰ ʹʰʺʿʭʨʨ ʫʨ ʴʰˀʴʨʭʹ ˄ʭʸʰʲ
ʽʭʰʨʴʹ. ʸʨʫʪʨʴ ʹ. ˁˆʻʺʬʲʰ ʨʹʬʯʹ ʨʫʪʰʲʹ ˄ʨʸʳʵʨʫʪʬʴʹ, ʹʭʨʴʬʩʹʨ˂
ʳʰʹʯʭʰʹ ˀʬʹʨʼʬʸʰʹʰ ʹʨˆʬʲʰ ʫʨʻʸʽʳʬʭʰʨʯ.
ʳʨˆʻʸʨ. ,,ʳʬˆʭʸʬ³ ʹʭʨʴʻʸʨʫ ʵʾʸʵ-ˁʵʾʸʵ ʨʫʪʰʲʹ ʽʭʰʨʴ
ʫʨ ʨʳʰʺʵʳ ʹʰʺʿʭʨ ʳʬˆʭʸʬʹʪʨʴ ʨʸʰʹ ˄ʨʸʳʵʳʫʪʨʸʰ ʳʰʹʰ ʹʨˆʬʲʰ.
ˁʭʨʲʩʬˁʰ. ,,ˁʭʨʲʩʨˁ³ ʹʭʨʴʻʸʨʫ ʴʰˀʴʨʭʹ ʽʭʰʨʴ ʹʨʳʬ˄ʿʬʸʵ
ʨʫʪʰʲʹ.
ʲʨʸˁʭʨʲ. ,,ʲʨˁʭʨʲ³ʹʭʨʴʻʸʨʫ ʴʰˀʴʨʭʹ ʹʨʳʬ˄ʿʸʵ ʨʫʪʰʲʹ;
ʨʳʰʹʯʨʴʨ ʹʨˆʬʲʰ ,,ʲʨʴˁʭʨʲ³ ʳʬʹʺʰʰʹ ʹʨʮʵʪʨʫʵʬʩʰʹ ʬʸʯʹ
ʹʵʼʬʲʹʨ˂ ˈʽʭʰʨ.
ʲʬʫʬˀʫʵ. ,,ʲʨʫʨˀʫʭ³ʹʭʨʴʻʸʨʫ ˈʽʭʰʨ ʹʨʫʨʯʭʬ ʨʫʪʰʲʹ,
ʫʨ ʹʵʼ. ʲʬʫʬˀʫʵʹ ʹʨˆʬʲʰ˂ ʨʳʨʹ ʻʫʸʰʹ.
ʲʻˆʭʨʴʵ. ,,ʻˆʭʨʴ³ʹʭʨʴʻʸʨʫ ˈʽʭʰʨ ʱʲʫʬʹ. ˆʵʲʵ ʲʻˆʭʨʴʵ
ʱʲʫʵʭʨʴʹ ʴʰˀʴʨʭʹ ʹʭʨʴʻʸʨʯ.
ʲʬˀʪʬʫʵ. ʲʬˀʪʬʫʵ ʨʴʻ ,,ʲʨʳˀʪʬʫ³ ʻʳʮʬʵ ʨʫʪʰʲʰʹ
ʹʨˆʬʲʰʨ ʹʭʨʴʻʸʨʫ.
ʲʨˆʬʼʨ. ʲʨˆʬʱʨ ʹʭʨʴʻʸʨʫ ʰʳʰʹʯʨʴʨ ʳʵʼʬʸʫʵ
ˁʨʳʵʱʰʫʬʩʻʲ ʨʫʪʰʲʹ ʽʭʰʨ, ʹʨʰʫʪʨʴʨ˂ ˆˀʰʸʨʫ ʽʭʬʩʰ ʯʨʭʰʹʰʯ
ˁʨʳʵ˂ʭʰʭʫʬʩʨ ˆʵʲʳʬ.

70
 ʲʨ˃ʪʭʬʸʰʨ. ,,˃ʪʭʬʸ³ ʹʭʨʴʻʸʨʫ ʴʰˀʴʨʭʹ ʳʵʼʬʸʫʵʹʨ ʫʨ
ˁʨʳʵʼˆʬʱʰʲ ʨʫʪʰʲʹ. ʯʨʭʹʨʸʯʰ ,,ʲʨ³ ʨʫʪʰʲʰʹ ʨʹʬʯʹ ʯʭʰʹʬʩʨʹ
ʪʭʰˆʨʺʨʭʹ. ʲʨ-˃ʪʭʬʸʰʨ, ʸʵʳ ʪʨʫʨʭʯʨʸʪʳʴʵʯ, ˄ʳʰʴʫʨ ʹʭʨʴʻʸʹ
˄ʨʸʳʵʨʫʪʬʴʹ ʫʨ ʳʵʼʬʸʫʵʹ ʴʰˀʴʨʭʹ.
ʫʬˆʭʰʸʰ. ,,ʲʻˆʭʰʸ³ ʹʭʨʴʻʸʨʫ ˁʾʸʳʨʭʬʩʻʲʹ ʽʭʰʨ ʫʨ ʨʳ
ʹʰʺʿʭʰʫʨʴ ʻʴʫʨ ʰʿʵʹ ʫʬˆʭʰʸʰʹ ʹʨˆʬʲʰ ˄ʨʸʳʵʳʫʪʨʸʰ.
ʻ˂ˆʬʸ. ,,ʻ˂ˆʨʸ³ʹʭʨʴʻʸʨʫ ʳʹˆʲʰʨʴʰ ʨʫʪʰʲʰʹ ʹʨˆʬʲʰʨ.
ʪʵʲʨ. ʹʭʨʴʻʸʨʫ ,,ʪʵʲʨˋ³ ˁʨʳʵʱʰʫʬʩʻʲ ʨʫʪʰʲʹ ˈʽʭʰʨʴ.
ʲʬˁˆʻʳˀʰ ʳʻʸʰʹ ˂ʰˆʬʬʩʹ ʮʬʳʵʫ ʳʫʬʩʨʸʬ ʨʫʪʰʲʰ ʨʺʨʸʬʩʹ ʨʳ
ʹʨˆʬʲʹ ʫʨ ʹʭʨʴʬʩʹʨ˂ ˀʬʹʨʼʬʸʰʹʰ ʹʨˆʬʲʰ ʫʨʻʸʽʳʬʭʰʨʯ ʳʰʹʯʭʰʹ.
ʲʨʩʬ˅ʰʴʨ. ʲʨʩʬˁ ʹʭʨʴʻʸʨʫ ʽʰʨʴ ʨʲʨʪʹ ʫʨ ʨʽʬʫʪʨʴ ʨʸʰʹ ʬʹ
ʹʨˆʬʲʰ ˄ʨʸʳʵˀʵʩʰʲʰ.
ʲʨ˅ʬʩʰʫʨ. ˄ʳʰʴʫʨ ʹʭʨʴʻʸʰʨ ʫʨ ʴʰˀʴʨʭʹ ʳʰʹʨʳ˄ʿʭʫʬʭʹ.
ʴʨʱ--ˀʵʲʺʰ.. ʬʹʬ˂ ʹʭʨʴʻʸ ʹʰʺʿʭʨ ,,ʴʨʱ-ˀʭʬʲʺʰʹʨʪʨʴ³
ˀʬʹʫʪʬʩʨ.
ʩ˅ʿʨʲʨ. ,,˅ʿʨʲ³ʹʭʨʴʻʸʨʫ ˅ʨʵʩʰʨʴʹ ʽʭʰʨʴ. ʫʨ ʹˆʭʨ ʫʨ ʹˆʭʨ...
ʨʹʬʨ ʯʻ ʰʹʬ, ʹʭʨʴʬʩʰʹ ʬʸʯʰ ʴʨ˄ʰʲʰ ʸʵʳ ʫʾʬʭʨʴʫʬʲ
ʲʬˁˆʻʳˀʰ ʫʨʳʱʭʰʫʸʬʩʻʲʨ ʫʨ ʫʾʬʳʫʬ ʨʳ ʱʻʯˆʬʹ ˀʬʸˁʬʴʰʨ ± ʬʹ
ˀʬʻʸʿʬʭʬʲ ʼʨʽʺʨʫ ʫʨ ˅ʬˀʳʨʸʰʺʬʩʨʫ ʻʴʫʨ ˁʨʰʯʭʨʲʵʹ. ʨʳʨʹ,
ʹˆʭʨʯʨ ˀʵʸʰʹ, ʰʹ ʪʨʸʬʳʵʬʩʬʩʰ˂ ʪʭʰʳʺʱʰ˂ʬʩʹ, ʸʵʳ ʫʾʬʭʨʴʫʬʲ
ʲʬˁˆʻʳˀʰ ʳ˂ˆʵʭʸʬʩʯʨ ʴʨ˄ʰʲʰ ˄ʳʰʴʫʨ ʹʭʨʴʻʸ ʪʭʨʸʬʩʹ ʨʺʨʸʬʩʹ ±
ʳʨʪʨʲʰʯʨʫ: ʪʨʹʭʰʨʴʰ, ʳʻˀʱʻʫʰʨʴʰ, ʱʨˆʰʨʴʰ, ʪʻʸʪʻˁʰʨʴʰ
(ʪʻʸˁʰʨʴʰ), ʪʭʰˀʰʨʴʰ (ʪʭʰ˅ʰʨʴʰ), ˁʵʸʪʵʲʰʨʴʰ, ʪʵʲʬʯʰʨʴʰ
(ʪʻʲʬʫʨʴʰ), ʪʻʲʩʰʨʴʰ (ʪʻʲʩʨʴʰ), ʿʰʼʰʨʴʰ, ʫʨʭʰʯʻʲʰʨʴʰ,
ʸʨʺʰʨʴʰ, ˁˆʬʺʰʨʴʰ, ˆʬʸʪʰʨʴʰ, ʳʨʾʸʰʨʴʰ (ʳʨʸʪʰʨʴʰ), ʱʵʶʨʲʰʨʴʰ,
ʲʰʶʨʸʺʬʲʰʨʴʰ, ˁʨʸʱʭʰʨʴʰ, ʷʵʸʷʵʲʰʨʴʰ, ʰʵʹʬʲʰʨʴʰ,
ʫʬʭʫʨʸʰʨʴʰ ʫʨ ʳʸʨʭʨʲʰ ʹˆʭ.
ʳʨʪʸʨʳ ˂ˆʨʫʰʨ, ʸʵʳ ʲʬˁˆʻʳʰʹ ʳʱʭʰʫʸʯ ˀʬʻʴʨˆʨʭʯ
ʫʾʬʳʫʬ ʹʭʨʴʻʸʰ ʹʵʼʲʬʩʰʹ ʬʯʴʰʻʸʰ ʹʨˆʬʲʬʩʰ, ˆʵʲʵ ʫʸʵʯʨ
ʳʬʵˆʬʩʰʯ ʨʴʻ ʹˆʭʨ ʽʨʸʯʭʬʲʬʩʰʹ ˀʬʸʬʭʰʯ ʳʵʳˆʫʨʸʳʨ ʮʬʪʨʭʲʬʴʨʳ
ʹʭʨʴʬʩʹ ʲʬˁˆʻʳˀʰ ʪʨʳʵʨ˂ʨʲʨ ˆʬʲʰʫʨʴ ʹʭʨʴʻʸʰ ʬʴʨ, ʸʵʳʬʲʰ˂
ʽʨʸʯʻʲʳʨ ˀʯʨʴʯʽʨ ʰʹʬ, ʸʵʪʵʸ˂ ʬʹ ʫʨʬʳʨʸʯʨ ʻʸʨʸʯʻʹ
ʹʨˆʬʲʳ˄ʰʼʵˀʰ ʫʨ ˀʬʳʫʬʪ ˀʨʭʰ ʮʾʭʰʹ ʴʨʶʰʸʨʫ ʫʨʸˁʬʴʰʲ ʹʭʨʴʬʩʹ
ʹʵʳˆʻʸʰʹʨ ʫʨ ʳʬʪʸʻʲʰʹ ʪʨʭʲʬʴʰʹ ˄ʿʨʲʵʩʰʯ. ʨʳ ʷʨʳʨʫʨ˂ ʽʭʬʳʵ
ʹʭʨʴʬʯˀʰ ʹʭʨʴʻʸʰ ʬʴʨ ʽʨʸʯʭʬʲʰ ˆʨʲˆʰʹ (ʲʬˁˆʻʳʰʹʨ ʫʨ
ʸʨ˅ʭʬʲʬʩʰʹ) ʳʬʮʵʩʲʵʩʰʯ ʳʵʳˆʫʨʸʳʨ ʮʬʪʨʭʲʬʴʨʳ ʰʳʫʬʴʨʯ
71
ʫʨʨʳʨˆʰʴˇʨ, ʸʵʳ ʳʵʹʨʲʵʫʴʬʲʰʨ ʨˆʲʵ ʳʵʳʨʭʨʲˀʰ ʨʽʨ˂ ʹʭʨʴʻʸʰ
ʬʴʨ ʹʸʻʲʰʨʫ ʪʨʽʸʬʹ ʫʨ ʳʰʹʰ ʨʫʪʰʲʰ ʽʨʸʯʻʲʳʨ ʫʨʰʱʨʭʵʹ,
ʭʰʴʨʰʫʨʴ ʽʨʸʯʻʲʹʨ ʫʨ ʹʭʨʴʻʸʹ ˀʵʸʰʹ ʰʳʫʬʴʰ ʳʹʪʨʭʹʬʩʨ ʨʴʻ
ʬʸʯʰʨʴʵʩʨ ʫʨ ʴʨʯʬʹʨʵʩʨ ʨʸʹʬʩʵʩʹ, ʸʵʳ ʹʭʨʴʬʩʰʹʨʯʭʰʹ
ʽʨʸʯʻʲʰʹ ˀʬʹ˄ʨʭʲʨ ʸʨʳʵʫʬʴʰʳʬ ʯʭʬˀʰ˂ ʹʨʼʻ˃ʭʲʰʨʴʨʫ
ˀʬʰ˃ʲʬʩʨ.
ʹʭʨʴʬʩʰʹ ʬʸʯʰ ʴʨ˄ʰʲʰ ʨʳ ʳʵ˃ʸʨʵʩʰʹ ʫʸʵʹ, ʸʵʪʵʸ˂ ʨʸʰʹ
ʮʬʳʵʫ ʴʨʯʽʭʨʳʰ, ʻʴʫʨ ʫʨʳʱʭʰʫʸʬʩʻʲʰʿʵ ʨʪʸʬʯʭʬ ʮʬʳʵ ʸʨ˅ʨˀʰ:
ʾʬʩˀʰ, ˅ʰʵʸʨˀʰ ʫʨ ʪʲʵʲʨˀʰ ʫʨ ʰʳ ʹʭʨʴʬʩʰʹ ˄ʨʸʳʵʳʨʫʪʬʴʲʬʩʨʯ
ʻʴʫʨ ˁʨʰʯʭʨʲʵʴ ʨʳ ʱʻʯˆʰʹ ʳ˂ˆʵʭʸʬʩʴʰ 32). ʨʽʨ˂ ʰʹʬ, ʸʵʪʵʸ˂
ʲʬˁˆʻʳʰʹ ʺʬʸʰʺʵʸʰʨʮʬ ʫʨʹʨˆʬʲʬʩʻʲ ʹʭʨʴʬʩʮʬ ʽʨʸʯʭʬʲʬʩʰʹʨ
ʨʴʻ ʽʨʸʯʻʲʰ ʬʴʰʹ ʪʨʭʲʬʴʰʹ ʽʭʬˀ ʿʵʼʴʨʳ, ʹʭʨʴʬʩʹ ʫʨʨʱʨʸʪʭʰʴʨ
ʹʭʨʴʻʸʰ, ʸʵʳʲʰʹ ʨʫʪʰʲʰ˂ ʽʨʸʯʻʲʳʨ ʫʨʰ˅ʰʸʨ, ˆʵʲʵ ʫʾʬʳʫʬ
ʨʳ ˆʨʲˆʹ ˀʬʻʴʨˆʨʭʯ ˄ʳʰʴʫʨ ʹʭʨʴʻʸʰ: ʺʰʶʰ, ʮʴʬ-ˁʭʬʻʲʬʩʬʩʰ,
˃ʭʬʲʰ ʺʸʨʫʰ˂ʰʬʩʰ, ʼʬʸˆʻʲʰ ʹʰʳʾʬʸʬʩʰ, ʹʭʨʴʻʸʰ ʺʰʶʰʹʨ ʫʨ
ʱʵʴʹʺʸʻʽ˂ʰʰʹ ˀʬʴʵʩʬʩʰʹ ʨʪʬʩʨ, ʵˇʨˆʰʹ ʳʵ˄ʿʵʩʰʲʵʩʨ ʫʨ
ʨʭʬˇʬʻʲʵʩʨ, ʺʨʴʰʹʨʳʵʹʰ, ʳʻʹʰʱʨʲʻʸʰ ʰʴʹʺʸʻʳʬʴʺʬʩʰ ± ˁʨʴʪʰ,
˅ʰʨʴʻʸʰ ʫʨ ʨʪʸʬʯʭʬ ˀʬʳʫʬʪʰ ʹʵʼʲʬʩʰʹʨ ʫʨ ʨʫʪʰʲʬʩʰʹ ʹʭʨʴʻʸʰ
ʹʨʪʬʵʪʸʨʼʰʵ ʹʨˆʬʲʬʩʰ: ʾʬʩʰ, ʪʲʵʲʨ, ʪʵʳʰ, ʴʨʱʬʯʰ, ʾʨʸʰ, ʩʵʿʵ,
˅ʭʰʩʸʬʭ, ʲʨ˅ʯʨ, ʲʨʪʭʨʴʯʨ, ʩʻʪʬʻʲʰ, ʳʵʺʿʰʬʸʰ, ʩʨˇʭʰ,
ʼʻʺʻʬʯʰ, ˁʵʸʰʲʰ, ˅ʰʸʨ, ʲʬʹʵʸʨ, ˂ˆʵʳʰ ʫʨ ʹˆʭ.
ʾʬʩ. ʹʭʨʴʻʸʨʫ ,,ʾʭʬʩ³ ˁʨʾʸʳʨʭʬʩʻʲʹ ʴʰˀʴʨʭʹ ʫʨ ʾʬʩʰʹ
ʹʨˆʬʲ˄ʵʫʬʩʨ ʨʳ ʹʰʺʿʭʰʫʨʴ ʻʴʫʨ ʰʿʵʹ ˄ʨʸʳʵʳʫʪʨʸʰ.
ʪʲʵʲʨ. ,,ʪʲʵʲʨˋ³ ʹʭʨʴʻʸʨʫ ʴʰˀʴʨʭʹ ˁʨʳʵ˄ʵʲʰʲʹ ʨʴʻ
ʳʵʼʬʸʫʵ ʨʫʪʰʲʹ.
ʪʵʳʰ. ʹʭʨʴʻʸ ʹʰʺʿʭʨ ,,ʪʭʬʳ³-ʰʹʨʪʨʴ ʻʴʫʨ ʰʿʵʹ
˄ʨʸʳʵʳʫʪʨʸʰ.
ʴʨʱʬʯʰ. ,,ʴʨʱ³ʹʭʨʴʻʸʨʫ ʭʨʱʬʹ ʽʭʰʨʴ.
ʾʨʸʰ.. ,,ʾʨʸ³ʹʭʨʴʻʸʨʫ ˈʽʭʰʨ ʾʬʲʬʹ, ʭʰ˄ʸʵ ˆʬʵʩʨʹ.
ʩʵʿʵ. ʹʭʨʴʻʸʰ ʹʰʺʿʭʨ ʩʬʿʭʰʹʨʪʨʴ ʻʴʫʨ ʰʿʵʹ
˄ʨʸʳʵʳʫʪʨʸʰ.
˅ʭʰʩʸʬʭ. ʹʭʨʴʻʸʨʫ ,,˅ʭʰʩʸʨ³ ʽʭʰʨʴ ˅ʨʵʩʰʨʴ ʨʫʪʰʲʹ ʫʨ
ʨʽʬʫʪʨʴ ʻʴʫʨ ʰʿʵʹ ˄ʨʸʳʵˀʵʩʰʲʰ ˅ʭʰʩʸʬʭʰʹ ʹʨˆʬʲ˄ʵʫʬʩʨ.
ʲʨ˅ʯʨ. ʹʭʨʴʻʸʰ ʹʰʺʿʭʨ ,,ʲʨ˅ʯʨ³-ʹʨʪʨʴ ʻʴʫʨ ʰʿʵʹ
˄ʨʸʳʵʳʫʪʨʸʰ, ʸʨʰ˂ʨ ʴʰˀʴʨʭʹ ʫʨʹʨʪʳʵʩʹ, ʫʨʹʨ˄ʿʬʭʲ ʨʫʪʰʲʹ.

72
 ʲʨʪʭʨʴʯʨ.. ,,ʲʨʪʭʨʴ³ ʽʭʰʨ ʹʨʺʰʸʨʲʹ ʨʫʪʰʲʹ, ˆʵʲʵ ʨʳ
ʹʰʺʿʭʨʮʬ ʳʰʳʨʺʬʩʻʲʰ ,,ʯʨ³ ʻʴʫʨ ʴʰˀʴʨʭʫʬʹ ʳʯʨʹ, ,,ʲʨʪʭʨʴʯʨ³
ʬʸʯʨʫ ʹʨʺʰʸʨʲʹ ʳʯʨʹ.
ʩʻʪʬʻʲʰ. ,,ʩʵʪ³ ʹʭʨʴʻʸʨʫ ˆʰʫʹ ˈʽʭʰʨʴ ʫʨ ʨʳ ʹʰʺʿʭʰʫʨʴ
ʻʴʫʨ ˀʬʹʫʪʬʩʵʫʬʹ ʹ. ʩʻʪʬʻʲʰʹ ʹʨˆʬʲ˄ʵʫʬʩʨ, ʸʨʰ˂ʨ ʹʭʨʴʻʸʨʫ
ʹʨˆʰʫʬʹ ʻʴʫʨ ʴʰˀʴʨʭʫʬʹ.
ʳʵʺʿʰʬʸʰ. ʹʭʨʴʻʸʨʫ ,,ʳʻʺʿʻʸʨ³ ʽʭʰʨ ʳʵʺʨʲʨˆʵʹ ʨʴʻ
ʺʨʲʨˆʰʨʴ ʨʫʪʰʲʹ.
ʼʻʺʻʬʯʰ. ʹʭʨʴʻʸʰ ʹʰʺʿʭʨ ,,ʼʻʺʻ³-ʹʨʪʨʴ ʨʸʰʹ ˀʬʳʫʪʨʸʰ.
˅ʰʸʨ. ʹʭʨʴʻʸʨʫ ,,˅ʰʸʨ³ ʽʭʰʨʴ ʺʨʴˇʭʨ-˄ʭʨʲʬʩʨʹ ʫʨ
ʹʵʼʬʲʹʨ˂ ʨʹʬʯʰ ʹʨˆʬʲʰ ʳʰʻʾʰʨ ʸʨʾʨ˂ ʪʨʸʬʳʵʬʩʰʯ.
ʲʬʹʵʸʨ. ʹʭʨʴʻʸʰ ʹʰʺʿʭʨ ,,ʲʬʹʻʸʰ³-ʹʨʪʨʴ ʻʴʫʨ
ˀʬʳʫʪʨʸʰʿʵ ʫʨ ʹˆʭ.
ʿʭʬʲʨ ʮʬʳʵˆʹʬʴʬʩʻʲʰ ˂ʴʵʩʬʩʰ ʳʵ˄ʳʵʩʬʴ, ʸʵʳ
ʫʾʬʭʨʴʫʬʲ ʹʭʨʴʬʯʰʹ ʹʨʮʾʭʸʬʩʰ ˃ʭʬʲ ʫʸʵˀʰ ʬˆʲʨʴʫʬʲʮʬ
ʪʨ˂ʰʲʬʩʰʯ ʻʼʸʵ ˀʵʸʹ ʳʰʫʰʵʫʴʬʴ: ʹʨʳˆʸʬʯʰʯ, ʫʨʹʨʭʲʬʯʰʯ
ʫʨ ˁʸʫʰʲʵʬʯʰʯʨ˂, ʨʳʰʺʵʳʨ˂ ʹʺʸʨʩʵʴʹ ʳʨˀʰʴʫʬʲ ʹʭʨʴʬʯʰʹ
ʫʨʹʨʭʲʬʯʰʹ ʹʨʮʾʭʨʸʰ ʫʰʵʹʱʻʸʰʨʳʫʬ ʨʽʭʹ ʴʨˁʭʬʴʬʩʰ, ˆʵʲʵ
ʶʲʰʴʰʻʹʰʹ ʯʽʳʰʯ ʳʫ. ˆʵʼʰ ʹʭʨʴʬʯʰʹ ʳʰ˄ʨʮʬ ʫʰʵʫʨ. ʸʵʪʵʸ˂
ʹˁʨʴʹ ʹʺʸʨʩʵʴʰʹ ˂ʴʵʩʬʩʰʫʪʨʴ, ʹʭʨʴʬʩʹ ʳʨˀʰʴ ʫʰʫʰ ʺʬʸʰʺʵʸʰʨ
ʬ˅ʰʸʨʯ.
ʫʰʨˆ, ʹʺʸʨʩʵʴʳʨ ʯʻʳ˂ʨ ʪʨʱʭʸʰʯ, ʳʨʪʸʨʳ ʶʰʸʭʬʲʨʫ
ʳˀʭʬʴʰʭʸʨʫ ʨʪʭʰ˄ʬʸʨ ʹʭʨʴʬʩʰʹ ʳʰʹʰ ʫʸʵʰʹ ʿʵʼʨ-˂ˆʵʭʸʬʩʨ ʫʨ ʨʹʬ
ʪʨʫʳʵʪʭ˂ʨ:
,,ʹʵʴʴʰ ˃ʲʰʬʸʰ ˆʨʲˆʰʨ, ʳʪʵʴʰʨ ʰʪʰʴʰ ʭʨʷʱʨ˂ʵʩʰʯʨ ʫʨ
ʹʨʳˆʬʫʸʵ ˃ʨʲʾʵʴʰʯ ʯʰʯʽʳʰʹ ʿʭʬʲʨʮʬ ʽʭʬʲʴʰ ʨʸʰʨʴ. ʹʵʴʴʬʩʹ
ʱʨʭʱʨʹʰʵʴʰʹ ʽʬʫʰʹ ʫʨʹʨʭʲʬʯʰʹ ʴʨ˄ʰʲʰ ʫʨ ʹʨʳˆʸʬʯʰ ʼʬʸʫʵʬʩʰ
ʻ˅ʰʸʨʭʯ ʫʰʵʹʱʻʸʰʨʳʫʬ (ʹʵˆʻʳʨʳʫʬ). ʹʵʴʴʬʩʰ ʩʰʴ˃ʻʸʨʫ
ʹ˂ˆʵʭʸʵʩʬʴ, ʳʨʸʺʵ ʺʿʰʹ ˆʰʲʬʻʲʵʩʰʯʨ, ʴʨʴʨʫʰʸʬʭʰʹ ˆʵʸ˂ʰʯʨ
ʫʨ ʸ˃ʰʯ ʰʱʭʬʩʬʩʰʨʴ. ʮʨʳʯʨʸˀʰ ʬʹ ʽʭʬʿʨʴʨ ʳʰʻʭʨʲʰʨ ʫʨ ʼʬˆʮʬ
ʯˆʰʲʨʳʻʸ ʨʱʸʻʲʴʰ ʫʨ ʺʿʨʭʮʬʫ ʫʨˇʫʵʳʰʯ ʯʻ ʨʸ
ˁʨʳʵ˂ʻʸʫʬʩʰʨʴ ʳʯʬʩʰʫʪʨʴ, ʹˆʭʨʼʬʸ ʳʵʪʮʨʻʸʵʩʨ ʹʨˀʰˀʰʨʵ³
,,... ʹʭʨʴʬʩʹ ˈʿʨʭʯ ʯʨʭʰʹʰ ˆʨʲˆʰʹ ʳʰʬʸ ʨʳʵʸˁʬʻʲʰ ʳʬʼʬ ʫʨ
ʹʨʩ˅ʵ, ʸʵʳʬʲʰ˂ ˀʬʹʫʪʬʩʨ 300 ʱʨ˂ʰʹʨʪʨʴ. ʰʪʰʴʰ ˆʬʲʳ˃ʾʭʨʴʬʲʵʩʬʴ
ʪʨʸˀʬʳʵ ʳʵʹʨˆʲʬ ʬʸʬʩʹ, ʸʵʳʲʬʩʮʬʫʨ˂ ʪʨʩʨʺʵʴʬʩʻʲʰ ʨʸʰʨʴ.
ʨʳʩʵʩʬʴ, ʸʵʳ ʳʨʯ ˀʬʻ˃ʲʰʨʯ ʪʨʳʵʰʿʭʨʴʵʴ ʹʨʵʳʸʨʫ 200.000
73
ʳʬʵʳʨʸʰ, ʸʨʫʪʨʴʨ˂ ʳʯʬʲʰ ʬʹ ˆʨʲˆʰ ʳʬʺʨʫ ʳʬʵʳʨʸʰʨ, ʯʻʳ˂ʨ
ʹʨʳˆʬʫʸʵ ˄ʬʹʬʩʰ ʨʸ ʰ˂ʰʨʴ. ʹʭʨʴʬʩʰ ʯʨʭʰʹ ʰʹʸʬʩʰʹ ʳʵʹʨˀˆʨʳʨʭʨʫ
ˆʳʨʸʵʩʬʴ ʸʨʾʨ˂ ʹʨˀʰʴʬʲ ˀˆʨʳʹ, ʸʵʳʲʰʹ ʳʿʸʨʲʰ ʹʻʴʰ ʩʴʬʫʨʭʹ
ʫʨ˅ʸʰʲʹʨʵ³33).
ʨʳʴʨʰʸʨʫ, ˁʭʬʴ ʫʨʭʰʴʨˆʬʯ, ʸʵʳ ʰʹ ʬʸʯʰ ʳʻ˅ʨ ʹʭʨʴʬʯʰʹ
ˆʨʲˆʰ, ʸʵʳʬʲʰ˂ ˁʭʬʴ ʫʸʵʳʫʬ ʪʨʴʨʪʸ˃ʵʩʹ ʨʸʹʬʩʵʩʨʹ, ʨʳʷʨʳʨʫ
˄ʨʸʳʵʨʫʪʬʴʹ ʳˆʵʲʵʫ ʹʨ˂ʵʫʨʭ ˇʪʻʼʹ ʨʴʻ ʴʨˀʯʹ ʵʫʬʹʾʨ˂
˃ʲʰʬʸʬʩʰʯ, ʹʵʳʸʨʭʲʰʯ, ʹʨʱʻʯʨʸʰ ʶʵʲʰʺʰʱʻʸʰ ʹʨˆʰʯ
ʪʨʴʯʽʳʻʲ ʹʭʨʴʬʯʰʹ ˆʨʲˆʰʹʨʹ.
˂ˆʨʫʰʨ, ʬʹ ʨʹʬ˂ ʻʴʫʨ ʳʵʳˆʫʨʸʰʿʵ, ʭʰʴʨʰʫʨʴ, ʸʵʪʵʸ˂
ʮʬʳʵʫ ʫʨʭʰʴʨˆʬʯ, ʹʭʨʴʬʯʰʹ ʬʸʯʰ ʴʨ˄ʰʲʰ ʻʸʨʸʯʻʹ
ʹʨˆʬʲʳ˄ʰʼʵʹ ˀʬʸˁʨ, ʳʬʵʸʬ ʴʨ˄ʰʲʰ ˀʨʭʰ ʮʾʭʰʹ ʴʨʶʰʸʬʩʰʫʨʴ
ʪʨʫʳʵˆʭʬ˄ʰʹ ʫʸʵʹ ʨʳ ʨʫʪʰʲʬʩʹ ˀʬʸˁʨ ± ʱʵʲˆʬʩʹ ʫʨˆʭʫʨ, ʪʨʬʸʰʨ
ʫʨ ,,ʪʨʱʵʲˆʫʨ³ ˆʵʲʵ ʳʬʹʨʳʬ ʴʨ˄ʰʲʰ ʲʬˁˆʻʳʹʨ ʫʨ ʮʬʳʵ ʸʨ˅ʨʹ
ˀʬʸˁʨ, ʹʨʫʨ˂ ʳʬʮʵʩʲʬʩʰʹ ʪʨʭʲʬʴʰʹ ʽʭʬˀ ʿʵʼʴʰʯ ʪʨʽʨʸʯʭʬʲʫʨ,
ʫʨʱʨʸʪʨ ʹʭʨʴʻʸʰ ʹʨˆʬ, ʰʹ ʬʴʨ, ʮʴʬ-ˁʭʬʻʲʬʩʬʩʰ ʫʨ ʺʸʨʫʰ˂ʰʬʩʰ,
ʸʵʳʲʬʩʰ˂ ʹʭʨʴʬʩʹ ʪʨʳʵʿʨʭʯ ʯʨʭʰʹʰ ʻʻ˃ʭʬʲʬʹʰ ʹʨʩʰʴʨʫʸʵ
ʽʭʬʿʴʬʩʰʫʪʨʴ, ʫʨ ʸʵʳʬʲʯʨ ʶʰʸʭʬʲʿʵʼʰʲ ʹʨˆʰʯ ˀʬʴʨˆʭʨ
ʨʫʪʰʲʵʩʸʰʭ ʩʻʴʬʩʸʰʭ ʫʨ ʪʬʵʪʸʨʼʰʻʲ ʶʰʸʵʩʬʩʰʹ ˄ʿʨʲʵʩʰʯ
ʩʬʫʹ ʳˆʵʲʵʫ ʹʭʨʴʬʩʰʹʨʯʭʰʹ ʻʸʪʻʴʬʩʰʨ.

21) ˇʨʭʨˆʰˀʭʰʲʰ. ʽʨʸʯ. ʬʸʰʹ ʰʹʺʵʸʰʨ. ʪʭ. 58; ʪʵʸʪʨ˃ʬ. ʹʨʽʨʸʯʭʬʲʵʹ

ʰʹʺʵʸʰʨ. ʪʭ. 33.
22) ˇʨʭʨˆʰˀʭʰʲʰ. ʽʨʸʯ. ʬʸ. ʰʹʺ. ʪʭ. 45.
23) ʸʵʪʵʸ˂ ʭˆʬʫʨʭʯ, ʶʺʵʲʵʳʬʰʹ ʫʸʵʹ, ʬ. ʰ. ʳʬ-4 ʹ. ʽʸ. ʫʨʩʨʫʬʩʨʳʫʬ,
ʹʭʨʴʬʩʰʹʨ ʫʨ ʱʵʲˆʬʩʰʹ ʴʨʸʬʭʰ ʺʵʳʰ ʨʸʹʬʩʵʩʫʨ ʹʨʳˆʸʬʯˀʰ, ʸʨʹʨ˂ ˀʬʻ˃ʲʰʨ
ʫʨʪʭʨʸ˄ʳʻʴʵʹ, ʸʵʳ ʳʬ-4 ʹ. ʽʸ. ˄ʰʴ ʹʭʨʴʬʩʹ ʳʰʻʺʵʭʬʩʰʨʯ ˀʨʭʰ ʮʾʭʰʹ ʴʨʶʰʸʬʩʰ,
ʱʵʲˆʬʩʰʹ ʪʨʭʲʬʴʰʹ ʽʭʬˀ ʿʵʼʴʨ ʨʽ ʳʿʵʼʹ ʹʭʨʴʬʩʹ ˀʬʳʫʬʪˀʰ ʫʨʻʱʨʸʪʨʭʫʨ ʯʨʭʰʹ
ʹʨˆʬʹ ʫʨ ʪʨʱʵʲˆʫʬʩʵʫʴʬʴ ʫʨ ʨʽʬʫʪʨʴ ˄ʨʸʳʵʹʫʪʬʩʵʫʨ ʰʹʺʵʸʰʱʵʹʬʩʰʹ ʳʰʬʸ
ʳʵˆʹʬʴʬʩʻʲʰ ʹʭʨʴ-ʱʵʲˆʬʩʰʹ ʺʵʳʰˁ.
24) ʭʨˆʻˀʺʰ ʩʨʺʵʴʰˀʭʰʲʰ. ʹʨʽʨʸʯʭʬʲʵʹ ʪʬʵʪʸʨʼʰʨ. ʪʭ. 316.
25) ˇʨʭʨˆʰˀʭʰʲʰ. ʽʨʸʯ. ʬʸ. ʰʹʺ. ʪʭ. 276.
26) ʭʨˆʻˀʺʰ. ʹʨʽ. ʪʬʵʪʸ. ʪʭ. 298.
27) ʩʨʸʨʯʨˀʭʰʲʰ. ʹʨʽ. ʰʹʺ. ʪʭ. 48.
28) ʭʨˆʻˀʺʰ. ʹʨʽʨʸʯʭʬʲʵʹ ʪʬʵʪʸʨʼʰʨ. ʪʭ. 315.
29) ʨʳʨʭʬ ʨʮʸʹ ʪʨʳʵʹʯʽʭʨʳʹ ʨʳ ʹʨʪʨʴʮʬ ʨʪʸʬʯʭʬ ˇʨʴʨˀʭʰʲʰ˂.

74
 30) ʨʳ ʩʵʲʵ ʫʸʵʹ ʹʭʨʴʬʩʳʨ ʫʨʰ˄ʿʬʹ ʹʵˆʻʳʰʹ ʵʲʽˀʰ ʪʨʫʨʹʨˆʲʬʩʨ, ʪʨʿʭʴʬʴ
ʳʯʰʹ ʱʨʲʯʬʩʹ, ʹʵˆʻʳʹ ʳʰʻʨˆʲʵʭʫʴʬʴ ʫʨ ʻʱʭʬ ˃ʭʬʲʰ ʮʬʳʵ ʹʭʨʴʬʯʰʹ ʫʨʹʨʭʲʬʯʰʹ
ʹʨʮʾʭʸʬʩʰ ʨʾʨʫʪʰʴʬʹ.
ʶʲʰʴʰʻʹʰʹ ˂ʴʵʩʰʯʨ˂ ʳʺʱʰ˂ʫʬʩʨ, ʸʵʳ ʳʰʹ ʫʸʵʹ ʹʭʨʴʬʩʹ ʹʨʳʬʪʸʬʲʵʹ
ʫʾʬʭʨʴʫʬʲʰ ʳʰ˄ʨ-˄ʿʲʰʹ ʴʨ˄ʰʲʰ ʬʶʿʸʨʯ. ʳʫ. ˆʵʼʰ ʹʭʨʴʬʯʰʹ ʳʰ˄ʨʮʬ ʫʰʹʵ, ʨʳʩʵʩʹ
ʰʹ.
31) ʨʳʨʭʬ ʨʮʸʰʹ ʨʸʰʨʴ ʨʳ ʹʨʱʰʯˆˀʰ ʴ. ʳʨʸʰ ʫʨ ʰ. ˇʨʭʨˆʰˀʭʰʲʰ.
32) ˃ʭʬʲ ʱʲʨʹʰʱʻʸ ʳ˄ʬʸʲʬʩʰʹ ˂ʴʵʩʬʩʰʯ 300 ˄ʲʰʹ ˄ʰʴʬʯ ʽʸʰʹʺʬʹ ˀʵʩʨʳʫʬ
ʹʭʨʴʬʩʰ ʳʵʹʨˆʲʬʵʩʫʬʴ ʮʬʳʵ ʸʨ˅ʨˀʰǹȅșȈȌȏȍǰșȚȖȘȐȟȏȈȗȐșȒȈȖȉțȗȘȈȊȓDzȈȊȒȈȏȖȔ
Ǻ, ǹȚȘ
33) ˇʨʴʨˀʭʰʲʰ. ʭʨˆʻˀʺʰ ʫʨ ʳʰʹʰ ˀʸʵʳʨ, ʪʭ. 316 ʫʨ 317; ˇʨʭʨˆʰˀʭʰʲʰ. ± ʽʨʸʯ.
ʬʸʰʹ ʰʹʺ. ʪʭ. 88.

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‹ƒ‚‹€ „€

ʨʳʫʬʴˇʬʸ ʨʿʸʰʹʨ, ʳʻʫʳʰʭʰ ʫʬʭʴʰʹʨ ʫʨ ʸʩʬʭʰʹ ˀʬʳʫʬʪ

ʹʭʨʴʬʩʰʹ ʱʻʲʺʻʸʻʲʰ ʫʨ ʬʱʵʴʵʳʰʻʸʰ ʳʫʪʵʳʨʸʬʵʩʨ, ʸʨ ʯʽʳʨ
ʻʴʫʨ, ʯʭʨʲʹʨˁʰʴʵʯ ʫʨʬ˂ʬʳʵʫʨ ʫʨ ʻʱʰʫʻʸʬʹ ˄ʬʸʺʰʲʨʳʫʬ
ʳʰʨʾ˄ʬʭʫʨ, ʸʨʹʨ˂, ʹˆʭʨʯʨ ˀʵʸʰʹ, ˆʬʲʹ ʻ˄ʿʵʩʫʬʴ ʨʪʸʬʯʭʬ
ʹʭʨʴʬʯˀʰ ʨʸʹʬʩʻʲʰ ʪʬʵʪʸʨʼʰʻʲʰ ʫʨ ʩʻʴʬʩʸʰʭʰ ʶʰʸʵʩʬʩʰ.
ʻʪʮʵʵʩʰʹ ʪʨʳʵ ʹʨʳˆʸʬʯʰʫʪʨʴ ʳʨʯ ʩʬʭʸʰ ʨʸʨʼʬʸʰ ˀʬʿʭʬʩʵʫʨʯ
ʹʭʨʴʬʯˀʰ ʫʨ ʭʰʫʸʬ ʳʰ˄ʰʹ ʫʨʳʻˀʨʭʬʩʨʹ ʫʨ ʳʬʻʸʴʬʵʩʨʹ
ʪʨʴʨʭʰʯʨʸʬʩʫʬʴ, ʳʨʴʨʳʫʬ ʫʰʫ ʹʰʾʨʺʨʱʬʹ, ˀʰʳˀʰʲʵʩʨʹ ʫʨ
ʪʨ˅ʰʸʭʬʩʨʹ ʪʨʴʰ˂ʫʰʫʬʴ. ʨʳʨʹ ʱʨʸʪʨʫ ʨʳʺʱʰ˂ʬʩʹ ʨʪʸʬʯʭʬ
ʹʺʸʨʩʵʴʰʹ ˂ʴʵʩʬʩʰ˂, ʸʵʳʲʰʹ ʯʽʳʰʯʨ˂ ʳʰʹ ʫʸʵʹ ʹʭʨʴʬʩʰ
ʩʰʴ˃ʻʸʨʫ ˂ˆʵʭʸʵʩʫʴʬʴ, ʳʨʸʺʵ ʺʿʰʹ ˆʰʲʬʻʲʵʩʰʯ, ʸ˃ʰʯʨ ʫʨ
ʴʨʴʨʫʰʸʬʭʰʹ ˆʵʸ˂ʰʯ ʰʱʭʬʩʬʩʵʫʴʬʴ. ˀʰʳˀʰʲʰʹ ʳ˄ʨʸʬ ʪʨʭʲʬʴʨʹ
ʳʨˀʰʴ, ʬʺʿʵʩʨ, ʰʳ ʮʵʳʨʳʫʬ ʳʰʻʾ˄ʬʭʰʨ, ʸʵʳ ʹʭʨʴʬʩʰ ʺʿʰʹ
ˆʰʲʬʻʲʵʩʰʹ ʪʨʸʫʨ ʰ˃ʻʲʬʩʻʲʰ ʪʨʳˆʫʨʸʨʴ ˀʬˁʭʬʵʫʴʬʴ ʨʪʸʬʯʭʬ
ʩʬʭʸ ʹˆʭʨ ʫʨ ʹˆʭʨ ʳ˂ʬʴʨʸʬʬʩʰʹ ˅ʨʳʨʹ, ʸʵʳʲʬʩʹʨ˂ ʹʭʨʴʬʩʰ ʫʾʬʳʫʰʹ
˅ʨʳʬʴ ʸʵʪʵʸ˂ ˆʰʲʹ, ʳʨʪʨʲʰʯʨʫ ʾʬˈ, ʲʬ˂ʰʸʰ, ʩʻʸʾʭʰ, ˄ʻ˄ʱʨ,
ʱʻ˂, ˁʭʬʳʲʨ, ˁʭʬˁʲʨ, ʳʻʽʻʸʰʲ, ʳʰʴʯʵʸʰ, ʳʻʯˆʭʨʸʰ, ʪʰ˂ʭʸʰʲ,
ʳʻ˂ʨʴʪʰ ʫʨ ʹˆʭ., ʸʵʳʬʲʹʨ˂ ʱʻʲʺʻʸʻʲ ʽʭʬʿʴʰʹ ʱʨ˂ʰ ʶʰʸʹ ʭʬʸ
˄ʨʨʱʨʸʬʩʹ.

75
 ʹʭʨʴʬʯʰʹ ʳʯʬʩˀʰ, ʻʫʨʩʻʸ ʺʿʬʬʩˀʰ ʫʨ ʾʸʬʬʩˀʰ
ʨʻʨʸʬʩʬʲʰ ˇʰˆʭʰ, ʨʸˁʭʰ, ˀʭʬʲʰ, ʫʨʯʭʰ, ʱʭʬʸʴʨ,ʳʪʬʲʰ, ʳʬʲʨ ʫʨ
ʹˆʭʨ ʴʨʫʰʸʰ ʨʸʰʹ. ʸʨ ʯʽʳʨ ʻʴʫʨ, ˃ʭʬʲʨʯ ʪʨ˂ʰʲʬʩʰʯ ʳʬʺʰ
ʰʽʴʬʩʵʫʨ ʫʨ ʳʨʯʮʬ ʴʨʫʰʸʵʩʨʹʨ˂ ʰʳ ʫʸʵʹ, ˂ˆʨʫʰʨ, ʹʭʨʴʬʩʰʹ
ʨʸʹʬʩʵʩʰʹʯʭʰʹ ʯʰʯʽʳʰʹ ʻʳʯʨʭʸʬʹʰ ʳʴʰˀʭʴʬʲʵʩʨ ʬʽʴʬʩʵʫʨ.
ʴʨʴʨʫʰʸʬʭʰ ˆʵʸ˂ʰ ʸʵʳ ʳʨʯʯʭʰʹ ʹʨʻʱʬʯʬʹʵ ʹʨʮʸʫʵʹ
ˀʬʨʫʪʬʴʫʨ, ʬʹ, ʹˆʭʨʯʨ ˀʵʸʰʹ, ʰʽʰʫʪʨʴʨ˂ ʹˁʨʴʹ, ʸʵʳ ʴʨʫʰʸʵʩʨ
ʫʾʬʳʫʬ ʹʭʨʴʬʯˀʰ ʫʰʫ ʹʨʸ˄ʳʻʴʵʬʩʸʰʭ ʴʰʨʫʨʪʮʬʨ ʫʨʳʿʨʸʬʩʻʲʰ.
ʳʯʨ ʨʫʪʰʲʬʩˀʰ ʫʨ ʱʲʫʬʬʩˀʰ ʳʿʵʼ ˇʰˆʭ-ʨʸˁʭʰʹʨ ʫʨ ʹˆʭʨ ʴʨʫʰʸʰʹ
ʾʳʬʸʯʰ˂ ʱʰ ˀʬʻʽʳʴʰʨʯ ʳʨʯ.
ʨʳ ʾʳʬʸʯʹ ʹʭʨʴʬʩʰ ʹʨˆʬʲʨʫ ,,ʫʨʲʹ³ ʻ˄ʵʫʬʩʬʴ. ʳʨʯʰ
˄ʨʸʳʵʫʪʬʴʰʯ, ʬʹ ,,ʫʨʲʰ³ ʲʨʳʨʮʰ, ʳʮʬʯʻʴʨˆʨʭʰ, ʳʻʫʨʳ
ʱʲʫʬʬʩˀʰ ʳʿʵʼʰ, ʵʽʸʵʹ ʴʨ˄ʴʨʭʰʨʴʰ ʽʨʲʰ ʨʸʰʹ.
ʹʭʨʴʬʩʰʹ ˄ʨʸʳʵʫʪʬʴʰʯ ʹʽʬʹʵʩʸʰʭʰ ʳʵʯˆʵʭʴʰʲʬʩʨ ʰʳʨʹʨ˂
ʨʽʭʹ, ʸʨʹʨ˂ ˁʭʬʴ ʪʭʰʳʺʱʰ˂ʬʩʹ ˀʬʳʫʬʪʰ ʹʭʨʴʻʸʰ ʼʬʸˆʻʲʰ
ʹʰʳʾʬʸʬʩʰ ʫʨ ʪʨʫʳʵ˂ʬʳʨʴʰ: ʳʻˀʱʰʫ ʫʨʸˇʬʲʨʴʰ (ʳ˅ʬʫʬʲʰ
ʫʨʸˇʬʲʨʴʰ) ʨʴʻ ʨʳʰʸʨʴʰ, ʫʨʲʰ ʱʵˇʨʹ ˆʬʲʾʭʨʷʨʲʬ (ʫʨʲʰ
ʱʲʫʬˀʰ ʳˀʵʩʰʨʸʵʩʹ) ʫʨ ,,ʩʬʯʽʰʲʰ³
ʳ˅ʬʫʬʲ ʫʨʸˇʬʲʨʴʮʬ ʨʴʻ ʨʳʰʸʨʴʮʬ ʪʨʫʳʵ˂ʬʳʨ
ʳʵʪʭʰʯˆʸʵʩʹ, ʸʵʳ ʬʸʯʹ ʹʵʼʲʰʹ ʯʨʭˀʰ ʨʾʳʨʸʯʻʲ ʫʰʫʰ
ʱʲʫʰʫʪʨʴ ʿʵʭʬʲ˄ʲʰʻʸʨʫ ʹʨʳˇʬʸ ʰʳʰʹʯʨʴʨ ʱʰʭʰʲʰ ʰʹʳʵʫʨ,
ʸʵʳ ʵʸʹʻʲ ʽʨʲʹ, ʳʨʱʬ ˂ˆʬʴʹ, ˃ʸʵˆʨʹ, ʯˆʨʹ ʫʨ ʹˆʭʨ ʶʰʸʻʺʿʭʹ
ʳʻ˂ʬʲˀʰ ˀʭʰʲʹ ʨʸ ʨʸˁʬʴʫʨ, ʳʰ˄ʨ ʫʨ ˆʬ-ʺʿʬ ˀʰˀʰʹʨʪʨʴ ˃ʭʸʨʹ
ʰ˄ʿʬʩʫʬʴ. ʳ˅ʬʫʬʲʳʨ ʫʨʸˇʬʲʨʴʳʨ ʪʨʫʨʹ˄ʿʭʰʺʨ ʨʹʻʲʰʿʵ ʨʳ
ʱʲʫʬʮʬ ʫʨ ʪʨʬʪʵ, ʯʻ ʭʰʴ ʰʿʵ ʽʭʬʿʴʰʹ ʫʨʳʾʻʶʭʬʲʰ. ʳʨʴ ʪʨʨʱʬʯʨ
ʸʱʰʴʰʹ ˇʵˆʬʩʰ, ʨʭʰʫʨ ʱʲʫʬʮʬ, ʸʵʳʬʲʹʨ˂ ʹʨʳˇʬʸ ʸʱʰʴʰʹ ˇʵˆʰ
ˁʨˈʱʸʨ ʫʨ ˀʰʪ ˁʨʹʺʬˆʨ. ˆʵʲʵ ʸʵ˂ʨ ˀʰʪ ˀʬʭʰʫʨ ± ʴʨˆʨ ,,ʫʨʲʰ³
ʫʨʸˇʬʲʨʴʹ ʫʨ ʫʨʲʹ ʬʸʯʳʨʴʬʯʰ ˀʬʻʿʭʨʸʫʨʯ ʫʨ ʫʨʲʰ ʳʨʲʬ
ʫʨʵʸʹʻʲʫʨ. ʫʨʸˇʬʲʨʴʳʨ ʸʵʳ ʱʲʫʬˀʰ ʹʰʨʸʻʲʹ ʳʵʻˆˀʰʸʨ,
˂ʵʲʰ ʫʨʬ˅ʭʰʨʴʫʨ ʫʨ ʬʸʯˇʬʸ ʯʨʭʰʹ ʽʳʨʸʹ ˁʻʳʨʫ ʻʱʨʴ ʪʨˈʿʭʨ.
ʽʳʨʸʰ ʳʨʴ ʫʨʲʯʨʴ ʳ˄ʵʲʰʨʸʬʫ ˀʬʰʹ˄ʸʵ, ʳʰʬʶʨʸʨ ʫʨʲʹ ʫʨ ʵʽʸʵʹ
ʴʨ˄ʴʨʭʰ ʳʵʹ˅ʸʨ. ʫʨʲʳʨ ʸʵʳ ʪʨʳʵʰʾʭʰ˃ʨ, ʳʰˆʭʫʨ, ʸʨ˂ ʫʨʬʳʨʸʯʨ ʫʨ
˃ʨʲʰʨʴ ˀʬ˄ʻˆʫʨ. ʳʨʴ ʹʯˆʵʭʨ ʫʨʸˇʬʲʨʴʹ, ʸʵʳ ʪʨʬ˅ʸʨ ʳʰʹʯʭʰʹ
ʳʻ˂ʬʲʰ, ʰʽʰʫʪʨʴ ˀʭʰʲʰ ʪʨʳʵʬʾʵ, ʱʻʸʵʹ ʺʿʨʭˀʰ ʪʨʬˆʭʰʨ ʫʨ ʰʹʬʯʹ
ʨʫʪʰʲʨʹ ʫʨʬʫʵ, ʹʨʫʨ˂ ʹʨʳʰ ʪʮʨ ʬʸʯʨʯ ʯʨʭʹ ʰʿʸʰʹ. ʫʨʸˇʬʲʨʴʳʨ
ʳʰʹʰ ʩʸ˃ʨʴʬʩʨ ˀʬʨʹʸʻʲʨ ʫʨ ʸʵʫʬʹʨ˂ ʨʳ ʪʮʰʯ ˄ʳ. ʪʰʵʸʪʰ, ʳʰˆʬʰʲ
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ʳʯʨʭʨʸ ʨʴʪʬʲʵʮʰ ʫʨ ʪʨʩʸʰʬʲʰ ʳʰʫʰʵʫʴʬʴ ʩʨʭˀʰʹ ʱʰʭʰʲʰ
ʳʵʬʹʳʨʯ. ʰʹʰʴʰ ʪʨʵ˂ʫʴʬʴ, ʰ˂ʭʴʬʹ, ʸʵʳ ʬʹ ʳʨʯʰ ʴʨʯʬʹʨʭʰʹ ˆʳʨ ʰʿʵ.
ʬʹ ʩʨʭˀʭʰ ʨʰʿʭʨʴʬʹ ʫʨ ʳʰʨʩʨʸʬʹ ʫʨʸˇʬʲʨʴʹ, ʸʵʳʬʲʳʨ˂ ʪʨʮʨʸʫʨ ʫʨ
ʹʨˆʬʲʨʫ ʨʳʰʸʨʴʰ ʫʨʨʸʽʭʨ.
ʼʬʸˆʻʲʰ ʹʰʳʾʬʸʨ ,,ʫʨʲʰ ʱʵˇʨʹ ˆʬʲʾʭʨʷʨʲʬ³³ ʪʭʨʻ˄ʿʬʩʹ,
ʸʵʳ ʫʨʲʹ ʳˀʵʩʰʨʸʵʩʰʹ ʫʸʵʹ ʱʲʫʰʫʨʴ ˀʭʰʲʰ ʪʨʫʳʵʻʭʨʸʫʨ.
ʱʲʫʰʹ ˃ʰʸˀʰ ʳʨʹ ʳʪʬʲʰ ʫʨˆʭʫʨ ± ˄ʨʨʭʲʵ ʱʩʰʲʰ ʫʨ ʺʿʰʹʱʬʴ
ʪʨʨʽʨʴʨ. ʨʳ ʫʸʵʹ ʬʸʯʰ ʳʵʴʨʫʰʸʬ ˀʬʳʯˆʭʬʭʰʯ ʳʰʭʰʫʨ
ʳʵʹʨʹʭʬʴʬʩʲʨʫ ʫʨ ʹʨʹʨʻʮʳʵʫ ʨʳ ʱʲʫʰʹ ˃ʰʸˀʰ. ʳʨʹ ʹʨˀʰʴʬʲʰ
ʱʰʭʰʲʰ ʳʵʬʹʳʨ, ʨʰˆʬʫʨ ʮʬʭʰʯ ʫʨ ʴʨˆʨ ʫʨʲʰ, ʸʵʳʬʲʹʨ˂ ˀʬʬʱʰʯˆʨ,
ʯʻ ʸʨˀʰ ʰʿʵ ʹʨʽʳʬ. ʫʨʲʳʨ ˀʬʹˁʰʭʲʨ ʳʰʮʬʮʰ ʨʹʬʯʰ ʳ˄ʨʸʬ
ʱʰʭʰʲʰʹʨ, ʬ. ʰ. ʳʪʲʰʹ ʳʰʬʸ ˀʭʰʲʰʹ ˄ʨʸʯʳʬʭʨ. ʳʵʴʨʫʰʸʬʳ ʪʨʰˆʬʫʨ
ʺʿʰʹʨʱʬʴ ʫʨ ʴʨˆʨ, ʸʵʳ ʳʪʬʲʹ ʩʨʭˀʭʰ ʳʰˈʿʨʭʫʨ. ʬʹʸʵʲʨ ʯʵʼʰ,
ʳʵʱʲʨ ʳʪʬʲʰ ʫʨ ʫʨʲʹ ˀʭʰʲʰ ʳʰʻʿʭʨʴʨ.
ʪʨˆʨʸʬʩʻʲʳʨ ʫʨʲʳʨ ʳʵʴʨʫʰʸʬ ʫʨʲʵ˂ʨ ʫʨ ʹʨˁʻʽʸʨʫ
ʨʾʻʯʽʭʨ ʿʵʭʬʲ˄ʲʰʻʸʨʫ ʳʨʸʰʨʳʵʩʰʹ ʯʭʬˀʰ ʹʨʳ-ʳʺʱʨʭʲʰʨʴ
ʸʽʬʩʰʹ ʳʽʵʴʬ ʸʭʨ ˇʰˆʭʰʹ ʳʰ˂ʬʳʨʹ, ʩʨʸʩʨʲʵʩʨʹ ˀʭʰʫʰ ˇʰˆʭʰʹ,
ʿʵʭʬʲ ʱʭʰʸʬʩʹ ʯʭʰʯʵ ʨʸˁʭʰʹ, ʫʰʫʰ ˆʴʰʯ ʹʰ˂ʵ˂ˆʲʬʹ ʫʨ ʳʯʬʲʰ
ʳʰʹʰ ˀʯʨʳʵʳʨʭʲʵʩʰʹ ʴʨʫʰʸʵʩʰʹ ʴʰ˅ʰʯ ʫʨˇʰʲʫʵʭʬʩʨʹ.
ʼʬʸˆʻʲʰ ʹʰʳʾʬʸʨ ,,ʩʬʯʽʰʲ³³-ʰ ˁʭʬʴ ʪʭʨ˂ʴʵʩʬʩʹ, ʸʵʳ
ʿʭʬʲʰʬʸʰʹ ʨʾʬʩʰʹ ʱʭʰʸʨʹ, ʸʵʫʬʹʨ˂ ʳʯʬʲʰ ʳʻʲʨˆʰʹ ˆʨʲˆʰ ʹʵʼ.
ʷʨʩʬˀˀʰ ʰʿʭʴʬʴ ʹʨʫʾʬʹʨʹ˄ʨʻʲʵʫ ʯʨʭʳʵʿʸʰʲʰ, ʨʳ ʫʸʵʹ ʨʳ
ʨʫʪʰʲʨʹ ʪʨˁʴʫʨ ˇʰˆʭʰ ʫʨ ʳʬʸʬ ʱʲʫʰʹʱʬʴ ʪʨʰʽ˂ʨ. ʳʨʹ ʻʱʨʴ
ʫʨʬʫʬʭʴʨ ʪʨʴʯʽʳʻʲʰ ʳʵʴʨʫʰʸʬ ʩʬʯʽʰʲʰ, ʸʵʳʬʲʹʨ˂ ˇʰˆʭʰ
ʳʰʻ˃ʾʭʨ ʰʹʬʯʹ ʱʲʫʬˀʰ, ʹʨʫʨ˂ ʳʨʸʺʵ ˂ʨʲʰ ˆʬʲʰʹ ʳʵʹʨʱʰʫʬʩʬʲʰ
ʫʨ ˂ʨʲʰ ʼʬˆʰʹ ʫʨʹʨʫʪʨʳʰ ʨʫʪʰʲʰ ʫʨʸˁʨ. ʨʽ ʩʬʯʽʰʲʹ ʬʻ˄ʿʨ, ʸʵʳ
ʳʨʹ ,,ʫʨʲʳʨ³ ʹʨˀʰʴʬʲʰ ʪʨʴʨˁʬʴʰ ʪʨʳʵʻʺʨʴʨ ʰʳʰʹʯʭʰʹ, ʸʵʳ ʳʨʴ
,,ʫʨʲʹ³ʻʾʨʲʨʺʨ, ʯʭʰʹʰ ʸ˃ʨʲʰ ʯʨʳʨʸʰ ˀʬʰʿʭʨʸʨ ʫʨ ˇʰˆʭʰ˂ ʳʰʹ
ʱʲʫʬˀʰ ʪʨʳʵʹʨʺʿʻʬʩʲʨʫ ʫʨ ʨʽʬʫʪʨʴ ʪʨʫʨʪʫʬʩʰʯ ʫʨʹʨʹˇʬʲʨʫ
ʰʿʵ ʳʰʹʪʨʴ ʪʨʳʵˀʭʬʩʻʲʰ ʫʨ ʹˆʭʨ...
ʹʭʨʴʬʩʹ ʳʯʬʩʰ ʫʨ ʱʲʫʬʬʩʰ ˄ʳʰʴʫʨʴʬʩʰʹ ʨʫʪʰʲʬʩʨʫ
ʳʰʨˁʴʰʨʯ ʫʨ ʨʳʰʺʵʳ ʯʨʭʰʹʰ ʫʨʲʰ˂ ʨʳ ʨʫʪʰʲʬʩˀʰ ʬʪʻʲʬʩʨʯ.
ʨʳʰʹʫʨ ʳʰˆʬʫʭʰʯ ʹʭʨʴʬʩʰ ʹʨʴʨʫʰʸʵʫ ʰʹʬ ʭʬʸ ˄ʨʭʲʬʴ, ʯʻ ʱʰ ʰʳʨˀʰ
ʨʸ ʫʨʸ˄ʳʻʴʫʴʬʴ, ʸʵʳ ʳʰʹ ʵˇʨˆˀʰ ʫʨ ʳʬʮʵʩʲʨʫ ʳʿʵʼ ʽʨʲʹ ʨʴʻ
ʱʨ˂ʹ ʪʨʸʫʨ ˂ʵʲʰʹʨ ʨʴʻ ʽʳʸʰʹʨ ʹˆʭʨʹʯʨʴ ʹʨʽʳʬ ʨʸʨ ˈʽʵʴʰʨʯ ʫʨ
ʨʪʸʬʯʭʬ ʯʻ ʽʨʲʬʩʹ ʯʭʰʻʸʰ ʨʭʨʫʳʿʵʼʵʩʨ ʫʨ ʳˀʵʩʰʨʸʵʩʨ ʨʸʨ
77
ʨʽʭʯ, ˆʵʲʵ ʸʵ˂ʨ ʨʳ ʳˆʸʰʯ ʫʨʩʸʱʵʲʬʩʨ ʨʸ ʬ˃ʲʬʭʨ, ʳʨˀʰʴ
ʪʨʯʬʴʬʩʨʳʫʬ ˁʻʳʨʫ ʳʰʫʰʹ ʹʨʴʨʫʰʸʵʫ, ʳʰʨʽʭʹ ʯʨʴ ʯʨʭʰ ʨʸʨʿʰ,
ʹʨʴʯʬʲʰ, ˀʬʹʨ˄ʰʸʨʭʰ ʶʻʸʰ (,,ʲʬʳʮʻʸʨʲ³
ʳʯʨʮʬ ʿʭʬʲʨ ʨʳʨʹ ˆʬʲˀʰ ʰʱʨʭʬʩʬʴ ʳʵʴʨʫʰʸʬʬʩʰ, ʹʨʴʯʬʲʹ
ʨʴʯʬʩʬʴ ʫʨ ʬˆʭʬ˄ʬʩʰʨʴ ,,ʹʭʬʭʰ ʳʻˈʭʫʰ ʾʬʸʩʨʯ³ ʹʭʬʭʰʹ ʳʰʳ˂ʬʳ
ʾʳʬʸʯʹ), ʬ. ʰ. ʫʨʲʹ ʫʨ ˄ʳʰʴʫʨ ʪʰʵʸʪʰʹ, ʸʵʳ ʳʨʯ ʴʨʫʰʸʵʩʨˀʰ
ʪʨʳʨʸˇʭʬʩʨ ʻ˄ʿʨʲʵʩʵʴ ʫʨ ˀʬʳʫʬʪˀʰ ʨʫʰʨʴ ʹʨʴʨʫʰʸʵʫ
ʱʲʫʬʬʩˀʰ.
ʨʳ ʴʨʫʰʸʵʩʰʹ ʫʸʵʹ ʳʵʴʨʫʰʸʬʳ ʯʻ ʸʨʳʬ ʳʵʱʲʨ, ʳʰʹʯʭʰʹ
ʹʨʭʨʲʫʬʩʻʲʵʨ ʴʨʫʨʭʲʰ ʹʨʰʫʻʳʲʵʫ ʳʰʰʺʨʴʵʹ ʹʨˆʲˀʰ, ʸʵʳ
ʴʨʫʰʸʵʩʨʹ ʨʭʰ ʯʭʨʲʰ ʨʸ ʬ˂ʬʹ. ʴʨʴʨʫʰʸʬʭʰʹ ʯʨʭʰʹ ʴʨˆʭʨ
ʫʬʫʵʩʸʰʭʰ ʹʽʬʹʰʹ ˄ʬʭʸʬʩʹʨ˂ ʨʸ ˀʬʻ˃ʲʰʨʯ. ʸʽʬʩʹ ˆˀʰʸʨʫ
ʹ˄ʰʸʨʭʬʴ ʬʱʲʬʹʰʬʩʹ, ʮʵʪʰʬʸʯ ʹʨʮʵʪʨʫʵʬʩʨˀʰ ʳʵʴʨʫʰʸʬ ʸʵʳ
ʸʨʳʬʹ ʳʵʱʲʨʭʹ, ʳʬʵʸʬ ʫʾʬʹʭʬ ʹʨˆʲˀʰ ʫʨʩʸʻʴʬʩʰʹ ˀʬʳʫʬʪ ʳʰʫʰʹ
ʬʱʲʬʹʰʨˀʰ, ʳʰʨʽʭʹ ʨʸʨʿʰ, ʶʻʸʰ, ʴʨʴʨʫʰʸʬʭʰʹ ˆʵʸ˂ʰ, ʶʨʺʰʷʵʩʹ
ʳʬʮʵʩʲʬʩʹ, ʸʨʯʨ ʳʨʫʲʵʩʨ ˀʬʹ˄ʰʸʵʴ ʾʳʬʸʯʹ (ʫʨʲʹ) ʳʯʬʩʰʫʨʴ
ʪʨʳʨʸˇʭʬʩʻʲʨʫ ʫʨʩʸʻʴʬʩʰʹʨʯʭʰʹ ʫʨ ʹˆʭ...
ʮʬʳʵˆʹʬʴʬʩʻʲʰ ʪʨʸʬʳʵʬʩʨ ˆʬʲʹ ʻ˄ʿʵʩʹ ʰʳ ʲʵʾʰʱʻʸ
ʫʨʹʱʭʴʰʹ ʪʨʳʵʺʨʴʨʹ, ʸʵʳ ʴʨʫʰʸʵʩʨʹ ˃ʭʬʲ ʫʸʵˀʰ ʻʳʯʨʭʸʬʹʰ
ʳʴʰˀʭʴʬʲʵʩʨ ʬʽʴʬʩʵʫʨ ˆʨʲˆʰʹ ʨʸʹʬʩʵʩʰʹʨʯʭʰʹ ʹʭʨʴʬʯˀʰ ʫʨ
ʨʳʰʺʵʳ ʬʱʰʫʬʩʵʫʴʬʴ ʨʹʬʯʰ ʳʵ˄ʰ˄ʬʩʰʯ ʨʳ ʹʨʽʳʬʹ...
ʳʨʪʸʨʳ ʨʫʭʰʲʨʫ ˀʬʰ˃ʲʬʩʨ, ʸʵʳ ʹʭʨʴʬʯˀʰ ʨʸʹʬʩʻʲʰ
ʮʬʳʵˆʹʬʴʬʩʻʲʰ ʽʨʲʾʳʬʸʯʰʹ ,,ʫʨʲʰʹ³ ʯʨʿʭʨʴʰʹʳ˂ʬʳʲʵʩʨ
˄ʨʸʳʵʨʫʪʬʴʫʬʹ ˃ʭʬʲ ʫʸʵˀʰ ± ʼʰʴʰʱʰʨˀʰ, ʹʨʩʬʸ˃ʴʬʯˀʰ ʫʨ ˀʬʳʫʬʪ
ʹʨʽʨʸʯʭʬʲʵˀʰ ʽʨʲʾʳʬʸʯʰʹ ʯʨʿʭʨʴʰʹʳ˂ʬʳʲʵʩʰʹ ʴʨˀʯʹ.
ʨʳ ʽʨʲʾʳʬʸʯʹ ʫʨʹʨˆʬʲʬʩʻʲ ʽʭʬʿʴʬʩˀʰ˂ ʹʨˆʨʭʫʬʴ
ʽʨʲ˄ʻʲʨʫ, ʳʯʬʩˀʰ ʫʨ ʺʿʬʬʩˀʰ ʳʵʩʰʴʨʫʸʬʯ, ʸʵʳʬʲʰ˂
ʳʼʨʸʭʬʲʵʩʨʹ ʻ˄ʬʭʫʨ ʳʵʴʨʫʰʸʬʬʩʹ... ʫʨ ʨʳʰʺʵʳ ʳʰʹʰ ʪʻʲʰʹ
ʳʵʹʨʪʬʩʨʫ ʹʨʳʾʭʯʵʯ ʹ˄ʰʸʨʭʫʬʴ ʨʫʨʳʰʨʴʬʩʹ ʫʨ ʹˆʭ... ʭʰʯʨʸ˂ʨ
ʹʰʳʨʾʲʬʯʨ ʽʨʲʾʳʬʸʯʹ, ʽʨʲʯʨ ʽʨʲ˄ʻʲʵʩʰʹʨ, ˂ʵʲ-ʽʳʸʵʩʰʹʨ ʫʨ
ʮʴʬʵʩʰʹ ʫʨʳ˂ʭʬʲʹ. ʳʰʹʰ ʱʬʸʶʰ ˀʬʳʵʰʺʨʴʨ ʹʨʩʬʸ˃ʴʬʯʰʯ ʳʬʼʬ
ʸʬʭʰʹ (187-213 ˄.) ˂ʵʲʳʨ ʹʬʼʰʲʰʨʳ, ˆʵʲʵ ˀʬʳʫʬʪˀʰ ʳʰʹʰ ʹʨˆʬʲʰʹ
ʹʨʱʬʸʶʵ ʺʨ˃ʨʸʰ ʻʴʫʨ ʿʵʼʰʲʰʿʵ, ˇʨʴʨˀʭʰʲʰʹ ʯʽʳʰʯ, ʹʵʼ. ˂ʨʰˀʹ,
ʹʨʫʨ˂ ʽʸʰʹʺʰʨʴʵʩʰʹ ʷʨʳʹ ʨʨˀʬʴʬʹ ʺʨ˃ʨʸˀʰ ˂ʨʰˀˀʰ 34).
ʨʳʴʨʰʸʨʫ, ʸʵʪʵʸ˂ ʭˆʬʫʨʭʯ, ʼʰʴʰʱʰʨˀʰ ʫʨ ʹʨʩʬʸ˃ʴʬʯˀʰ
ʽʨʲʾʳʬʸʯʰ ʰʯʭʲʬʩʵʫʨ ʹʰʳʨʾʲʬʯʨ ʾʳʬʸʯʨʫ, ʳʵʴʨʫʰʸʬʬʩʰʹ
78
ʳʼʨʸʭʬʲʨʫ, ʳʯʬʩʮʬ ʳʵʩʰʴʨʫʸʬʫ, ˂ʵʲ-ʽʳʸʵʩʰʹ ʫʨ ʮʴʬʵʩʰʹ
ʫʨʳ˂ʭʬʲʨʫ, ʸʵʳʬʲʹʨ˂ ʽʨʲʰʹ ʳʹʪʨʭʹʨʫ ʹʨˆʨʭʫʴʬʴ. ʹʭʨʴʬʯˀʰ˂
ʨʳʪʭʨʸʹʨʭʬ ˄ʨʸʳʵʫʪʬʴʰʹ ʨʸʰʨʴ ʯʨʭʰʹ ,,ʫʨʲʨʫ³ ˄ʵʫʬʩʻʲ
ʽʨʲʾʳʬʸʯʮʬ, ʸʨʹʨ˂ ʳˀʭʬʴʰʭʸʨʫ ʪʭʰʳʺʱʰ˂ʬʩʬʴ ʮʬʳʵˆʹʬʴʬʩʻʲʰ
ʪʨʫʳʵ˂ʬʳʨ ʳ˅ʬʫʬʲ ʫʨʸˇʬʲʨʴʮʬ ʫʨ ʼʬʸˆʻʲʰ ʹʰʳʾʬʸʬʩʰ: ʫʨʲʰ
ʱʲʫʬˀʰ ʳˀʵʩʰʨʸʵʩʹ ʫʨ ʩʬʯʽʰʲʰ.
ʹʨʳˆʸʬʯʰʫʨʴ ʫʬʭʴʰʹ ʫʸʵʹ ʹʭʨʴʬʩʹ, ʬʺʿʵʩʨ, ʬʱʵʴʵʳʰʻʸ
ʹʰʾʨʺʨʱʬʹʯʨʴ ʬʸʯʨʫ ʫʾʬʭʨʴʫʬʲ ʳʨʯ ʹʨʳʱʭʰʫʸʬʩʬʲ ʽʭʬʿʨʴʨˀʰ˂
ˀʬʳʵʿʵʲʰʨʯ ʫʰʫʰ ʱʻʲʺʻʸʨ ʳʨʫʴʬʻʲʵʩʰʹ ʫʨʳʻˀʨʭʬʩʰʹʨ ʫʨ
ʹˆʭʨ ˆʬʲʵʭʴʬʩʰʹʨ, ʸʨʹʨ˂ ʳʱʭʲʬʭʨʸʰ ʪʨʴ˂ʭʰʼʸʬʩʨˀʰ ʳʵˈʿʨʭʹ.
ʰʭʨʴʬ ˇʨʭʨˆʰˀʭʰʲʰ ʳʵʪʭʰʯˆʸʵʩʹ, ʸʵʳ ʳʨʫʴʬʻʲʵʩʬʩʰʹ
ʫʨʳʻˀʨʭʬʩʨˀʰ ˃ʭʬʲ ʫʸʵˀʰ ʽʨʸʯʭʬʲʬʩʹ ʹʨʶʨʺʰʵ ʨʫʪʰʲʰ ʬ˅ʰʸʨʯ
ʫʨ ʫʰʫʰ ʾʭʨ˄ʲʰ ʳʰʻ˃ʾʭʰʯ ʪʨʴʨʯʲʬʩʻʲ ʱʨ˂ʵʩʸʰʵʩʰʹ ˄ʰʴʨˀʬ.
ʪʨʴʹʨʱʻʯʸʬʩʰʯ ʺʻʩʨʲʬʩʰ ʫʨ ʳʬʹˆʬʩʰ ʰʿʭʴʬʴ ʪʨʴʯʽʳʻʲʴʰ
ʯʰʯʩʬʸʰʹ ʫʨʳʻˀʨʭʬʩʰʹ ˆʬʲʵʩʨˀʰ ʫʨ ʹˆʭʨ ʬʸʬʩʹ ʳʨʫʴʬʻʲʵʩʰʹ
ʹʨˆʬʲʬʩʰ ʽʨʸʯʭʬʲʬʩʰʹʨʪʨʴ ʻʴʫʨ ʳʰʬʯʭʰʹʬʩʰʴʨʯ, ʭʰʴʨʰʫʨʴ ʰʹʰʴʰ
ʳʨʸʺʵ ʯʨʭʰʹʨʯʭʰʹ ʱʰ ʨʸ ʨʱʬʯʬʩʫʴʬʴ ʨʳ ʳʨʫʴʬʻʲʵʩʰʹʨʪʨʴ ʹˆʭʨ ʫʨ
ʹˆʭʨ ʹʨ˅ʰʸʵ ʴʰʭʯʬʩʹ ʫʨ ʰʨʸʨʾʬʩʹ, ʨʸʨʳʬʫ ʬʹ ʴʰʭʯʬʩʰ ʪʨˈʽʵʴʫʨʯ
ʨʪʸʬʯʭʬ ʰʹʬʯ ʻ˂ˆʵ ʽʭʬʿʴʬʩˀʰ˂, ʸʵʪʵʸʰ˂ ʨʸʰʹ, ʳʨʪʨʲʰʯʨʫ,
ʺʭʰʸʵʹʰ ʫʨ ʹˆʭʨ, ʸʵʳ ʺʻʩʨʲʬʩʰʹʨ ʫʨ ʳʻʹʱʬʩʰʹ ʳʨʫʴʬʩʰʹ
ʫʨʳʻˀʨʭʬʩʰʹ ʽʬʩʨ ʫʨʩʨʫʬʩʰʹ ʨʭʺʵʸʹʨ˂ ʨʽʭʹ ʳʵˆʹʬʴʬʩʻʲʰ ʫʨ
ʳ˅ʬʫʲʵʩʨʹ ʰʹ ʺʻʩʨʲʬʩʰʹ ʳʵʪʵʴʰʲʨʫ ʹʯʭʲʰʹ, ʸʵʳ ʨʳʨʹʭʬ
ʰʳʬʵʸʬʩʹ ʬʮʬʱʰʬʲʰ ʱʰʫʬʭ ʯʨʭʰʹ ʪʵʫʬʩʨˀʰ ʫʨ ʹˆʭ. 35)
˂ˆʨʫʰʨ, ʹʭʨʴʬʩʰ˂ ʹʨʱʳʨʵʫ ʪʨ˄ʭʸʯʴʰʲʰ ʿʵʼʰʲʨʴ ʨʳ
ˆʬʲʵʩʨˀʰ, ˆʵʲʵ ʨʳ ʱʻʲʺʻʸʻʲʰ ˂ʵʫʴʰʯ ʨʾ˅ʻʸʭʰʲʴʰ ʰʹʰʴʰ
ˀʬʹʻʲʨʴ ʫʾʬʭʨʴʫʬʲ ʹʭʨʴʬʯˀʰ, ʫʨʻ˄ʿʰʨʯ ʰʽ ʳʨʫʴʬʩʰʹ
ʫʨʳʻˀʨʭʬʩʨ ʫʨ ʳʰʹʪʨʴ ʹʭʨʴʬʯˀʰ ʫʾʬʳʫʬ ˀʬʴʨˆʻʲ ʩʬʭʸʴʨʰʸ
˅ʻʸ˅ʲʬʻʲʵʩʰʹ, ʭʬʬʩʬʸʯʬʲʨ ,,ʱʨʸʫʬʲʬʩʰʹ³ 36) ʫʨ ʹˆʭʨ ʨʳʷʨʳʨʫ
ʿʵʭʬʲ˄ʲʰʻʸʨʫ ʳʰ˄ʰʹ ʪʻʲʰʫʨʴ ʨʳʵʾʬʩʻʲ ʹʨʪʴʬʩʰʹ ʪʨʱʬʯʬʩʨ,
ʸʵʳʲʬʩʹʨ˂ ʳʱʭʲʬʭʨʸʰ ʪʨʴ˂ʭʰʼʸʬʩʨˀʰ ʳʵʿʨʭʹ, ʸʨʫʪʨʴʨ˂ ʨʳ
ʹʨʪʴʬʩʰʹ ʹʭʨʴʬʯˀʰ ʿʵʭʲʨʫ ˀʬʻ˃ʲʬʩʬʲʰ ʰʿʵ, ʨʸʨʳ˂ ʯʻ ˃ʭʬʲ
ʫʸʵˀʰ, ʸʵ˂ʨ ʹʸʻʲʰʨʫ ʨʸ ʰʿʵ ʪʮʬʩʰ ʪʨˆʨʮʻʲʰ, ʨʸʨʳʬʫ ʫʾʬʹʨ˂.
˂ˆʨʫʰʨ ʿʭʬʲʨ ʬʹʬʴʰ ʹʭʨʴʬʯˀʰ ʻʴʫʨ ʿʵʼʰʲʰʿʵ ʪʨʱʬʯʬʩʻʲʴʰ.
ʹʭʨʴʬʯˀʰ ʸʵʳ ˃ʭʬʲʨʫ ʳʨʫʴʬʩʹ ʴʨˆʻʲʵʩʫʴʬʴ ʫʨ ʨʳ
ʳʨʫʴʬʩʰʹ ʫʨʹʨʳʻˀʨʭʬʩʬʲʰ ʽʨʸˆʴʬʩʰ ʨʸʹʬʩʵʩʫʴʬʴ, ʨʳʨʹ ˀʬʳʫʬʪʰ

79
ʰʹʺʵʸʰʻʲʰ ˂ʴʵʩʬʩʰ ʫʨ ʳʬ˂ʴʰʬʸʬʩʰʹ ʳʰʬʸ ˇʬʸ ˆʬʲˀʬʻˆʬʩʬʲʰ,
ʹʭʨʴʬʯˀʰ ʨʳʷʨʳʨʫ ʨʾʳʵˁʬʴʰʲʰ ʹʨʩʻʯʬʩʰ ʨˀʱʨʸʨʫ ʨʳʺʱʰ˂ʬʩʬʴ:
ʪʨʳʵˁʬʴʰʲʰ ʩʰʮʨʴʺʰʬʲʰ ʪʬʵʪʸʨʼʰ ʹʺʸʨʩʵʴʰ, ʹˆʭʨʯʨ
ˀʵʸʰʹ, ʹ˄ʬʸʹ: ,,ʹʭʨʴʬʩʰ ʹ˂ˆʵʭʸʵʩʬʴ ʱʨʭʱʨʹʰʵʴʰʹ ʳ˄ʭʬʸʭʨʲʬʩʮʬ
ʫʰʵʹʱʻʸʰʰʹ ʮʬʳʵʫ, ʨʳ ʽʭʬʿʴʰʹ ʳʯʰʹ ʴʨʱʨʫʻʲˀʰ ʨʸʰʹ ʵʽʸʵ,
ʸʵʳʬʲʹʨ˂ ʰʾʬʩʬʴ ˃ʰʸʫʨˁˆʭʲʬʺʰʲʰ ʱʨʹʸʬʩʰʯʨ ʫʨ ʹʨ˄ʳʰʹʬʩʰʯ ±
ʨʳʰʹ ʪʨʳʵ, ʨʲʩʨʯ, ˄ʨʸʳʵʹʫʪʨ ʯʭʰʯ ʪʨʫʳʵ˂ʬʳʨ ʵʽʸʵʹ ʹʨ˄ʳʰʹʰʹ
ˀʬʹʨˆʬʩʵ³ ʫʨ ʹˆʭ... ˆʵʲʵ ʶʲʰʴʰʻʹʰʹ ʯʽʳʰʯ, ʬʪʭʰʶʺʰʹ ʳʬʼʬ
ʹʬʮʵʹʺʸʰʹʰʹ ʳʵʪʮʨʻʸʵʩʨʹ ʱʵʲˆʰʫʨˀʰ, ʫʨ ʨʮʵʴʰʹ ʳʬʯʨʻʸʵʩʰʯ
ʨʸʪʵʴʨʭʺʬʩʰʹ ˀʬʳʵʹʭʲʨʹ ʬʸʯʰ ʫʨ ʰʪʰʭʬ ʵʽʸʵʹʳʨʺʿʲʵʭʨʴ ʭʬʸ˃ʰʹ
ˆʬʲˀʰ ˁʨʪʫʬʩʨ ʬʫʭʨ ʹʨʼʻ˃ʭʲʨʫʵ, ˆʵʲʵ ʳʰʹʰ ʳʼʲʵʩʬʲʴʰ ʱʰ ʨʳ
ʫʸʵʹ ʰʿʭʴʬʴ: ,,ʹʭʨʴ-ʱʵʲˆʬʩʰ ʫʨ ʨʸʨ ʬʪʭʰʶʺʬʲ-ʱʵʲˆʬʩʰʵ³ʫʨ ʹˆʭ.
ʪʨʸʫʨ ʨʳʰʹʨ, ʶʲʰʴʰʻʹʰ ʹ˄ʬʸʹ ʱʰʫʬʭ: ,,ʨʳʩʵʩʬʴ, ʸʵʳ ʱʵʲˆʬʯʰʹ
ʳʬʼʬʫ ʰʿʵ ʹʨʭʯʨʱʰ, ʨʰʬʯʰʹ ˀʯʨʳʵʳʨʭʨʲʰ. ʨʳʨʴ ʹʭʨʴʯʨ ʽʭʬʿʴʰʫʪʨʴ
ʩʬʭʸʰ ʵʽʸʵ ʫʨ ʭʬʸ˂ˆʲʰ ʪʨʳʵʰʾʵ. ʹʭʨʴʯʨ ˆʬʲʵʩʨʨ ʵʽʸʵʹ
ʳʨʫʴʬʩʰʹ ʫʨʳʻˀʨʭʬʩʨʵ, ʨʳʰʹ ʪʨʸʫʨ, ʬʹ ʽʭʬʿʨʴʨ ˂ʴʵʩʰʲʰʨ ʱʰʫʬʭ
ʵʽʸʵʹ ʹʨ˄ʳʰʹʰʹ ʨʳʩʰʯ, ʨʪʸʬʯʭʬ ʳʵʯˆʸʵʩʰʯ ˀʬʹʨˆʬʩ ʵʽʸʵʹ
ʱʨʳʨʸʨʫʬʩʰʹʨ, ʭʬʸ˂ˆʲʰʹ ʱʵ˅ʨʱʬʩʰʹʨ ʫʨ ʹʭʬʺʬʩʰʹʨ, ʸʵʳʬʲʰ˂ ʨʳ
ʳʬʼʬʳ ˄ʨʨʸʯʭʨ ʬʪʭʰʶʺʰʹ ʼʨʸʨʵʴʹ ʹʬʮʵʹʺʸʰʹʹ³ʫʨ ʹˆʭ. 37).
ʹʨʳ˄ʻˆʨʸʵʫ ʹʭʨʴʬʯʰ ʳʬ˂ʴʰʬʸʻʲʨʫ ˇʬʸ ʱʰʫʬʭ
ˀʬʻʹ˄ʨʭʲʬʲʰ ʫʨ ʪʨʳʵʻʱʭʲʬʭʬʲʰʨ ʫʨ ʨʳʰʺʵʳʨ˂ ʨʳ ʱʻʯˆʰʹ ʩʬʭʸʰ
ʰʹʬʯʰ ʨʫʪʰʲʬʩʰ, ʹʨʫʨ˂ ʳʸʨʭʨʲʰ ˁʭʬʴʰ ˃ʭʬʲʰ ʱʻʲʺʻʸʰʹ,
ˆʬʲʵʭʴʬʩʰʹ ʫʨ ʹʰʳʫʰʫʸʰʹ ʹʨʻʱʬʯʬʹʵ ʴʨˀʯʬʩʰʨ ʫʨʳʨʸˆʻʲʰ,
ʫʾʬʳʫʬ ˆʬʲˀʬʻˆʬʩʬʲʰ ʫʨ ʩʻʸʻʹˀʰ ʪʨˆʭʬʻʲʰ ʸˁʬʩʰʨʴ ʫʨ
ʨʳʰʺʵʳʨ˂ ʨʸʰʹ, ʸʵʳ ʹʺʸʨʩʵʴʰʹʨ ʫʨ ʶʲʰʴʰʻʹʰʹ ʮʬʳʵˆʹʬʴʬʩʻʲʰ
˃ʭʰʸʼʨʹʰ ˂ʴʵʩʬʩʰ ʹʭʨʴʬʯʰʹ ˀʬʹʨˆʬʩ ʯʰʯʽʳʰʹ ʲʬʪʬʴʫʨʸʻʲ ʨʴʻ
ʮʾʨʶʸʻʲ ʯʽʳʻʲʬʩʬʩʨʯ ʳʰʨˁʴʰʨʯ ʹʭʨʴʬʯʰʹ ʳʱʭʲʬʭʨʸʯ, ʳʨʪʸʨʳ
ʫʾʬʹ ʱʰ ʳʨʯ ʼʨʹʰ ʻʴʫʨ ʫʨʬʫʭʨʹ, ʭʰʴʨʰʫʨʴ ʻʱʭʬ ʯʨʭʰ ʰˁʰʴʨ
ʳʸʨʭʨʲʳʨ ʹʨʩʻʯʳʨ ʰʳʰʹ ʫʨʹʨʳʺʱʰ˂ʬʩʲʨʫ, ʸʵʳ ʨʳ ʰʹʺʵʸʰʱʵʹʬʩʹ
ˁʭʬʴʯʭʰʹ ʻʺʿʻʨʸ ʼʨʽʺʬʩʮʬ ʫʨʳʿʨʸʬʩʻʲʰ ˂ʴʵʩʬʩʰ
ʫʨʻʺʵʭʬʩʰʨʯ, ʸʨʹʨ˂ ʴʨʯʬʲʹ ˈʼʬʴʬʴ ʹʭʨʴʬʯˀʰ ʿʵʭʬʲ˄ʲʰʻʸʨʫ
ʴʨˆʻʲʰ ʰʹ ʴʨˀʯʬʩʰ, ʸʵʳʬʲʯʨ ʳʰˆʬʫʭʰʯʨ˂ ʨʫʭʰʲʨʫ ˀʬʰ˃ʲʬʩʨ
ʰʯʽʭʨʹ, ʸʵʳ, ʸʵʪʵʸ˂ ʪʨʫʳʵʪʭ˂ʬʳʹ ʹʺʸʨʩʵʴʰ, ʯʭʰʯ ʪʨʫʳʵ˂ʬʳʨ
ʵʽʸʵʹ ʭʬʸ˃ʮʬ ʰʿʵʹ ˄ʨʸʳʵʳʫʪʨʸʰ ʰʳ ʳʨʺʿʲʵʭʨʴʰ ʺʿʨʭʬʩʰʹʨʪʨʴ,
ʸʵʳʬʲʯʨ ʹʨˀʻʨʲʬʩʰʯʨ˂ ʳʯʰʹ ʴʨʱʨʫʻʲʬʩʰʫʨʴ ʹʭʨʴʬʩʰ ʵʽʸʵʹ
ʰʾʬʩʫʴʬʴ ʫʨ ʹˆʭ...
80
 ˆʵʲʵ ʹʭʨʴʬʯʰʹ ʳʫʰʴʨʸʬʬʩʹ ʸʵʳ ʬʸʯ ʫʸʵʹ ʳʨʸʯʲʨ˂
ʵʽʸʵʹ ʽʭʰˀʨ ˁʨʳʵˈʽʵʴʫʨʯ ʫʨ ʳʸʨʭʨʲʴʨʰʸʰ ʳʨʫʴʬʻʲʵʩʬʩʰʹ
ʫʨʳʻˀʨʭʬʩʨ ʹʭʨʴʬʯˀʰ ʹ˄ʨʸʳʵʬʩʫʨ ʨʳ ʫʸʵʹ, ʨʳʰʹ ʫʨʹʨʳʺʱʰ˂ʬʩʬʲʳʨ
ʹʨʩʻʯʬʩʳʨ, ʸʵʪʵʸ˂ ʨʸʰʹ ʻʱʭʬ ʴʨʯʽʭʨʳʰ, ʳʸʨʭʲʨʫ ʰˁʰʴʨ ʯʨʭʰ.
ʮʬʳʵ ʹʭʨʴʬʯˀʰ (ˁʻʩʬˆʬʭʰʹ ʹʨʮʵʪʨʫʵʬʩʨˀʰ) ʳʫʰʴʨʸʬ
ʴʬʴʹʱʸʨʹ (˅ʭʰʩʸʻʲʫʰʹ) ˆʬʵʩʨˀʰ ʳʫʬʩʨʸʬ ʻʫʨʩʻʸ ʺʿʬʬʩʰʯ ʫʨ
ʼʰ˅ʭ-ʴʨ˃ʭʴʨʸʰʯ ʫʨʼʨʸʻʲ ʨʫʪʰʲʹ ʽʭʰʨ ,,˅ʭʰʩʬʸ³-ʰ. ʬʹ ʱʻʯˆʬ ʳʬ-
15 ʹ. ʬʱʻʯʭʴʵʫʨ ʹʭʨʴʬʯʰʹ ʪʲʬˆʱʨ˂ʵʩʨʹ, ʳʬʸʬ ʯʨʭʨʫ ʳʻʸʮʨʿʨʴ
(ʱʵʴʹʺʨʴʺʰʴʬ) ʫʨʫʬˀʽʬʲʰʨʴʰʹ ʳʰʬʸ 1857 ˄. 22 ʵʽʺ. ʽʻʯʨʰʹʰʹ
ʪʻʩʬʸʴʨʺʵʸʰʹ ʪʨʪʨʸʰʴʰʹ ʳʵʱʭʲʨʳʫʬ ʫʨʫʬˀʽʬʲʰʨʴʬʩʹ, ˆʵʲʵ
ʨʳʰʹ ˀʬʳʫʬʪ ˆʨʮʰʴʨʹ.
ʨʳ ʨʫʪʰʲʹ ˀʻʨʮʬʫ ˈʿʵʼʹ ʰʳ ʫʵʴʪʻʮ-ʵʸʻʴʰʹ
ʳʿʰʴʭʨʸʬʩʰʫʨʴ ʳʵʳʫʰʴʨʸʬ ˄ʿʨʲʰ ʴʬʴʹʱʸʨ, ʸʵʳʬʲʹʨ˂ ʹʭʨʴʬʩʰ
˅ʭʰʩʸʻʲʫʹ ʬ˃ʨˆʰʨʴ. ʨʳ ʱʻʯˆʬˀʰ ˃ʭʬʲʨʫ ˆʨʲˆʰ ʨʸ ʹ˂ˆʵʭʸʵʩʫʨ,
ʳʨʪʸʨʳ ʫʨʨˆʲʵʭʬʩʰʯ 1890 ˄ʲʰʫʪʨʴ ˁʻʩʬˆʬʭʰʹʨ ʫʨ ˀʬʳʫʬʪ ʼʨʸʰʹ
ʹʨʮ. ʪʲʬˆʱʨ˂ʵʩʨʳ ʫʨʰ˄ʿʵ ʰʽ ʫʨʹʨˆʲʬʩʨ, ʺʿʬʬʩʰʹʨʪʨʴ ʨʫʪʰʲʬʩʰʹ
ʪʨ˄ʳʬʴʫʨ, ʿʨʴʬʩʰʹ ʪʨʱʬʯʬʩʨ ʫʨ ʳʰ˄ʰʹ ʫʨʳʻˀʨʭʬʩʨ, ʸʨʳʨ˂ ʳʰʹ˂ʨ ʳʨʯ
ʹʨʹʻʸʭʬʲʰ ˀʬʫʬʪʬʩʰ ʫʨ ʨʳʷʨʳʨʫ ʬʹ ʱʻʯˆʬ ˄ʨʸʳʵʨʫʪʬʴʹ 120
ʳʵʹʨˆʲʰʹʨʪʨʴ ˀʬʳʫʪʨʸ, ʳʰ˄ʰʹ ʴʨʿʵʼʰʬʸʬʩʰʹ ˄ʿʨʲʵʩʰʯ ʳʫʰʫʨʸʹ
ʹʵʼʬʲʹ. ʿʵʭʬʲ˄ʲʰʻʸʨʫ ʨʽ ˆʭʴʰʹ ʫʸʵʹ ʿʨʴʬʩˀʰ, ˆʵʲʵ ʺʿʬʬʩˀʰ
ʳʻˀʨʵʩʰʹʨ ʫʨ ʳʵʪʮʨʻʸʵʩʰʹ ʫʸʵʹ ʨʫʪʰʲʵʩʸʰʭʰ ʳʱʭʰʫʸʴʰ
ʴʨˆʻʲʵʩʬʴ ʨʻʨʸʬʩʬʲ ʵʽʸʵʹ, ʭʬʸ˂ˆʲʰʹ, ʯʰʯʩʸʰʹ ʼʻʲʬʩʹ ʫʨ
ʴʰʭʯʬʩʹ, ʳʨʫʴʬʩʰʹ ʫʨʹʨʳʻˀʨʭʬʩʬʲ ˀʬʴʵʩʬʩʰʹ ʴʨʴʪʸʬʭʬʩʹ ʫʨ
ʰʨʸʨʾʬʩʹ, ʫʨʳʻˀʨʭʬʩʻʲʹʨ, ʫʨʳʮʨʫʬʩʻʲʹʨ ʫʨ ʫʨʻʳʻˀʨʭʬʩʬʲ
ʳʨʹʨʲʬʩʹ ʫʨ ʹˆʭ..
ʶʰʸʭʬʲʨʫ ˆʭʴʰʹ ʫʸʵʹ ʨʽ ʳʰ˄ʨˀʰ ʴʨˆʨ ʩʲʵʳʨʯ ʵʽʸʵʹ
ʼʻʲʬʩʰ ʨʫʪʰʲʵʩʸʰʭʳʨ ʳʱʭʰʫʸʳʨ ʴʨʭʲʨʫ ʭʰʩʲʰʨʴʳʨ, ʳʨʪʸʨʳ ʨʳ
˃ʭʰʸʼʨʹ ʨʸʽʬʵʲʵʪʰʻʸ ʴʨˀʯʬʩʹ, ʼʨʹʰʹ ʻ˂ʵʫʰʴʨʸʵʩʰʹ ʪʨʳʵ, ʬʹ
ʿʸʻ ʹʭʨʴʰ ʰʹʬ ʳʵʬʶʿʸʨ, ʸʵʪʵʸ˂ ʳʨʳʨʲʰ ʳʨʸʪʨʲʰʺʰʹ ʳʨʸ˂ʭʨʲʹ ʫʨ
ʳʨʲʬ ʰʹʰʴʰ ˁʨʻʪʫʵ ˆʬʲˀʰ ʳʻʽʯʨʫ ʮʵʪʰ ʹʭʨʴʬʯˀʰ ʳʵʭʨ˅ʸʬ
ʹʵʳˆʬʩʹ, ʮʵʪʰ ʯʨʯʸʬʩʹ ʫʨ ʹˆʭ.
ʳʨʹ ˀʬʳʫʬʪ ʨʹʬʯʰ ʼʻʲʬʩʰ ʴʨˆʨ ʺʿʬˀʰ ʳʻˀʨʵʩʰʹ ʫʸʵʹ ʹ.
ʳʨʸˆˀʰ ʬʸʯʰ ʫʰʫʰ ʽʭʰʹ ʽʭʬˀ ʳʬʵʸʬ ʹʭʨʴʳʨ ʰʭʨʴʬ ʫʬʭʫʬʸʰʨʴʳʨ,
ʳʨʪʸʨʳ ʰʳʨʴʨ˂ ʨʹʬ ʻʯʨʭʩʵʲʵʫ ʪʨʼʲʨʴʪʨ ʳʨʲʬ ʬʹ ʹʰʳʫʰʫʸʬ.
ʬʹ ʼʻʲʬʩʰ ʰʿʵ ʪʨʿʵʼʰʲʰ ʹʨʳ ʱʨʺʬʪʵʸʰʨʫ. ʬʸʯʮʬ ʰʿʵ
ʫʨˆʨʺʻʲʰ ʬʸʯʰʹ ʳˆʸʰʯ ʸʨˀʰ, ʸʵʳʬʲʹʨ˂ ʱʰʹʬʸˀʰ ʰʹʨʸʰ ʨʽʭʹ
81
ʪʨʿʸʰʲʰ, ˆʵʲʵ ʳʨʸˇʭʬʴʨ ʼʬˆʮʬ ʨʾʳʵ˂ʬʴʬʩʻʲʰʨ ʶʻʸʰʹ
ʳʨʸ˂ʭʨʲʰ. ʳʬʵʸʬ ʪʭʬʸʫʮʬ ʱʰ ʫʨˆʨʺʻʲʰʨ ʱʨ˂ʰʹ ʯʨʭʰ ʬʱʲʰʹ
ʪʭʰʸʪʭʰʴʰʯ ˀʬʳʱʵʩʰʲʰ (ʶʵʴʺʰʱʨʶʬʰʱʨȗȖȕȚȐȒȖȗȍȑȒȈ
ʳʬʵʸʬ ʼʻʲʮʬ ʬʸʯʰʹ ʳˆʸʰʯ ʨʸʰʹ ʫʨˆʨʺʻʲʰ ʨʲʬʽʹʨʴʫʸʬ
ʳʨʱʬʫʵʴʬʲʰʹ ʯʨʭʰ, ˆʵʲʵ ʳʬʵʸʬ ʪʭʬʸʫʮʬ ʨʴʪʬʲʵʮʰʹ ʽʭʬˀ
ʩʬʸ˃ʴʻʲʰ ˄ʨʸ˄ʬʸʨ: ,,ʨʲʬʽʹʨʴʫʸ³
ʳʬʹʨʳʬ ʼʻʲʮʬ ʫʨˆʨʺʻʲʰʨ: ʱʨ˂ʰ ʶʻʸʰʹ ʳʨʸ˂ʭʲʰʯ ˆʬʲˀʰ.
ʳʬʵʸʬ ʪʭʬʸʫʮʬ ʨʽʭʹ ˄ʨʸ˄ʬʸʨ: ,,ʱʬʸˁ³
ʸʵʪʵʸ˂ ʰʸʱʭʬʭʨ, ʮʬʳʵˆʹʬʴʬʩʻʲʰ ʴʨʭʲʨʫ ʭʰʩʲʰʨʴʰ
ʴʨʫʰʸʵʩʰʹ ʫʸʵʹ ʹʨʫʾʨ˂ ʻʫʨʩʻʸ ʺʿʬˀʰ ʹʸʻʲʰʨʫ ˀʬʳʯˆʭʬʭʰʯ
˄ʨʨ˄ʿʫʨ ʯʻʸʳʬ ʨʪʸʬʯʭʬ ʰʹʬʯ ˀʬʴʵʩʨʹ, ʸʵʳʲʰʹ ˀʬʳˁʴʬʭʨ˂ ˃ʴʬʲʰʨ,
ʭʰʴʨʰʫʨʴ ʰʹ ʫʨʼʨʸʻʲʰ ʿʵʼʰʲʨ ʳʰ˄ʰʯʨ ʫʨ ˆʨʭʹʰʯ ʹʰ˃ʭʬʲʰʹ
ʪʨʳʵ. ʨʳ ˀʬʴʵʩʨˀʰ ʳʨʹ ʻʴʫʨ ʬʴʨˆʨ ʩʬʭʸʰ ʵʽʸʵʹ ʼʻʲʰ, ʵʽʸʵʹ ʹʱʨʳʰ,
ʩʬʭʸʰ ʹˆʭʨʫʨʹˆʭʨ ʵʽʸʵʹ ʰʨʸʨʾʬʩʰ, ʴʰʭʯʬʩʰ, ʵʽʸʵʹ ʭʬʸ˃ʰ ʫʨ
ʨʳʰʺʵʳʨ˂ ʰʹ ʬʱʲʬʹʰʨʯ ʳʰʻʾʰʨ. ʰʹ ʵʽʸʵʹ ʼʻʲʬʩʰ, ʸʵʳʲʬʩʰ˂ ʳʨʹ
ʽʵʴʫʨ, ʻʴʫʨ ʿʵʼʰʲʰʿʭʴʬʴ ± ʮʵʪʰ ʳʰ˄ʨˀʰ ʴʨˆʻʲʰ, ʮʵʪʰ˂ ʨʳ
,,ʬʱʲʬʹʰʰʫʪʨʴ³ʪʨʳʵʺʨʴʰʲʰ.
ʨʳʰʹ ˀʬʳʫʬʪ ʨʸ ʪʨʹʻʲʨ ʬʸʯʰ ʯʭʬ ʫʨ ʳʨʹ ʫʨʬˆʵ˂ʨ ˂ʵʲ-
ˀʭʰʲʰ, ˂ˆʬʴʰ, ˆʨʸʰ, ˃ʸʵˆʨ ʫʨ ʹˆʭʨ ʶʰʸʻʺʿʭʰ. ʹʭʨʴʳʨ ʨʹʬʯʰ
ʻʩʬʫʻʸʬʩʰʹ ʳʵʭʲʰʴʬʩʨ ʫʨ ʳ˃ʰʳʬʯ ʫʨʹˇʨ ʳʰʨ˄ʬʸʨ ,,ʬʱʲʬʹʰʰʫʪʨʴ³
ʴʰʭʯʬʩʰʹʨ ʫʨ ʼʻʲʬʩʰʹ ʪʨʳʵʺʨʴʨʹ ʫʨ ʸʵʳ ʨʹʬʯʰ ʾʭʯʰʹ
ʪʨ˄ʿʸʵʳʰʹʨ ʫʨ ʸʰʹˆʭʰʹʨʪʨʴ ʳʨʹ ʯʨʭʰ ʫʨʬˆ˄ʰʨ, ʿʭʬʲʨ ʬʹ ʴʰʭʯʬʩʰ
(ʸʨ˂ ʪʨʿʰʫʻʲʰ ʨʸ ʽʵʴʫʨ) ʬʱʲʬʹʰʨʹ ʫʨʻʩʸʻʴʨ, ˆʵʲʵ ˁʨʫʬʴʰʲ
˂ʵʫʭʬʩʰʹ ʳʵʹʨʴʨʴʰʬʩʲʨʫ ʫʨ ʾʭʯʰʹ ʪʻʲʰʹ ʳʵʹʨʪʬʩʨʫ ʳʨʴ
ʨʾʻʯʽʭʨ ʾʳʬʸʯʹ ʿʵʭʬʲ˄ʲʰʻʸʨʫ ʬʸʯʰ ˆʨʸʰʹ ʳʹˆʭʬʸʶʲʨʫ
ˀʬ˄ʰʸʭʨ. ʨʳʰʹ ˀʬʳʫʬʪ ʹʭʨʴʳʨ ʯʨʭʰʹʰ ʹʨʰʫʻʳʲʵ ʨʸʨʭʰʹ ʪʨʻʮʰʨʸʨ ±
ʰʹʬ ˁʨʭʰʫʨ ʹʨʼʲʨʭˀʰ.
1910 ˄ʬʲʹ ˅ʭʰʩʬʸˀʰ, ʹʵʼʬʲ ʳʨʸˆˀʰ, ˆʭʴʰʹ ʫʸʵʹ, ʳʰ˄ʰʹ
ʽʭʬˀ ʨʾʳʵʨˁʰʴʬʹ ʪʲʬˆʬʩʳʨ ʽʭʰʹ ˀʬʴʵʩʨ, ʸʵʳʬʲʰ˂ ʹʨʭʹʬ ʰʿʵ
ʹˆʭʨʫʨʹˆʭʨ ʲʰʯʵʴʰʹ ˁʨʽʻˁʬʩʰʯ, ʳʨʪʸʨʺʲʬʩʰʯ, ʰʨʸʨʾʰʯ ʫʨ ʹˆʭʨ
ʴʰʭʯʬʩʰʯ. ʹˆʭʨʯʨ ˀʵʸʰʹ ʨʳ ˀʬʴʵʩʨˀʰ ʴʨˆʬʹ ʨʪʸʬʯʭʬ ʲʬʱʻʸʰ ʫʨ
ʱʨʴʳʵʳ˄ʭʨʸʰ ʶʻʸʰʹ ˆʵʸʩʨʲʰ 38), ˆʵʲʵ ʰʳʰʹ ʨˆʲʵ-ʳʨˆʲʵ
ʳʫʬʩʨʸʬ ʨʫʪʰʲʬʩˀʰ ʿʵʭʬʲ˄ʲʰʻʸʨʫ ʨʫʪʰʲʵʩʸʰʭʰ ʳʱʭʰʫʸʴʰ
ʳʻˀʨʵʩʰʹ ʫʸʵʹ ʴʨˆʻʲʵʩʫʴʬʴ ʩʬʭʸ ʹˆʭʨʫʨʹˆʭʨ ʩʸʰʴˇʨʵʹ,
ʵʽʸʵʹʨ ʫʨ ʭʬʸ˂ˆʲʰʹ ʴʰʭʯʬʩʹ, ʰʨʸʨʾʬʩʹ, ʳ˃ʰʭʬʩʹ ʫʨ

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ˁʨʳʵʹʨʹˆʳʬʲʨʫ ʫʨʳʮʨʫʬʩʻʲ ʵʽʸʵʹ ʼʻʸ˂ʲʬʩʹ, ʸʵʳʲʬʩʰʹʪʨʴʨ˂
ʨʫʪʰʲʵʩʸʰʭʰ ʳ˅ʬʫʲʬʩʰ ʩʬ˅ʫʬʩʹ ʨʱʬʯʬʩʫʴʬʴ.
1913 ˄ʬʲʹ ʨʳ ʨʫʪʰʲʰʫʨʴ ʹʨʳʰ ʭʬʸʹʰʹ ʳʨʴ˃ʰʲʮʬ ʹʨʲʰʩʬ
ʽʨʲʫʨʴʳʨ ʴʨˆʨ ʩʬʭʸʰ ʴʰʭʯʬʩʰ ʫʨ ʳʨʯ ˀʵʸʰʹ ʭʬʸ˂ˆʲʰʹ ʼʻʲʰ,
ʸʵʳʬʲʮʬʫʨ˂ ʬˆʨʺʨ ʯʬʭʮʰ ʨʸ˄ʰʭʰʹ ʩʸ˅ʿʨʲʬʩˀʰ ʫʨ ʹˆʭ... ˆʵʲʵ
ʳʬʵʸʬ ʹʭʨʴʳʨ ˆʨʸʰʹ ʶʨʺʨʸʨ ʵʽʸʵʹ ʯʨʭʰ. ʨʹʬʯʳʨ ʹʨʿʻʸʨʫʾʬʩʵ
ʳʵʭʲʬʴʬʩʳʨ ˁʬʳˀʰ ʪʨʨʾʭʰ˃ʬʹ ʹʻʸʭʰʲʰ ʶʰʸʨʫʨʫ ʳʬʴʨˆʨ ʫʨ
ʫʨʳʬʯʭʨʲʰʬʸʬʩʰʴʨ ʬʹ ʨʸʽʬʵʲʵʪʰʻʸʰ ʱʻʯˆʬ, ʨʫʪʰʲʵʩʸʰʭʨʫ
ʪʨʭ˂ʴʵʩʵʫʰ ʿʭʬʲʨ ʹʨʩʻʯʬʩʹ ʫʨ ʨʳʰʺʵʳ ˄ʨʭʬʫʰ ʹʵʼ. ˅ʭʰʩʬʸˀʰ,
ʹʨʫʨ˂ ʹʨʽʳʰʹ ʫʨʱʭʰʸʭʬʩʨʳ ʯʭʨʲ˄ʰʴ ʪʨʫʨʳʰˀʨʲʨ ˀʬʳʫʬʪʰ ʹʻʸʨʯʰ:
ʳʫ. ˅ʭʰʩʸʻʲʫʨʹ ˆʬʵʩʨˀʰ ʨʸʰʹ ʳʵʯʨʭʹʬʩʻʲʰ ʮʬʳʵˆʹʬʴʬʩʻʲʰ
ʹʵʼʬʲʰ ˅ʭʰʩʬʸʰ, ʸʵʳʬʲʹʨ˂ ʬʹ ʳʫʰʴʨʸʬ ˀʻʨʮʬ ˈʿʵʼʹ. ʳʰʹ
ʳʨʸ˂ˆʬʴʨ ʴʨʶʰʸʮʬ ʹʵʼ. ʳʨʸˆʰʹ ˁʸʫʰʲʵʬʯʰʯ ʺʿʰʹ ʼʬʸʫʵˀʰ ʨʸʰʹ
ʨʾʳʨʸʯʻʲʰ ʬʸʯʰ ʳʨʾʲʵʩʰ, ʳʰ˄ʰʯʨ ʫʨ ʭʬʬʩʬʸʯʬʲʨ ˆʬʬʩʰʯ
ʫʨʼʨʸʻʲʰ, ʳʨʯ ʼʬʹʭʬʩʹ ʽʭʬˀ ʨʾʳʵˁʴʫʨ ˀʬʴʵʩʰʹ ʴʨʴʪʸʬʭʬʩʰ,
ʹʨʫʨ˂ ʬʸʯ ʫʸʵʹ, ʸʵʪʵʸ˂ ʭʸ˄ʳʻʴʫʬʩʰʯ, ˄ʨʸʳʵʬʩʫʨ ʹˆʭʨʫʨʹˆʭʨ
ʳʨʫʴʬʩʰʹ ʫʨʳʻˀʨʭʬʩʨ ʫʨ ʳʰʹʪʨʴ ʹˆʭʨʫʨʹˆʭʨ ʴʰʭʯʬʩʰʹʨ, ʵʽʸʵʹʨ ʫʨ
ʭʬʸ˂ˆʲʰʹ ʼʻʲʬʩʰʹ ʪʨʱʬʯʬʩʨ.
ʨʳ ʴʨʴʪʸʬʭʬʩʰʹ ʪʨʸˀʬʳʵ ˁʨʼʲʻʲʰʨ ʳʰ˄ʨˀʰ ˅ʻʸʬʩʰ,
ʸʵʳʲʬʩʰ˂ ʹʰʲʰʯ ʨʸʰʨʴ ʨʳʵʭʹʬʩʻʲʰ. ʳʰʹ ʹʨʳˆʸʬʯʰʯ ʳʫʬʩʨʸʬ
ʺʿʬ ʸʨʳʵʫʬʴʰʳʬ ʭʬʸʹʰʹ ʳʨʴ˃ʰʲʮʬ ʫʨʼʨʸʻʲʰʨ ʴʨˀʱʰʫʻʸʰʯ ʨʴʻ
ʴʨʳ˅ʬʫʻʸʰʯ (ʹʭʨʴʻʸʨʫ ± ˀˆʰʩ). ʰʳ ʯʰˆʰʹ ʳʰʲʬʩʰʹ
ʴʨʺʬˆʬʩʰʯʸʵʳʲʬʩʹʨ˂ ˃ʭʬʲ ʫʸʵˀʰ ʹʨʳ˅ʬʫʻʸʬʩˀʰ ʹʨʩʬʸʨʭʬʩʰʹ
ʯʨʭʬʲʬʩʨʫ ˆʳʨʸʵʩʫʴʬʴ. ʨʳ ʳʰʲʬʩˀʰ ʪʨʱʭʬˆʬʩʻʲʰʨ ʴʨˀʱʰʫʻʸʨ,
ʸʰʹ ʪʨʳʵ˂ ʰʹʰʴʰ ʬʺʿʵʩʨ ʹʨʽʳʰʹʯʭʰʹ ʻʭʨʸʪʰʹʴʰ ˆʫʬʩʵʫʴʬʴ ʫʨ
ʺʿʬˀʰ ˈʿʸʰʫʴʬʴ.
ʨʳ ʴʨʴʪʸʬʭʬʩʰʹ ʨʾʳʵʹʨʭʲʬʯʰʯ ʨʾʳʵˁʬʴʰʲʰʨ ʰʭ.
ʫʬʭʫʨʸʰʨʴʰʹ ʳʰʬʸ ʰʹ ʼʻʲʬʩʰ, ʸʵʳʲʬʩʮʬʫʨ˂ ʮʬʳʵʯ ʰʿʵ
ʲʨʶʨʸʨʱʰ. ʳʰʹ ˁʸʫʰʲʵʬʯʰʯ ʺʿʬˀʰ 12-ʳʫʬ ʫʰʫʰ ʽʭʰʹ ʸʵʫʰʴʬʩʰ
(ʽʭʨʹʨʴʨʿʬʩʰʨ), ʹʨʳˆʸʬʯʰʯ ʹʨʲʰʩʬ ʽʨʲʫʨʴʰʹ ʳʰʬʸ ʴʨʶʵʭʴʰ ʼʻʲʰ,
ʹˆʭʨ ʴʰʭʯʬʩʰ ʫʨ ʨʪʸʬʯʭʬ ʰʹ ʮʬʳʵˆʹʬʴʬʩʻʲʰ 1910 ˄. ʹ. ʳʨʸˆˀʰ
ʳʰ˄ʰʹ ʽʭʬˀ ʳʻˀʨʵʩʰʹ ʫʸʵʹ ʨʾʳʵˁʬʴʰʲʰ ˀʬʴʵʩʰʹ ʴʨʴʪʸʬʭʬʩʰ,
ʹʨʫʨ˂ ʩʬʭʸʰ ʴʰʭʯʬʩʰ ʰʿʵ.
ˆʵʲʵ ʳʫʰʴʨʸʰʹ ʳʨʸˇʭʬʴʨ ʴʨʶʰʸʮʬ ʹʵʼ ˅ʬʸˀʰ ʿʨʸˀˋ
ʳʬʱʭˀʫʨʩʵʪʰʹ (ʳʵʱʲʬ ˆʰʫʰʹ) ʿʻʸʯʨʴ ʨʸʰʹ ʳʰ˄ʰʯʨ ʫʨ ʺʿʰʯ
ʫʨʼʨʸʻʲʰ, ˇʬʸ ˆʬʲʻˆʲʬʩʬʲʰ ˀʬʴʵʩʰʹ ʴʨʴʪʸʬʭʬʩʰ (ʳʨʾʲʵʩʰ).
83
ʨʳ ʴʨʴʪʸʬʭʬʩʰʹ ʫʨʹʨʭʲʬʯʰʯ ʬʸʯʰ ʭʬʸʹʰʹ ʳʨʴ˃ʰʲʮʬ
ʨʾʳʵˁʬʴʰʲʰʨ ʶʰʸʭʬʲʨʫ ʮʬʳʵˆʹʬʴʬʩʻʲ ʴʨʭʲʨʫ ʭʰʩʲʰʨʴʰʹ ʳʰʬʸ
ʰʹ ʵʽʸʵʹ ʼʻʲʬʩʰ, ʸʵʳʲʬʩʮʬʫʨ˂ ʮʬʭʰʯ ʪʭʽʵʴʫʨ ʲʨʶʨʸʨʱʰ ʫʨ
ʨʪʸʬʯʭʬ ʬʸʯʰ ˀʬʴʵʩʰʹ ʴʨʴʪʸʬʭʬʩʰ ʫʨ ʹˆʭ. 39)
ʨʰ ʿʭʬʲʨ ʬʹ ʴʨʴʪʸʬʭʬʩʰ ˇʬʸˇʬʸʵʩʰʯ ˆʬʲʻˆʲʬʩʬʲʴʰ
ʨʸʰʨʴ, ʳʨʪʸʨʳ ʳʨʯ ʪʨʸˀʬʳʵ ʨʸʹʬʩʻʲʰ ʹʨʪʴʬʩʰ, ʸʵʪʵʸ˂ ʫʨʭʰʴʨˆʬʯ,
ʨˀʱʨʸʨʫ ʳʵ˄ʳʵʩʬʴ ʫʨ ʴʨʯʲʨʫ ʪʭʰʳʺʱʰ˂ʬʩʬʴ, ʸʵʳ ˁʭʬʴ ʪʭʨʽʭʹ ʹʨʽʳʬ
ʰʳ ʫʰʫʳʴʰˀʭʴʬʲʵʭʨʴ, ʻˆʹʵʭʨʸ ʫʸʵʰʫʪʨʴ ʫʸʵʯʨ ʭʰʯʨʸʬʩʰʹ
ʳʬʵˆʬʩʰʯ ʳʰ˄ʰʹ ʪʻʲˀʰ ʪʨˆʭʬʻʲ ˃ʭʰʸʼʨʹ ʨʸʽʬʵʲʵʪʰʻʸ
ˀʬʴʵʩʬʩʰʹ ʴʨʴʪʸʬʭʬʩʯʨʴ, ʸʵʳʲʬʩˀʰʨ˂ ʬʸʯ ʫʸʵʹ ʬʴʯʵ ʲʨʳʶʨʸʰ
ʩʸ˄ʿʰʴʭʨʲʬ ˄ʨʸʹʻʲʰ ʱʻʲʺʻʸʰʹʨ ʫʨ ˆʬʲʵʭʴʬʩʰʹʨ.
ʨʳʴʨʰʸʨʫ ʳʬ ʭʼʰʽʸʵʩ, ʸʵʳ ʴʨʴʪʸʬʭʬʩʰʹʨ ʫʨ ʹʨʮ. ˅ʭʰʩʬʸʰʹ
ˀʬʹ˄ʨʭʲʨ ʳʵʳʨʭʨʲˀʰ ʼʨʹʫʨʻʫʬʩʬʲ, ʰˀʭʰʨʯ ʫʨ ʻ˂ˆʵ ʳʨʹʨʲʬʩʹ
ˀʬʹ˃ʬʴʹ ʳʬ˂ʴʰʬʸʬʩʨʹ, ʬʸʯʰʹ ʳˆʸʰʭ, ʨʳ ʹʨʱʰʯˆʰʹ ʪʨˀʻʽʬʩʨˀʰ, ʸʵʳ
ʫʾʬʹ ʫʾʬʵʩʰʯ ʻʱʻʲʺʻʸʵ, ˁʨʳʵʸˁʬʴʰʲʰ ʹʭʨʴʬʯʰ ʵʫʬʹʾʨ˂
ʰˀʭʰʨʯʰ ʱʻʲʺʻʸʰʹʨ ʫʨ ˆʬʲʵʭʴʬʩʰʹ ʨʱʭʴʨʯ ʽ˂ʬʻʲʨ, ˆʵʲʵ
ʳʬʵʸʬ ʳˆʸʰʯ ʹʺʸʨʩʵʴʰʹʨ ʫʨ ʶʲʰʴʰʻʹʰʹ ʮʬʳʵˆʹʬʴʬʩʻʲʰ
˂ʴʵʩʬʩʰʹ ʫʨʹʨʳʺʱʰ˂ʬʩʲʨʫ ʹʭʨʴʬʯʰʹ ʳʯʰʹ ʴʨʱʨʫʻʲʬʩˀʰ ʵʽʸʵʹ
ʨʸʹʬʩʵʩʰʹ ˀʬʹʨˆʬʩ ʫʨ ʹˆʭʨ..
ʹʭʨʴʬʯˀʰ ʵʽʸʵʹ ʨʸʹʬʩʵʩʨʹ ʳʵ˄ʳʵʩʬʴ, ʨʪʸʬʯʭʬ, ˀʬʳʫʬʪʰ
ʨˆʨʲʰ ʪʨʳʵʱʭʲʬʭʨʴʰ: ʰʼʨʸʰʹ ʹʨʮ. ʹʵʼ. ʨ˂ʰʹ ʫʨʹʨʭʲʬʯʰʯ
ʳʫʰʴʨʸʬ ʬʴʪʻʸʹ ʬʸʯʭʰʹ ʬʸʯʰ ʳʯʰʹ ʴʨʱʨʫʻʲʰ, ʹʨˆʬʲʫʵʩʸ
˂ʨʸʨˀʰ, ʸʵʳʲʰʹ ʨʻʮˀʰ˂ ʬʸʯʳʨ ʹʭʨʴʳʨ ʨʳ 45-50 ˄. ˄ʰʴʨʯ ʴʨˆʨ ʵʽʸʵʹ
ʴʨʺʬˆʰ șȈȔȖȘȖȌȖȒʨʳʨˀʰ ʫʨʫʬˀʽʬʲʰʨʴʬʩʳʨ ʳʨʹ ʳʰʹ˂ʬʹ ʬʸʯʰ ˆʨʸʰ,
˂ˆʬʴʰ, ˃ʸʵˆʨ ʫʨ ʯʵʼʰ.
ʰʴʷʬʴʬʸ ˀʵʹʺʨʱʳʨ, ʸʵʳʬʲʰ˂ 1903 ˄ʬʲʹ ʬ˄ʭʰʨ ʹʭʨʴʬʯʹ,
ʳʵʨʪʸʵʭʨ ʳʨʫʴʬʩʰʹ ʴʰʳʻˀʬʩʰ. ʸʵʫʬʹʨ˂ ʨʳ ʴʰʳʻˀʬʩʹ ʺʼʰʲʰʹˀʰ
ʨʴʨʲʰʮʰ ʪʨʻʱʬʯʨ ± ʳʨʯˀʰ ʨʾʳʵˁʴʫʨ 5: 5,4 ʫʨ 7: 8,5 ʳʰʹˆʨʲʰ ʵʽʸʵ
ʫʨ ʵʸʰ ʳʰʹˆʨʲʰ ʭʬʸ˂ˆʲʰ 40).
ʪʰʲʬʬʭʰ, ʸʵʳʬʲʳʨ˂ ʹʭʨʴʬʯʰʹ ʪʬʵʲʵʪʰʻʸʨʫ ˀʬʹ˄ʨʭʲʨʹ
ˀʬʹ˄ʰʸʨ ʳʯʬʲʰ ʮʨʼˆʻʲʰ 1863 ˄ʲ., ʨʳʺʱʰ˂ʬʩʹ ʹʭʨʴʬʯʰʹ ʳʯʬʩˀʰ
ʵʽʸʵʹ ʻˆʭʨʫ ʨʸʹʬʩʵʩʨʹ. ʨʳʨʹ ʹʰʳʵʴʵʭʰʹʨ ʫʨ ʹʵʲʵʱʰʴʰʹ
ʪʬʵʲʵʪʰʻʸ ʸʻʽʨʮʬ ʵʽʸʵʹ ʨʸʹʬʩʵʩʰʹ ʨʾʳʴʰˀʭʴʬʲʰ
ʭʨʸʹʱʭʲʨʭʬʩʰ˂ ʨʫʨʹʺʻʸʬʩʬʴ. ʹʭʨʴʬʯˀʰ ʻˆʭʨʯ ʨʸʹʬʩʵʩʹ ʹʻʸʳʨ.
ʼʨʸʳʨ˂ʰʰʹ ʳʨʪʰʹʺʸʰʹ ʵʺʬʴʰʹ ʨʴʨʲʰʮʰʯ 1911 ˄. ʳʨʹˀʰ 68,75%
˄ʳʰʴʫʨ ʹʻʸʳʨ ʨʾʳʵˁʴʫʨ.
84
 ˂ˆʨʫʰʨ ʹʭʨʴʬʯʰ ʩʻʴʬʩʨʹ ʻˆʭʨʫ ʫʨʻˇʰʲʫʵʭʬʩʰʨ
ʿʵʭʬʲʪʭʨʸʰ ʩʻʴʬʩʸʰʭʰ ʹʰʳʫʰʫʸʰʯ, ʪʨʴʹʨʱʻʯʸʬʩʰʯ
ʳʨʫʴʬʻʲʵʩʰʯ ʫʨ ʨʳ ˆʨʲˆʹ ʬʸʯ ʫʸʵʹ ʹ˂ʵʫʴʰʨ ʳʰʹʰ ʪʨʳʵʿʬʴʬʩʨ
ʫʨ ʫʨʳʻˀʨʭʬʩʨ ʹʨʳˆʸʬʯʰʫʪʨʴ ˀʬʳʵʿʵʲʰʲ ʱʻʲʺʻʸʰʹʨ ʫʨ
ˆʬʲʵʭʴʬʩʰʹ ˄ʿʨʲʵʩʰʯ. ʳʨʪʸʨʳ ʹʭʨʴʬʩʰʹ ʫʾʬʭʨʴʫʬʲʰ ʿʵʼʨ-
˂ˆʵʭʸʬʩʨ ˁʭʬʴ ʪʭʰʳʺʱʰ˂ʬʩʹ, ʸʵʳ ˀʬʳʫʬʪˀʰ ʬʹ ˆʨʲˆʰ ʻʱʨʴ
ˁʨʳʵʸˁʬʴʰʲʨ ʫʨ ʯʨʴʫʨʯʨʴʵʩʰʯ ˀʬʳʵʲʬʭʰʨʯ ʫʨ ʪʨʴʰʨʭʬʩʻʲʨ
ʳʨʯʰ ˂ˆʵʭʸʬʩʰʫʨʴ ʹʨʳˆʸʬʯʰʫʪʨʴ ˀʬʳʵʿʵʲʰʲʰ ʱʻʲʺʻʸʨ,
ʸʵʳʬʲʰ˂ ʰʳ ʮʵʳʨʳʫʬ ʫʨ˂ʬʳʻʲʨ, ʸʵʳ ʹʭʨʴʬʩʰ ʶʰʸʭʬʲʿʵʼʰʲ
ʶʰʸʵʩʬʩʰʹʯʭʰʹ ʳʰʻʩʸʻʴʬʩʰʨ.

34) ˇʨʴʨˀʭʰʲʰ. ʭʨˆʻˀʺʰ ʫʨ ʳʰʹʰ ˀʸʵʳʨ. ʪʭ. ʶ˂ ʫʨ ʷʨ.

35) ʰʭʨʴʬ ˇʨʭʨˆʰˀʭʰʲʰ. ʽʨʸʯ. ʬʸ. ʰʹʺ. ʪʭ. 78 ʫʨ 79.
36) ʯʰʯʩʸʰʹ ʫʰʫʰ ʽʭʨʩʬʩʰ, ʸʵʳʲʬʩˀʰ˂ 2-3 ˆʨʸʰ ʬʺʬʭʨ ʳʵʹʨˆʨʸˀʨʭʨʯ..
37) ʩʨʺʵʴʰˀʭʰʲʰ ʭʨˆʻˀʺʰ. ʹʨʽʨʸʯʭʬʲʵʹ ʪʬʵʪʸʨʼʰʨ. ʪʭ. 316 ʫʨ 317 (ˀʬʴʰˀʭʴʨ
ˇʨʴʨˀʭʰʲʰʹʨ).
38) ʹʭʨʴʬʩʰʹ ʨˆʹʴʰʯ, ˃ʭʬʲʨʯ ʶʻʸʰʹ ʳʨʸʨʪʰ ʸʵʳ ʨʸ ˄ʨˆʫʬʴʵʫʨʯ, ʪʨˆʻʸʬʩʻʲ
ʽʭʨʩʬʩˀʰ ʶʻʸʰʹ ˆʵʸʩʨʲʹ ʿʸʰʫʴʬʴ, ʱʨʴʹ ʳʵʹ˄ʭʨʭʫʬʴ ʫʨ ʨʹʬ ʰʴʨˆʨʭʫʬʴ.
39) ʹʨʪʻʲʰʹˆʳʵ ʰʹ ʨʸʰʹ, ʸʵʳ ʿʭʬʲʨ ʨʳ ˀʬʴʵʩʬʩʹ ʬʺʿʵʩʨ ˈʽʵʴʫʨʯ ʬʸʯʰ ʫʨ
ʰʪʰʭʬ ʫʨʴʰˀʴʻʲʬʩʨ ± ʳʨʫʴʬʻʲʵʩʰʹ ʫʨʳʻˀʨʭʬʩʨ ʫʨ ʻʩʸʨʲʵ ʨʴʻ ʹʨ˂ˆʵʭʸʬʩʬʲʰ
ʹʨˆʲʰʹ ʹʨˆʬ ʫʨ ʹʰʫʰʫʬ ʨʸʨ ʨʽʭʯ.
40ȀȖșȚȈȒǷțȚȍȠȍșȚȊȐȍȗȖǸȈȟȍȐǹȊȈȕȍȚȐȐǹȚȘ

…€Œ„‡ˆ ŽŠˆ¢ˆ‰‘ ˆ ‹ƒ‚‹€ „€ 1 €‘‰‘Œˆƒ€Œ

‹„-18 €‘‰‘Œ„‹ƒ„

ʶʰʸʭʬʲ ʹʨʻʱʻʴʬˀʰ, ʸʵʪʵʸ˂ ʮʬʳʵʫ ʫʨʭʰʴʨˆʬʯ, ʹʭʨʴʬʯʰ,

ʹʺʸʨʩʵʴʰʹ ˂ʴʵʩʬʩʰʹʨ ʫʨ ʨʾ˄ʬʸʰʲʵʩʰʹ ʳʰˆʬʫʭʰʯ, ʪʨʴʯʽʳʻʲʰ
ʰʿʵ, ʸʵʪʵʸ˂ ˃ʲʬʭʨʳʵʹʰʲʰ ʹʨˆʬʲʳ˄ʰʼʵ, ʪʨʸˀʬʳʵʸʺʿʳʻʲ
ʳʵʹʨˆʲʬ ʳʬʮʵʩʬʲ ʬʸʬʩʮʬ ʪʨʩʨʺʵʴʬʩʻʲʰ, ʸʵʳʬʲʹʨ˂ ʨʳ ʫʸʵʹ
ˈʿʨʭʫʨ ˆʨʲˆʰʹ ʳʰʬʸ ʨʳʵʸˁʬʻʲʰ ʳʬʼʬ, ʹʨʩ˅ʵ, ʸʵʳʬʲʰ˂
ˀʬʹʫʪʬʩʵʫʨ ˆʨʲˆʰʹ ʳʰʬʸʭʬ ʨʳʵʸˁʬʻʲ 300 ʱʨ˂ʰʹʨʪʨʴ ʫʨ 200.000
ʱʨ˂ʰʹʨʪʨʴ ˀʬʳʫʪʨʸʰ ʳˆʬʫʸʵʩʨ.
ʯʨʭʰʹ ʯʨʭʹ ˃ʭʬʲ ʫʸʵˀʰ ʹʭʨʴʬʩʰ, ʸʵʪʵʸ˂ ˆʬʲʯʴʨ˄ʬʸʬʩʰʫʨʴ
ʹˁʨʴʹ, ʻ˄ʵʫʬʩʬʴ ,,ʬʸʯʵʩʰʲ ʩʬʫʴʰʬʸ ʯʨʭʰʹʻʼʨʲ ˆʬʭʹʨ ʫʨ
ʯʨʭʰʹʻʼʨʲ ʳʵʽʨʲʨʽʬʬʩʹ³ʨʳ ʫʸʵʰʫʪʨʴ ʳʵʿʵʲʬʩʻʲʰ ʯʰʯʽʳʰʹ
ʫʾʬʳʫʬ ʹʭʨʴʬʯʰ, ʳʰʻˆʬʫʨʭʨʯ ʰʳʰʹʨ, ʸʵʳ ʰʹ ʹˆʭʨʫʨʹˆʭʨ ʫʸʵʹ
85
ʬʳʵʸˁʰʲʬʩʵʫʨ ʨʳʨ ʯʻ ʰʳ ʹʨʳʬʼʵʬʩʹ ʫʨ ʹʨʳʯʨʭʸʵʬʩʹ, ʼʨʽʺʰʻʸʨʫ
ʪʨʴʨʪʸ˃ʵʩʫʨ ʨʭʺʵʴʵʳʰʻʸʨʫ ʨʸʹʬʩʵʩʨʹ ʫʨ ʯʭʰʯʵʴ ʪʨʴʨʪʬʩʫʨ
ʯʨʭʰʹ ʹʨʽʳʬʬʩʹ. ʹʭʨʴʬʯʰʹ ʬʸʯ ʫʸʵʰʹ ʨʳʪʭʨʸ ʱʨʴʵʴʳʫʬʩʲʵʩʰʹ
ʴʨˀʯʬʩʨʫ ʻʴʫʨ ˁʨʰʯʭʨʲʵʹ, ʹˆʭʨʯʨ ˀʵʸʰʹ, ʫʾʬʳʫʰʹ ʹʭʨʴʬʯˀʰ
ˀʬʴʨˆʻʲʰ ʬʸʯʰ ˃ʭʬʲʰ ˆʬʲʯʴʨ˄ʬʸʰ ʹʨˆʨʸʬʩʰʹ ˄ʨʸ˄ʬʸʨʴʰ.
ʳʬʹʺʰʰʹ ʳʬ-10 ʹʨʻʱʻʴʰʹ ʺʿʨʭʮʬ ʫʨ˄ʬʸʰʲ ʹʨˆʨʸʬʩʨʮʬ,
ʸʵʳʬʲʰ˂, ˆʨˆʨʴʨˀʭʰʲʰʹ ʯʽʳʰʯ, ʨʸʰʹ ʫʨ˄ʬʸʰʲʰ ʵˀʱʰʹ
ʳʵʴʨʹʺʬʸˀʰ, ʩʨʪʸʨʺ ʳʬ-4 ʱʻʸʨʶʨʲʨʺʰʹ ʫʸʵʹ, ʰʲʨʸʰʵʴ ʰˀˆʴʬʲʰʹ
ʳʰʴʫʵʩʰʲʵʩʰʯ, ʪʰʵʸʪʰ ʳʯʨ˄ʳʰʴʫʬʲʰʹ ˃ʳʰʹ ˀʭʰʲʰʹ ʪʨʩʸʰʬʲʰʹ
ʳʰʬʸ 41), ʨʸʰʹ ʳʨʪʨʲʰʯʨʫ ˀʬʳʫʬʪʰ ʹʭʨʴʬʯʰʹ ʬʸʯ ʫʸʵʰʹ
ʱʨʴʵʴʳʫʬʩʲʵʩʰʹ ʫʨʳʨˆʨʹʰʨʯʬʩʬʲʰ ˄ʨʸ˄ʬʸʬʩʰ:
1) ʾʭʯʰʹʨ ʫʬʫʰʹʨ ʳʰʹʰʹʨ ʫʨ ʿʵʭʬʲʯʨ ˄ʳʰʴʫʨʯʨ
ʯʨʭʹʫʬʩʵʩʰʯʨ ʫʨ ˀʨʳʫʪʵʳʲʵʩʰʯʨ ʳʨ˂ˆʵʭʸʰʹʨ ʲʨʺʨʲʰʹʨ,
ʯʨʭʹʫʬʩʵʩʰʯʨ ʫʨ ˀʻʨʳʫʪʵʳʲʵʩʰʯʨ ʳʻʷʨʲʰʹʨ, ʯʨʭʹʫʬʩʵʩʰʯʨ
ʫʨ ˀʻʨʳʫʪʵʳʲʵʩʰʯʨ ʳʨ˂ˆʵʭʸʰʹʨ ʽʻʸʬˀʰʹʨʯʭʰʹ (ʽʻʸʨˀʰ) ʳʯʨʭʨʸ
ʳʵ˄ʨʳʰʹʨ ʨʫʰˀʰʹʨ, ʳʯʨʭʨʸ ʳʵ˄ʨʳʰʹʨ ʰʼʨʸʰʹʨ, ʳʨ˂ˆʵʭʸʰʹʨ
ʨʫʰˀʰʹʯʭʰʹ ˄ʳʰʴʫʨ ʱʭʰʸʰʱʬʹʨ ʯʨʭʹʫʬʩʵʩʰʯʨ ʫʨ
ˀʭʨʳʫʪʵʳʲʵʩʰʯʨ ʫʬʫʰʹʨ ʾʭʯʰʹʨ ʻˀʪʻʲʰʹʨʯʭʰʹ,
ʯʨʭʹʫʬʩʵʩʰʯʨ ʫʨ ˀʻʨʳʫʪʵʳʲʵʩʰʯʨ ʫʨʭʹ˄ʬʸʬʯ ʹʨʪʳʵʩʰ ʬʹʬ
ʬʸʯʵʩʰʲʳʨʴ ʹʭʨʴʬʯʰʹ ˆʬʭʳʨʴ ʨʺʱʭʬʸʹʨ ʫʨ ʩʨʲʨʹ ˀʭʨʳʴʨ 42)
ʿʵʭʬʲʳʨʴ ʬʸʯʳʨʴʬʯʰʹ ʴʫʵʩʰʯʨ ʨʳʨ ʶʰʸʹʨ ʮʬʫʨ ʸʵʳʬʲ ʯʻ ʭʰʴʳʬʳ
ʬʱʲʬʹʰʨ ʪʨʪʭʰʺʬˆʵʹ, ʨʴʻ ʱʨ˂ʰ ʭʰʴʳʬʳ ˀʬʰʶʿʸʵʹ, ʨʴʻ ʭʰʴ ˆʻ˂ʬʹ
ʨ˄ʿʬʴʰʴʵʹ, ʨʴʻ ʭʰʴ ʱʨ˂ʰ ʵʹʬʯʹ ʪʨˈʿʰʫʵʹ, ʨʴʻ ʭʰʴ ʹʨʴʨˆˀʰʸʵʯ
ʹʨˆʲʰ ʫʨʹ˄ʭʨʹ, ʨʴʻ ʭʰʴ ʳʯʨ ʪʨʺʬˆʵʹ ʴʨ˃ʲʰʭʰ ʳʰʹʰ ʫʨʻʭʨʸʫʬʹ,
ʯʻ ʬʹ ʭʰʴʳʬʳ ˀʬˀʨʲʵʹ ʱʸʻʲʰʳ˂ ʨʸʹ ʹʻʲʰ ʫʨ ˆʵʸ˂ʰ ʳʰʹʰ ʹʨˆʬʲʰ
ʫʨ ʹʨʿʵʼʬʲʰ ʳʰʹʰ ʹʨʹʻʳʬʲʰ ʫʨ ʹʨ˅ʳʬʲʰ ʳʰʹʰ ʵʸʯʨʭʬ ˂ˆʵʭʸʬʩʨʹʨ
ʸʵʹʺʨʴʹʨ ʫʨ ʵʸʨʪʰʴʬʹ˂ʨ ʨʸʰʹ ʴʨ˄ʰʲʰ ʳʰʹʰ ʨʳʰʴ.
ʯʻ ˆʬʭʰʹ ʯʨʭʮʬ ʭʰʴʳʬʳ ʳʯʨʭʨʸ ʳʵ˄ʨʳʰʹ ʱʨ˂ʹ ʨ˄ʿʬʴʰʴʵʹ ʳʰʹ
ʽʭʬʿʨʴʨʹ ʴʨ˃ʲʰʭʰ ʫʨʻʭʨʸʫʬʹ ʨʹʰ ʯʬʯʸʰ ʪʨʸʫʨˆʫʬʹ.
2) ,,ʳʯʨʭʨʸ ʳʵ˄ʨʳʰʹʨ ʹʬʺʰʹʨ ʯʨʭʹʫʬʩʵʩʰʯʨ ʫʨ
ˀʭʨʳʫʪʵʳʲʵʩʰʯʨ ʫʨʭ˄ʬʸʬʯ ʫʨ ʫʨʭʫʬʭʰʯ ʫʨ˄ʬʸʰʲʰ ʬʹʬ
ʹʸʻʲʰʨʫ ʹʭʨʴʬʯʰʹ ˆʬʭʰʹʨ ʻˀʪʻʲʰʹʨ ʫʨ ʲʨʲʭʬʸʹ ˀʻʨ 43).
ʹʨʳʨʪʸʬʩʬʲʰ ʬʹʬ ˁʭʬʴ ʬʸʯʵʩʰʲʳʨ ˆʬʭʳʨʴ ʭʨʸʪʳʨʴ 44) ʫʨ
ʪʲʬˆʳʨʴ, ʻʼʸʵʹʳʨʴ ʫʨ ʻʳ˂ʸʵʹʳʨʴ, ʻʮʬʫʨʬʹʳʨʴ ʫʨ ʻʽʭʬʫʨʬʹʳʨʴ
45), ʿʵʭʬʲʳʨʴ ʳʺʱʰ˂ʬ ʫʨ ʻʳʽ˂ʬʭʬʲʰ ʿʵʭʲʰʹʨ ʳʰʮʬʮʰʹʨʪʨʴ

ʻʳʰʮʬʮʵ ʸʨʰ˂ʨ ʪʰʴʫʨ ʷʨʳʹʨ ʰʿʵʹ ʻ˃ʲʬʩʬʲʰ ʻʯʻ ʫʨ ʻʯʻʳ˂ ʨʳʨ

86
ʶʰʸʹʨ ʮʬʫʨ ʸʨʰ˂ʨ ʹʨˆʬʭʹ ʻʱʬʯ ʳʵʻˆʫʬʩʵʫʬʹ ʿʭʬʲʨ ʰʳʨʹ
ʭʰ˅ʰʸʭʰʫʬʯ ʭʰʴ˂ ʨʸʰʹ ˁʭʬʴ ˀʰʪʨ. ˄ʨʭʰʫʬʩʰʯ ʰʿʭʴʬʹ ʻʸʯ-ʬʸʯ
ˀʵʸʰʹ ʸʵʳʬʲʰ˂ ʨʸʨ ʪʨʪʻʿʭʬʹ ʨʯʨʹʰ ʯʬʯʸʰ ʪʨʸʫʨʭʨˆʫʬʭʰʴʵʯ
ʯʻ ˁʭʬʴʰ ʳʵ˂ʰʽʻʲʰ ʻˀʪʻʲʰʯ ʫʨ ʱʨʲʰʯ ʻʫʬʹʨ˂ ʳʰʭʰʫʬʹ ʯʻ
˄ʨʴʨʪʬʩʰ ʨʸʨ ˀʨʳʻʽʭʨʱʨ˂ʰʻʩʹ ʫʨ ˆʬʻʩʹʨ ʨʸʨ ˁʨʳʵʬʸʯʭʬʹ ʵʳʰ ʫʨ
ʳʻʲʨˀʪʸʬ ʳʰʭʰʫʬʯ, ʸʵʳʬʲʰ˂ʨ ˆʬʭʰ ʨʴʻ ʹʵʼʬʲʰ ʨʸʨ ʪʨʪʻʿʭʬʹ
ʳʰʹʰʯʨ ʨʩˇʨʸʰʯʨ ʰʳ ˆʬʻʹʨ ʫʨ ʹʵʼʬʲʹʨ ʳʰʻˆʺʬʯ ˁʭʬʴ ʬʸʯʵʩʰʲʰ
ˆʬʭʰ ʫʨ ʫʾʬʹ ʰʽʬʯ ʭʰʴ˂ ʨʳ ˆʬʵʩʨʹʨ ˀʰʪ ʳʺʸʵʩʨ ʽʴʨʹ ʨʴʻ ʬʱʲʬʹʰʰʹ
ʪʨʺʬˆʭʰʯʨ ʨʴʻ ʱʨ˂ʰʹʨ ʹʰʱʭʫʰʲʰʯʨ, ʨʴʻ ˀʬʶʿʸʵʩʰʯʨ, ʨʴʻ ʹʨˆʬʲ
ʪʨʺʬˆʭʰʯʨ ʨʴʻ ˂ˆʬʴʰʹ ˄ʨʪʬʩʰʯʨ ʨʴʻ ʹˆʭʨʯʨ ʳʺʸʵʩʰʯʨ ˆʬʻʩʨ
ʪʨʪʭʰʺʬˆʵʹ ʪʨʸʫʨʭʲʰʹʨ ʫʨ ʨʳʵ˄ʿʭʬʺʰʹ ʳʬʺʰ ʨʸʨ ʨʭʨʸʯʭʨʯ. ʨʳʰʹ
ʪʨʯʨʭʬʩʨ ˁʭʬʴ ʬʸʯʵʩʰʲʳʨʴ ˆʬʭʳʨʴ ʼʰ˂ʰʯ ˀʬʳʵʭʼʰ˂ʵʯ
ʬʸʯʳʨʴʬʯʹʨ. ʨʳʨ ʹʨʽʳʬʹʨ ˀʰʪʨ ʹʨʴʫʻʸʨʭʰ ʳʵˆʫʬʹ ʰʳʰʹʰ ʶʰʸʰ
ʶʨʹʻˆʰʹ ʪʨʳ˂ʬʳʰ ʹʸʻʲʰʨʫ ˆʬʭʰ ʭʰʿʵʯ ʬʸʯʹ ʨʸʨʭʰʹ ʫʨʭʨʴʬʩʵʯ
ʫʨ ʹˆʭ. 46)
ʶʰʸʭʬʲ ʹʨʻʱʻʴʰʹ ʫʨʳʫʬʪʹ ʹʭʨʴʬʩʰ ʬʸʯ ʫʸʵʹ
ʸʵʳʨʬʲʬʩʰʹ ʪʨʭʲʬʴʰʹ ʽʭʬˀ ʰʳʿʵʼʬʩʵʫʴʬʴ. ʨʳ ʰʹʺʵʸʰʻʲ
ʳʵʭʲʬʴʨʹ ʨʫʪʰʲʰ ʻʴʫʨ ˈʽʵʴʵʫʨ ʳʰʹ ˀʬʳʫʬʪ, ʸʨ˂ ʵʯˆ
ʹʨˆʬʲʳ˄ʰʼʵʫ (ʶʵʴʺʵ, ʱʵʲˆʰʫʨ, ʰʩʬʸʰʨ ʫʨ ʨʲʩʨʴʬʯʰ) ʫʨʿʵʼʰʲ
ʹʨʽʨʸʯʭʬʲʵʹ ˀʬʳʵʬʹʰʨ ʸʵʳʨʬʲʬʩʰʹ ʫʰʫʰ ʲʨˀʽʨʸʰ, ʳʨʯʰ
ʫʰʫʬʩʻʲʰ ʹʨʸʫʲʰʹ ʶʵʳʶʬʻʹʰʹ ʳʬʯʨʻʸʵʩʰʯ ʫʨ ʳʯʬʲʰ
ʹʨʽʨʸʯʭʬʲʵ ʫʨʰʶʿʸʵ.
ʸʵʳʨʬʲʬʩʰʹ ʩʨʺʵʴʵʩʨ ʹʨʽʨʸʯʭʬʲʵˀʰ ʨʳʷʨʳʨʫ ʪʨʪʸ˃ʬʲʫʨ
ʳʬʵʯˆʬ ʹʨʻʱʻʴʰʹ ʫʨʳʲʬʭʨʳʫʬ ʫʨ ˀʬʹʨ˃ʲʵʨ ʨʳ ˆʴʰʹ ʪʨʴʳʨʭʲʵʩʨˀʰ
ʹʭʨʴʬʩʰ˂ ʳʨʯ ʪʨʭʲʬʴʰʹ ʽʭʬˀ ʿʵʼʰʲʰʿʭʴʬʴ.
ʨʳʰʹ ˀʬʳʫʬʪ ʹʨʽʨʸʯʭʬʲʵ ʬʸʯˆʨʴʹ ˆʨʴ ʩʰʮʨʴʺʰʰʹ, ˆʨʴ
ʹʶʨʸʹʬʯʰʹ ʫʨʳʵʱʰʫʬʩʻʲʬʩʰʹ ʽʭʬˀ ʳʿʵʼʹ ʽʭʬʿʨʴʨʹ ˄ʨʸʳʵʨʫʪʬʴʫʨ.
ʳʬ-VI ʹ. ʰʻʹʺʰʴʰʨʴʬ ʱʬʰʹʸʰʹ ʫʸʵʹ ʹʭʨʴʬʯʰ ʱʵʲˆʰʫʨʹʨʭʰʯ
ʩʰʮʨʴʺʰʰʹ ʳʼʨʸʭʬʲʵʩʰʹ ʽʭʬˀ ʰʳʿʵʼʬʩʵʫʨ ʫʨ ˀʬʰ˃ʲʬʩʨ ʹʭʨʴʬʯˀʰ
ʫʾʬʳʫʬ ˀʬʴʨˆʻʲʰ ʯʽʳʻʲʬʩʨ ,,ʱʬʰʹʸʵʩʰʹ³ ˀʬʹʨˆʬʩ ʨʳ
ʪʨʸʬʳʵʬʩʬʩʰʫʨʴ ʰʿʵʹ ˄ʨʸʳʵˀʵʩʰʲʰ. ʳʻʲʨˆʰʹ ʹʨʮʵʪʨʫʵʬʩʰʹ
˂ʬʴʺʸˀʰ, ʹʵʼ. ʷʨʳʻˀˀʰ ˀʬʴʨˆʻʲʰʨ ʵʸʰ ʫʰʫʰ ʳʯʬʲʰ
ʹʨʮʵʪʨʫʵʬʩʰʹ ʱʻʯʭʴʰʲʰ ʽʭʨ, ʸʵʳʲʬʩʹʨ˂ ʻ˄ʵʫʬʩʬʴ ʹʨˆʬʲʨʫ:
,,ʱʬʹʸʰ ʩʨˁʨʸ³-ʹ (ʱʬʹʰʸʰʹ ʽʭʬʩʰ). ʪʨʫʳʵ˂ʬʳʰʯ ʨʳ ʽʭʬʩʳʨ ʨʹʬʯʰ
ʹʨˆʬʲʰ ʳʰʰʾʬʹ ʰʳʰʺʵʳ, ʸʵʳ ʸʵ˂ʨ ʱʬʰʹʨʸʰ ʹʭʨʴʬʯʰʹ ,,ʹʭʰʳʸʨʹ³
ʰ˄ʭʬʭʫʨ (,,ʹʭʰʳʸʵʩʨ³ ± ʳʯʬʲʰ ˆʨʲˆʰʹ ˄ʭʬʻʲʬʩʨ) ʸʨʰʳʬ
87
ʹʬʸʰʵʮʻʲ ʹʨʮʵʪʨʫʵʬʩʸʰʭ ʹʨʽʳʬʮʬ, ʳʨˀʰʴ ʨʳ ʽʭʬʩʮʬʫ
,,ʫʨʩʸ˃ʨʴʫʬʩʵʫʨ³ˆʵʲʳʬ.
551 ˄. ʩʰʮʨʴʺʰʰʹ ʹʨʸʫʲʰʹ ʩʬʹʨʹʰʹ ʳʬʯʨʻʸʵʩʰʯ
ʹʭʨʴʬʯʰʹʨ ʫʨ ʱʵʲˆʬʯʰʹ ʲʨˀʽʨʸʰ ʬʸʯʨʫ ʬʩʸ˃ʵʫʴʬʴ ʹʶʨʸʹʬʲʬʩʹ.
ʰʹʰʴʰ ʫʨʬ˂ʴʬʴ ʽʨʲʨʽ ʶʬʺʸʨʹ, ʸʵʳʬʲʰ˂ ʳʨˀʰʴ ʹʶʨʸʹʬʲʬʩʹ ʬʶʿʸʨʯ,
ʨʰʾʬʹ ʬʹ ʽʨʲʨʽʰ ʫʨ ʫʨʨʴʪʸʰʬʹ ˂ʰˆʬ ʹʨ˃ʰʸʱʭʲʬʩʨʳʫʬ.
ʩʰʮʨʴʺʰʬʲʬʩʹʨ ʫʨ ʹʶʨʸʹʬʲʬʩʹ ˀʵʸʰʹ ʩʸ˃ʵʲʨ ʨʳʷʨʳʨʫ
ʪʨʪʸ˃ʬʲʫʨ 563 ˄ʲʨʳʫʬ. ʨʾʴʰˀʴʻʲ ˄ʬʲʹ ʱʰ 50 ˄ʲʰʯ ʮʨʭʰʹ
ˀʬʹʨˆʬʩ ˆʬʲˀʬʱʸʻʲʬʩʨ ʫʨʹʫʬʹ. ʳʨʪʸʨʳ ʨʳʰʹ ˀʬʳʫʬʪ ʳʨʯ ˀʵʸʰʹ
ʹʨ˂ʰʲʬʩʬʲ ʹʨʪʴʨʫ ʹʭʨʴʬʯʰ ʫʨʸˁʨ. ˇʨʭʨˆʰˀʭʰʲʰʹ ʯʽʳʰʯ ʬʹ
ʹʭʨʴʬʯʰ ʰʳ ʫʸʵʹ ʲʨʮʰʱʰʹ ʳʬʼʰʹ ʳʼʲʵʩʬʲʵʩʰʹ ʽʭʬˀ
ʰʳʿʵʼʬʩʵʫʨ, ʯʻʳ˂ʨ ʳʨʹ ʹʨʱʻʯʨʸʰ ʳʯʨʭʨʸʰ ˈʿʨʭʫʨ, ʳʨʪʸʨʳ
ʯʭʰʯʬʻʲʹ ʨˆʨʲ ʳʯʨʭʨʸʹ ʲʨʮʰʱʰʹ ʳʬʼʬ ʴʰˀʴʨʭʫʨ ʫʨ ʨʳʺʱʰ˂ʬʩʫʨ
ˆʵʲʳʬ. ʯʬʵʫʵʸʬ ʱʬʰʹʸʰʹʨ ʫʨ ʻʨʸʨʴʬʹ ʫʸʵʰʫʪʨʴ ʳʵʿʵʲʬʩʻʲʰ
ʹʭʨʴʬʯʰʹ ʿʭʬʲʨ ʳʯʨʭʸʬʩʰ ʲʨʮʰʱʰʹ ʳʬʼʰʹ ʫʨʴʰˀʴʻʲʴʰ ʰʿʭʴʬʴ.
ʪʨʫʨʹʨˆʨʫʰʹ ʴʨ˂ʭʲʨʫ ʹʭʨʴʬʩʰ ʿʵʭʬʲ˄ʲʰʻʸʨʫ ˆʰʲʬʻʲʵʩʨʹ,
ʯʨʼʲʹʨ ʫʨ ʴʨʫʰʸʰʹ ʺʿʨʭʬʩʹ ʻʪʮʨʭʴʰʫʴʬʴ ˆʵʲʳʬ ʲʨʮʰʱʰʹ
ʩʨʺʵʴʹ. ʲʨʮʬʩʰ˂ ʯʨʭʰʹ ʳˆʸʰʯ ʹʭʨʴʬʯʹ ʹʻʸʹʨʯʹ ʻʪʮʨʭʴʰʫʴʬʴ.
ʪʻʩʨʮ ʳʬʼʬ ʩʰʮʨʴʺʰʰʹ ʹʨʸʫʨʲʹ ʳʨʸʺʰʴʬʹ ˄ʨʬˁˆʻʩʨ.
ʩʰʮʨʴʺʰʬʲʬʩʰʹ ˇʰʩʸʰʯ ʹʭʨʴʬʩʹ ʹʻʸʹʨʯʰ ʨʾʨʸ ʳʰʨˀʭʬʲʬʩʰʴʨ.
ʹʭʨʴʬʩʳʨ ˇʨʭʸʰ ʩʰʮʨʴʺʰʬʲʬʩʮʬ ʰʿʨʸʬʹ ʫʨ ʹʶʨʸʹʬʲʬʩʹ ʳʰʬʳˆʸʬʴ.
ʩʰʮʨʴʺʰʰʹ ʶʨʺʨʸʨ ʸʨʮʳʹ ʹʶʨʸʹʬʲʬʩʰʹ ˀʬʬˀʰʴʫʨʯ ʫʨ ʹʭʨʴʬʯʰ
ʫʨʺʵʭʬʹ.
ʸʵ˂ʨ ʩʰʮʨʴʺʰʬʲʬʩʳʨ ʫʨ ʹʶʨʸʹʬʲʬʩʳʨ ʮʬʳʵˆʹʬʴʬʩʻʲʰ
ʮʨʭʰʹ ˀʬʹʨˆʬʩ 556 ˄. ˆʬʲˀʬʱʸʻʲʬʩʨ ʫʨʹʫʬʹ, ʩʰʮʨʴʺʰʬʲʬʩʰ
ʪʨʰ˃ʨˆʵʫʴʬʴ: ,,ʹʭʨʴʬʯʰ, ʭʰʯʨʸ˂ʨ ʲʨʮʰʱʰʹ ʽʭʬˀʬʭʸʫʵʳʰ ʽʭʬʿʨʴʨ,
ʲʨʮʰʱʨʹʨʭʰʯ ˆʬʲˀʬʱʸʻʲʬʩʰʹ ˃ʨʲʰʯ ˁʭʬʴ ʻʴʫʨ ʫʨʪʭʸˁʬʹʵ³
ʹʶʨʸʹʬʲʬʩʰ ʱʰ ʨʳʺʱʰ˂ʬʩʫʴʬʴ, ʸʵʳ ʹʭʨʴʬʩʰ ʹˆʭʨ ˆʨʲˆʰʨ ʫʨ,
ʭʰʯʨʸ˂ʨ ˁʭʬʴʹʱʬʴ ʴʬʩʨʿʵʼʲʵʩʰʯ ʪʨʫʳʵʹʻʲʴʰ, ˁʭʬʴ ʻʴʫʨ
ʫʨʪʭʸˁʬʹʵ.
ʨʳ ʹʨ˂ʰʲʵʩʬʲ ʹʨʪʴʰʹ ˀʬʹʨˆʬʩ ʱʬʰʹʨʸʳʨ ʹʨʪʨʴʪʬʩʵ ʫʬʹʶʨʴʰ
ʪʨʪʮʨʭʴʨ ʹʶʨʸʹʬʯʰʹ ʩʨʺʵʴʯʨʴ ʳʵʹʨʲʨʶʨʸʨʱʬʩʲʨʫ, ʳʨʪʸʨʳ ˀʨˈʰʴ-
ˀʨˈʰ ʫʨʯʳʵʩʨʹ ʨʸ ʨʶʰʸʬʩʫʨ ʫʨ ʰʹʬ ʹʭʨʴʬʯʰʹ ʳʯʨʭʨʸʹ ʳʰʨʴʫʵ ʬʹ
ʹʨʱʰʯˆʰ ʪʨʫʨʹʨ˄ʿʭʬʺʨʫ, ʭʰʹʱʬʴʨ˂ ʻʴʫʨ ʰʳʨʹ ʳʰʬʳˆʸʵʹʵ 47).
ʩʸʵʹʬʹ ʯʽʳʰʯ 556 ˄. ʰʻʹʺʰʴʰʨʴʬ ʱʬʰʹʸʰʹʨ ʫʨ ʹʶʨʸʹʬʯʰʹ
ʳʬʼʰʹ ˆʵʹʸʵʹ ˀʵʸʰʹ ʫʨʫʬʩʻʲ ˆʬʲˀʬʱʸʻʲʬʩʰʯ ʹʭʨʴʬʯʰ
88
ʹʸʻʲʰʨʫ ʪʨʴʯʨʭʰʹʻʼʲʫʨ ʫʨ 590 ˄ʬʲʹ ʹʶʨʸʹʬʯʰʹ ʹʨʸʫʨʲʳʨ
ʩʬˆʸʨ ˁʻʩʰʴʳʨ ʹʭʨʴʬʯʰʹ ˄ʰʴʨʨʾʳʫʬʪ ʪʨʰʲʨˀʽʸʨ ʫʨ ʫʨʩʸʻʴʫʨ
ʰʽʰʫʪʨʴ ʪʨʳʨʸˇʭʬʩʻʲʰ, ʯʻʳ˂ʨ ʫʨ˄ʭʸʰʲʬʩʰʯ ʨʳ ʪʨʲʨˀʽʸʬʩʰʹ
ˀʬʹʨˆʬʩ ʨʸʨ ʭʰ˂ʰʯ ʸʨ 48).
ʫʰʳʰʺʸʰ ʩʨʽʸʨ˃ʰʹ ʯʽʳʰʯ ʳʬ-7 ʹʨʻʱ. ʹʭʨʴʬʯʰ ʫʨ ʨʸʪʭʬʯʰ
˄ʰʲʨʫ ʻʴʫʨ ˆʫʵʳʵʫʨ ʨʸˁʰʲ ʬʸʰʹʯʨʭ ʳʰʸʰʹ ˃ʳʨʹ, ˆʵʲʵ
ʨʾʴʰˀʴʻʲ ʬʶʵʽʰʹ ˀʬʳʫʬʪ ʰʹʬʭ ʪʨʴʯʨʭʰʹʻʼʲʫʴʬʴ ʫʨ
ʫʨʳʵʻʱʰʫʬʩʬʲ ʹʨʬʸʰʹʯʨʵʯ ˀʬʰʽʳʴʬʴ.
ʨʳʰʹ ˀʬʳʫʬʪ ʹʨʽʨʸʯʭʬʲʵ ʪʨʴʰ˂ʫʰʹ ʨʸʨʩʬʩʰʹ ˀʬʳʵʹʬʭʨʹ ʫʨ
ʳʨʯʳʨ ʩʨʺʵʴʵʩʨʳ ˁʭʬʴʹ ʽʭʬʿʨʴʨˀʰ ʪʨʹʺʨʴʨ ʳʬʸʭʬ ʹʨʻʱʻʴʰʹ ʳʬʵʸʬ
ʴʨˆʬʭʸʨʳʫʬ.
ʨʸʨʩʬʩʰʹ ˀʬʳʵʹʬʭʨʹ ʪʨʫʨʸˁʨ ʩʰʮʨʴʺʰʰʹ ʳʼʨʸʭʬʲʵʩʰʹ ʽʭʬˀ
ʳʿʵʼʰ ʨʼˆʨʮʬʯʰ. ʨʳ ʪʨʸʬʳʵʬʩʰʯ ʫʨ ʩʰʮʨʴʺʰʰʹ ʫʨʹʻʹʺʬʩʰʯ
ʰʹʨʸʪʬʩʲʨ ʨʼˆʨʮʬʯʰʹ ʬʸʰʹʯʨʭʳʨ ʲʬʵʴ ʳʬʵʸʬʳ ± ˃ʳʰʹ˄ʻʲʳʨ
ʲʬʵʴ ʶʰʸʭʬʲʰʹʨʳ ʫʨ ʪʨʳʬʼʫʨ ʫʨʹʨʭʲʬʯ ʹʨʽʨʸʯʭʬʲʵˀʰ (746-791
˄.) ʹʨʺʨˆʺʵ ʽʨʲʨʽʨʫ ʳʨʴ ʽʻʯʨʰʹʰ ʪʨʳʵʨ˂ˆʨʫʨ ʫʨ, ʹˆʭʨʯʨ ˀʵʸʰʹ,
ˀʬʳʵʰʬʸʯʨ ʹʭʨʴʬʯʰ˂. ʨʳʰʹ ˀʬʳʫʬʪ ʳʨʴ ʯʨʭʰʹʰ ʹʨˆʬʲʳ˄ʰʼʵ ʸʭʨ
ʹʨʬʸʰʹʯʨʭʵʫ ʫʨˈʿʵ ± ʹʭʨʴʬʯʰ˂ ˂ʨʲʱʬ ʹʨʬʸʰʹʯʨʵ ˀʬʰʽʳʴʨ 49).
ʳʬʨʯʬ ʹʨʻʱʻʴʬˀʰ ʹʭʨʴʬʯʰ ˀʬʻʬʸʯʨ ʨʼˆʨʮʬʯʰʹ ʳʬʼʬʹ
ʩʨʪʸʨʺʹ.
ʳʰʹʰ ʹʰʱʭʫʰʲʰʹ ˀʬʳʫʬʪ ʨʸ ʪʨʹʻʲʨ ʴʨˆʬʭʨʸʰ ˄ʬʲʰ˄ʨʫʰ
ʫʨ 1073 ˄. ʫʰʫʪʭʨʸʰʨʴʰ ʳʵˆʬʲʬʬʩʰ ʰʵʨʴʬ ʵʸʩʬʲʰʨʴʰ, ʳʰʹʰ ˀʭʰʲʰ
ʲʰʶʨʸʰʺʰ, ʴʰʨʴʰʨ ʽʵʩʻʲʬʲʰ ʫʨ ʹʭʨʴʯʨ ʬʸʰʹʯʨʭʰ ʭʨʸʫʨʴʰ˃ʬ
ʨˇʨʴʿʫʴʬʴ ʳʬʼʬ ʪʰʵʸʪʰ 2-ʰʹ ˄ʰʴʨʨʾʳʫʬʪ, ʪʨʫʨʻʫʪʴʬʴ ʨʳ ʳʬʼʬʹ ʫʨ
ʨʻˀʨʲʬʹ ʽʭʬʿʨʴʨ. ʹʭʨʴʬʩʰ ʫʨʬ˂ʴʬʴ ʵʫʰˀʹ, ʨʰʾʬʹ ʹʸʻʲʰʨʫ ʹʨʬʪʸʵ
ʫʨ ʫʨʨʸʩʰʬʹ ʰʹ. ʨˇʨʴʿʬʩʻʲʰ ʹʭʨʴʬʩʰ ʫʨ ʭʨʸʫʨʴʰ˃ʬ ʳʬʼʬʳ ˀʬʨˁʬʸʨ
ˆʳʰʯ, ʸʵʳ ʳʰʹ˂ʨ ʳʨʯ ʨʹʱʨʲʨʴʰ 50).
ʫʨʭʰʯ ʨʾʳʨˀʬʴʬʩʬʲʳʨ ʹʭʨʴʬʯʰ ʰʹʬʭ ˀʬʳʵʰʳʺʱʰ˂ʨ ʫʨ
ʹʨʽʨʸʯʭʬʲʵʹ ʹʨʳʬʼʵʹ ˀʬʻʬʸʯʨ. ʳʨʴ ʫʨʰ˄ʿʵ ʹʭʨʴʬʯˀʰ ʬʱʲʬʹʰʬʩʰʹ
ʨˀʬʴʬʩʨ ʫʨ ʽʸʰʹʺʰʨʴʵʩʰʹ ʪʨʭʸ˂ʬʲʬʩʨ ʨʫʪʰʲʵʩʸʰʭʰ ʳʱʭʰʫʸʰʹ
ʭʨˆʺʨʴʪ ʼʨʸˇʰʨʴʰʹ ˀʬʳ˄ʬʵʩʰʯ.
12 ʹʨʻʱ. ʯʨʳʨʸ ʳʬʼʰʹ ʳʨʳʰʹ ʪʰʵʸʪʰ ʳʬ-3 ʫʸʵʹ ʹʭʨʴʬʩʳʨ
ˀʨʴˀʬ ʫʨʫʰʨʴʰʹ ʳʬʯʨʻʸʵʩʰʯ ʨʰʾʬʹ ʹʵʳˆʬʯʰʹ ʹʨʺʨˆʺʵ ʽʨʲʨʽʰ
ʨʴʰʹʰ.
ʯʨʳʨʸ ʳʬʼʬ, ʸʵʳʬʲʰ˂ ʹʭʨʴʬʯʰʹ ʳʬˆʹʰʬʸʬʩʨˀʰ ʹʰʲʨʳʨʮʰʹʨ
ʫʨ ʫʰʫʬʩʰʹ ˀʨʸʨʭʨʴʫʬʫʴʰʯ ʨʸʰʹ ˀʬʳʵʹʰʲʰ, ʪʨʫʳʵ˂ʬʳʰʯ
89
ʹʭʨʴʬʯʰʹ ʫʰʫʨʯ ʳ˄ʿʨʲʵʩʬʲʰ ʰʿʵ, ʩʨʽʸʨ˃ʰʹ ʯʽʳʰʯ, ʹʭʨʴʬʩʰ ʳʰʹ
ʹʨʳʬʼʵ ʪʭʰʸʪʭʰʴʰʹ ʳʰʾʬʩʰʹ ʮʬʰʳˀʰ ʳʵʴʨ˄ʰʲʬʵʩʨʹ ʰʾʬʩʫʴʬʴ.
ˇʨʭʨˆʰˀʭʰʲʰʹ ˂ʴʵʩʬʩʰʯ, ʸʵʫʬʹʨ˂ ʨʳʰʸ-ʳʰʸʨʴʰ ʫʨ ʨʾʹʨʸʯʨʴ
ˀʨʸʭʨʴˀʨ ʨʳʨʲʰʯʻʸʯ ʹʨʽʨʸʯʭʬʲʵʹ ʳʬʼʬʹ ʬ˄ʭʰʭʴʬʴ, ʯʨʳʨʸ ʳʬʼʬʳ
ʫʨ ʫʨʭʰʯ ʹʵʹʲʨʴʳʨ ʰʹʰʴʰ ʫʰʫʰʹ ʮʬʰʳʰʯ ʳʰʰʾʬʹ ʫʨ ʳʰʨʪʬʩʬʹ ʳʨʯ
ʹˆʭʨ ʽʭʬˀʬʭʸʫʵʳʯʨ ˀʵʸʰʹ ʹʭʨʴʬʩʰ 51). ʹʭʨʴʬʩʰʹ ʯʽʳʰʯ ʯʨʳʨʸ ʳʬʼʬʳ
ʩʬʭʸʰ ʺʨ˃ʸʬʩʰ ʨʨʪʵ ʹʭʨʴʬʯˀʰ ʫʨ ʻʸʰ˂ˆʭʰ ˆʨʺ-ˇʭʸʰʯ ˀʬʨʳʱʵ
ʰʹʰʴʰ, ʫʨ ʨʳʰʺʵʳʨ˂ ʹʭʨʴʬʩʰ ʳʰʹʰ ʬʸʯʪʻʲʴʰ ʽʭʬˀʬʭʸʫʵʳʴʰ ʰʿʭʴʬʴ
ʫʨ ʸʵʫʬʹʨ˂ ʳʰʹ ʳʰʬʸ ʹʨʩʬʸ˃ʴʬʯˀʰ ʪʨʫʨʹʨˆʲʬʩʻʲʰ ʯʨʭʰʹʰ
ʻʾʰʸʹʰ ʳʬʻʾʲʬ ʪʰʵʸʪʰ ʸʻʹʰ ˀʻʸʰʹ ʹʨ˃ʰʬʩʲʨʫ ʹʨʽʨʸʯʭʬʲʵˀʰ
ʫʨʩʸʻʴʫʨ ʫʨ ʯʨʳʨʸʰʹ ʹʨ˄ʰʴʨʨʾʳʫʬʪʵʯ ʳʰʰʳˆʸʵ ʨʼˆʨʮʬʯʰ,
ʹʨʳʬʪʸʬʲʵ, ʪʻʸʰʨ, ʹʭʨʴʬʯʰ ʫʨ ʹˆʭʬʩʰ, ʳʨˀʰʴ ʯʨʳʨʸʰʹ
ʳʹʨˆʻʸʯʻˆʻ˂ʬʹʰʹ ʭʨʸʫʨʴʰʹ ʳʰʬʸ ʯʨʳʨʸʰʹ ʹʨ˄ʰʴʨʨʾʳʫʬʪʵʯ
ʨˇʨʴʿʬʩʻʲʳʨ ʹʭʨʴʬʩʳʨ ʪʰʵʸʪʰ ʸʻʹʰ ʫʨʰ˅ʰʸʬʹ ʫʨ ˆʬʲ-ʼʬˆ
ˀʬʱʸʻʲʰ ʯʨʳʨʸʰʹ ʳʰʻʿʭʨʴʬʹ.
ʹʭʨʴʬʩʹ ʹ˄ʨʳʯ, ʸʵʳ ʯʨʳʨʸ ʳʬʼʬ ʳʨʯ ʽʭʬʿʨʴʨˀʰ ʿʵʼʰʲʨ.
ʪʨʫʳʵ˂ʬʳʰʯ ʰʹ ʻʴʫʨ ʳʰʹʻʲʰʿʵ ʹʭʨʴʬʯˀʰ ʳʨʹ ˀʬʳʫʬʪ, ʸʨ˂ ʸʵʳ
ʯʨʭʰʹʰ ʽʳʨʸʰ ʪʰʵʸʪʰ ʪʨʴʫʬʭʴʨ ʫʨ ,,ʯʻʸʽʰʹ³ ʿʨʰʴʳʨ ʪʨʴʰ˃ʸʨˆʨ
ʳʰʹʰ ˂ʵʲʨʫ ˄ʨʿʭʨʴʨ. ʭʰʴʨʰʫʨʴ ʯʨʳʨʸʳʨ ʿʨʰʴʰ ʻʨʸʰʯ ʪʨʰʹʺʻʳʸʨ,
ʪʨʩʸʨʮʬʩʻʲʰ ʿʨʰʴʰ ˀʬʻʫʪʨ ʹʨʵʳʸʨʫ ʳʮʨʫʬʩʨʹ ʫʨ ʨʳʰʺʵʳ ʯʨʳʨʸʰ
ʹʭʨʴʬʯˀʰ ʳʰʭʰʫʨ ʫʨ ʻˀʪʻʲˀʰ ʫʨʩʰʴʨʭʫʨ. ʨʽ ʳʨʴ ʬʸʯ ʳʨʾʲʵʩʮʬ
ʨʨˀʬʴʨ ʬʸʯʰ ʫʰʫʰ ˂ʰˆʬ-ʹʰʳʨʪʸʬ, ˆʵʲʵ ʹʵʼʬʲ ˁʨʷʨˀˀʰ ʹʨʳʰ ˂ʰˆʬ,
ʸʵʳʲʬʩʹʨ˂ ʹʭʨʴʬʩʰ ʫʾʬʳʫʰʹ ʯʨʳʨʸ ʫʬʫʵʼʲʰʹ ˂ʰˆʬʬʩʹ ʬ˃ʨˆʰʨʴ.
ʪʨʫʳʵ˂ʬʳʰʯ, ʨʽʬʫʪʨʴ ʳʨʴ ʫʨʰ˄ʿʵ ʹʭʨʴʬʯˀʰ ʬʱʲʬʹʰʬʩʰʹ
ʨˀʬʴʬʩʨ ʫʨ ʬ˂ʬʸˀʰ ʫʨʨʳʯʨʭʸʨ. ʸʵʫʬʹʨ˂ ʰʹ ʲʬʴˇʬʸʰʹ
ʹʨʮʵʪʨʫʵʬʩʨˀʰ ʲʨˀʯˆʭʬʸʰʹ ʬʱʲʬʹʰʰʹ ʨˀʬʴʬʩʨʹ ʨʳʯʨʭʸʬʩʫʨ, ʨʳ
ʫʸʵʹ ʳʨʹ ʳʵʻʭʰʫʨ ʨʳʩʨʭʰ ʩʨʿʩʨʿ ʳʫʬʭʯʨʴ ʨʳʰʸʨʴʰʹ ʩʸʵʲʰʹʨ ʫʨ
ʨʳ ʩʸ˃ʵʲʰʹ ± ʨʳʰʸʨʴʰʹ ʪʨʳʨʸˇʭʬʩʰʯ ʫʨʳʯʨʭʸʬʩʰʹ ˀʬʹʨˆʬʩ ʫʨ
ʨʳʰʺʵʳ ʳʵˆʬʲʬʬʩʹ ʻʩʸ˃ʨʴʨ ʬʹ ʹʻʸʨʯʰ ʫʨʬˆʨʺʨ ʨʳ ʬʱʲʬʹʰʰʹ ʬʸʯ-
ʬʸʯ ʱʬʫʬʲʮʬ, ʸʵʳʬʲʰ˂ ʫʾʬʳʫʬ ʫʨ˂ʻʲʰʨ ʨʳ ʬʱʲʬʹʰʰʹ
ˁʸʫʰʲʵʬʯʰʹ ʱʬʫʬʲʮʬ ʪʨʸʬʯ.
ʬ˂ʬʸˀʰ ʳʨʴ ʳʻˀʨʵʩʨ ʸʵʳ ʫʨʨʳʯʨʭʸʨ, ʼˆʵʺʸʬʸʰʹ ʳʰʹ ʳʰʬʸ
ʨˀʬʴʬʩʻʲ ʬʱʲʬʹʰʨˀʰ ʫʨʺʵʭʨ ʳʸʨʭʨʲʰ ˃ʭʰʸʼʨʹʰ ʴʰʭʯʬʩʰ, ʳʨʯ
ˀʵʸʰʹ ʯʨʭʰʹʰ ʹʨʸʺʿʬʲʰ, ʱʭʬʸʯˆʰ ʫʨ ʭʬʸ˂ˆʲʰʹ ʨʸʨʩʻʲʰ
˄ʨʸ˄ʬʸʬʩʰʨʴʰ ʱʵʲʵʼʰ. ʬʹ ʴʰʭʯʬʩʰ ˀʬʳʫʬʪˀʰ ʯ. ʫʨʫʬˀʽʬʲʰʨʴʬʩʹ
ˁʨʻʭʨʸʫʨʯ ˆʬʲˀʰ ʫʨ ʯʨʳʨʸʰʹ ʹʨʸʺʿʬʲʰ 1857 ˄. ʪʬʲʨ
90
ʫʨʫʬˀʽʬʲʰʨʴʰʹ ˂ʵʲʳʨ (ʯʬʴʪʰʮʰʹ ʫʬʫʨʳ) ʼʬˀʽʨˀʨʯ ʳʰʨʸʯʭʨ
ʹʨʳʬʪʸʬʲʵʹ ʫʬʫʵʼʨʲʹ ʬʱʨʺʬʸʰʴʬʹ.
ʹʨʿʻʸʨʫʾʬʩʵʨ, ʹˆʭʨʯʨ ˀʵʸʰʹ, ʹʭʨʴʬʯʰʹ ˆʨʲˆʹʰ
ʳʬˆʹʰʬʸʬʩʨˀʰ ʫʾʬʳʫʰʹ ˀʬʴʨˆʻʲʰ ʯʨʳʨʸ ʳʬʼʰʹ ʹʭʨʴʬʯˀʰ ʳʵʹʭʲʰʹ
ʪʨʳʵʳˆʨʺʭʬʲʰ ʼʬʸˆʻʲʰ ʹʰʳʾʬʸʨ: ,,ʸʨʭʽʬʴ³ ʸʵʳʲʰʹ ˀʰʴʨʨʸʹʰ˂
ʹʨ˅ʰʸʵʫ ʳʰʳʨˁʴʰʨ ʨʽʭʬ ʳʵʭʨʯʨʭʹʵʯ:

 €…“„Œ

ʸʨʭʽʴʨʹʰʨ ʭʬʸ ʭʰʺʿʭʰ ʭʵʰ... ˀʨʰʸʹʨ,

ʯʨʳʨʸ ʫʬʫʼʨfʲ ʨʴʹʪʵˇʫ,
ʯˆʻʳʨʹ ˆʨʪ˙ʫʨ ʮʻʸˁʰʨ,
ˀʫ˙ʳʨʹ ˆʵʸʰʱʫʨ ʲʬˀʫʰʳʨʸʰ
ʿʰʨʹ ˆʨʩʻʫʨ ˈʬˀʰʳʨʸʰ.
ʯʬʸʨʲ ˆʵʹʪʻʸʫʨ ʪʰˀʸʰˀ
ˀʫ˙ʽʨfʸ ˆʨʪʨfʴʫʨ ʳʨʸʪʨʲʰʺʰˀʰ
ʹʪʨfˀˆʨfʴ ˆʨʽʻʫʨ ʨʺʲʨʹʰ
ʽʨfˀˆʨfʴ ˆʨfʽʻʫʨ ʨʩˇʨʸʰ
ʼʨʯʭʨfʸ ˆʨʪʨfʴʫʨ ʿʭʨʸʿʭʲʨʰ
ʳʬˆʸʨʲʹ ˆʨʹʫʨʴʫʨ ˈʬˀʰʳʨʸʰ
ʼʵʿʨʹ ˆʵʸʰʱʫʨ ˆʨʴʪʨʸʰ
˅˙ˀˆʨʸʹ ˆʨʹʫʨfʴʫʨ ˁ˙ʽʰʳʨʸʰ
ˁʨfʷʰʲʫʹ ˆʨʹʪʻʸʫʨ ʽʻʸˆʭʨʰʹ.

‡€ ‚‹€Œˆ

ʸʨ ʭʽʴʨ, ʭʬʸ ʭʰʺʿʭʰ ˀʨʰʸʹʨ.

ʯʨʳʨʸ ʫʬʫʵʼʨʲʰ ʳʵʩʸ˃ʨʴʫʨ,
ʯʨʭʮʬʫ ʬˆʻʸʨ ʮʻˁʰ,
ʿʻʸʬʩʮʬ ʬʱʰʫʨ ʹʨʿʻʸʬʬʩʰ,
ʿʬʲʮʬʫ ʬʱʰʫʨ ˈʬˀʰʳʨʸʰ (ʹʨʳʱʬʸʫʻʲʰ),
ʯʭʨʲʬʩʰ ˈʽʵʴʫʨ ʪʰˀʸʰʹʨ,
ʱʩʰʲʬʩʰ ˈʽʵʴʫʨ ʳʨʸʪʨʲʰʺʰʹʨ,
ˀʰʪʴʰʯ ʬ˂ʭʨ ʨʺʲʨʹʰ,
ʪʨʸʬʫ ʬ˂ʭʨ ʨʩˇʨʸʰ,

91
 ʯʳʨ ˈʽʵʴʫʨ ˆʻ˅ʻ˅ʰ,
ʳʨˇʬʩʮʬʫ ˈʽʵʴʫʨ ʹʨʳʨˇʻʸʬʩʰ.
ʯʬ˃ʵʹ ʬʱʰʫʨ ˆʳʨʲʰ,
ʼʬˆʮʬʫ ʬ˂ʭʨ ˁʬʽʳʬʩʰ,
˂ˆʬʴʰ ˈʿʨʭʫʨ ʼʬʸʨʫ ʲʻʸˇʰ.

ʯʨʳʨʸʰʹ ˀʬʳʫʬʪ ʹʭʨʴʬʩʰ ʬʸʯˆʨʴʹ ʱʰʫʬʭ ʪʨʴʨʪʸ˃ʵʩʫʴʬʴ

ʹʨʽʨʸʯʭʬʲʵʹ ʳʬʼʬʬʩʰʹ ʳʵʸˁʰʲʬʩʨʹ ʫʨ ʲʨˀʨ ʪʰʵʸʪʰʹʨ ʫʨ
ʸʻʹʻʫʨʴʯʨʴ ʰʹʰʴʰ ʬʺʿʵʩʨ ʳ˅ʰʫʸʵʯ ʰʿʭʴʬʴ ʫʨʱʨʭˀʰʸʬʩʻʲʴʰ,
ʸʨʹʨ˂, ʹˆʭʨʯʨ ˀʵʸʰʹ, ʨʳʺʱʰ˂ʬʩʬʴ ʳʨʯ ʳʰʬʸ ˀʬʳʵ˄ʰʸʻʲʰ ʰʹ ˆʨʺ-
ˇʭʨʸʰ ʫʨ ʹˆʭʨ ʴʰʭʯʬʩʰ ˀʬʹʨʼʬʸʰʹʰ ˄ʨʸ˄ʬʸʬʩʰʯ, ʸʵʳʲʬʩʰ˂
ʹʭʨʴʬʯʰʹ ʹˆʭʨʫʨʹˆʭʨ ʬʱʲʬʹʰʬʩˀʰ ʰʴʨˆʬʩʰʨʴ. ʳʬ-13 ʹʨʻʱ.
ʸʻʹʻʫʨʴʰʹ ˀʭʰʲʰʹ ʫʨʰʯ ʴʨʸʰʴ ʶʰʸʭʬʲʰʹ ˀʭʰʲʰʹ ʱʵʴʹʺʨʴʺʰʴʬʹ
ʫʸʵʹ ʹʭʨʴʬʯʰ ʰʳʬʸʬʯʹ ʪʨʫʨʻʫʪʨ.
ʳʬ-14 ʹ. ʹʭʨʴʬʩʰ ʨˇʨʴʿʫʴʬʴ ʪʰʵʸʪʰ ʩʸ˄ʿʰʴʭʨʲʰʹ ˄ʰʴʨʨʾʳ-
ʫʬʪ ʫʨ ʪʨʫʨʹ˄ʭʬʹ ʽʻʯʨʰʹʰ 52).
ʳʬʼʬʳ ʰʳʨʯ ˄ʰʴʨʨʾʳʫʬʪ ʮʵʳʬʩʰ ʳʰʰʾʵ ʫʨ ʪʨʫʨʨʿʬʴʨ
ʹʭʨʴʬʯʰʹ ʬʸʰʹʯʨʭʰ ʭʨʸʫʨʴʰ˃ʬ, ʸʵʳʬʲʰ˂ ʨʳʰʹ ˀʬʳʫʬʪ ʫʨʰʴʰˀʴʨ
ʪʻʸʰʰʹ ʬʸʰʹʯʨʭʨʫ, ˆʵʲʵ ʹʭʨʴʬʯˀʰ ʳʰʹ ʳʨʪʰʭʸʨʫ ʬʸʰʹʯʨʭʨʫ
ʪʨʳ˄ʬʹʫʨ ʪʬʲʵʭʨʴʰ.
ʸʨʳ ʪʨʳʵʰ˄ʭʰʨ ʬʹ ʨˇʨʴʿʬʩʨ ± ʨʳʨʮʬ ʰʹʺʵʸʰʨ ʹʫʻʳʹ, ˆʵʲʵ
ʹʭʨʴʬʯˀʰ ˀʬʴʨˆʻʲ ʮʬʶʰʸ-ʪʨʫʳʵ˂ʬʳʰʯ ʹʨʽʨʸʯʭʬʲʵʹ ʳʬʼʬʳ
ʪʰʵʸʪʰʳ ʹʭʨʴʬʯʹ ʸʨʾʨ˂ʨʮʬ ʪʻʲʰ ʫʨʹ˄ʿʭʰʺʨ, ʳʨˀʰʴ ʬʹ ˆʨʲˆʰ
ʨʻʳˆʬʫʸʫʨ ʳʨʹ ʫʨ ʹʭʨʴʬʯʰʹ ʫʰʫʳʨ ʲʨˀʽʨʸʳʨ ʿʨʴʹʨʭ ʿʰʼʰʨʴʰʹ
ʳʬʯʨʻʸʵʩʰʯ ʳʰʹ ˄ʰʴʨʨʾʳʫʬʪ ʪʨʰʲʨˀʽʸʨ.
ʸʵʫʬʹʨ˂ ʬʹ ʲʨˀʽʨʸʰ ʲʨʺʼʨʸʰʹ ʳʯʨʮʬ ʨʭʰʫʨ,
ʯʭʰʯʬʻʲʳʨ ʳˆʬʫʨʸʳʨ ʨʰʾʵ ʯʰʯʵ ʯʬʯʸʰ ʽʭʨ ʫʨ ʬʸʯʹ ʨʫʪʰʲʨʹ
ʫʨʨ˄ʿʭʬʹ. ʫʨ˄ʿʬʩʻʲʰ ʽʭʬʳʵ ʹʭʨʴʬʯʰʫʪʨʴ ʿʭʬʲʨ ʳʬʮʵʩʲʬʩʰ
ʫʨʰʳʵʸˁʰʲʬʹ ʫʨ ʯʨʭʰʹ ʳʵˆʨʸʱʬʯ ʪʨʰˆʨʫʬʹ, ˆʵʲʵ ʽʻʯʨʰʹˀʰ ʸʵʳ
ˁʨʭʰʫʴʬʴ, ʪʨʫʨʹ˄ʭʬʹ ʫʨ ʨʨʵˆʸʬʹ ʬʹ ʽʨʲʨʽʰ. ʽʻʯʨʰʹʰʫʪʨʴ ˆʵʴʰʹ
ʪʮʰʯ ʪʨʳʨʸˇʭʬʩʻʲʰ ʹʭʨʴʬʯʰʹ ʳˆʬʫʸʵʩʨ ʹʭʨʴʬʯʰʹʨʱʬʴ
ʪʨʬʳʪʮʨʭʸʨ, ʳʨʪʸʨʳ ʸʵ˂ʨ ʩʻʳʩʻʰʹ ˆʰʫʮʬ ʪʨʫʨʫʰʵʫʴʬʴ ± ʬʹ ˆʰʫʰ
ʳʨʯ ˁʨʻʺʿʫʨʯ ʫʨ ʨʳʰʹ ʪʨʳʵ ʮʵʪʰ ʪʨʾʳʨ ʫʨʸˁʨ, ʮʵʪʰ˂ ʪʨʳʵʾʳʨ,
ˆʵʲʵ ʩʬʭʸʰ ʫʨʰʾʻʶʨ. ʨʳ ʲʨˀʽʸʰʹ ʰʹ ʴʨ˄ʰʲʰ, ʸʵʳʬʲʳʨ˂ ˆʰʫʮʬ
ʪʨʹʭʲʨ ʳʵʨʹ˄ʸʵ, ʫʨʩʸʻʴʫʨ ʹʭʨʴʬʯˀʰ. ʲʨʺʼʨʸʰʹ ʳʯʨʹ ʸʵʳ
ʳʰʨʾ˄ʰʬʹ, ʨʰʾʬʹ ʰʹʬʭ ʯʭʰʯʵ ʯʬʯʸʰ ʽʭʨ ʫʨ ʫʨʨ˄ʿʭʬʹ
92
ʮʬʳʵˆʹʬʴʬʩʻʲ ʽʭʬʩʰʹ ʳʨˆʲʵʩʲʨʫ. ˀʬʳʫʬʪ ʫʨʰʯʭʨʲʬʹ ʸʵʪʵʸ˂
ʶʰʸʭʬʲʰ, ʨʪʸʬʯʭʬ ʳʬʵʸʬ ʫʨ ʨʳʴʨʰʸʨʫ ʪʨʳʵʨʸʱʭʰʬʹ ʸʨʵʫʬʴʵʩʨ
ʵʳˀʰ ˁʨʹʻʲʯʨ ʫʨ ʰʽʰʫʪʨʴ ˂ʵ˂ˆʲʨʫ ʫʨʩʸʻʴʬʩʻʲ-ʯʨ 53).
ʪʨʫʳʵ˂ʬʳʰʯ, ʨʳ ʫʸʵʹ ʹʭʨʴʬʩʰʹ ʰʹ ʴʨ˄ʰʲʰ ʸʵʳʬʲʹʨ˂
ˆʰʫʮʬ ʪʨʹʭʲʨ ʭʬʸ ʳʵʬʹ˄ʸʵ ± ˁʨʸˁʨ ʫʨ ʫʨʹʨˆʲʫʨ ʰʳʬʸʬʯʰʹ
ʹˆʭʨʫʨʹˆʭʨ ʱʻʯˆʬʬʩˀʰ ʫʨ ʨʳʰʺʵʳʨ˂ ʪʭˆʭʫʬʩʨ ʫʾʬʹ ʰʽ ʳʸʨʭʨʲʰ
ʹʭʨʴʻʸʰ ʪʭʨʸʬʩʰ ʫʨ ʹˆʭ...
ʿʨʴʹʨʭ ʿʰʼʰʨʴʰ ʸʵʳ ʬʸʯ ʫʸʵʹ ʹʭʨʴʬʯʰʹ ˇʨʸʰʹ
ʳʯʨʭʨʸʹʨʸʫʨʲʰ ʿʵʼʰʲʨ ± ʬʹ ʹʰʳʨʸʯʲʬʹ ʳʵʱʲʬʩʻʲʰ ʨʸ ʻʴʫʨ
ʰʿʵʹ, ʳʨʪʸʨʳ ʰʿʵ ʰʹ ʳʨʸʯʲʨ˂ ʮʬʳʵʫʨʾ˄ʬʸʰʲ ʰʹʺʵʸʰʻʲ
ʳʵʭʲʬʴʰʹ ˆʬʲʳ˃ʾʭʨʴʬʲʰ ʯʻ ʨʸʨ, ʨʳʨʮʬ ʭʬʸʨʼʬʸʹ ʭʰʺʿʭʰʯ.
ʹʭʨʴʬʯˀʰ ʫʾʬʳʫʬ ˀʬʴʨˆʻʲʨ ʳʨʹʮʬ ʹʰʳʾʬʸʨ:

•€Œ€… •ˆ’ˆ€Œ

ʿʨʴʹʨʭ ʿʰʼʰʨfʴʬ ʫʨ ʿʨʴʹʨʭ ʿʰʼʰʨfʴʬ

ʻʳˁʨf ʻʫʪʨʸʨ ʻʲʺʭʨ ʻʿʸʵʭʨ
ʼʨʸʨʹ ʬʹʾ˙ʸʰʫ ʩʨʱʨʹʰ ˆʰˀˋʨfʲʬʫ
ˆʵˁʨ ʾʭʨʷʨfʸʬ ʮʨʪʸʻˀ ʬʹʾ˙ʸʰʫ
ʴʨʳ˂ʨf ʯʵʼʨfʸʬ ʫ˙ʯˆʬʲ ʶʰʲʨfʸʬ
ʩʨʸˇʨfʹ ˇʨʹʫʨʴʫʨˆ, ʩʨʸˇʨfʹ ˇʨʹʫʨʴʫʨˆ,
ʱʨʲʫʰʳ ʫʨˀʴʨʸʬ ʱʨʲʫʰʳ ʫʨˀʴʨʸʬ
ʼʵʿʨfʹ ˇʰʸʰʱʫʨˆ ʼʵʿʨfʹ ˇʰʸʰʱʫʨˆ
ˆʵʲʨ ʾʭʨfʷʨfʸʬ ˆʵʲʨ ʾʭʨfʷʨfʸʬ
ʺʻʩʨʹ ʮ˙ʹʫʨfʴʫʨˆ ʺʻʩʨʹ ʮ˙ʹʫʨfʴʫʨˆ
ˇʰˈʸʨ ʺʿʬʴʨʸʬ ˇʰˈʸʨ ʺʿʬʴʨʸʬ
ʩʨʸˇʨfʹ ˇʨʹʫʨʴʫʨˆ ʩʨʸˇʨfʹ ˇʨʹʫʨʴʫʨˆ.

‡€ ‚‹€Œˆ

ʻʩʬʸʬʩʬʲʵ ʫʨ ʻʱʭʫʨʭʵ ʿʨʴʹʨʭ ʿʰʼʰʨʴʵ,

ʼʨʸʬʯʰʯ ʳʰʫʰʵʫʰʯ, ʩʨˆʨʹ 54) ʵʳʵʩʫʰʯ.
ʱʨʸʪʰ ʭʨʷʱʨ˂ʴʰ ʳʯʰʹ ʳ˄ʭʬʸʭʨʲʬʩʰʯ ʳʰʫʰʵʫʰʯ,
ʴʨʳ˂ʨ ʯʵʼʬʩʰ ʳˆʸʬʩʮʬ ʪʬʫʵʯ,
ʴʨʳ˂ʨ ʯʵʼʬʩʰ, ʯˆʬʲ ʺʻˁʬʩʰʨʴʴʰ,

93
 ʱʨʲʫʨʳʰʹ ʫʨˀʴʬʩʰ ʯʬ˃ʵʫ ʪʬʱʰʫʨʯ.
ʳˆʫʨʲʴʰ ʱʨ˂ʴʰ ʾʬʲʬʬʩˀʰ ʬʿʨʸʴʬʴ,
ʳˆʨʸʮʬ ʫʨʬʫʭʨʯ ʳʻˆʰʹ ˇʵˆʬʩʰ.

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ʻʳˁʨf ʻʫʪʨʸʨ ʿʨʴʹʨʭ ʿʰʼʰʨʴʨ

ʹʵʼʬʲ ʨfʫʽʻʯʨʴ ʹʵʲʨ ʲʬʴˇʨfʸʬ
ʹʬʺʰ ʳʬʹʺʰʨ ʾʭʬʩʸʨ ʮʨʸʫʲʨˀʰ
ʳʻʲʨˆ-ʳ˙ʷʨʲʬ ʻʾʭʰʸ-ʮʨʪʨʸʰ
ʹʰʽʰʲʨ ʩʨʽʰʲʨ ˁʵʸʯʨfˋ ˁʨʸʯʵʲʨfʴ
ʰʼʨfʸ ʳʬʼʮʨʪʨfʴ, ʱʨfʲʨ ʻˀʪʻʲʰ
ʼʵʸʬʹ ʰˀˋʨfʲʬˆ ʯˆʻʳʨfʸʹ ˆʨ˅ʱʻʸʬˆ
ʲ˙˂ʨʹ ˀʰʫʨˆ ʩʵʼˀʨfʸ ʰʺˆ˙ʸʨˆ
ʲʨˆˆʭʨ ʨˀʫʾʭʰʫʨˆ ʲʨˀʫʾʭʨʲʹ ˆʬˀʫʨʩʫʨˆ.

‡€ ‚‹€Œˆ

ʻʩʬʸʬʩʬʲʵ ʫʨ ʻʱʭʫʨʭʵ ʿʨʴʹʨʭ ʿʰʼʰʨʴʵ.

ʹʵʼʲʬʩʰ ʫʨʰ˃ʸʴʬʴ: ʹʵʲʨ, ʲʬʴˇʬʸʰ,
ʹʬʺʰ, ʳʬʹʺʰʨ, ʾʭʬʩʸʨ, ʮʨʸʫʲʨˀʰ,
ʳʻʲʨˆ-ʳʻʷʨʲʰ, ʻʾʭʰʸ-ʮʨʪʨʸʰ.
ʹʰʽʰʲʨ ʩʨʽʰʲʨ ˁʵʸʯʨʰ ˁʨʸʯʵʲʨʴ,
ʰʼʨʸʰ, ʳʬʼʮʨʪʨʴ, ʱʨʲʨ, ʻˀʪʻʲʰ,
ʼʵʸʬʹ ʵʳʵʩʫʰʯ, ʯʨʭʬʩʹʨ ˈʱʭʬʯʫʰʯ,
˄ʿʨʲˀʰ ʿʸʰʫʰʯ ʳʨʯ, ʩʨʭˀʭʬʩʹ ʪʨʳʵˈʽʵʴʫʨʯ,
˂ʵʲʬʩʰ ʳʨʸˆʨʭʫʴʬʴ, ʺʰʸʰʲʹ ʻˆʫʰʫʴʬʴ.

1462 ˄ʬʲʹ ʿʭʨʸʿʭʨʸʬ ʨʯʨʩʨʪʰ ʫʨ ʩʨʪʸʨʺ ʳʬʵʸʬ ˄ʰʴ

ʨʾʻʫʪʬʴ ʽʨʸʯʲʰʹ ʳʬʼʬʹ ʪʰʵʸʪʰʹ ʫʨ ˁʰˆʵʸʰʹ ʩʸ˃ʵʲʨˀʰ
ʹʭʨʴʬʩʰʹ ʳʵʴʨ˄ʰʲʬʵʩʰʯ ʫʨʳʨʸ˂ˆʬʩʻʲʰ ʪʰʵʸʪʰ ʽʨʸʯʲˀʰ ʪʨʰʽ˂ʨ.
ʹʭʨʴʬʩʹ ʨʳ ʵʳˀʰ ʳʵʴʨ˄ʰʲʬʵʩʰʹ ʳʰʾʬʩʰʹʨʯʭʰʹ ʨʯʨʩʨʪʰ ʫʨ ʩʨʪʸʨʺʰ
ˀʬʶʰʸʫʴʬʴ ʹʸʻʲ ʫʨʳʵʻʱʰʫʬʩʲʵʩʨʹ. ʳʨʯ ʫʨʬʫʭʨʯ ʳˆʵʲʵʫ
ʬʸʯʰ ʳʵʭʨʲʬʵʩʨ ± ʮʵʪʰʬʸʯ ˀʬʳʯˆʭʬʭʨˀʰ ʨʾʬʹʸʻʲʬʩʰʴʨʯ
ʹʨʳˆʬʫʸʵ ʹʨʳʹʨˆʻʸʰ 55).

94
 1584 ˄., ʰʳʬʸʬʯʰʹ ʳʬʼʬʳ ʨʲʬʽʹʨʴʫʸʬʳ ʫʨʰʼʲʵ ʰʳʬʸʬʯʰ
ʫʨ ˀʬʳʵʰʬʸʯʨ ʨʼˆʨʮʬʯʰ ʫʨ ʹʭʨʴʬʯʰ.
1645 ˄., ʸʵ˂ʨ ʲʬʭʨʴ ʫʨʫʰʨʴʳʨ, ʽʻʯʨʰʹʰʹ ʨʹʨʾʬʩʨʫ
ʪʨʰʲʨˀʽʸʨ ʫʰʫʰ ˇʨʸʰʯ, ʰʽ ʳʨʹ ʫʨˆʭʫʨ ʹʭʨʴʯʨ ʲʨˀʽʨʸʰ,
ʸʵʳʬʲʰ˂ ʰʳʬʸʬʯʰʹ ʫʬʫʨʽʨʲʨʽʹ ʰ˂ʨʭʫʨ ʰʳʬʸʬʯʰʹʨ ʫʨ ʹʨʼʨʸ
ʼʨˀʰʹ ˇʨʸʯʨʴ ʬʸʯʨʫ.
ʹʭʨʴʬʯˀʰ ʫʾʬʳʫʰʹ ˀʬʴʨˆʻʲʰʨ ʯʽʳʻʲʬʩʨ ʰʳʰʹ ˀʬʹʨˆʬʩ,
ʸʵʳ ʳʨʹ ʬʸʯ ʫʸʵʹ ˆʵʴʯʽʨʸʰʹ ʲʨˀʽʨʸʰ ʫʨʬ˂ʨ. ʹʭʨʴʬʯˀʰ
ʳʵʹʭʲʨʳʫʬ ʨʳ ˇʨʸʳʨ ʪʨ˃ʨʸ˂ʭʨ ʹʨʳʬʪʸʬʲʵˀʰ ʰʲʵʸʰʹ ʬʱʲʬʹʰʨ.
ʹʨʳʬʪʸʬʲʵʫʨʴ ʬʴʪʻʸʰʹ ˆʬʵʩʰʯ ʹʭʨʴʬʯˀʰ ʨʳʵʭʰʫʨ ʫʨ ʳʸʨʭʨʲʰ
ʬʱʲʬʹʰʨ ʪʨ˃ʨʸ˂ʭʨ. ʴʨ˃ʨʸ˂ʭʰ ˆʨʺʬʩʰ, ˁʭʬʴʰ ʹʨʸ˄ʳʻʴʵʬʩʸʰʭʰ
ʪʸ˃ʴʵʩʬʩʰ ʸʵʳ ʻʼʸʵ ˀʬʬʲʨˆʨʯ, ˀʨʭʰ ˃ʨʾʲʬʩʰʯ ʳʵˈʽʵʴʫʨʯ.
ʲʨˆʨʳʻʲʨˀʰ ʳʨʯ ˀʬˆʭʫʨʯ ʳʻʲʨˆʬʲʰ ʭʰʾʨ˂ ʯ. ʪʰʪʨʴʰ ʪʮʰʹʨ ʫʨ
ʬʱʲʬʹʰʬʩʰʹ ʳʨˁʭʬʴʬʩʲʨʯ.
ˆʵʴʯʽʸʰʹ ˇʨʸʰ ʶʰʸʭʬʲʨʫ ʳʻʲʨˆˀʰ ʻʾʭʰʸ-ʮʨʪʨʸʰʹ
ʳʯʨʮʬ ʫʨʳʨʸ˂ˆʫʨ. ʨʳ ʩʸ˃ʵʲʨˀʰ ʳʵʱʲʻʲ ˆʵʴʯʽʸʰʹ ˇʨʸʰʹ
ʳʯʨʭʨʸ-ʹʨʸʫʲʰʹ ʽʻʫʰ ʫʾʬʳʫʬ ʬʸʯ ʬʱʲʬʹʰʨˀʰ ʰʴʨˆʬʩʨ, ˆʵʲʵ ʯ.
ʪʰʪʨʴʰʹ ʳʰʬʸ ʨʳ ʩʸ˃ʵʲʰʹ ʫʸʵʹ ˄ʨʸʯʳʬʻʲʰ ʬʱʲʬʹʰʬʩʰʹ ʴʨ˃ʨʸ˂ʭʰ
ʳʬʵʸʬ ± ʹʨˆʬʲʫʵʩʸ ʳʻʷʨʲʰʹ ʳʯʨʭʨʸ-ʨʴʪʬʲʵʮʰʹ ʬʱʲʬʹʰʨˀʰ 56).
ʬʹ ˇʨʸʰ ʹʭʨʴʬʯˀʰ ʹʸʻʲʰʨʫ ʳʵʰʹʶʵ ʫʨ ʯʨʭʰʹ ʽʭʬʿʨʴʨˀʰ
ʨʸʨʭʰʴ ʫʨʩʸʻʴʬʩʻʲʨ.
ʪʨʫʳʵ˂ʬʳʰʯ, ʹʭʨʴʬʯʰ ʬʸʯ ʫʸʵʹ ʩʬʸ ʿʰʼʰʨʴʰʹ, ˆʵʲʵ
ˀʬʳʫʬʪ ʩʬʫʨʴ ʿʰʼʰʨʴʰʹ ʳʬʯʨʻʸʵʩʰʯ ʸʨ˅ʨ-ʲʬˁˆʻʳʹ ʬʵʳʬʩʵʫʨ.
ʩʬʫʨʴ ʿʰʼʰʨʴʰʹ ʳʬʯʨʻʸʵʩʰʯ ʹʭʨʴʬʯʰʹ ʲʨˀʽʨʸʰ ʸʵʳ
ʲʬˁˆʻʳʰʹʨʱʬʴ ʪʨʬʳʪʮʨʭʸʨ, ± ʽʭʬʳʵ ʹʭʨʴʬʯʹ ʨʳ ʫʸʵʹ ʸʨ˅ʰʹ
ʬʸʰʹʯʨʭʰ ʰʶʿʸʵʩʫʨ. ʳʨʯʰ ʯˆʵʭʴʰʯ ʹʭʨʴʬʯʰʹ ʲʨˀʽʨʸʰ ʬʱʭʬʯʨ
ʳʺʬʸʹ, ʹʨʹʺʰʱʨʫ ʫʨʨʳʨʸ˂ˆʨ, ˄ʨʨʸʯʭʨ ʹʨʲʨˀʽʸʵ ˆʨʺʰ, ʸʵʳʬʲʰ˂
ʳʻʲʨˆʰʹ ʳʨ˂ˆʵʭʸʰʹ ʬʱʲʬʹʰʨˀʰ ʰʴʨˆʬʩʨ (ʨʳ ʬʱʲʬʹʰʨˀʰ ʳʨʸʯʲʨ˂
ʨʸʰʹ ʬʹ ˆʨʺʰ ˀʬʴʨˆʻʲʰ ˄ʨʸ˄ʬʸʰʯ: ,,ʩʬʫʨʴ ʿʰʼʰʨʴʰ³ʫʨ ʹʭʨʴʬʩʰ ʳʨʹ
ʹʨʲʨˀʽʸʵ ˆʨʺʹ ʬ˃ʨˆʰʨʴ). ʪʨʳʨʸˇʭʬʩʻʲʳʨ ʹʭʨʴʬʩʳʨ ʩʬʪʨʸʨʫ
ʫʨʨʫʭʬʹ ʽʭʬʳʵ ʹʭʨʴʬʩʹ ʨʹʬʯ ʫʨˆʳʨʸʬʩʰʹʨʯʭʰʹ ʿʵʭʬʲ˄ʲʰʻʸʨʫ
ʹʨʳʰ ʹʨʶʨʲʴʬ ʾʭʰʴʵ. ʨʽʬʫʪʨʴ ʹʭʨʴʬʩʰ ʲʬˁˆʻʳʰʹʱʬʴ ʪʨʬʳʪʮʨʭʸʬʴ.
ʲʬˁˆʻʳʰʹ ʻʼʸʵʹʰ ʩʬʴʫʬʲʰʨʴʰ ˀʬʰʶʿʸʬʹ, ʸʱʰʴʰʹ ʹʨʱʨʸ˂ˆʻʲʰ
(ʹʱʨʳʰ) ˄ʨʨʸʯʭʬʹ ʫʨ ʷʨʩʬˀʰʹ ʬʱʲʬʹʰʨˀʰ ˀʬʰʴʨˆʬʹ 57), ˆʵʲʵ ʩʬʪʨʸʨ
ʫʨʨʫʬʹ ˁˆʻʺʬʲʹ ʿʵʭʬʲ˄ʲʰʻʸʨʫ ʬʸʯʰ ʯʬʯʸʰ ˆʨʸʰ, ʲʻˆʭʨʴʵʹ
ʫʨ ˂ʨʪʬʸʹ ʸʱʰʴʰʹ ʨʭʬˇʬʻʲʵʩʨ (ʴʬʳʹʰ, ʴʨˇʨˆʰ ʫʨ ʹˆʭ.), ʵʿʻʸʬˀʹ,
95
ʲʨ˅ʬʩʰʫʨʹ ʫʨ ʹˆʭ. ʹʵʼʲʬʩʹ ʯʭʰʯʵ ʯʬʼˀʰ ,,ʸʰʳʩʰˀʰ³ 58), ʺʿʭʰʨ-
˄ʨʳʨʲʰ ʫʨ ʹˆʭ...
ʿʰʼʰʨʴʬʩʰ ʸʵʳ ʹʭʨʴʬʯʰʹ ʸʨʳʵʫʬʴʰʳʬ ʹʨʮʵʪʨʫʵʬʩʰʹ
ʲʨˀʽʨʸʹ ˆʬʲʳ˃ʾʭʨʴʬʲʵʩʨʹ ʻ˄ʬʭʫʬʴ ʬʸʯ ʫʸʵʹ, ʬʹ ʹʰʳʨʸʯʲʬʹ
ʻʴʫʨ ˀʬʰ˂ʨʭʫʬʹ, ʳʨʪʸʨʳ ʸʵʳʬʲ ʹʨʻʱʻʴʬʬʩˀʰ ˈʽʵʴʫʨ ʨʳʨʹ ʨʫʪʰʲʰ,
ʬʹ ˃ʴʬʲʰ ʪʨʹʨʪʬʩʰʨ ˁʭʬʴʯʭʰʹ.
ʳʬʹʺʰʰʹ ʳʬʨʯʬ ʹʨʻʱʻʴʰʹ ʺʿʨʭʮʬ ʫʨ˄ʬʸʰʲ ʹʨˆʨʸʬʩʨʮʬʨ
˄ʨʸ˄ʬʸʨ: ,,ʳʻʲʨˆʰʹʨ ʳʻʷʨʲʰʹ ʫʨ ʳʬʹʺʰʰʹ ʬʸʯʵʩʰʲʳʨ ˆʬʭʳʨ ʫʨ
ʬʸʯʵʩʰʲʳʨ ʳʵʽʨʲʨʽʬʳʨʴ ʳʵʪʬ˂ʰʯ ʯʽʭʬʴ ʼʨʲʰʨʴʹʨ ʽʭʬʲʰʹ (ʵʸʰ
ʹʨˆʬʲʰ ʫʨ ʪʭʨʸʰ ˄ʨʩʾʨʲʻʲʰʨ) ʳʺʱʰ˂ʬ ʫʨ ʻʽ˂ʬʭʬʲʰ ʳʨʹ ʷʨʳʹʨ
ʻʫʬʹ ʩʬʸ ʿʰʼʰʨʴʰ ˀʬʪʨʱʻʫʨʯ ʨʭʰʾʬʯ ʹʰʹˆʲʰ ʫʨ ʫʾʬʰʹ ʰʽʬʯ ʨʸʨ
ʫʨʪʸˁʨ ˁʭʬʴʰ ʹʰʹˆʲʰ³ ʯʨʭʫʬʩʨʫ ʨʳʨ ʶʰʸʵʩʰʹʨ ʨʸʰʨʴ
ʳʵˆʹʬʴʬʩʻʲʴʰ: ʳʨ˂ˆʵʭʨʸʰ ʳʻʲʨˆʰʹʨ, ʳʯʨʭʨʸ-ʳʵ˄ʨʳʬ ʹʬʺʰʹʨ ʫʨ
ʳʯʨʭʨʸ-ʳʵ˄ʨʳʬ ʽʨʲʨʽʰʹʨ 59).
ʳʬ˂ʴʰʬʸʬʩʰ ʨʳ ˄ʨʸ˄ʬʸʨʳ ʪʨʨʱʭʰʸʭʨ, ʭʰʴʨʰʫʨʴ ʳʰʹ ʳʰˆʬʫʭʰʯ
ʵʸʰ ʹʨʮʵʪʨʫʵʬʩʨ ʰʾʬʩʹ ʿʰʼʰʨʴʰʹ ,,˄ʵʸʹ³ʹʰʹˆʲʰʹ ʼʨʹʹ), ʸʨʰ˂ʨ
ʹʭʨʴʬʯʰʹ ˂ˆʵʭʸʬʩʨˀʰ ʨʸʨˁʭʬʻʲʬʩʸʰʭ ʳʵʭʲʬʴʨʫ ˁʨʰʯʭʲʬʩʨ,
ʸʨʫʪʨʴʨ˂ ʸʵʳʬʲʰʳʬ ʳʵʱʲʻʲ ʹʭʨʴʰʹ ˄ʵʸʹ ʰʾʬʩʹ ʳʰʹʰ
˅ʰʸʰʹʻʼʨʲʰ ʫʨ ʨʸʨ ʹʨʮʵʪʨʫʵʬʩʬʩʰ ʫʨ, ʪʨʸʫʨ ʨʳʰʹʨ, ˄ʨʸ˄ʬʸʨˀʰ
ʳʵˆʹʬʴʬʩʻʲʳʨ ʹʰʺʿʭʬʩʳʨ: ,,ʳʯʨʭʨʸʰ ʳʵ˄ʨʳʬ ʽʨʲʨʽʰʹʨ³ʫʨ ʹʭʨʴʬʩʰ
ʸʵʳ ʯʨʭʹ ,,ʳʵʽʨʲʨʽʬʬʩʹ³ʻ˄ʵʫʬʩʬʴ.
ʳʬ ʳʪʵʴʰʨ ʬʹ ˄ʨʸ˄ʬʸʨ ˀʬʳʫʬʪʴʨʰʸʨʫ ʻʴʫʨ ʨʰˆʹʴʬʩʵʫʬʹ:
ʩʬʸ ʿʰʼʰʨʴʰ, ʸʵʪʵʸ˂ ʪʨʫʳʵ˂ʬʳʰʯ ʭʰ˂ʰʯ, ʰʿʵ ʬʸʯ ʫʸʵʹ ʨʳ ʵʸ
ʹʨʮʵʪʨʫʵʬʩʰʹ ˇʨʸʰʹ ˄ʰʴʨʳ˃ʾʵʲʰ ʫʨ ʨʳʰʺʵʳ ʳʨʹʯʨʴ ˆʨʲˆʰ
ˁʭʬʻʲʬʩʸʰʭʨʫ ˀʬʼʰ˂ʬʩʻʲʰ ʰʽʴʬʩʵʫʨ, ʸʵʳ ʯʻ ʭʰʴʳʬ ʳʵʱʲʨʭʫʨ,
ʻʴʫʨ ʬʹʰʹˆʲʬʩʰʴʨʯ. ʰʹ ˀʬʳʵʨʱʭʫʨ ʻ˂ʨʩʬʫʨʯ ʽʭʬʲʰ ʼʨʲʰʨʴʹ ʫʨ
ʨʳʰʺʵʳ ʳʻʲʨˆʰ ʫʨ ʳʬʹʺʰʨ ʳʨʹ ʨˆʫʬʭʰʴʬʩʹ ʹʰʹˆʲʰʹ ʼʨʹʹ, ± ,,˄ʵʸʹ³
˂ʬʴʰʹ ˄ʿʲʰʹ ʨʻʮˀʰ ʲʨˀˆʬʯʰʹ ʨʾʳʵʹʨʭʲʬʯʰʯ ʹʵʼʬʲ
ʳʨˆʨˀʰʫʪʨʴ ʬʸʯʰ ʭʬʸʹʰʹ ʳʨʴ˃ʰʲʮʬ ʳʫʬʩʨʸʬʵʩʹ ʬʸʯʰ ʨʫʪʰʲʰ,
ʸʵʳʬʲʹʨ˂ ʽʭʰʨ ,,ʽʨʲʨʽʵʲʨ³ʬʹ ʨʫʪʰʲʰ ˃ʭʬʲ ʫʸʵˀʰ ʰʯʭʲʬʩʵʫʨ
ʮʬʳʵ ʹʭʨʴʬʯʰʹʨ ʫʨ ʽʭʬʳʵ ʹʭʨʴʬʯʰʹ ʨʾʳʵʹʨʭʲʬʯʰʹ ʹʨʮʾʭʸʨʫ. ʨʽ
ˁʭʬʴ ʪʭˆʭʫʬʩʨ ʸʨʳʵʫʬʴʰʳʬ ˂ʰˆʰʹ ʴʨʴʪʸʬʭʬʩʰ ʫʨ ʬʱʲʬʹʰʨ,
ʸʵʳʬʲʹʨ˂ ʽʭʰʨ ,,ʽʨʲʨʽʵʲʨ ʹʨʿʫʨʸ³˃ʭʬʲ ʫʸʵˀʰ ʪʨʫʳʵ˂ʬʳʰʯ ʨʽ
ʳʸʨʭʨʲʰʨ ˆʨʲˆʰ ʰʿʸʰʫʨ ʯʨʭʹ ʹʭʨʴʬʯʰʹ ʹˆʭʨʫʨʹˆʭʨ ʱʻʯˆʬʬʩʰʫʨʴ
60) ʨʾʬʩ-ʳʰ˂ʬʳʵʩʰʹʨ, ʹʨʽʵʴʲʰʹ ʪʨ˂ʭʲʨ-ʪʨʳʵ˂ʭʲʰʹʨ ʫʨ
ʭʨ˅ʸʵʩʰʹʨʯʭʰʹ ʫʨ ʨʳʰʺʵʳʨ˂ ʫʨʬʸʽʭʨ ʨʳ ʨʫʪʰʲʹ ,,ʽʨʲʨʽʰ³ ʨʴʻ
96
,,ʽʨʲʨʽʵʲʨ³ ʽʨʲʨʽʰ ʹʭʨʴʻʸʨʯ ʳʨʸʯʲʨ˂ ʮʬʳʵʫʨʾ˄ʬʸʰʲ
ʨʫʪʰʲʹʨ ˈʽʭʰʨ, ʭʰʴʨʰʫʪʨʴ ʫʾʬʹʨ˂ ʲʬˁˆʻʳˀʰ ʿʵʭʬʲ˄ʲʰʻʸʨʫ
ʸʵʳ ʰʨʸʳʨʸʱʵʩʨ ʨʴʻ ʨʾʬʩ-ʳʰ˂ʬʳʵʩʨ ʰʳʨʸʯʬʩʨ ± ʬʴʱʬʴʰʹʯʭʬˀʰ ʨʳʨʹ
ʹʭʨʴʬʩʰ ,,ʬʴʱʨʴʵʩʨ ʽʨʲʨʽʹ³ʬ˃ʨˆʰʨʴ, ˆʵʲʵ ʭʰʴ˂ ʰʽ ˄ʨʭʨ ʹʨʭʨ˅ʸʵʫ,
ʰʳʨʯ ,,ʳʵʽʲʨʽʨ³-ʹ. ʨʳ ʪʨʸʬʳʵʬʩʰʹ ʳʰˆʬʫʭʰʯ ˁʭʬʴ ˀʬʪʭʰ˃ʲʰʨ
ʯʨʳʨʳʨʫ ʭʹʯʽʭʨʯ, ʸʵʳ ˄ʨʸ˄ʬʸʨˀʰ ʳʵˆʹʬʴʬʩʻʲʰ ʳʯʨʭʨʸ-ʳʵ˄ʨʳʬ
ʽʨʲʨʽʰʹʨ ˄ʨʸʳʵʨʫʪʬʴʹ ʰʳ ʬʱʲʬʹʰʨʹ, ʸʵʳʲʰʹ ʴʨʴʪʸʬʭʬʩʰ˂ ˁʭʬʴ
ʫʸʵʳʫʬ ʫʨ˂ʻʲʰʨ ʮʬʳʵˆʹʬʴʬʩʻʲ ʽʨʲʨʽʵʲʨˀʰ.
ʳʬ-15 ʹʨʻʱ. ˀʬʳʫʬʪ ʸʵʳ ʹʭʨʴʬʯʰʹ ˇʨʸʰ ʮʬʳʵ ʸʨ˅ʨʹ
ʫʨʹ˂ʬʳʰʨ, ʬʹ ʽʭʬʿʨʴʨ ʫʨʻʳʵʸˁʰʲʬʩʰʨ ʫʨ ʯʨʭʰʹ ʳʵˆʨʸʱʬʫ
ʪʨʻˆʫʰʨ ʰʳ ʼʻʯʨ ʫʨʫʬˀʽʬʲʰʨʴʰʹ ʳʬʯʨʻʸʵʩʰʯ, ʸʵʳʬʲʰ˂
ˀʬʳʫʬʪˀʰ ʳʨʯ ʳʰʬʸ ʰʽʳʴʨ ʳʵʱʲʻʲʰ, ʸʵʪʵʸ˂ ʽʭʬʳʵʫ ʫʨʭʰʴʨˆʨʭʯ,
ʨʳʨʹ, ʪʨʸʫʨ ʹˆʭʨ ʹʨʩʻʯʬʩʰʹʨ ± ʪʭʰʳʺʱʰ˂ʬʩʬʴ ʽʭʬʳʵ ʸʨ˅ʨˀʰ ʫʨ
ʹʭʨʴʬʯˀʰ ˀʬʴʨˆʻʲʰ ˀʬʳʫʬʪʰ ʼʬʸˆʻʲʰ ʹʰʳʾʬʸʬʩʰ:

I
ʻˀʪʻʲʰʹ ˆʬʭʰ ʫʨʰ˃ʸʨ
ʫʨʰ˃ʸʨ ʫʰʫʰ ʹʻʸʺʨʴʰ
ʹʻʲʨ ʨʳ ʹʭʨʴʬʯʰʹ ʯʨʭʰʨ ʼʻʯʨ ʫʨˁʽʬʲʨʴʰʨ
ʻˀʪʻʲʰʹ ˆʬʭʰ ʫʨʰ˃ʸʨ ʬ˂ʬʸʹ ʱʨ˂ʰ ʪʨʻʪʮʨʭʴʨ
ʪʭʨˆʳʨʸʬ ˀʬʴʰ ˃ʨʲʰʨ
ʬʹ ʬ˂ʬʸʰ ʫʨ ʻˀʪʻʲʰ ˀʬʰʽʴʨ ʫʰʫʰ ˇʨʸʰʨ
ʳʨʯ ʸʵʳ ʨʩˇʨʸʰ ˁʨʰ˂ʭʬʹ ʭʬʸ ʳʵˀʵʸʫʬʩʰʹ ʯʭʨʲʰʨ
ʶʬʺʸʬ-ʶʨʭʲʵʩʰʹ ʫʾʬʹ ʫʰʲʨʹ ˂ˆʬʴʬʩʰ ˀʬʭʰʱʨʮʳʬʯʨ
ʩʸʰʲʰʹ ˅ʨʲʨʹ 61) ˁʨʭʰʫʴʬʴ ʳʰ˄ʨʹ ʫʨʹ˂ʬʹ ˃ʨʸʰʨ
ʯʭʰʯʵ ʼʨʸʼʨʲʨ 62) ʫʨʲʰʬʹ ʳʰʯ ʰʮʰʨʸʬʹ ʯʨʭʰʨ
ʸʵʳ ʪʨʫʪʬʭʰʨʸʬʯ ʯʬʭʸʬˀʰ ʱʨʸʪʰ ʹʵʼʬʲʰʨ
ʫʨʭʲʨ ʽʨʲʨʽʰʹ ʱʨʸʰʨ
ʭʬʮʰʹ ˅ʨʲʨˀʰ 63) ˁʨʭʰʫʴʬʴ
ʾʬʩʻʸʯʨ ˂ʰˆʬ ʪʭʨʳʨʪʸʬʹ
˂ʰˆʰʹ ʱʨʸʬʩʰ ʪʭʨʳʨʪʸʬʹ
ʾʬʩʻʸʯ ʹʰʺʿʭʨ ʳʵʪʭʨʸʯʭʬʹ
ʳʨʫʲʰʨʴʰ ʫʨ ʾʭʯʰʨʴʰ
,,ʻˀʪʻʲʵ ʯʽʭʬʴʰ ˅ʰʸʰʳʬ
ʪʭʬʳʨʸʯʵʹ ʯʽʭʬʴʰ ʩʬʪʨʸʨ
ʱʭʨʳʲʰ ʯʨʭʮʬ ʱʨʩʰ˄ʰʵ 64)
97
ʫʬʫʨ ʾʭʯʰʹʨ ʱʰ ˀʬʭʹ˄ʰʸʵʯ
ʸʽʨ ʯʬʯʸʰ ʽʬʸʨ ˆʨʸʰʵ
ʳʨ˂ˆʵʭʨʸʹʨ ʱʰ ʳʰʭʨʸʯʭʨʯ
ʸʽʨ ʫʨˆʭʬʻʲʰ ˂ˆʭʨʸʰʵ³
ˁʰˆʵʸʰʹʨ ˅ʨʲʨʹʨʵ ˂ʬʸʰʹʵʫʬʴ ʾʬʲʨʹʨʵ
ʳʬʼʬ ʳʰˈʽʵʴʫʨ ʶʰʸʨʾʳʨʵ
˅ʰʵʸʰ ʱʨʸʪʰ ʹʵʼʬʲʰʨ
ʭʰʯʵʳ ʽʨʲʨʽʰʹ ʱʨʸʰʨ
ʮʬʫʨ ʱʨʸʯʨ ʱʰ ʳʰʨʫʪʨ ˀʨʭʰ ʹʭʨʴʬʯʰʹ ˇʨʸʰʨ
ʪʻʲʵ ʴʻ ˀʬʪʭʰˀʰʴʫʬʩʰ ʼʬˆʵ ʴʻ ʳʵʪʭʰ˂ʻʸʫʬʩʰ
ʹʰʹˆʲʹʨ ʫʨ ʺʨʲʨˆʵʭʨʴˀʰ ʩʨʹʸʵ ʪʨʹ˅ʸʨ ʫʨ ʪʨʰʽ˂ʨ
ʭʰʯ ʸʵʳ ʫʬʫʨʲʰ ʯˆʨʰʵ
ʭʰʴ ʸʵʳ ʳʬʲʬʽʹʬ ʰʺʿʵʫʨ ʪʰʵʸʪʰ ʯʬʯʸʵʭʨʴʰʵ
ʯʻʯʸʻʨʴ ʯʬʯʸʵ ʽʨʲʵʭʵ
˄ʬʲ-˄ʭʸʰʲʵ ʱʵ˅-ʫʨʩʨʲʵʭʵ
ʶʬʺʸʬ-ʶʨʭʲʵʩʰʹ ʯʭʬʹʨʵ
ʩʵʿʵʹ ʳʰʨʫʪʨ ʲʨˀʽʨʸʰ
ʽʨʸʯʲʹʨ ʪʨʭʨʸʫʨ ʨʳʩʨʭʰ
ʴʨʸʨʹʰʹ 65) ˆʰʫʰ ʪʨʪʭʰʺʿʫʨ
ʰʳʨʴ ʱʰ ʪʭʰʽʴʨ ʮʰʨʴʰ
ʨˆʨʲ ʨˆʨʲʰ ˆʺʬʩʵʫʴʬʴ
ˀʰʪʴʰʯ ˂ʭʰʵʫʴʬʴ ʩʬʸʬʩʰ.

II
…€Œ„‡ˆ Š€–“€ ˆ

ʾʬʲʨʹ ˁʨʳʵʫʪʨ ʫʰʫʰ ʲʨˀʽʨʸʰ

ʫʰʫʰ ʲʨˀʽʨʸʰ ʭʵʹʰ ʫʨ ʫʭʨʲʰ
ʹʻʲʨ ʨʳ ʹʭʨʴʬʯʰʹ ʽʭʨʰ ʳʼʸʽʭʬʭʬʲʰ
ʳʨʳʲʰ ʿʰʭʲʰʹʨ ʪʨʯʬʴʬʩʰʹʨ
ʪʨʯʬʴʬʩʰʹʨ ʵʳʰ ˀʬʰʽʴʨ
ʵʳʰ ˀʬʰʽʴʨ ʽʨʲʨʽʰʹ ʱʨʸʹʨ
ʽʨʲʨʽʰʹ ʱʨʸʹʨ ʽʴʬʭʨ ˆʳʨʲʰʹʨ
ʽʴʬʭʨ ˆʳʨʲʰʹʨ ˃ʪʬʸʨ ˀʻʩʰʹʨ
ˀʻʩʰʹ ʴʨʲʬ˄ʰ ʮʬ˂ʨʹ ˂ʭʰʵʫʨ ˁʨʳʵ˂ʭʰʵʫʨ
ˆʳʨʲʰ ʵʸʶʰʸʰ ʹʰʹˆʲˀʰ ʹ˂ʻʸʨʭʫʨ
98
 ʹʰʹˆʲˀʰ ʹ˂ʻʸʨʭʫʨ ʪʰʬʸʪʰʲ ˄ʨʰʽ˂ʨ
ʪʰʬʸʪʰʲ ˄ʨʰʽ˂ʨ ʹʭʬʺʰʲ ʵʽʸʬˀʰ
ʪʨʾʳʰʹ ʿʨʴʨˀʰ ʪʸʨʳʰ ʪʨʹ˃ʨˆʰʹ
ʪʸʨʳʰ ʪʨʹ˃ʨˆʰʹ ˁʭʬʴʰ ʸʬ ʰʽʴʬʴ
ˁʭʬʴʰ ʸʬ ʰʽʴʬʴ ʳʵʽʨʲʨʽʬʴʰ
ʳʵʽʨʲʨʽʬʴʰ ʻʱʨʴ ʳʰʫʰʨʴ
ʻʱʨʴ ʳʰʫʰʨʴ ʺʨʴʰ ʸʨˆʺʰʯʨ
ʺʨʴʰ ʸʨˆʺʰʯʨ ʯʨʭʰ ʪʵʫʸʰʯʨ
ʯʨʭʰ ʪʵʫʸʰʯʨ ˄ʭʸʰʲʰ ˄ʬʲʬʩʰ
˄ʭʸʰʲʰ ˄ʬʲʬʩʰ ˆʬʲ ʱʨʲʨʯʰʯʨ 66).

ʹʭʨʴʬʩʹ ʸʵʳ ʬʸʯ ʫʸʵʹ ʸʨ˅ʭʬʲʬʩʯʨʴ ʳʺʸʻʲʰ

ʪʨʴ˄ʿʵʩʰʲʬʩʨ ʽʵʴʰʨʯ ± ʬʹ ʭʨˆʻˀʺʰ ʩʨʺʵʴʰˀʭʰʲʰʹ ˀʬʳʫʬʪʰ
˂ʴʵʩʬʩʰʫʨʴʨ˂ ˁʨʴʹ:
,,ʿʵʼʰʲʨ ʨʳ ʲʰˆʬʻʸʰʹ ˆʬʵʩʨʮʬ ˀʬʴʵʩʨ ʫʰʫʰ, ʨʸʨʳʬʫ ʨ˄
ʳʺʸʵʩʰʹʨʪʨʴ ʹʭʨʴʯʨ ʨʸʾʨʸʨ ʫʨ ʵˆʬʸ ʨʸʹ³67).
ʹʨʹʨ˂ʰʲʵ ʰʹ ʨʸʰʹ, ʸʵʳ ʻˀʪʻʲʬʲʬʩʰ ʫʾʬʹʨ˂ ʬʫʨʭʬʩʰʨʴ
ʾʬʩʬʲʬʩʹ ʹʰʳʾʬʸʨˀʰ ʳʵˆʹʬʴʬʩʻʲ ˆʨʸʱʹ. 1918 ˄ʬʲʹ ʰʹʰʴʰ ʫʨʬ˂ʴʬʴ
ʻʸʨʭʰʹ ʳʯʨʹ, ˄ʨʨʸʯʭʬʹ 200 ʳʬʺʰ ˆʨʸʰ ʰʳʰʹʨʯʭʰʹ, ʸʵʳ ʨʳʫʬʴ ˆʨʴʹ
ʬʹ ʩʬʪʨʸʨ ʨʸ ʪʨʫʨʻˆʫʰʨʯ ʾʬʩʬʲʬʩʹ.

41) ˆʨˆʨʴʨˀʭʰʲʰ. ʹʭʨʴʻʸʰ ˆʬʲʯʴʨ˄ʬʸʬʩʰ ʫʨ ʹʨˆʨʸʬʩʬʩʰ. ʪʭ. 2.

42) ʴʨˁʭʬʴʬʩʰʨ ʨʾʳʵʹʨʭʲʬʯʰʹ ʹʨʮʾʭʸʨʫ ʨʺʱʭʬʸʰʹ ʳʯʨ, ʬ. ʰ. ʻˀʪʻʲʰ, ˆʵʲʵ
ʫʨʹʨʭʲʬʯʰʹ ʹʨʮʾʭʸʨʫ ʩʨʲʰʹ ʳʯʨ, ʳʫʬʩʨʸʬ ʹʨʫʨʫʬˀʽʬʲʰʨʴʵ ʫʨ ʯʨʭʰʹʻʼʨʲ
ʹʭʨʴʬʯʰʹ ʹʨʮʾʭʨʸʮʬ.
43) ʨʽ ʴʨˁʭʬʴʬʩʰʨ ʳʯʬʲ ʮʬʳʵ ʹʭʨʴʬʯʰʹ ʹʨʮʾʭʸʬʩʰ ʨʾʳʵʹʨʭʲʬʯʰʯ ʻˀʪʻʲʰ ±
ʫʨʹʨʭʲʬʯʰʯ ʲʨʲʭʬʸʰ.
44) ʭʨʸʪʳʨʴ ʫʨ ʪʲʬˆʳʨʴ, ʬ. ʰ. ʨʮʴʨʻʸʳʨʴ ʫʨ ʪʲʬˆʳʨʴ.
45) ʻʮʬʫʨʬʹʳʨʴ ± ʮʬʫʨ ˆʬʭʬʲʳʨʴ ʫʨ ʻʽʭʬʫʨʬʹʳʨʴ ± ʽʭʬʫʨ ˆʬʭʬʲʳʨʴ (,,ʷʨʩʬ ˆʬʭ,
ˁʭʨʩʬ ˆʬʭ³
46) ˆʨˆʨʴʨˀʭʰʲʰ. ʹʭʨʴʬʯʰʹ ˆʬʲʯʴʨ˄ʬʸʬʩʰ ʫʨ ʹʨˆʨʸʬʩʬʩʰ. ʪʭ. 28.
47) ˇʨʭʨˆʰˀʭʰʲʰ. ʽʨʸʯ. ʬʸʰʹ. ʰʹʺ. ʪʭ. 213-214.
48) ʳʨʸʰ ʩʸʵʹʬ. ʹʨʽʨʸʯʭ. ʰʹʺ. ʪʭ. 161.
49) ʳʨʸʰ ʩʸʵʹʬ. ʹʨʽʨʸʯʭʬʲʵʹ ʰʹʺʵʸʰʨ. ʪʭ. 42.
50) ʩʨʸʨʯʨˀʭʰʲʰ. ʹʨʽ. ʰʹʺ. ʸʭʬʻʲʰ 3. ʪʭ. 135 ʫʨ 136; ˇʨʭʨˆʰˀʭʰʲʰ. ʽʨʸʯʭʬʲʰ
ʬʸʰʹ ʰʹʺ. ʪʭ. 459.
51) ʰʭ.ˇʨʭʨˆʰˀʭʰʲʰ. ʽʨʸ. ʬʸ. ʰʹʺ. ʪʭ. 602.
52) ʩʸʵʹʬʹ ʯʽʳʰʯ ʬʹ ʳʵˆʫʨ 1330 ˄., ˆʵʲʵ ʹˆʭʨ ʰʹʺʵʸʰʱʵʹʬʩʰʹ ˂ʴʵʩʬʩʰʯ
1361 ˄.

99
 53) ʲʨʺʼʨʸʰʹ ʳʯʨʮʬ ʼʵˀʺʲʨʸʰʹ ʭʨʱʬʹ ʳʨˆʲʵʩʲʨʫ ʳʨʸʯʲʨ˂ ʨʸʰʹ ʵʸ
ʨʫʪʰʲʨʹ ʨʹʬʯʰ ʽʭʬʩʰ ʫʨ˄ʿʵʩʰʲʰ. ʬʸʯʰ ʪʸʵʭʨ ʫʰʫʰʨ ± ʳʬʵʸʬ ʶʨʺʨʸʨ.
54) ʨʳ ʹʰʳʾʬʸʨˀʰ ʨʾʴʰˀʻʲʰ ʼʨʸʬ ʫʨ ʩʨˆʨ ʳʫʬʩʨʸʬʵʩʬʴ ʻˀʪʻʲʰʹ
ʨʾʳʵʹʨʭʲʬʯʰʯ ʸʨ˅ʨʹʨ ʫʨ ʹʭʨʴʬʯʰʹ ˀʻʨ.
55) ʭʨˆʻˀʺʰ. ʹʨʽ. ʪʬʵʪʸʨʼʰʨ. ʪʭ. 273 ˀʬʴ. ˇʨʴʨˀʭʰʲʰʹʨ.
56) ʨʳ ʪʨʫʳʵ˂ʬʳʨˀʰ ʹʨʿʻʸʨʫʾʬʩʵʨ ˀʬʳʫʬʪʰ ʪʨʫʳʵ˂ʬʳʨ: ʹʭʨʴʬʩʹ ʬʹ ʬʱʲʬʹʰʨ
ʳʻʲʨˆˀʰ ʨʸʹʬʩʻʲ ʿʭʬʲʨ ʬʱʲʬʹʰʬʩʮʬ ʻ˃ʲʰʬʸʬʹ ʬʱʲʬʹʰʨʫ ʳʰˁʴʰʨʯ, ʰʳʰʺʵʳ ʸʵʳ
ʳʨʹˀʰ ʰʴʨˆʬʩʨ ʳʸʨʭʨʲ ʬʱʲʬʹʰʬʩʰʹ ˆʨʺ-ˇʭʨʸʰ (ʴʨ˃ʨʸ˂ʭʰ) ʫʨ ʸʵ˂ʨ ʸʨʳʬʮʬ ʨʼʰ˂ʬʩʬʴ
ʬʸʯʳʨʴʬʯʹ, ʨʳʩʵʩʬʴ, ,,ʨʳʨˀʰ ʰʴʨˆʬʩʨ 166 ˆʨʺʰʹ ʴʨ˄ʰʲʰ ʫʨ ʰʳʨʯʳʨ ʳʨʫʲʳʨ ˃ʰʸʰʨʴ-
ʼʬʹʭʰʨʴʨʫ ʨʳʵʪʨʪʫʵʹ, ʯʻ ʹʰʳʨʸʯʲʬ ʨʸ ʫʨʰ˂ʭʨʵ ʫʨ ʹˆʭ... ʹʨʳʬʪʸʬʲʵʫʨʴ ˆˀʰʸʨʫ
ʳʵʹʻʲʨʴ ʨʽ ʮʬʫʨˀʰʯʨ ʫʨ ʮʭʨʸʨʱʰʯ ʳʲʵ˂ʭʬʲʬʩʰ, ʸʵʳʲʬʩʰ˂ ʨʳʩʵʩʬʴ, ʸʵʳ
ˆʵʴʯʽʸʰʹ ˇʨʸʰʹ ʳʰʬʸ ˁʭʬʴʰ ʬʱʲʬʹʰʬʩʰʫʨʴ ʪʨʳʵʺʨʴʰʲ ˆʨʺʬʩʰʹ ʴʨ˄ʰʲʬʩʰ ʨʳʨˀʰ
ʨʹʭʬʴʰʨ ʫʨ ʨʳʰʺʵʳ ʳʵʭʫʰʭʨʸʯ ʨʽ ʹʨʲʵ˂ʨʭʨʫʵ³
57) ʨʳ ʬʱʲʬʹʰʨˀʰ ʸʱʰʴʰʹ ʹʱʨʳʰ ʳʨʸʯʲʨ˂ ʰʴʨˆʬʩʨ ʫʾʬʳʫʬ.
58) ʯʬʼˀʰ ± ʭʬʸ˂ˆʲʰʹ ʯʨʹʰ. ʸʰʳʩʰˀʰ ˀʬʰ˂ʨʭʹ ʭʬʸ˂ˆʲʰʹ ʬʸʯ ˀʨʻʸʰʨʴʹ.
59) ˆʨˆʨʴʨˀʭʰʲʰ. ʹʭʨʴʬʯʰʹ ˆʬʲʯʴʨ˄. ʫʨ ʹʨˆʨʸʬʩʬʩʰ. ʪʭ. 29
60) ʨʽ ʳʵʳʹʭʲʬʲ ˆʨʲˆʰʹ ʹʰʳʸʨʭʲʬʹ ʪʨʫʳʵ˂ʬʳʨ ʰʳʰʯ ʪʭʰʳʺʱʰ˂ʬʩʹ, ʸʵʳ 100
ʳʨʸʺʵ ʯʬʯʸˇʵʸʰʨʴʰ ʳʵʫʰʵʫʨʵ.
61) ʩʸʰʲʰʹ ˅ʨʲʨ ʳʫʬʩʨʸʬʵʩʹ ʾʬʩʰʹ ʳʨˆʲʵʩʲʨʫ.
62) ʼʨʸʼʨʲʨ ʹʨʳʵʪʭʰʹʨʪʨʴ ʪʨʱʬʯʬʩʻʲʰ ʹʨʹʳʰʹʰ, ʸʵʳʬʲʹʨ˂ ʳʬʵʳʸʬʩʰ
˄ʬʲʮʬʫ ʰʱʰʫʬʩʬʴ.
63) ʭʬʮʰʹ ˅ʨʲʨ ʳʫʬʩʨʸʬʵʩʹ ʾʬʩʰʹ ʳʨˆʲʵʩʲʨʫ ʹʨʳˆʸʬʯʰʯ.
64) ʱʨʩʰ˄ʰ ʾʬʩʻʸʨʫ ʶʻʸʰʹ ʹʨʸ˄ʿʨʭʰ ʮʵʳʰʯ ʬʸʯʰ ʼʵˆʨʲʰʨ.
65) ˆʰʫʰʹ ʱʨʸʰ.
66) ʬʹ ʹʰʳʾʬʸʬʩʰ ˁʨʳʨ˄ʬʸʰʴʨ ʹʵʼʬʲ ʻˀʪʻʲˀʰ ʳʵˆʻ˂ʳʨ ʪʵʪʨ ˁʨʸʱʹʬʲʰʨʴʳʨ
1916 ˄ʬʲʹ, ʶʬʺʸʵʪʸʨʫʰʹ ʹʨʳʬ˂ʴʰʬʸʵ ʨʱʨʫʬʳʰʰʹ ʫʨʭʨʲʬʩʰʯ ʹʭʨʴʬʯˀʰ ʳʻˀʨʵʩʰʹ
ʫʸʵʹ.
67) ʭʨˆʻˀʺʰ. ʹʨʽʨʸʯʭʬʲʵʹ ʪʬʵʪʸʨʼʰʨ. ʪʭʬʸʫʰ 285.

…€Œ„‡ˆ „ ˆ‡€…„ˆ

ˁʭʬʴ ʨʸ ʭʰ˂ʰʯ ʭʰʴ ʰʿʭʴʬʴ ʹʭʨʴʬʯʰ ʬʸʰʹʯʨʭʬʩʰ ʳʬ-XI

ʹʨʻʱʻʴʬʳʫʬ, ʳˆʵʲʵʫ ʻʫʨʭʵʨ, ʸʵʳ ʳʬ-XI ʹʨʻʱʻʴʰʫʨʴ XIV
ʹʨʻʱʻʴʬʳʫʬ ʨʽ ʬʸʰʹʯʨʭʬʩʨʫ ʰʴʰˀʴʬʩʵʫʬʴ ʭʨʸʫʨʴʰ˃ʬʬʩʰ, ˆʵʲʵ
ʳʨʯ ˀʬʳʫʬʪ ʱʰ ʳʬ-XV ʹʨʻʱʻʴʬʳʫʬ ʪʬʲʵʭʨʴʬʩʰ; ʨʳʨʹ, ʹˆʭʨʯʨ ˀʵʸʰʹ,
ˀʬʳʫʬʪʰ ʰʹʺʵʸʰʻʲʰ ˄ʿʨʸʵʬʩʰ ʨʳʺʱʰ˂ʬʩʹ.
1) ʫʨʭʰʯ ʨʾʳʨˀʬʴʬʩʲʰʹ ʳʨʳʰʹ ʪʰʵʸʪʰ ʳʬ-2 ʫʸʵʹ ʹʭʨʴʬʩʰ
(1073 ˄.), ʸʵʪʵʸ˂ ʱʰ ʮʬʳʵʯ ʫʨʭʰʴʨˆʬʯ, ʪʨʫʨʻʫʪʬʴ ʳʬʼʬʹ ʹʭʨʴʯʨ
ʬʸʰʹʯʨʭʰʹ ʭʨʸʫʨʴʰʹ ˁʨʪʵʴʬʩʰʯ ʫʨ ʫʨʨʸʩʰʬʹ ʹʨʬʪʸʵ.
ʳʬʼʬʳ ʰʹʰʴʰ ʰʳʰʯ ˀʬʨˁʬʸʨ, ʸʵʳ ʳʨʯ ʨʹʱʲʨʲʨʴʰ ʳʰʹ˂ʨ.

100
 ʨʽʬʫʨʴ ˁʨʴʹ, ʸʵʳ ʳʬ-XI ʹʨʻʱʻʴʬˀʰ ʭʨʸʫʨʴʰ˃ʬʬʩʰ ʪʨʴʨʪʬʫʬʴ
ʹʭʨʴʬʯʹ 68).
2) ʯʨʳʨʸ ʳʬʼʰʹ ʫʸʵʹ ʹʭʨʴʯʨ ʬʸʰʹʯʨʭʰ ʭʨʸʫʨʴʰ ʹʭʨʴʬʩʹ
ʨʳˆʬʫʸʬʩʹ ʯʨʳʨʸʰʹ ˄ʰʴʨʨʾʳʫʬʪ, ʳʨʪʸʨʳ ʹʭʨʴʬʩʰ ʳʨʲʬ ʪʵʴʹ ʳʵʫʰʨʴ
ʫʨ ʯʭʰʯ ʪʰʵʸʪʰ ʸʻʹʰ ʫʨ˅ʬʸʰʲʰ ʫʨ ˆʬʲ-ʼʬˆ ˀʬʱʸʻʲʰ ʳʰˈʿʨʭʯ
ʯʨʳʨʸʯʨʴ.
ʩʸʵʹʬʹ ʯʽʳʰʯ ʬʹ ʭʨʸʫʨʴʰ ʰʿʵ ʯʨʳʨʸʰʹ ʳʹʨʻʸʯʻˆʻ˂ʬʹʰ
ʫʨ ʰʹ ʳʵˆʹʬʴʬʩʻʲʰʨ ˆʵʶʰʹ ʹʨʿʫʸʰʹ ˃ʭʬʲ ˆʨʺʮʬ 69). ˀʬʰ˃ʲʬʩʨ ʨʽ
ʲʨʶʨʸʨʱʰ ʰʿʵʹ ʰʳ ʭʨʸʫʨʴʰ˃ʬʮʬ, ʸʵʳʬʲʰ˂ ʯʨʳʨʸʳʨ ʫʨʴʰˀʴʨ
ʳʬ˅ʻʸ˅ʲʬʯʻˆʻ˂ʬʹʨʫ ʳʨʹ ˀʬʳʫʬʪ, ʸʨ˂ ʿʻʯʲʻ ʨʹʲʨʴʰʹ ʫʨʹʰʹʰ
ʫʨˀʵˀʳʰʴʬʩʰʹ ˀʬʳʫʬʪ, ʰʹ ˀʬʻʫʪʨ ʪʨʫʨʿʬʴʬʩʻʲ ʭʨʮʰʸʬʩʰʹ
ʫʨʴʰˀʭʴʨʹ 70).
3) ʫʰʳʰʺʸʰ ʩʨʽʸʨ˃ʰʹʨ ʫʨ ʬʽʭʯʰʳʬ ʯʨʿʨʰˀʭʰʲʰʹ ʯʽʳʰʯ
ʲʬˆʬʻʸʰʹ ˃ʭʬʲ ʺʨ˃ʸʹ ˄ʨʸ˄ʬʸʨˀʰ ʳʵˆʹʬʴʬʩʻʲʰ ʳʨʸʻˀʰʨʴ
ʭʨʸʫʨʴʰ˃ʬ ʰʿʵ ʹʨˆʬʲʪʨʴʯʽʳʻʲʰ ʯʨʳʨʸ ʳʬʼʰʹ ʫʸʵʹ. ʬʹ
ʭʨʸʫʨʴʰ˃ʬʬʩʰ ʰʿʭʴʬʴ ʹʭʨʴʬʯʰʹ ʬʸʰʹʯʨʭʬʩʰ, ˆʵʲʵ ˆʹʬʴʬʩʻʲʰ
ʳʨʸʻˀʰʨʴ ʭʨʸʫʨʴʰ˃ʬ ʻʴʫʨ ʿʵʼʰʲʰʿʵ ʶʰʸʭʬʲʰ ˄ʨʸʳʵʳʨʫʪʬʴʬʲʰ
ʨʳ ʪʭʨʸʬʻʲʵʩʰʹʨ 71).
ʨʳ ʳʨʸʻˀʰʨʴʰʹ ˀʬʳʵ˄ʰʸʻʲʰ ʻʴʫʨ ʰʿʵʹ ʰʹ ˆʨʺʰ, ʸʵʳʬʲʰ˂
ʹʵʼ. ʴʨʱʰʼʨʸʰʹ ˄ʳ. ʪʰʵʸʪʰʹ ʬʱʲʬʹʰʨˀʰ ʰʴʨˆʬʩʨ ˄ʨʸ˄ʬʸʰʯ: ,,˄ʳ-ʵ
ʪʰʵʸʪʰ ʳʵʰ˅ʬʫʨ ʬʹʬ ˄ʳ. ʪʰʵʸʪʰʹʨ ʰʼʨʸʰʹʨ ˁʬʳʪʨʴ ʳʨʸʻˀʰʹ ʳʰʬʸ
ʹʨʲʵ˂ʨʭʨʫ ʫʨ ʹʨˆʹʸʨʫ ʹʻʲʰʹʨ ˁʬʳʰʹʨ ʫʾʬʹʨ ʪʨʴʱʰʯˆʭʰʹʨʹʨ
ˁʬʳʰʯʨ ʵʽʸʵʯʨ ʫʨ ʭʬʸ˂ˆʲʰʯʨ ˆʬʲʰʯʨ ʵʳʨʴ ʵʽʸʵʳ˅ʬʫʲʰʹʨʯʨ³
ˆʵʲʵ ʳʬʵʸʬ ˆʨʺʰ ʹʵʼ. ʷʰʩʰʨʴʰʹ ʬʱʲʬʹʰʨˀʰ ˄ʨʸ˄ʬʸʰʯ:
,,˄ʳʰʫʨʵ ʳʨ˂ˆʵʭʨʸʵ ʳʬʵˆ ʬʽʳʨʴ ʳʨʸʻˀʰʨʴʹ ʫʨ ˃ʬʹʨ ʳʰʹʨ³72).
ʬʹ ʳʨʸʻˀʰʨʴ ʭʨʸʫʨʴʰ˃ʬ ʸʵʳ ˂ʴʵʩʰʲʰ ʰʿʵ ʯʨʳʨʸ ʳʬʼʰʹ
ʫʸʵʹ, ʨʳʨʹ, ʹˆʭʨʯʨ ˀʵʸʰʹ, ʻʭʨʸʵʭʨ˂ ʨʫʨʹʺʻʸʬʩʹ.
ʨʽʬʫʪʨʴ ˁʭʬʴ ˀʬʪʭʰ˃ʲʰʨ ʰʹ ʫʨʹʱʭʴʨ ʪʨʳʵʭʰʺʨʴʵʯ, ʸʵʳ
ʵʸʰʭʬ ʮʬʳʵˆʹʬʴʬʩʻʲʰ ʹʨʿʫʨʸʰ ʳʬ-12 ʹʨʻʱʻʴʬʳʫʬ ʿʵʼʰʲʨ
ʨˀʬʴʬʩʻʲʰ.
4) ʩʨʽʸʨ˃ʰʹ ʯʽʳʰʯ ʪʻʸʰʬʲʬʩʰ ʫʨ ʫʨʫʰʨʴʬʩʰ ʹʭʨʴʬʯʰʹ
ʬʸʰʹʯʭʰʹ ʭʨʸʫʨʴʰ˃ʬʬʩʰʹ ʪʭʨʸʬʻʲʵʩʰʫʪʨʴ ʻʴʫʨ
ʳʵʳʫʰʴʨʸʬʵʩʫʬʴ 73).

ʨʳʸʰʪʨʫ, ʨʳ ʹʨʩʻʯʬʩʰʹ ʳʰˆʬʫʭʰʯ ʭʨʸʫʨʴʰ˃ʬʬʩʰʹ

ʬʸʰʹʯʨʵʩʨ ʹʭʨʴʬʯˀʰ ʳʬ-XI ʹʨʻʱʻʴʬˀʰ ʫʨ˄ʿʬʩʻʲʨ ʫʨ
ʪʨʪʸ˃ʬʲʬʩʻʲʨ ʳʬ-XIV ʹʨʻʱʻʴʬʳʫʬ. ʨʳʰʹ ˀʬʳʫʬʪ, ʸʵʪʵʸ˂ ʭʰ˂ʰʯ,
101
ʪʨʫʨʻʿʬʴʬʩʰʨʯ ʫʨ ʫʨʻʴʰˀʴʨʭʯ ʪʻʸʰʰʹ ʬʸʰʹʯʨʭʨʫ, ˆʵʲʵ
ʹʭʨʴʬʯʰʹ ʬʸʰʹʯʨʭʨʫ, ʸʵʪʵʸ˂ ʮʬʳʵʯ ʨʸʰʹ ʴʨʯʽʭʨʳʰ, ʫʨʻʴʰˀʴʨʭʯ
ʪʬʲʵʭʨʴʰ 74).
ʭʨʸʫʨʴʰ˃ʬʬʩʰʹ ˀʬʳʫʬʪ ʹʭʨʴʬʯʰʹ ʬʸʰʹʯʨʭʬʩʨʫ ʪʬʲʵʭʨʴʰʹ
ʫʨʴʰˀʭʴʰʹ ˀʬʹʨˆʬʩ ʭʨˆʻˀʺʰ ʩʨʺʵʴʰˀʭʰʲʰ ʹ˄ʬʸʹ: ,,ʹʭʨʴʬʯʰ
ʶʰʸʭʬʲʨʫ ʰʿʵ ʬʪʸʰʹʰʹ ʹʨʬʸʰʹʯʨʵ, ˀʬʳʫʪʵʳʨʯ ʫʨʹʭʬʹ ʳʬʼʬʯʨ
ʳʰʹʰ ʬʸʰʹʯʨʭʰ ʫʨ ʨ˄ ʻ˃ʰʹʯ ʪʬʲʵʭʨʴʰ, ʭʰʯʨʸ˂ʨ ʶʨʺʸʵʴʰ ʳʨʯʰ ʫʨ
ʨʸʰʨʴ ʯʨʭʰʹʨʫ ʫʨ ʨʾʨʸʨʭʰʹ ʳʵʸˁʰʲʬʩʨʹʨ ˀʰʴʨ³ ʩʸʵʹʬʹ ʯʽʳʰʯ
ʭʨʸʫʨʴʰ˃ʬʬʩʰʹ ˀʬʳʫʬʪ ʪʬʲʵʭʨʴʰʹ ʪʭʨʸʰ ʫʨʸˁʨ ʻʶʰʸʭʬʲʬʹ
ʪʭʨʸʨʯ ʹʭʨʴʬʯˀʰ, ,,ʳʨʪʸʨʳʵ, ʫʨʹ˃ʬʴʹ ʩʸʵʹʬ, ʨʳ ʪʭʨʸʹ ʨʸʨʭʰʯʨʸʰ
ʰʹʺʵʸʰʨ ʨʸʨ ʨʽʭʹ³
ʪʬʲʵʭʨʴʰʹ ʩʨʺʵʴʵʩʨ ʹʭʨʴʬʯˀʰ ʳʬ-14 ʹʨʻʱʻʴʰʫʨʴ ʳʬ-
15ʹʨʻʱʻʴ. ʸʵʳ ʪʨʹʺʨʴʨ, ʨʳʨʹ ʪʭʰʳʺʱʰ˂ʬʩʹ ʰʹ ʪʨʸʬʳʵʬʩʨ, ʸʵʳ 1462 ˄.
ʹʨʳʬʪʸʬʲʵʹ ʬʸʰʹʯʨʭʰ ʫʨʫʰʨʴʰ, ʪʻʸʰʰʹ ʬʸʰʹʯʨʭʰ ʪʻʸʰʬʲʰ,
ʹʭʨʴʬʯʰʹ ʬʸʰʹʯʨʭʰ ʪʬʲʵʭʨʴʰ ʫʨ ʨʼˆʨʮʬʯʰʹ ʬʸʰʹʯʨʭʰ ˀʨʸʭʨˀʰ˃ʬ
ʪʨʴʻʫʪʴʬʴ ʹʨʽʨʸʯʭʬʲʵʹ ʳʬʼʬʹ ʪʰʵʸʪʰʹ, ʸʵʳʬʲʰ˂ ʳʨʯ ˀʬʬʩʨ
ˁʰˆʵʸʹ, ʳʨʪʸʨʳ ʫʨʳʨʸ˂ˆʬʩʻʲ ʰʽʳʴʨ 75).
ʪʨʫʳʵ˂ʬʳʰʯʨ˂ ʪʬʲʵʭʨʴʬʩʰ ʬʸʯ ʫʸʵʹ ʮʬʳʵ ʹʭʨʴʬʯʰʹ
ʬʸʰʹʯʨʭʬʩʨʫ ʰʴʰˀʴʬʩʵʫʬʴ. ʱʨʲʰʹ ʹʨʮʵʪʨʫʵʬʩʨˀʰ ʫʾʬʳʫʬ
ˀʬʴʨˆʻʲʰʨ ʬʸʯʰ ʳʨʾʨʲʰ ʵʸ±ʹʨʸʯʻʲʰʨʴʰ ʽʭʰʺʱʰʸʰʹ ʹʨˆʲʰ ʫʨ
˂ʰˆʬ, ʸʵʳʲʬʩʹʨ˂ ʪʬʲʵʭʨʴʰ ʽʵʸʨʲʹ ± ʪʬʲʵʭʨʴʬʩʰʹ ʹʨˆʲʬʩʹ
ʬ˃ʨˆʰʨʴ, ˆʵʲʵ ʳʰʹ ʨʾʳʵʹʨʭʲʬʯʰʯ ʳʫʬʩʨʸʬ ʹʨˆʴʨʭ ʨʫʪʰʲʬʩʹ
,,ʪʬʲʭʨʴʨ ʫʨʩʨʸʹ³³ (ʪʬʲʵʭʨʴʰʹ ʳʰ˄ʬʩʰ). ʬʹ ʹʨˆʲʰ ʨʪʬʩʻʲʰʨ ʹʵʼ.
ʲʨʲˆʵʸ-ˀʰ. ,,ʲʨʲˆʵʸ³ ʹʭʨʴʻʸʨʫ ʴʰˀʴʨʭʹ ʰʹʬʯʰ ʨʫʪʰʲʰʹ
ʹʨˆʬʲʹ, ʹʨʫʨ˂ ʳʯʬʲʰ ˆʨʲˆʰ ʰʱʸʰʩʬʩʨ ʸʨʳʬ ʫʰʫʳʴʰˀʭʴʬʲʵʭʨʴ
ʹʨʮʵʪʨʫʵʬʩʸʰʭ ʹʨʽʳʬʬʩʰʹ ʪʨʫʨʹʨ˄ʿʭʬʺʨʯ.
ʨʳ ʹʵʼʲʰʹ ʳʨˆʲʵʩʲʨʫ ʳʫʬʩʨʸʬ ʭʨʱʬʹʨ˂ ˈʽʭʰʨʴ
,,ʲʨʲˆʵʸʨ ʴʨʱ³ʬ. ʰ. ˆʨʲˆʰʹ ʯʨʭʳʵʹʨʿʸʬʲʰ ʭʨʱʬ.
ʨʳ ʪʨʸʬʳʵʬʩʰʹ ʳʰˆʬʫʭʰʯʨ˂ ˁʭʬʴ ˀʬʪʭʰ˃ʲʰʨ ʭʰʼʰʽʸʵʯ,
ʸʵʳ ʪʬʲʵʭʨʴʹ ʩʰʴʨʫʸʵʩʨ ʹ˄ʵʸʬʯ ʨʽ ˈʽʵʴʬʩʰʨ, ʳʰʯ ʻʳʬʺʬʹ, ʸʵʳ
ʹʵʼ. ʱʨʲʨ ʮʬʳʵ ʫʨ ʽʭʬʳʵ ʹʭʨʴʬʯʰʹ ˀʻʨ ʨʫʪʰʲʹ ʳʫʬʩʨʸʬʵʩʹ ʫʨ ʨʰ
ʨʳ ˀʻʨʪʻʲ ʨʲʨʪʨʹ ˁʭʬʻʲʬʩʸʰʭʨʫ ʯʨʭʹ ʰʿʸʰʫʨ ˆʵʲʳʬ ʳʯʬʲʰ
ʹʭʨʴʬʯʰ ʸʨʰʳʬ ʳʴʰˀʭʴʬʲʵʭʨʴ ʹʨʽʳʬʬʩʰʹ ʪʨʫʨʹʨ˄ʿʭʬʺʨʫ. ˁʭʬʴ
ʭʰ˂ʰʯ ʨʪʸʬʯʭʬ, ʸʵʳ ʸʵ˂ʨʭ ʹʭʨʴʬʯˀʰ ʸʨʳʬ ʫʰʫʳʴʰˀʭʴʬʲʵʭʨʴʰ
ʶʵʲʰʺʰʱʻʸʰ ˆʨʹʰʨʯʰʹ ʹʨʽʳʬ ˄ʿʫʬʩʵʫʨ, ʱʨʲʰʹ ˄ʳ. ʱʭʰʸʰʱʬʹ
ʳʵʴʨʹʺʬʸˀʰ ʫʨʼʰ˂ʬʩʰʯ ʻʴʫʨ ʫʨʬʫʨʹʺʻʸʬʩʰʴʨʯ, ʻʨʳʰʹʵʯ ʨʳ
102
ʪʨʫʨ˄ʿʭʬʺʰʲʬʩʨʹ ʨʸʨʭʰʯʨʸʰ ˃ʨʲʨ ʨʸ ˈʽʵʴʫʨ. ʨʳʰʺʵʳ
ˀʬʹʨ˃ʲʬʩʬʲʰʨ, ʸʵʳ ʪʬʲʵʭʨʴʹ ʯʨʭʰʹ ʹʨʳʿʵʼʵ ʨʫʪʰʲʰʹ ʨʳʵʸˁʬʭʰʹ
ʫʸʵʹ ʨʳ ʪʨʸʬʳʵʬʩʰʹʯʭʰʹʨ˂ ʳʰʬʽ˂ʰʵʹ ʿʻʸʨʫʾʬʩʨ.
ʹʵʼ. ʱʨʲʨˀʰ ˀʬʴʨˆʻʲʰʨ ʯʽʳʻʲʬʩʨ ʰʳʰʹ ˀʬʹʨˆʬʩ, ʸʵʳ
ʪʬʲʵʭʨʴʹ ʨʸ ʬʳʵʸˁʰʲʬʩʵʫʨ ʹʵʼ. ʰʼʸʨʨʸˀʰ ʳ˂ˆʵʭʸʬʩʰ ʭʰʾʨ˂ ʨʭʰ
ʽʨʲʰ ʫʻʾʳʨʮʰ, ʸʵʳʬʲʹʨ˂ ˂ˆʸʨ ʭʨʷʰˀʭʰʲʰ ˈʿʵʲʬʩʰʨ, ʸʰʹʯʭʰʹʨ˂
ʿʭʬʲʨ ʳʰʹʰ ˀʭʰʲʬʩʰ ʪʬʲʵʭʨʴʹ ʫʨʻˆʵ˂ʰʨ. ʩʵʲʵʹ ʪʬʲʵʭʨʴʹ
ʳʵʻʴʫʵʳʬʩʰʨ ʫʻʾʳʨʮʰʹ ʳʵʹʶʵʩʨ˂, ʪʨʻʪʮʨʴʰʨ ʳʰʹʯʭʰʹ
ʲʨˀˆʬʯʰʫʨʴ ʳʵ˂ʰʽʻʲʨʫ ʯʨʭʰʹʰ ʱʨʸʰʹ ʱʨ˂ʰ ʯʭʬʰ, ʫʨ
ʫʨʻʩʨʸʬʩʰʨ ˀʬʹʨʸʰʪʬʩʲʨʫ ʲʨˀˆʬʯˀʰ. ʬʹ ʫʻʾʳʨʮʰ ʯʭʬʰʹʯʨʴ
ʬʸʯʨʫ ʪʨʬʳʪʮʨʭʸʨ ʲʨˀˆʬʯˀʰ ʪʬʲʵʭʨʴʯʨʴ. ʲʨʺʼʨʸʰʹ ʳʯʨʮʬ ʸʵʳ
ʪʨʫʨʫʰʵʫʴʬʴ, ˀʬʰʹʭʬʴʬʹ ʹʨʫʰʲʰʹ ʹʨ˅ʳʬʲʨʯ. ʨʳ ʹʨʫʰʲʵʩʰʹ
ʫʸʵʹ ʪʬʲʵʭʨʴʰʹ ʳʵ˂ʰʽʻʲʹ ʯʻʸʳʬ ʰʹʬʯʰ ʹʰʺʿʭʨ ˄ʨʳʵ˂ʫʨ, ʸʵʳ
ʫʻʾʳʮʰ ʫʨʬ˅ʭʰʨʴʫʨ ʪʬʲʵʭʨʴʰʹ ʳʰʹʫʨʳʰ ʪʻʲ˄ʸʼʬʲʵʩʨˀʰ,
ʨʳʰʺʵʳ ʳʨʴ ʪʬʲʵʭʨʴʰʹ ʱʨ˂ʰ ʰʹʬ ʫʨʨʯʸʵ ʯʨʭʰ ʨʸʨʿʰʯ, ʸʵʳ ʳʨʹ
ʻʪʸ˃ʴʵʩʲʨʫ ʰʽʭʬ ʳʰʬ˃ʰʴʨ. ʫʻʾʳʨʮʳʨ ʳ˃ʰʴʨʸʬ ʱʨ˂ʹ ʴʨˇʨˆʰ ʫʨˈʱʸʨ
ʫʨ ʺʭʰʴʰ ʫʨʨʴʯˆʬʭʰʴʨ 76).
ʸʵʫʰʹ ʫʨ ʸʨ ʳʰʮʬʮʬʩʰʯ ʳʵˆʫʨ ʪʬʲʵʭʨʴʬʩʰʹ ʩʨʺʵʴʵʩʰʹ
ʫʨʳˆʵʩʨ ʹʭʨʴʬʯˀʰ, ʨʳʨʮʬ ʨʸʨʭʰʯʨʸʰ ˂ʴʵʩʨ ʨʸ ʳʵʰʶʵʭʬʩʨ. ʨʸʰʹ
ʪʨʫʳʵ˂ʬʳʨ, ʯʰʯʽʵʹ ʹʨʽʨʸʯʭʬʲʵʹ ʬʸʯ-ʬʸʯʳʨ ʳʬʼʬʳ ʿʭʬʲʨ
ʪʬʲʵʭʨʴʬʩʰ ʬʸʯ ʫʾʬʹ ʫʨˆʵ˂ʨ. ʨʳ ʻʩʬʫʻʸʬʩʨʹ ˀʬʳʯˆʭʬʭʰʯ
ʪʨʫʨʸˁʨ, ʪʬʲʵʭʨʴʰʹ ʳˆʵʲʵʫ ʬʸʯʰ ˃ʻ˃ʳ˄ʵʭʨʸʨ ˀʭʰʲʰ ʳʰʹ
ʪʨʳʮʸʫʬʲ ʳʨˆʨʸʵʩʲʰ˃ʬʹʯʨʴ ʿʵʼʴʰʹ ˄ʿʨʲʵʩʰʯ. ʪʨʳʮʸʫʬʲʳʨ
ʳʨˆʨʸʵʩʲʰ˃ʬʳ ʬʹ ʩʨʭˀʰ ʪʨʫʨʳʨʲʨ ʹʭʨʴʬʯˀʰ, ʹʨʫʨ˂ ʳʬʸʬ ʰʹ ʬʸʯʳʨ
ʿʰʼʰʨʴʳʨ ʨʰʿʭʨʴʨ ʫʨ ʲʨˀˆʬʯʰʹ ʩʨʺʵʴʹ ʲʨˀˆʹ ʳʰʨʩʨʸʨ. ʨʽ ʳʰʹʪʨʴ
ˀʬʳʫʬʪˀʰ ʰʹʬʭ ʪʨʳʸʨʭʲʫʬʴ ʪʬʲʵʭʨʴʬʩʰ.

68) ˇʨʭʨˆʰˀʭʰʲʰ. ʽʨʸ. ʬʸ. ʰʹʺ. ʪʭ. 459.

69) ʩʸʵʹʬ. ʹʨʽ. ʰʹʺ. ʪʭ. 166.
70) ˇʨʭʨˆʰˀʭʰʲʰ. ʽʨʸ. ʬʸ. ʰʹʺ. ʪʭ. 582 ʫʨ 583.
71) ʯʨʿʨʰˀʭʰʲʰ. ʨʸʽʬʵʲʵʪʰʻʸʰ ʬʽʹʱʻʸʹʰʨ. ʹˆʭʨʫʨʹˆʭʨ ˀʬʴʰˀʭʴʬʩʰ.
ʪʨʳʵ˂ʬʳʨ ʳʬ-3. ʪʭ. 18.
72) ˆʨˆʨʴʨˀʭʰʲʰ. ʹʭʨʴʬʯʰʹ ˆʬʲʴʨ˄ʬʸʬʩʰ ʫʨ ʹʨˆʨʸʬʩʬʩʰ. ʪʭ. 361.
73) ʫ. ʩʨʽʸʨ˃ʬ. ʨʸʽʬʵʲʵʪʰʻʸʰ ʳʵʪʮʨʻʸʵʩʨ ʹʨʽʨʸʯʭʬʲʵˀʰ ʫʨ ʨ˅ʨʸʨˀʰ ʪʭ.
264.
74) ʭʨˆʻˀʺʰ. ʹʨʽʨʸʯʭʬʲʵʹ ʪʬʵʪʸ. ʪʭ. 326.
75) ʭʨˆʻˀʺʰ. ʹʨʽʨʸʯ. ʪʬʵʪʸʨʼʰʨ. ʪʭ. 273. ˀʬʴʰˀʭʴʨ ˇʨʴʨˀʭʰʲʰʹʨ 465.

103
 76) ʬʹ ʨʳʩʨʭʰ ʫʨ˄ʬʸʰʲʰ ʨʾʳʵˁʴʫʨ ʬʸʯ ʶʨʺʨʸʨ ʼʰ˂ʨʸʮʬ, ʸʵʳʬʲʰ˂ ʰʴʨˆʬʩʵʫʨ
ʱʨʲʰʹ ˄ʳ. ʱʭʰʸʰʱʬʹ ʳʵʴʨʹʺʬʸˀʰ. ʬʹ ˄ʨʸ˄ʬʸʨ ˄ʨʻʱʰʯˆʨʭʹ ʳʾʭ. ʼʨʸʬʰˀʭʰʲʹ
ʨʳʴʨʰʸʨʫ: ,,ʫʻʾʳʨʮ ʲʼʬʬʯʬ ʱʨʫʨ ʲˀʬʸʬ, ʯʭʬʰ ʲʻʯʵʲʬ ʲʻʪʸʨʲ ʲʻʹʱʵʸʬ³
ʽʨʸʯʻʲʨʫ ʸʵʳ ʪʨʫʨʭʯʨʸʪʳʴʵʯ, ʬʹ ʰʳʨʹ ʴʰˀʴʨʭʹ, ʸʵʳ ʨʭʹ ʫʻʾʳʨʮʹ ʪʨʲʬʹʰʲʰ
ʴʨˇʨˆʰʯ ʯʭʬʰʹʯʭʰʹ ʯʨʭʰ ʪʨʻ˅ʬ˅ʿʰʨ ʫʨ ʹˆʭ.

‡€…€ƒˆ  ˆ—‚…ˆ€Œ„ˆ

ʪʨʫʳʵ˂ʬʳʰʯ, ʪʬʲʵʭʨʴʬʩʰʹ ˀʬʳʫʬʪ ʫʨʹʨʭʲʬʯ ʨʴʻ

ʹʨʫʨʫʬˀʽʬʲʰʨʴʵ ʹʭʨʴʬʯˀʰ ʬʸʯ ʫʸʵʹ ʪʨʳʨʪʸʫʴʬʴ ʸʰˁʪʭʰʨʴʬʩʰ,
ʸʵʳʲʬʩʹʨ˂ ʯʰʯʽʳʰʹ ʨʸʨʭʰʯʨʸʰ ʰʹʺʵʸʰʨ ʨʸʨ ʨʽʭʯ. ʰʹʰʴʰ ʸʵʳ
ʯʨʭʨʫʬʩʨʯ ʰʯʭʲʬʩʵʫʬʴ ʫʨ ʹʭʨʴʬʯʰʹ ʮʬʳʵˆʹʬʴʬʩʻʲ ʴʨ˄ʰʲʹ
ʪʨʴʨʪʬʩʫʬʴ, ʹˆʭʨʯʨ ˀʵʸʰʹ, ʬʹ ʰʽʰʫʪʨʴʨ ˁʨʴʹ, ʸʵʳ ʸʵʫʬʹʨ˂
ʻˀʪʻʲʬʲʬʩʹ ʳʵʻʱʲʨʭʯ ʸʨ˅ʰʹ ʯʨʭʨʫʰ ˇʨʼʨʸʰ˃ʬ, ʰʳʬʸʬʯʰʹ
ʳʬʼʰʹ ˄ʰʴʨʫʨʫʬʩʰʯ ʻˀʪʻʲʬʲʬʩʰ ʫʨ ˇʨʼʨʸʰ˃ʬʬʩʰ
ʳʬʫʰʨʺʵʸʻʲʰ ˄ʬʹʰʯ ʪʬʪʻʯʰʹ ʳʰʴʫʵʸˀʰ ˀʬʸʰʪʬʩʻʲʨʴ. ʨʰ ʨʳ
ʳʵʲʨʶʨʸʨʱʬʩʰʹ ʫʸʵʹ ʻˀʪʻʲʬʲʬʩʰʹ ʳˆʸʰʭ ʳʯʨʭʨʸ ʳʬʫʰʨʺʵʸʨʫ
ʿʵʼʰʲʨ ʯʨʭʨʫʰ ʸʰˁʪʭʰʨʴʰ, ʸʵʪʵʸ˂ ʬʹ ˀʬʸʰʪʬʩʰʹ ˀʬʹʨˆʬʩ
ʫʨ˄ʬʸʰʲ ʪʨʴˁʰʴʬʩʰʫʨʴ ʹˁʨʴʹ.
ʶʰʸʭʬʲʨʫ ʸʰˁʪʭʰʨʴʬʩʰ ʳʬʺʵʽʬʵʩʨʹ ʻ˄ʬʭʫʬʴ ʳʨʯ ˀʬʳʫʬʪ
ʪʨʩʨʺʵʴʬʩʻʲ ʫʨʫʬˀʽʬʲʰʨʴʬʩʹ ʫʨ ʹʰ˂ʵ˂ˆʲʬʹ ʻʳ˄ʨʸʬʩʫʬʴ ʳʨʯ.
ʬʸʯʰ ʪʨʫʳʵ˂ʬʳʨ ʨʳʰʹ ˀʬʹʨˆʬʩ ʪʭʨʻ˄ʿʬʩʹ, ʸʵʳ
ʫʨʫʬˀʽʬʲʰʨʴʬʩʰʹ ʪʭʨʸʬʻʲʵʩʰʹ ʬʸʯ-ʬʸʯʰ ˄ʨʸʳʵʳʨʫʪʬʴʬʲʰ
ʰʹʲʨʳʰ ʸʰˁʪʭʰʨʴʬʩʹ ʪʨʽ˂ʬʭʰʨ, ʩʨˆʰʹ ʳʯʨ ʪʨʫʨʻʭʲʰʨ ʫʨ ʯʬʸʪʰʹ
ʵʲʽˀʰ ˀʬʻʼʨʸʬʩʰʨ ʯʨʭʰ, ʩʨˆʹʨʴʰʹ ʯʨʭʨʫʰʹ ʻʸʹʩʰʬʭʰʹ ʹʨˆʲˀʰ.
ʸʨʳʫʬʴʰʳʬ ˆʴʰʹ ˀʬʳʫʬʪ ʰʹʲʨʳʹ ʽʨˀʪʰʹ ʲʨˀʽʨʸʰ ʳʵʻʿʭʨʴʰʨ ʫʨ
ʫʰʫʰ ʮʰʨʴʰ ʳʰʻʿʬʴʬʩʰʨ ʸʰˁʪʭʰʨʴʬʩʰʹʨʯʭʰʹ, ʳʨʪʸʨʳ ʳʨʯʰ
ʹʨʩʵʲʵʵʫ ʫʨʳʨʸ˂ˆʬʩʨ ʭʬʸ ʳʵʻˆʬʸˆʬʩʰʨ ʫʨ ʨʳʰʺʵʳ ʹʰʱʭʫʰʲʰʹ
ʫʸʵʹ ʳʨʹ ʯʨʭʰʹ ˀʭʰʲʬʩʰʹʨʯʭʰʹ ʨʴʫʬʸ˃ʰ ʫʨʻʺʵʭʬʩʰʨ, ʯʻ
ʸʵʫʬʹʳʬ ʸʰˁʪʭʰʨʴʬʩʰ ʫʨʨʳʨʸ˂ˆʵʯ, ʹʨʼʲʨʭˀʰ ˁʨʳ˃ʨˆʬʯ ʫʨ
ʳʵʳʨˆʨʸʬʯʵ.
ʪʨʫʳʵ˂ʬʳʰʯ, ʫʨʫʬˀʽʬʲʰʨʴʬʩʳʨ ʳʵʰʹʿʰʫʬʹ ʸʰˁʪʭʰʨʴʬʩʰʹ
ʱʨʸʰʹʱʨ˂ʰ ʭʰʾʨ˂ ˂ʰʽʭʲʰʫʰ, ʸʵʳʬʲʳʨ˂ ʰʹʬ ʳʵˆʬʸˆʬʩʻʲʨʫ
ʳʵʨ˄ʿʵ ʹʨʽʳʬ, ʸʵʳ ʿʭʬʲʨ ʸʰˁʪʭʰʨʴʬʩʰ ʬʸʯ ʫʾʬʹ ˀʬʨ˄ʿʫʨ
ʬʸʯʳʨʴʬʯʹ, ʪʨʫʨʸˁʨ ʳˆʵʲʵʫ ʵʸʰ ʱʨ˂ʰ ʨˆʲʨʭʰ ʫʨ ˆʨʻʯʰ. ʰʹʲʨʳʹ
ʨˆʨʸʬʹ ʬʹ ʨʳʩʨʭʰ ʫʨ ʳʨʴ ʹʰˆʨʸʻʲʰʹʨʪʨʴ ʹʨʼʲʨʭˀʰ ʹʨʳˇʬʸ ʰʳʰʹʯʨʴʨ
104
ʨʳʵʰˆʭʴʬˀʨ, ʸʵʳ ʽʻʸʨˀʰʹ ʹʨʿʫʸʰʹ ʱʬʫʲʬʩʰ ˀʬʰʴ˃ʸʨ ʫʨ ʬʸʯʰ
ʳʨʯʪʨʴʰ ʱʰʫʬ˂ ʪʨʹʱʫʨʵ. ʬʸʯ ʹʭʨʴʻʸ ʹʰʳʾʬʸʨˀʰ (,,ʭʭʰ˂ʩʰʲ ʳʨ˂
ʩʰʲ³--ˀʰ) ʴʨʯʽʭʨʳʰʨ: ʬʹ ʵʸʰ ˅ʨʩʻʱʰ ʹʨʳ ˄ʬʲʹ ʺʿʭʰʨ-˄ʨʳʨʲʹ
ʨʳʮʨʫʬʩʫʨ, ʫʨ ʨʳʰʹ ˀʬʳʫʬʪ ʫʨʫʬˀʽʬʲʰʨʴʬʩʰʹ ʯʨʭʮʬ ʫʨʹʨˆʳʬʲʨʯ
ʲʨʫʸʬʲʰʹ ˂ʰˆʬˀʰ ʪʨʳʨʪʸʫʨ ʫʨ ʹʵʸʯʳʨʴ ʩʨʺʵʴʹ ˀʬʬʩʸ˃ʵʲʨ. ʹʨʳʰ
˄ʲʰʹ ʪʨʴʳʨʭʲʵʩʨˀʰ ʰʹʰʴʰ ʹʰ˂ʵ˂ˆʲʬʹ ʻʳ˄ʨʸʬʩʫʬʴ
ʫʨʫʬˀʽʬʲʰʨʴʬʩʹ. ʨʳ ʫʸʵʹ ˀʭʰʫʰ ʱʵʳʲʰʹʨʪʨʴ ˀʬʳʫʪʨʸʰ
ʸʰˁʪʭʰʨʴʬʩʰʹ ʪʭʨʸʬʻʲʵʩʨ ʨʳ ʵʸʰ ˃ʳʰʹ ˄ʰʴʨʨʾʳʫʬʪ ʩʨʺʵʴ
ʹʵʸʯʳʨʴʹ ʳʰʬʳˆʸʬʴ, ʸʨʯʨ ʸʵʪʵʸʳʬ ʨʬʾʵʯ ʲʨʫʸʬʲʰʹ ˂ʰˆʬ.
˂ʰˆʰʹ ʨʾʬʩʨʳ ʰʳʹˆʭʬʸʶʲʨ ʯʭʰʯ ʹʵʸʯʳʨʴʰ, ʳʸʨʭʨʲʰ ʹˆʭʨ
ʫʨ ʬʹ ʵʸʰ ˃ʳʨ˂ ʨʳ ˂ʰˆʬˀʰ ʪʨʳʵʬʹʨʲʳʨ ʹʰ˂ʵ˂ˆʲʬʹ, ʸʨʫʪʨʴʨ˂ ˂ʰˆʬʹ
ʨʾʬʩʰʹ ʫʸʵʹ ˂ʬ˂ˆʲʰ ˄ʨʻʱʰʫʬʹ ʫʨ ˂ʵ˂ˆʲʨʯ ˂ʰˆʬˀʰ ʫʨʹ˄ʭʬʹ 77).
ʰʹ ʵʸʰ ʱʨ˂ʰ, ʨˆʲʨʭʰ ʫʨ ˆʨʻʯʰ, ʸʵʳʲʬʩʰ˂ ˀʬʳʯˆʭʬʭʰʯ ʪʨʫʨʸˁʴʬʴ
ʻʩʬʫʻʸʬʩʨʹ, ʪʨʰʽ˂ʴʬʴ ʹ. ʳʬʹʺʰʨˀʰ ʫʨ ˄ʳ. ʪʰʵʸʪʰʹ ʬʱʲʬʹʰʨʹ
ˀʬʨˆʭʬ˄ʬʹ ʫʨ ˀʬʨʩʬʹ ʬʸʯʰ ˆʨʸʰ.
ʳʬʹʺʰʬʲʬʩʳʨ ʰʹʰʴʰ ʳʰʰʾʬʹ ʫʨ ʯʨʭʰʹ ʳʼʨʸʭʬʲʵʩʰʹ ʽʭʬˀ ʹ.
ʲʨʾʨʳˀʰ ʫʨʨʹʨˆʲʬʹ. ʳʨʪʸʨʳ ʳʨʲʬ ʨʽ ʱʨ˂ʰ ˀʬʳʵʨʱʭʫʨʯ ʫʨ ʨʳʰʺʵʳ
ʿʨʩʨʸʫʵˀʰ ʪʨʫʨʰˆʭʬ˄ʴʬʴ, ʹʨʫʨ˂ ʫʾʬʳʫʬ ʪʨʴʨʪʸ˃ʵʩʹ ʨʸʹʬʩʵʩʨʹ
ʳʨʯʰ ˀʯʨʳʵʳʵʨʭʲʵʩʨ.

77) ʬʹ ʹʰʳʾʬʸʨ ʰˆʰʲʬʯ ˄ʰʪʴʰʹ ʩʵʲʵˀʰ.

‡-ƒ ƒ€ƒ„–“„Šˆ€Œ„ˆ ‚€€¢Œ„€ …€Œ„‡–ˆ

ʳʬ-15 ʹʨʻʱʻʴʬˀʰ ʸʰˁʪʭʰʨʴʬʩʰʹ ˀʬʳʫʬʪ ʹʭʨʴʬʯˀʰ ʰ˄ʿʬʩʨ

ʫʨʫʬˀʽʬʲʰʨʴʬʩʰʹ ʩʨʺʵʴʵʩʨ.
ʹʨʰʫʪʨʴ ʪʨˁʴʫʴʬʴ ʰʹʰʴʰ ʹʭʨʴʬʯˀʰ, ʸʨ ʺʵʳʰʹʨ ʫʨ ʳʵʫʪʳʰʹʨ
ʨʸʰʨʴ ʰʹʰʴʰ ± ʫʾʬʳʫʰʹ ʬʹ ʹʨʱʳʨʵʫ ʪʨʳʵʸʱʭʬʻʲʰ ʨʸ ʨʸʰʹ.
ʮʵʪʰ ʨʳʺʱʰ˂ʬʩʹ, ʸʵʳ ʫʨʫʬˀʽʬʲʰʨʴʬʩʰʹ ʪʭʨʸʰ ʹʭʨʴʬʯʰʹ
ʻʱʨʴʨʹʱʴʬʲ ʬʸʰʹʯʨʭʰʹ ,,ʫʨʫʨˀ ʪʬʲʵʭʨʴʰʹ³ ʹʨˆʬʲʰʹʨ ʫʨ ʪʭʨʸʰʹ
ˀʬʬʸʯʬʩʰʯ ˀʬʹʫʪʨʵ.
ˆʵʲʵ ʪʨʫʳʵ˂ʬʳʰʯ 78) ʰʹʰʴʰ ʫʨʾʬʹʺʴʰʫʪʨʴ ʻʴʫʨ ʰʿʭʴʬʴ
ˀʬʳʵʹʻʲʰ ʫʨ ʺʨʸʱʵʭʹʱʰʹ ʪʭʨʸʹ ʻʴʫʨ ʬʱʻʯʭʴʵʫʴʬʴ. ʹʭʨʴʻʸʰ
ʪʨʫʳʵ˂ʬʳʨ ʨʳʩʵʩʹ, ʸʵʳ ʸʵʳʬʲʾʨ˂ ʫʨʫʬˀʽʬʲʰʨʴʰʹ ʬʸʯ ˄ʰʴʨʶʨʸʹ
± ʺʨʸʱʵʭʹʱʰʹ ʳʵʻʱʲʨʭʹ ʯʨʭʰʹʰ ʹʨˆʲʰʱʨʰ. ʳʵʱʲʻʲʰʹ
105
˅ʰʸʰʹʻʼʲʬʩʰʹ ʳʰʬʸ ʫʬʭʴʰʲʰ ʺʨʸʱʵʭʹʱʰ ʳʯʬʩˀʰ ʰʳʨʲʬʩʵʫʨ.
ʮʨʳʯʨʸˀʰ ʺʿʬˀʰ ʭʬʾʨʸ ʪʨʹ˃ʲʵ ʫʨ ʨʸˁʰʨ ʸʵʳʬʲʰʳʬ ʻ˂ˆʵ
ʽʭʬʿʨʴʨˀʰ ʪʨʫʨˆʭʬ˄ʰʲʰʿʵ. ʨʳ ʫʸʵʹ ʳʯʨʮʬ ʳʨʴ ʳʰʨʪʴʵ ʯʵʭʲˀʰ
ʫʨʯʭʰʹ ʱʭʨʲʹ, ʸʵʳʬʲʹʨ˂ ʪʨʳʵˈʿʭʨ ʫʨ ʨʳ ʱʭʨʲʳʨ ʰʹ ʹʭʨʴʬʯʨʳʫʬ
ʳʵʰʿʭʨʴʨ. ʬ˂ʬʸˀʰ ʰʹ ʬʹʺʻʳʸʨ ʨʳ ʹʵʼʲʰʹ ʹʭʰʳʸʰʹ ʻʼʸʵʹʹ
ʳʾʭʫʬʲʹ ʱʨˆʰʨʴʹ. ʨʹʬʯʰ ʻ˂ˆʵ ʹʺʻʳʸʰʹ ʫʨʴʨˆʭʰʯ ʪʨʵ˂ʬʩʻʲʰ
ʳʨʹʶʰʴ˃ʬʲʰ ˀʬʬʱʰʯˆʨ ʳʨʹ:
± ,,ʭʰʴʨ ˆʨʸʵ³"
ʹʺʻʳʨʸʳʨ ʻʶʨʹʻˆʨ ʯʻʸʳʬ:
± ,,ʫʨʪʫʨˀʫʨʴ ʪʬʲʨʴ³³, ʸʨʰ˂ʨ ʴʰˀʴʨʭʹ ± ʳʵʭʬʫʰ ʨʳ
ʳʯʬʩʰʫʨʴ. ʳʾʭʫʬʲʳʨ ʬʹ ʹʰʺʿʭʬʩʰ ˁʨʯʭʨʲʨ ˀʬʱʰʯˆʭʰʹ ʴʨʳʫʭʰʲ
ʶʨʹʻˆʨʫ ʫʨ ʰʼʰʽʸʨ, ʸʵʳ ʨʳ ʹʰʺʿʭʬʩˀʰ ʪʨʳʵʰˆʨʺʬʩʵʫʨ ʹʨˆʬʲʰ ʫʨ
ʪʭʨʸʰ ʳʰʹʰ ʹʺʻʳʸʰʹʨ ʫʨ ʨʳʸʰʪʨʯʨ˂ ,,ʫʨʪʫʨˀʫʨʴ ʪʬʲʨʴ³³ˀʬʳʫʬʪˀʰ
ʯʨʴʫʨʯʨʴ ʫʨʫʬˀʽʬʲʰʨʴʨʯ ʪʨʫʨʱʬʯʫʨʵ.
ʬʹ ʫʨʫʬˀʽʬʲʰʨʴʰ ʯʻʸʳʬ ʳʾʭʫʲʰʹʨʹ ʫʨʩʰʴʨʭʫʨ. ʳʨʹ
ˈʿʨʭʫʨ ʹʨʳʰ ʽʨʲʰˀʭʰʲʰ. ʳʾʭʫʬʲʰ ʹʨʪʵʴʬʩʬʲˀʰ ˁʨʭʨʸʫʨ, ʳʰʹʰ
ʹʺʻʳʨʸʰ ʱʨʲʳʰʯ ʨʻ˄ʬʸʬʲʰ ʹʰʲʨʳʨʮʰʹ ʰʿʵ. ʳʾʭʫʬʲʹ ˀʰˀʰ
ˁʨʻʭʨʸʫʨ ʪʻʲˀʰ: ʽʨʲʰˀʭʰʲʬʩʰʹ ʶʨʺʸʵʴʰ ʭʨʸ, ʹʨˆʲˀʰ ʨʸʨʼʬʸʰ
ʳʨʸ˂ˆʰ ʫʨʺʸʰʨʲʫʬʹʵ. ʩʵʲʵʹ ʪʨʫʨ˄ʿʭʰʺʨ, ʸʵʳ ʹʺʻʳʸʰʹʨʯʭʰʹ
ʹʨ˄ʵʲʰ ʹʨˆʲʰʹ ʽʭʬʫʨ ʹʨʸʯʻʲˀʰ ʳʰʬˁʰʴʨ. ʯʭʰʯʵʴ
ʽʨʲʰˀʭʰʲʬʩʯʨʴ ʬʸʯʨʯ ʱʰ ʮʬʫʨ ʹʨʸʯʻʲˀʰ ˄ʭʬʩʵʫʨ, ˆʵʲʵ
ʨʳʵʹʨʹʭʲʬʲ ʱʰʩʰʹ ʯʨʭʮʬ ʾʨʳʰʯ ʯʭʰʯʵʴ ʪʨʰˀʲʰʫʨ ˆʵʲʳʬ
ʲʵʪʰʴʹ, ʳʨʪʸʨʳ ʫʨʫʬˀʽʬʲʰʨʴʰ ʰʳʰʹʯʨʴʨ ʾʵʴʰʬʸʰ ʰʿʵ, ʸʵʳ ʨʳ
ʲʵʪʰʴʹ ʨʹ˄ʬʭʫʨ ˆʵʲʳʬ ʫʨ ʰʹʬ ʪʨʫʨʫʪʨʳʫʨ ʪʭʬʸʫʮʬ, ʸʵʳ
ʳʨʹʶʰʴ˃ʬʲʰ ʭʬʸ ʪʬʩʻʲʵʩʫʨ ʫʨ ʯʭʰʯʵʴ ʳʰʹ ʽʨʲʰˀʭʰʲʬʩʯʨʴ
˄ʭʬʩʵʫʨ. ʸʵ˂ʨ ʬʹ ʪʨʳʵʳʷʾʨʭʴʫʨ, ʹʺʻʳʨʸʳʨ ˇʭʨʸʰ ʫʨʰ˄ʬʸʨ
ʳʨʹʶʰʴ˃ʲʰʹ ʽʨʲʰˀʭʰʲʮʬ. ʨʳʰʹ ˀʬʳʫʬʪ ʫʨʫʬˀʽʬʲʰʨʴʰ ʨˆʫʬʴʹ
ʯʨʭʰʹʰ ʹʰʳʨʳʸʰʹ ˀʬʳ˄ʬʵʩʰʯ ˆʨʲˆʮʬ ʰʹʬʯ ʪʨʭʲʬʴʨʹ, ʸʵʳ ʳʨʲʬ ʰʹ
ʰʶʿʸʵʩʹ ʳʯʬʲʹ ˆʨʲˆʹ ʫʨ ʨʳʰʺʵʳʨ˂ ʳʰʹʰ ʶʨʺʰʭʰʹ˂ʬʳʰʹ
ʨʾʹʨʴʰˀʴʨʭʨʫ ˆʨʲˆʳʨ ʪʨʫʨʹ˄ʿʭʰʺʨ ʳʰʹʯʭʰʹ ʹʨˆʲʰ ʨʬʪʵ.
ʪʨʳʵʰʿʭʨʴʬʹ ʳʵʹʨˆʲʰʹ ʯʨʭʮʬ ʯʰʯʵ ˂ˆʭʨʸʰ. ʬʹ ˇʵʪʰ ʪʨʻˀʭʬʹ
ʲʨʫʸʬʸʹ ʫʨʩʲʨ ʳʰʴʫʵʸˀʰ ʫʨ ˆʨʲˆʰ ˀʬʬˆʭʬ˄ʨ ʾʳʬʸʯʹ, ʸʵʳ ʬʹ
ˇʵʪʰ ʳʨʯ ʳʬʵʸʬ ʫʾʬʹ ʫʨˆʭʬʫʸʵʫʨ ʰʹʬʯ ʨʫʪʰʲʨʹ, ʹʨʫʨ˂
ʫʨʫʬˀʽʬʲʰʨʴʰʹ ʹʨˆʲʰʹ ʨʪʬʩʨ ʾʭʯʰʹʯʭʰʹ ʹʨʹʻʸʭʬʲʰ ʿʵʼʰʲʰʿʵ.
ʳʬʵʸʬ ʫʾʬʹ ˆʨʲˆʳʨ ʫʨʻ˄ʿʵ ʨʳ ˇʵʪʹ ˃ʬʩʴʨ ʫʨ ʴʨˆʬʹ ʹʵʼ. ʩʨʸˀʰ,
ʹʨʫʨ˂ ʨʻˀʬʴʬʹ ʫʨʫʬˀʽʬʲʰʨʴʹ ʰʹ ʫʰʫʰ ʹʨˆʲʰ, ʸʵʳʬʲˀʰʨ˂
106
ˀʬʳʫʬʪˀʰ ʳʸʨʭʨʲ ʹʨʻʱʻʴʬʯʨ ʪʨʴʳʨʭʲʵʩʨˀʰ ʰ˅ʬʫʬʩʵʫʨ ʳʨʯʰ
ʩʬʫʰ ʨʴʻ ʳʵʴʵʩʰʹ ʳ˃ʰʳʬ ʻʾʬʲʰ.

78) ʻʴʫʨ ʨʾʭʴʰˀʴʵʯ, ʸʵʳ ʪʨʫʳʵ˂ʬʳʨ ʫʨʫʬˀʽʬʲʰʨʴʬʩʰʹ ʪʭʨʸʬʻʲʵʩʰʹ

ʯʨʭʪʨʫʨʹʨʭʨʲʮʬ ʳʸʨʭʨʲʴʨʰʸʨʫ ʪʭʬʹʳʰʹ ʹʭʨʴʬʯˀʰ, ʫʨ ʰʹʰʴʰ ʬʸʯʳʨʴʬʯʹ ʨʸ
ʬʯʨʴˆʳʬʩʰʨʴ.

’‘‡€ ƒ€ƒ„–“„Šˆ€Œˆ ‹‰…Š€ ‘–‚‘Š–ˆ

ʫʨʫʬˀʽʬʲʰʨʴʬʩʳʨ ʳʵʰʴʫʵʳʬʹ ʯʨʭʰʹʻʼʨʲ ʹʭʨʴʬʯʮʬ

ʪʨʩʨʺʵʴʬʩʨ, ʳʨʪʸʨʳ ʯʨʭʰʹʻʼʲʬʩʨʹ ˀʬˁʭʬʻʲ ʹʭʨʴʬʩʹ ʽʬʫʰ ʭʬʸ
ʳʵʨˆʸʬʭʰʴʬʹ; ʻˀʪʻʲʬʲʬʩʳʨ ʳʵˈʱʲʬʹ ˇʬʸ ʿʭʨʸʿʭʨʸʬ ʫʨ ʳʬʸʳʬ
ʼʻʯʨ ʫʨʫʬˀʽʬʲʰʨʴʰ. ˆʨʲˆʹ ʻʴʫʵʫʨ, ʸʵʳ ʼʻʯʨʹ ʳʵʱʭʲʨ ʬʸʯ
ʭʰʹʳʬʹ ʨʸ ʫʨʩʸʨʲʬʩʵʫʨ, ʳʨʹʰʻʸʰ ˆʨʹʰʨʯʰ ʳʰʬ˂ʨʯ ʫʨ ʨʳʰʺʵʳ
ʳʵʨʪʸʵʭʬʹ ʯʻʸʳʬ ʯʰʯʵ ʳʨʸ˂ʭʨʲʰ ʯʵʼʰʹ ˄ʨʳʨʲʰ. ʿʭʬʲʨʳ
ʯʨʭʰʨʴʯ ʯʵʼʬʩʰʹ ʺʿʭʰʨʹ ˁʨʳʵʯʨʲʨ ʫʨ ʳʰʹʪʨʴ ʪʨʨʱʬʯʨ ʼʻʯʨʹ
ʳʵʹʨʱʲʨʭʨʯ ʬʸʯʰ ʺʿʭʰʨ. ʨʳ ʺʿʭʰʨ-˄ʨʳʲʰʯ ʪʨʺʬʴʰʲʰ ʯʵʼʰ
ˀʬʰʺʨʴʬʹ ʻˀʪʻʲʰʹ ʾʭʯʰʹʳˀʵʩʲʰʹ ʬʱʲʬʹʰʰʹ ʪʨʲʨʭʨʴˀʰ ʫʨ ʺʻˁʰ
ʰʽʰʯʱʬʴ ʻʽʴʬʹ, ʹʨʰʫʨʴʨ˂ ʳʵʬʲʵʫʬʴ ʼʻʯʨʹ ʳʵʹʭʲʨʹ. ʯʵʼʰʹ
ʪʨʹʸʵʲʨˀʰ˂ ʸʵʳ ʿʭʬʲʨʹ ʳʰʬʾʵ ʳʵʴʨ˄ʰʲʬʵʩʨ, ʯʵʼʹ ˁʨˆʳʨˆʮʬ
ʪʨʳʵʨʩʬʹ ʪʸ˃ʬʲʰ ʩʨ˄ʨʸʰ ʫʨ ʨʳʰʹ ˀʬʳʫʬʪ ʻˀʪʻʲʬʲʬʩʳʨ
ʪʨʻʪʮʨʭʴʬʹ ʱʨ˂ʬʩʰ ʼʻʯʨʹ ʳʵʹʨʶʨʺʰʷʬʩʲʨʯ.
ʼʻʯʨ ʨʸ ʬʴʫʵ ʳʵ˂ʰʽʻʲʬʩʹ ʫʨ ʨʸ ʫʨʿʨʩʻʲʫʨ ˄ʨʳʵʹʭʲʨʹ
ʳʨʴʨʳ, ʹʨʴʨʳ ʨʸ ʪʨʻʪʮʨʭʴʬʹ ʻˀʪʻʲʰʹ ʻʼʸʵʹʰʹ ˀʭʰʲʰ ʫʨ ʵ˂ʰ ʱʨ˂ʰ
ʳ˃ʬʭʲʬʩʨʫ.
ʹʨʫʰʲʮʬ ʼʻʯʨʹ ʳʨʸˇʭʴʰʯ ʳʵʻʹʭʬʭʹ ʻˀʪʻʲʰʹ ʻʼʸʵʹʰ
ʴʨʹ˙˙˙˙ ʴʨʪʭʨˀʬʸʬʩʰʹʨ, ˆʵʲʵ ʳʰʹ ʳˆʲʬʩʲʬʩʹ ʵʸ-ʵʸʰ ʻˀʪʻʲʬʲʰ.
ʸʵ˂ʨ ˄ʰʴʨʹ˄ʨʸ ʳʵʲʨʶʨʸʨʱʬʩʰʹ ʯʨʴʨˆʳʨʯ ʴʨʹʿʰʫʨʳ ʹʯʽʭʨ: ,,ʩʰ˅ʬʩʵ,
ʬˆʲʨ ˄ʰʯʬʲʰ ʾʭʰʴʵ ʫʨʪʭʨʲʬʭʰʴʬʯʵ³ ʳʨˀʰʴʨʯʭʬ ʬʱʲʬʹʰʰʹ
ʪʨʲʨʭʴʰʫʨʴ ʪʨʭʨʸʫʨ ʯʵʼʰ, ʸʵʳʲʰʹ ʺʿʭʰʨʳ ʼʻʯʨ ʪʨʳʵʨʹʨʲʳʨ
˄ʻʯʰʹʵʼʬʲʹ. ʫʨʴʨʸˁʬʴʰ ʻˀʪʻʲʬʲʬʩʰ ʼʻʯʨʹ ʳˆʲʬʩʲʬʩʹ
ʫʨʬʹʰʬʴ ʫʨ ʹʻʲʬʸʯʰʨʴʨʫ ʨʳʵˆʵ˂ʬʹ ʰʹʰʴʰ. ʪʨʫʨʸˁʨ ʳˆʵʲʵʫ
ʬʸʯ-ʬʸʯʰ ʱʨ˂ʰ, ʳʨʪʸʨʳ ʹʵʼ. ʷʨʩʰʨʴˀʰ ʳʨʹ ʱʵʱʰˁʨˀʬʸʬʩʰʹ ʽʨʲʬʩʹ
ʫʨʬʹʰʬʴ ʫʨ ʰʹʰ˂ ʳʵˈʱʲʬʹ. ʪʨˀʲʰʲʰ ʹʻʼʸʨ, ʹʨʫʨ˂ ʩʲʵʳʨʫ ʬ˄ʿʵ

107
ˆʵʸ˂ʰ, ʶʻʸʰ, ˆʨ˅ʨʶʻʸʬʩʰ, ʹʰʹˆʲʰʯ ˀʬʰʾʬʩʨ. ʻˀʪʻʲʰʹ
ʾʭʯʰʹʳˀʵʩʬʲʹ ʬ˄ʿʰʴʨ ʬʹ ʨʳʩʨʭʰʵ. ʨʳʩʵʩʹ ʬʸʯʰ ʪʨʫʳʵ˂ʬʳʨ ʫʨ
ʫʨʹʨˇʨ ʻˀʪʻʲʬʲʬʩʰ ʰʳʰʯʰ, ʸʵʳ ʹʨʳʰ ˄ʲʰʹ ʪʨʴʳʨʭʲʵʩʨˀʰ
ʨʸ˂ʬʸʯʰ ˃ʸʵˆʨ ʨʸ ʫʨʳʨʱʬʩʻʲʨ ʫʨ ʬʸʯʰ ˄ʭʬʯʰ ʸ˃ʬ ʨʸ
ʪʨʳʵʻ˄ʭʬʲʰʨʵ.
ˀʬ˄ʻˆʬʩʻʲʳʨ ʻˀʪʻʲʬʲʬʩʳʨ ʾʭʯʰʹʳˀʵʩʲʰʹ ˄ʰʴ ʳʻˆʲʰ
ʳʵʰʫʸʰʱʬʹ, ʳʹˆʭʬʸʶʲʰ ˀʬʹ˄ʰʸʬʹ ʫʨ ʨʾʻʯʽʭʬʹ, ʸʵʳ
ʨˆʨʲ˄ʲʰʫʪʨʴ ʳʵʱʰʫʬʩʻʲʰ ʶʬʺʸʬ-ʶʨʭʲʵʩʨʳʫʬ ʿʭʬʲʹ ʪʨʸʬʯ ʨʸ
ʪʨʳʵʭʰʺʨʴʯʵ, ʸʨʹʨ˂ ʫʨʨʸʽʭʬʹ ʳʨˆʵʸʭʨ ʫʨ ʨʳ ʨʾʯʽʳʨʹ ʰʹʰʴʰ
ʫʾʬʳʫʬ˂ ʪʨʻʺʬˆʲʨʯ ʨʹʸʻʲʬʩʬʴ.
ʼʻʯʨʹ ˂ʵʲʳʨ, ʨʹʬ ʭʬʸʨʪʻʲʨʯ ʳʰʹ ʽʳʸʰʹ ʳʵʱʭʲʰʹ ʨʳʩʨʭʰ
ʸʵʳ ʪʨʰʪʵ, ʹʯˆʵʭʨ ʻˀʪʻʲʬʲʬʩʹ ʳʵʱʲʻʲʰʹ ʪʭʨʳʰ ʳʨʰʴ˂
ʫʨʬʴʬʩʬʩʰʴʨʯ, ʳʨʪʸʨʳ ʹʨʴʨʳ ʳ˃ʬʭʲʨʯ ʫʨʺʵʭʬʩʻʲʰ ʻˀʪʻʲʰʹ
ʻʼʸʵʹʰʹ ˀʭʰʲʰ ʫʨ ʳʰʹʰ ʨʳˆʨʴʨʪʬʩʰ ʨʸ ʪʨʨʴʯʨʭʰʹʻʼʲʬʩʰʴʬʹ,
ʳʨʴʨʳʫʬ ʼʻʯʹ ʪʭʨʳʰʹ ʫʨ ʳʰʹʰ ʳˆʲʬʩʲʬʩʰʹ ʪʨʹʭʬʴʬʩʰʹ ʴʬʩʨ
ʻˀʪʻʲʬʲʬʩʳʨ ʨʸ ʳʰʹ˂ʬʹ. ʼʻʯʨʹ ʺʨʴʰʹʨʳʵʹʰ ʫʨ ʰʳ ʩʨ˄ʸʰʹ ʴʨ˅ʬʸʰ,
ʸʵʳʬʲʰ˂ ʯʵʼʰʹ ˁʨˆʳʨˆʹ ʪʨʳʵʨʩʬʹ ʳʰʹ ʳʵʱʭʲʰʹ ʫʸʵʹ, ʫʾʬʳʫʰʹ
ˀʬʴʨˆʻʲʰ ʨʽʭʹʯ ʻˀʪʻʲʬʲʬʩʹ ʻˀʪʻʲʰʹ ʾʭʯʰʹʳˀʵʩʲʰʹ
ʬʱʲʬʹʰʨˀʰ ʭʰʯʨʸ˂ʨ ʰʹʺʵʸʰʻʲʰ ʴʨˀʯʰ.
ʼʻʯʨʹ ʳʵʱʭʲʨʹ ʫʾʬʳʫʬ ʰˆʹʬʴʰʬʩʬʴ ʹʭʨʴʬʩʰ ˀʬʳʫʬʪʰʹ
ʹʨˆʰʯ ʹʰʳʾʬʸʨˀʰ:

ˁʰʨfʪ ʻˁˆʬ ˁʰʨfʪ ˀʫʻʭʬ

ʯʬʯʭʴʨ ʬ˂ʬʸʹ ʳʰʷ ˆʨ˄ʬʫʰ
ʻˀʪʭʲʨfʸ ʫʨfʭʨʸ ʻˀʪʭʲʨfʸ ˍʬ˂ʨʸ
ʰʳ ˆʬʺʱʬʴˁʨʲʫ ʳʨˆʭˀʰ ʼʻʯʨʹ
ʳʨˆʭˀʰ ʼʻʯʨʹ ʼʻʯʨ ʼʨfʲʯʨʰʹ
ʼʻʯʨ ʼʨfʲʯʨʰʹ ʼʰʴʫʰˆʭˀ ʺʿ˙ʸʴʨfˋʹ.

‡€ ‚‹€Œˆ
ʿʭʬʲʪʨʴʨ ʹ˄ʭʰʳʹ, ʿʭʬʲʪʨʴʨ ʹʯʵʭʹ,
ʯʬʯʸ ʬ˂ʬʸʹ ʳʮʬ ʨʴʨʯʬʩʹ,
ʻˀʪʻʲʬʲʬʩʵ ʳˆʬ˂ʬʩʵ, ʻˀʪʻʲʬʲʬʩʵ ʫʬʭʬʩʵ,
ʸʨʺʵʳʨ ʹ˂ʬʳʯ ʩʨʺʵʴ ʼʻʯʨʹ,
ʼʻʯʨʹ ʯʳʨʪʨˀʲʰʲʹʨ ʫʨ ʺʿʭʰʰʯ ʪʨʼʨʾʨʸʨʯʬʩʻʲʹ.

108
 ʨʳ ʼʻʯʨʹ ˀʯʨʳʵʳʨʭʲʵʩʰʫʨʴ ˀʬʳʫʬʪˀʰ ʪʨʴʫʨ ʹʨʳʰ ˃ʳʨ:
ˆʵˀʨ ʵʯʨʸʰ (ʫʰʫʰ ʵʯʨʸʰ), ʹʵʸʯʳʨʴʰ ʫʨ ʫʻʫʨʻ. ʨʳ ˃ʳʬʩʰʹ
ʹʨˆʬʲʬʩʰʯ ʫʨʫʬˀʽʬʲʰʨʴʬʩʰʹ ʪʭʨʸʬʻʲʵʩʨ ʳʵʰʴʨʯʲʨ ʹʨʳʰ
ʹʨˆʬʲʰʯ: ʵʯʨʸʰʹ ˀʯʨʳʵʳʨʭʲʵʩʨʹ ʫʨʬʸʽʭʨ ʵʯʨʸˀʨ, ʹʵʸʯʳʨʴʰʹ ±
ʹʵʸʯʳʨʴˀʨ, ʫʻʫʨʻʹ ± ʫʻʫʨʻˀʨ. ʫʰʫʰ ʵʯʨʸʰ ʪʨʴʨʪʬʩʫʨ ʹʭʨʴʬʯʹ
ʳʬ-XVIII ʹ. ʶʰʸʭʬʲ ʴʨˆʬʭʨʸˀʰ. ʳʰʹʰ ˀʯʨʳʵʳʨʭʲʵʩʨ ʪʨʳʸʨʭʲʫʨ,
ʪʨ˃ʲʰʬʸʫʨ ʫʨ ʫʾʬʳʫʬ ʪʨʴʨʪʸ˃ʵʩʹ ʨʸʹʬʩʵʩʨʹ, ˆʵʲʵ ʹʵʸʯʳʨʴʰʹʨ
ʫʨ ʫʻʫʨʻʹ ˀʯʨʳʵʳʨʭʲʵʩʨ ʳʨʲʬ ʪʨʫʨʪʭʨʸʫʨ ʫʨ ʨʳʵ˄ʿʫʨ. ʿʭʬʲʨ
ʰʹʰʴʰ ʰʿʭʴʬʴ ʪʨʩʨʺʵʴʬʩʻʲʰ ʫʨʹʨʭʲʬʯ ʹʭʨʴʬʯʰʹ ± ˁʻʩʬˆʬʭʰʹ,
ʼʨʸʰʹ, ʬ˂ʬʸʰʹ ʫʨ ʩʬˁʵʹ ʹʨʮʵʪʨʫʵʬʩʬʩˀʰ. ʹʨˀʰʴʬʲʰ ʹʻʸʨʯʰ
˄ʨʸʳʵʪʰʫʪʬʩʨʯ ʫʨʫʬˀʽʬʲʰʨʴʬʩʰʹ ʪʭʨʸʬʻʲʵʩʰʹ ʯʨʭʪʨʫʨʹʨʭʲʰʹ
ʪʨ˂ʴʵʩʰʯ. ʩʬʭʸ ʳʨʯʪʨʴʹ ʪʨʻʹʭʸʰʨ ˆʬʲʰ ʳʨˆʲʵʩʬʲ ʴʨʯʬʹʨʭʰʹ ʫʨ
ʯʭʰʯ ʾʭʰ˃ʲʰ ˃ʳʰʹ ʹʰʹˆʲˀʰ. ʶʰʸʭʬʲʵʩʰʹʯʭʰʹ ʳʨʯʰ
ʬʸʯʳʨʴʬʯʯʨʴ ʩʸ˃ʵʲʨ ʫʨ ʹʰʹˆʲʰʹ ʾʭʸʨ ʰʹʬʯ ʹʨˀʰʴʬʲ ˆʨʹʰʨʯʹ
ʾʬʩʻʲʵʩʫʨ ˆʵʲʳʬ, ʸʵʳ ʫʨʫʬˀʽʬʲʰʨʴʬʩʰʹ ʪʭʨʸʬʻʲʵʩʨ ʳʻʫʨʳ
ʹʰʹˆʲʰʹ ʳʵʸʬʭˀʰ ʹ˂ʻʸʨʭʫʨ.
ʪʨʸʫʨ ʨʳʰʹʨ, ʳʨʯ ˈʽʵʴʫʨʯ ʫʨʻʹʸʻʲʬʩʬʲʰ ʻʱʳʨʿʵʼʰʲʬʩʨ
ʫʨ ʩʸ˃ʵʲʨ ʳʵʹʨʮʾʭʸʬ ʨʼˆʨʮʬʯʰʹʨ ʫʨ ʹʨʳʬʪʸʬʲʵʹ ʳʯʨʭʸʬʩʯʨʴ
ʹʨʩʨʲʨˆʵ ʳʯʬʩʰʹ ʪʨʳʵ, ʸʨʹʨ˂ ʹˆʭʨʯʨ ˀʵʸʰʹ ʨˆʨʹʰʨʯʬʩʹ ʹʭʨʴʬʯˀʰ
ˁʭʬʴ ʫʸʵʳʫʬ ˀʬʴʨˆʻʲʰ ʬʸʯʰ ʼʬʸˆʻʲʰ ʹʰʳʾʬʸʨ ,,ʲʨˆʳʻʲʫ
ʲʨˀʪʨʸ³-ʰ, ʸʵʳʬʲʰ˂ ˀʬʳʫʬʪʰ ˀʰʴʨʨʸʹʰʹ ʨʸʰʹ:

Š€š‹‘Šƒ Š€–‚€ 

ʲʨˀʪʨʸʰʹʨ ʫʨ ˆʭʰʲʨˀʪʨʸʰ
ʲʨˆʳʻʲʫ ʲʨˀʪʨʸ ʨʳˁʬʫʬʲʰ
ʳʨʪ ʲ˙ʯʰˀʰ ʲʨˆʳʻʲʫʨʸʬ
ˁʻ ʲʻʮʬʸʲʰˆ ʩʨˁʨˀ ʩʵʪʷʰ
ˇʪ˙ʸʨʪ ʩʵʪʨˀ ʪʭʰʳʨʮ˙ʨʸʨ
ʨˀ ʪʭʰʩʰʴʨ ʲʰʮ ʲʰˁʬʫʰ
ʵʯʨʸ ˂ʰʵʿʹ 79) ˆʬʳʨˇʨʲʬ
ʨˀʪʭʰʫ ʪʬʮʲʨˀ ʲʰʴʨˍ˙ʸʴʬʹ
ʩʨʮʰˀʨ ʪʭʰˀʪʭʬʰ ʹʨʫʪʵʳʰ
ʨʼˆʨʮ ˁʻʽʭʨʴ ʳʰʴʫʭʬʸʰʹʪʨ
ʳʬʸʭʨ ˃ʰʴʨʸʹ ʷʰ ʲʰʪʴʨʲʬʫ
109
ˈʨˀʰʫ ʪʻʾʭʨʴ ˁʰ ʺʨʴʨʸʬ
ʩʬʸʨʷʫ ʪʭʰʪʨʴ ˁʰ ʪʻʭʨʸʬ
ʷʰʭ ʲʨˀ˙ʫʨʫ ʨʼˆʨʮʨʸʬʹ
ʲʨʰʹʬʴʰʬʲʬʫ ʨʼˆʨʮʨʸʬʹ
ˆʵˀʨʲ ˆʵˆʸʨʲʹ ʪʭʰʽʨʽʰʴʬˆ
ˆʵˆʭʸʨʲ ˆʵˀʨʲʹ ʲʵʽʨʽʰʴʬˆ
ʨʲʳʨʹʰˀ ʪʻˀʪʭʬʰ ˆʨʴʪʨʸʬ
ʻʩʮʨʫ ʩʰʫʬˆ ʨʼˆʮʨ ʮʰʹˆʨʹ
ʳʰʴʬ ʳʨʯˆʳʰ ˁʻ ʪʭʰʫʪʨʸʨ
ˆʭʨˋ ʱʬʯʰʲ ʴʨʭ ʪʭʨʯˆʬʴʨ
ʲ˙ˀʱʨʫ ʳʰʴʬ ʫʨˀʴʨʸʬ
ˆʬˆʭʨʸʹ ʲʨ˅ʰʨʸʨʲʫ ˆʻʾʭʨʴʫʨˆ
ʲʨʲʯʨˀʨ ʳʰʴʬ ˂ˆʭʨʫʨʸʬ
ʩʵʼˀʨʸʹ ʲʨʪʭʸʨʴʨʲʫ ˆʻʾʭʨʴʫʨˆ.

‡€ ‚‹€Œˆ

ʲʨˆʨʳʻʲʰʹ ʲʨˀʽʨʸʰ,
ʲʨˀʽʨʸʰ ʫʨʰ˃ʸʨ,
ʲʨˆʨʳʻʲʰʹ ʲʨˀʽʨʸʰ ʫʨʰ˃ʸʨ.
ʿʭʬʲʨ ʸˁʬʻʲʰ ʲʨˆʨʳʻʲʲʬʩʰ
ʯʨʭʹ ʰʿʸʰʨʴ ʽʭʰʹ ˆʰʫʮʬʫʨ.
ˆʻʫʰʹ ˄ʳʰʴʫʨ ʪʰʵʸʪʰʹ ˀʬʬˆʭʬ˄ʬʴ,
ʪʨʬʳʪʮʨʭʸʬʴ ʫʨ ˄ʨʭʰʫʬʴ.
ʵʯʨʸʰ ˂ʰʵʿʹ ʻʹʨʿʭʬʫʻʸʬʩʹ
ˀʭʰʫʰ ˀʭʰʲʰʹ ʵʳˀʰ ˄ʨʿʭʨʴʨʹ.
ʨʳʨʾʨʳʫʬʲʰ ˁʭʬʴʰ ʹʨʫʪʵʳʰ
ʨʼˆʨʮʬʯʹ ʫʨʩʲʨ ʳʰʴʫʵʸˀʰʨ.
ʳʬʵʸʬ ʫʾʬʹ ʫʰʲʨʹ ʨʭʫʬʽʰʯ,
ʳʹʻʩʻʽʨʯ ʪʭʽʵʴʫʨ ʿʭʬʲʨʹ ʺʨʴʰ,
ʸʱʰʴʨʹʨʭʰʯ ʪʨʳʨʪʸʬʩʻʲʰ ʪʻʲʰʨ
ʯʨʭʹ ʫʨʭʬʹˆʰʯ ʨʼˆʨʮʬʩʹ,
ʻʼʸʵʹʬʩʰ ʻʳ˂ʸʵʹʬʩʹ ʭʨʳʨʪʸʬʩʫʰʯ.
ʨʲʳʨʹʰʹ ˁʭʬʴʰ ʰʨʸʨʾʰ (ˆʨʴʪʨʸ)
ʳʨʫʰʨʴʨʯ ʾʭʸʰʹ ʨʼˆʨʮʬʩʰʹ ʹʰʹˆʲʹ.
110
 ʳʨʯʰ ʳʬʯʨʻʸʰ ˁʭʬʴ ʳʵʪʭʰʱʲʨʭʹ,
ʩʬʭʸʰ ʹʰʳʫʰʫʸʬ ˆʬʲʯ ˁʨʪʭʰʪʫʰʨ.
ʳʵ˅ʬʫʰʲʰ ʳʨʯʰ ʫʨˀʴʬʩʰ
˂ʵʲʬʩʹ ˈʽʵʴʫʨʯ ʶʻʸʰʹ ʪʨʳʵʹʨ˂ˆʵʩʨʯ.
ʿʭʬʲʰʹ ˀʬʹʨʴʨˆʰ ʳʨʯʰ ʽʭʨʩʬʩʰ
ʩʨʭˀʭʬʩʹ ˈʽʵʴʫʨʯ ʹʨʯʨʳʨˀʵʫ.

ʹʨˀʰʴʬʲ ʳʫʪʵʳʨʸʬʵʩʨˀʰ ˈʿʨʭʫʨʯ ʯ. ʫʨʫʬˀʽʬʲʰʨʴʬʩʹ

ˁʨʿʬʴʬʩʻʲʰ ʨʪʸʬʯʭʬ ʯʨʭʰʹʰ ʽʭʬʿʴʰʹ ʪʲʬˆʱʨ˂ʵʩʨ. ʪʲʬˆʬʩʰ
ʹʻʲʰʨʴ ˆʵʸ˂ʰʨʴʨʯ ʩʨʺʵʴʬʩʰʹ ˆʬʲˀʰ ʰʿʭʴʬʴ. ˆˀʰʸʨʯ ʰʹʰʴʰ ʯʨʭʰʹ
ʽʭʬˀʬʭʸʫʵʳʯ ʵʹʬʯˀʰ ʫʨ ʹˆʭʨʪʨʴ ʿʰʫʫʬʴ, ʫʨʳʴʨˀʨʭʬʬʩʹ
ʨʹʨʳʨʸʯʲʬʩʫʬʴ, ʨˇʨʸʰʳʬʩʫʬʴ, ʹʰʱʭʫʰʲʰʯʨ˂ ʹˇʰʫʬʴ 80).
ʯʭʰʯʬʻʲ ʫʨʴʨˀʨʻʲʹ ʯʨʭʰʹʰ ʹʨʹˇʬʲʰ ˈʽʵʴʫʨ ʳʰˁʬʴʰʲʰ,
ʳʨʪʨʲ., ʱʨ˂ʰʹ ʳʵʱʭʲʰʹʨʯʭʰʹ ʨˆʫʬʭʰʴʬʩʫʬʴ ʫʨʳʴʨˀʨʭʬʹ ˇʨʸʰʳʨʯ
300 ʳʨʴ., ʽʻʸʫʬʩʹ 200 ʳ., ʰʨʸʨʾʰʯ ʫʨ˅ʸʰʹʨʯʭʰʹ 100 ʳ., ʯʭʰʯʬʻʲʰ
ʱʵʳʲʰ ʿʵʭʬʲ˄ʲʰʻʸʨʫ 20 ʳ ʰˆʫʰʫʨ, ʿʵʭʬʲʰ ʹʨʳʰ ˄ʲʰʹ ʩʵʲʵʹ
ʯʭʰʯʬʻʲ ʳʵʹʨˆʲʬʹ ʻʴʫʨ ʳʰʬʸʯʳʰʨ ʩʨʺʵʴʰʹʨʯʭʰʹ ˃ʸʵˆʨ. ʳʰ˄ʰʹ
ʾʨʲʨ ˆʫʬʩʵʫʨ ʪʲʬˆʹ ʳʵʹʨʭʲʰʹ ʴʨˆʬʭʸʨʳʫʬ, ʹʨˆʲʰʹ ʨˀʬʴʬʩʰʹ
ʫʸʵʹ ʱʰʸʰʹ, ˆʬ-ʺʿʰʹʨ ʫʨ ʹʰʲʰʹ ʼʨʹʨʫ ʪʲʬˆʰʹʯʭʰʹ
ʫʨʱʨʴʵʴʬʩʻʲʰ ʰʿʵ 25 ʳ. ʪʨʫʨˆʫʨ ʫʨ ʹˆʭ... ʯʻ ʭʰʴʰ˂ʵʩʨʨ ʩʨʺʵʴʹ
ʭʰʴʳʬʹ ʵˇʨˆˀʰ ʳʵʬ˄ʵʴʬʩʵʫʨ ˂ˆʬʴʰ, ˆʨʸʰ ʫʨ ˃ʸʵˆʨ, ʶʨʺʸʵʴʰʹ
ʫʨʻʱʰʯˆʨʭʨʯ ˄ʨʰʿʭʨʴʫʨ ˆʵʲʳʬ ʳʨʹ.
ʩʨʺʵʴʰʹ ʴʬʩʨʫʨʻʸʯʭʬʲʨʯ ʽʨʲʹ ʨʸ ˀʬʬ˃ʲʵ ʪʨʯˆʵʭʬʩʨ, ʱʨ˂ʹ
˂ʵʲʰʹ ʯˆʵʭʨ. ˄ʰʴʨʨʾʳʫʬʪ ˀʬʳʯˆʭʬʭʨˀʰ ʫʨʳʴʨˀʨʭʬ ʰʹˇʬʩʵʫʨ.
ˆʵʲʵ ʸʵ˂ʨ ʬʹ ʹʨʽʳʬ ʳʵʸʰʪʫʬʩʵʫʨ, ʹʨʹʰ˃ʵ ʭʨʲʫʬʩʻʲʰ ʰʿʵ ʳʰʬ˂ʨ
ʩʨʺʵʴʰʹʯʭʰʹ ʹʨʹʿʰʫʬʲʰ.
ʯ. ʫʨʫʬˀʽʬʲʰʨʴʬʩʰʹ ʸʻʹʬʯʰʹ ʳʬʼʰʹ ʽʭʬˀʬʭʸʫʵʳʵʩʨˀʰ
ˀʬʹʭʲʰʯ ʹʭʨʴʬʯˀʰ ˆʫʬʩʨ ˂ʲʰʲʬʩʬʩʰ. ʹʰʹˆʲʰʹ ʹʨʳʨʸʯʲʰʹ
˄ʬʹʬʩʰ ʳʨʯ ˁʨʳʵʬʸʯʭʨʯ ʫʨ ʳʯʨʭʸʵʩʨʳ ʪʲʬˆʵʩʨ ʯʨʭʰʹ ʱʨʴʵʴʬʩʹ
ʫʨʻʳʵʸˁʰʲʨ.
1857 ˄. ˁʻʩʬˆʬʭʰʹ ʩʨʺʵʴʰʹ ʯ. ʱʵʴʹʺʨʴʺʰʴʬʹ ʳʰʬʸ ʪʨʪʨʸʰʴʰʹ
ʳʰʱʭʲʰʹ ʪʨʳʵ 1858 ˄. ʪʨʻʽʳʫʨ ʳʰʹ ˁʻʩʬˆʬʭʰʹ ʹʨʳʯʨʭʸʵ ʫʨ ˆʨʮʰʴʰʹ
ʪʨʴʱʨʸʪʻʲʬʩʨˀʰ ʪʨʫʨʭʰʫʨ.
1866 ˄. ʹʨʳʬʪʸʬʲʵʹ ʳʳʨʸʯʭʬʲʳʨ ʭʲʨʹʺʵʭʳʨ ʮʻʪʫʰʫˀʰ
ʫʨʰʩʨʸʨ ʫʨʫʬˀʽʬʲʰʨʴʬʩʰʹ ʪʭʨʸʰʹ ʻʼʸʵʹʰ ʯ-ʰ ʯʬʴʪʰʮʰ ʫʨ
ʫʨʰ˄ʵ ʳʨʯ ˀʵʸʰʹ ʪʲʬˆʬʩʰʹ ,,ʪʨʴʯʨʭʰʹʻʼʲʬʩʨʮʬ³ʳʵʲʨʶʨʸʨʱʬʩʨ.
111
ʯʬʴʪʰʮʳʨ ʨʳʨʮʬ ʯʨʴˆʳʵʩʨ ʪʨʴʨ˂ˆʨʫʨ ʰʳ ʶʰʸʵʩʰʯ, ʸʵʳ ʳʨʹ ʫʨ ʳʰʹ
ʴʨʯʬʹʨʭ ʫʨʴʨʸˁʬʴ ʫʨʫʬˀʽʬʲʰʨʴʬʩʹ ʫʨʸˁʬʴʵʫʨʯ ʹʨʳʿʵʼʰ ʳʰ˄ʨ-
˄ʿʨʲʰ, ˆʵʲʵ ʫʨʴʨʸˁʬʴ ʨʫʪʰʲ-ʳʨʳʻʲˀʰ ʬʸʯʫʸʵʻʲʨʯ ʳʰʬʾʵʯ
ʹʨʼʨʹʻʸʰ.
ʸʨʰ˂ʨ ˀʬʬˆʬʩʨ ,,ʳʵˇʨʲʨʩʬʯʨ³ʪʨʴʯʨʭʰʹʻʼʲʬʩʨʹ (ʳʨʯʰ ʸʰ˂ˆʭʰ
150 ʨʾ˄ʬʭʫʨ), ʨʳ ʹʨʱʰʯˆˀʰ ʭʬʸ ˀʬʯʨʴˆʳʫʬʴ, ʳʨʪʸʨʳ ʰʳ ʫʾʰʫʪʨʴ
ʫʨʫʬˀʽʬʲʰʨʴʬʩʹ ʨʬʱʸ˃ʨʲʨʯ ʳʵʴʬʩʰʹ ʿʰʫʭʨ-ʪʨʿʰʫʭʰʹ ʻʼʲʬʩʨ.
1867 ˄. 19 ʯʬʩʬʸʭʨʲʹ ʨʲʬʽʹʨʴʫʸʬ II-ʹ ʪʨʳʵ˂ʬʳʻʲ
ʳʨʴʰʼʬʹʺʰʹ ˀʬʳʫʬʪʨ˂ ʹʭʨʴʬʯˀʰ ʪʲʬˆʬʩʰʹʨ ʫʨ ʯʨʭʨʫʬʩʰʹ
ʻʸʯʰʬʸʯʵʩʨˀʰ ˂ʭʲʰʲʬʩʨ ʨʸ ˆʫʬʩʵʫʨ 81).
1868 ˄. ʯʬʴʪʰʮʳʨ ʨʾ˃ʸʨ ˀʻʨʳʫʪʵʳʲʵʩʨ ʽʻʯʰʹʰʹ ʪʬʴʬʸʨʲ±
ʪʻʩʬʸʴʨʺʵʸʰʹ ˄ʰʴʨˀʬ, ʸʵʳ ʹʰʹʸʻʲʬˀʰ ʿʵʼʰʲʰʿʵ ʳʵʿʭʨʴʰʲʰ
1866 ˄. ʭʲʨʹʺʵʭʹʨ ʫʨ ʳʰʹ ˀʵʸʰʹ ʫʨʫʬʩʻʲʰ ʶʰʸʵʩʨ.
ʽʻʯʨʰʹʰʹ ʪʻʩʬʸʴʨʺʵʸʳʨ ʪʸʨʼʳʨ ʲʬʭʨˀʵʭʳʨ ʪʨʳʵʰʯˆʵʭʨ
ʴʬʩʨʸʯʭʨ ʳʬʼʰʹ ʳʵʨʫʪʰʲʰʹʨʪʨʴ ʨʳ ʹʨʱʰʯˆʰʹ ʳʵʹʨʪʭʨʸʬʩʲʨʯ
ʹʭʨʴʬʯˀʰ ˄ʨʹʭʲʰʹ ˀʬʹʨˆʬʩ ʫʨ 1869 ˄ʬʲʹ ʰʹ ʪʨʬʳʪʮʨʭʸʨ ʹʭʨʴʬʯˀʰ
82).

ʪʲʬˆʬʩʰʹʨ ʫʨ ʯʨʭʨʫʬʩʰʹ ʻʸʯʰʬʸʯʵʩʰʹ ʹʨʱʰʯˆʰ ʳʰʹ ʳʰʬʸ

ʰʽʳʴʨ ʪʨʫʨ˅ʸʰʲʰ ʳʰʯ, ʸʵʳ ʪʲʬˆʬʩʹ ʻʴʫʨ ʳʰ˂ʬʳʵʫʨʯ
ʹʨʱʻʯʸʬʩʨʫ ʳʵʹʨˆʲʰʹ ʯʨʭʮʬ ˆʻʯ±ˆʻʯʰ ʽ˂ʬʭʨ ʨʫʪʰʲʰ. ˆʵʲʵ
ʯʨʭʨʫʬʩʳʨ ʳʰʰʾʬʹ ʨʳʰʹ ʴʨ˂ʭʲʨʫ 50 ʳ. ʯʭʰʯʬʻʲ ʳʨʳʵʩʸʰʭʰ ʹʽʬʹʰʹ
ʸʨʵʫʬʴʵʩʰʹ ʨʴʪʨʸʰˀʰʯ.
ʪʨʸʫʨ ʨʳʰʹʨ ʹʨʩʨʲʨˆʵ ʳʯʬʩʰʹʨ ʫʨ ˆʬ-ʺʿʰʯ
ʹʨʸʪʬʩʲʵʩʰʹʨʯʭʰʹ ʪʲʬˆʰ ʯʨʭʨʫʰʹ ʹʨʹʨʸʪʬʩʲʵʯ ʰˆʫʰʫʨ
ʿʵʭʬʲ˄ʲʰʻʸʨʫ 5 ʳ. ʹʨʨˆʨʲ˄ʲʵ ʪʨʫʨʹʨˆʨʫʰʹ ʹʨˆʰʯ ʫʨ ʹʨˆʲʰʹ
ʨˀʬʴʬʩʰʹ ʫʸʵʹ ʹʨ˅ʰʸʵ ʳʨʹʨʲʨˀʰ (ʱʰʸʰ, ʹʰʲʨ, ʽʭʨ ʫʨ ˆʬ-ʺʿʬ) 25 ʳʨʴ.
1870 ˄. ʹʭʨʴʬʯˀʰ ʰʽʳʴʨ ʪʨʪʮʨʭʴʰʲʰ 1869 ˄. ʨʽʺʰʹ ʹʰʹʸʻʲʬˀʰ
ʳʵʹʨʿʭʨʴʨʫ ʳʰ˄ʰʹ ʳʮʵʳʬʲʰ ʱʵʳʰʹʰʨ 83).
ʨʳʴʨʰʸʨʫ ʨʲʬʽʹʨʴʫʸʬ II ʪʨʳʵ˂ʬʳʻʲʰ ʱʨʴʵʴʰʯ ʹʭʨʴʬʯˀʰ
ʩʨʺʵʴʰʹʨ ʫʨ ʿʳʰʹ ʻʸʯʰʬʸʯʵʩʨˀʰ ˆʫʬʩʨ ʰʹ ˂ʭʲʰʲʬʩʨ, ʸʵʳ ʪʲʬˆʹ
ʳʰʬʮʵʳʨ ʫʨ ʹʨʱʻʯʸʬʩʨʯ ʳʰʬ˂ʨ 5 ʽ˂ʬʭʨ ʳʰ˄ʨ. ʫʨʴʨʸˁʬʴʰ ʹʨʩʨʲʨˆʵ
ʳʯʬʩʰ, ʺʿʬʬʩʰ, ʹʨʯʰʩʬʩʰ ʫʨ ʹʨˆʴʨʭ-ʹʨʯʬʹʰ ʨʫʪʰʲʬʩʰ ʯʨʭʨʫʰʹ
ʪʨʴʱʨʸʪʻʲʬʩʨˀʰ ʫʨʸˁʨ. ˂ˆʨʫʰʨ, 10-25 ʹʻʲʰʹʨʪʨʴ ˀʬʳʫʪʨʸ ʵˇʨˆʰʹ
ʨʸʹʬʩʵʩʨ 5 ʽ˂ʬʭʰʯ ˀʬʻ˃ʲʬʩʬʲʰ ʰʿʵ. ʨʳ ʪʨʸʬʳʵʬʩʨʳ ʪʲʬˆʰ ʰʹʬʭ
ʬʱʵʴʵʳʰʻʸʨʯ ʩʨʺʵʴʰʹ ʫʨʳʵʱʰʫʬʩʻʲʬʩʨˀʰ ʫʨ ʳʵʸˁʰʲʬʩʨˀʰ
ʫʨʺʵʭʨ, ʸʨʹʨ˂ ʹˆʭʨʯ ˀʵʸʰʹ ʳˀʭʬʴʰʭʸʨʫ ʨˆʨʹʰʨʯʬʩʹ ʰʹ
112
ʱʵʲʬʽʺʰʻʸʰ ʯˆʵʭʴʨ, ʸʵʳʬʲʰ˂ ʬ˂ʬʸ-˂ˆʻʳʨʸʰʹ ʪʲʬˆʵʩʨʳ
˄ʨʸʻʫʪʰʴʨ 1910 ˄. 12 ʳʨʸʰʨʳʵʩʰʹʯʭʬʹ ʹʭʨʴʬʯˀʰ ʳʵʪʮʨʻʸʵʩʰʹ
ʫʸʵʹ ʳʬʼʰʹ ʳʵʨʫʪʰʲʰʹ ʯʨʴʨˀʬʳ˄ʬʹ ʭʨʺʨ˂ʰʹ 84).
ʬʹ ʯˆʵʭʴʨ ʰʿʵ ˀʬʳʫʬʪʰ ˀʰʴʨʨʸʹʰʹʨ: ʯʽʭʬʴʵ ʳʨʾʨʲ-
ʨʾʳʨʺʬʩʻʲʬʩʨʭ! ˁʭʬʴ, ʬ˂ʬʸ-˂ˆʻʳʨʸʰʹ ʳʸʨʭʨʲʺʨʴˇʻʲʰ
ʪʲʬˆʱʨ˂ʵʩʨ, ʳʵˆʨʸʻʲʰ ʭʨʸʯ, ʸʵʳ ˁʭʬʴ ʳʰ˄ʨ-˄ʿʨʲʮʬ ʻʳʨʾʲʬʹ
ʳʯʨʭʸʵʩʰʹ ˄ʨʸʳʵʳʨʫʪʬʴʬʲʹ ʭˆʬʫʨʭʯ. ʰʳʬʫʰ ʪʭʨʽʭʹ, ʸʵʳ ʯʽʭʬʴ
ʪʻʲʫʨʹʳʰʯ ʫʨ ʫʨʱʭʰʸʭʬʩʰʯ ʪʨʬ˂ʴʵʩʰʯ ʫʨ ʿʵʭʬʲʳˆʸʰʭ
ʪʨʴʰˆʰʲʨʭʯ ˁʭʬʴʰ ˂ˆʵʭʸʬʩʰʹ ʰʳ ʨʻʺʨʴʬʲ ʶʰʸʵʩʬʩʹ, ʸʵʳʬʲʯʨ
ʳ˃ʰʳʬ ˅ʸʰʲʵʩʬʩʰʹʨʪʨʴ ʨʹʬ ʫʨʽʨʴ˂ʻʲʰ, ʹʰʹˆʲʰʹʨʪʨʴ ʫʨ˄ʻʸʻʲʰ
ʫʨ ʪʨ˃ʭʨʲʺʿʨʭʬʩʻʲʰ ˀʬʭʰʽʬʴʰʯ.
ʸʨʳʵʫʬʴʰʳʬ ʹʨʻʱʻʴʬʯʨ ʪʨʴʳʨʭʲʵʩʨˀʰ ˁʭʬʴ, ʬ˂ʬʸ-˂ˆʻʳʨʸʰʹ
ʪʲʬˆʵʩʨʹ, ʪʭʨʫʪʰʨ ʱʰʹʬʸʮʬ ʼʬʵʫʨʲʻʸʰ ʳʵʴʵʩʰʹ ʳ˃ʰʳʬ ʻʾʬʲʰ.
ʻʱʭʬ 44 ˄ʬʲʰ ʪʨʭʰʫʨ ʳʰʹ ˀʬʳʫʬʪ, ʸʨ˂ ʳʬʼʬ ʨʲʬʽʹʨʴʫʸʬ II-ʬʳ
ʪʨʳʵʹ˂ʨ ʱʨʴʵʴʰ ˁʭʬʴʰ ʳʵʴʵʩʰʹ ʻʾʲʰʹ ˀʬʹʨʳʹʻʩʻʽʬʩʲʨʫ, ʳʨʪʸʨʳ
ˁʭʬʴʫʨ ʹʨʻʩʬʫʻʸʵʯ ˁʭʬʴʰ ˂ˆʵʭʸʬʩʨ ʨʳʰʹ ˀʬʳʫʬʪʨ˂ ʨʸʨʳ˂ ʯʻ
ʨʸʹʬʩʰʯʨʫ ʨʸ ˀʬʰ˂ʭʨʲʨ ʫʨ ʪʨʳʵʱʬʯʬʩʻʲʨ, ʨʸʨʳʬʫ
ʯʨʴʫʨʯʨʴʵʩʰʯ ʻʨʸʬʹʫʬʩʨ.
ʳʨʸʯʨʲʰʨ ˁʭʬʴ ʨʳ ʱʨʴʵʴʰʯ ʳʵʪʭʰʮʵʳʬʹ ʳʵʹʨˆʲʰʹ ʯʨʭʮʬ 5
ʽ˂ʬʭʨ, ʸʵʳʬʲʮʬʫʨ˂ ʫʾʬʹ ˆʨʲˆʰʹ ʪʨʳʸʨʭʲʬʩʰʹʨ ʫʨ ˃ʳʨʯʨ
ʪʨʿʵʼʰʹ ʪʨʳʵ ˆˀʰʸʨʯ 3-4 ʱʵʳʲʰ ʳʵʹʨˆʲʬʵʩʹ, ʳʨʪʸʨʳ ʫʨʴʨʸˁʬʴʰ
ʨʫʪʰʲ-ʳʨʳʻʲʰ ʫʨ ʳʰ˄ʨ-˄ʿʨʲʰ ʰʹʬʭ ʯʨʭʨʫʰʹ ʪʨʴʱʨʸʪʻʲʬʩʨˀʰ
ʫʨʸˁʨ.
ʯʻ ʳˆʬʫʭʬʲʵʩʨˀʰ ʳʰʭʰʾʬʩʯ ʹʭʨʴʬʯˀʰ ʳʰ˄ʰʹ ʻʴʨʿʵʼʵʩʨʹ ʫʨ
ʳʵʻʹʨʭʲʰʨʴʵʩʨʹ, ʯʽʭʬʴʯʭʰʹ ʨʫʭʰʲʰ ˄ʨʸʳʵʹʨʫʪʬʴʰ ʪʨˆʫʬʩʨ, ʯʻ
ʸʨʳʫʬʴʨʯ ˀʬʹʨ˃ʲʬʩʬʲʰʨ 4-5 ʽ˂ʬʭʨ ʨʹʬʯ ʳʰ˄ʨʮʬ 3-4 ʱʵʳʲʰʹ
ʨʸʹʬʩʵʩʨ. ʯʨʭʰʹ-ʯʨʭʨʫ ˂ˆʨʫʰʨ, ʸʵʳ ʯʻ ˁʭʬʴ ʩʨʺʵʴʰʹ ʳʰ˄ʨ-
˄ʿʲʰʯ ʨʸ ʭʰʹʨʸʪʬʩʲʬʩʯ, ʰʹʬ ˀʬʻ˃ʲʬʩʬʲʰʨ ˁʭʬʴʰ ˂ˆʵʭʸʬʩʨ.
ˆʵʲʵ ʳʨʯʰ ʨʫʪʰʲ-ʳʨʳʻʲʰ ʰʹʬʯʰ ʾʨʲʰʯ ʨʸʰʹ ʫʨʺʭʰʸʯʻʲʰ,
ʸʵʳ ˁʭʬʴ ʰ˃ʻʲʬʩʻʲʰ ʭˆʫʬʩʰʯ ʩʨʺʵʴʰʹ ʬʱʵʴʵʳʰʻʸ
ʫʨʳʵʱʰʫʬʩʻʲʬʩʨˀʰ ʫʨ ʹʸʻʲ ʳʵʸˁʰʲʬʩʨˀʰ ʪʨʴʭʨʪʸ˃ʵʯ
ʨʸʹʬʩʵʩʨ.
ʬʹ ʪʨʸʬʳʵʬʩʨ ˁʭʬʴ ± ʪʲʬˆʬʩʹʨ ʫʨ ʯʨʭʨʫ ʫʨʫʬˀʽʬʲʰʨʴʬʩʹ
ˀʵʸʰʹ ʽʳʰʹ ʪʨʳ˄ʭʨʭʬʩʻʲ ʳʫʪʵʳʨʸʬʵʩʨʹ. ˁʭʬʴ ʪʭˀʰʨʴ,
ʭʯˆʵʻʲʵʩʯ ʶʻʸʹ ʫʨ ʳʰʹ ʴʨ˂ʭʲʨʫ ʽʭʬʩʹ ʭʾʬʩʻʲʵʩʯ. ˆʵʲʵ
ʸʵ˂ʨ ʨʹʬʯ ʪʨ˅ʰʸʭʬʩʻʲ ʳʫʪʵʳʨʸʬʵʩʨʮʬ ˁʭʬʴ ˆʳʨʹ ʭʰʾʬʩʯ, ˁʭʬʴʹ
113
ʪʨʴ˂ˆʨʫʬʩʨʹ ,,ʩʻʴʺʹ³ ʨʸʽʳʬʭʬʴ. ʨʹʬʯ ʬʱʵʴʵʳʰʻʸ ʶʰʸʵʩʬʩˀʰ
ʨʸʹʬʩʵʩʨ ˁʭʬʴʯʭʰʹ ʸʵʳ ˀʬʻ˃ʲʬʩʬʲʰʨ, ʬʹ ʳʸʨʭʨʲˇʬʸ
ʳʵʪʭʰˆʹʬʴʬʩʰʨ ʳʯʨʭʸʵʩʰʹʨʯʭʰʹ, ʳʨʪʸʨʳ ʨʳʨʵʫ.
ʫʾʬʹ ˁʭʬʴ ʿʭʬʲʨʴʰ, ʱʨ˂ʰ ʫʨ ʽʨʲʰ, ʳʻˆʲʳʵʫʸʬʱʰʲʰ
ʪʬʭʬʫʸʬʩʰʯ ʨʾ˃ʸʨʯ ˀʻʨʳʫʪʵʳʲʵʩʨ ʳʬʼʰʹ ˄ʰʴʨˀʬ, ʸʵʳ ˁʭʬʴ ʫʨ
ʯʨʭʨʫʬʩʰ ʬʸʯʳʨʴʬʯʹ ʫʨʪʭʨˀʵʸʵʹ. ʰʹʰʴʰ ʫʨʨʱʳʨʿʵʼʰʲʵʹ ʸʨʰʳʬ
ʹˆʭʨ ˄ʿʨʸʵʬʩʰʫʪʨʴ ʫʨ ʳʰʯ ʪʭʰˆʹʴʨʹ ˁʭʬʴ ʩʨʺʵʴʰʹ ʬʱʵʴʵʳʰʻʸ
ʳʵʸˁʰʲʬʩʰʹʨʪʨʴ ʫʨ ʳʵʪʭ˂ʬʹ ʹʨˀʻʨʲʬʩʨ ʯʨʭʨʫʬʩʰʹʨʪʨʴ
ʫʨʳʵʻʱʰʫʬʩʲʨʫ ʫʨ ʯʨʭʰʹʻʼʲʨʫ ˂ˆʵʭʸʬʩʰʹʨʯʭʰʹ. ʯʻ ʬʹ ˁʭʬʴʰ
ˀʻʨʳʫʪʵʳʲʵʩʨ ʫʨʱʳʨʿʵʼʰʲʬʩʻʲʰ ʨʸ ʰʽʴʬʹ, ʰʳ ˀʬʳʯˆʭʬʭʨˀʰ
ʪʯˆʵʭʯ ʹʭʨʴʬʯʰʫʪʨʴ ʨʼˆʨʮʬʯʰʹʱʬʴ ʫʨ ʹʨˆʬʲʫʵʩʸ ʫʨʲˀʰ
ʫʨʹʨˆʲʬʩʰʹ ʴʬʩʨ ʳʵʪʭ˂ʬʯʵ.

79) ʨʽ ʳʵˆʹʬʴʬʩʻʲʰ ˂ʰʵʿʰ ʻʴʫʨ ʰʿʵʹ ʩʨʩʨ ˂ʰʵʿʰ.

80) ʨʳʩʵʩʬʴ, ʸʵʳ, ʪʨʹʨʳʨʸʯʲʬʩʨʹ ʰʹʰʴʰ ʨˆʫʬʴʫʬʴ ʯʨʭʰʹ ʬʮʵˀʰ, ʰʳ ʫʰʫ
˂ʨ˂ˆʭʰʹ ʽʭʬˀ, ʹʨʫʨ˂ ʯʽʭʬʴ ʬˆʲʨ˂ ʪʰˁʭʬʴʬʩʬʴ ʫʨʫʬˀʽʬʲʰʨʴʰʹ ʳʰʬʸ ʵʸʹʻʲ ʽʨʲʰʹ
ʳʵʱʭʲʰʹʯʭʰʹ ʹʭʨʴʰʹʨʫʳʰ ˀʬʳʵʽʴʬʻʲ ʲʬʱʻʸʰʹ ʱʭʨʲʹ ʬʸʯ ʽʭʨʮʬ.
81ǹȅșȈȌȏȍǰșȚȖȘȐȟǯȈȗȐșȒȈȖȉțȗȘȈȊȓDzȈȊȒȈȏȖȔ. Ǻ. IǹȚȘ
82) ǸȈȗȖȘȚǫȘ. dzȍȊȈȡȖȊȈǪȍȓȐȒȖȔțDzȕ. ǶȚȈȊȋțșȚȈȏȈȹ.
83) ǹ. ȅșȈȌȏȍ. ǰșȚȖȘȐȟ. ǯȈȗȐșȒȈȖȉțȗȘȈȊȓDzȈȊȒǺ,ǹȚȘ.
84) ʰˆ. ʬʪʴ. ʪʨʩʲʰʨʴʰʹ ˄ʬʸʰʲʰ ʪʨʮ DzțȚȈȐșșȒȐȑ dzȐșȚȖȒ±ˀʰ; 1910- ˄. 26
ʨʪʭʰʹʺʵȹ

…€Œ„‡ˆ ŽŠˆ¢ˆ‰‘ ˆ ‹ƒ‚‹€ „€ ‹„-19

€‘‰‘Œ„–ˆ

ʳʰʻˆʬʫʨʭʨʯ ʰʳʰʹʨ, ʸʵʳ ʯʨʭʰʹʻʼʨʲʰ ʹʭʨʴʬʯʰ ʹˆʭʨʫʨʹˆʭʨ

ʫʸʵʹ ʪʨʸʬʪʴʻʲʨʫ ʨʳʨ ʯʻ ʰʳ ʹʨʳʬʼʵʹ ʨʴʻ ʹʨʳʯʨʭʸʵʹ
ʬʳʵʸˁʰʲʬʩʵʫʨ, ʴʨʳʫʭʰʲʨʯ ʳʻʫʨʳ ʯʨʭʰʹʬʩʻʸ ʫʨʳʵʻʱʰʫʬʩʬʲ
ʨʸʹʬʩʵʩʨʹ ʪʨʴʨʪʸ˃ʵʩʫʨ ʫʨ ʹʨʱʻʯʨʸʰ, ʨʴʻ, ʻʱʬʯ ʸʵʳ ʭʹʯʽʭʨʯ,
ʭʨˆʺʨʴʪ ʳʬʼʰʹ ʱʨʴʵʴʬʩʰʹ ʳʰˆʬʫʭʰʯ ʹ˂ˆʵʭʸʵʩʫʨ.
ʨʳ ʶʰʸʵʩʬʩˀʰ ʰʳʿʵʼʬʩʵʫʨ ʹʭʨʴʬʯʰ ʳʬ-19 ʹʨʻʱʻʴʬʳʫʬ,
ˆʵʲʵ ʨʳʰʹ ˀʬʳʫʬʪ 1853 ˄ʬʲʹ ʰʹ ʴʬʩʨʿʵʼʲʵʩʰʯ ʸʻʹʬʯʹ
ˀʬʻʬʸʯʫʨ. ʳʨʪʸʨʳ ʭʬʸ˂ ʸʻʹʬʯʰʹ ʳʯʨʭʸʵʩʨʳ ʳʵʨˆʫʰʴʨ ʹʭʨʴʬʯʮʬ
ʸʨʰʳʬ ʨʸʹʬʩʰʯʰ ʪʨʭʲʬʴʨ, ʸʻʹʬʯʰʹ ʱʨʴʵʴʬʩʰ ʹʸʻʲʬʩʰʯ ʨʸ
ʻʫʪʬʩʵʫʨ ʹʭʨʴʬʩʰʹ ˂ˆʵʭʸʬʩʨʹ, ʹʭʨʴʬʩʰ ʯʨʭʰʹ ʹʨʽʳʬʬʩʹ ʰʹʬʭʬ

114
ʨʫʪʰʲʵʩʸʰʭʰ ʨʫʨʯʬʩʰʹʨ ʫʨ ʳʸʨʭʨʲ ʹʨʻʱʻʴʬʬʩʰʹ ʪʨʴʳʨʭʲʵʩʨˀʰ
ˀʬʳʻˀʨʭʬʩʻʲ ʮʴʬ-ˁʭʬʻʲʬʩʨʯʨ ʳʰˆʬʫʭʰʯ ʨ˄ʨʸʳʵʬʩʬʴ.
ʳʬ-19 ʹʨʻʱʻʴʰʹ ˀʬʳʫʬʪ ʹʭʨʴʬʯˀʰ ʳʵˆʫʨ ʰʹʬʯʰ
ʰʹʺʵʸʰʻʲʰ ʫʨ ʶʵʲʰʺʰʱʻʸʰ ˂ʭʲʰʲʬʩʬʩʰ, ʸʨʳʨ˂ ʫʰʫʰ
ʹʰʹˆʲʰʹ ʾʭʸʨ ʪʨʳʵʰ˄ʭʰʨ.
ʲʨʺʨʲˀʰ ʨʳ ʫʸʵʹ ʰʿʭʴʬʴ ʪʨ˃ʲʰʬʸʬʩʻʲʰ ˁʨʸʱʭʰʨʴʬʩʰ,
ʸʵʳʲʬʩʹʨ˂ ˈʽʵʴʫʨʯ ˂ʰˆʬ-ʹʰʳʨʪʸʬʬʩʰ ˆʻʯʹ ʨʫʪʰʲʨʹ: ʪʻʪʩʨˀʰ,
ʲʨˆʻˀʺˀʰ, ˁʨʸʻʲʫˀʰ, ʪʰʲʰʨʴˀʰ ʫʨ ʮʨʪʸʨʲˀʰ.
ˁʨʸʱʭʰʨʴʬʩʰʹ ʩʨʺʵʴʵʩʨ ʰʹʬʯʰ ʳ˄ʨʸʬ ˀʬʰʽʴʨ
ʲʨʺʨʲʬʲʬʩʰʹʨʯʭʰʹ, ʸʵʳ ʨʫʪʰʲʵʩʸʰʭʳʨ ʪʲʬˆʵʩʨʳ ʪʨʫʨʹ˄ʿʭʰʺʨ
ʳʨʯʰ ʨʳʵ˄ʿʭʬʺʨ.
ʶʰʸʭʬʲʵʩʰʹ ˃ʰʬʩʰʹ ʹʻʸʭʰʲʳʨ ˁʨʸʱʭʰʨʴʬʩʰ˂ ʪʨʫʨʨʳʺʬʸʨ
ʬʸʯʳʨʴʬʯʹ.
ʹ˄ʵʸʬʫ ʨʳʨʴ ˀʬʻ˄ʿʵ ˆʬʲʰ ʲʨʺʨʲʬʲʬʩʹ ʫʨ ʳʨʯ ʹʨʹʺʰʱʰ
ʰʬʸʰˀʰ ʳʰʰʺʨʴʬʹ ˁʨʸʱʭʰʨʴʬʩʰʹ ˄ʰʴʨʨʾʳʫʬʪ. ʹʵʼ. ʳʨ˂ˆʭʨʸʰˀˀʰ
ʳ˂ˆʵʭʸʬʩʰ ʵʸʰ ʿʭʬʲʨʮʬ ʯʨʭˆʬʫʰ ʫʨ ʻʫʰʬʸʰ ˃ʳʬʩʰ ˁʨʸʱʭʰʨʴʬʩʰ
ʳʵˈʱʲʬʹ ʳʯʨʭʨʸ ʨʴʪʬʲʵʮʰʹ ʬʱʲʬʹʰʰʹ ʪʨʲʨʭʨʴˀʰ
ʫʨʫʨʸʨˇʬʩʻʲʳʨ ʭʬʫˀʨʸ ʱʭʨʴ˅ʰʨʴʳʨ ʫʨ ʽʨʻʮʨ ʪʰʸʪʭʲʰʨʴʳʨ. ʨʸ˂
ʫʨʴʨʸˁʬʴʰ ˁʨʸʱʭʰʨʴʬʩʰ ʪʨʫʨʸˁʬʴʰʲʨ ˂ʵ˂ˆʨʲʰ, ʲʨʺʨʲʬʲʬʩʳʨ
ʰʹʰʴʰ ʿʭʬʲʨ ʨʳʵˆʵ˂ʬʹ. ʹʰʱʭʫʰʲʹ ʪʨʫʨʸˁʨ ˀʬʳʯˆʭʬʭʰʯ ʯʨʭʰʹ
ʴʨʯʬʹʨʭʬʩʯʨʴ ʳʻʲʨˆˀʰ ʳʿʵʼʰ ʳˆʵʲʵʯ ʬʸʯʰ ˁʨʸʱʭʰʨʴʰʹ ʩʨʭˀʭʰ.
ʫʨˆʵ˂ʰʲʵ ˁʨʸʱʭʰʨʴʬʩʰʹ ʨʫʪʰʲ-ʳʨʳʻʲʰ ʪʲʬˆʬʩʳʨ ʪʨʰʴʨ˄ʰʲʬʹ.
1830 ˄ʬʲʹ ʲʬʭʨʴ ʫʨʫʰʨʴʳʨ ˄ʨʸʻʫʪʰʴʨ ʶʵʲʱʵʭʴʰʱ ʩʬʸ
ʪʬʲʵʭʨʴʰʹʨ ʫʨ 44 ʬʪʬʸʰʹ ʶʵʲʱʰʹ ʶʵʸʻˁʰʱ ˄ʬʸʬʯʲʰʹ
ʯʨʴˆʲʬʩʰʯ ʳʬʼʰʹ ʳʵʨʫʪʰʲʬʹ ʪʬʴʬʸʨʲ ʼʬʲʫʳʨʸˀʨʲʹ ʪʸʨʼ
ʶʨʹʱʬʭʰˁ ʬʸʬʭʨʴʬʲʹ ʼʰ˂ʰʹ ˁʨʳʵʹʨʸʯʳʬʭʨʫ 49 ʹʭʨʴʬʯʰʹ ʨʮʴʨʻʸʰ:
1) ʯʨʯʨʸʿʨʴ, 2) ʩʰʺʰ, 3) ˂ʰʵʿʰ, 4) ʱʰʸʰʲʬ, 5) ʹʻʳʨʰ, 6) ʫʨʭʰʯ, 7)
ʪʬʲʨˆʹʨʴʰ, 8) ʩʬʹʰ, 9) ʵʺʰ, 10) ʹʵʮʨʸ, 11) ʰʲʿʨʴ, 12) ʫʾʬʳʩʻʸʪ, 13)
ʳʨˆʨʳʬʯ, 14) ˂ʰʵʿ ± ʰʵʹʬʲʰʨʴʬʩʰ; 15) ʫʨʭʰʯ, 16) ʸʵʹʺʵʳ, 17)
ʹʭʰʴˁʰ ʫʬʭʫʨʸʰʨʴʬʩʰ; 18) ˇʨʴʹʻˆ, 19) ʽʻʸʫʨʴ, 20) ʰˀʳʨʪʰ, 21)
ʪʬʲʨ, 22) ʹʻʲʯʳʨʴ, 23) ʹʵʮʨʸ ʽʻʸʫʰʨʴʬʩʰ; 24) ʯʨʯʸʿʨʴ, 25) ʹʭʰʴˁ,
26) ʰʹʨʳ, 27) ʫʨʫʨˀʰ, 28) ʳʻʸʮʨʿʨʴ, 29) ˂ʰʵʿ, 30) ʴʨʳʹʻʸ, 31) ʵʳʨʴʨʰ,
32) ˇʨʴʹʻˆ, 33) ʷʾʬʴʺ ˇʨʼʨʸʰ˃ʬʬʩʰ; 34) ʨˆʳʨʯ, 35) ʪʬʸʰ, 36)
ʿʨʴʾʻʯ, 37) ʩʬʹʰ, 38) ʯʨʳʩʰ ʪʵˀʺʬʲʰʨʴʬʩʰ, 39) ʴʵˀʸʬʭʨʴ, 40) ʸʨʳʨʮ
ʿʰʼʰʨʴʬʩʰ: 41) ʩʬʹʰ, 42) ʵʸʩʰʴʬ±ˁʨʸʱʭʰʨʴʬʩʰ, 43) ʷʵʸʷʲʨʴ, 44)

115
ʵʯʨʸ, 45) ˂ʰʵʿ, 46) ʵʯʨʸ ʳʻʸʮʨʿʨʴʰʹ˃ʬ, 47) ʪʬʲʨ, 48) ʯʨʯʨʸʿʨʴ ʫʨ
49) ʬʾʻʳʯʰʨʴ ʷʵʸʷʵʲʰʨʴʬʩʰ 85).
ʹ. ʬʹʨ˃ʬʹ ˂ʴʵʩʬʩʰʯ 1840 ˄ʬʲʹ ʯʨʭʰʹʻʼʨʲ ʹʭʨʴʬʯʰʫʪʨʴ
ʪʨʰʪʮʨʭʴʨ ʫʬʶʻʺʨ˂ʰʨ ʰʳʬʸʬʯʰʹ ʳʳʨʸʯʭʬʲ ʪʬʴʬʸʨʲ ʬʹʶʬˆʵʹʯʨʴ.
ʨʳ ʹʭʨʴʬʩʳʨ ʼʰ˂ʰ ʳʰʰʾʬʹ ʸʻʹʬʯʰʹ ʽʭʬˀʬʭʸʫʵʳʵʩʨʮʬ. ʬʹʶʬˆʵʹ
ʳʰʬʸ ʫʨʹʨˁʻʽʸʬʩʻʲʰ ʹʭʨʴʬʩʰ ʫʨʩʸʻʴʫʴʬʴ ʯʨʭʰʹ ʽʭʬʿʨʴʨˀʰ.
ʹʨʫʨʫʬˀʽʬʲʰʨʴʵ ʹʭʨʴʬʯˀʰ ʨʳ ʫʸʵʹ ʰʿʵ ʿʭʬʲʨʮʬ ʻʼʸʵ
ʪʨ˃ʲʰʬʸʬʩʻʲʰ ʯ. ʯʨʯʨʸʿʨʴ, ʩʨʩʨ ˂ʰʵʿʰʹ ˀʭʰʲʰ. ʰʨʸʨʾʰʯ ʳʨʴ
ʫʨʰʳʵʸˁʰʲʨ ʿʭʬʲʨ ʯʨʭʰʹʰ ʴʨʯʬʹʨʭʰ ʫʨʫʬˀʽʬʲʰʨʴʬʩʰ ʪʨʸʫʨ
ʯʨʭʰʹ ˃ʳʰʹ ʳʵʹʵʹʺʸʰʹ ˀʭʰʲʰʹ ˂ʰʵʿʰʹʨ. ʳʻʫʳʰʭ ʯʨʭʰʹ ˃ʳʬʩʯʨʴ
ʩʸ˃ʵʲʨˀʰ ʫʨʽʨʴ˂ʻʲʳʨ ʯʨʯʸʿʨʴʳʨ ʪʨʫʨʹ˄ʿʭʰʺʨ ʸʻʹʬʯʰʹ
ʳʼʨʸʭʬʲʵʩʰʹ ʳʰʾʬʩʨ ʫʨ 1832 ˄. ʯ. ʴʰʱʵ ʫʨʫʰʨʴʰʹ ʹʨˀʻʨʲʬʩʰʯ
ʯˆʵʭʫʨ ʰʳʬʸʬʯʰʹ ʳʳʨʸʯʭʬʲʹ ʭʨʱʻʲʹʱʰʹ ˀʻʨʳʫʪʵʳʲʵʩʨʹ.
˂ʰʵʿʰʹ ʫʬʫʨʳ ʫʰʪʵʸˆʨʴʳʨ ʸʵʳ ʬʹ ʪʨʰʪʵ, ʰʹ ˀʰˀʳʨ ˀʬʰʶʿʸʵ,
ʸʨʫʪʨʴʨ˂ ʰʼʰʽʸʨ, ʸʵʳ ʯʨʯʨʸʿʨʴʰʹ ʸʻʹʬʯʰʹ ʽʭʬˀʬʭʸʫʵʳʵʩʨˀʰ
ˀʬʹʭʲʰʯ ʳʰʹ ˀʭʰʲʹ ˂ʰʵʿʹ ʹʨʽʳʬ ˄ʨʻˆʫʬʩʵʫʨ ʫʨ ʨʳʰʺʵʳ
ʹʨʹ˄ʸʨʼʵʯ ˄ʨʭʰʫʨ ʴʨʲˇʰʱˀʰ ʳʫʪʵʳ ʪʬʴʬʸʨʲ ʪʵʸʰˆʭʵʹʺʵʭʯʨʴ,
ʸʵʳʬʲʹʨ˂ ʪʨʴʻ˂ˆʨʫʨ ˂ʰʵʿʰʹ ʹʻʸʭʰʲʰ ʸʻʹʬʯʰʹ
ʽʭʬˀʬʭʸʫʵʳʵʩʨˀʰ ˀʬʹʭʲʰʹ ˀʬʹʨˆʬʩ ʫʨ ʯʨʴ ʹʯˆʵʭʨ ʳ˃ʬʭʲʨʯ
ʳʰʬʾʵ ˂ʰʵʿʰʹ ˀʭʰʲʰ ʩʬʽʰʸʩʰ. ʪʵʸʰˆʭʵʹʺʵʭʳʨ ʩʬʽʰʸʩʰ ʪʨʪʮʨʭʴʨ
ʯʩʰʲʰʹˀʰ. ʳʨʲʬ ʰʽ ʯʨʭʰʹʰ ʽʨʲʰˀʭʰʲʰ ʫʨʸʬˇʨʴʰʯʻʸʯ
ʫʰʪʵʸˆʨʴʰ˂ ˁʨʭʰʫʨ. ʩʨʸʵʴ ʸʵʮʬʴʰʹ ʸˁʬʭʰʯ ʫʰʪʵʸˆʨʴʳʨ ʯʨʭʰʹʰ
ʽʨʲʰˀʭʰʲʰ ʫʨʸʬˇʨʴʰ ʳʰʨʯˆʵʭʨ ʯʨʭʨʫ ʫʨʭʰʯ ʨʼˆʨʮʹ ʫʨ
ʳʮʰʯʭʰʹ ʹʨˆʰʯ ʫʨʻʴʰˀʴʨ ʳʨʹ 150 ˁʬʸʭʵʴʬ˂ʰ ˄ʲʰʻʸʨʯ 86).
ʩʨʸʵʴ ʸʵʮʬʴʰʹ ˄ʨʸʫʪʬʴʰʯ 1833 ˄. 87) ʫʨʳʯʨʭʸʫʨ ʵʸʰʭʬ
ʩʨʺʵʴʰʹ ˂ʰʵʿʰʹʨ ʫʨ ʯʨʯʨʸʿʨʴʰʹ ʸʻʹʬʯʰʹ ʽʭʬˀʬʭʸʫʵʳʵʩʨˀʰ
ˀʬʹʭʲʰʹ ʨʽʺʬʩʰ. ʵʸʰʭʬʴʰ ʳʨʰʵʸʰʹ ˁʰʴʰʯ ʰʽʳʴʬʴ
ʫʨˇʰʲʫʵʭʬʩʻʲʰ ʫʨ ʳʰʰʾʬʹ ʾʸʨʳʵʺʬʩʰ, ʸʵʳʲʰʹ ˃ʨʲʰʯʨ˂
ˁʻʩʬˆʬʭʰʹ ʹʨʳʼʲʵʩʬʲʵ ʰʹʬʭ ˂ʰʵʿʰʹ ʪʨʴʱʨʸʪʻʲʬʩʨˀʰ ʸˁʬʩʵʫʨ,
ʬ˂ʬʸʰʹʨ ʫʨ ʩʬˁʵʹʰ ʯʨʯʨʸʿʨʴʰʹ. ʳʨʯ ˁʨʳʵʬʸʯʭʨʯ ˆʬʲ˄ʬʸʰʲʰ
ʨʪʸʬʯʭʬ ʰʳʰʹ ˀʬʹʨˆʬʩʨ˂, ʸʵʳ ʨʸʨʭʰʯʨʸ ʳʺʸʵʩʨʹ ʳʨʯ ˀʵʸʰʹ ʨʳʰʹ
ˀʬʳʫʬʪ ʨʫʪʰʲʰ ʨʸ ʽʵʴʵʫʨ 88).
1846 ˄. ʹʭʨʴʬʯʰʹ ʶʰʸʭʬʲʰ ʳʰʹʰʵʴʬʸʰʹ (ʽʸʰʹʺʬʹ
ʹʨʸ˄ʳʻʴʵʬʩʰʹ ʳʽʨʫʨʪʬʩʬʲʰ) ʫʬʱʨʴʵʮ ʽʻʯʨʯʬʲʨ˃ʰʹ ˁʨʪʵʴʬʩʰʯ
ʯʨʭʰʹʻʼʨʲʳʨ ʹʭʨʴʬʯʳʨ ʪʨʻʪʮʨʭʴʨ ʳʵ˂ʰʽʻʲʬʩʰ ʭʵʸʵʴ˂ʵʭʹ,
ʸʵʳʬʲʹʨ˂ ʯˆʵʭʫʬʴ ʸʻʹʬʯʰʹ ʽʭʬˀʬʭʸʫʵʳʵʩʨʹ.
116
 1847 ˄. ʳʬʼʰʹ ʳʵʨʫʪʰʲʬʳ ʶʰʸʭʬʲʨʫ ʪʨʪʮʨʭʴʨ ʹʭʨʴʬʯˀʰ
ʱʵʳʰʹʰʨ. ʨʳ ʱʵʳʰʹʰʨʳ ʫʨʨʨʸʹʨ ʳʻʲʨˆ-ʰʼʨʸʰʹ ʹʨʩʵʽʨʻʲʵ, ʸʨ˅ʰʹ
ʳʨʮʸʨʮʬ ʳʰ˄ʬʸʰʲʰ, ʫʨ ʶʰʸʭʬʲ ʩʵʽʨʻʲʨʫ ʫʨʰʴʰˀʴʨ ʯʨʭʨʫʰ
ʳʰʽʬʲʨ˃ʬ. ʳʨʪʸʨʳ ʹʭʨʴʬʩʹ ʸʻʹʻʲʰ ʱʨʴʵʴʬʩʰ ʶʰʸʭʬʲˀʰ ʹʨˀʰʴʲʨʫ
ʬʻ˂ˆʵʭʨʯ ʫʨ ʩʵʽʨʻʲʰ ʳʰʽʬʲʨ˃ʬ˂ ʰ˃ʻʲʬʩʻʲʰ ˀʬʰʽʳʴʨ
ʪʨʽ˂ʬʻʲʰʿʵ ʹʭʨʴʬʯʰʫʨʴ. ʬʹ ʨʳʩʨʭʰ ʭʵʸʵʴ˂ʵʭʹ ˃ʨʲʰʨʴ ʹʨ˄ʿʬʴʨʫ
ʫʨʻʸˁʨ ʫʨ ʸʨʳʵʫʬʴʰʳʬˇʬʸ ʱʰʫʬʭ ʪʨʪʮʨʭʴʨ ʹʭʨʴʬʯˀʰ ʱʵʳʰʹʰʬʩʰ,
ʳʨʪʸʨʳ, ʸʵ˂ʨ ʫʨʸ˄ʳʻʴʫʨ, ʸʵʳ ʸʻʹʻʲʰ ʱʨʴʵʴʬʩʰ ʰʽ ʼʬˆʹ ʭʬʸ
ʰʱʰʫʬʩʫʨ, ʹʭʨʴʬʯʰ ʳʯʲʨʫ ʳʰʨʺʵʭʨ. ʨʳ ʳʫʪʵʳʨʸʬʵʩʨˀʰ ʹʭʨʴʬʯʰ
ʰʳʿʵʼʬʩʵʫʨ ʯʰʯʽʳʰʹ ʹʨʳʰ ˄ʬʲʰ˄ʨʫʰ.
1852 ˄. ʯʨʭʰʹʻʼʨʲʳʨ ʹʭʨʴʬʯʳʨ ʱʭʲʨʭ ʪʨʪʮʨʭʴʨ ˀʻʨ-ʱʨ˂ʬʩʰ
ʭʵʸʵʴ˂ʵʭʯʨʴ. ʩʬʭʸʰ ʿʵʿʳʨʴʰʹ ˀʬʳʫʬʪ ʳʨʴ ʪʨʫʨʹ˄ʿʭʰʺʨ, ʸʵʳ
ʹʭʨʴʬʯʰ ʰʹʬʭ ʸʻʹʬʯʰʹ ʽʭʬˀʬʭʸʫʵʳʵʩʨˀʰ ʳʰʬʾʵ. ʬʹ ˀʭʰʫʰ ʹʭʨʴʰ
ʭʵʸʵʴ˂ʵʭʰʹ ˄ʰʴʨʫʨʫʬʩʰʯ ʳʵʰʴʨʯʲʬʴ ʫʨ ʴʨʯʲʰʨʫ ʳʨʯ ʯʭʰʯ
ʭʵʸʵʴ˂ʵʭʰ ʫʨʻʫʪʨ, ʳʨʴ ʰʹʰʴʰ ʫʨʨˇʰʲʫʵʭʨ ʫʨ ʰʹʬ ʪʨʰʹʺʻʳʸʨ
ʹʭʨʴʬʯʰʹʨʱʬʴ.
1853 ˄. ʹʭʨʴʬʯˀʰ ʱʰʫʬʭ ʪʨʰʪʮʨʭʴʨ ʹʨʳˆʬʫʸʵ ʬʽʹʶʬʫʰ˂ʰʨ
ʶʵʲʱʵʭʴʰʱ ʩʨʸʯʵʲʵʳʬʰʹ ʳʬʯʨʻʸʵʩʰʯ, ʸʵʳʬʲʳʨ˂ ʲʨʺʨʲʰʹʨ
ʫʨ ʲʬʴˇʬʸʰʹ ʹʨʮʵʪʨʫ. ʳ˂ˆʵʭʸʬʩ ʹʭʨʴʬʩʹ ˁʨʳʵʨʸʯʭʨ ʼʰ˂ʰ
ʸʻʹʬʯʰʹ ʬʸʯʪʻʲʬʩʨʮʬ.
ʨʳʰʹ ˀʬʳʫʬʪ ʹʭʨʴʬʯˀʰ ʳʰʫʰʹ ʽʻʯʨʰʹʰʹ ʭʰ˂ʬ-
ʪʻʩʬʸʴʨʺʵʸʰ ʱʵʲʻʩʰʨʱʰʴʰ ʳʺʱʰ˂ʬ ʨʫʳʰʴʰʹʺʸʨ˂ʰʻʲʰ ʳʨʸʯʭʨ-
ʪʨʳʪʬʵʩʰʹ ʳʵʹʨ˄ʿʵʩʨʯ, ʳʨʪʸʨʳ ʨʳʨʵʯ ʫʨʸˁʨ ʳʰʹʰ ˂ʫʨ, ʸʨʫʪʨʴʨ˂
ʳʰʹ ˄ʨʹʭʲʰʹʯʨʴʨʭʬ ʹʭʨʴʬʩʳʨ, ʫʨʨʸʩʰʬʹ ʫʨ ʪʨ˃ʨʸ˂ʭʬʹ
ˁʸʫʰʲʵʬʯʰʹ ʳʬʮʵʩʲʬʩʰ ʯʬʸʪʰʹ ʵʲʽˀʰ ʳ˂ˆʵʭʸʬʩʰ ʯʨʯʸʬʩʰ.
1859 ˄. ʨʳ ʹʨʽʳʰʹ ʳʵʹʨ˄ʬʹʸʰʪʬʩʲʨʫ ʫʨ ʹʭʨʴʬʩʰʹ ,,˅ʱʻʨʮʬ
ʳʵʹʨʿʭʨʴʨʯ³ ʳʰʫʰʹ ʽʻʯʨʰʹʰʹ ʪʬʴʬʸʨʲ-ʪʻʩʬʸʴʨʺʵʸʰ ʬʸʰʹʯʨʭʰ,
ʸʵʳʬʲʳʨ˂, ʹˆʭʨʯʨ ˀʵʸʰʹ, ʳʻʲʨˆ-ʰʼʨʸʰʹ ʹʨʩʵʽʨʻʲʵ ʪʨʫʨʨʱʬʯʨ
ʲʬˁˆʻʳʰʹ ʳʨʮʸʨʮʬ ʳʰ˄ʬʸʰʲ ʹʭʨʴʬʯʰʹ ʹʨʩʵʽʨʻʲʵʫ.
ʨʳ ˆʨʴʬʩˀʰ ʫʨʫʬˀʽʬʲʰʨʴʬʩʹ ˀʵʸʰʹ ʱʭʲʨʭ ʰʼʬʯʽʨ ʹʰʹˆʲʰʹ
ʾʭʸʨʳ.
ʼʨʸʰʹʨ ʫʨ ˁʻʩʬˆʬʭʰʹ ʳʼʲʵʩʬʲʰ ˂ʰʵʿʰ ʪʨʸʫʨʰ˂ʭʨʲʨ
1842 ˄. ʳʨʹ ʫʨʸˁʨ ˆʻʯʰ ʳ˂ʰʸʬ˄ʲʵʭʨʴʰ ˀʭʰʲʰ: ʳʻʸʮʨʿʨʴʰ,
ʨʲʬʽʹʨʴʫʸʬ, ʯʬʴʪʰʮʰ, ʰʹʲʨʳʰ ʫʨ ʳʵʹʵʹʺʸʰ.
ʨʳ ʪʨʸʬʳʵʬʩʰʯ ʻʴʫʵʫʨʯ ʬʹʨʸʪʬʩʲʨʯ ʬ˂ʬʸ-˂ˆʻʳʰʹ
ʩʨʺʵʴʬʩʹ ʯʨʯʨʸʿʨʴʹʨ ʫʨ ʳʰʹ ˀʭʰʲʬʩʹ ʵʯʨʸʹ ʫʨ ʪʬʲʨʹ. ʳʨʯ
117
ʳʵʰʴʫʵʳʬʹ ˂ʰʵʿʰʹ ˆʻʯʰ ˀʭʰʲʰʹ ʬʸʯʨʫ ʫʨˆʵ˂ʭʨ ʫʨ ʳʨʯʰ
ʹʨʳʼʲʵʩʬʲʵʹ ˆʬʲˀʰ ˁʨʪʫʬʩʨ.
ʹʭʨʴʬʯˀʰ ʨʳ ʫʸʵʹ ˀʨʭʰ ˅ʰʸʰ ȟȍȘȕȈȧȖșȗȈʳ˃ʭʰʴʭʨʸʬʩʫʨ
ʫʨ ʳʻʸʮʨʿʨʴʰ ʯʨʭʰʹʰ ˃ʳʬʩʰʯ ʩʬʩʰʨʳ ʫʰʪʵʸˆʨʴʳʨ ʹˆʭʨʪʨʴ
ʪʨʫʨˆʰʮʴʨ. ʬʹ ʨʸ ʰ˂ʵʫʴʬʴ ʳʨʯʳʨ ʳʺʸʬʩʳʨ. ʰʹʰʴʰ ʳʵʻʲʵʫʴʬʲʨʫ
1843 ˄. ʫʨʬ˂ʴʬʴ ʳʻʸʮʨʿʨʴʰʹ ʼʨʸʰʹ ʹʨʹʨˆʲʬʹ. ʫʨʹ˄ʭʬʹ ʫʨ
ʪʨʨʴʨʫʪʻʸʬʹ ʰʹ, 17 ʱʨʸʰʹʱʨ˂ʰ ʳʵʱʲʬʹ, ʮʵʪʰ ʺʿʭʬʫ ˄ʨʰʿʭʨʴʬʹ,
ˆʵʲʵ ˂ʰˆʬˀʰ ʳʿʵʼʰ ʳʻʸʮʨʿʨʴʰʹ ʩʬʩʰʨ, ʳʵˆʻ˂ʰ ʫʰʪʵʸˆʨʴʰ, ʸʵ˂ʨ
˂ʰˆʰʹ ʮʬʫʨ ʹʨʸʯʻʲˀʰ ʨʲʰ ʨʭʨʸʫʨ, ʪʨʳʵʬˆʭʰʨ ʩʻʳʩʻʲʬʩˀʰ ʫʨ
ʹʨʩʴʬʩˀʰ ʫʨ ˂ʰˆʰʫʪʨʴ ʪʨʫʳʵˆʺʵʳʰʯ ʯʨʭʰʹ ˀʭʬʲʨʹ ˀʬʬ˂ʨʫʨ,
ʳʨʪʸʨʳ ˂ʰˆʰʹ ˃ʰʸˀʰ ʹʻʲʰ ʪʨʴʻʺʬʭʨ. ʳʻʸʮʨʿʨʴʰʹ ʹʨʹʨˆʲʬʹ ʫʨ
ʨʫʪʰʲ-ʳʨʳʻʲʹ ʳʰʹʰ ʳʺʸʬʩʰ ˇʨʴʹʻˆʰ ʫʨ ʵʯʨʸʰ ʫʨʬʶʨʺʸʵʴʬʴ ʫʨ
ʱʨʸʪʨ ˆʨʴʹ ʪʨʴʨʪʬʩʫʬʴ.
ʳʯʨʭʸʵʩʨʳ ʨʳ ʪʨʸʬʳʵʬʩʨʹ ʨʸʨʭʰʯʨʸʰ ʿʻʸʨʫʾʬʩʨ ʨʸ
ʳʰʨʽ˂ʰʨ, ʯʨʯʨʸʿʨʴʹ ʫʨ ʳʰʹ ˀʭʰʲʬʩʹ ʵʯʨʸʹ ʫʨ ˇʨʴʹʻˆʹ ʨʹʬʯʰ
ʭʬʲʻʸʰ ʹʨʽ˂ʰʬʲʰʹ ˁʨʫʬʴʰʹʯʭʰʹ ʶʨʹʻˆʰ ʨʸʨʭʰʴ ʳʵʹʯˆʵʭʨ.
ʳʻʸʮʨʿʨʴʰʹ ʵˇʨˆʹʨ˂ ʳʯʨʭʸʵʩʨʳ ʨʸʨʭʰʯʨʸʰ ˀʬʳ˄ʬʵʩʨ ʨʸ
ʨʾʳʵʻˁʰʴʨ ʪʨʸʫʨ ʰʳʰʹʨ, ʸʵʳ ʳʰʹʰ ˃ʳʨ ʨʲʬʽʹʨʴʫʸʬ ˄ʨʰʿʭʨʬʴʹ
ʸʻʹʬʯˀʰ ʫʨ ʶʬʺʸʵʪʸʨʫˀʰ ʳʰʨʩʨʸʬʹ ʪʨʹʨʮʸʫʬʲʨʫ ʹʨʯʨʭʨʫ-
ʨʮʴʨʻʸʵ ʶʵʲʱˀʰ.
ʳʻʸʮʨʿʨʴʰ ʶʰʸʨʫʨʫ ˄ʨʸʻʫʪʨ ʭʵʸʵʴ˂ʵʭʹ ʫʨ ʹʯˆʵʭʨ
ʿʻʸʨʫʾʬʩʨ ʳʰʬʽ˂ʰʨ ʳʰʹ ʯʨʭʮʬ ʳʵʳˆʫʨʸ ʻʩʬʫʻʸʬʩʰʹʨ ʫʨ
ʹʰʹˆʲʰʯ ʳʵʸ˄ʿʻʲ ʵˇʨˆʻʸ ʳʫʪʵʳʨʸʬʵʩʰʹʨʯʭʰʹ.
ʭʵʸʵʴ˂ʵʭʳʨ˂ ʯʨʭʰʹʰ ʳˆʸʰʯ ʨʾʻʯʽʭʨ ʫʨˆʳʨʸʬʩʨ.
ʪʸʨʼʰʴʰʨ ˀʻʨʮʬʲʰ˂ ˃ʨʲʰʨʴ ʫʨʰʴʺʬʸʬʹʫʨ ʳʻʸʮʨʿʨʴʰʹ
ʫʨʵʩʲʬʩʰʯ ʫʨ ʳʰʹ ʵˇʨˆˀʰ ʳʵʳˆʫʨʸ ʨʳʩʬʩʰʯ. ʳʨʪʸʨʳ ʿʭʬʲʨʼʬʸʰ
ʫʨʶʰʸʬʩʬʩʨʯ ʫʨʸˁʨ ʫʨ ʳʻʸʮʨʿʨʴʰ ʯʨʭʰʹ ˃ʳʬʩʰʯʻʸʯ ʰʳʨʭʬ
ʻʴʻʪʬˀʵ ʳʫʪʵʳʨʸʬʵʩʨˀʰ ʪʨʴʨʪʸ˃ʵʩʫʬʴ ʨʸʹʬʩʵʩʨʹ.
ʫʸʵ ʪʨʭʰʫʨ. ʳʻʸʮʨʿʨʴʰ ʫʨ ʳʰʹʰ ˃ʳʬʩʰ ʪʨʰʮʨʸʫʬʴ,
ʫʨʭʨʷʱʨ˂ʫʴʬʴ ʫʨ ʳʵʾʵʴʰʬʸʫʬʴ. ʳʻʸʮʨʿʨʴʳʨ ˀʬʰʸʯʵ ˂ʵʲʨʫ
ʱʬʹʨʸʰʨ ˀʬʸʭʨˀʰ˃ʰʹ ʽʨʲʰˀʭʰʲʰ ʨʫʰʲˆʨʴʰ. ʬʹ ʱʬʹʨʸʰʨ ʰʿʵ ʫʨ
ʪʸʰʪʵʲ ʫʨʫʰʨʴʰʹʨ ʫʨ ʪʨʳʮʸʫʬʲʰ ʨʼˆʨʮʬʯʰʹ ʳʯʨʭʸʰʹ ʳʰˆʬʰʲ
ˀʬʸʭʨˀʰ˃ʰʹʨ. ʳʯʨʭʸʵʩʨʳʨ˂ ʳʻʸʮʨʿʨʴʰ ʫʨʨʳʺʱʰ˂ʨ ʯʨʭʰʹ ʽʭʬʿʴʰʹ
ʳʼʲʵʩʬʲʨʫ. ʳʰʹʰ ʳʺʬʸʰ ʵʯʨʸʰ ʪʨʸʫʨʰ˂ʭʨʲʨ, ˆʵʲʵ ˇʨʴʹʻˆʯʨʴ
ʯʰʯʽʵʹ ʸʨʾʨ˂ ʳʵʸʰʪʬʩʨ ʳʵˆʫʨ ʫʨ ʳʻʸʮʨʿʨʴʰ ʯʨʭʰʹ ʱʻʯˆʬʹ
ʫʨʬʶʨʺʸʵʴʨ. ʳʻʸʮʨʿʨʴʹ ˃ʨʲʰʨʴ ʨ˄ʻˆʬʩʫʨ, ʨʪʸʬʯʭʬ, ʹʨʳʬʪʸʬʲʵʹʨ
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ʫʨ ʨʼˆʨʮʬʯʰʹ ʳʯʨʭʸʵʩʰʹ ʳʰʬʸ ˄ʨʸʯʳʬʻʲ ʹʨʩʨʲʨˆʵ ʳʯʬʩʰʹ ʹʨʽʳʬ
ʫʨ ʨʳ ʹʨʪʨʴʮʬ ʳʵʲʨʶʨʸʨʱʬʩʨ ʫʨʰ˄ʿʵ ʫʨʭʰʯ ʫʨʫʰʨʴʯʨʴ ʫʨ ʳʰˆʬʰʲ
ˀʬʸʭʨˀʰ˃ʬʹʯʨʴ, ʳʨʪʸʨʳ ʳʰʹʳʨ ˂ʫʨʳ ʳʵʸʰʪʬʩʰʹ ˀʬʹʨˆʬʩ ʻʴʨʿʵʼʵʫ
ˁʨʰʨʸʨ.
ʨʳʨʹʵʩʨˀʰ ʶʬʺʸʵʪʸʨʫˀʰ ʹ˄ʨʭʲʨ ʫʨʳʯʨʭʸʬʩʻʲʰ
ʨʲʬʽʹʨʴʫʸʬ ʴʰʷʬʪʵʸʵʫʰʹ ʫʸʨʪʻʴʰʹ ʶʵʲʱʰʹ ʵʼʰ˂ʸʰʹ ˁʰʴʰʯ
ˁʨʳʵʭʰʫʨ ʯʨʭʰʹ ʹʨʳʼʲʵʩʬʲʵˀʰ ʫʨ ʳʻʸʮʨʿʨʴʯʨʴ ʬʸʯʨʫ ˀʬʻʫʪʨ
ˀʰʴʨʻʸʰ ʹʨʽʳʬʬʩʰʹ ʳʵ˄ʬʹʸʰʪʬʩʨʹ.
ʸʵʫʬʹʨ˂ ʳʻʸʮʨʿʨʴʰ ʫʨ ʨʲʬʽʹʨʴʫʸʬ ʫʨʸ˄ʳʻʴʫʴʬʴ ʰʳʨˀʰ,
ʸʵʳ ʳʨʯ ʳʬ˂ʨʫʰʴʬʵʩʨʹ ʫʨʫʰʨʴʯʨʴ ʫʨ ˀʬʸʭʨˀʰ˃ʬʹʯʨʴ ʹʨʩʨʲʨˆʵ
ʳʯʬʩʰʹ ˀʬʹʨˆʬʩ ʩʵʲʵ ʨʾʨʸ ʳʰʬ˂ʨ, ʳʨʯ ʯˆʵʭʴʰʯ ʳʰʳʨʸʯʬʹ ʳʬʼʰʹ
ʳʵʨʫʪʰʲʬʹ, ʸʵʳ ʯʭʰʯ ʳʨʹ ʪʨʴʬˆʰʲʨ ʹʨʽʳʬ.
ʳʨʯʰ ʯˆʵʭʴʰʯ ʳʬʼʰʹ ʳʵʨʫʪʰʲʬʳ ʨʳ ʹʨʽʳʰʹ
ʪʨʳʵʹʨ˃ʰʬʩʲʨʫ ʫʨ ʳʯʨʭʸʬʩʹ ˀʵʸʰʹ ʳʵʸʰʪʬʩʰʹ ʳʵʹʨˆʫʬʴʨʯ
ʪʨʪʮʨʭʴʨ ʱʵʳʰʹʰʨ ʶʵʲʱʵʭʴʰʱ ʪʨʲʨʺʬʸʬʰʹ ʯʨʭʳˇʫʵʳʨʸʬʵʩʰʯ. ʨʳ
ʱʵʳʰʹʰʨʳ ʪʨʳʵʰ˃ʰʨ ʹʨʽʳʬ, ʳʨʪʸʨʳ ʪʨʲʨʺʬʸʬʰʳ ʵʸʰ ˄ʲʰʹ
ʪʨʴʳʨʭʲʵʩʨˀʰ ʨʳ ʹʨʽʳʬʹ ʨʸ ʳʰʹ˂ʨ ʨʸʨʭʰʯʨʸʰ ʳʹʭʲʬʲʵʩʨ ʫʨ ʵʸʰ
˄ʲʰʹ ˀʬʳʫʬʪ ʳʨʴ ˄ʨʸʳʵʻʫʪʰʴʨ ʳʵˆʹʬʴʬʩʨ ˀʺʨʩʰʹ ʻʼʸʵʹʹ
ʱʵ˂ʬʩʻʹ. ʯʻʳ˂ʨ ʨʳ ʱʵ˂ʬʩʻʳʨ˂ ʫʰʫˆʨʴʹ ʪʨʨˁʬʸʨ ʹʨʽʳʬ, ʳʨʪʸʨʳ ʳʨʰʴ˂
ʪʨʳʵʰʺʨʴʨ ʰʹ ʫʨʫʪʬʴʰʲʬʩʨ, ʸʵʳ ʹʨʳʬʪʸʬʲʵʹ ʯʨʭʨʫʹ ʫʨʭʰʯʹ
ʻʴʫʨ ʫʨʬʱʳʨʿʵʼʰʲʬʩʰʴʨ ʳʻʸʮʨʿʨʴʰ ʹʨʩʨʲʨˆʵ ʳʯʬʩʰʹ ʻʱʨʴʵʴʵʫ
ʹʨʸʪʬʩʲʵʩʰʹʨʯʭʰʹ ʼʻʲʰʹ ʳʰ˂ʬʳʰʯ. ʳʻʸʮʨʿʨʴʰ ʯˆʵʻʲʵʩʫʨ
ʫʨʫʰʨʴʰʹʨʪʨʴ 7000 ʳʨʴʬʯʹ, ˆʵʲʵ ʫʨʫʰʨʴʰ ʹʸʻʲʬʩʰʯʨ˂ ʨʸʨʼʸʰʹ
ʳʰ˂ʬʳʨʹ ʨʸ ʨʶʰʸʬʩʫʨ. ʨʳʰʺʵʳ ʳʯʨʭʸʵʩʰʹ ʪʨʫʨ˄ʿʭʬʺʰʲʬʩʰʯ
ʼʻʲʰʹ ʸʨʵʫʬʴʵʩʨ ʻʴʫʨ ʿʵʼʰʲʰʿʵ ʪʨʫʨ˄ʿʭʬʺʰʲʰ
ʳʬʫʰʨʺʵʸʻʲʰ ˄ʬʹʰʯ, ʳʨʪʸʨʳ ʹʨʴʨʳʫʬ ʳˆʨʸʬʬʩʹ ˀʵʸʰʹ
ʳʬʫʰʨʺʵʸʵʩʨ ʳʵˆʫʬʩʵʫʨ, ʳʨʴʨʳʫʬ ʸʻʹʬʩʹʨ ʫʨ ʯʨʯʸʬʩʹ ˀʵʸʰʹ
ʰʼʬʯʽʨ ʵʳʳʨ (ʿʰʸʰʳʰʹ ʵʳʰ) ʫʨ ʫʨʫʬˀʽʬʲʰʨʴʬʩʰʹ ʹʨʩʨʲʨˆʵ
ʳʯʬʩʰʹ ʹʨʽʳʬ˂ ʻʿʻʸʨʫʾʬʩʵʯ ʫʨʸˁʨ.
ʳʻʸʮʨʿʨʴʰ ʫʨʸ˄ʳʻʴʫʨ, ʸʵʳ ʳʰʹ ʹʨʽʳʬʹ ʨʸ˂ ʳʯʨʭʸʵʩʰʹ
ˁʨʸʬʭʨʳ ʨʸ ʻˀʭʬʲʨ ʫʨ ʨʳʰʺʵʳ ʪʨʫʨ˄ʿʭʰʺʨ ʯʭʰʯʵʴ ˄ʨʹʻʲʰʿʵ ʨʳ
ʹʨʽʳʬʮʬ ʳʵʹʨʲʨʶʨʸʨʱʬʩʲʨʫ ʹʨʳʬʪʸʬʲʵʹ ʩʨʺʵʴʯʨʴ ʫʨʭʰʯ
ʫʨʫʰʨʴʰʹ ˂ʵʲʯʨʴ ʬʱʨʺʬʸʰʴʬʹʯʨʴ. ʮʨʳʯʨʸˀʰ 1855 ˄., ʸʵ˂ʨ
ʬʱʨʺʬʸʰʴʬ ʫʨ ʳʰʹʰ ʫʨ ʴʰʴʵ ʽʭʨˀʨˆʵʸˀʰ ʰʳʿʵʼʬʩʵʫʬʴ, ʳʻʸʮʨʿʨʴʰ
ʫʨ ʨʲʬʽʹʨʴʫʸʬ ʬʹʺʻʳʸʬʴ ʳʨʹ. ʫʬʫʵʼʨʲʳʨ ˃ʳʬʩʰ ˃ʨʲʰʨʴ
ʪʻʲʪʸʰʲʨʫ ʳʰʰʾʵ, ʭʰʴʨʰʫʪʨʴ ʳʰʹ ˀʬʳʫʬʪ, ʸʨ˂ ʳʻʸʮʨʿʨʴʳʨ
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ʰʯˆʵʭʨ ˂ʵʲʨʫ ʳʰʹʰ ʳʺʸʬʩʰʹ ʪʰʵʸʪʰ ʫʨʫʰʨʴʰʹ ʪʨʳʮʸʫʬʲʰ,
ʨʼˆʨʮʬʯʰʹ ʳʯʨʭʸʰʹ ʳʰˆʬʰʲ ˀʬʸʭʨˀʰ˃ʰʹ ʨʹʻʲʰ ʨʫʰʲˆʨʴʰ,
ʬʱʨʺʬʸʰʴʬʳ ʳʻʸʮʨʿʨʴʰ˂ ʯʨʭʰʹ ʳʺʸʬʩʰʹ ʹʰʨˀʰ ˀʬʰʺʨʴʨ ʫʨ
ʸʨʫʪʨʴʨ˂ ʳʨʹ ʮʬʳʵˆʹʬʴʬʩʻʲʰ ʳʰˆʬʰʲ ˀʬʸʭʨˀʰ˃ʰʹ ʳʬʵˆʬʩʰʯ
ʨˆʲʨʫ ˁʨʳʵʸʯʳʬʻʲ ʹʨʻʴˇʰʹ ʹʨʬʱʲʬʹʰʵ ʨʫʪʰʲʬʩʰʹ ʫʨʱʨʸʪʭʨ ʨʸ
ˈʽʵʴʫʨ ʳʵʴʬʲʬʩʻʲʰ, ʳʻʸʮʨʿʨʴʰʹ ʨʳʰʹʯʨʴʨ ʫʸʵʹ ʳʨʹʯʨʴ ʳʵʹʭʲʨ
ʬʱʨʺʬʸʰʴʬʳ ʫʨ˂ʰʴʭʰʯ ʳʰʰʾʵ ʫʨ ʳʻʸʮʨʿʨʴʳʨ ʭʬʸʨʭʰʯʨʸʰ
ʫʨʳʨʱʳʨʿʵʼʰʲʬʩʬʲʰ ʶʨʹʻˆʰ ʭʬʸ ʳʰʰʾʵ. ʰʹʰʴʰ ʳʺʸʻʲʨʫ
ʫʨˀʵʸʫʬʴ ʬʸʯʳʨʴʬʯʹ.
ʨʽʬʫʪʨʴ ʳʻʸʮʨʿʨʴʰ ʪʨʬʳʪʮʨʭʸʨ ˅ʱʨʫʻʨˀʰ ʳʿʵʼ ʪʰʵʸʪʰ
ʫʨʫʰʨʴʯʨʴ, ʹʨʫʨ˂ ʳʨʹ ʽʵʴʫʨ ʳ˄ʭʨʭʬ ʱʨʳʨʯʰ ʨʼˆʨʮʬʯʰʹ
ʳʼʲʵʩʬʲʯʨʴ ʹʨʫʨʵ ʹʨʮʾʭʸʬʩʰʹʨ ʫʨ ʳʯʬʩʰʹ ˀʬʹʨˆʬʩ. ʬʱʨʺʬʸʰʴʬʹ
ʹʨˆʲʰʫʨʴ ʳʻʸʮʨʿʨʴʰʹ ʶʰʸʫʨʶʰʸ ʫʨʫʰʨʴʯʨʴ ʫʨ ˀʬʸʭʨˀʰ˃ʬʹʯʨʴ
(ʬʱʨʺʬʸʰʴʬʹ ʳʺʸʬʩʯʨʴ) ˄ʨʹʭʲʨʳ ʬʱʨʺʬʸʰʴʬ ʳʻʸʮʨʿʨʴʮʬ ʹʨˀʰʴʲʨʫ
ʪʨʨʩʸʨʮʨ, ʭʰʴʨʰʫʨʴ ʰʼʰʽʸʨ, ʸʵʳ ʹʨʳʳʨ ʳʯʨʭʨʸʳʨ ʯʨʭʰ ʳʵʰʿʨʸʬʹ ʳʰʹ
ʹʨʳʺʸʵʫ ˀʬʯʽʳʻʲʬʩʰʹ ʳʵʹʨ˄ʿʵʩʨʯ ʫʨ ʨʳ ʫʾʰʫʨʴ ʰʹ ʪʨʫʨʰʽ˂ʨ
ʳʻʸʮʨʿʨʴʰʹ ʳʵʹʰʹˆʲʬ ʳʺʸʨʫ.
ʳʻʸʮʨʿʨʴʹʨ ʫʨ ʬʱʨʺʬʸʰʴʬʹ ˀʵʸʰʹ ʳʵʳˆʫʨʸʳʨ
ʪʨʴˆʬʯʽʰʲʬʩʨʳ ʫʨ ʳʫʪʵʳʨʸʬʵʩʰʹ ʪʨʳ˄ʭʨʭʬʩʨʳ ʹʨˀʰʴʲʨʫ ʳʵˆʰʩʲʨ
ʳʻʸʮʨʿʨʴʰʹ ʳʺʬʸʰ ˇʨʴʹʻˆʰ. ʳʨʴ ʪʨʫʨʹ˄ʿʭʰʺʨ ʬʹʨʸʪʬʩʲʨ ʨʳ
ˀʬʳʯˆʭʬʭʰʯ ʳʻʸʮʨʿʨʴʰʹ ʹʨʳʺʸʵʫ ʫʨ ʫʬʫʵʼʨʲʹ ʨʳʵʹʫʪʵʳʵʫʨ
ʪʭʬʸʫˀʰ, ʸʰʹʯʭʰʹʨ˂ ˀʬʻʫʪʨ ʳʮʨʫʬʩʨʹ ʬʱʨʺʬʸʰʴʬʹʯʨʴ
˄ʨʹʨʹʭʲʬʲʨʫ, ʳʨʪʸʨʳ ʳʻʸʮʨʿʨʴʹ ʸʵʳ ʳʨʹʮʬ ʬ˅ʭʰ ʨʸ ˀʬʬʺʨʴʨ, ʳʨʴ
ʹʨ˅ʰʸʵʫ ˁʨʹʯʭʨʲʨ ʫʬʫʵʼʨʲʯʨʴ ˄ʨʹʻʲʰʿʵ ʲʨʺʨʲʰʹ
ʹʨʮʵʪʨʫʵʬʩʰʹ ʳʵ˂ʰʽʻʲʰʹ ʹʨˆʰʯ. ʲʨʺʨʲʬʲʬʩʳʨ ˆʻʯʰ ˄ʲʰʹ
˄ʰʴʨʯ ʳʻʸˀʰ (ʲʬˁˆʻʳˀʰ) ʬʱʨʴʵʩʨʮʬ ʳʵˈʱʲʬʹ ʬʱʨʺʬʸʰʴʬʹ
ʱʨʸʰʹʱʨ˂ʰ ʫʨ ʨʳʰʹ ʪʨʳʵ ʳʨʯ ʪʮʨ ˀʬʻʱʸʬʹ ʫʨ ʨʸ˂ ʬʸʯ ʲʨʺʨʲʬʲʹ
ʨʸ ˀʬʬ˃ʲʵ ʲʬˁˆʻʳ-ʹʨʳʬʪʸʬʲʵˀʰ ʯʨʭʰʹ ʪʨʳʵˁʬʴʨ. ʨʳ ʪʨʸʬʳʵʬʩʰʯ
ʰʹʨʸʪʬʩʲʨ ˇʨʴʹʻˆʳʨ ʫʨ ʲʨʺʨʲʬʲʬʩʰʹʨ ʫʨ ʬʱʨʺʬʸʰʴʬʹ
ˀʬʹʨʸʰʪʬʩʲʨʫ ʰʹ ʯʨʭʰʹ ʵʸʰ ˀʭʰʲʰʯʻʸʯ ʫʨ ˃ʭʰʸʼʨʹʰ
ʹʨˁʻʽʸʬʩʰʯ ʫʬʫʵʼʨʲʯʨʴ ˄ʨʭʰʫʨ ʹ. ʪʵʸʫˀʰ.
ʬʱʨʺʬʸʰʴʬʳ ˇʨʴʹʻˆʰʹ ʯˆʵʭʴʰʯ ʲʨʺʨʲʬʲʬʩʹ ʫʨʴʨˀʨʻʲʰ
ʨʶʨʺʰʭʨ ʫʨ ˀʬʰʸʰʪʨ, ˇʨʴʹʻˆʰ ʰˀʭʰʲʨ ʫʨ ʬʸʯʰ ʱʭʰʸʰʹ ˀʬʳʫʬʪ
ʹʭʨʴʬʯʰʹʱʬʴ ʪʨʰʹʺʻʳʸʨ ˃ʭʰʸʼʨʹʰ ʹʨˁʻʽʸʬʩʰʯ.
ʳʻʸʮʨʿʨʴʰ ʫʨ ʨʲʬʽʹʨʴʫʸʬ ʨʳ ʫʸʵʹ ʺʼʰʲʰʹˀʰ ʰʿʭʴʬʴ.
ʳʨʪʸʨʳ ʰʳʨʯʳʨ ʻʳ˂ʸʵʹʳʨ ˃ʳʬʩʳʨ ʯʬʴʪʰʮʳʨ ʫʨ ʰʹʲʨʳʳʨ ʸʵʳ ʪʨʰʪʬʹ
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ʬʱʨʺʬʸʰʴʬʹʨ ʫʨ ˇʨʴʹʻˆʰʹ ˀʵʸʰʹ ʨʹʬʯʰ ʳʬʪʵʩʸʻʲʰ ʱʨʭˀʰʸʰʹ
ʫʨʳʿʨʸʬʩʨ, ʰʹʰʴʰ ʹʨˀʰʴʲʨʫ ʪʨʩʸʨʮʫʴʬʴ. ˇʨʴʹʻˆʰ ʱʰ
ʬʱʨʺʬʸʰʴʬʹʯʨʴ ʫʨʳʬʪʵʩʸʬʩʨʳ ʰʳʫʬʴʨʯ ʪʨʨʯʨʳʨʳʨ, ʸʵʳ ʹʭʨʴʬʯˀʰ
ʰʹ ʫʨʩʸʻʴʫʨ ʨʸʨ ʳʰʹʯʭʰʹ ˁʭʬʻʲʬʩʸʰʭ ʱʨʴʵʴʰʬʸ ʪʮʰʯ, ʨʸʨʳʬʫ
ʳʻʸʮʨʿʨʴʰʹ ʹʨʳʼʲʵʩʬʲʵ ʱʻʯˆʬʮʬ ʳʰʳʨʭʨʲʰ ʪʮʰʯ.
ʨʳʰʹ ʪʨʪʵʴʬʩʨʳ ʳʯʲʨʫ ˂ʬ˂ˆʲʰ ʫʨʨʴʯʵ ʰʹʲʨʳʰʹʨ ʫʨ
ʯʬʴʪʰʮʰʹ ʪʻʲˀʰ. ʪʨʫʨʹ˄ʿʭʰʺʬʹ ˀʻʸʰ ʬ˃ʰʨʯ ʫʨ ˇʨʴʹʻˆʰ
ʳʵʬʱʲʨʯ. ʹʵʼ. ʲʨˆʨʳʻʲʨˀʰ ʰʹʰʴʰ ˀʬʭʰʫʴʬʴ ʬʸʯʹ ʹʨˆʲˀʰ, ʫʨ
ʸʵʫʬʹʨ˂ ˇʨʴʹʻˆʳʨ ʨʳ ʹʵʼʲʨʳʫʬ ʳʵʨʾ˄ʰʨ ʫʨ ʬʸʯʰ ˆʰʹ ʽʭʬˀ
ʰʹʭʬʴʬʩʫʨ, ʨʳ ʫʸʵʹ ʪʨʭʨʸʫʨ ʫʨʫʨʸʨˇʬʩʻʲ ʰʹʲʨʳʰʹʨ ʫʨ
ʯʬʴʪʰʮʰʹ ʯʵʼʬʩʰ, ʸʵʳʲʰʹ ʺʿʭʰʰʯʨ˂ ˇʨʴʹʻˆʰ ʰʽʴʨ ʳʵʱʲʻʲʰ,
ʳʰʹʰ ˀʭʰʲʰ ʯʬʴʪʰʮʰ ʫʨ˅ʸʰʲʰ. ʫʨʻʫʪʨʯ ʫʰʫʬʩʻʲʰ ˀʻʸʰʹ
ʹʨ˃ʰʬʩʬʲʰ ʫʸʵ ʳʻʸʮʨʿʨʴʹ ʫʨ ʳʰʹ ˃ʳʬʩʹ, ˆʵʲʵ ʹʨˀʰʴʲʨʫ ʫʨʬ˂ʨ
ʳʨʯ ʳʵ˄ʰʴʨʨʾʳʫʬʪʬʯʨ ʩʨʴʨʱʰʹ ˃ʲʰʬʸʬʩʨ, ʭʰʴʨʰʫʪʨʴ ˇʨʴʹʻˆʰ
ʳʵʱʲʬʹ, ʯʬʴʪʰʮʰ ʫʨ˅ʸʬʹ, ˇʨʴʹʻˆʰʹ ˃ʳʨ ʳʵʹʵʹʺʸʰ ʳʵʱʭʫʨ 1846 ˄.
ʫʨ ʳʬʵʸʬ ˃ʳʨ ʯʨʯʨʸʿʨʴʰ ʪʨʸʫʨʰ˂ʭʨʲʨ 1852 ˄.
ʨʳ ʪʨʸʬʳʵʬʩʰʯ ʰʹʨʸʪʬʩʲʬʹ ʳʻʸʮʨʿʨʴʳʨ ʫʨ ʳʰʹʳʨ ˃ʳʬʩʳʨ ʫʨ
ˇʨʴʹʻˆʰʹ ˀʭʰʲʬʩʹʨ ʫʨ ʴʨʯʬʹʨʭʬʩʹ ʳʯʲʨʫ ʳʰʨʺʵʭʬʩʰʴʬʹ ʹʭʨʴʬʯʰ,
ˆʵʲʵ ʳʨʯ ʨʫʪʰʲ±ʳʨʳʻʲʹʨ ʫʨ ʹʨʹʨˆʲʬʹ ʯʭʰʯʵʴ ʫʨʬʶʨʺʸʵʴʬʴ.
ˇʨʴʹʻˆʰʹ ˂ʵʲʰ ʯʨʭʰʹʰ ˀʭʰʲʬʩʰʯ ʹʭʨʴʬʯʰʫʪʨʴ ʪʨʰʽ˂ʨ ʫʨ
ʳʰʹ ʽʳʸʰʹ ˇʨʴʹʻˆʰʹ ʫʬʫʵʩʰʲʹ ʹʨʳʬʪʸʬʲʵʹ ʫʬʫʵʼʨʲʹ
ʬʱʨʺʬʸʰʴʬʹ ˀʬʨʼʨʸʨ ʯʨʭʰ ʫʨ ʯʨʴ ʳʰʨʸʯʭʨ ˃ʭʰʸʼʨʹʰ ʹʨˁʻʽʸʬʩʰ
ʩʰʮʨʴʺʰʰʹ ˆʬʲʵʩʰʹ ʯʨʳʨʸ ʳʬʼʰʹ ʹʨʸʺʿʬʲʰ ʫʨ ʱʭʬʸʯˆʰ.
ʫʬʫʵʼʨʲʳʨ ʳʨʯ ʹʨ˂ˆʵʭʸʬʩʲʨʫ ʳʰʻˁʰʴʨ ʲʬˁˆʻʳʰ, ʳʰʹ˂ʨ
ʿʭʬʲʨʼʬʸʰ, ʸʨ˂ ʳʨʯʯʭʰʹ ʹʨ˅ʰʸʵ ʰʿʵ ʫʨ ˀʬʻʫʪʨ ʳʻʸʮʨʿʨʴʰʹ
ʹʨ˄ʰʴʨʨʾʳʫʬʪʵ ʳʻˀʨʵʩʨʹ ʳʯʨʭʸʵʩʨˀʰ. ʳʨʪʸʨʳ ʭʰʴʨʰʫʪʨʴ ʨʳ ʫʸʵʹ
ʵʹʳʨʲʬʩʰ ʬʳʮʨʫʬʩʵʫʴʬʴ ʸʻʹʬʯʯʨʴ ʹʨʵʳʸʨʫ ʫʨ ˀʨʭʰ ʮʾʭʰʯ
ˇʨʸʰʹ ʪʨʫʳʵʹˆʳʨ ʳʵʹʨʲʵʫʴʬʲʰ ʰʿʵ ʽʵʩʻʲʬʯˀʰ ʨʴ ʨʼˆʨʮʬʯˀʰ,
ʳʯʨʭʸʵʩʨʳ ʨʳ ʷʨʳʨʫ ʭʬʸ ʳʰʨʽ˂ʰʨ ʿʻʸʨʫʾʬʩʨ ʫʨʫʬˀʽʬʲʰʨʴʬʩʰʹ
ʹʨʽʳʬʹ.
ʽʻʯʨʰʹʰʹ ʪʻʩʬʸʴʨʺʵʸʳʨ ʩʨʪʸʨʺʰʵʴ-ʳʻˆʸʨʴʹʱʰʳ ʪʨʪʮʨʭʴʨ
ʹʭʨʴʬʯˀʰ ʩʵʽʨʻʲʰ ʳʰʽʬʲʨ˃ʬ ʫʨ ˀʬʻʯʭʨʲʨ ʳʻʸʮʨʿʨʴʹ ʫʨ
ʨʲʬʽʹʨʴʫʸʬʹ, ʸʵʳ ʳʨʹʯʨʴ ʪʨʳʵ˂ˆʨʫʬʩʻʲʰʿʭʴʬʴ, ʳʨʪʸʨʳ
ʫʨʫʬˀʽʬʲʰʨʴʬʩʳʨ ʬʹ ʩʵʽʨʻʲʰ ʨʸ ʳʰʰʾʬʹ ʫʨ ʪʻʩʬʸʴʨʺʵʸʯʨʴ ʨʸ
ʪʨʳʵ˂ˆʨʫʫʬʴ.

121
 ʨʳʨʹʵʩʨˀʰ ʨʲʬʽʹʨʴʫʸʬʹ ˀʭʬʩʻʲʬʩʨ ʪʨʻʯʨʭʫʨ ʫʨ ʶʵʲʱʰ
ʳʨʹ ʹʨʳʹʨˆʻʸˀʰ ʯˆʵʻʲʵʩʫʨ. ʯʨʭʨʫ ʳʻˆʸʨʴʹʱʰʳ ʱʭʲʨʭ ʪʨʪʮʨʭʴʨ
ʹʭʨʴʬʯˀʰ ʱʨʶʰʺʨʴʰ ʫʬʳʰʨʴʵʭʰ. ʫʨʫʬˀʽʬʲʰʨʴʬʩʳʨ ʰʹ ʯʻʳ˂ʨ
ʳʰʰʾʬʹ, ʳʨʪʸʨʳ ʨʲʬʽʹʨʴʫʸʬʳ ʹʨʳʹʨˆʻʸˀʰ ʪʨʳʵ˂ˆʨʫʬʩʨʮʬ
ʨʭʨʫʳʺʵʼʵʩʰʹ ʳʰʮʬʮʰʯ ʻʨʸʰ ʪʨʴʻ˂ˆʨʫʨ ʫʨ ʶʵʲʱˀʰ
ʪʨʹʨʪʮʨʭʴʨʫ ʽʨʾʨʲʫʰ ʪʨʨʺʨʴʨ.
ʨʳ ʫʸʵʹ ʵʳʨʸ ʼʨˀʨʳ ʪʨʫʳʵʹˆʨ ʫʬʹʨʴʺʰ ʨʼˆʨʮʬʯˀʰ, ʸʰʹ
ʪʨʳʵ ʫʨʫʬˀʽʬʲʰʨʴʬʩʰʹ ʹʨʽʳʬ ˀʬˁʬʸʫʨ.
ˀʺʨʩˀʰ ʳʰʾʬʩʻʲ ˂ʴʵʩʬʩʰʹ ʳʰˆʬʫʭʰʯ, ʳʻʸʮʨʿʨʴʳʨ ʫʨ
ʨʲʬʽʹʨʴʫʸʬʳ ʨʼˆʨʮʬʯˀʰ ʯʰʯʽʵʹ ʰʴʨˆʻʲʬʹ ʵʹʳʨʲʬʯʰʹ ˇʨʸʰʹ
ʳʯʨʭʨʸʹʨʸʫʨʲʰ, ʸʵʳʬʲʳʨ˂ ʰʹʰʴʰ ʫʰʫʰ ʶʨʺʰʭʰʹ˂ʬʳʰʯ ʳʰʰʾʵ.
ʵʳʰʹ ʪʨʯʨʭʬʩʰʹ ˀʬʳʫʬʪ ʳʯʨʭʸʵʩʨ ʳʰʻʩʸʻʴʫʨ
ʫʨʫʬˀʽʬʲʰʨʴʬʩʰʹ ʹʨʽʳʬʹ, ʸʵʳʬʲʰ˂ ʶʰʸʭʬʲ ʸʰʪˀʰ ʰʽʴʨ
ʫʨʿʬʴʬʩʻʲʰ ʽʻʯʨʰʹʰʹ ʪʻʩʬʸʴʨʺʵʸʰʹ ʪʨʪʨʸʰʴʰʹ ʳʯʨʭʨʸ ˀʺʨʩʰʹ
ʻʼʸʵʹʰʹ ʻʹʲʨʸʰʹ ʳʰʬʸ.
ʬʱʨʺʬʸʰʴʬʹ ʳʬ˂ʨʫʰʴʬʵʩʰʯ, ʻʹʲʨʸʰʹ ˂ʨʲʳˆʸʰʭʰ
ʳʵˆʹʬʴʬʩʰʹ ʳʰˆʬʫʭʰʯ ʳʻʸʮʨʿʨʴʹ ʩʸʨʲʹ ʫʬʩʬʴ: 1) ˇʨʴʹʻˆʰʹ
ʳʵʱʭʲʨˀʰ, 2) ʵʳʨʸ ʼʨˀʨʹʯʨʴ ʸʻʹʬʯʰʹ ʹʨ˄ʰʴʨʨʾʳʫʬʪʵ
ˀʬʯʽʳʻʲʬʩʨˀʰ, 3) ʵʹʳʨʲʬʩʯʨʴ ʵʳʰʹ ʫʸʵʹ ʫʨ ʬʸʯʰ ˄ʲʰʯ ʳʰʹ
ˀʬʳʫʬʪʨ˂ ʸʻʹʬʯʰʹʨʫʳʰ ʳʵʾʨʲʨʺʬʵʩʨʹʨ ʫʨ ʳʯʨʭʸʵʩʰʹ
˄ʨʸʳʵʳʨʫʪʬʴʲʰʹ (ʩʵʽʨʻʲ ʳʰʽʬʲʨ˃ʰʹ) ʳʰʻʾʬʩʲʵʩʨˀʰ.
ʰʳʰʹ ʴʨ˂ʭʲʨʯ, ʸʵʳ ʳʻʸʮʨʿʨʴʰʹʨʯʭʰʹ ʳʰʬ˂ʨʯ ˄ʰʴʨʫʨʫʬʩʨ
ʴʬʩʨʿʵʼʲʵʩʰʯ ʪʨʴʹʨʮʾʭʸʻʲ ʫʸʵˀʰ ʯʨʭʰʹʰ ˃ʳʰʹ ʨʲʬʽʹʨʴʫʸʬʹ
ʯʨʴˆʲʬʩʰʯ ʽʻʯʨʰʹˀʰ ʪʨʳʵ˂ˆʨʫʬʩʰʹ ˀʬʹʨˆʬʩ, ʹʭʨʴʬʯˀʰ ʱʰʫʬʭ
ʰʪʰʭʬ ʩʵʽʨʻʲʰ ʳʰʽʬʲʨ˃ʬ ʪʨʪʮʨʭʴʬʹ. ʳʨʴ ʭʬʸ˂ ʨʳ ʷʨʳʨʫ ʳʵʨˆʬʸˆʨ
ʫʨʫʬˀʽʬʲʰʨʴʬʩʰʹ ʴʨˆʭʨ, ˆʵʲʵ ʯʨʭʰʹʻʼʨʲ ʹʭʨʴʬʯʰʹ
ʹʨʮʵʪʨʫʵʬʩʨʯʨ ʳʨʳʨʹʨˆʲʰʹʬʩʰʹ ˆʬʲʰʯ ʪʨʻʪʮʨʭʴʨ ʳʨʯ ʻ˄ʿʬʩʬʩʰ
ʫʨ ʯʭʰʯʵʴ ʹʭʨʴʬʯʰʫʪʨʴ ʽʻʯʨʰʹˀʰ ʫʨʩʸʻʴʫʨ. ˁʨʳʵʹʭʲʰʹʨʹ ʳʨʴ
ʳʯʨʭʸʵʩʨʹ ʳʵʨˆʹʬʴʨ, ʸʵʳ ʫʨʫʬˀʽʬʲʰʨʴʬʩʳʨ ʰʹ ʨʸ ʳʰʰʾʬʹ ʫʨ ʨʸ˂
ʨʳ ʻ˄ʿʬʩʰʯ ʪʨʳʵ˂ˆʨʫʫʬʴ ʳʯʨʭʸʵʩʨʹʯʨʴ.
ʨʳ ʪʨʸʬʳʵʬʩʨʳ ʻʹʲʨʸʰʹ ʯʨʭʳʵʿʭʨʸʬʵʩʨʮʬ ˃ʨʲʰʨʴ ˂ʻʫʨʫ
ʰʳʵʽʳʬʫʨ, ʰʹ ʪʨ˂ˆʨʸʬʩʰʯ ˀʬʻʫʪʨ ʹʨʽʳʬʹ: ʻʳʨʪʨʲʰʯʵ ʺʿʻʰʲʬʩʰʯ
ʨʨ˅ʸʬʲʨ ʯʨʭʰʹʰ ʳʵˆʹʬʴʬʩʨ ʫʨ ˄ʨʸʻʫʪʰʴʨ ʪʨʪʨʸʰʴʹ. ʨʳ ʳʵˆʹʬʴʬʩʰʯ
ʳʨʴ ʫʨʨʸ˄ʳʻʴʨ ʪʨʪʨʸʰʴʰ, ʸʵʳ ʹʭʨʴʬʯˀʰ ʫʨʫʬˀʽʬʲʰʨʴʬʩʰʹ ʹʨʽʳʬʮʬ
ʨʻ˂ʵʲʬʩʲʨʯ ʹʨ˅ʻʸʵʨ ˇʨʸʰʹ ʪʨʪʮʨʭʴʨ. ,,ʴʨʳʬʹʺʴʰʱʨʯ³ ʨʳ ʫʸʵʹ

122
ʩʨʸʰʨʺʰʴʹʱʰ ʰʿʵ ʫʨ ʪʨʪʨʸʰʴʳʨ˂ ʳʰʹ ʫʨʻʱʰʯˆʨʭʨʯ ʹʭʨʴʬʯˀʰ
ˇʨʸʰʹ ʪʨʪʮʨʭʴʨ ʭʬʸ ʪʨʫʨʹ˄ʿʭʰʺʨ.
ʯʭʰʯʵʴ ʩʨʸʰʨʺʰʴʹʱʰʹ ʨʸʨʼʸʨʯ ʫʨʻˇʫʨ ˅ʱʻʨˀʰ ʨʹʬʯ
ʻʩʸʨʲʵ ʹʨʽʳʬʮʬ ʹʭʨʴʬʯˀʰ ˇʨʸʰʹ ʪʨʪʮʨʭʴʨ, ʳʨʪʸʨʳ ʪʨʪʨʸʰʴʰʹ
˄ʰʴʨʫʨʫʬʩʨʹ ʻʨʸʰ ʭʬʸ ʻʯˆʸʨ ʫʨ ʨʳʸʰʪʨʯ ʪʨʫʨ˄ʿʫʨ ʶʵʲʱʵʭʴʰʱ
ʻʹʲʨʸʰʹ ʳʬʯʨʻʸʵʩʰʯ ʹʭʨʴʬʯˀʰ ˇʨʸʰʹ ʪʨʪʮʨʭʴʨ.
ʬʹ ˇʨʸʰ ʹʭʨʴʬʯˀʰ ʪʨʬʳʪʮʨʭʸʨ ʰʭʨʴʵʩʰʹʯʭʬˀʰ ˇʭʨʸʰʹ ʪʮʰʯ
ʫʨ ʲʬˆʬʸʰʹ ˆʬʵʩʰʯ.
ʸʵʫʬʹʨ˂ ʳʻʸʮʨʿʨʴʳʨ ʫʨ ʨʲʬʽʹʨʴʫʸʬʳ ʽʻʯʨʰʹʰʫʨʴ ˇʨʸʰʹ
ʫʨ˃ʭʸʨ ʪʨʰʪʬʹ, ʳʨˀʰʴʨʯʭʬ ʨʲʬʽʹʨʴʫʸʬ ʲʨʺʼʨʸʰʹ ʳʯʰʯ
ʽʻʯʨʰʹʰʹʱʬʴ ʪʨʬʳʪʮʨʭʸʨ ʫʨ ʪʨʪʨʸʰʴʹ ˄ʨʸʻʫʪʨ, ˆʵʲʵ ʳʻʸʮʨʿʨʴʰ
ʮʻʪʫʰʫʰʹʨʱʬʴ ʪʨʬˀʻʸʨ ʫʨ ˆʻʫʵʴˀʰ, ʯʨʭʰʹ ʽʭʬʿʴʰʹ ʹʨʮʾʭʨʸʮʬ,
ʹʭʨʴʬʯˀʰ ʳʰʳʨʭʨʲ ʻʹʲʨʸʹʨ ʫʨ ʳʰʹ ˇʨʸʹ ˀʬˆʭʫʨ.
ʨʲʬʽʹʨʴʫʸʬʳ ʳʵʨˆʹʬʴʨ ʪʨʪʨʸʰʴʹ: ʳʨʶʨʺʰʭʬʯ, ʯʽʭʬʴʵ
ʩʸ˄ʿʰʴʭʨʲʬʩʨʭ, ʸʵʳ ʨʳʰʹʯʨʴʨ ʫʸʵʹ (ʹʨʾʨʳʵ ʰʿʵ) ʪʨ˄ʻˆʬʩʯ,
ʳʨʪʸʨʳ ʬʹ ʨʸʰʹ ʪʨʳʵ˄ʭʬʻʲʰ ʼʸʰʨʫ ʹʬʸʰʵʮʻʲʰ ʹʨʽʳʰʯ. ʵʯˆʰ
ʫʾʬʨ, ʸʨ˂ ʳʬ ʫʨ ˁʬʳʳʨ ˃ʳʨʳ ʳʻʸʮʨʿʨʴʳʨ ʪʨʭʰʪʬʯ ʹʭʨʴʬʯˀʰ ˁʬʴʹ
ʹʨ˄ʰʴʨʨʾʳʫʬʪʵʯ ˇʨʸʰʹ ʪʨʳʵʪʮʨʭʴʰʹ ʨʳʩʨʭʰ ʫʨ ʨʳʰʺʵʳ ʳʬ
ʹʨʹ˄ʸʨʼʵʫ ˄ʨʳʵʭʬʫʰ ʯʽʭʬʴʯʨʴ ʰʳʰʹ ʳʵʹʨˆʹʬʴʬʩʲʨʫ, ʸʵʳ ʨʽ
ʸʨʾʨ˂ ʪʨʻʪʬʩʸʵʩʨʨ ʴʻ ʯʻ, ʳʨʸʯʲʨ˂, ʬʹ ˇʨʸʰ ʨʹʬ ʺʿʻʰʲ-
ʻʩʸʨʲʵʫ ˁʬʳʰ ˃ʳʰʹ ʹʨ˄ʰʴʨʨʾʳʫʬʪʵʯ ʰʪʮʨʭʴʬʩʨ?.
±ʫʰʨˆ, ʬʹ ˇʨʸʰ ʰʪʮʨʭʴʬʩʨ ʯʽʭʬʴʰ ˃ʳʰʹ ʹʨ˄ʰʴʨʨʾʳʫʬʪʵʯ,
ʳʨʪʸʨʳ ʬʹ ʯʽʭʬʴ ʨʸ ʪʬˆʬʩʨʯ ʫʨ ʹʻʲ ʹˆʭʨ ʸʨʳʬ ʩʸʨʲʫʬʩʨ ʨʸʹʬʩʵʩʹ
ʯʽʭʬʴʹ ʹʨ˄ʰʴʨʨʾʳʫʬʪʵʯ. ʸʨʺʵʳ ʯʽʭʬʴ, ʸʻʹʰʹ ʵʼʰ˂ʸʰʹ
ʳʻʴʫʰʸʰʹ ʳʨʺʨʸʬʩʬʲʰ, ʨʳʫʬʴ ˆʨʴʹ ʹʨʳʹʨˆʻʸˀʰ ʨʸ ʪʨʳʵ˂ˆʨʫʫʰʯ
ʫʨ ʳʯʨʭʸʵʩʰʹ ʩʸ˃ʨʴʬʩʨ ʨʸ ˀʬʨʹʸʻʲʬʯ, ± ʻʯˆʸʨ ʳʨʹ ʪʨʪʨʸʰʴʳʨ.
ʨʲʬʽʹʨʴʫʸʬʳ ʨʳʨʮʬ ʻʶʨʹʻˆʨ: 1855 ˄. ˀʬʳʵʫʪʵʳʨʮʬ ʳʬ ʳ˃ʰʳʬ
ʨʭʨʫʳʿʵʼʵʩʰʹ ʪʨʳʵ ʭʬʸ ˀʬʭ˃ʬʲʰ ʯʽʭʬʴʯʨʴ ʪʨʳʵ˂ˆʨʫʬʩʨ ʫʨ ˁʬʳʹ
ʨʭʨʫʳʿʵʼʵʩʨʮʬ ʵʼʰ˂ʰʨʲʻʸʰ ʳʵˆʹʬʴʬʩʨ ʪʨʭʻʪʮʨʭʴʬ ʶʵʲʱʹ
ʱʨʶʰʺʨʴ ʫʬʳʰʨʴʵʭʰˁʰʹ ˆʬʲʰʯ, ˆʵʲʵ ʸʵ˂ʨ ʻʱʬʯ ˀʬʭʰʽʬʴʰ,
ʹʭʨʴʬʯʰʹ ʳʯʬʩʮʬ ʯʵʭʲʰʹʨʪʨʴ ʪʮʨ ʪʨʫʨʰʱʬʺʨ ʫʨ ʻʴʬʩʻʸʨʯ
ˁʨʭʸˁʰ ʹʭʨʴʬʯˀʰ ʳʯʬʲʰ ʮʨʳʯʨʸʰ. ʵʳʰʹ ʪʨʯʨʭʬʩʰʹ ˀʬʳʫʬʪ ʳʬ
ʶʵʲʱʳʨ ʨʸ ʳʵʳʰʯˆʵʭʨ ʫʨ ʰʹʬ ʨʸ ˄ʨʭʬʫʰ, ʭʰʴʨʰʫʪʨʴ ʳʻʸʮʨʿʨʴʰ ʨʸ
ʳʰˀʭʬʩʫʨ.
±ʸʨʹ ʰʺʿʭʰʯ ʯʽʭʬʴ ʰʳ ʻ˄ʿʬʩʬʩʮʬ, ʸʵʳʬʲʰ˂ ʳʰʽʬʲʨ˃ʬʳ
ˁʨʪʨʩʨʸʨʯ ± ˈʱʰʯˆʨ ʪʨʪʨʸʰʴʳʨ.
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 ±ʳʰʽʬʲʨ˃ʬ ʨʸ˂ ʵʳʰʹ ʫʨ˄ʿʬʩʨʳʫʬ, ʨʸ˂ ʳʰʹ ˀʬʳʫʬʪ ʨʸ ʿʵʼʰʲʨ
ʹʭʨʴʬʯˀʰ, ʭʰʴʨʰʫʪʨʴ ʳʨʹ ʨʸ ˀʬʬ˃ʲʵ ʹʭʨʴʬʯˀʰ ʳʵʹʭʲʨ, ʳʰʹ ʳʰʬʸ
ˁʨʫʬʴʰʲʰ ʹʨʽʳʬʬʩʰʹ ʪʨʳʵ ʪʨʩʸʨʮʬʩʻʲ ʹʭʨʴʬʩʰʹ ʨˆʲʵʹ ʪʨʭʲʨ ʫʨ
ʨʳʰʺʵʳ ʳʬʸ˄ʳʻʴʬʯ, ʸʵʳ ʳʨʹ ˁʭʬʴʯʭʰʹ ʨʸʨʭʰʯʨʸʰ ʻ˄ʿʬʩʬʩʰ ʨʸ
ˁʨʻʩʨʸʬʩʰʨ.
±ʭʴʨˆʵʯ, ʨʳʨʹ ʳʬ ʪʨʳʵʭʨʸʱʭʬʭ ʫʨ ʬˆʲʨ ʯʽʭʬʴ ˄ʨʩʸ˃ʨʴʫʰʯ
ʱʵʳʬʴʫʨʴʺʯʨʴ, ʪʨʫʨʬ˂ʰʯ ʳʨʹ ʯʽʭʬʴʰ ˆʳʨʲʰ ʫʨ ʪʨʫʨʬ˂ʰʯ, ʸʵʳ
ʯʽʭʬʴ ʫʨʱʨʭʬʩʻʲʰ ˆʨʸʯ. ˆʭʨʲʭʬ ʯʽʭʬʴ ʪʨʬʳʪʮʨʭʸʬʩʰʯ
ʴʨʳʬʹʺʴʰʱʯʨʴ ʺʼʰʲʰʹˀʰ ʫʨ ʰʽ ʪʨʰʸˁʬʭʨ ʯʽʭʬʴʰ ʹʨʽʳʬ. ʻʯˆʸʨ ʳʨʹ
ʪʨʪʨʸʰʴʳʨ ʫʨ ˀʬʳʫʬʪ ʻʩʸ˃ʨʴʨ ʯʨʭʰʹ ʨʫʰʻʺʨʴʺʹ ʬʱʬʲʴʹ, ʸʵʳ ʰʹ
ʪʨʿʵʲʵʫʨ ʨʲʬʽʹʨʴʫʸʬʹ ʫʨ ʯʭʨʲʿʻʸʰ ʬʫʬʭʴʨʯ ʳʰʹʯʭʰʹ. ʳʨʪʸʨʳ
ʨʲʬʽʹʨʴʫʸʬ ʼʬˆʹ ʨʸ ʰ˂ʭʲʰʹ, ʳʰʻʩʸʻʴʫʬʩʨ ʰʹʬʭ ʪʨʪʨʸʰʴʹ ʫʨ
ʳʵʨˆʹʬʴʬʩʹ:
±ʴʬʩʨ ʳʵʳʬ˂ʰʯ ʵʸʰʵʫʬ ʹʰʺʿʭʨ ʳʵʪʨˆʹʬʴʵʯ ˁʬʳʰ ˃ʳʰʹ ˀʬʹʨˆʬʩ.
ʳʬ ʨʸ ʳʬʹʳʰʹ, ʸʨʹ ʬʸˁʰʯ ʳʨʹ, ʳʨʪʸʨʳ ʫʨʸ˄ʳʻʴʬʩʻʲʰ ʭʨʸ, ʸʵʳ
ʹʰʳʨʸʯʲʬ ʨʸ ʫʨʰʳʨʲʬʩʨ ʫʨ ʨʰˆʹʴʬʩʨ. ʰʹ ʯʭʰʯʵʴʨ˂ ʪʨʬʳʪʮʨʭʸʨ
ˇʨʸʰʹ ʳʰʹʨʪʬʩʬʩʲʨʫ ʫʨ ʻʴʫʨ ʪʨʻʪʬʩʸʵʩʨʹ ʼʨʸʫʨ ʨˆʨʫʵʹ. ˁʬʳʹ
˃ʳʨʹ ʨʩʸʨʲʬʩʬʴ ˇʨʴʹʻˆʰʹ ʳʵʱʭʲʨʹ, ʳʨʪʸʨʳ ʬʹ ʨʸʰʹ ˀʬʯˆʮʻʲʰ ʳʰʹ
ʳʺʸʰʹ ʫʬʫʵʼʲʰʹ ʬʱʨʺʬʸʰʴʬʹ ʳʰʬʸ. ʬʹ ʹʰʿʨʲʩʬʨ, ʸʨʫʪʨʴʨ˂
ʳʻʸʮʨʿʨʴʰ ʨʳ ʫʸʵʹ, ʸʵʪʵʸ˂ ʰ˂ʰʯ, ʺʼʰʲʰʹˀʰ ʰʳʿʵʼʬʩʵʫʨ.
ˇʨʴʹʻˆʰʹ ʳʱʭʲʬʲʰ ʰʿʵ ˁʭʬʴʰ ʻʳ˂ʸʵʹʰ ˃ʳʨ ʰʹʲʨʳʰ. ʨʽ ʸʵʳ
˂ʨʲʳˆʸʰʭʵʩʨ ʨʸ ʰʿʵʹ, ʨʩʨ ʸʨʺʵʳ ʳʯʨʭʸʵʩʨʳ ʳʨˀʰʴ ʨʸ ʨʳʵʰʾʵ ˆʳʨ,
ʸʵ˂ʨ ˇʨʴʹʻˆʳʨ ˁʭʬʴʰ ʹʨʹʨˆʲʬ ʫʨʹ˄ʭʨ, ˁʭʰʫʳʬʺʰ ʱʨ˂ʰ ʳʵʪʭʰʱʲʨ,
ˁʭʬʴʰ ʫʨ ʺʿʭʬʯ ˄ʨʰʿʭʨʴʨ, ʩʬʩʰʨˁʬʳʰ ʫʰʪʵʸˆʨʴʰ
˂ʬ˂ˆʲʳʵʱʰʫʬʩʻʲ ˂ʰˆʰʫʪʨʴ ʪʨʫʳʵˆʺʵʳʰʹ ʫʸʵʹ ʳʵʱʭʫʨ ʫʨ ʹˆʭ.
ʨʳʪʭʨʸʰ ʳˆʬ˂ʵʩʰʹ ˁʨʳʫʬʴ ʱʨ˂ʰʹ ʳʵʱʭʲʰʹʨʯʭʰʹ ʨʹʬʯʰ ʨʳʩʨʭʰ ˀʬʰʽʴʨ
ʫʨ ˁʭʬʴʹ ʹʨ˄ʰʴʨʨʾʳʫʬʪʵʯ ˇʨʸʬʩʹ ʪʮʨʭʴʰʯ. ʳʻʸʮʨʿʨʴʰ ʸʵʳ
ʳʯʨʭʸʵʩʰʹ ʵʸʪʻʲʰ ʿʵʼʰʲʰʿʵ, ʯʨʭʰʹ ˀʭʰʲʹ ʳ˃ʬʭʲʨʯ
ʺʼʰʲʰʹˀʰ ʨʸ ʫʨʺʵʭʬʩʫʨ. ʯʻ ʬˆʲʨ ʳʬ ʫʨ ˁʬʳʰ ˃ʳʨ ˁʭʬʴʯʭʰʹ ʨʹʬʯ
ʪʨʴʹʨ˂ʫʬʲʰʹ ʷʨʳʹ ʬʸʯʳʨʴʬʯʹ ʻʴʫʨ ʫʨʭˀʵʸʫʬʯ, ʯʽʭʬʴ ʪʯˆʵʭʯ,
ʸʵʳ ʰʹ ʻʹʨʳʨʸʯʲʵʯ ʨʸ ʫʨʰʹʨˇʵʹ, ʬʱʨʺʬʸʰʴʬʹʨ ʫʨ ʻʹʲʨʸʰʹ
ˆʸʰʱʬʩʰʹ ʳʹˆʭʬʸʶʲʰ ʨʸ ʪʨˆʫʬʹ.
ʨʳʰʹ ˀʬʳʫʬʪ ʰʹ ʪʨʳʵʬʯˆʵʭʨ ʪʨʪʨʸʰʴʹ ʫʨ ʬʱʬʲʴʯʨʴ ʬʸʯʨʫ
ʱʵʳʬʴʫʨʴʺʰʹʱʬʴ ˄ʨʭʰʫʨ.
ʳʬʵʸʬ ʫʾʬʹʭʬ ʰʹ ʪʨʪʮʨʭʴʬʹ ʺʼʰʲʰʹˀʰ, ˆʵʲʵ ʰʽʰʫʪʨʴ
ʩʨʸʰʨʺʰʴʹʱʰʹ ʪʨʴʱʨʸʪʻʲʬʩʰʯ ʪʨʰʪʮʨʭʴʨ ˂ʰʳʩʰʸˀʰ ʪʸʨʼ
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ʳʻʸʨʭʰʵʭʨʳʻʸʹʱʰʹ ʪʨʴʱʨʸʪʻʲʬʩʨˀʰ, ʸʵʳʬʲʳʨ˂ ʳʰʹ
ʫʨ˄ʰʴʨʻʸʬʩʨʹ ˆʬʲʰ ˀʬʻ˄ʿʵ. ʳʨʲʬ ʳʨʴ ʶʵʲʱʵʭʴʰʱʰʹ ˁʰʴʰ
ʫʨʰʳʹʨˆʻʸʨ ʫʨ ʳʻʸʨʭʰʵʭʯʨʴ ʬʸʯʨʫ ʸʻʹʬʯˀʰ ʫʨʩʸʻʴʫʨ ʫʨ
ʫʨʹʨˆʲʫʨ. ʨʲʬʽʹʨʴʫʸʬʹ ʺʼʰʲʰʹˀʰ ʪʨʪʮʨʭʴʰʹ ˀʬʳʫʬʪ ʹʨʳʳʨ ʫʾʬʳ
ʪʨʰʨʸʨ ʫʨ ʽʻʯʨʰʹˀʰ ʪʨˁʴʫʨ ʯʭʰʯ ʳʻʸʮʨʿʨʴʰ˂. ʹʨʴʨʳʫʬ ʽʻʯʨʰʹˀʰ
ˁʨʭʰʫʵʫʨ, ʰʹ ˀʬˆʭʫʨ ʻʹʲʨʸʹ ʹʭʨʴʬʯʰʹ ʹʨʮʾʭʨʸʮʬ ˆʻʫʵʴˀʰ. ʳʨʴ
ʹ˂ʨʫʨ ʻʹʲʨʸʰ ʫʨʬʸ˄ʳʻʴʬʩʰʴʨ ʰʳʨˀʰ, ʸʵʳ ʹʭʨʴʬʯˀʰ ʳʰʹ
ʹʨ˄ʰʴʨʨʾʳʫʬʪʵʫ ˇʨʸʰʹ ʪʨʪʮʨʭʴʨ ʳʰʹ ʳʵʹʰʹˆʲʬ ʳʺʸʬʩʰʹ ˆʸʰʱʬʩʰʹ
ʴʨʿʵʼʰ ʰʿʵ ʫʨ ʹʯˆʵʭʨ ʻʱʨʴ ʫʨʩʸʻʴʬʩʻʲʰʿʵ ʯʨʭʰʹʰ ˇʨʸʰʯ.
ʳʻʸʮʨʿʨʴʰ ʳʨʲʬ ʫʨʸ˄ʳʻʴʫʨ, ʸʵʳ ʻʹʲʨʸʯʨʴ ʳʰʹʳʨ
ʳʵʲʨʶʨʸʨʱʬʩʨʳ ʻˀʬʫʬʪʵʯ ˁʨʰʨʸʨ ʫʨ ʪʨʫʨʹ˄ʿʭʰʺʨ ʯʭʰʯʵʴ
˄ʨʹʻʲʰʿʵ ʽʻʯʨʰʹˀʰ ʪʨʪʨʸʰʴʯʨʴ ʫʨ ʨʬˆʹʴʨ ʳʰʹʯʭʰʹ ʹʨʽʳʰʹ
ʴʨʳʫʭʰʲʰ ʪʨʸʬʳʵʬʩʨ.
ʪʨʪʨʸʰʴʳʨ ʰʹ ˀʬʹʨʼʬʸʰʹʰ ʶʨʺʰʭʰʹ˂ʬʳʰʯ ʳʰʰʾʵ. ʳʻʸʮʨʿʨʴʰʹʨ
ʫʨ ʨʲʬʽʹʨʴʫʸʬʹ ʨʳʪʭʨʸʳʨ ʹʨʽ˂ʰʬʲʳʨ ʰʹ ʪʨʨʵ˂ʨ ʫʨ ʫʨʨʸ˄ʳʻʴʨ
ʰʳʨˀʰ, ʸʵʳ ʹʨʽʳʬ ʪʨʮʭʰʨʫʬʩʻʲʰ ʰʿʵ ʫʨ ʹʭʨʴʬʯˀʰ ˇʨʸʰʹ ʪʨʪʮʨʭʴʨʹ
ʹʨʽʳʬ ʨʸ ʳʵʰʯˆʵʭʫʨ, ʳʨʪʸʨʳ ʭʬʸʨʭʰʯʨʸʰ ʪʨʫʨ˅ʸʰʲʰ ʶʨʹʻˆʰ ʳʨʴ
ʳʻʸʮʨʿʨʴʹ ʻʹʲʨʸʰʹʨʪʨʴ ʨˆʹʴʰʹ ʳʰʾʬʩʨʳʫʬ ʭʬʸ ʳʰʹ˂ʨ ʫʨ ʨʳʰʺʵʳ
ʻʹʲʨʸʯʨʴ ʳʨˀʰʴʨʯʭʬ ˀʰʱʸʰʱʬʩʰ ʨʼʸʰʴʨ.
ʻʹʲʨʸʰ ʹʨˀʰʴʲʨʫ ʪʨʨʩʸʨʮʨ ˃ʳʬʩʰʹ ʹʨʽ˂ʰʬʲʳʨ ʫʨ ʰʹ ʱʰʫʬʭ
ʻʼʸʵ ʻʨʸʬʹʨʫ ʨʳˆʬʫʸʫʨ ʳʨʯ ˄ʰʴʨʨʾʳʫʬʪ. ʳʰʹʯʭʰʹ ʹʨ˅ʰʸʵ
ˀʬʰʽʳʴʨ ʫʨʬʸ˄ʳʻʴʬʩʰʴʨ ʳʯʨʭʸʵʩʨ, ʸʵʳ ʳʰʹʰ ˄ʰʴʨʫʨʫʬʩʨ ʹʭʨʴʬʯˀʰ
ˇʨʸʰʹ ʪʨʪʮʨʭʴʰʹ ˀʬʹʨˆʬʩ ʨʳ ʱʻʯˆʰʹ ,,ʫʨʹʨʶʿʸʵʩʨʫ³ʨʻ˂ʰʲʬʩʲʨʯ
ʹʨ˅ʰʸʵ ʰʿʵ ʫʨ ʨʳʰʺʵʳʨ˂ ʳʨʴ ʰʹʬʯʰ ʳʵˆʹʬʴʬʩʨ ʪʨʳʵʨ˂ˆʵ,
ʸʵʳʲʰʯʨ˂ ʹʨʳʨʸʬʹ ʻʯˆʸʰʫʨ ʳʻʸʮʨʿʨʴʹ, ʫʨ ʫʨʷʰʴʬʩʰʯ
ʨʳʺʱʰ˂ʬʩʫʨ ʹʭʨʴʬʯˀʰ ˇʨʸʰʹ ʪʨʪʮʨʭʴʰʹ ʹʨ˅ʰʸʵʬʩʨʹ.
ʬʹ ʳʵˆʹʬʴʬʩʨ ʪʨʪʨʸʰʴʳʨ ʫʨʻʿʵʭʴʬʩʲʰʭ ˄ʨʸʻʫʪʰʴʨ
ʩʨʸʰʨʺʰʴʹʱʰʹ, ʫʨ ʯʨʴ ʳʻʸʮʨʿʨʴʹʨ˂ ʻʸˁʰʨ ʺʼʰʲʰʹˀʰ ˄ʨʹʭʲʨ.
ʳʨʪʸʨʳ ʳʰʹʰ ʰʽ ˄ʨʹʭʲʨ ʴʨʨʫʸʬʭʰ ˀʬʰʽʴʨ. ʻʹʲʨʸʰʹ ʳʵˆʹʬʴʬʩʰʯ
ʪʨʩʸʨʮʬʩʻʲʳʨ ʩʨʸʰʨʺʰʴʹʱʰʳ ʰʹ ʨʸ ʳʰʰʾʵ ʫʨ ʻʹʲʨʸʰʹ
ʹʭʨʴʬʯʰʫʪʨʴ ʫʨʩʸʻʴʬʩʨʳʫʬ ʹʨ˅ʰʸʵʫ ʫʨʰʴʨˆʨ ʳʻʸʮʨʿʨʴʰʹ
ʽʻʯʨʰʹˀʰ ʫʨʩʸʻʴʬʩʨ. ʩʨʸʰʨʺʰʴʹʱʰʳ ʳʨʹ ʳʰʻˁʰʴʨ ʮʬʫʨʳˆʬʫʭʬʲʨʯ
ʨʴʻ ,,ʵʶʬʱʻʴʨʯ³ ʩʨʸʯʵʲʵʳʬʰ, ʸʵʳʬʲʹʨ˂ ʪʨʫʨʹ˂ʨ
ʫʨʫʬˀʽʬʲʰʨʴʰʹʨʯʭʰʹ ʹʨ˅ʰʸʵ ʯʨʴˆʨ ʫʨ ʵʸʰʭʬʴʰ ʪʨʬʳʪʮʨʭʸʬʴ
ʽʻʯʨʰʹˀʰ.

125
 ʨʳ ʪʨʸʬʳʵʬʩʨʳ ʻʱʳʨʿʵʼʰʲʬʩʰʹ ˂ʬ˂ˆʲʰ ʫʨʨʴʯʵ ʳʻʸʮʨʿʨʴʰʹ
ʪʻʲˀʰ. ʹʭʨʴʬʯʰʹ ʳʱʨ˂ʸʰ ʩʻʴʬʩʰʹ ˀʭʰʲʰ, ʯʨʭʰʹʻʼʲʨʫ
ʨʾʮʸʫʰʲʰ, ʹʭʨʴʬʯʰʹ ʨʳʨʿʰ ʳʼʲʵʩʬʲʰ ʳʻʸʮʨʿʨʴʰ ʨʹʬʯ
,,ʵʶʬʱʻʴʹ³ʳʰˁʭʬʻʲʰ ʨʸ ʰʿʵ. ʳʰʹ ʯʨʭʳʵʿʭʨʸʬʵʩʰʹʯʭʰʹ ʬʹ ʹʨʹʺʰʱʰ
ʫʨʳ˂ʰʸʬʩʨ ʰʿʵ. ʯʻʳ˂ʨ ʳʻʸʮʨʿʨʴʹ ʫʰʫʨʯ ʳʵʳʯʳʬʴʰ ˆʨʹʰʨʯʰ
ˈʽʵʴʫʨ, ʳʨʪʸʨʳ ʹʨʱʳʨʸʰʹʰ ʰʿʵ ʳʰʹʯʭʰʹ ʳʵʯʳʰʴʬʩʰʹ ʫʨʱʨʸʪʭʨ ʫʨ
ʳʰʹʰ ʫʨ˄ʿʴʨʸʬʩʨ ʰʵʲʨʫ ʨʸ ˁʨʰʭʲʰʫʨ. ʩʨʸʯʲʵʳʬʰʹ
,,ʵʶʬʱʻʴʵʩʨʹ³ ʰʹ ʯʰʯʽʵʹ ˀʬʻʸʰʪʫʨ ʫʨ ʫʰʫ ʿʻʸʨʫʾʬʩʨʹ ʨʸ
ʨʽ˂ʬʭʫʨ. ʳʨʴ ʨʸˁʰʨ ʳʵʯʳʰʴʬʩʰʹ ʪʮʨʮʬ ˀʬʫʪʵʳʨ, ʯʻʳ˂ʨ ʪʻʲʰ
ˀˆʨʳʰʯ ˈʽʵʴʫʨ ʨʭʹʬʩʻʲʰ.
ʩʨʸʯʲʵʳʬʰʹ ʳʵʽʳʬʫʬʩʨʳ ʳʰʹ ʳʰʳʨʸʯ ʰʳ ʮʵʳʨʳʫʬ ʳʰʨʾ˄ʰʨ,
ʸʵʳ ʳʻʸʮʨʿʨʴʰʹ ʳʰʬʸ ʫʨˆʨʸˇʻʲ ʪʸʵˀʬʩʮʬ ʪʨʴʪʨˀʹ ʨʹʺʬˆʨʭʫʨ
ˆʵʲʳʬ. ʸʵ˂ʨ ʳʻʸʮʨʿʨʴʹ ʪʨʪʨʸʰʴʰ ʶʨʺʰʷʵʩʫʨ ʹʨʫʰʲʨʯ, ʬʹ
,,ʮʬʫʨʳˆʬʫʭʬʲʰ³ ʳʨʹ ʼʸʨʴʪʻʲ ʬʴʨʮʬ ʫʨʹ˂ʰʴʵʫʨ ʫʨ ˂ʻʫʨʫ
ʰˆʹʬʴʰʬʩʫʨ. ʹʨʹʺʻʳʸʵˀʰ ʩʨʸʯʵʲʵʳʬʰ ʫʨʩʰʴʨʭʫʨ ʳʰʹ ʵʯʨˆʰʹ
ʽʭʬʫʨ ʹʨʸʯʻʲˀʰ, ʹʨʫʨ˂ ʿʭʬʲʨʼʬʸʰ ʰʹʳʵʫʨ ʫʨ ʳʻʸʮʨʿʨʴʹ
ʯʨʭʰʹʻʼʲʨʫ ˂ˆʵʭʸʬʩʰʹʨ ʫʨ ʭʰʴʳʬʹʯʨʴ ʫʨʲʨʶʨʸʨʱʬʩʰʹ
ʹʨˀʻʨʲʬʩʨ˂ ʱʰ ʳʵʻʹʶʵ. ʯʨʸˇʰʳʴʨʯ ʳʨʴ ʨʰʿʭʨʴʨ ʭʰʾʨ˂ ʺʻʺʻ˂ʰ
ʲʨʽʰʨ, ʸʵʳʬʲʰ˂ ʰʳʨʭʬ ʫʸʵʹ ˇʨˀʻˀʵʩʨʹʨ˂ ʱʰʹʸʻʲʵʩʫʨ.
ʨʳʨʹʵʩʨˀʰ ʻʹʲʨʸʰ˂ ʫʨʩʸʻʴʫʨ ʹʭʨʴʬʯʰʫʪʨʴ, ʳʨʹʯʨʴ
ˁʨʳʵʰʺʨʴʨ ʳʻʸʮʨʿʨʴʰʹ ʹʨ˄ʰʴʨʨʾʳʫʬʪʵ ʨʯʹʴʨʰʸʰ ʿʨʲʩʰ ʹʨʩʻʯʬʩʰ,
ʸʵʳʬʲʯʨ ʫʨʳʻˀʨʭʬʩʨ˂ ʳʨʴ ʹʨˁʽʨʸʵʯ ʫʨʨʳʯʨʭʸʨ ʽʻʯʨʰʹˀʰ.
ʳʻʸʮʨʿʨʴʰ ʫʨʸ˄ʳʻʴʫʨ, ʸʵʳ ʻʹʲʨʸʰ ʪʨʫʨʽ˂ʬʻʲʰʿʵ
ʬʱʨʺʬʸʰʴʬ ʫʬʫʵʼʲʰʹʨ ʫʨ ʹˆʭʨ ʳʰʹ ʳʵ˄ʰʴʨʨʾʳʫʬʪʬʬʩʰʹ ʹʨʳʺʸʵ
ʰʨʸʨʾʨʯ, ʨʳʰʺʵʳʨ˂ ʳʰʹ ʫʨʴʨˆʭʨʮʬ ʯʨʭʨʫʹ ʯʭʨʲʬʩʰ ʹʰʹˆʲʰʯ
ʬʭʹʬʩʵʫʨ ʫʨ ʬʸʯˇʬʸ ʩʨʾˀʰ ʹʨʹʬʰʸʴʵʯ ʪʨʳʵʹʻʲ ʻʹʲʨʸʰʹ
ʫʨʴʨˆʭʨʳ ʰʹʬ ʪʨʨʩʸʨʮʨ, ʸʵʳ ˆʨʴˇʨʲʮʬ ˆʬʲʰ ʰʺʨ˂ʨ; ʫʨʳʹ˄ʸʬʬʩʳʨ
ʰʹ ˃ʲʰʭʹ˃ʲʰʭʵʩʰʯ ʫʨʨʳˀʭʰʫʬʹ. ʳʬʵʸʬˇʬʸ ʱʵʲʻʩʰʨʱʰʴʳʨ
ʳʰʰ˄ʭʰʨ ʱʵʴʹʺʨʴʺʰʴʬ (ʳʻʸʮʿʨʴʰ) ʭʨˆˀʳʨʯ ʫʨ ʨʽ ˀʬˆʭʫʨ ʻʹʲʨʸʹ.
ʭʨˆˀʳʵʩʰʹ ʫʸʵʹ ʻʹʲʨʸʰ ʳʻʸʮʨʿʨʴʰʹ ʶʰʸʫʨʶʰʸ ʫʨˇʫʨ ʳʰʹ
ʪʻʲʪʨʹʨˆʬʯʽʨʯ ʫʨ ʨʳʰʺʵʳ ʳʻʸʮʨʿʨʴʰ ʳʯʬʲʰ ʾʨʳʬ
ʯʨʭˁʨʱʰʫʻʲʰ ʹʨʰʴʹ ʫʨʹ˂ʽʬʸʵʫʨ, ʭʨˆˀʨʳʰ ʨʸ ʻ˅ʨʳʰʨ ʫʨ ʿʭʬʲʨʮʬ
ʨʫʸʬ ˄ʨʭʰʫʨ ʳʨʹʶʰʴ˃ʲʰʹ ʹʨˆʲʰʫʪʨʴ.
ʻʹʲʨʸʰ˂ ʰʳ ʾʨʳʬʹ ʹʨʱʳʨʵʯ ˀʰˀʳʨ ˀʬʰʶʿʸʵ, ˃ʨʲʰʨʴ
ʳʵˆʬʸˆʬʩʻʲʨʯ ˄ʨʭʰʫʨ ʯʨʭʰʹ ʹʨˆʲˀʰ ʫʨ ʪʮʨʮʬ ʳʰʹ ʳˆʲʬʩʲʬʩʹ
ʬʱʰʯˆʬʩʵʫʨ: ʴʻ ʯʻ ʬʹ ʭʬʲʻʸʰ ʳʨʸʯʲʨ ʳʵʳʱʲʨʭʹʵ.
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 ʳʻʸʮʨʿʨʴʰ ʽʻʯʨʰʹˀʰ ʿʭʬʲʨʹ ʨʰʴʺʬʸʬʹʬʩʫʨ, ʸʵʪʵʸ˂ ʯʭʨʲʰʹ
˄ʨʸʳʺʨ˂ʰ ʹʰʲʨʳʨʮʰʹ, ʨʸʨˁʬʻʲʬʩʸʰʭʰ ʪʵʲʰʨʯʰʹʬʩʻʸʰ
ʳʵʿʭʨʴʰʲʵʩʰʹ ʭʨʷʱʨ˂ʰ. ʹʰʳʨʾʲʬ ʳʨʹ ʹʨʳ ʨʸˀʰʴʮʬ ʳʬʺʰ ˈʽʵʴʫʨ,
ʩʬ˅ʬʩʰʹ ʹʰʪʨʴʬ ʨʸˀʰʴʮʬ ʳʬʺʰ. ʸʵ˂ʨ ʰʹ ʪʨʸʬʫ ʪʨʳʵˁʴʫʬʩʵʫʨ,
ʿʭʬʲʨ ʳʨʹ ʨˁʬʸʫʬʩʵʫʨ, ʻʱʨʴ ʫʨʿʭʬʩʵʫʨ, ʯʻʸʳʬ ʩʰʴʨʮʬ˂ ʳʰʹ
ʹʨʴʨˆʨʭʨʫ ʳʸʨʭʨʲʰ ʻ˂ʴʵʩʰ ʫʨ ʴʨ˂ʴʵʩʰ ʳʰʫʰʵʫʨ ˆʵʲʳʬ.
ʬʸʯʳʨ ʳʬʪʵʩʨʸʳʨ ʻʸˁʰʨ ʳʨʹ, ʸʵʳ ʫʨʬ˄ʬʸʨ ʯˆʵʭʴʨ ʴʨʶʵʲʬʵʴ
ʳʬ-III ʹʨˆʬʲʮʬ ʫʨ ʬ˂ʴʵʩʬʩʰʴʨ ʳʰʹʯʭʰʹ, ʸʵʳ ʩʨʸʰʨʺʰʴʹʱʰ ʫʨ
ʳʯʨʭʸʵʩʰʹ ʹˆʭʨ ˄ʨʸʳʵʳʨʫʪʬʴʲʬʩʰ ʳʨʹ ʻʹʨʳʨʸʯʲʵʫ ʬʽ˂ʬʵʫʬʴ
ʫʨ ʨʸʯʳʬʭʫʬʴ ʹʭʨʴʬʯʰʹ ʩʨʺʵʴ-ʶʨʺʸʵʴʵʩʨʹ, ʫʨ ʬʯˆʵʭʨ ʳʰʹʯʭʰʹ
ʳʼʨʸʭʬʲʵʩʨ. ʳʻʸʮʨʿʨʴʰ˂ ʫʨʬʯʨʴˆʳʨ ʨʹʬʯ ʸˁʬʭʨʹ ʫʨ ˀʬʻʫʪʨ
ʼʸʨʴʪʻʲ ʬʴʨʮʬ ʯˆʵʭʴʰʹ ʫʨʳ˄ʬʸʰʹ ˃ʬʩʴʨʹ. ʳʨʲʬ ʳʨʹ ʳʵʻʿʭʨʴʬʹ
ʭʰʾʨ˂ ʬʽʰʳʰ ʺʨʲʰʹʺʵʰ, ʸʵʳʬʲʳʨ˂ ʫʨʻ˄ʬʸʨ ʯˆʵʭʴʨ ʴʨʶʵʲʬʵʴʰʹ
ʹʨˆʬʲʮʬ, ʳʨʪʸʨʳ ʯʨʭʰʹʰ ʯʨʸˇʰʳʨʴ ʲʨʽʰʰʹ ʹʨˀʻʨʲʬʩʰʯ ʬʹ ˀʬʰʺʿʵ
ʩʨʸʯʵʲʵʳʬʰʳ, ʸʵʳʬʲʳʨ˂ ʬʹ ʨʳʩʨʭʰ ʹʨʹ˄ʸʨʼʵʫ ˀʬʨʺʿʵʩʰʴʨ
ʽʻʯʨʰʹʰʹ ʶʵʲʰ˂ʳʬʰʹʺʬʸʹ ʫʨ ʹʯˆʵʭʨ ʳʨʹ ʨʳ ʯˆʵʭʴʰʹ ʨʾʳʵˁʬʴʨ.
ʶʵʲʰ˂ʳʬʰʹʺʬʸʳʨ ʰʹ ʳʨʸʯʲʨ˂ ʨʾʳʵʨˁʰʴʨ ʺʨʲʰʹʺʵʰʹ ˆʬʲˀʰ.
ʩʨʸʯʵʲʵʳʬʰʹ ʨʳʨʮʬ ʻʴʫʵʫʨ ʨˆʨʲʰ ʹʨʽʳʬ ʪʨʳʵʬ˂ˆʵ
ʳʻʸʮʨʿʨʴʮʬ, ʳʨʪʸʨʳ ʪʨʪʨʸʰʴʳʨ ʳʨʹ ʫʨʻˀʨʲʨ ʬʹ ʫʨ ʻʩʸ˃ʨʴʨ, ʸʵʳ ʨʳ
ʹʨʽʳʬʮʬ ʨʸʨʼʬʸʰ ʯʽʳʻʲʰʿʵ ʫʨ ʳʻʸʮʨʿʨʴʹʨ˂ ʨʸʨʼʬʸʰ ˀʬʬʺʿʵ.
ʨʳʰʹ ˀʬʳʫʬʪ ʩʨʸʯʵʲʵʳʬʰʳ ʹʨ˅ʰʸʵʫ ʫʨʰʴʨˆʨ ʳʻʸʮʨʿʨʴʰʹʯʭʰʹ
ʩʰʴʨ ʪʨʳʵʬ˂ʭʨʲʨʯ ʫʨ ʨʳʰʺʵʳ ʳʨʴ ˄ʨʸʻʫʪʰʴʨ ʩʨʸʰʨʺʰʴʹʱʰʹ
ʻʹʲʨʸʰʹ ʳʵˆʹʬʴʬʩʨ ʫʨʫʬˀʽʬʲʰʨʴʰʹ ʹʨʽʳʬʮʬ ʫʨ ʯʨʭʰʹ ʳˆʸʰʭ
ʹʯˆʵʭʫʨ ʳʻʸʮʨʿʨʴʰʹ ʹʨʫʳʬ ʹˆʭʨʪʨʴ ʪʨʫʨʿʭʨʴʨʹ. ʨʳʨʹʵʩʨˀʰ
ʳʻʸʮʨʿʨʴʰʹ ʳʺʸʰʹ ʬʱʨʺʬʸʰʴʬ ʫʬʫʵʼʲʰʹ ʹʨʽʳʬ˂ ʰʹʬ ʻʱʻʾʳʨ
ʫʨʺʸʰʨʲʫʨ, ʸʵʳ ʻʳʨʾʲʬʹʳʨ ʳʯʨʭʸʵʩʨʳ ʫʨʨʫʪʰʴʨ ʳʰʹʰ ʸʻʹʬʯˀʰ
ʪʨʫʨʹʨˆʲʬʩʨ. ʪʨʪʨʸʰʴʳʨ ʰʴʨˆʻʲʨ ʬʹ ʫʬʫʵʼʨʲʰ ʫʨ ʪʨʳʵʻ˂ˆʨʫʨ,
ʸʵʳ ʯʨʭʰʹʰ ʹʨʳˀʵʩʲʵ ʹʨʳʻʫʨʳʵʯ ʻʴʫʨ ʳʰʬʺʵʭʬʩʰʴʨ ʫʨ ʨʳʰʺʵʳ
ʰʹ ˀʬʻʫʪʨ ʯʨʭʰʹ ʹʨʳʼʲʵʩʬʲʵ ʱʻʯˆʰʹʨ ʫʨ ˆʨʲˆʰʹ
ʪʨʳʵʯˆʵʭʬʩʨʹ, ˆʵʲʵ ʪʨʪʨʸʰʴʰ ʳʨʹ ˆʬʲʹ ʻ˄ʿʵʩʫʨ ʳʰʹ ʨʽʬʫʨʴ
ʸʻʹʬʯˀʰ ʪʨʳʪʮʨʭʸʬʩʨʹ. 22 ʵʽʺʵʳʩʬʸʹ ʪʨʪʨʸʰʴʰ ʫʾʰʹ 12 ʹʨʨʯʮʬ
ʻʴʫʨ ˄ʨʹʻʲʰʿʵ ʹʨʳʬʪʸʬʲʵˀʰ ʬʱʨʺʬʸʰʴʬʹ ʪʨʹʨʳʪʮʨʭʸʬʩʲʨʫ,
ˆʵʲʵ ʫʰʲʰʹ 9 ʹʨʨʯʮʬ ʰʳʨʭʬ ʫʾʬʹ ʳʰʹʫʨ ʹʨʻʩʬʫʻʸʵʯ ʰʹ
ʾʬʩʻʲʵʩʹ ʯʩʰʲʰʹʰʫʨʴ ʫʨʨʫʬˀʽʬʲʰʨʴʰʹ ʹʨʽʳʬʮʬ ˀʺʨʩʰʹ
ʻʼʸʵʹʰʹʨʪʨʴ ʵʼʰ˂ʰʨʲʻʸ ʪʨʴʱʨʸʪʻʲʬʩʨʹ, ʸʵʳʬʲʰ˂
ʫʨʨˆʲʵʭʬʩʰʯ ˀʬʳʫʬʪʰ ˀʰʴʨʨʸʹʰʹ ʰʿʵ: ,,ʩʨʸʰʨʺʰʴʹʱʰ ʯʽʭʬʴ
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ʳʵˆʹʬʴʬʩʨʹ ʫʨ ˀʬˆʬʫʻʲʬʩʨʹ ʫʨʫʬˀʽʬʲʰʨʴʰʹ ʹʨʽʳʬʮʬ ʹʨʭʹʬʩʰʯ
ʬʯʨʴˆʳʬʩʨ. ʳʨʴ ʪʨʫʨʹ˄ʿʭʰʺʨ, ʸʵʳ ʫʨʫʬˀʽʬʲʰʨʴʰʹ ʹʨʽʳʬ
˄ʨʸʬʫʪʰʴʵʹ ʳʬʼʬʹ ʹʨʩʵʲʵʵ ,,ʱʬʯʰʲ ʪʨʴʹʨˆʰʲʭʬʲʨʫ³ ˆʵʲʵ
ʰʽʰʫʨʴ ʶʨʹʻˆʰʹ ʳʰʾʬʩʨʳʫʬ ʳʻʸʮʨʿʨʴʰ ʬʸʬʭʨʴˀʰ ʻʴʫʨ ʰʽʴʨʹ
ʪʨʫʨʹʨˆʲʬʩʻʲʰʵ³ʫʨ ʹˆʭ. ʨʳ ˂ʴʵʩʰʹ ʳʰʾʬʩʨʳ ʪʨʪʨʸʰʴʰ ʹʨˀʰʴʲʨʫ
ʪʨʨˆʨʸʨ. ʹʨˁʽʨʸʵʯ ʳʨʴ ʫʨʰʩʨʸʨ ʯʨʭʰʹʰ ʱʨʴ˂ʬʲʨʸʰʰʹ ʳʳʨʸʯʭʬʲʰ
ʰʮʰʻʳʹʱʰ, ʪʨʫʨʹ˂ʨ ʳʨʹ ʺʼʰʲʰʹʰʫʨʴ ʳʰʾʬʩʻʲʰ ʹʨʽʳʬ ʫʨ ʻʯˆʸʨ:
±ʳʨʫʲʵʩʨ ʾʳʬʸʯʹ, ʫʨʫʬˀʽʬʲʰʨʴʰʹ ʹʨʽʳʬʹʨ˂ ʩʵʲʵ ʳʵʬʾʵ. ʨʰ
˄ʨʰʱʰʯˆʬʯ. ʫʨʳʬˆʳʨʸʬʯ, ʸʵʳ ʫʾʬʹʭʬ ʬʹ ʽʨʾʨʲʫʰ ʪʨʳʵʻ˂ˆʨʫʵʯ
ʳʻʸʮʨʿʨʴʹ ʫʨ ʳʵʭʰˀʵʸʵʯ ʳʰʹʰ ʹʨʽʳʬ ʯʨʭʰʫʨʴʵ. ʰʮʰʻʳʹʱʰ
ʫʬʫʰʯ ʽʨʸʯʭʬʲʰ ʰʿʵ, ʽʨʸʯʻʲʨʫ ʳˀʭʬʴʰʭʸʨʫ ʲʨʶʨʸʨʱʵʩʫʨ.
ʳʻʸʮʨʿʨʴʯʨʴ ˃ʨʲʰʨʴ ʫʨʨˆʲʵʬʩʻʲʰ ʰʿʵ ʫʨ ʨʳʰʺʵʳʨ˂ ʪʨʪʨʸʰʴʳʨ
ʰʹ ʨʰʸˁʰʨ ʳʨʹʯʨʴ ʯʨʸˇʰʳʨʴʨʯ. ʹʨʴʨʳʫʬ ʨʳ ʹʨʽʳʬʹ ˀʬʻʫʪʬʩʵʫʴʬʴ,
ʰʮʰʻʳʹʱʰʳ ʹʯˆʵʭʨ ʪʨʪʨʸʰʴʹ, ʸʵʳ ˃ʨʲʰʨʴ ʳʵʸʰʫʬʩʻʲʨʫ ʫʨ
ʳʵˆʬʸˆʬʩʻʲʨʫ ʪʨʳʵʬ˂ˆʨʫʬʩʰʴʨʯ ʬʹ ʨʳʩʨʭʰ ʳʻʸʮʨʿʨʴʰʹʯʭʰʹ,
ʭʰʴʨʰʫʪʨʴ, ʳʰʹʰ ʨʮʸʰʯ, ʳʻʸʮʨʿʨʴʰʹ ʪʨʸˀʬʳʵ ʳʵʳˆʫʨʸʰ ʨʳʩʬʩʰʹ
ʳʰˆʬʫʭʰʯ ˀʬʹʨ˃ʲʬʩʬʲʰ ʰʿʵ ʳʰʹʰ ʳʵʯʳʰʴʬʩʰʹʨʪʨʴ ʪʨʳʵʿʭʨʴʨ ʫʨ
˂ʻʫʰ ʨʳʩʬʩʰʹ ʫʨʺʸʰʨʲʬʩʨ. ʳʨʪʸʨʳ ʨʳʨʮʬ ʪʨʪʨʸʰʴʳʨ ʳʨʹ ʻʶʨʹʻˆʨ:
±ʨʸʨʼʬʸʰʨ, ʴʻ ʯʻ ʯʽʭʬʴ ʼʰʽʸʵʩʯ, ʸʵʳ ʳʬ ˀʬʭʻˀʰʴʫʬʩʰ ʨʳ
ʳˆʬ˂ʹʨʵ. ʰʮʰʻʳʹʱʰ ʱʰʫʬʭ ˀʬʬ˂ʨʫʨ, ʸʵʳ ʪʨʪʨʸʰʴʰ ʹʻʲ ʹˆʭʨ ʸʨʳʬˀʰ
ʫʨʬʸ˄ʳʻʴʬʩʰʴʨ ʫʨ ʳʵʬʳʮʨʫʬʩʰʴʨ ˀʬʹʨʼʬʸʰʹʰ ʱʰʲʵʯʰ
ʳʻʸʮʨʿʨʴʯʨʴ ʳʵʹʨʲʨʶʨʸʨʱʬʩʲʨʫ, ʳʨʪʸʨʳ ʭʬʸʨʼʬʸʹ ʪʨˆʫʨ
ʪʨˇʰʻʺʬʩʻʲ ʪʬʴʬʸʨʲʯʨʴ ʫʨ ʹʨˁʽʨʸʵʯ ʳʻʸʮʨʿʨʴʯʨʴ ʱʨ˂ʰ
ʪʨʪʮʨʭʴʨ. ʫʨʫʬˀʽʬʲʰʨʴʰ ʨʳ ʫʸʵʹ ʽʻʯʨʰʹʰʹ ʹʵʩʵʸʵˀʰ ˄ʰʸʭʨʮʬ
ʰʿʵ ʫʨ ʨʸʨʭʰʯʨʸʰ ʰʨʸʨʾʰ, ʪʨʸʫʨ ʬʸʯʰ ʫʰʫʰ ˆʨʴˇʲʰʹʨ, ʳʨʹ ʨʸ
ʽʵʴʫʨ. ʳʨʹʯʨʴ ʪʰʷʰʭʰʯ ʳʰʭʨʸʫʨ ʪʨʪʨʸʰʴʰʹ ʪʨʪʮʨʭʴʰʲʰ ʱʨ˂ʰ ʫʨ
ʻʯˆʸʨ:
±ʯʽʭʬʴʵ ʩʸ˄ʿʰʴʭʨʲʬʩʨʭ, ʪʬʴʬʸʨʲ ʪʻʩʬʸʳʨʺʵʸʳʨ
ʪʨʳʵʳʪʮʨʭʴʨ ʯʽʭʬʴʯʨʴ, ʳʬʯˆʵʭʨ ʯʽʭʬʴʯʭʰʹ, ʸʵʳ ʹʨˁʽʨʸʵʫ ʳʨʹʯʨʴ
ʪʨʳʵ˂ˆʨʫʫʬʯ. ʬʹ ʹʰʺʿʭʬʩʰ ʳʬˆʰʭʰʯ ʳʵˆʭʫʨ ʳʻʸʮʨʿʨʴʰʹ ʪʻʲʹ ʫʨ
ʨʾʬʲʭʬʩʻʲʨʫ ʻʶʨʹʻˆʨ ʳʵ˂ʰʽʻʲʹ:
±ˆʵʳ ʨʸ ʪʨʪʰʷʫʰʯ, ʸʵʪʵʸ ʯʻ ʬˆʲʨʭʬ, ˆʵʳ ˆʬʫʨʭʯ, ʸʵʳ ʳʬ
ʬʱʲʬʹʰʨˀʰ ʭʨʸ ʫʨ ʭʲʵ˂ʻʲʵʩ. ʪʨʫʨʬ˂ʰʯ ʪʨʪʨʸʰʴʹ, ʸʵʳ ʨʳʰʹʯʨʴʨ
ʫʸʵʹ ˁʬʳʯʭʰʹ ʨʸʨʼʬʸʰ ʹʨʽʳʬ ʨʸ ʨʸʹʬʩʵʩʹ, ʪʨʸʫʨ ʾʭʯʰʹ
ʭʬʫʸʬʩʰʹʨ, ˆʵʲʵ ʸʵ˂ʨ ˄ʰʸʭʨ ʪʨʳʵʭʨ, ʪʬʨˆʲʬʩʰʯʯʽʵ.

128
 ʬʹ ʱʨ˂ʰ ʳʨˀʰʴʨʯʭʬ ʪʨʸʩʰʹ ʪʨʪʨʸʰʴʰʹʨʱʬʴ ʫʨ ʪʨʫʨʹ˂ʬʳʹ
ʳʻʸʮʨʿʨʴʰʹ ʨʹʬʯ ʶʨʹʻˆʹ. ʸʨʳʵʫʬʴʰʳʬ ˄ʻʯʰʹ ˀʬʳʫʬʪ ʳʨʹʯʨʴ ʰʹʬʭ
ʳʰʰʸʩʰʴʨ ʨʳ ʱʨ˂ʳʨ ʪʨʪʨʸʰʴʰʹ ʩʸ˃ʨʴʬʩʰʹ ʪʨʫʨʹʨ˂ʬʳʨʯ ʫʨ ʻʯˆʸʨ:
,,ʯʽʭʬʴʵ ʩʸ˄ʿʰʴʭʨʲʬʩʨʭ, ʪʨʪʨʸʰʴʰ ʪʰʩʸ˃ʨʴʬʩʹʯ ʬˆʲʨʭʬ
ʪʨʳʵ˂ˆʨʫʫʬʯ ʳʨʹʯʨʴ, ʰʹ ʳʰʬʳʪʮʨʭʸʬʩʨ ʪʵʸʫˀʰ ʬʱʨʺʬʸʰʴʬʹʯʨʴ
ʫʨ ʰʽ ˄ʨʹʭʲʨʳʫʬ ʻʴʫʨ ʯʽʭʬʴʯʨʴ ʳʵʲʨʶʨʸʨʱʬʩʨ³
ʨʫʭʰʲʰ ˄ʨʸʳʵʹʨʫʪʬʴʰʨ, ʯʻ ʸʨ ˂ʬ˂ˆʲʹ ʪʨʨˁʬʴʫʨ ʬʹ
ʪʨʸʬʳʵʬʩʨ ʰʳ ʱʨ˂ʰʹ ʪʻʲˀʰ, ʸʵʳʬʲʰ˂ ʹʨʳʰ ʯʭʰʹ ʪʨʴʳʨʭʲʵʩʨˀʰ
ʹʨˀʰʴʬʲ ˄ʨʳʬʩʨʹ ʪʨʴʰ˂ʫʰʫʨ ʻʹʲʨʸʰʹʨ ʫʨ ʩʨʸʯʵʲʵʳʬʰʹ
ʳʵʽʳʬʫʬʩʰʯ ˂ʵʲ-ˀʭʰʲʰʹʨ ʫʨ ʯʨʭʰʹʰ ʹʨʳʼʲʵʩʬʲʵʹ ʳʵˀʵʸʬʩʰʯ
ʫʨ ʹʨʬʸʯʵʯ ʳʰʹ ʪʨʸˀʬʳʵ ˀʬʽʳʴʰʲ ʪʨʸʬʳʵʬʩʰʯ.
ʳʨʴ ʳʵʱʲʬʯ ʻʯˆʸʨ ʪʨʪʨʸʰʴʰʹ ˀʰʱʸʰʱʹ:
±ʱʨʸʪʰ, ʱʨʸʪʰ. ʶʰʸˇʭʨʸʰ ʪʨʫʨʰʹʨˆʨ ʫʨ ʯʨʭʰʹ ʽʴʬʭʨ ʫʨʰ˄ʿʵ.
ʪʨʪʨʸʰʴʰʹ ʨʳʰʹʯʨʴʨ ʳʵʽʳʬʫʬʩʨʳ ʰʮʰʻʳʹʱʰ ʫʨʨʸ˄ʳʻʴʨ, ʸʵʳ
ʳʵʯʳʰʴʬʩʰʹʨʪʨʴ ʪʨʳʵʿʭʨʴʰʲʰ ʳʻʸʮʨʿʨʴʰʹ ʳˆʸʰʯ ʳʵʹʨʲʵʫʴʬʲʰ
ʰʿʵ ʹʨˀʰʴʬʲʬʩʰʹ ʫʨʺʸʰʨʲʬʩʨ ʫʨ ʨʳʰʺʵʳ, ʸʵ˂ʨ ʪʨʪʨʸʰʴʳʨ
ʳʬʵʸʬˇʬʸ ʳʻʸʮʨʿʨʴʯʨʴ ʱʨ˂ʰ ʪʨʪʮʨʭʴʨ, ʪʨʳʵʬʱʰʫʨ ʳʨʹ ʰʳ ʳʰʮʴʰʯ,
ʸʵʳ ʯʭʰʯʵʴ ʳʰʹʻʲʰʿʵ ʳʻʸʮʨʿʨʴʯʨʴ ʻʼʸʵ ʳʵˆʬʸˆʬʩʻʲʨʫ
ʹʨʽʳʰʹ ʳʵʹʨʪʭʨʸʬʩʲʨʫ, ʳʨʪʸʨʳ ʳʻʸʮʨʿʨʴʰ ʳʨʹ ˀʻʨ ʪʮʨʮʬ ˀʬˆʭʫʨ.
ʹʨʱʳʨʸʰʹʰ ʰʿʵ ʯʻʸʳʬ ʳʻʸʮʨʿʨʴʰʹ ˀʬˆʬʫʭʨ, ʸʵʳ ʳʰʹ ʹʨˆʬʮʬ ʱʨ˂ʹ
˄ʨʬʱʰʯˆʨ, ʯʻ ʸʨ ʳʰʮʴʰʯ ʳʰʫʰʵʫʨ ʰʹ ʪʨʪʨʸʰʴʯʨʴ. ʰʮʰʻʳʹʱʰ
ˀʬʬ˂ʨʫʨ ʳʰʹ ʫʨʳˀʭʰʫʬʩʨʹ, ʳʨʪʸʨʳ ʨʳʨʵʫ. ʰʹ ˆʳʨʹ ʨʸ ʰʾʬʩʫʨ,
ʪʨʪʨʸʰʴʰʹʱʬʴ ˄ʨʹʭʲʨʹ ʰˁʽʨʸʵʫʨ ʫʨ ʶʰʸʫʨʶʰʸ ˀʬʭʨʸʫʨ ʳʰʹ
ʱʨʩʰʴʬʺˀʰ.
ʪʨʪʨʸʰʴʰ ʹ˂ʫʰʲʵʩʫʨ ʮʸʫʰʲʵʩʰʨʴʨʫ ʳʰʬʾʵ ʳʻʸʮʨʿʨʴʰ,
ʳʰʬʪʬʩʨ ʳʨʹ, ʯʨʭʰ ʫʨʻʱʸʨ, ˆʬʲʰ ˁʨʳʵʨʸʯʭʨ ʫʨ ʻʯˆʸʨ:
±,,˃ʨʲʰʨʴ ʭ˄ʻˆʭʨʸ, ʯʨʭʨʫʵ, ʸʵʳ ʯʽʭʬʴ ˄ʰʸʭʰʹ ʫʸʵʹ
ˀʬʪʰˀʨʲʬʯ ˆʬʲʰ ʫʨ ˀʬʪʨ˄ʻˆʬʯ, ʳʨʪʸʨʳ ʨʴʫʸʰʨʴ ʨʴʫʸʰʨʴʰʹ˃ʬ
ʯʽʭʬʴ ʳʵʪʨˆʹʬʴʬʩʯ, ʯʻ ʸʨʳ ʪʨʳʵʰ˄ʭʰʨ ʬʹ. ʳʬ ʺʼʰʲʰʹʰʫʨʴ ʳʰʭʰʾʬ
˂ʴʵʩʨ ʯʽʭʬʴʹ ʹʨʽʳʬʮʬ. ʨʳʵʰʾʵ ʽʨʾʨʲʫʰ ʫʨ ʪʨʫʨʹ˂ʨ ˄ʨʹʨʱʰʯˆʨʫ
ʰʮʰʻʳʹʱʰʹ.
ʨʳ ʽʨʾʨʲʫʰʹ ˄ʨʱʰʯˆʭʰʹ ʫʸʵʹ ʳʻʸʮʨʿʨʴʰ ʪʨʽʭʨʭʬʩʻʲʰ ʫʪʨʹ,
ʹʳʬʴʨʫ ʪʨʫʨʽ˂ʬʻʲʰ, ʯʭʨʲʬʩʰ ʹʰʹˆʲʰʯ ʬʭʹʬʩʨ.
ʪʨʪʨʸʰʴʰ˂ ʹʨʱʳʨʵʫ ʾʬʲʨʭʹ, ʱʨʩʰʴʬʺˀʰ ʹʰʨʸʻʲʹ ʳʵʻˆˀʰʸʨ
ʫʨ, ʸʵ˂ʨ ʰʮʰʻʳʹʱʰʳ ʪʨʨʯʨʭʨ ʯʨʭʰʹ ʹʨʽʳʬ, ʳʰʻʩʸʻʴʫʨ ʳʻʸʮʨʿʨʴʹ
ʫʨ ʻʯˆʸʨ:
129
 ±ˆʵʳ ˆʬʫʨʭʯ, ʯʨʭʨʫʵ, ʸʵʳ ʯʽʭʬʴʰ ʹʨʽʳʬ ˄ʨʸʫʪʬʴʰʲʰ ʨʽʭʹ
ˆʬʲʳ˄ʰʼʬ ʰʳʶʬʸʨʺʵʸʹ ʫʨ ʰʽ ʻʴʫʨ ʫʨʳʯʨʭʸʫʬʹ. ʯʽʭʬʴ ʰ˂ʰʯ, ʸʵʳ
ˁʭʬʴʰ ˆʬʲʳ˄ʰʼʬ ʿʵʭʲʨʫ ˀʬʳʩʸʨʲʬʩʬʲʰʨ ʫʨ ʫʨʸ˄ʳʻʴʬʩʻʲʰ
ʻʴʫʨ ʰʿʵʯ ʰʳʨˀʰ, ʸʵʳ ʯʽʭʬʴʰ ʹʨʽʳʬ ˂ʻʫʨʯ ʨʸ ˄ʨʭʨ. ʳʨʪʸʨʳ ʰʽʰʫʨʴ
˂ʴʵʩʰʹ ʳʰʾʬʩʨʳʫʬ ,,ʴʨʳʬʹʺʴʰʱʳʨ³ ʹʨ˅ʰʸʵʫ ʫʨʰʴʨˆʨ ʯʽʭʬʴʰ
ʹʨ˂ˆʵʭʸʬʩʲʨʫ ʬʸʬʭʨʴˀʰ ʪʨʪʮʨʭʴʨ, ʹʨʫʨ˂ ʫʾʬʹʭʬ ʻʴʫʨ
˄ʨʩʸ˃ʨʴʫʬʯ.
ʳʻʸʮʨʿʨʴʳʨ ʪʨʪʨʸʰʴʹ ʻʶʨʹʻˆʨ:
±ʱʨʸʪʰ, ʳʬʼʰʹʨ ʫʨ ʴʨʳʬʹʺʴʰʱʰʹ ʩʸ˃ʨʴʬʩʨʹ ʳʬ ʫʨʭʬʳʵʸˁʰʲʬʩʰ,
ʳʨʪʸʨʳ ʸʵʪʵʸ ˀʬʰ˃ʲʬʩʨ ˁʬʳʰ ʬʸʬʭʨʴˀʰ ˄ʨʹʭʲʨ, ʸʵʫʬʹʨ˂ ʹʨʳʰ ʯʭʰʹ
ʪʨʴʳʨʭʲʵʩʨˀʰ ˂ʵʲ-ˀʭʰʲʰ ʨʸ ʳʰʴʨˆʨʭʹ, ʹʨˆʲ-ʱʨʸʰ, ʨʫʪʰʲ-
ʳʨʳʻʲʰ ʫʨ ˁʬʳʰ ʽʭʬʿʨʴʨ ʳʰʺʵʭʬʩʻʲʰ ʳʨʽʭʹ. ʪʯˆʵʭʯ ˀʬˆʭʰʫʬʯ
ˁʬʳʹ ʳʫʪʵʳʨʸʬʵʩʨˀʰ.
±ʳʨʸʯʨʲʰʨ, ʳʨʪʸʨʳ ʯʽʭʬʴʹ ʹʨʽʳʬʮʬ ʸʨʹʨ˂ ʫʨʳʨʭʨʲʬʩʯ,
ʳʰʭʰʾʬʩ ʿʵʭʬʲʪʭʨʸ ʮʵʳʬʩʹ, ʪʨʭʨʪʮʨʭʴʰ ʹʨˁʽʨʸʵʫ ʱʨ˂ʹ ʫʨ
ʿʭʬʲʨʼʬʸʹ ʰʹʬ ʪʨʭʨʱʬʯʬʩ, ʸʵʪʵʸ˂ ʯʽʭʬʴ ʪʹʻʸʯ, ʳʰʻʪʵ ʳʨʹ
ʪʨʪʨʸʰʴʳʨ.
±ʨʸʨ, ˁʬʳʰ ʹʨʽʳʬʬʩʰ ʻˁʬʳʵʫ ʨʸ ʪʨʱʬʯʫʬʩʨ ʫʨ ʭʬʸ˂ ʳʰʭʨʴʫʵʩ
ʭʰʴʳʬʹ ʳʨʯ ʳʵ˄ʬʹʸʰʪʬʩʨʹ. ʨʳʰʺʵʳ ʪʯˆʵʭʯ ʪʨʳʰˀʭʨʯ ʹʨˆʲˀʰ ʫʨ
ʸʵ˂ʨ ʳʰʩʸ˃ʨʴʬʩʯ, ˁʨʳʵʭʨʲ.
±ʨʳʰʹʰ ʻʼʲʬʩʨ ʳʬ ʨʸʨ ʳʨʽʭʹ ʫʨ ʬˆʲʨʭʬ ʹʰʹʸʻʲʬˀʰ ʻʴʫʨ
ʰʽʴʬʹ ʳʵʿʭʨʴʰʲʰ ,,ʴʨʳʬʹʺʴʰʱʰʹ³ ʪʨʴʱʨʸʪʻʲʬʩʨ ʯʽʭʬʴʰ ʬʸʬʭʨʴˀʰ
ʪʨʪʮʨʭʴʰʹ ˀʬʹʨˆʬʩ, ʻʯˆʸʨ ʳʨʹ ʪʨʪʨʸʰʴʳʨ.
±ʨʸʨ, ʳʬ ʪʯˆʵʭʯ ʬˆʲʨʭʬ ʪʨʳʰˀʭʨʯ, ± ʪʨʴʨʪʸ˃ʵʩʹ ʳʻʸʮʨʿʨʴʰ.
±ʨʸʨ, ʨʸ ˀʬʳʰ˃ʲʰʨ, ʨʸ ˀʬʳʰ˃ʲʰʨ, ± ʳʰʻʪʬʩʹ ʳʨʹ ʪʨʪʨʸʰʴʰ ʫʨ
ʯʨʴ ʰ˄ʿʬʩʹ ʴʬʸʭʰʻʲʨʫ ʱʨʩʰʴʬʺˀʰ ʹʰʨʸʻʲʹ.
ʪʨʳʰˀʭʰʯ ʹʨʳʰ ʯʭʰʯ, ʿʭʬʲʨʼʬʸʹ ʳʵʭʨ˄ʬʹʸʰʪʬʩ, ʳʬʸʳʬ
ʯʽʭʬʴʯʨʴ ʪʨʳʵʭ˂ˆʨʫʫʬʩʰ, ± ʪʨʴʳʬʵʸʬʩʰʯ ʳʰʳʨʸʯʨ ʳʨʹ
ʳʻʸʮʨʿʨʴʳʨ.
±ʸʵʪʵʸ ˀʬʳʰ˃ʲʰʨ, ʹʨʳʰ ʯʭʰʯ ʱʰ ʨʸʨ, ʳʬ ʨʸ ʳʨʽʭʹ ʴʬʩʨ ʹʨʳʰ
ʫʾʰʯʨ˂, ʨʴ ʹʨʳʰ ʹʨʨʯʰʯ ʪʨʪʰˀʭʨʯ. ʯʽʭʬʴ ʫʾʬʹʭʬ ʻʴʫʨ
ʪʨʬʳʪʮʨʭʸʵʯ ʿʵʭʬʲʰ ʳʰʮʬʮʰʹ ʪʨʸʬˀʬ ʬʸʬʭʨʴʰʹʱʬʴ.
ʳʻʸʮʨʿʨʴʰ ʾʬʲʨʭʹ, ʹʨˀʰʴʬʲ ˄ʻʯʬʩʹ ʪʨʴʰ˂ʫʰʹ, ʶʰʸʰʹʨˆʬ
ʻʹʰʭʫʬʩʨ, ʯʭʨʲʬʩʰ ʻ˄ʰʯʲʫʬʩʨ ʫʨ ˆʨʴˇʨʲʮʬ ˆʬʲʹ ʰʱʰʫʬʩʹ.
ʰʮʰʻʳʹʱʰ ʫʨʸʳʻʴʫʨ, ʸʵʳ ʻʩʬʫʻʸʬʩʨ ʳʨʲʬ ʫʨʺʸʰʨʲʫʬʩʵʫʨ ʫʨ
ʼʸʨʴʪʻʲʨʫ ʬʻʩʴʬʩʨ ʪʨʪʨʸʰʴʹ:
130
 ±ʼʸʯˆʰʲʨʫ, ʯʨʭʨʫʵ, ʬʹ ʯʽʭʬʴ ʳʵʪʱʲʨʭʹʯ. ʳʨʪʸʨʳ
ʪʨʪʨʸʰʴʳʨ ʨʲʩʨʯ ʨʳʰʹʯʨʴʨ ʳʾʬʲʭʨʸʬʩʰʹ ʫʸʵʹ ʭʬʸ ʪʨʰʪʵʴʨ ʬʹ
ʹʰʺʿʭʬʩʰ, ʳʰʻʩʸʻʴʫʨ ʳʻʸʮʨʿʨʴʹ ʫʨ ʻʯˆʸʨ:
±ʳʬ ʯʽʭʬʴ ʫʨʪʰʩʨʸʬʯ ʰʳʰʹʯʭʰʹ, ʸʵʳ ʪʨʳʵʳʬ˂ˆʨʫʬʩʰʴʨ
ʯʽʭʬʴʯʭʰʹ ,,ʴʨʳʬʹʺʴʰʱʰʹ³ʪʨʴʱʨʸʪʻʲʬʩʨ, ʸʵʳʬʲʰ˂ ʬˆʲʨʭʬ ʻʴʫʨ
ʰʽʳʴʬʹ ʹʰʹʸʻʲʬˀʰ ʳʵʿʭʨʴʰʲʰ. ʳʬʺʰ ʹʨʽʳʬ ʳʬ ʯʽʭʬʴʯʨʴ ʨʸʨʼʬʸʰ
ʳʨʽʭʹ ʫʨ ʬˆʲʨʭʬ ʻʴʫʨ ʪʨʬʳʪʮʨʭʸʵʯ ʬʸʬʭʨʴˀʰ.
ʳʨʴ ʯʨʭʰ ʫʨʻʱʸʨ ʳʻʸʮʨʿʨʴʹ ʫʨ ʳʰʯ ʨʪʸ˃ʴʵʩʰʴʨ, ʸʵʳ
ʲʨʶʨʸʨʱʰ ʪʨʯʨʭʬʩʻʲʰ ʰʿʵ. ʳʨʪʸʨʳ ʳʻʸʮʨʿʨʴʰ ʳʰʻʩʸʻʴʫʨ
ʰʮʰʻʳʹʱʰʹ ʫʨ ʹʯˆʵʭʹ:
±ʪʨʫʨʬ˂ʰʯ ʪʨʪʨʸʰʴʹ, ʸʵʳ ʳʬ ˄ʨʹʭʲʨ ʨʸ ˀʬʳʰ˃ʲʰʨ,
ʸʨʫʪʨʴʨ˂ ʹʨˆʨʸˇʵ ʼʻʲʰ˂ ʱʰ ʨʸ ʳʵʳʬʶʵʭʬʩʨ. ʰʮʰʻʳʹʱʰʳ ʸʵ˂ʨ ʬʹ
ʹʰʺʿʭʬʩʰ ʪʨʪʨʸʰʴʹ ʳʵʨˆʹʬʴʨ, ʰʹ ʫʨʳˀʭʰʫʫʨ, ʪʨʳˆʰʨʸʻʲʫʨ,
ʸʨʫʪʨʴʨ˂ ʨʳ ʳʰʮʬʮʹ ʨʫʭʰʲʨʫ ˄ʨʨ˂ˆʬʩʫʨ ʳʨʲʨʳʵʹ ʫʨ ʻʯˆʸʨ
ʰʮʰʻʳʹʱʰʹ:
±ʪʨʫʨʬ˂ʰʯ, ʯʨʭʨʫʹ, ʨʳʨʮʬʫ ʴʻ ˀʬ˄ʻˆʫʬʩʨ, ʼʻʲʰ
ʸʨʳʫʬʴʰ˂ ʻʴʫʵʫʬʹ, ʬˆʲʨʭʬ ˄ʨʰʾʵʹ. ʰʩʸʻʴʨ ʶʰʸʰ ʹʨʲʨʸʵʹʱʬʴ,
ʪʨʳʵʰʾʵ ʼʻʲʰ ʫʨ ʪʨʳʵʰʺʨʴʨ ʳʻʸʮʨʿʨʴʰʹ ʪʨʫʨʹʨ˂ʬʳʨʯ.
ʳʻʸʮʨʿʨʴʰ, ʸʨ ʯʽʳʨ ʻʴʫʨ, ʨʳ ʫʸʵʹ ʼʻʲʮʬ ʨʸ ʼʰʽʸʵʩʫʨ. ʰʹ
ʲʵʳʰʭʰʯ ʳʰʭʨʸʫʨ ʯʨʭʰʹʰ ʹʨˀʰʴʬʲʰ ˆʨʴˇʲʰʯ ʪʨʪʨʸʰʴʯʨʴ,
ʳʵʻʽʴʰʨ ʳʨʹ ˆʨʴˇʨʲʰ ʫʨ ʶʰʸʭʬʲʰ ˅ʸʰʲʵʩʨ ʳʰʹ˂ʨ ʰʳ ʳʨʸˇʭʬʴʨ
ˆʬʲˀʰ, ʸʵʳʲʰʯʨ˂ ʰʹ ,,ʹʨʪ˃ʨʲʹ³ ʨ˃ʲʬʭʫʨ, ˆʵʲʵ ʳʬʵʸʬ
ʹʨʹʰʱʭʫʰʲʵ ˅ʸʰʲʵʩʨ ʳʰʹ˂ʨ ʳʻ˂ʬʲˀʰ.
ʪʨʪʨʸʰʴʰ ʰʽʭʬ ˄ʨʰʽ˂ʨ ʿʭʰʸʰʲʰʯ:
±ʳʵʳʬˆʳʨʸʬʯ, ʳʵʳʬˆʳʨʸʬʯ. ʨʳ ˄ʻʯʬʩˀʰ ʹʨˀʰʴʬʲ ʹʻʸʨʯʹ
˄ʨʸʳʵʨʫʪʬʴʫʨ ʨʲʩʨʯ ʯʭʰʯ ʳʻʸʮʨʿʨʴʰ ʪʨʹʰʹˆʲʰʨʴʬʩʻʲ
ˆʨʴˇʲʰʯ ˆʬʲˀʰ. ʪʨʨʼʯʸʬʩʻʲʰ ʬʹ ʻʮʨʸʳʨʮʨʸʰ ʨʫʨʳʰʨʴʰ ʫʨʬʸʰʨ
ʪʨʪʨʸʰʴʰʹ ʳʵˆʬʲʬʬʩʹ, ʸʵʪʵʸ˂ ʨʸ˄ʰʭʰ ˄ʰ˄ʰʲʬʩʹ ʫ ʨ ʪʨʰʳʨʸʯʨ
ʷʲʬʺʨ. ʿʭʬʲʨʴʰ ʹ˂ʫʰʲʵʩʫʬʴ ʳʰʹ ˆʬʲʰʫʨʴ ʫʨ˃ʸʵʳʨʹ. ʮʵʪʰ
ˀʱʨʼʬʩˀʰ ˀʬʰʳʨʲʨ, ʮʵʪʰ ʳʨʪʰʫʰʹ ʽʭʬˀ ˀʬ˃ʭʸʨ, ˆʵʲʵ ʪʨʪʨʸʰʴʰʹ
ʨʫʰʻʺʨʴʺʰ ʯʨʲˆʨʴ ʨʸʫʰˀʭʰʲʰ ʨʳʵʾʬʩʻʲʰ ˆʳʲʰʯ ˆʬʲˀʰ
ʳʻʸʮʨʿʨʴʰʹ ʳʵʹʨʱʲʨʭʨʫ ʳʰʰ˄ʬʭʹ. ʳʻʸʮʨʿʨʴʳʨ ʸʵʳ ʰʹ ʫʨʰʴʨˆʨ,
ˀʬˈʿʭʰʸʨ:
±ˀʬʴ ʽʨʸʯʭʬʲʰ ˆʨʸ, ʴʻ ʫʨʳʨʽ˂ʬʭʰʴʬʩ ˀʬʴʹ ʹʰʹˆʲʹʵ.
ʳʨʪʸʨʳ ʨʸʫʰˀʭʰʲʰ ʳʻʸʮʨʿʨʴʰʹ ʨʳʪʭʨʸʳʨ ʳʰʳʨʸʯʭʨʳ ʻʨʸʬʹʨʫ
ʪʨʨʯʨʳʨʳʨ ʫʨ ʳʰʹʳʨ ʯʨʭˆʬʫʵʩʨʳ ʰʳ ʮʵʳʨʳʫʬ ʳʰʨʾ˄ʰʨ, ʸʵʳ ʳʰʭʰʫʨ
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ʳʻʸʮʨʿʨʴʯʨʴ ʫʨ ʳʵʻʽʴʰʨ ʳʨʹ ˆʳʨʲʰ. ʳʻʸʮʨʿʨʴʳʨ ˆʳʨʲʰ ʨʰ˂ʫʰʴʨ
ʫʨ ʻʯˆʸʨ:
±˂ʵʫʭʨ ˀʬʴ ʪʽʵʴʫʬʹ, ʸʵʳ ʪʬʱʨʫʸʬʩʨ, ʶʨʹʻˆʹ ʰʳʰʹʯʨʴʨʹ
ʰʪʬʳʬʩʵ, ± ʫʨ ʶʰʸʫʨʶʰʸ ʪʻʲˀʰ ˆʨʴˇʨʲʰ ˁʨˈʱʸʨ. ʨʸʫʰˀʭʰʲʰ ʰʳ
˄ʻʯˀʰʭʬ ʪʨʳʵʬʯˆʵʭʨ ˄ʻʯʰʹʵʼʬʲʹ.
ʨʳʰʹ ˀʬʳʫʬʪ ʳʻʸʮʨʿʨʴʹ ʳʰʬʶʨʸʨ ʪʨʪʨʸʰʴʰʹ ʳʬʵʸʬ ʳʵˆʬʲʬ
ʰʲʰʴʰ, ʸʵʳʬʲʳʨ˂ ʫʨ˅ʬʸʨ ʳʵʻʴʫʵʳʨ, ˆʬʲʬʩʰ ʪʨʻʱʨʭʨ, ʳʨʪʸʨʳ
ʪʨʩʸʨʮʬʩʻʲʳʨ ʳʻʸʮʨʿʨʴʳʨ ʰʹʬ ˀʬʻʩʸʨʲʬʩʲʨʫ ʨʱʻ˄ʨ ʬʹ ʳʬʺʰˁʨʸʨ
ʯʨʭʰʹʰ ˆʨʴˇʲʰʹ ʳʬʹʨʳʬ ʳʹˆʭʬʸʶʲʰ, ʸʵʳ ʰʹʨ˂ ʳʨʲʬ ʹʻʲʹ ʲʬʭʹ ʫʨ
ʩʬʭʸʰ ˅ʸʰʲʵʩʬʩʰʹʨʪʨʴ ʳʰʹʰ ʹʨˆʰʹ ʪʨʳʵ˂ʴʵʩʨ ˀʬʻ˃ʲʬʩʬʲʰ ˀʬʰʽʴʨ.
ʵʯʨˆˀʰ ʫʨʳʫʪʨʸʰ ʹʰʹˆʲʰʹ ʺʩʨ ʳʨʹ ʨʸ ʨʱʳʨʿʵʼʰʲʬʩʹ ʫʨ ʫʨʬ˃ʬʩʹ
ʹˆʭʨ ʳʵˆʬʲʬʬʩʹ, ʳʨʪʸʨʳ ʸʵʳ ʭʬʸʨʭʰʹ ʴʨˆʻʲʵʩʹ, ʹʺʵʭʬʩʹ
ʪʨʪʨʸʰʴʰʹ ʱʨʩʰʴʬʺʹ ʫʨ ʪʨʸʬʯ ʪʨʳʵʫʰʹ. ʨʳ ʫʸʵʹ ʱʨʸʬʩˀʰ ʳʨʹ
ʻʱʴʰʫʨʴ ʳʰʬʶʨʸʨ ʪʨʪʨʸʰʴʰʹ ʳʮʨʸʬʻʲʰ ʳʨʽʹʰʳʰ, ʸʵʳʬʲʳʨ˂ ʫʨ˅ʬʸʨ
ʳʵʻʴʫʵʳʨ, ʳʨʪʸʨʳ ʳˆʸʬʩʰʹ ʳ˃ʲʨʭʸʰ ʳʵʽʴʬʭʰʯ ʳʻʸʮʨʿʨʴʳʨ ʳʨʹ
ʱʬʫʬʲʮʬ ʺʭʰʴʰ ʳʰʨʹˆʳʬʭʰʴʨ ʫʨ ʯʨʭʰʹ ʪʮʨʹ ʪʨʻʫʪʨ.
ʬʲʭʰʹ ʹʰʹ˄ʸʨʼʰʯ ʳʵʬʫʵ ʬʹ ʨʳʩʨʭʰ ʳʯʬʲʹ ʽʻʯʨʰʹʹ. ʳʨʲʬ
ʪʨʪʨʸʰʴʰʹ ʩʰʴʨʮʬ ʪʨˁʴʫʴʬʴ ˇʨʸʬʩʰ, ʭʰ˂ʬ-ʪʻʩʬʸʴʨʺʵʸʰ ʰʭʨʴʵʭʰ
ʫʨ ʹˆʭʬʩʰ. ʳʻʸʮʨʿʨʴʳʨ ʳʰʰʸʩʰʴʨ ˇʨ˅ʭʰʹ ˆʰʫʯʨʴ, ʹʨʫʨ˂ ʳʨʹ
ʫʨʩʨʸʬʩʰʹʨʳʬʩʸ ʻʴʫʨ ʫʨˆʭʫʵʳʵʫʬʴ ʯʨʭʰʹʰ ʳˆʲʬʩʲʬʩʰ
˂ˆʬʴʵʹʨʴʰ ʹʭʨʴʬʩʰ, ʳʨʪʸʨʳ ʳʰʹʫʨ ʹʨʻʩʬʫʻʸʵʯ, ʰʹʰʴʰ ʳʨʹ ʨʸ
ˆʭʫʬʩʰʨʴ ʫʨ ʨʳʰʺʵʳ ʰ˃ʻʲʬʩʻʲʰ ˆʫʬʩʨ ˀʬʭʰʫʬʹ ʰʽʭʬ ʩʨʽʸʨ˃ʰʹ
ʹʨˆʲˀʰ. ʫʨʫʬʭʴʬʩʻʲʰ ˇʨʸʰ ʫʨ ʨʫʳʰʴʰʹʺʸʨ˂ʰʨ ʳʨʹ ʫʨʬ˃ʬʩʹ
ʿʭʬʲʪʨʴ. ʳʨʲʬ ʳʨʯ ʪʨʳʵʨʸʱʭʰʬʹ, ʸʵʳ ʳʻʸʮʨʿʨʴʰ ʩʨʸʽʨ˃ʰʹ ʹʨˆʲˀʰ
ʰʳʨʲʬʩʵʫʨ. ʨʲʿʨ ˀʬʳʵʨʸʺʿʬʹ ʨʳ ʹʨˆʲʹ. ʨʳ ʹʨˆʲˀʰ ʳʻʸʮʨʿʨʴʰ
ʴʨˆʻʲʵʩʹ ʱʬʫʬʲʮʬ ˁʨʳʵʱʰʫʬʩʻʲ ʯʵʼʹ, ʸʵʳʲʰʯʨ˂ ʨʻʺʬˆʨ
ˇʨʸʹ ʹʸʵʲʨ, ʹʨʳʰ ʹʨʲʫʨʯʰ ʳ˃ʰʳʬʫ ʫʨʹ˅ʸʨ, ʫʨ ʹʨʴʨʳʫʬ ʺʿʭʰʬʩʰ
ʨʸ ˀʬʳʵʬʲʰʨ, ˄ʰʴʨʨʾʳʫʬʪʵʩʨʹ ʪʨʴʨʪʸ˃ʵʩʫʨ. ʰʭʨʴʵʭʳʨ ʻʩʸ˃ʨʴʨ
ˇʨʸʹ, ʸʵʳ ˂ʬ˂ˆʲʰʹ ʨʲˀʰ ʪʨʬˆʭʰʨʯ ʳʻʸʮʨʿʨʴʰ ʫʨ ʳʰʹʰ ʹʨʳʿʵʼʰ
ʹʨˆʲʰ. ʨʹʺʿʫʨ ʹʨˀʰʴʬʲʰ ʹʸʵʲʨ, ʸʵʳʲʰʹ ʫʸʵʹʨ˂ ʳʻʸʮʨʿʨʴʰ
ʫʨʰ˅ʸʨ ʩʬ˅ʬʩˀʰ, ʳʨʪʸʨʳ ʬʹ ʨʸʨʼʸʨʯ ʨʸ ˁʨʨʪʫʵ ʫʨ ˄ʰʴʨʨʾʳʫʬʪʵʩʨʹ
ʪʨʴʨʪʸ˃ʵʩʫʨ, ʹʨʴʨʳʫʬ ʳʰʹ ʵʯʨˆˀʰ ʼʨʴˇʸʰʫʪʨʴ ˀʬʳ˃ʭʸʨʲ ʬʸʯʰ
ʸʻʹʰʹ ʪʨʹʨʶʵʩʨʫ ʳʵʽʴʬʻʲʰ ˆʨʴˇʨʲʰ ʺʨʸʯʨʴ ʨʸ ʪʨʻʺʿʫʨ.
ʨʳʰʹ ˀʬʳʫʬʪ ʳʻʸʮʨʿʨʴʰ ʫʨʬʳʵʸˁʰʲʨ ˇʨʸʹ ʫʨ ʫʨʰ˃ʨˆʨ
ʹʨˆʲʰʫʪʨʴ: ʯʻ ʽʨʸʯʭʬʲʬʩʰ ˆʨʸʯ ʳʨʴʫ ʭʰʴʳʬ, ʳʵʫʰʯ, ʸʻʹʰ ʨʸ

132
ʳʵʳʨʱʨʸʵʯ. ʳʨʹʯʨʴ ˀʬʫʰʨʴ ʽʨʸʯʭʬʲʰ ʵʼʰ˂ʸʬʩʰ, ʸʵʳʲʬʩʳʨ˂ ʰʹ
ʪʨʳʵʰʿʭʨʴʬʹ ʪʨʸʬʯ.
ʳʯʬʲʰ ˆʨʲˆʰ ʽʻˁʨˀʰ ʰʿʵ ʪʨʳʵʼʬʴʰʲʰ. ʸʵ˂ʨ ʰʹ ʽʻˁʨˀʰ
ʪʨʨʺʨʸʬʹ, ʳʨʴ ˀʬˇʪʻʼʻʲ ˆʨʲˆʹ ʫʨʻ˃ʨˆʨ:
±ʱʨʸʪʰ, ʱʨʸʪʰ, ʳʬ ʨʸʨʭʰʴ ʫʨʳʬˆʳʨʸʬʯ, ʳʨʪʸʨʳ ʯʽʭʬʴ˂
ʨʸʨʭʰʹ ʱʨʸʪʰ ʫʾʬ ʨʸ ʳʵʪʬʲʰʹʯʵ.
ʹʨˁʽʨʸʵʯ ʬʹ ʨʳʩʨʭʰ ʬ˂ʴʵʩʨ ʺʼʰʲʰʹʹ. ʹʨʳʰ ʫʾʰʹ ˀʬʳʫʬʪ
ʽʻʯʨʰʹˀʰ ʪʨˁʴʫʨ ʩʨʸʰʨʺʰʴʹʱʰʹ ʳʰʬʸ ʹʨʭʬʲʬ ʹʨʹʨʳʨʸʯʲʵʹ
ʯʨʭʳˇʫʵʳʨʸʬʫ ʫʨʴʰˀʴʻʲʰ ʯʨʭʨʫʰ ʩʬʽʨʯʩʬʪʵʭʰ. ʳʻʸʮʨʿʨʴʰ
ʩʬ˅ʬʩˀʰ ʳʰʾʬʩʻʲʰ ˅ʸʰʲʵʩʰʹʨʪʨʴ ʹʨˀʰʴʲʨʫ ʰʺʨʴˇʬʩʵʫʨ, ʳʨʪʸʨʳ
ʨʳʨʴ ʹʨʭʬʲʬ ʹʨʹʨʳʨʸʯʲʵ ʭʬʸ ˀʬʨˁʬʸʨ ʫʨ ʰʹʰ˂ ˀʬʻʫʪʨ ʳʻʸʮʨʿʨʴʰʹ
ʹʨʽʳʰʹ ʪʨʸˁʬʭʨʹ.
ʳʻʸʮʨʿʨʴʳʨ ʭʬʽʰʲʨʫ ʳʵʰʯˆʵʭʨ ʱʵʲʻʩʰʨʱʰʴʰ, ʳʨʪʸʨʳ
ʸʨʫʪʨʴʨ˂ ʰʹ ʽʻʯʨʰʹˀʰ ʨʸ ʰʳʿʵʼʬʩʵʫʨ, ʳʰʹ ʳʨʪʰʭʸʨʯ ʯʭʰʯʵʴ
ʹʨʹʨʳʨʸʯʲʵʳ ʫʨʻʴʰˀʴʨ ʳʨʹ ʫʨʳ˂ʭʬʲʨʫ ʽʻʯʨʰʹʰʹ ʨˆʨʲʰ
ʪʻʩʬʸʴʨʺʵʸʰ ʰʭʨʴʵʭʰ. ʹʨʭʬʲʬ ʹʨʹʨʳʨʸʯʲʵʹ ʳʻʸʮʨʿʨʴʰ ˄ʨʸʻʫʪʨ
ʫʨ ʪʻʲʨˆʫʰʲʨʫ ʪʨʴʻ˂ˆʨʫʨ:
±,,ʪʨʪʨʸʰʴʰ ʳʵʭʱʨʲʰ ʳˆʵʲʵʫ ʳʨˀʰʴ, ʸʵ˂ʨ ʯʨʭʰʹʰ ˁʬʳʫʨʳʰ
˂ʻʫʰ ʳʵʽ˂ʬʭʰʯ ʳʵʯʳʰʴʬʩʰʹʨʪʨʴ ʪʨʳʵʳʰʿʭʨʴʨ, ʯʵʸʬʳ ʰʹ ʳʬ ʨʸ
ʳ˃ʻʲʫʨ, ʫʨ ʭ˄ʻˆʭʨʸ, ʸʵʳ ʳʵʭʱʨʲʰ. ʿʭʬʲʨʼʬʸʰ ʬʹ ʳʵʿʭʨ ʰʳʨʹ, ʸʵʳ
ʰʹ ʳʬ ʻʮʸʫʬʲʨʯ ʳʵʳʬʽ˂ʨ ˁʬʳʯʭʰʹ ʪʨʴʹʨ˂ʫʬʲʰʹ ʷʨʳʹ. ʿʭʰʸʰʲʹʨ
ʫʨ ʫʨʳ˂ʰʸʬʩʨʹ ʳʬ, ʹʭʨʴʬʯʰʹ ʳʼʲʵʩʬʲʰ, ʳʰˁʭʬʻʲʰ ʨʸ ʭʰʿʨʭʰ,
ʭʬʸ˂ ʬˆʲʨ ʨʭʰʺʨʴʬ ʨʹʬʯʰ ʫʨʳ˂ʰʸʬʩʨ. ʳʨʸʯʨʲʰʨ, ʪʻʲʨˆʫʰʲʨʯ
ʭʨʳʩʵʩ, ʸʵʳ ʳʬ ʳʰʴʫʵʫʨ ʻʹʲʨʸʰʹ ʫʨ ʩʨʸʯʵʲʵʳʬʰʹ ʳʵʱʭʲʨ,
ʸʵʳʲʬʩʳʨ˂ ʯʨʭʰʹʰ ʪʭʬʲʻʸʰ ʳʵʽʳʬʫʬʩʰʯ ʳʬ ʹʰ˂ʵ˂ˆʲʬ
ʪʨʳʰˀˆʨʳʬʹ, ʪʨʪʨʸʰʴʰ ˁʬʳ ʳʰʳʨʸʯ ˀʬ˂ʫʵʳʨˀʰ ˀʬʰʿʭʨʴʬʹ ʫʨ ʫʾʬʹ
ʵʸʰʭʬʴʰ ʫʨʪʭʾʻʶʬʹ. ʭ˄ʻˆʭʨʸ, ʸʵʳ ʰʳʨʯʰ ʳʵʱʭʲʨ ʨʸ ʳʬʾʰʸʹʨ.
ʨʸʫʰˀʭʰʲʳʨ ˃ʨʲʰʯ ʳʵʳʨʱʭʲʬʭʰʴʨ ʯʨʭʰ. ʳʬ ʳʨʯʯʭʰʹ ʾʵʴʰʯ ʸʵʳ
ʨʸ ʳʬˇʵʩʴʨ, ʰʹʰʴʰ ʳʬ ʳʵʳʱʲʨʭʫʬʴ. ʿʭʬʲʨʹʰ ˂ʵʫʭʨ ˈʽʵʴʫʬʹ
ʻʹʲʨʸʹ, ʸʵʳʬʲʳʨ˂ ʺʿʻʰʲʨ-ʻʩʸʨʲʵʫ ʨʹʬʯʰ ʻʩʬʫʻʸʬʩʨ
ʫʨʨʺʸʰʨʲʨ. ʭʰ˂ʰ, ʳʬ ʳ˃ʰʳʬ ʹʨʹˇʬʲʰ ʳʵʳʬʲʰʹ, ʳʨʪʸʨʳ ʴʨ˃ʸʨˆ
ʹʰ˂ʵ˂ˆʲʬʹ ʹʨˆʬʲʵʭʨʴʰ ʹʰʱʭʫʰʲʰ ʳʰʸˁʬʭʴʰʨ ʫʨ ʸʨ˂ ʪʰʴʫʨʯ, ʰʹ
ʳʰʽʬʴʰʯʵ³
ʹʨʭʬʲʬ ʹʨʹʨʳʨʸʯʲʵʳ ʳʨʹ ʹʰʱʭʫʰʲʰʯ ʫʨʹˇʨ
ʪʨʫʨʻ˄ʿʭʰʺʨ, ʸʵʳʬʲʰ˂ ʳʬʵʸʬ ʫʾʬʹʭʬ, ʬ. ʰ. 5 ʴʵʬʳʩʬʸʹ,
ʹʰʹʸʻʲʬˀʰ ʰʽʴʨ ʳʵʿʭʨʴʰʲʰ. ʳʻʸʮʨʿʨʴʰ ʨʽʨ˂ ʪʳʰʸʻʲʨʯ ʫʨ
133
ʾʰʳʰʲʰʯ ʻˀʭʬʸʹ ʳʱʬʸʫʹ ʺʿʭʰʨʹ, ʫʨ ʰʹʬ ʱʭʫʬʩʨ. ʳʰʹ ʫʨˆʭʸʬʺʰʹ
ˀʬʳʫʬʪ ʪʨʭʰʫʨ ʵʸʰ ʫʾʬ. ˆʬʲʳ˄ʰʼʰʹʨʪʨʴ ʳʰʾʬʩʻʲ ʰʽʳʴʨ ʩʸ˃ʨʴʬʩʨ,
ʳʻʸʮʨʿʨʴʰʹʯʭʰʹ ˆʬʲʰ ʨʸ ʬˆʲʵʯ, ʳʨʪʸʨʳ ʪʭʰʨʴʾ ʰʿʵ, ʳʨʹʯʨʴ
ʨʴʪʨʸʰˀʬʩʰ ʪʨʹ˄ʵʸʬʩʻʲʰ ʰʿʵ. ʳʰʹʰ ʪʭʨʳʰ ʨʸʽʰʬʲʰʹ ʪʵʸʨʮʬ
ʳʰʨʩʨʸʬʹ ʳʰ˄ʨʹ. ʨʳ ʨʫʪʰʲʨʹ ˀʬʳʫʬʪˀʰ ʳʰʹʳʨ ˂ʵʲʳʨ ʨʨˀʬʴʨ ˄ʳ.
ʪʰʵʸʪʰʹ ʬʱʲʬʹʰʨ.
ʻʹʨʳʨʸʯʲʵʩʰʹʨʯʭʰʹ ʱ. ʫʨʫʬˀʽʬʲʰʨʴʰʹ ʻʱʨʴʨʹʱʴʬʲʰ
ʯʨʭʪʨʴ˄ʰʸʻʲʰ ʩʸ˃ʵʲʨ ʫʨ ʭʨʷʱʨ˂ʻʸʰ ʹʰʱʭʫʰʲʰ ˆʨʲˆʻʸ ʮʬʶʰʸ-
ʹʰʺʿʭʰʬʸʬʩʨˀʰ ʪʨʲʬʽʹʰʲʰʨ ˀʬʳʫʬʪʰ ʹʨˆʰʯ.

‰Œ¢€Œ¢ˆŒ„ ƒ€ƒ„–“„Šˆ€Œˆ
(ˁʨʳʨ˄ʬʸʰʴʨ ʯʨʭʰʹʰ ʩʨʩʻʰʹ ʱʨ˂ʵʹ ʴʨʨʳʩʵʩʰʫʪʨʴ ʹʭʨʴʬʯˀʰ ʰʸʨʱʲʰ
ʽʻʸʨʹʶʬʫʰʨʴʳʨ)

ʱʵʴʹʺʨʴʺʰʴʬ ʫʨʫʬˀʽʬʲʰʨʴʰʹ ʽʬʩʨ ʪʨʴʯʽʳʻʲʰ ʽʭʬʿʨʴʨʮʬʵ,

ʹʭʨʴʬʯʰʫʪʨʴ ˄ʨʳʵʹʻʲʨ ʪʨˇʨʭʸʬʩʻʲʰ ʪʻʲʮʬʵ,
ʪʨʪʨʸʰʴʳʨ ʫʨʰʩʨʸʨ ʸʨʾʨ˂ ʹ˄ʸʨʼʰ ʹʨʽʳʬʮʬʵ,
,,ʸʻʹʬʯˀʰ ʻʴʫʨ ˄ʨˆʭʰʫʬ, ʴʨˆʳʵʩʰ ˆʨʸ ʸʨ˂ˆʨʮʬʵ,
ˆʬʳ˄ʰʼʰʹʨ ʩʸ˃ʨʴʬʩʨʨ, ʭʬʸ ʪʨʫʨʻˆʭʬʭʯ ʪʨʴʮʬʵ,
ʹʨʳʰ ˂ˆʬʴʰ ʫʨ ʺʸʵʰʱʨ ʳʮʨʯ ʨʸʰʹ ʬʮʲʨʭ ʱʨʸʮʬʵ.
±ʹʭʨʴʬʯʰʫʪʨʴ ˁʨʳʬʭʬʫʰ, ʳʵʭʨʲ ʶʰʸʫʨʶʰʸ ˀʬʴʯʨʴʨʵ
ˀʭʰʲʬʩʰ ʳʿʨʭʹ ʹʨʹ˄ʨʭʲʬʩʲʨʯ, ʨʸ ʭʿʵʼʰʲʭʨʸ ʨʸ˂ ʬʸʯʯʨʴʵ,
˄ʨʭʨʲ ʫʨ ʳʨʯ ʭʰʴʨˆʻʲʬʩ, ʳʨʲʬ ʳʵʭʨʲ ʯʽʭʬʴʯʨʴʨʵ.
±ʳʬ ʨʽʬʯʪʨʴ ʭʬʸ ʪʨʪʰˀʵʩ, ʴʻ ʳʬʴʫʻʸʰ ʳʨʪʨʮʬʵ,
ˀʬʴ ʹʭʨʴʰ ˆʨʸ, ʨʸ ʪʬ˃ʸʨˆʭʰʹ, ʪʨʰʶʨʸʬʩʰ ʪʮʨʮʬʵ.
ʬʹ ʸʵʳ ʱʵʴʹʺʨʴʺʰʹʴ ʳʵʬʹʳʨ, ˆʬʲʰ ʪʨʰʹʭʨ ˆʳʨʲʮʬʵ,
±ʳʬ ʹʭʨʴʰ ʭʨʸ, ʨʸ ʳʬʱʨʫʸʰʹ, ʻʴʫʨ ʪʨʭʰʫʬ ʪʭʨʸʮʬʵ.
ʪʨʪʨʸʴʹ ˀʬʳʵʻʽʴʰʨ, ʯʨʭʰ ʳʵʹʯʨʲʨ ʳˆʨʸʮʬʵ,
ʹʨʳʰ ʱʨ˂ʰ ʸʵʳ ʳʵʻʱʲʨ, ˆʳʨʲʰ ʪʨʻʺʿʫʨ ˀʭʨʮʬʵ,
ʳʰʭʨ ʫʨ ʪʻʲʮʬ ʳʰʰʱʸʨʭʹ ʫʨ ʪʨʫʨʱʵ˂ʴʰʹ ʺʨʸʮʬʵ,
ˀʬʴ ʸʵʳ ʳʯʬʲʰ ʫʨʳʸˁʬʴʵʫʰ, ˀʬʭʨʹʸʻʲʬʩʫʰ ˂ˆʸʨʮʬʵ,
ʿʭʬʲʨ ʪʨʼʨʴʺ-ʪʨʳʵʼʨʴʺʨ, ʬʸʯʰ ʹʺʵʲ ʽʭʬˀ ˀʬʻ˃ʭʸʬʹʵ,
ʱʵʴʹʺʨʴʺʰʴʬ ʪʨʳʬʭʰʫʨ, ʻʴʫʨ ʸʰʵʴˀʰ ˁʨʭʨʸʫʬʹʵ,
±ʳʬ ʸʵʳ ˄ʿʨʲˀʰ ˁʨʭʭʨʸʫʬ, ʹʰʸ˂ˆʭʰʲʰʨ ˁʬʳ ʯʨʭʹʨʵ.
ʳʰʭʨ ʫʨ ˃ʨʲʰʯ ˀʬʹʺʬˆʨʭʹ ʭʰʾʨ˂ ʩʨʽʸʨ˃ʰʹ ʹʨˆʲʹʨʵ,
134
 ʽʨʲʬʩʰ ʨʱʰʭʲʫʬʩʰʨʴ ± ʭʰʴ ˀʬʳʵʭʨʸʫʨ ʬʹʨʵ,
ʭʨʰ ʸʨ ʩʬʫʰ ʪʭʬ˄ʭʰʨ ˁʭʬʴ ʻʩʬʫʻʸʬʩʹ ʫʾʬʹʨʵ.
±ʯʽʭʬʴ, ʫʬʩʵ, ʴʻ ʪʬˀʰʴʰʨʯ, ʳʬ ʨʸ ʪʰˀʨʭʬʩʯ ʨʸʨʼʬʸʹ,
ʳʺʸʰʹʪʨʴ ʪʨʳʵʭʽ˂ʬʻʲʭʨʸ, ʯʵʸʬʳ ʪʨʰʪʬʩʯ ʿʭʬʲʨʼʬʸʹ.
˄ʿʨʲˀʰ ʽʻʫʰ ʪʨʫʨʨʪʫʵ, ʬʪʬʩ ʭʬʪʵʴʵ ʪʨʳˆʸˁʭʨʲʰʵ,
ʳʨʪʸʨʳ ʰʳ ʻʸˇʻʲʵʬʩʳʨ ʰʽ ʳʰʨʿʬʴʬʹ ʳʯʲʨʯ ˇʨʸʰʵ,
ʳʨˀʰʴʨ ʯʽʭʨ ʱʵʴʹʺʨʴʺʰʴʬʳ: ʴʬʺʨʭʰ ʹʭʨʴʬʯʰʹ ʳʯʨʮʬ ʫʨʳʹʭʨʵ,
ˇʨʸʰ ʰʹʬ ʫʨʳˆʭʰʨ, ʸʵʪʵʸ˂ ʩʨʲʨʴʰ ʯʨʭʹʨʵ,
ʨʹʰ ʱʨ˂ʰ ˆʬʲʹ ʻʱʸʨʭʫʨ, ʭʬʸ ʪʨʪʭʬʽ˂ʬʭʰ ʭʬʸʹʨʫʵ,
ʪʨʪʨʸʰʴʰʹ ʯʨʭʰʹ ʳʵ˂ʲʨ ˀʬʴ ʫʨʪʰˇʫʬʩʨ ʼʨʹʨʫʵ,
ˆʬʲʳ˄ʰʼʰʹʨ ʩʸ˃ʨʴʬʩʨʨ ʱʵʴʹʺʨʴʺʰʴʬ ʫʨˆʭʸʰʺʬʯʵ,
ʽʨʲʰ-ʱʨ˂ʰ ʪʨʰʿʭʨʴʬʯ ʹʻʲʿʭʬʲʨʹ ʫʨʨʴʨˆʭʬʯʵ,
ʪʨʰʿʭʨʴʬʹ ʱʵʴʹʺʨʴʺʰʴʬ, ʮʬ ʳʰʨʱʸʬʹ ˆʬʮʬʫʨʵ,
ʯʭʨʲʬʩʰʫʪʨʴ ˂ʬ˂ˆʲʹ ʨʼʸʽʭʬʭʫʨ ˃ʭʬʲʬʴʻʸʰʹ ʼʬʸʮʬʫʨʵ.
ˆʻʯʰ ʺʿʭʰʨ ˀʻʩʲˀʰ ʫʨˈʱʸʬʹ, ʨʯˇʬʸ ʳʬʺʰ ʼʬʸʫʮʬʫʨʵ,
ʶʰʸʰʹʨˆʬ ʻ˂ʰʴʵʫʨ, ʯˆʰʲʰʹ ʱʨʱʨʲʰ ʬʪʵʴʨ.

ʳʻʸʮʨʿʨʴʰʹ ʨʫʪʰʲ-ʳʨʳʻʲʰ ʨʳʰʹ ˀʬʳʫʬʪ ʹʨˆʨʮʰʴʵʯ

ˁʨʰʸʰ˂ˆʨ, ʳʰʹʰ ˃ʳʬʩʰ ʫʨ ˂ʵʲ-ˀʭʰʲʰ ʹʭʨʴʬʯʰʫʪʨʴ ʰʽʴʬʴ
ʪʨʫʨʹʨˆʲʬʩʻʲʰ.
ʨʳʴʨʰʸʨʫ ʩʵʲʵ ʳʵʬʾʵ ʳʻʸʮʨʿʨʴʰʹʨ ʫʨ ʳʰʹʰ
ˀʯʨʳʵʳʨʭʲʵʩʰʹ ʩʨʺʵʴʵʩʨʹ ʹʭʨʴʬʯˀʰ. ˆʵʲʵ ʳʻʸʮʨʿʨʴʰʹ
ʳʺʸʵʩʰʯ ʹʭʨʴʬʯʰʫʪʨʴ ʫʬʭʴʰʲʰ, ʰʹʲʨʳʰʹ ʳʰʬʸ ʳʵʱʲʻʲ
ʮʬʳʵˆʹʬʴʬʩʻʲ ˇʨʴʹʻˆʰʹ ˀʭʰʲʰ ʯʬʴʪʰʮʰ, ʬʹ ˀʬʳʫʬʪˀʰ ʳʬʼʰʹ
ʲʨʽʰʨʯ ʽ˂ʬʻʲʰ ʫʨ ʹʨʳˀʵʩʲʵ ʽʭʬʿʴʰʹ ʪʨʳʿʰʫʭʬʲʵʩʰʯ
ʹʨˆʬʲʪʨʴʯʽʳʻʲʰ, ʪʨʩʨʺʵʴʫʨ ʹʭʨʴʬʯˀʰ 89).
ʬʹ ʰʹʺʵʸʰʻʲʰ ʬʶʰʮʵʫʰ ʳˀʭʬʴʰʭʸʨʫ ʨˆʨʹʰʨʯʬʩʹ
ʯʭʰʯʳʶʿʸʵʩʬʲʵʩʰʹ ˁʰʴʵʭʴʰʱʬʩʰʹ ʳʵʾʭʨ˄ʬʵʩʨʹ ˁʭʬʴʹ ʽʭʬʿʨʴʨˀʰ,
ʭʰʴʨʰʫʨʴ ʸʵ˂ʨ ʳʻʸʮʨʿʨʴʰʹ ʹʨˆʲ-ʱʨʸʰ ʫʨ ʨʫʪʰʲ-ʳʨʳʻʲʰ
ˇʨʴʹʻˆʳʨ ʪʨʨʴʨʫʪʻʸʨ, ˁʭʰʫʳʬʺʰ ʱʨʸʰʹ-ʱʨ˂ʰ ʳʵʻʱʲʨ, ʳʰʹʰ ʫʨ
ʺʿʭʬʫ ˄ʨʰʿʭʨʴʨ, ˆʵʲʵ ʳʻʸʮʨʿʨʴʰʹ ʩʬʩʰʨ ˂ʰˆʰʫʪʨʴ ʪʨʫʳʵʨʪʫʵ,
ʳʨˀʰʴ ʳʯʨʭʸʵʩʨʳ ʱʸʰʴʺʰ ʨʸ ʫʨʹ˃ʸʨ, ˆʵʲʵ ʨʳʰʹʯʨʴʨ ʭʬʲʻʸ
ʹʨʽ˂ʰʬʲʰʹ ˁʨʳʫʬʴ ʬʱʨʺʬʸʰʴʬʹ ,,ˀʭʰʲʵʩʰʲ³ˇʨʴʹʻˆʰʹ ʳʵʱʭʲʨʮʬ
ʻʹʲʨʸʳʨ ,,ʽʨʲʩʨʺʵʴʰʹ ˆʨʯʸʰʯ³ʨʹʬʯʰ ʻʩʬʫʻʸʬʩʨ ʫʨʨʺʸʰʨʲʨ ʨʳ
ʹʨʽʳʬˀʰ ʻʫʨʴʨˀʨʻʲʵ ʳʻʸʮʨʿʨʴʰʹ ʪʨʸˀʬʳʵ.

135
 ʨʳʴʨʰʸʨʫ ʫʨʳʨʸ˂ˆʫʨ ʳʻʸʮʨʿʨʴʰ ʫʨ ʪʨʰʳʨʸˇʭʨ ʯʬʴʪʰʮʳʨ,
ʸʵʳʬʲʰ˂ 1858 ˄ʬʲʹ ʻʩʸʻʴʫʬʩʨ ʹʭʨʴʬʯʹ ʯʨʭʰʹʰ ˃ʳʬʩʰʯ (ʪʬʲʨ,
ʩʬʽʰʸʩʰ) ʫʨ ʫʨʬʶʨʺʸʵʴʨ ʬ˂ʬʸ-˂ˆʻʳʨʸʹ. ʩʬˁʵʹ ʳʼʲʵʩʬʲʰʹ
ʵʯʨʸʰʹ ˀʭʰʲʰ ʩʬʽʰʸʩʰ˂, ʸʵʳʬʲʰ˂ ʩʨˆʹʨʴˀʰ ʰʳʿʵʼʬʩʵʫʨ, 1859 ˄.
ʻʩʸʻʴʫʬʩʨ ʹʭʨʴʬʯʹ ʫʨ ʰ˄ʿʬʩʹ ʨʽ ˂ˆʵʭʸʬʩʨʹ. ʳʨʫʨʪʨˆʹʴʰʲ ʯʨʭʨʫʹ
ʯʬʴʪʰʮʹ ʨʳʰʹ ˀʬʳʫʬʪ ʨʾʬ˃ʸʨ ʹʻʸʭʰʲʰ, ʸʵʳ ʩʵʲʵ ʳʵʾʬʩʵʫʨ ʳʰʹ
ʩʰ˃ʨˀʭʰʲʬʩʰʹ, ʩʬˁʵʹ ʯʨʭʨʫʬʩʰʹ, ʨʸʹʬʩʵʩʨʹ. ʹʭʨʴʬʯʰʹ ʨˆʨʲʰ
ʳʼʲʵʩʬʲʰ ʯʬʴʪʰʮʰ ʰʳʫʬʴʨʯ ʯʨʭʹ ʰʳ˂ʰʸʬʩʹ, ʸʵʳ ʳʨʲʬ ʹʭʨʴʬʯʰʹ
ʩʵʽʨʻʲʰʹ ʯʨʴʨˀʬʳ˄ʬʯ ʰʴʰˀʴʬʩʨ. ʨʳʰʹ ˀʬʳʫʬʪ ʰʹ ʻʼʸʵ
ʪʨʴʨʳʺʱʰ˂ʬʩʹ ʳʬʪʵʩʸʵʩʨʹ ʳʨˀʰʴʫʬʲ ʳʬʼʰʹ ʳʵˆʬʲʬʬʩʯʨʴ,
ʸʵʳʬʲʯʨ ˀʬʳ˄ʬʵʩʰʯʨ˂ ʰ˄ʿʬʩʹ ʳʻˀʨʵʩʨʹ ʩʬˁʵʹ ʯʨʭʨʫʬʩʰʹ
ʹʨ˄ʰʴʨʨʾʳʫʬʪʵʯ ˀʬʳʫʬʪʰ ʹʨʩʻʯʬʩʰʯ: 1852 ˄. ʪʨʸʫʨ˂ʭʨʲʬʩʻʲʰ
ʩʬˁʵʹ ʩʨʺʵʴʰ ʵʯʨʸʰ ʸʻʹʬʯʰʹ ʳʬʼʰʹ ʳʰʬʸ ʰʽʳʴʨ ʳʰʶʨʺʰʷʬʩʻʲʰ
ʸʨʳʵʫʬʴʰʳʬ ˄ʲʰʹ ˄ʰʴʨʯ ʶʬʺʬʸʩʻʸʪˀʰ, ʹʨʫʨ˂ ʰʹ ʪʨʬʳʪʮʨʭʸʨ
ʩʬˁʵʹ ʳʯʰʯ. ʯʬʸʪʰʹ ʵʲʽˀʰ ʹʵʼ. ʩʨˆʹʨʴˀʰ ʰʹ ʬʹʺʻʳʸʨ ʰʽʨʻʸ
ʩʨʺʵʴʹ ʻʸʻʹʩʰʬʭʹ. ʨʽ ʳʨʹ ʳʵʬ˄ʵʴʨ ʳʨʹʶʰʴ˃ʲʰʹ ʽʨʲʰˀʭʰʲʰ, ʸʰʹ
ʪʨʳʵ˂ ʫʨʰʭʰ˄ʿʨ ʸʻʹʬʯˀʰ ˄ʨʹʭʲʨ, ʪʨʫʨʹ˄ʿʭʰʺʨ ʳʰʹʰ ˂ʵʲʨʫ
ˀʬʸʯʭʨ. ʳʨʪʸʨʳ ʨʳ ʳʰʮʴʰʹ ʳʰʹʨʾ˄ʬʭʨʯ ʳʰʹʯʭʰʹ ʹʨ˅ʰʸʵ ˀʬʰʽʴʨ
ʪʨʳʨˈʳʨʫʰʨʴʬʩʨ. ʽʨʲʰʹ ʹʰʿʭʨʸʻʲʰʯ ʫʨʩʸʳʨʭʬʩʻʲʰ ʵʯʨʸʰ
ʨʳʨʮʬ˂ ʯʨʴˆʳʫʬʩʨ ʫʨ ʨʳʰʹ ˀʬʳʫʬʪ ʰʸʯʨʭʹ ʻʸʻʹʩʰʬʭʰʹ
ʽʨʲʰˀʭʰʲʹ.
ʨʳ ʪʨʸʬʳʵʬʩʰʯ ˀʬʳʫʬʪˀʰ ʹʨʸʪʬʩʲʵʩʹ ʯʬʴʪʰʮʰ ʫʨ
ʨʸ˄ʳʻʴʬʩʹ ʳʯʨʭʸʵʩʨʹ, ʸʵʳ ʩʬˁʵʹ ʯʨʭʨʫʬʩʰʹ ʪʨʳʨˈʳʨʫʰʨʴʬʩʨ
ʳʯʬʲʹ ʹʭʨʴʬʯʹ ʻʽʨʫʰʹ ʪʨʳʨˈʳʨʫʰʨʴʬʩʨʹ ʫʨ ʨʳʰʹ ʯʭʰʫʨʴ
ʨʹʨ˂ʰʲʬʩʲʨʫ ʹʨ˅ʰʸʵʨ ʩʬˁʵʹ ʯʨʭʨʫʬʩʰʹ ʹʭʨʴʬʯʰʫʨʴ
ʪʨʫʨʹʨˆʲʬʩʨʵ. ʯʬʴʪʰʮʹ ʱʨʸʪʨʫ ˈʽʵʴʫʨ ʪʨʯʭʨʲʰʹ˄ʰʴʬʩʻʲʰ, ʸʵʳ
ʵʯʨʸʰʹ ʹʨʽ˂ʰʬʲʰʯ ʪʨʴʸʰʹˆʬʩʻʲʰ ʳʬʼʬ ʳʨʯ ˄ʰʴʨʫʨʫʬʩʨʹ
ʳʵʰ˄ʵʴʬʩʫʨ ʫʨ ʬʹ ʨʹʬ˂ ʳʵˆʫʨ. ʻʳʨʾʲʬʹʳʨ ʳʯʨʭʸʵʩʨʳ ʳʨʲʬ
ʫʨʨʫʪʰʴʨ ʩʬˁʵʹ ʯʨʭʨʫʬʩʰʹ ʹʭʨʴʬʯʰʫʨʴ ʹˆʭʨʪʨʴ ʪʨʫʨʹʨˆʲʬʩʨ,
ʨʫʪʰʲ-ʳʨʳʻʲʰʹ ˁʨʳʵʸʯʳʬʭʨ ʫʨ ʳʬʳʱʭʰʫʸʬʵʩʰʯ ʳʬʼʰʹ ʬʸʯʪʻʲ
ʯʬʴʪʰʮʰʹʯʭʰʹ ʪʨʫʨ˂ʬʳʨ, ʳʨʯʰ ʪʭʨʸʰʹ ʫʨʫʬˀʽʬʲʰʨʴʰʹ ʵʯʨʸʵʭʨʯ
ʪʨʫʨʱʬʯʬʩʨ. ʳʨʪʸʨʳ ʪʨʪʨʸʰʴʹʨ ʫʨ ʳʻʸʮʨʿʨʴʹ ˀʵʸʰʹ ʳʵʳˆʫʨʸʰ
ʺʸʨʾʰʱʻʲʰ ʬʶʰʮʵʫʰʹ ʳʰˆʬʫʭʰʯ ʨʸ˂ ʰʹʬ ʨʫʭʰʲʰ ʰʿʵ ʰʳ ʷʨʳʨʫ
ʩʬˁʵʹ ʯʨʭʨʫʬʩʰʹ ʹʭʨʴʬʯʰʫʨʴ ʪʨʫʨʹʨˆʲʬʩʨ, ʸʵʪʵʸ˂
ʳʯʨʭʸʵʩʰʹʯʭʰʹ, ʨʪʸʬʯʭʬ ʯʭʰʯ ʯʬʴʪʰʮʰʹʯʭʰʹʨ˂, ʨʳʰʺʵʳ ʨʳ
ʳʰʮʴʰʹ ʹʰʹʸʻʲʬˀʰ ʳʵʿʭʨʴʨ ʳʨˀʰʴ ˀʬˁʬʸʬʩʻʲʰ ʰʿʵ, ˆʵʲʵ ʸʵ˂ʨ
136
ʸʻʹʬʯʰʹ ʳʯʨʭʸʵʩʨʳ ʹʭʨʴʬʯˀʰ ʹʨʱʳʨʵʯ ʳʵʰʱʰʫʨ ʼʬˆʰ, ʳʨˀʰʴ
ʯʬʴʪʰʮʰʹ ˀʭʰʲʬʩʳʨ ʵʯʨʸʳʨ ʫʨ ʯʨʯʨʸʿʨʴʳʨ ʳʯʨʭʸʵʩʨʹ
ʹʰʹʸʻʲʬˀʰ ʳʵʨʿʭʨʴʰʴʬʹ ʮʬʳʵˆʹʬʴʬʩʻʲʰ ʫʨʫʪʬʴʰʲʬʩʨ ʫʨ
ʨʳʴʨʰʸʨʫ ʫʨʹ˂ʬʹ ʩʬˁʵʹ ʯʨʭʨʫʬʩʰʹ ʨʸʹʬʩʵʩʨ ʫʨ ʳʵʻʹʶʬʹ ʳʨʯ
ʿʵʭʬʲʪʭʨʸʰ ʻʼʲʬʩʸʰʭʰ ʫʨ ʽʵʴʬʩʸʰʭʰ ʹʨˀʻʨʲʬʩʨ
˂ˆʵʭʸʬʩʰʹʨʯʭʰʹ 90).

85ǸȈȗȖȘȚdzȍȊȈȕȈǬȈȌȐȈȕȐȋȘȈȜțǷȈșȒȍȊȐȟțȅȘȐȊȈȕșȒȖȔțȖȚȖȒȧȊȘȧȋȹ
373.
86) ǹȐȔ. ȅșȈȌȏȍ. ǰșȚȖȘȐȟȍșȒȈȧȏȈȗȐșȒȈȖȉțȗȘȈȊ. DzȈȊȒȈȏȖȔ. Ǻ. 1. ǹȚȘ. Ȑ.
87) ʹˆʭʨ ʰʹʺʵʸʰʻʲʰ ˄ʿʨʸʵʬʩʰʹ ʳʰˆʬʫʭʰʯ ʬʹ ʨʽʺʰ ʻʴʫʨ ʳʵʳˆʫʨʸʰʿʵ ʨʸʨ
1833 ˄., ʨʸʨʳʬʫ 1842 ˄.
88ǹȐȔ. ȅșȈȌȏȍ. ʰʽʭʬ.
89) 1875 ˄. ʳʨʴ ˆʬʲʵʭʴʻʸʨʫ ʹʭʨʴʬʯʰʹ ʨˇʨʴʿʬʩʨʹ ˆʬʲʰ ˀʬʻ˄ʿʵ, ʳʬʸʳʬ ʳʰʹ
ˁʨʽʸʵʩʨˀʰ ʳʯʨʭʸʵʩʨʹ ʳʰʬʳˆʸʵ ʫʨ ʳʰʹʰ ʪʻʲʰ ʳʵʰʪʵ. ˀʬʳʫʬʪ 1876 ˄. ʵʸʰ ʿʨˁʨʾʰʹ
ʫʨʹʨ˅ʬʸʨʫ ʱʰʫʬʭ ʹʭʨʴʬʯˀʰ ˇʨʸʰʹ ʳʵʹʭʲʨ ʳʵʨ˄ʿʵ. ˆʨʲʫʬˀʰ ʨˇʨʴʿʬʩʨ ˀʬʯˆʮʨ ʫʨ
ʳʨʯ ʫʨʹʨʸʩʬʭʨʫ ʹʭʨʴʬʩʰʹ ʪʨʳʵʿʭʨʴʰʯ ʳʯʨʭʸʵʩʰʹ ʯʭʨʲˀʰ ʹʨˆʬʲʰ ʫʨʰʳʹʨˆʻʸʨ.
90) ʳʬ˂ˆʸʨʳʬʺʬ ʹʨʻʱʻʴʰʹ ʯ. ʫʨʫʬˀʽʬʲʰʨʴʬʩʰʹ ʫʨ ʹʨʬʸʯʵʫ ʹʭʨʴʬʯʰʹ
ʯʨʭʪʨʫʨʹʨʭʲʰʹ ʨʾ˄ʬʸʰʹ ʫʸʵʹ ʳʬ ʭˆʬʲʳ˃ʾʭʨʴʬʲʵʩʫʰ ʻʳʯʨʭʸʬʹʨʫ ʹʭʨʴʬʯˀʰ
ʹʨˆʬʲʪʨʴʯʽʳʻʲʰ ,,ʩʨʶʰʹ³ʳʵˆʻ˂ ʪʰʵʸʪʰ ʳʨʸʪʰʨʴʰʹ ʹ˄ʵʸʰ ʰʹʺʵʸʰʻʲʰ ˂ʴʵʩʬʩʰʯ,
ʲʨʺʨʲˀʰ ʳ˂ˆ. ʳʵˆʻ˂ ʼʨ˂ʰ ˀʻʱʭʨʴʰʹ ʴʨʨʳʩʵʩʰʯ ʫʨ ʩʵʸʵʮʫʰʴʰʹ ˂ʴʵʩʬʩʰʯʨ˂.

‡€…ˆ‘’€Šˆ …€Œ„‡ˆ 1875-76 ¡. ¡. €›€Œ•„€

ʳʰʹ ˀʬʳʫʬʪ, ʸʨ˂ ʹʨʽʨʸʯʭʬʲʵʹ ʫʨ ʨʳʰʬʸ-ʱʨʭʱʨʹʰʰʹ ʿʭʬʲʨ

ʹʨʳʬʼʵʬʩʹ ʨʴ ʹʨʳʯʨʭʸʵʬʩʹ ʸʻʹʬʯʰʹ ˃ʲʬʭʨʳʵʹʰʲ ʹʨˆʬʲʳ˄ʰʼʵʹ
ʸʱʨʲˀʰ ʨʴ ʵʸʯʨʭʰʨʴ ʨʸ˄ʰʭʰʹ ʱʲʨʴ˅ʬʩˀʰ ʳʵʯʨʭʹʬʩʨ ʨʸʪʻʴʨ ʩʬʫʳʨ,
ʪʨʴʭʲʵ ʴʨˆʬʭʨʸʳʨ ʹʨʻʱʻʴʬʳ ʫʨ ʯʨʭʰʹʻʼʨʲʰ ʹʭʨʴʬʯʰ˂ 1853 ˄.
ʸʻʹʬʯʹ ʴʬʩʨʿʵʼʲʵʩʰʯ ˀʬʻʬʸʯʨ.
ʯʻʳ˂ʨ, ʳʨʸʯʨʲʰʨ, ʨʳ ˀʬʬʸʯʬʩʨʹ, ʸʵʪʵʸ˂ ʭʰ˂ʰʯ,
ʪʨʸʬʪʴʻʲʰ ˆʨʹʰʨʯʰ ˈʽʵʴʫʨ, ʳʨʪʸʨʳ ʨʳ ʰʹʺʵʸʰʻʲʳʨ ʨʽʺʬʩʳʨ
ʳʨʰʴ˂ ʩʬʭʸʰ ˂ʭʲʰʲʬʩʬʩʰ ˀʬʰʺʨʴʨ ʹʭʨʴʬʯʰʹ ˂ˆʵʭʸʬʩʨˀʰ. ʻˆʹʵʭʨʸ
ʫʸʵʰʫʪʨʴ ʬʱʵʴʵʳʰʻʸ ʫʨ ʶʵʲʰʺʰʱʻʸ ʫʨʳʵʻʱʰʫʬʩʲʵʩʨʮʬ
ʳʰˁʭʬʻʲ ʹʭʨʴʬʩʹ ʹʨˀʰʴʲʨʫ ʬʻ˂ˆʵʭʨʯ ʶʰʸʭʬʲˀʰ ʨˆʲʨʫ
ˀʬʳʵʾʬʩʻʲʰ ʱʨʴʵʴʬʩʰ, ʯʨʭʰʹʻʼʲʬʩʰʹ ˀʬʮʾʻʫʭʨ ʫʨ
ʪʨʴʹʨʱʻʯʸʬʩʰʯ ʪʨʫʨʹʨˆʨʫʬʩʰʹ ˀʬʳʵʾʬʩʨ.

137
 ʨʳʰʹʯʨʴʨ ˃ʨʸʾʭʬʩʨˀʲʰʲʵʩʰʹ ʷʨʳʹ ʹʨʱʳʨʸʰʹʰ ʰʿʵ ʶʨʺʨʸʨ
ʴʨʶʬʸ˄ʱʨʲʰ ʹʭʨʴʬʩʰʹ ʪʻʲˀʰ ʫʰʫʰ ˂ʬ˂ˆʲʰʹ ʪʨʹʨˁʬʴʨʫ ʫʨ ʬʹ ʨʹʬ˂
ʳʵˆʫʨ.
1875 ˄. ʰʭʨʴʵʩʰʹʯʭʬˀʰ ʨʫʪʰʲʵʩʸʰʭʳʨ ʩʵʽʨʻʲʳʨ ʯʨʭʨʫ
ˇʵʸˇʨ˃ʬʳ ʯʨʭʰʹʻʼʨʲ ʹʭʨʴʬʯʰʹ ʿʭʬʲʨ ʹʨʮʵʪʨʫʵʬʩʨʹ
ʪʨʳʵʻ˂ˆʨʫʨ ʳʯʨʭʸʵʩʰʹ ʨˆʨʲʰ ʪʨʴʱʨʸʪʻʲʬʩʨ ʯʨʭʰʹʻʼʨʲ
ʹʭʨʴʬʯˀʰ ʳʰ˄ʬʩʰʹ ʪʨʮʵʳʭʰʹʨ ʫʨ ʸʨʵʫʬʴʵʩʰʹ ʪʨʳʵʸʱʭʬʭʰʹ ˀʬʹʨˆʬʩ.
ʬʹ ʨʳʩʨʭʰ ʬʲʭʰʹ ʹʰʹ˄ʸʨʼʰʯ ʳʵʬʫʵ ʳʯʬʲʹ ʯʨʭʰʹʻʼʨʲ
ʹʭʨʴʬʯʹ ʫʨ ʳʬˆʰʭʰʯ ʳʵˆʭʫʨ ʪʻʲʮʬ ʳʰʹ ʳ˂ˆʵʭʸʬʩʯ. ʹʭʨʴʬʩʰ
ʫʨʸ˄ʳʻʴʫʴʬʴ, ʸʵʳ ʳʰ˄ʰʹ ʪʨʮʵʳʭʨʹ ʫʨ ʸʨʵʫʬʴʵʩʰʹ ʪʨʳʵʸʱʭʬʭʨʹ
ʻʴʫʨ ʹʨʸˁʻʲʨʫ ˈʽʵʴʵʫʨ ʹʭʨʴʬʯˀʰ ʳʰ˄ʰʹ ʨˆʨʲ ʪʨʫʨʹʨˆʨʫʬʩʰʹ
ˀʬʳʵʾʬʩʨ. ʨʳ ʪʨʸʬʳʵʬʩʨʳ, ʸʨ ʯʽʳʨ ʻʴʫʨ, ʹʭʨʴʬʩʮʬ ʹʨˀʰʴʬʲʰ
ˀʯʨʩʬ˅ʫʰʲʬʩʨ ʳʵʨˆʫʰʴʨ. ʻ˂ʩʨʯ ˆʨʲˆˀʰ ʫʰʫʰ ʳʾʬʲʭʨʸʬʩʨ
ʪʨʳʬʼʫʨ. ʩʵʽʨʻʲʯʨʴ ʿʵʭʬʲ ʹʨʮʵʪʨʫʵʬʩʰʫʪʨʴ ʰʪʮʨʭʴʬʩʨ ʯʨʭ-
ʯʨʭʰ ʱʨ˂ʬʩʰ ʹʨʽʳʰʹ ʹʨʼʻ˃ʭʲʰʨʴʨʫ ʪʨʳʵʹʨʸʱʭʬʭʨʯ. ʳʨʪʸʨʳ
ʹʨʳ˄ʻˆʨʸʵʫ ʨʳ ʻʹʻʲʪʻʲʵ ˁʰʴʵʭʴʰʱʳʨ ʭʬʸ ˀʬʹ˃ʲʵ ʳʨʯ ʪʻʲˀʰ
ˁʨˆʬʫʭʨ ʫʨ ʹʭʨʴʬʩʰʹ ˀʬʱʰʯˆʭʨʮʬ ʳʨʴ ʳʵʱʲʬʯ ʻʶʨʹʻˆʨ:
±ʳʯʨʭʸʵʩʨ ʳʰʩʸ˃ʨʴʬʩʹ ˄ʨʸʻʫʪʰʴʵ ˂ʴʵʩʬʩʰ ʯʽʭʬʴʰ
ʳʰ˄ʬʩʰʹ ʸʨʵʫʬʴʵʩʰʹ ˀʬʹʨˆʬʩ. ʨʲʩʨʯ ʬʹ ʹʨ˅ʰʸʵʨ ʫʨ ʳʬ˂ ʻʴʫʨ
˄ʨʸʻʫʪʰʴʵ.
ʨʹʬʯʳʨ ʳʱʭʨˆʬ ˁʰʴʵʭʴʰʱʻʸʳʨ ʶʨʹʻˆʳʨ ʳʯʲʨʫ ʫʨʨʩʴʰʨ
ˆʨʲˆʰ, ʻʨʸʬʹʨʯ ʪʨʨ˃ʲʰʬʸʨ ˂ʬˆʲʰ ʹʭʨʴʬʩʰʹ ʪʻʲˀʰ ʫʨ ʪʨʨʾʸʳʨʭʨ
ʬ˅ʭʰ ʨˆʨʲʰ ʪʨʫʨʹʨˆʨʫʬʩʰʹ ˀʬʳʵʾʬʩʰʹ ˀʬʹʨˆʬʩ. ʨʳ ʬ˅ʭʬʩʳʨ ʿʭʬʲʨʮʬ
ʻʼʸʵ ʳʨʪʸʨʫ ʳʵʰʱʰʫʬʹ ʼʬˆʰ ʶʰʸʭʬʲʨʫ ʳʻʲʨˆʰʹ
ʹʨʮʵʪʨʫʵʬʩʨˀʰ, ʹʨʫʨ˂ ʬʸʯ ʫʾʬʹ ʹʨʹ˄ʸʨʼʵʫ ʮʨʸʬʩʰʹ ʸʬʱʭʰʯ ʫʨ
ʹʨʿʭʰʸʰʹ ʫʨʱʭʸʰʯ ʯʨʭʹ ʰʿʸʰʹ ʳʯʬʲʰ ˆʨʲˆʰ ʫʰʫʰʫʪʨʴ
ʶʨʺʨʸʨʳʫʬ ʬʸʯʹ ʨʫʪʰʲʨʹ. ʨʳ ʱʸʬʩʨʮʬ ʹʨˀʰʴʬʲʰ ʽʨʵʺʻʸʰ
ʳʫʪʵʳʨʸʬʵʩʨ ʫʨ ʳʾʬʲʭʨʸʬʩʨ ʹʻʼʬʭʫʨ. ʿʭʬʲʨ ʬʸʯˆʳʨʫ ʨʳʩʵʩʫʨ:
,,ʨʩʨ ʸʨ ʪʬʪʵʴʨʯ ʸʻʹʰʹ ʳʬʼʰʹ ʳʯʨʭʸʵʩʰʹ ˁʭʬʴʮʬ ʪʨʩʨʺʵʴʬʩʨ?!
ˁʭʬʴʰ ˄ʰʴʨʶʸʬʩʰ ʨʸʨʭʰʹ ʬʳʵʸˁʰʲʬʩʵʫʬʴ, ʩʸ˃ʵʲʰʯ
ʫʨʳʵʻʱʰʫʬʩʲʵʩʨ ʫʨ ʯʨʭʰʹʻʼʲʬʩʨ ˀʬʰʴʨʸˁʻʴʬʹ ʫʨ
ʪʨʫʨʹʨˆʨʫʬʩʹʨ˂ ʰʳʰʺʵʳ ʨʸ ʰˆʫʰʫʬʴ. ˁʭʬʴ ʱʰ ʳʨʪʨʯ˃ʬ ʫʨʭʨʳʿʨʸʬʯ
ʸʨʾʨ˂ ʰʳʬʫʬʩʰ ʫʨ ʨˆʨʲʳʨ ʳʯʨʭʸʵʩʨʳʨ˂ ʪʨʫʨʹʨˆʨʫʬʩʰʹ
ˀʬʳʵ˄ʬʸʰʯ ʫʨʪʭʨˇʰʲʫʵʭʨ. ʿʭʬʲʨʴʰ ʬʸʯ ʫʾʬʹ ʫʨʭʰˆʵ˂ʬʩʰʯ ʫʨ
ʳʯʨʭʸʵʩʨʹ ʱʰ ʭʬʸ ʳʰʭʹ˂ʬʳʯ ʪʨʫʨʹʨˆʨʫʬʩʹ ʳʨʳʨ-ʶʨʶʰʹ ʳʰʬʸ
ʫʨʺʵʭʬʩʻʲ ʳʰ˄ʨ-˄ʿʨʲʮʬ³
138
 ʨʳ ʫʸʵʹ ˆʨʲˆʰʹ ˄ʰʴʨˀʬ ˄ʨʸʹʫʪʬʩʨ ʿʨʹʩʻʲʨʯ ˀʬʸʭʨˀʰ˃ʬ
ʫʨ ʨʾʬʲʭʬʩʻʲʰ ˆʳʰʯ ʳʰʳʨʸʯʨʭʹ ʨʿʭʰʸʬʩʻʲ ˆʨʲˆʹ:
±ʪʯˆʵʭʯ ʫʨʳˀʭʰʫʫʬʯ ʫʨ ʿʻʸʰ ʫʨʳʰʪʫʵʯ. ʯʽʭʬʴ
ʿʭʬʲʨʹ ʪʨʾʬʲʭʬʩʯ ˁʭʬʴʰ ʶʸʰʹʺʨʭʰʹ ʨˆʨʲʰ ʪʨʴ˂ˆʨʫʬʩʨ ʳʰ˄ʰʹ
ʪʨʮʵʳʭʰʹ ˀʬʹʨˆʬʩ. ʳʨʪʸʨʳ ʫʨʴʨʳʫʭʰʲʬʩʰʯ ʨʸ˂ʬʸʯʳʨ ʨʸ ʰ˂ʰʯ, ʯʻ
ʸʨˀʰʨ ʹʨʽʳʬ ʨʽ. ʳʬ˂ ʯʭʰʯʵʴ ʨʸ ʭʨʸ ʪʨʳʵʸʱʭʬʻʲʰ ˇʬʸ ʨʳ ʹʨʽʳʬˀʰ,
ʳʨʪʸʨʳ ʭʼʰʽʸʵʩ, ʸʵʳ ʳʰ˄ʰʹ ʪʨʮʵʳʭʰʯ ʳʯʨʭʸʵʩʨʹ ʻʴʫʨ ʽʵʴʫʬʹ
ʳʰʮʴʨʯ ʳʰ˄ʨʮʬ ʪʨʫʨʹʨˆʨʫʰʹ ˀʬʳʵʾʬʩʨ ˁʭʬʴʹ ʽʭʬʿʨʴʨˀʰ... ʨʳ
ʹʰʺʿʭʬʩʳʨ ʹʨˀʰʴʬʲʰ ʿʭʰʸʰʲʰ, ʨʸʬʭ-ʫʨʸʬʭʨ, ʾʸʰʨʲʰ ʫʨ
ʳʾʬʲʭʨʸʬʩʨ ʪʨʳʵʰ˄ʭʰʨ. ʿʨʹʩʻʲʨʯʰ ʹʰʺʿʭʨʹ ʭʬʸ ʨʯʨʭʬʩʹ ʫʨ
ʳʯʬʲʰ ˆʨʲˆʰ ʿʭʰʸʰʹ:
±ʿʭʬʲʨʴʰ ʫʨʭʰˆʵ˂ʬʩʰʯ, ʰʹʬ, ʸʵʪʵʸ˂ ʨʳʰʹʯʨʴʨ ʫʸʵʹ
ˁʭʬʴʰ ˄ʰʴʨʶʸʬʩʰ ʰˆʵ˂ʬʩʵʫʬʴ ʫʨ ʨˆʨʲ ʪʨʫʨʹʨˆʨʫʬʩʰʹ ˀʬʳʵʾʬʩʰʹ
ʴʬʩʨʹ ˁʭʬʴʹ ʳʰ˄ʨ-˄ʿʨʲʮʬ ʨʸʨʭʰʹ ʨʸ ʳʰʭʹ˂ʬʳʯʵ.
ʨʳʰʹ ˀʬʳʫʬʪ ʱʸʬʩʨʹ ʬʸʯˆʳʨʫ ʪʨʳʵʨʽʭʹ ˀʬʳʫʬʪʰ
ʫʨʫʪʬʴʰʲʬʩʨ: ʯʻ ʳʯʨʭʸʵʩʨʳ ʳʨʸʯʲʨ ʪʨʴʰʮʸʨˆʨ ʳʰ˄ʨʮʬ
ʪʨʫʨʹʨˆʨʫʰʹ ˀʬʳʵʾʬʩʨ, ʶʰʸʭʬʲʨʯ ʳʰʭʳʨʸʯʵʯ ʳʯʨʭʸʵʩʨʹ ʫʨ
ʭʹʯˆʵʭʵʯ, ʸʵʳ ʨʳ ʳʰʮʴʰʹ ˂ˆʵʭʸʬʩʨˀʰ ʪʨʺʨʸʬʩʨʮʬ ˆʬʲʰ ʨʰʾʵʹ ʫʨ
ˁʭʬʴʰ ʳʰ˄ʬʩʰ ʪʨʫʨʹʨˆʨʫʬʩʰʹʨʪʨʴ ʰʽʴʬʴ ʪʨʴʯʨʭʰʹʻʼʲʬʩʻʲʰ,
ˆʵʲʵ ʯʻ ʬʹ ˁʭʬʴʰ ˀʻʨʳʫʪʵʳʲʵʩʨ ʻʿʻʸʨʫʾʬʩʵʯ ʫʨʸˁʨ, ʿʭʬʲʨʳ
ʰʨʸʨʾʹ ʳʵʭʱʰʫʵʯ ˆʬʲʰ ʫʨ ˁʭʬʴʰ ʻʼʲʬʩʬʩʰ ʰʹʬ ʫʨʭʰ˂ʭʨʯ,
ʸʵʪʵʸ˂ ʹʨˆʬʲʵʭʨʴʰ ˁʭʬʴʰ ˄ʰʴʨʶʸʬʩʰ ʰ˂ʨʭʫʬʴ ʿʵʭʬʲʪʭʨʸ
˃ʨʲʳʵʳʸʬʵʩʰʹʨʪʨʴ ʯʨʭʰʹ ʫʨʳʵʻʱʰʫʬʩʲʵʩʨʹ. ʬʹ ˁʭʬʴʰ
ʫʨʫʪʬʴʰʲʬʩʨ ʬ˂ʴʵʩʵʹ ʯʨʭʰʹʻʼʨʲ ʹʭʨʴʬʯʰʹ ʿʭʬʲʨ
ʹʨʮʵʪʨʫʵʬʩʨʹ 50 ʱʨ˂ʰʹ ʶʰʸʰʯ ʫʨ ʹˆʭʨ.
ʨʳ 50 ʱʨ˂ʰʹ ʳʰʬʸ ʬʹ ʨʳʩʨʭʰ ʳʨʸʯʲʨ˂ ʬ˂ʴʵʩʨ ʳʬʹʺʰʰʹ,
ʲʬʴˇʬʸʰʹ, ʲʨʺʨʲʰʹ, ʰʼʨʸʰʹ, ʱʨʲʰʹʨ ʫʨ ʻˀʪʻʲʰʹ
ʹʨʮʵʪʨʫʵʬʩʬʩʹ. ʿʭʬʲʪʨʴ ʬʸʯˆʳʨʫ ʰʽʴʨ ʳʰʾʬʩʻʲʰ
ʮʬʳʵˆʹʬʴʬʩʻʲʰ ʫʨʫʪʬʴʰʲʬʩʨ ʳʻʲʨˆʰʹ ʹʨʮʵʪʨʫʵʬʩʰʹʨ.
ʨʳʰʹ ˀʬʳʫʬʪ ʳʯʬʲʰ ʯʨʭʰʹʻʼʨʲʰ ʹʭʨʴʬʯʰ ʫʨʴʰˀʴʻʲ
ʫʾʬʹ ʯʨʭʹ ʰʿʸʰʹ ʹ. ʱʨʲʨˀʰ ˄ʳʰʴʫʨ ʱʭʰʸʰʱʬʹ ʺʨ˃ʨʸˀʰ ʼʰ˂ʰʹ
ʳʰʹʨʾʬʩʨʯ ʬʸʯʳʨʴʬʯʰʹ ʬʸʯʪʻʲʬʩʰʹʨ ʫʨ ʯʨʭʰʹʰ ʫʨʫʪʬʴʰʲʬʩʰʹ
˂ˆʵʭʸʬʩʨˀʰ ʪʨʺʨʸʬʩʰʹ ˀʬʹʨˆʬʩ.
ʳʸʨʭʨʲ ʸʰ˂ˆʵʭʨʴʰ ˆʨʲˆʰ ʨʩʵʩʵʽʸʬʩʻʲ ʮʾʭʰʹ
ʺʨʲʾʨʹʨʭʰʯ ʾʬʲʨʭʫʨ. ʿʭʬʲʨ ʰ˃ʨˆʵʫʨ: ʨʸ ʪʭʰʴʫʨ ʳʵʴʵʩʨˀʰ
ʹʰ˂ʵ˂ˆʲʬ, ʨʩʨ ʰʨʸʨʾʰ, ʺʿʭʰʨ, ˄ʨʳʨʲʰ ʫʨ ʭʨʷʱʨ˂ʻʸʨʫ ʹʰʱʭʫʰʲʰʵ.
139
 ʨʳ ʫʸʵʹ ʬʸʯʰ ʳʵˆʻ˂ʰ ˅ʨʾʨʸʨ ʪʰʴʨʫʸʻʿ ʼʨʸˇʰʨʴʰ ʨʫʰʹ
ʫʰʫ ʽʭʨʮʬ ʫʨ ʳʵʱʲʬʫ ʳʰʳʨʸʯʨʭʹ ʳʰʹ ˄ʰʴ ʪʨˀʲʰʲ ʳʰʴʫʵʸˀʰ
ʳʿʵʼ ˆʨʲˆʹ ˀʬʳʫʬʪʰ ʹʰʺʿʭʬʩʰʯ:
±ʶʨʺʰʭʰ ʬ˂ʰʯ ˁʬʳʹ ˅ʨʾʨʸʨʹ, ʪʯˆʵʭʯ ʫʨ˄ʿʴʨʸʫʬʯ ʫʨ
ʹʰʺʿʭʨ ʳʵʳʰʹʳʰʴʵʯ. ʨʹʬʯʰ ʿʭʰʸʰʲʰʯ ˁʭʬʴ ʭʬʸʨʼʬʸʹ ʹʨʽʳʬʹ ʭʬʸ
ʪʨʭʨʱʬʯʬʩʯ. ʪʯˆʵʭʯ ʫʨʳˀʭʰʫʫʬʯ, ʪʨʳʵʭʨʸˁʰʵʯ ʯʨʭʰ-ʱʨ˂ʬʩʰ,
ʭʰʲʨʶʨʸʨʱʵʯ ʫʨ ʪʨʳʵʭʨʸʱʭʰʵʯ ˁʭʬʴʰ ʹʨʽʳʬ. ˇʬʸ-ˇʬʸʵʩʰʯ ʨʹʬʯʰ
ʳʾʬʲʭʨʸʬʩʨ ʻʨʫʪʰʲʵʨ, ʭʰʴʨʰʫʪʨʴ ʨʸ ʪʨʴʭʰ˂ʫʰʯ ʰʹʬʯ
ʳʫʪʵʳʨʸʬʵʩʨʹ, ʸʵʳʬʲʰ˂ ʯʨʭʰʹ ˀʬ˄ʰʸʭʨʹ ʯˆʵʻʲʵʩʫʬʹ. ʳʨʪʸʨʳ
ʯʻ ʳʵʳʨʭʨʲˀʰ ʫʨʭʸ˄ʳʻʴʫʬʩʰʯ, ʸʵʳ ʬʹ ʹʨ˅ʰʸʵʨ ʫʨ ʳʯʨʭʸʵʩʨʹ
ˁʭʬʴʹ ʳʰ˄ʬʩʮʬ ʪʨʫʨʹʨˆʨʫʬʩʰʹ ʫʨʫʬʩʨ ʻʴʫʨ, ʳʨˀʰʴ ʪʭʳʨʸʯʬʩʹ
ʭʨʷʱʨ˂ʵʩʨ ʫʨ ˀʬʻʸ˂ˆʭʬʹ ʻʲʭʨˀʰ ʳʨʹ, ʭʰʴ˂ ʳʨˀʰʴ ʯʨʭʰ ʫʨʮʵʪʵʹ.
ʳʨʸʯʨʲʰʨ ʳʬ ʳʵˆʻ˂ʬʩʻʲʰ ʭʨʸ ˄ʲʵʭʨʴʵʩʰʯ, ʪʨʸʬʪʴʻʲʨʯ,
ʳʨʪʸʨʳ ʪʻʲʰ ʰʹʬ ʪʨʼʵʲʨʫʬʩʻʲʰ ʳʨʽʭʹ, ʸʵʳ ʶʰʸʭʬʲʨʯ ʳʬ
ʪʨʪʰ˃ʾʭʬʩʰʯ ʳʺʬʸʯʨʴ ʹʨʩʸ˃ʵʲʭʬʲʨʫ ʫʨ ʹʰʨʳʵʭʴʬʩʰʯ ʳʰʹ
ʺʿʭʰʨʹ ʳʱʬʸʫʹ ʳʰʭʻˀʭʬʸ, ʯʻ ˁʭʬʴʰ ʽʭʬʿʴʰʹʨʯʭʰʹ ʬʹ ʹʨ˅ʰʸʵ
ʰʽʴʬʩʨ. ʳʨˀ ʽʨʲʰʹ ʲʬˁʨʽʰ ʫʨʰˆʻʸʵʹ, ʻʲʭʨˀ ʳʵʶʨʸʹʻʲʰ ʫʨ ʯʨʭʹ
ʲʨʼ ʫʨʹˆʳʻʲʰ ʰʿʵʹ ʰʳʰʹʯʨʴʨ ʭʨʷʱʨ˂ʰ, ʭʰʴ˂ ʹʨ˅ʰʸʵʬʩʰʹ ʫʸʵʹ
ʹʰʱʭʫʰʲʹ ˀʬʻˀʰʴʫʬʹ. ʬˆʲʨ ʫʨ˄ʿʴʨʸʫʰʯ, ʬʸʯʳʨʴʬʯʰʹ ʨʮʸʰ
ʪʨʭʰʪʵʴʵʯ ʿʭʬʲʨʳ ʫʨ ʸʨʳʬ ʪʨʸʱʭʬʻʲ ʪʮʨʹ ʫʨʭʨʫʪʬʯ.
±,,ʪʻʴ ʬʮʬʸ, ʪʻʴ ʬʮʬʸ³ ˃ʨʲʰʨʴ ʱʨʸʪʰ, ˃ʨʲʰʨʴ ʱʨʸʪʰ),
ʰʪʸʰʨʲʨ ˆʨʲˆʳʨ. ʳʵˆʻ˂ʰ ˁʨʳʵʫʰʹ ʽʭʰʫʪʨʴ ʫʨ ʳʰʹ ʨʫʪʰʲʹ
ʿʨʹʩʻʲʨʯ ˀʬʸʭʨˀʰ˃ʬ ʰ˅ʬʸʹ. ʳʯʬʲʰ ˆʨʲˆʰ ʳʰʹ ʫʨʴʨˆʭʨʮʬ ʹʳʬʴʨʫ
ʪʨʫʨʰʽ˂ʬʭʨ.
±,,ʹʭʨʴʬʯʰʹ ˆʬʭʵ! ʫʾʬʹ ʸʵʳ ʳʯʬʲʰ ʹʭʨʴʬʯʰ ʨʽ ʯʨʭʹ ʰʿʸʰʹ,
ʨʳʰʹʯʨʴʨ ʳʵʭʲʬʴʬʩʹ ˃ʭʬʲ ʫʸʵˀʰʨ˂ ˈʽʵʴʫʨ ʨʫʪʰʲʰ. ʸʵ˂ʨ ˁʭʬʴʹ
˄ʰʴʨʶʸʬʩʹ ʸʨʰʳʬ ʻ˅ʰʸʫʨʯ ʫʨ ʳʺʬʸʰ ʳʰʹ ʫʨʶʿʸʵʩʨʹ ʲʨʳʵʩʫʨ,
ˁʭʬʴʰ ʩʬʫʰʹ ʪʨʫʨʳ˄ʿʭʬʺʰ˂ ʨʽ ʯʨʭʰʹ ʳʵʿʸʨ ʰʿʵ ˆʵʲʳʬ.
ʳʨʪʨʲʰʯʨʫ, ʸʵ˂ʨ ʸʵʳʬʲʰʳʬ ʯʨʭʨʫʰ ʼʰʽʸʵʩʫʨ ˁʭʬʴʮʬʫ
ʪʨʩʨʺʵʴʬʩʨʹ, ʳʨˀʰʴ ˁʬʴʰ ʳʨʳʨ±ʶʨʶʨ˂ ʨʰ ʹ˄ʵʸʬʯ ʨʳ ʨʫʪʰʲʨʹ
ʰʿʸʰʫʬʴ ʯʨʭʹ ʫʨ ʪʨʳʵˈʽʵʴʫʨʯ ʫʨʫʪʬʴʰʲʬʩʨ ʳʺʸʰʹ ʹʨʹʺʰʱʰ
ʶʨʹʻˆʰʯ ʳʵʪʬʸʰʬʩʰʹ ˀʬʹʨˆʬʩ. ʨʳ ʱʸʬʩʨʮʬ ˁʬʳʮʬ ˆʴʰʬʸʰ ʩʬʭʸʰ
ʻʸʬʭʰʨ. ʳʨʯ ˁʬʳʮʬʫ ʻʼʸʵ ʱʨʸʪʨʫ ʰ˂ʰʨʴ, ʸʵʳ ʿʭʬʲʨ, ʭʰʴ˂ ʱʰ
ʪʨʴʰʮʸʨˆʨʭʫʨ ˁʭʬʴʰ ʯʨʭʰʹʻʼʲʬʩʰʹ ʹʨ˄ʰʴʨʨʾʳʫʬʪʵʯ
ʪʨʳʵʲʨˀʽʸʬʩʨʹ, ʹʨˀʰʴʬʲ ʫʨʳʨʸ˂ˆʬʩʨʹ ʾʬʩʻʲʵʩʫʨ ʶʨʹʻˆʨʯ.
ʯʵʼʰ ʫʨ ˆʨʴˇʨʲʰ ʰʿʭʴʬʴ ʿʵʭʬʲʯʭʰʹ ˁʬʴʰ ʩʬʫʰʹ ʪʨʫʨʳ˄ʿʭʬʺʰ.
140
ʨʳʷʨʳʨʫ ʹʭʨʴʬʯʰʹ ʿʭʬʲʨ ˄ʳʰʴʫʨʴʬʩʳʨ ʫʨ ˆʨʺ-ˇʭʨʸʳʨ ʨʪʭʨˀʵʸʵʹ ʬʹ.
ˁʭʬʴ ʿʭʬʲʨʹ ʪʭʰʴʫʨ ʹʰ˂ʵ˂ˆʲʬ ʫʨ ʨʸʨ ʹʰʱʭʫʰʲʰ ʫʨ ʸʻʹʬʩʯʨʴ
ʩʸ˃ʵʲʨ. ʳʨʪʸʨʳ ʯʻ ʱʰ ʨʳʨʹ ʹʨ˅ʰʸʵʬʩʨ ʳʵʰʯˆʵʭʹ, ʳʨˀʰʴ, ʸʨ
ʪʨʬ˄ʿʵʩʨ, ʭʨʷʱʨ˂ʹ ʹʨˆʬʲʵʭʨʴʰ ʹʰʱʭʫʰʲʰ ˀʬˀʭʬʴʰʹ ʫʨ ˁʭʬʴ˂
ʿʭʬʲʨʴʰ ʭʨʷʱʨ˂ʻʸʨʫ ʻʴʫʨ ʫʨʭʰˆʵ˂ʵʯ. ˁʭʬʴ ʸʻʹʬʯʹ
ʴʬʩʨʿʵʼʲʵʩʰʯ ˀʬʭʻʬʸʯʫʰʯ, ʯʵʸʬʳ ˃ʨʲʰʯ ʫʨʶʿʸʵʩʨ ʳʨʴ ʭʬʸ˂
ʰʼʰʽʸʨ. ʳʯʨʭʸʵʩʨ ˁʭʬʴ ʪʭʶʰʸʫʬʩʵʫʨ ʪʨʩʬʫʴʰʬʸʬʩʨʹ, ʳʨʪʸʨʳ ʳʰʹʰ
ʯʨʳʨʹʻʽʬʩʰ ʨʸ ʪʨʴʨʾʫʫʨ. ʳʬ ʯʭʰʯʵʴ ʴʨʳʬʹʺʴʰʱ ʭʵʸʵʴ˂ʵʭʰʹ
ʳʵʴʨʯʲʻʲʰ ʭʨʸ ʫʨ ʭʰ˂ʰ ʳʯʨʭʸʵʩʰʹ ʫʨʶʰʸʬʩʬʩʹ ʸʨ ʼʨʹʰ˂ ʻʴʫʨ
ˈʽʵʴʫʬʹ, ʳʨʪʸʨʳ ʳʨʰʴ˂ ʨʸʨʭʰʯʨʸʰ ˄ʰʴʨʨʾʳʫʬʪʵʩʨ ˁʭʬʴ
ʸʻʹʬʯʰʹʯʭʰʹ ʨʸ ʪʨʪʭʰ˄ʬʭʰʨ. ʪʨʳʵʪʭʰʪʮʨʭʴʬʹ ʳʾʭʫʲʬʩʰ-
ʳʰʭʰʾʬʯ, ʫʨʪʭʰʴʰˀʴʬʹ ʶʸʰʹʺʨʭʰ-ʳʰʭʰʾʬʯ, ʫʨʪʭʰʿʬʴʬʹ
ʳʨʳʨʹʨˆʲʰʹʬʩʰ-ʳʰʭʰʾʬʯ, ˀʬʳʵʰʾʬʹ ʪʨʫʨʹʨˆʨʫʬʩʰ ʳʵʹʨˆʲʰʹ
ʯʨʭʮʬ 1 ʳ. 30 ʱʨʶ.±ʭʨ˃ʲʬʭʯ. ʨʹʬʯ ʪʨʫʨʹʨˆʨʫʬʩʹ ʹʭʨʴʬʯʰ ʨʸʨʹʵʫʬʹ
ʰˆʫʰʫʨ ʫʨ ʬˆʲʨ˂ ˃ʨʲʰʨʴ ʳʨʱʭʰʸʭʬʩʹ ʳʯʨʭʸʵʩʰʹ ʳʰʬʸ ʨʳ
ʪʨʫʨʹʨˆʨʫʬʩʰʹ ˀʬʳʵʾʬʩʨ, ʰʳ ʫʨʶʰʸʬʩʬʩʰʹ ˀʬʳʫʬʪ, ʸʵʳʲʬʩʰʯʨ˂
ˁʰʴʵʭʴʰʱʬʩʳʨ ʿʻʸʬʩʰ ʪʨʪʭʰ˅ʬʫʬʹ. ˁʭʬʴʯʭʰʹ ˇʬʸ ʮʨʸʨʲʰʹ ʳʬʺʰ
ʨʸʨʼʬʸʰ ʳʵʻʺʨʴʰʨʯ ʫʨ ʨʸ˂ ʻʴʫʨ ʯˆʵʻʲʵʩʫʬʴ ˁʭʬʴʪʨʴ ʸʨʳʬʹ,
ʳʨʪʸʨʳ.. ʳʯʨʭʸʵʩʰʹ ʳʵʽʳʬʫʬʩʨ, ˂ˆʭʨʸʳʨ ʸʵʳ ʯˆʨʹ ʳʨʺʿʲʰ
ʹʯˆʵʭʵʹ, ʹ˄ʵʸʬʫ ʰʳʨʹ ˄ʨʸʳʵʨʫʪʬʴʹ. ʬˆʲʨ ʨˆʨʲʰ ʪʨʴʱʨʸʪʻʲʬʩʨ
ʳʰʭʰʾʬʯ ʳʰ˄ʬʩʰʹ ʪʨʮʵʳʭʰʹ ˀʬʹʨˆʬʩ. ˁʭʬʴ ˀʬʱʰʯˆʭʨʮʬ ʩʵʽʨʻʲʳʨ
ʫʨʳʨʳˀʭʰʫʬʩʬʲʰ ʶʨʹʻˆʰ ʭʬʸ ʪʭʰʯˆʸʨ ʫʨ ʳʵʱʲʬʯ ʨʪʭʰˆʹʴʨ:
,,ʨʹʬʯʰʨ ʳʯʨʭʸʵʩʰʹ ʪʨʴʱʨʸʪʻʲʬʩʨ ʫʨ ʨʲʩʨʯ ʹʨ˅ʰʸʵʨʵ³ʳʬ ʳ˄ʨʳʹ,
ʸʵʳ ʳʯʨʭʸʵʩʰʹʨʯʭʰʹ ʬʹ ʹʨ˅ʰʸʵʨ, ʳʨʪʸʨʳ ˁʭʬʴʯʭʰʹ... ʨʸʨ. ʯʻ ʳʰ˄ʰʹ
ʪʨʮʵʳʭʰʯ ʳʯʨʭʸʵʩʨʹ ʳʰʮʴʨʯ ʨʽʭʹ ʳʰ˄ʨʮʬ ʪʨʫʨʹʨˆʨʫʬʩʰʹ ʫʨʫʬʩʨ,
ʹˇʵʩʰʨ ˁʭʬʴʯʭʰʹ, ʸʵʳ ʿʭʬʲʨʴʰ ʬʸʯ ʫʾʬʹ ʪʨʭ˄ʿʫʬʯ. ʳʨʪʸʨʳ ˇʬʸ
ʱʰʫʬʭ ʴʻ ʨʭˁʽʨʸʫʬʩʰʯ. ʭʬ˂ʨʫʵʯ ʹʨʽʳʬ ʱʨʸʪʨʯ ʪʨʳʵʭʨʸʱʭʰʵʯ,
ˀʬʭʬʱʰʯˆʵʯ ʯʭʰʯ ʳʯʨʭʸʵʩʨʹʨ˂ ʫʨ ʭʴʨˆʵʯ, ʸʨʹ ʳʵʪʭʰʺʨʴʹ
ʳʵʳʨʭʨʲʰʵ³ ʨʳ ʹʰʺʿʭʬʩʰʯ ʿʨʹʩʻʲʨʯʳʨ ʪʨʨʯʨʭʨ ʯʨʭʰʹʰ ʹʰʺʿʭʨ,
ʸʵʳʬʲʰ˂ ˆʨʲˆʳʨ ,,ʪʻʴ ʬʮʬʸ, ʪʻʴ ʬʮʬʸʰʹ³˃ʨʲʰʨʴ ʱʨʸʪʰ, ˃ʨʲʰʨʴ
ʱʨʸʪʰ) ʯʽʳʰʯ ʫʨʨʫʨʹʺʻʸʨ.
ʳʰʹ ˀʬʳʫʬʪ ʽʭʨʮʬ ʨʫʰʹ ʰʹʬʭ ʮʬʳʵˆʹʬʴʬʩʻʲʰ ʪʰʴʨʫʸʻʿ
ʼʨʸˇʰʨʴʰ, ʸʵʳʬʲʰ˂ ʳʵʨˆʹʬʴʬʩʹ ʱʸʬʩʨʹ: ʿʨʹʩʻʲʨʯʰʹ ʹʰʺʿʭʬʩʹ ʳʬ
ʳˆʵʲʵʫ ʰʳʨʹ ʫʨʭʻʳʨʺʬʩ, ʸʵʳ ʿʵʭʬʲʯʭʰʹ, ʸʵ˂ʨ ʹʭʨʴʬʯˀʰ ʨʹʬʯʰ
ʫʰʫʳʴʰˀʭʴʬʲʵʭʨʴʰ ʹʨʱʰʯˆʬʩʰ ʹ˄ʿʫʬʩʵʫʨ, ˁʭʬʴʰ ˄ʰʴʨʶʸʬʩʰ ʨʳʨʹ
ʫʨʹʺʻʸʹʨ ʫʨ ʹʰʳʺʱʰ˂ʬʹ ˄ʳʰʴʫʨ ʱʭʰʸʰʱʬʮʬ ʫʨʼʰ˂ʬʩʰʯ
141
ʨ˃ʲʬʭʫʬʴ. ʹʨ˅ʰʸʵʫ ʳʰʳʨˁʴʰʨ ʫʾʬʹʨ˂ ʨʹʬ ʳʵʭʰʽ˂ʬʯ. ˄ʨʭʰʫʬʯ
ʬʱʲʬʹʰʨʮʬ ʫʨ ˀʬʭʼʰ˂ʵʯ ʬʸʯʳʨʴʬʯʹ, ʸʵʳ ʹʨ˅ʰʸʵʬʩʰʹ ʫʸʵʹ
ʬʸʯʳʨʴʬʯʹ ʨʸ ʭʻʾʨʲʨʺʵʯ; ˅ʰʸˀʰ ʫʨ ʲˆʰʴˀʰ ʭʰʿʵʯ ʪʨʴʻʿʸʬʲʰ,
ʸʵʪʵʸ˂ ʬʸʯʰ ʱʨ˂ʰ; ʯʻ ʹʨʽʳʬ ʳʵʰʯˆʵʭʹ, ʻʱʨʴʨʹʱʴʬʲ ʹʰʹˆʲʰʹ
˄ʭʬʯʨʳʫʬ ʭʰʩʸ˃ʵʲʵʯ ʫʨ ʯʨʭʰ ˀʬʭ˄ʰʸʵʯ ʹʨʬʸʯʵ ʹʨʽʳʬʹ. ˆʵʲʵ
ʯʻ ʭʰʴʳʬʳ ʨʳ ʼʰ˂ʹ ʻʾʨʲʨʺʵʹ, ʹʨʹʺʰʱʨʯ ʰʽʴʨʹ ʹʨˇʨʸʵʯ
ʫʨʹˇʰʲʰ.
ʨʳ ˄ʰʴʨʫʨʫʬʩʨʹ ˆʨʲˆʰ ʻʱʨʳʨʯʵʫ ʾʬʩʻʲʵʩʹ. ˁʽʨʸʰ
ʴʨʩʰˇʰʯ ˄ʳʰʴʫʨ ʱʭʰʸʰʱʬʹ ʳʵʴʨʹʺʸʰʹʨʱʬʴ ʳʰʫʰʹ ʫʨ ʳʰʹ ʪʨʲʨʭʨʴˀʰ
ʯʨʭʹ ʰʿʸʰʹ.
ʨʳʰʹ ˀʬʳʫʬʪ ʬʱʲʬʹʰʰʹ ʱʨʸʬʩʰ ʰʾʬʩʨ. ʳʵˆʻ˂ ʼʨʴʪʨʴʹ
ʪʨʳʵʨʽʭʹ ʰʽʰʫʪʨʴ ʳʯʬʲʰ ʹʭʨʴʬʯʰʹ ʹʨʯʨʿʭʨʴʬʩʬʲʰ ,,ˀʨʲʰʨʴʰʹ³
ˆʨʺʰ, ʸʵʳʬʲʮʬʫʨ˂ ʽʭʬʳʵʯ ʪʭʬʽʴʬʩʨ ʲʨʶʨʸʨʱʰ. ʳʯʬʲʰ ˆʨʲˆʰ ʽʻʫ
ʳʵˆʫʰʲʰ ʳʰʹ ˄ʰʴʨˀʬ ʳʻˆʲʹ ʰʫʸʬʱʹ, ʶʰʸˇʭʨʸʹ ʰ˄ʬʸʹ ʫʨ ,,ʫʰʫʬʩʨ
ˀʨʲʰʨʴʹ³ ʰ˃ʨˆʰʹ. ʼʨʴʪʨʴʰ ʰʳʬʵʸʬʩʹ ʮʬʳʵˆʹʬʴʬʩʻʲ ʪʰʴʨʫʸʻʿ
ʼʨʸˇʰʨʴʰʹ ʹʰʺʿʭʬʩʹ ʫʨ ʨʼʰ˂ʬʩʹ ˆʨʲˆʹ, ʸʵʳʲʰʹ ʪʨʯʨʭʬʩʰʹʨʹʨ˂
ˆʨʲˆʳʨ ʬʸʯˆʳʨʫ ʰʪʸʰʨʲʨ: ,,ʨʳʰʴ, ʨʳʰʴ³. ʫʨ ʳʬʸʳʬ ʳˀʭʰʫʵʩʰʨʴʨʯ
ʫʨʰˀʨʲʨ.
ʿʭʬʲʨʼʬʸʰ ʬʹ ʳʨʲʬ ʪʨʮʭʰʨʫʬʩʻʲʰ ʹʨˆʰʯ ʬ˂ʴʵʩʨ
ʨʫʪʰʲʵʩʸʰʭ ʨʫʳʰʴʰʹʺʸʨ˂ʰʨʹ. ʨʫʪʰʲʵʩʸʰʭʰ ʩʵʽʨʻʲʰ ʯʨʭʨʫʰ
ˇʵʸˇʨ˃ʬ ʳʰʹʳʨ ˇʨˀʻˀʬʩʳʨ ʫʨʨʸ˄ʳʻʴʬʹ ʰʳʨˀʰ, ʸʵʳ ʯʰʯʽʵʹ
ʹʭʨʴʬʯʰʹ ʼʰ˂ʰ ʳʰʬʾʵʹ ʩʬˁʵˀʰ ʳʫʪʵʳ ˇʨʸʰʹʨ ʫʨ ʨʫʳʰʴʰʹʺʸʨ˂ʰʰʹ
ʪʨʴʨʫʪʻʸʬʩʨʮʬ. ˀʬˀʰʴʬʩʻʲʳʨ ˇʵʸˇʨ˃ʬʳ ʹʨʹ˄ʸʨʼʵʫ ʬʹ ʨʳʩʨʭʰ
ʨ˂ʴʵʩʨ ʯ. ʫʨʫʬˀʽʬʲʰʨʴʬʩʹ ʫʨ ʹʯˆʵʭʨ ʳʨʯ ʳʵʹʨʲʵʫʴʬʲ
ʻʩʬʫʻʸʬʩʰʹʨʪʨʴ ʫʨʬ˂ʭʨʯ. ʯʨʭʨʫʳʨ ʯʬʴʪʰʮʳʨ ʰˀʵʭʴʨ ʫʸʵ
ʳʯʨʭʸʵʩʰʹʨʫʳʰ ʬʸʯʪʻʲʬʩʰʹ ʫʨʳʺʱʰ˂ʬʩʰʹʨʯʭʰʹ ʫʨ ʳʨʲʬ
ʯʨʭʰʹʰ ˆʨʲˆʰʯ ʩʬˁʵˀʰ ʪʨˁʴʫʨ ˇʨʸʰʹʨ ʫʨ ʨʫʳʰʴʰʹʺʸʨ˂ʰʰʹ
ʫʨʹʨ˂ʨʭʨʫ.
ʬʹ ʨʳʩʨʭʰ ʬ˂ʴʵʩʨ ʯʨʭʰʹʻʼʨʲ ʹʭʨʴʬʯʹ ʰʳ ʹʨˆʰʯ, ʯʰʯʽʵʹ
ˇʨʸʰ, ʨʫʳʰʴʰʹʺʸʨ˂ʰʨ ʫʨ ʫʨʫʬˀʽʬʲʰʨʴʬʩʰ ʬʳʮʨʫʬʩʵʫʴʬʴ ʳʨʯʯʨ
ʹʨʵʳʸʨʫ ʫʨ ʯʨʭʰʹʻʼʨʲ ʹʭʨʴʬʯʰʹ ʫʨʹʨʶʿʸʵʩʨʯ.
ʬʹ ˆʳʨ ʬʲʭʰʹ ʹʰʹ˄ʸʨʼʰʯ ʳʵʬʼʰʴʨ ʳʯʬʲ ʹʭʨʴʬʯʹ. ˆʨʲˆʰ,
ʹʨʵʳʸʨʫ ʪʨʳʵ˄ʿʵʩʰʲʰ, ʹʨˁʽʨʸʵʯ ʰʱʸʰʩʬʩʨ ʬʸʯ ʨʫʪʰʲʨʹ.
ʸʵʪʵʸ˂ ʪʨʫʳʵʪʭ˂ʬʳʬʴ, ʹʨˀʰʴʬʲ ʹʻʸʨʯʹ ˄ʨʸʳʵʨʫʪʬʴʫʨ ʯʻʸʳʬ ʬʹ
ʻʳʨʪʨʲʰʯʵ ʨʾʬʲʭʬʩʻʲʰ ˆʨʲˆʰʹ ʮʾʭʨ, ʸʵʪʵʸ˂ ʪʨʸʬʪʴʻʲʨʫ,
ʰʹʬ ʯʨʭʰʹʰ ʳʰʹ˄ʸʨʼʬʩʰʯ ʫʨ ʹʻʲʰʹʱʭʬʯʬʩʰʯ. ˂ʵʺʨ ˆʴʰʹ ˀʬʳʫʬʪ
142
ʱʸʬʩʨʹ ʪʨʳʵʨʽʭʹ ʫʨʫʪʬʴʰʲʬʩʨ, ʸʵʳ ʰʹʰʴʰ ʳʨʸʯʲʨ˂ ʫʨʬ˂ʬʴ
ʩʬˁʵˀʰ ʫʨʩʨʴʨʱʬʩʻʲ ˇʨʸʹʨ ʫʨ ʨʫʳʰʴʰʹʺʸʨ˂ʰʨʹ, ʪʨʹ˄ʿʭʰʺʵʴ
ʰʹʰʴʰ ʫʨ ʳʨʯʰ ʰʨʸʨʾʰ ʫʨ ʺʿʭʰʨ-˄ʨʳʨʲʰ ˆʬʲʯ ʰʪʫʵʴ.
ʨʳ ʫʨʫʪʬʴʰʲʬʩʰʹ ʹʰʹʸʻʲʬˀʰ ʳʵʹʨʿʭʨʴʨʯ ʳʯʬʲʰ ˆʨʲˆʰ
ʩʨʲʰʹ ʳʯʰʯ ʩʬˁʵʹʱʬʴ ʳʰʬʳʪʮʨʭʸʬʩʨ. ʨʽ ʳʨʯ ˀʬˆʭʫʬʴ ʯʨʭʨʫʰ
ʫʨʫʬˀʽʬʲʰʨʴʬʩʰ ʫʨ ʳʻˆʲʳʵʫʸʬʱʰʲʰ ʹʯˆʵʭʫʬʴ ˀʬˁʬʸʬʩʨʹ,
ʹʰʺʿʭʰʹ ʳʵʹʳʬʴʨʹ ʫʨ ʫʨʳˀʭʰʫʬʩʨ. ʶʰʸʭʬʲʨʫ ˆʨʲˆʰʹ
ʻʳʸʨʭʲʬʹʵʩʨ ˄ʰʴʨʨʾʳʫʬʪʰ ʰʿʵ ʫʨʫʬˀʽʬʲʰʨʴʬʩʯʨʴ
ʳʵʲʨʶʨʸʨʱʬʩʰʹʨ, ʳʨʪʸʨʳ ʮʵʪʰʬʸʯʰ ʳʵˆʻ˂ʬʩʻʲʬʩʰʹ
ʳʬ˂ʨʫʰʴʬʵʩʨʳ ʫʨ ʶʨʺʰʭʰʹ˂ʬʳʨʳ ʨʽʨ˂ ʪʨʹ˅ʸʨ ʫʨ ʨʾʬʲʭʬʩʻʲʰ
ˆʨʲˆʰʹ ʺʨʲʾʨ ˀʬˁʬʸʫʨ. ʪʨʰʳʨʸʯʨ ʱʨʳʨʯʰ ʨʳ ʵʸ ʳˆʨʸʬʯʨ ˀʵʸʰʹ,
ʸʵʳʲʰʹ ʫʸʵʹʨ˂ ʳʸʨʭʨʲʰ ˀˆʨʳʰʨʴʰ ʹʰʺʿʭʨ ʰʽʴʨ ˄ʨʸʳʵʯʽʳʻʲʰ
ʫʨʫʬˀʽʬʲʰʨʴʬʩʰʹ ʳʰʳʨʸʯ. ʯʨʭʨʫʬʩʰ˂ ʯʨʭʰʹʰ ʳˆʸʰʯ
ʨʸ˄ʳʻʴʬʩʫʬʴ ˆʨʲˆʹ, ʸʵʳ ˇʨʸʰ ʳʨʯ ʹʨʩʨʺʵʴʵ ʱʻʯˆʬˀʰʨ
ʫʨʩʨʴʨʱʬʩʻʲʰ ʫʨ ʹʺʻʳʸʬʩʰ ʸʵʳ ʭʬʸ ʰʶʨʺʰʵʴ ʫʨ ʫʨʰ˂ʭʨʴ, ʬʹ
ʳʨʯʰ ʯʨʭʰʹ ʳʵ˅ʸʨʨ. ʳʨʪʸʨʳ ʨʳ ʹʰʺʿʭʬʩʳʨ ˆʨʲˆʰ ʻʨʸʬʹʨʫ
ʪʨʨʾʰʮʰʨʴʨ ʫʨ ʿʭʬʲʨʳ ʬʸʯˆʳʨʫ ʰʪʸʰʨʲʨ: ,,˄ʨʭʰʫʬʯ, ˄ʨʭʰʫʬʯ,
ʱʳʨʸʨ ʮʾʨʶʸʬʩʰʵ³ʫʨ ˆʨʲˆʳʨ ʰ˄ʿʵ ʩʬˁʵʹʱʬʴ ˄ʰʴ ˄ʨ˄ʬʭʨ.
ʫʨʫʬˀʽʬʲʰʨʴʬʩʳʨ ʳʨʯ ʳʵʱʲʬ ʪʮʰʯ ˄ʰʴ ʪʨʨʹ˄ʸʬʹ, ʱʰʫʬʭ
ʫʨˆʭʫʬʴ ʪʮʨˀʰ ʫʨ ʱʭʲʨʭ ˀʬʻʫʪʬʴ ʹʭʨʴʬʩʰʹ ʫʨʳˀʭʰʫʬʩʨʹ. ʨʽʨ˂
ʮʵʪʰʬʸʯ ʪʨʭʲʬʴʰʨʴ ʶʰʸʬʩʰʹ ʳʬ˂ʨʫʰʴʬʵʩʰʯ ˆʨʲˆʰ ʰʽʴʨ
ˀʬˁʬʸʬʩʻʲʰ. ʪʨʰʳʨʸʯʨ ˂ˆʨʸʬ ʱʨʳʨʯʰ, ʸʰʹ ˀʬʳʫʬʪʨ˂ ʪʨʳʵʰʺʨʴʬʹ
ʨʹʬʯʰ ʫʨʫʪʬʴʰʲʬʩʨ: ˆʨʲˆʰ ʫʨʩʸʻʴʫʬʹ ʻʱʨʴ, ˆʵʲʵ ʩʬˁʵˀʰ
ʳʫʪʵʳ ˇʨʸʹʨ ʫʨ ʨʫʳʰʴʰʹʺʨ˂ʰʨʹ ʳʰʬ˂ʬʹ ˄ʰʴʨʫʨʫʬʩʨ ʯʨʭʰʹʻʼʨʲ
ʹʭʨʴʬʯʰʹ ʹʨʮʾʭʸʬʩʹ ʨʸ ʪʨʫʨʨʩʰˇʵʴ.
ʲʨʺʨʲʰʹ ʫʨ ʲʬʴˇʬʸʰʹ ʹʨʮʵʪʨʫʵʬʩʬʩʹ ʫʨʬʭʨʲʵʹ
ʯʨʭʰʹʻʼʨʲ ʹʭʨʴʬʯʰʹ ʫʨʹʨʭʲʬʯʰʹ ʹʨʮʾʭʸʬʩʰʹ ʫʨ˂ʭʨ ʫʨ ʩʨʲʰʹ
ʳʯʨʮʬ ʨʳ ʳʰʮʴʰʯ ˀʬʰʨʸʨʾʬʩʻʲʰ ʿʨʸʨʻʲʰʹ ʫʨʿʬʴʬʩʨ, ʸʨʯʨ ʨʸ˂
ʬʸʯʰ ʳʯʨʭʸʵʩʰʹ ʱʨ˂ʰ ʨʸ ˀʬʻˀʭʨʴ ʯʭʰʹʻʼʨʲ ʹʭʨʴʬʯˀʰ
ʫʨʹʨʭʲʬʯʰʫʪʨʴ. ˆʵʲʵ ʫʨʴʨʸˁʬʴ 5 ʹʨʮʵʪʨʫʵʬʩʨʹ ʻʴʫʨ
ʫʨʬʿʬʴʬʩʰʴʨ ʿʨʸʨʻʲʰ ʲʨʺʼʨʸʰʹ ʳʯʨʮʬ ʨʾʳʵʹʨʭʲʬʯʰʹ
ʹʨʮʾʭʸʬʩʰʹ ʫʨʹʨ˂ʨʭʨʫ ʫʨ ʪʮʬʩʰʹ ˀʬʹʨʱʸʨʭʨʯ.
ʨʳʨʹʵʩʨˀʰ ʨʫʪʰʲʵʩʸʰʭʳʨ ʩʵʽʨʻʲʳʨ ˇʵʸˇʨ˃ʬʳ
ʿʭʬʲʨʼʬʸʰ ʬʹ ʫʨ˄ʭʸʰʲʬʩʰʯ ʨ˂ʴʵʩʨ ʲʬˁˆʻʳʰʹ ʳʨʮʸʰʹ ʻʼʸʵʹʹ,
ʹʭʨʴʬʯʰʹ ʱʩʰʲʰʹ ʳʨʺʲʹ ʫʨ ʫʨʻ˃ʰʴʬʩʬʲ ʳʺʬʸʹ ʪʸʰʭʬʴʹʱʰʹ,
ʸʵʳʬʲʳʨ˂ ʯʨʭʰʹʰ ʳˆʸʰʯ ʹʨʹ˄ʸʨʼʵʫ ʻʳʨʾʲʬʹ ʳʯʨʭʸʵʩʨʹ ʨ˂ʴʵʩʨ
143
ʹʭʨʴʬʯʰʹ ʨʳʩʬʩʰ ʫʨ ʰʯˆʵʭʨ ʨʳ ʽʭʬʿʴʰʹ ʫʨʹʨʳˀʭʰʫʬʩʲʨʯ ʫʨ
˄ʬʹʬʩʰʹ ʨʾʹʨʫʪʬʴʨʫ ˇʨʸʰ.
ʳʰʹʰ ˀʻʨʳʫʪʵʳʲʵʩʨ ʳʨʲʬ ʪʨʴˆʵʸ˂ʰʬʲʫʨ ʫʨ ʰʭʲʰʹʰʹ
ʶʰʸʭʬʲ ʸʰ˂ˆʭʬʩˀʰ ʽʻʯʨʰʹʰʫʪʨʴ ʪʨʬʳʪʮʨʭʸʨ ʹʭʨʴʬʯʰʹʨʱʬʴ
ʽʻʯʨʰʹʰʹ ʪʻʩʬʸʴʨʺʵʸʰ ʳʨʲʨʼʬʬʭʰ ʫʨ ˇʨʸʰ ʪʬʴʬʸʨʲ ˂ʰʺʵʭʰˁʰʹ
ʳʬʯʨʻʸʵʩʰʯ.
7 ʰʭʲʰʹʹ ʬʹ ˇʨʸʰ ʨʳʵʭʰʫʨ ʲʬˁˆʻʳˀʰ ʫʨ ʫʨʩʨʴʨʱʫʨ ʳʻʸˀʰ.
ˇʨʸʰʹ ʹʭʨʴʬʯʰʹʨʱʬʴ ʪʨʳʵʪʮʨʭʴʨ ʳʨʲʬ ˀʬʰʺʿʭʬʹ ʹʭʨʴʬʩʳʨ ʫʨ
ʹʨʹ˄ʸʨʼʵʯ ʲʨʺʼʨʸʰʹʨ ʫʨ ʩʨʲʰʹ ʳʯʬʩʮʬʫ ʿʨʸʨʻʲʰʹ
ʪʨ˃ʲʰʬʸʬʩʨʹ ʫʨ ʹʨʵʳʸʨʫ ʳʮʨʫʬʩʨʹ ˀʬʻʫʪʴʬʴ.
ʨʳ ʫʸʵʹ ʪʸʰʴʬʭʹʱʰ ʴʨˆʻʲʵʩʹ ʹʭʨʴʬʯˀʰ ʳʰʳʨʭʨʲ ʬʽʭʹ
ʳʪʮʨʭʸ ʹʭʨʴʹ, ʸʵʳʲʬʩʹʨ˂ ʨʭʨʲʬʩʹ ʪʨʫʨʹ˂ʬʴ ʨˇʨʴʿʬʩʻʲ ʹʭʨʴʬʩʹ,
ʸʵʳ ʬʹ ʨˇʨʴʿʬʩʨ ʨʸʰʹ ʴʨʿʵʼʰ ʪʨʻʪʬʩʸʵʩʰʹʨ. ʳʨʸʯʨʲʰʨ ʳʯʨʭʸʵʩʨ
ʨˆʫʬʴʹ ʳʰ˄ʬʩʰʹ ʪʨʮʵʳʭʨʹ, ʳʨʪʸʨʳ ʬʹ ʰʳʰʺʵʳ, ʸʵʳ ,,ˆʬʲʳ˄ʰʼʬ-
ʰʳʶʬʸʨʺʵʸʳʨ³ ʻʴʫʨ ʰ˂ʵʫʬʹ ʯʨʭʰʹ ʽʭʬˀʬʭʸʫʵʳʯʨ ʳʰ˄ʰʹ
ʸʨʵʫʬʴʵʩʰʹ ʨʳʩʨʭʰ ʫʨ ʨʸʨʭʰʹ ʨʮʸʨʯ ʹʭʨʴʬʯˀʰ ʪʨʫʨʹʨˆʨʫʰʹ
ˀʬʳʵʾʬʩʨ ʨʸʨ ʨʽʭʹ. ʪʨʳʵ˂ˆʨʫʬʴ ˁʬʳʯʨʴ ʨʸʬʻʲʵʩʰʹ ʳʬʯʨʻʸʴʰ ʫʨ
ʯʨʴ ˁʨʳʵʰʿʭʨʴʵʴ ʯʰʯʵ ʹʨʮʵʪʨʫʵʬʩʰʫʪʨʴ 8-8 ʱʨ˂ʰ. ʳʬ ʳʨʯ
ʫʨʭˆʭʫʬʩʰ ʹʨʫʳʬ ʽʭʬʳʵ ʹʭʨʴʬʯˀʰ ʫʨ ʨʽʬʫʪʨʴ, ʯʻ ʰʹʻʸʭʬʩʬʴ,
ˁʬʳʯʨʴ ʬʸʯʨʫ ˄ʨʭʲʬʴ ˂ʨʪʬʸˀʰ ʪʻʩʬʸʴʨʺʵʸʯʨʴ
ʳʵʹʨʲʨʶʨʸʨʱʬʩʲʨʫ. ʯʻ ˀʬʭʯʨʴˆʳʫʬʩʰʯ, ˇʨʸʰ ʻʱʨʴ ʫʨʩʸʻʴʫʬʩʨ,
ʯʻ ʨʸʨ ʫʨ ʿʭʬʲʨʴʰ ʬʸʯʨʫ ʹʭʨʴʬʯʰʹʨʱʬʴ, ˄ʨʳʵʭʨʲʯ ʫʨ ʹˆʭ...
˄ʰʴʨʨʾʳʫʬʪ ʳʵʲʵʫʰʴʰʹʨ, ʪʸʰʴʬʭʹʱʰʹ ʨʳʪʭʨʸʰ
ʳʵʯˆʵʭʴʰʲʬʩʨ ʹʭʨʴʬʩʰʹ ʳʰʬʸ ˀʬʹʸʻʲʬʩʻʲ ʰʽʳʴʨ ʫʨ ʸʨʳʵʫʬʴʰʳʬ
ʫʾʰʹ ˀʬʳʫʬʪ ʳʨʹʯʨʴ ʪʨʳʵ˂ˆʨʫʫʨ ʨʯʰ ʱʨ˂ʰʹʨʪʨʴ ˀʬʳʫʪʨʸʰ
ʯʨʭʰʹʻʼʨʲʰ ʹʭʨʴʬʯʰʹ ʫʬʲʬʪʨ˂ʰʨ ʿʨʹʩʻʲʨʯ ˀʬʸʭʨˀʰ˃ʰʹ
ʳʬʯʨʻʸʵʩʰʯ.
ʪʸʰʴʬʭʹʱʰ ʿʨʹʩʻʲʨʯʹ ʰ˂ʴʵʩʫʨ, ʨʳʰʺʵʳ ʶʰʸʭʬʲʨʫ
ʹʨʿʭʬʫʻʸʬʩʰʯ ʳʰʳʨʸʯʨ ʳʨʹ ʫʨ ʻʯˆʸʨ: ,,ʨʪʬʸ 15 ˄ʬʲʰ˄ʨʫʰʨ, ʸʨ˂
ˀʬʴ ʳʯʨʭʸʵʩʰʹ ʹʨʳʹʨˆʻʸˀʰ ˆʨʸ. ʳʯʨʭʸʵʩʨʳʨ˂ ˀʬʴ ʵʸʰ ʳʬʴʫʲʰʯ
ʫʨʪʨʱʰʲʫʵʭʨ ʫʨ ʫʾʬʹ ʳʰʹ ʹʨ˄ʰʴʨʨʾʳʫʬʪʵʯ ʹʭʨʴʬʯʰʹ ˆʨʲˆʹ
ʨʳˆʬʫʸʬʩ. ʰ˂ʵʫʬ, ʸʵʳ ʯʻ ˀʬʴ ʳʰʬʸ ʨˇʨʴʿʬʩʻʲʰ ˆʨʲˆʰ ʨʸ
ʫʨʪʰ˄ʿʴʨʸʬʩʰʨ, ʹʨʹʺʰʱʨʯ ʰʽʴʬʩʰ ʫʨʹˇʰʲʰʵ³
ʿʨʹʩʻʲʨʯʳʨ ʻʶʨʹʻˆʨ:
±,,ʺʿʻʰʲʨʯ ʼʰʽʸʵʩʯ, ʯʰʯʽʵʹ ʳʬ ˆʨʲˆʰ ʨʳʬˇʨʴʿʬʩʰʴʵʹ.
ʸʨ ˀʻʨˀʰ ʭʨʸ ʨʽ ʳʬ, ʸʵ˂ʨ ʨʳʰʹ ʪʨʳʵ˄ʭʬʭʰʹ ʳʰʮʬʮʬʩʰ ʯʽʭʬʴʯʭʰʹ
144
ʴʨʯʬʲʰ ʻʴʫʨ ʰʿʵʹ. ʯʽʭʬʴ ˆʵʳ ʰ˂ʰʯ, ʸʵʳ ʳʯʬʲʰ ʹʭʨʴʬʯʰʹ ˆʨʲˆʰ
ʱʨʲʨˀʰʨ ʯʨʭʳʵʿʸʰʲʰ. ʸʨ ʹʨʱʭʰʸʭʬʲʰʨ ʰʽ ʭʰʿʨʭʰ ʳʬ˂. ˆʨʲˆʳʨ
ʳʯˆʵʭʨ ʳʬʯʽʭʨ ʳʰʹʯʭʰʹ ˁʬʳʰ ʨʮʸʰ ʫʨ ʳʬ˂ ʭʻʯˆʨʸʰ ʳʨʹ, ʸʨ˂ ʪʻʲˀʰ
ʳʽʵʴʫʨ, ʳʨʪʸʨʳ ʻʼʸʵ ʳʯʨʭʸʵʩʰʹ ʹʨʹʨʸʪʬʩʲʵʯ ʫʨ ˆʨʲˆʰʹ
ʫʨʹʨʳˀʭʰʫʬʩʲʨʯ³
±ʸʨ˂ ʰʿʵ ʰʿʵ, ʨˆʲʨ ʯʽʭʬʴ ʪʬʭʨʲʬʩʨʯ, ʸʵʳ ʹʨˁʽʨʸʵʯ
ʳʵˆʹʴʨʯ ʿʨʸʨʻʲʰ ʲʨʺʼʨʸʰʹʨ ʫʨ ʩʨʲʰʹ ʳʯʬʩʰʫʪʨʴ. ʻʯˆʸʨ ʳʨʯ
ʪʸʰʴʬʭʹʱʰʳ.
±ʸʨʹʨ ʩʸ˃ʨʴʬʩʯ, ˆʨʲˆʰʹ ʻʳʸʨʭʲʬʹʵʩʨʳ ʯʻ ʨʸ ʰʹʻʸʭʨ,
ˁʭʬʴ ʸʵʪʵʸ ˀʬʪʭʰ˃ʲʰʨ ʬʹ ˀʬʭʨʹʸʻʲʵʯ, ʳʰʻʪʵ ʳʨʹ ʿʨʹʩʻʲʨʯʳʨ.
ʪʸʰʴʬʭʹʱʰ ʪʨʼʰ˂ˆʫʨ ʫʨ ʻʩʸ˃ʨʴʨ ʫʬʲʬʪʨ˂ʰʨʹ ˄ʨʹʻʲʰʿʵ
ʳʨʹʯʨʴ ˂ʨʪʬʸˀʰ ʪʻʩʬʸʴʨʺʵʸʯʨʴ. ʫʬʲʬʪʬʨ˂ʰʨ˂ ʫʨʬʯʨʴˆʳʨ ʨʳʨʮʬ
ʫʨ 13 ʰʭʲʰʹʹ ˄ʨʸʻʫʪʨ ʳʨʲʨʼʬʬʭʹ, ʸʵʳʬʲʳʨ˂ ʰʹʰʴʰ ˀʬʹʨʼʬʸʰʹʰ
ʶʨʺʰʭʰʹ˂ʬʳʰʯ ʳʰʰʾʵ ʫʨ ʹʯˆʵʭʨ ʫʨ˄ʭʸʰʲʬʩʰʯ ʳʵʬˆʹʬʴʬʩʰʴʨʯ
ʳʰʹʯʭʰʹ ʨˇʨʴʿʬʩʰʹ ʪʨʳʵ˄ʭʬʭʰʹ ʳʰʮʬʮʬʩʰ.
ʫʬʲʬʪʨ˂ʰʰʫʪʨʴ ʳʰʹ ˄ʰʴʨˀʬ ˄ʨʸʹʫʪʨ ʿʨʹʩʻʲʨʯʰ ʫʨ
ʳʵʨˆʹʬʴʨ:
±,,ʻʳʯʨʭʸʬʹʰ ʳʰʮʬʮʰ ˁʭʬʴʰ ʨˇʨʴʿʬʩʰʹʨ ʪʨˆʲʨʭʯ
ʳʯʨʭʸʵʩʰʹ ʨˆʨʲʰ ʪʨʴʱʨʸʪʻʲʬʩʨ ʳʰ˄ʬʩʰʹ ʪʨʮʵʳʭʰʹʨ ʫʨ
ʸʨʵʫʬʴʵʩʰʹ ʪʨʳʵʸʱʭʬʭʰʹ ˀʬʹʨˆʬʩ. ʨʸʰʹ ʳʸʨʭʨʲʰ ʹˆʭʨ ʳʰʮʬʮʬʩʰ˂
ˁʭʬʴʰ ʳʯʨʭʸʵʩʰʹʨʫʳʰ ʻʱʳʨʿʵʼʰʲʬʩʰʹʨ³
ʨʽ ʳʨʹ ʪʻʩʬʸʴʨʺʵʸʰ ʹʰʺʿʭʨʹ ʨ˄ʿʭʬʺʰʴʬʩʹ ʫʨ ʬʱʰʯˆʬʩʨ.
±ʸʨʺʵʳ ˆʨʸʯ ʳʯʨʭʸʵʩʰʯ ʻʱʳʨʿʵʼʰʲʵ?
ʿʨʹʩʻʲʨʯʰ ʻʶʨʹʻˆʬʩʹ:
±,,ʨʰ ʸʨʺʵʳ, ʻˆʹʵʭʨʸ ʫʸʵʰʫʪʨʴ ˁʭʬʴ ʯʨʭʰʹʻʼʨʲʰ
ʭʰʿʨʭʰʯ, ʨʸʨʭʰʹ ʭʬʳʵʸˁʰʲʬʩʵʫʰʯ, ʩʬʪʨʸʨʹ ʫʨ ʪʨʫʨʹʨˆʨʫʹ ʨʸ
ʭʰˆʫʰʫʰʯ. ʨʳ ʩʵʲʵ ʫʸʵʹ ˁʬʴ ʴʬʩʨʿʵʼʲʵʩʰʯ ʸʻʹʬʯʹ
ˀʬʭʻʬʸʯʫʰʯ, ʪʭʬʪʵʴʨ ʳʯʨʭʸʵʩʨ ʫʨʶʰʸʬʩʬʩʹ ʪʨʨʴʨʾʫʬʩʫʨ, ʸʨʳʬ
ˀʬʳ˄ʬʵʩʨʹ ʳʵʪʭ˂ʬʳʫʨ, ʳʨʪʸʨʳ, ʴʨ˂ʭʲʨʯ ʨʳʰʹʨ, ˁʭʬʴʭʬ ʪʭʨˆʫʬʭʰʴʬʩʹ
ʸʨʾʨ˂ ʪʨʫʨʹʨˆʨʫʬʩʹ ʫʨ ʸʨʺʵʳ ʳʵˆʫʨ ʬʹ ± ˁʭʬʴ ˃ʨʲʰʨʴ ʪʭʰʱʭʰʸʹ.
ˁʭʬʴ ʨʳʨʹ ʳʰˁʭʬʻʲʰ ʨʸʨ ʭʨʸʯ, ʳʵʴʵʩʨˀʰ ʿʵʼʴʰʹʨ ʨʸʨ ʭʰ˂ʰʯ ʸʨ, ʫʨ
ˁʭʬʴʰ ˄ʰʴʨʶʸʬʩʰʹ ʹʰʹˆʲʰʯ ʪʨʳʵʹʿʰʫʻʲ ʯʨʭʰʹʻʼʲʬʩʨʹ ʨʹʬ
ʨʫʭʰʲʨʯ ʭʬʸʨʭʰʹ ʪʨʭʨʯʬʲʭʰʴʬʩʯ ʼʬˆʽʭʬˀ ʫʨ ʹˆʭʨ³
±ʭʰʴ ʳʵʪʨʺʿʻʨʯ, ʸʵʳ ʳʯʨʭʸʵʩʨʹ ʳʰ˄ʰʹ ʨˆʨʲʰ
ʪʨʫʨʹʨˆʨʫʬʩʰʹ ˀʬʳʵʾʬʩʨ ʻʴʫʨ ʹʭʨʴʬʯˀʰ, ˈʱʰʯˆʨ ʪʻʩʬʸʴʨʺʵʸʴʨ.
ʿʨʹʩʻʲʨʯʳʨ ʻʶʨʹʻˆʨ:
145
 ±,,ʩʬʭʸʰ ˁʭʬʴʯʨʪʨʴʰ ʸʨ˅ʨ-ʲʬˁˆʻʳˀʰ ʰʿʵ, ʹʨʫʨ˂ ʹʨʽʳʰʹ
ʳ˂ʵʫʴʬ ʶʰʸʬʩʳʨ ʨʳʰʹ ʹʰʴʨʳʫʭʰʲʬˀʰ ʫʨʪʭʨʸ˄ʳʻʴʬʹ³
±ʿʭʬʲʨʼʬʸʰ ʬʹ ʹʰ˂ʸʻʬʨ, ʸʨʺʵʳ ʫʨʻˇʬʸʬʯ ʨʹʬʯ ˂ʸʻ
ˆʳʬʩʹ.ʻʯˆʸʨ ʳʨʲʨʼʬʬʭʳʨ.
±ˁʭʬʴ ʪʭʽʵʴʫʨ ʹʨʩʻʯʰ ʨʹʬʯʰ ˆʳʬʩʰʹʨʯʭʰʹ ʫʨʪʭʬˇʬʸʬʩʰʴʨ,
ʭʰʴʨʰʫʪʨʴ ʸʨʳʵʫʬʴʰʳʬ ˄ʲʰʹ ˄ʰʴʬʯ ʪʨʭʸ˂ʬʲʫʨ ˆʳʨ ʹʭʨʴʬʯˀʰ
ʹʨˆʨʮʰʴʵ ʪʨʫʨʹʨˆʨʫʬʩʰʹ ˀʬʳʵʾʬʩʰʹ ˀʬʹʨˆʬʩ ʫʨ, ʳʰʻˆʬʫʨʭʨʯ
ʰʳʰʹʨ, ʸʵʳ ˁʭʬʴ ʬʹ ʨʸ ʪʭˇʬʸʵʫʨ ± ʪʨʳʨʸʯʲʫʨ. ʳʰʹ ˀʬʳʫʬʪ ˆʨʲˆʹ
ʳʯʨʭʸʵʩʰʹʨʫʳʰ ʴʫʵʩʨ ʫʨʬʱʨʸʪʨ ʫʨ ʨʳ ˆʳʬʩʳʨ˂ ʰʳʰʺʵʳ ʳʵʰʱʰʫʬʹ
ʳʨʪʸʨʯ ʼʬˆʰ ʳʯʬʲ ˆʨʲˆˀʰ. ʾʳʬʸʯʳʨ ʴʻ ʽʴʨʹ, ʸʵʳ ʬʹ ˆʳʬʩʰ
ʪʨʳʨʸʯʲʫʬʹ, ʯʻ ʨʸʨ ʿʭʬʲʨʴʰ ʬʸʯ ʫʾʬʹ ʫʨʭʰˆʵ˂ʬʩʰʯ ʫʨ ʨʳʨʮʬ
ʳʯʨʭʸʵʩʨʹ ʭʬʸ ʫʨʭʬʯʨʴˆʳʬʩʰʯ. ʲʬˁˆʻʳˀʰ ˁʭʬʴ ʰʹʰ˂ ʪʭʰʯˆʸʬʹ,
ʯʰʯʽʵʹ ˁʭʬʴʰ ˂ʰˆʬʬʩʰʹ ʫʨʴʪʸʬʭʨ˂ ˈʽʵʴʫʨ ʳʯʨʭʸʵʩʨʹ ʨʮʸʨʯ.
ʸʨʹʨʱʭʰʸʭʬʲʰʨ ʬʹ ʨʸ ʨʸʰʹ ʫʨʹʨˇʬʸʬʩʬʲʰ ʫʨ ʨʸ˂ ʳˇʬʸʨ, ʳʨʪʸʨʳ ʨʳ
ʹʰʺʿʭʬʩʰʹ ʪʨʪʵʴʬʩʨ˂ ʹʨʱʳʨʸʰʹʰʨ ˁʬʴ ʪʻʲˀʰ ˂ʬ˂ˆʲʰʹ ʪʨʹʨˁʬʴʨʫ ±
ʳʵʨˆʹʬʴʨ ʪʻʩʬʸʴʨʺʵʸʹ ʿʨʹʩʻʲʨʯʳʨ.
±,,ʳʬ ʯʽʭʬʴ ˅ʱʭʰʨʴʰ ʱʨ˂ʰ ʳʬʪʵʴʬʯ ʫʨ ʳʰʱʭʰʸʹ ˃ʨʲʰʨʴ, ʸʵʳ
ʨʳʰʹʯʨʴʨ ʿʨʲʩ ˆʳʬʩʹ ʿʻʸʨʫʾʬʩʨʹ ʨʽ˂ʬʭʯ³ ʻʯˆʸʨ ʳʨʹ
ʪʻʩʬʸʴʨʺʵʸʳʨ.
±,,ˁʭʬʴ ʨʸ ʪʭʰʴʫʨ ʫʨʭʰˇʬʸʵʯ, ʳʨʪʸʨʳ ʸʨ˂ ʰʯʽʭʨ, ʱʰʫʬ˂
ʨˆʫʨ. ˆʵʲʵ ʸʨʹʨ˂ ˀʬʪʭʶʰʸʫʰʯ, ʨʸʨʼʬʸʰ ʪʨʴʨʾʫʫʨ ʫʨ ʨˆʲʨ˂ ʬ˅ʭʰ
ʪʭʬʶʨʸʬʩʨ, ʸʵʳ ʪʨʫʨʹʨˆʨʫʬʩʰ³ ʳʰʻʪʬʩʹ ʿʨʹʩʻʲʨʯʰ.
±,,ʸʨ ʪʨʫʨʹʨˆʨʫʬʩʰʵ, ± ʪʻʲʳʵʹʻʲʨʯ ʻʯˆʸʨ ʳʨʹ
ʪʻʩʬʸʴʨʺʵʸʳʨ; ʯʭʬʴʰ ʪʨʫʨʹʨˆʨʫʰ ʰʹ ʻʴʫʨ ʰʿʵʹ, ʸʵʳ ʯʭʰʯʬʻʲʳʨ
ʯʽʭʬʴʪʨʴʳʨ ʰʿʰʫʵʹ ʹʨʴʯʬʲʰ, ʨʻʴʯʵʹ ʰʹ ˆʨʺʹ ʫʨ ʾʳʬʸʯʹ
ʳʨʫʲʵʩʨ ˀʬʹ˄ʰʸʵʹ, ʸʵʳ ʸʻʹʬʯʰʹ ʳʼʨʸʭʬʲʵʩʰʹ ʽʭʬˀ ʰʳʿʵʼʬʩʰʯ.
ʯʽʭʬʴ ʰ˂ʰʯ, ʸʨʳʫʬʴʰ ʼʻʲʰ ʬˆʨʸˇʬʩʨ ʯʽʭʬʴʯʭʰʹ ʳʯʨʭʸʵʩʨʹ...
ʩʵʽʨʻʲʰ, ʳʰʹʰ ʯʨʴʨˀʬʳ˄ʬ, ʱʨʴ˂ʬʲʨʸʰʨ, ʹʨʳʾʭʫʬʲʵʬʩʨ, ʿʭʬʲʨ
ʬʹʬʴʰ ˆʵʳ ˆʨʮʰʴʰʹ ˆʨʸˇʮʬ ʰʳʿʵʼʬʩʰʨʴ. ʰ˂ʰʯ ʯʽʭʬʴ ʬʹʨ? ʨʸʨ, ʨʸ
ʰ˂ʰʯ³
ʿʨʹʩʻʲʨʯʳʨ ʳʨʹ ʪʨʩʬʫʻʲʨʯ ʻʶʨʹʻˆʨ:
±,,ʯʻ ʯʽʭʬʴ ʨʳʫʬʴʹ ˆʨʸˇʨʭʯ ʨʳ ʯʽʭʬʴ ʳʰʬʸ ˁʨʳʵʯʭʲʰʲ
ʳʵˆʬʲʬʬʩʰʹ ˀʬʹʨʴʨˆʨʭʨʫ, ʬʹ ʨʲʩʨʯ ʰʳʰʺʵʳ, ʸʵʳ ʿʭʬʲʨ ʬʹʬʴʰ
ʯʽʭʬʴʯʭʰʹ ʨʸʰʨʴ ʹʨ˅ʰʸʵ. ˁʭʬʴ ʱʰ ʨʸʨʭʰʯʨʸ ʹʨʸʪʬʩʲʵʩʨʹ ʨʳ
ʶʰʸʬʩʰʹʨʪʨʴ ʨʸ ʳʵʭʬʲʰʯ, ʭʰʴʨʰʫʪʨʴ ʻʱʭʬ ʫʨʭʸ˄ʳʻʴʫʰʯ ʰʳʨˀʰ,
ʸʵʳ ʸʵ˂ʨ ʰʹʰʴʰ ʨʸ ʪʭʿʨʭʫʨ, ʻʼʸʵ ʱʨʸʪʨʫ ʭ˂ˆʵʭʸʵʩʫʰʯ, ʭʰʫʸʬ
146
ʨˆʲʨ. ʳʼʨʸʭʬʲʰ ʹʭʨʴʬʯʹ ʳʸʨʭʨʲ ʹʨʻʱʻʴʬʯʨ ʪʨʴʳʨʭʲʵʩʨˀʰ ʨʸ
ˈʿʵʲʰʨ ʫʨ ʨʸ˂ ʨˆʲʨ ʨʸʰʹ ʹʨ˅ʰʸʵ. ʯʻ ˀʬʳ˄ʬʵʩʰʹ ʨʾʳʵˁʬʴʰʹ
ʳʨʪʰʭʸʨʯ ˁʭʬʴ ʳʵʴʨʯ ʽ˂ʬʻʲʰ ʭʰʽʴʬʩʰʯ, ˆʨʲˆʰʹ ʹʨˆʬʲʰʯ
ʳʵʪʨˆʹʬʴʬʩʯ, ʳ˄ʿʨʲʵʩʬʲʰ ʯʨʳʨʸ ʳʬʼʬ˂ ʭʬʸ ʪʭʨˆʫʬʭʰʴʬʩʫʨ ˁʭʬʴ
ˆʨʸʱʹ ʫʨ ʨʸ˂ ʫʾʬʹ ˀʬʪʭʰ˃ʲʰʨ ʭʰʴʳʬʹ ʨʳʰʹʰ ʴʬʩʨ ʳʰʭ˂ʬʯ³
±,,ʳʨʸʯʨʲʰʨ ʯʨʳʨʸ ʳʬʼʬ ʯʽʭʬʴ ʩʬʪʨʸʨʹ ʨʸ ʪʨˆʫʬʭʰʴʬʩʫʨʯ,
ʳʨʪʸʨʳ ʳʨʨʹ ʹʨʳʨʪʰʬʸʵʯ ˇʨʸˀʰ ʪʨˈʿʨʭʫʰʯ, ʫʨ ʬʹ ʫʰʫ ˆʨʸˇʬʩʯʨʴ
ʰʿʵ ʯʽʭʬʴʯʭʰʹ ʫʨʱʨʭˀʰʸʬʩʻʲ³-ʰʵ, ± ʻʯˆʸʨ ʳʨʹ ʳʨʲʨʼʬʬʭʳʨ.

ʿʨʹʩʻʲʨʯʳʨ ʻʶʨʹʻˆʨ:
±,,ʨʸʨ, ʩʨʺʵʴʵ ʪʻʩʬʸʴʨʺʵʸʵ, ʬʹ ʨʹʬ ʨʸ ʪʨˆʲʫʨʯ. ˁʭʬʴ
ʿʵʭʬʲ˄ʲʰʻʸʨʫ ʯʨʳʨʸ ʳʬʼʬʹʯʨʴ ʭʪʮʨʭʴʰʫʰʯ ʱʨ˂ʬʩʹ
ʽʭʬˀʬʭʸʫʵʳʵʩʰʹ ʫʨʹʨʳʺʱʰ˂ʬʩʲʨʫ ʫʨ ʰʹ ˁʭʬʴ ʪʨʪʮʨʭʴʰʲ ʱʨ˂ʬʩʹ,
ʳʨʸʯʲʨ˂, ʴʨʳʫʭʰʲ ʳʬʼʻʸʨʫ ʰʹʺʻʳʸʬʩʫʨ ʫʨ ˃ʭʰʸʼʨʹʰ
ʹʨˁʻʽʸʬʩʰʯ ʨˇʰʲʫʵʭʬʩʫʨ ʫʨ ʨʩʸʻʴʬʩʫʨ ˁʭʬʴ ʽʭʬʿʨʴʨˀʰ.
ʨˆʲʨ ʸʨʹ ʭˆʬʫʨʭʯ. ʭˆʬʫʨʭʯ ʰʳʨʹ, ʸʵʳ ʿʵʭʬʲ˄ʲʰʻʸʨʫ
ʹʭʨʴʬʯʰʹ ʿʭʬʲʨ ʹʨʮʵʪʨʫʵʬʩʬʩʰʹ ʳʨʳʨʹʨˆʲʰʹʬʩʰʹ ,,ʶʵʳʵˀʴʰʱʬʩʰ³
ʳʰʫʰʨʴ ʽʻʯʨʰʹˀʰ ʾʨʸʰʩ ʹʭʨʴʬʩʰʹ ʵˇʨˆʬʩˀʰ ʨʩʵ˅ʰʲʰ ʼʻʲʬʩʰʹ
ˆʨʮʰʴʨˀʰ ˀʬʹʨʺʨʴʨʫ, ʳʨʪʸʨʳ ʳʯʨʭʸʵʩʨ ʳʨʯ ʽʨʲʨʳʴʰʹ ʼʨʹʹ ʫʨ ʪʮʰʹ
ˆʨʸˇʬʩʹʨ˂ ʱʰ ʨʸ ʨ˃ʲʬʭʹ. ʸʵʪʵʸ˂ ˆʬʫʨʭʯ, ʪʨʴʹˆʭʨʭʬʩʨ ʫʰʫʰʨ.
ʯʨʳʨʸʹ ˁʭʬʴ ʭʬ˂ʵʫʬʩʵʫʰʯ. ʳʨʹʯʨʴ ʨʸʨʼʬʸʰ ʳʰʪʭʽʵʴʫʨ, ʪʨʸʫʨ
ʱʬʯʰʲʰ ʪʻʲʰʹʨ, ʰʹ ʱʰ ʫʰʫ ʿʻʸʨʫʾʬʩʨʹ ʪʭʨʽ˂ʬʭʫʨ, ʹʨˁʻʽʸʬʩʹ
ʪʭʰʪʮʨʭʴʰʫʨ. ʹʭʨʴʬʯˀʰ ʨʸʹʬʩʻʲʰ ˃ʰʸʼʨʹʰ ʬʱʲʬʹʰʬʩʰ ʳʰʹ ʳʰʬʸ
ʨʸʰʨʴ ʨˀʬʴʬʩʻʲʰ ʫʨ ʳʨʯˀʰ ˀʬʴʨˆʻʲʰ ʳʸʨʭʨʲʰ ˃ʭʰʸʼʨʹʰ ˆʨʺ-
ˇʭʨʸʰ ˀʬʳʵ˄ʰʸʻʲʰ³
ʪʻʩʬʸʴʨʺʵʸʰ ʫʨʸ˄ʳʻʴʫʨ, ʸʵʳ ʨʳʪʭʨʸʰ ʳʵʲʨʶʨʸʨʱʬʩʰʯ
ʰʹ ʳʰʮʨʴʹ ʭʬʸ ʨʾ˄ʬʭʫʨ, ˀʬʹ˄ʿʭʰʺʨ ʫʬʲʬʪʨ˂ʰʨʹʯʨʴ ʻʴʨʿʵʼʵ ʩʨʨʹʰ
ʫʨʪʨʳʵʻ˂ˆʨʫʨ:
±,,ʫʨʭʨʴʬʩʵʯ ʲʨʶʨʸʨʱʹ ʯʨʭʰ, ʳʬ ʳʰʭʫʰʭʨʸ ʹʭʨʴʬʯˀʰ ʫʨ
ʨʫʪʰʲʵʩʸʰʭ ʪʨʳʵʭʨʸʱʭʬʭ ʿʵʭʬʲʰʭʬʹ. ʯʽʭʬʴ˂ ˁʬʳʯʨʴ ˄ʨʳʵˆʭʨʲʯ,
ˇʨʸʰ ʱʰ ʻʱʨʴ ʪʨʳʵʪʭʿʭʬʩʨʵ³ ʨʳʰʯʰ ʪʨʯʨʭʫʨ ʪʻʩʬʸʴʨʺʵʸʰʹʨ ʫʨ
ʹʭʨʴʬʯʰʹ ʫʬʲʬʪʨ˂ʰʰʹ ˀʵʸʰʹ ʻˀʬʫʬʪʵ ʱʨʳʨʯʰ ʫʨ ˀʬʻʫʪʬʴ
ʳʮʨʫʬʩʨʹ ʹʭʨʴʬʯʰʹʨʱʬʴ ˄ʨʹʨʹʭʲʬʲʨʫ.
15 ʰʭʲʰʹʹ ˂ʨʪʬʸʰʫʪʨʴ ʪʨʳʵʭʰʫʨ ʼʬˆʵʹʨʴʰ ˇʨʸʰ ʫʨ
ʪʻʸʰʰʹ ʸʨʮʳʰ, ˆʵʲʵ ʱʨʮʨʱʬʩʰ ʳʻʸˀʰ ʫʨʸˁʴʬʴ.
147
 ʹʭʨʴʬʩʳʨ ʸʵʳ ʬʹ ˀʬʰʺʿʭʬʹ, ˀʬʻʫʪʴʬʴ ʹʨʵʳʸʨʯ ʳʮʨʫʬʩʨʹ ʫʨ
ʲʨʺʼʨʸʰʹ ʳʯʨʮʬ ʿʨʸʨʻʲʰʹ ʪʨ˃ʲʰʬʸʬʩʨʹ, ʨʳʰʺʵʳ ˇʨʸʰ ˀʬˁʬʸʫʨ
ˁʵʲʻʸˀʰ ʫʨ ʹʭʨʴʬʯˀʰ ʳʨʲʨʼʬʬʭʰʹ ʪʨʴʱʨʸʪʻʲʬʩʰʯ ʪʨʰʪʮʨʭʴʨ
ˆʨʲˆʰʹ ʫʨʹʨʳˀʭʰʫʬʩʲʨʯ ʬʸʯʰ ʫʬʲʬʪʨʺʯʨʪʨʴʰ, ʸʵʳʬʲʹʨ˂
ʿʨʹʩʻʲʨʯʳʨ ʫʨʨʩʨʸʨ ʲʨʺʼʨʸʰʹ ʳʯʰʫʪʨʴ ʿʨʸʨʻʲʰʹ ʳʵˆʹʴʨ.
ʿʨʸʨʻʲʰʹ ʳʵˆʹʴʰʹ ˀʬʳʫʬʪ ʪʻʩʬʸʴʨʺʵʸʰ ˄ʰʴʫʨ˄ʰʴ ʪʮʨʭʴʰʹ
ʹʭʨʴʬʩʯʨʴ ʪʸʰʴʬʭʹʱʰʹ ʲʬˁˆʻʳʰʹ 20 ʯʨʭʨʫ-ʨʮʴʨʻʸʰʹ ʯʨʴˆʲʬʩʰʯ.
17 ʰʭʲʰʹʹ ʰʹ ˀʬʭʰʫʨ ʱʨʲʨˀʰ, ʹʨʫʨ˂ ʳʯʬʲʰ ˆʨʲˆʰ ʰʿʵ
ʫʨʩʨʴʨʱʬʩʻʲʰ. ʳʰʹ ʫʨʴʨˆʭʨʮʬ ˆʨʲˆʳʨ ʹʨˀʰʴʬʲʰ ʿʭʰʸʰʲʰ ʨʹʺʬˆʨ,
ʨʯʰ ˀʬʰʨʸʨʯʬʩʻʲʰ ʹʭʨʴʰ ʳʵʳʨʸʯʻʲʰ ʱʨʷʰʨʴʰ ʯʵʼʬʩʰʯ ʳʰʹʱʬʴ
ʳʰʰ˄ʬʭʬʴ, ˄ʰʴ ʬʾʵʩʬʩʰʨʴ ʫʨ ʻʿʭʰʸʰʨʴ: ,,ˀʬˁʬʸʫʰ, ʼʬˆʰ ʨʸ
ʪʨʫʨʨʫʪʨ, ʯʵʸʬʳ³ ˀʬˀʰʴʬʩʻʲʰ ʪʸʰʴʬʭʹʱʰ ʯˆʵʻʲʵʩʫʨ
ʹʵʼʬʲˀʰ ˀʬʹʭʲʰʹ ʴʬʩʨʸʯʭʨʹ ʫʨ ʯʨʴ ʴʬʲʰ ʴʨʩʰˇʰʯ ʰʽʰʯʱʬʴ
ʳʰʰ˄ʬʭʫʨ. ʹʭʨʴʬʩʳʨ ʳʨʹ ʳʸʰʹˆʨʴʬʫ ˀʬʻʿʭʰʸʬʹ: ʯʻ ʬʸʯ ʴʨʩʰˇʹ
ʱʰʫʬʭ ʪʨʫʨʨʫʪʨʳ, ʳʬʸʳʬ ˀʬʴʹ ʩʨʲʨʴʹ ʱʨ˂ʰ ʭʬʸ ʴʨˆʨʭʹʵ.
ʪʸʰʴʬʭʹʱʰ ˂ˆʬʴʰʫʪʨʴ ˁʨʳʵʫʰʹ ʫʨ ʯʨʭʰʹʰ ʨʳʨʲʰʯ ˄ʿʲʰʹ
ʶʰʸʨʯ ˁʨʳʵˇʫʬʩʨ.
ʨʾʬʲʭʬʩʻʲʰ ˆʨʲˆʰ ʳʰʹʪʨʴ ʯˆʵʻʲʵʩʹ ʫʨʻʿʵʭʴʬʩʲʰʭ
ʻʱʨʴ ʫʨʩʸʻʴʬʩʨʹ, ʿʨʹʩʻʲʨʯʰʹʨ ʫʨ ʳʰʹʰ ʨʳˆʨʴʨʪʬʩʰʹ
ʪʨʴʯʨʭʰʹʻʼʲʬʩʨʹ, ʳʨʪʸʨʳ ʪʸʰʴʬʭʹʱʰʳ ʻʸˁʵʩʰʹ ʪʨ˄ʬʭʨ ʳʵʰʴʫʵʳʨ.
ʨʳʨʴ ʻʨʸʬʹʰ ʳʾʬʲʭʨʸʬʩʨ ʪʨʳʵʰ˄ʭʰʨ ʫʨ ʳʯʬʲʰ ˆʨʲˆʰ ʳʰʹʱʬʴ
ʪʨʬˀʻʸʨ. ʨʳ ˆʨʲˆʹ ˄ʰʴ ʬʾʵʩʬʩʨ ʬʸʯʰ ʪʨʭʲʬʴʰʨʴʰ ʳʬʹʺʰʬʲʰ
ʪʲʬˆʰ, ʸʵʳʬʲʳʨ˂ ˆʨʲˆʰ ˀʬʨˁʬʸʨ ʫʨ ʻʯˆʸʨ: ,,ʹʰʸ˂ˆʭʰʲʰʨ ʬʸʯʰ
ʱʨ˂ʰʹʨʯʭʰʹ ʨʳʫʬʴʳʨ ʱʨ˂ʳʨ ˆʬʲʰ ˀʬʭʰʹʭʨʸʵʯ. ʹˇʵʩʹ ˇʬʸ ʱʰʫʬʭ
ʪʨʭʻʪʮʨʭʴʵʯ ʳʨʹ ʱʨ˂ʬʩʰ ʫʨ ˄ʰʴʨʫʨʫʬʩʨ ʳʰʭ˂ʬʯ ʨˆʲʨʭʬ
ʫʨʰʱʨʸʪʵʹ ʨʽʬʫʪʨʴ, ʿʨʹʩʻʲʨʯʰ ʫʨ ʳʰʹʰ ʨʳˆʨʴʨʪʬʩʰ ˆʭʨʲʭʬ
ˁʭʬʴʯʨʴ ʪʨʳʵʻˀʭʨʹ ʫʨ ʯʻ ʬʹ ʨʸ ʨʨʹʸʻʲʵʹ, ʳʬʸʳʬ ʳʵʭʱʲʨʭʯʵ³
ˆʨʲˆʰ ʳʨʹ ʫʨʬʯʨʴˆʳʨ, ʪʸʰʴʬʭʹʱʰʹʯʨʴ ʱʨ˂ʰ ʪʨʪʮʨʭʴʬʹ
ˆʨʲˆʰʹ ʪʨʫʨ˄ʿʭʬʺʰʲʬʩʰʹ ʪʨʫʨʹʨ˂ʬʳʨʯ. ʪʸʰʴʬʭʹʱʰ ʹʺʵʭʬʩʹ ʱʨʲʨʹ
ʫʨ ʲʨʺʼʨʸʰʹ ʳʯʰʯ ʽʭʬʳʵ ʹʭʨʴʬʯˀʰ ʳʫʪʵʳ ʪʻʩʬʸʴʨʺʵʸʰʹʱʬʴ
ʪʨʻʫʪʨ ʪʮʨʹ.
ʳʬʵʸʬ ʫʾʬʹʭʬ ʿʨʹʩʻʲʨʯʰ ʫʨ ʳʰʹʰ ʨʳˆʨʴʨʪʬʩʰ ʱʨʲʨˀʰ
ʪʨˁʴʫʴʬʴ. ʳʨʯʳʨ ʳʵʹʭʲʨʳ ʫʨ ʫʨʴʨˆʭʨʳ ʨʾʬʲʭʬʩʻʲʰ ˆʨʲˆʰ ˃ʨʲʰʨʴ
ʫʨʨʳˀʭʰʫʨ. ʿʨʹʩʻʲʨʯʳʨ ˆʨʲˆʰʹ ʫʨʨʸ˄ʳʻʴʨ, ʸʵʳ ˇʨʸʰʹ ʳʵʹʭʲʰʯ
ʳʨʯ ʹʨʼʸʯˆʬ ʨʸ ʳʵʬʲʰʯ ʫʨ ʨʳʰʺʵʳ ʳʬʵʸʬ ʫʾʬʹʭʬ ʳʨʲʨʼʬʬʭʰ
ʹʭʨʴʬʩʰʹ ʳʰʬʸ ʰʽʳʴʨ ʳʰʾʬʩʻʲʰ ʹ. ʱʨʲʨˀʰ.
148
 ʳʨʲʨʼʬʬʭʰʹ ʺʨʽʺʰʱʻʸʰ ʳʵʽʳʬʫʬʩʰʯ ʹʨʽʳʬʳ ʳˀʭʰʫʵʩʰʨʴʰ
ˆʨʹʰʨʯʰ ʳʰʰʾʵ, ʹʭʨʴʬʩʰ ʫʨʳˀʭʰʫʫʬʴ ʫʨ ʪʨʫʨʹʨˆʨʫʬʩʰʹ
ˀʬʳʵʾʬʩʰʹ ˀʬʹʨˆʬʩ ʪʨʭʸ˂ʬʲʬʩʻʲ ˆʳʬʩʰʹ ʹʰʿʨʲʩʬʹ ʼʨʸʫʨ ʨʬˆʨʫʨ.
ʨʳʷʨʳʨʫ ˇʨʸʰʹ ʳʵʹʭʲʨʳ ʰʳʹˆʭʬʸʶʲʨ ʳˆʵʲʵʫ ʲʨʺʨʲʰʹ
ʹʨʮ. ʬʸʯʰ ʳʵʹʨˆʲʬ ʪʰʸʪʭʲʰʨʴʬʩʰ (ʸʨʳʮʰˀʨ), ʸʵʳʲʬʩʳʨ˂ ˇʨʸʹ
˄ʰʴʨʨʾʳʫʬʪʵʩʨ ʪʨʻ˄ʰʬʹ ʫʨ ˂ʰˆʬʬʩʰʫʪʨʴ ʹʸʵʲʨ ʨʻʺʬˆʬʹ.
ʿʨʹʩʻʲʨʯʰ ʫʨ ʳʰʹʰ ʨʳˆʨʴʨʪʬʩʰ, ʨʸʬʻʲʵʩʰʹ ʳʬʯʨʻʸʰ, 13
ʱʨ˂ʰ, ʪʻʩʬʸʴʨʺʵʸʰʹ ʳʰʬʸ ʰʽʳʴʬʴ ʽʻʯʨʰʹˀʰ ˁʨʿʭʨʴʰʲʰ.
ʹʨʹʨʳʨʸʯʲʵʳ ʳʨʯ ʳʰʻʹʨˇʨ ʯʰʯʵ ˄ʲʰʹ ˂ʰˆʬ, ʳʨʪʸʨʳ ʹʨʳ˄ʻˆʨʸʵʯ
ʳʯʰʹ ʳ˄ʭʬʸʭʨʲʬʩʮʬ ˀʵʩʰʲʳʨ ʫʨ ʯʨʭʰʹʻʼʲʬʩʨˀʰ ʨʾʮʸʫʰʲʳʨ
ʳʯʰʹ ˀʭʰʲʬʩʳʨ ʭʬʸ ʨʰʺʨʴʬʹ ˂ʰˆʰʹ ʶʰʸʵʩʬʩʰ ʫʨ ʿʭʬʲʨʴʰ ʭʨʫʰʹ
ˀʬʹʸʻʲʬʩʨʳʫʬ ʸʨʳʵʫʬʴʰʳʬ ʯʭʰʯ ʨʫʸʬ ʫʨʰˆʵ˂ʴʬʴ.
ˇʨʸʰʹ ʳʵʹʭʲʰʯ ʸʵʳ ʹʭʨʴʬʯʰ ʨʸ ʪʨʴʨʫʪʻʸʫʨ ʫʨ ʹʨʽʳʬʳ
ʰʹʬ ʳˀʭʰʫʵʩʰʨʴʨʯ ˁʨʰʨʸʨ, ʨʳʰʯ ˃ʨʲʰʨʴ ʻʱʳʨʿʵʼʰʲʵ ˀʬʰʽʳʴʬʴ
ʨʫʪʰʲʵʩʸʰʭʰ ʩʵʽʨʻʲʰ, ʳʰʹʰ ʯʨʴʨˀʬʳ˄ʬʯ. ʫʨʫʬˀʽʬʲʰʨʴʰ ʫʨ
ʿʭʬʲʨʮʬ ʻʼʸʵ ʱʰ ʲʬˁˆʻʳʰʹ ʳʨʮʸʰʹ ʻʼʸʵʹʰ ʹʭʨʴʬʯʰʹ
ʮʬʳʵˆʹʬʴʬʩʻʲʰ ʳʺʬʸʰ ʪʸʰʴʬʭʹʱʰ, ʸʵʳʬʲʰ˂ ʹʭʨʴʬʩʰʹ ʫʨʴʨˆʭʨʮʬ
ʱʩʰʲʬʩʹ ʨʱʸʨ˅ʻʴʬʩʫʨ ˆʵʲʳʬ ʫʨ ʺʨʴʰ ˂ʨˆ˂ʨˆʹ ʻ˄ʿʬʩʫʨ. ʬʹ
ʭʨʷʩʨʺʵʴʬʩʰ ʱʭʨʲʭ ˀʬʻʫʪʴʬʴ ʹʭʨʴʬʯˀʰ ˄ʿʲʰʹ ʨʳʾʭʸʬʭʨʹ ʯʨʭʰʹʰ
ʩʵʸʵʺ ʳʰʮʴʬʩʰʹ ʳʰʹʨʾ˄ʬʭʨʯ. ʳʨʯʰ ,,ʳʵʾʭʨ˄ʬʵʩʨ³ ʰʽʳʴʨ
ʫʨʪʭʰʸʪʭʰʴʬʩʻʲʰ 1876 ˄. ʸʻʹʬʯʰʹ ˃ʲʬʭʨʳʵʹʰʲ ʹʨˆʬʲʳ˄ʰʼʵʹ
ʳʰʬʸ ʳʰʹ ʫʨ ʹʨʳʨʸ˂ˆʭʰʴʵʫ 19 ʳʵʹʨˆʲʰʹʨʪʨʴ ˀʬʳʫʪʨʸ ʹʵʼ
ˆʨʲʫʬˀʰʹʯʭʰʹ ʵʳʰʹ ʪʨʳʵ˂ˆʨʫʬʩʰʯ, ʸʵʳʬʲʳʨ˂ ʳʸʨʭʨʲ
ʸʰ˂ˆʵʭʨʴʰ ʸʻʹʬʯʰʹ ʳˆʬʫʸʵʩʨ ʰʳʹˆʭʬʸʶʲʨ ʵʸˇʬʸ, ʫʨ ʯʬʴʪʰʮ
ʫʨʫʬˀʽʬʲʰʨʴʰʹ ʳʵʾʨʲʨʺʬʵʩʸʰʭʰ ʳʬ˂ʨʫʰʴʬʵʩʰʯ ʸʵʳ ʯʭʰʯ
ʹʭʨʳʬʯʰ ʨʸ ʪʨʳʵʹʻʲʰʿʵ ʳʨʯ ˄ʰʴʨʨʾʳʫʬʪ, ʱʰʫʬʭ ʫʰʫ ˆʨʴʹ
ʪʨʻʳʱʲʨʭʫʬʩʵʫʬʴ ʳʯʨʭʸʵʩʨʹ.
ˆʨʲʫʬˀʰʹ ʺʸʨʾʰʱʻʲʰ ʰʹʺʵʸʰʨ, ʹˆʭʨʯʨ ˀʵʸʰʹ,
ʳˀʭʬʴʰʭʸʨʫ ʨˆʨʹʰʨʯʬʩʹ ʳʯʨʭʸʵʩʰʹ ʻʹʻʲ-ʪʻʲʵ
˄ʨʸʳʵʳʨʫʪʬʴʲʬʩʰʹ ʸʵʲʹʨ ʫʨ ʻʺʨʽʺʵ ʳʵʽʳʬʫʬʩʨʹ ʹʭʨʴʬʯʰʹʯʨʴʨ
ʳʰʭʨʸʫʴʰʲ ʱʻʯˆʬʬʩˀʰ. ˁʰʴʵʭʴʰʱʬʩʰʹ ʳʰʬʸ ʨʳʰʹʯʨʴʨ ʨʳʩʰʹ ˀʬʽʳʴʨ
ʫʨ ʻʩʬʫʻʸʬʩʰʹ ʫʨʺʸʰʨʲʬʩʨ ʹʭʨʴʬʯʰʹ ʬʸʯʹ ʶʨʺʨʸʨ ʹʵʼʬʲˀʰ
ʳˀʭʬʴʰʬʸ ʪʨʱʭʬʯʰʲʹ ʨʴʻ ʳʨʪʨʲʰʯʹ ˄ʨʸʳʵʨʫʪʬʴʹ ʰʳʰʹ
ʫʨʹʨˆʨʹʰʨʯʬʩʲʨʫ, ʯʻ ʸʨ ʹʰʼʸʯˆʰʲʬ ʳʨʸʯʬʩʹ ʨʳʰʹʯʴʨ ˆʨʲˆˀʰ
ʳʻˀʨʵʩʰʹ ʫʸʵʹ ʨʳ ʽʭʬʿʴʰʹ ʳʬʹʭʬʻʸʯ.

149
 ʬʹ ʹʨʹʨ˂ʰʲʵ ʫʨ ʯʨʭʰʹʰ ˀʰʴʨʨʸʹʰʯ ʳʯʨʭʸʵʩʰʹʯʭʰʹ
ʹʨʳʨʸ˂ˆʭʰʴʵ ,,ʵʳʰ³ ʹʨʳ˄ʻˆʨʸʵ ˀʬʫʬʪʬʩʰʯ ˆʨʲʫʬˀʲʬʩʰʹʨʯʭʰʹ
ʫʨʳʯʨʭʸʬʩʻʲʰ, ʰʽʳʴʨ ʪʨʳʵ˄ʭʬʻʲʰ ˀʬʳʫʬʪʰ ʪʨʸʬʳʵʬʩʰʯ:
1875 ˄. ʹʭʨʴʬʯˀʰ ʳʵʳˆʫʨʸ ʨʸʬʻʲʵʩʰʹ ʳʬʯʨʻʸʬʩʨʫ
ʰʯʭʲʬʩʵʫʴʬʴ 16 ʱʨ˂ʰ. 14 ʳʨʯʪʨʴʰ ʳʨʲʨʼʬʬʭʯʨʴ ʪʨʳʵ˂ˆʨʫʫʨ,
ˆʵʲʵ ʵʸʰ ʱʨ˂ʰ ʹ. ˆʨʲʫʬˀˀʰ ʳ˂ˆʵʭʸʬʩʴʰ ʪʨʹʭʰʨʴʰ ʫʨ ˇʵˆʨ˃ʬ
ʫʨʰʳʨʲʬʴ.
ʳʨʯʰ ˀʬʶʿʸʵʩʨ ʪʻʩʬʸʴʨʺʵʸʰʹ ʳʰʬʸ ʫʨʬʭʨʲʨ
ʨʫʪʰʲʵʩʸʰʭ ʨʫʳʰʴʰʹʺʸʨ˂ʰʨʹ, ʸʵʳʬʲʳʨ˂ ʨʳ ʹʨʽʳʬʮʬ ʵʫʴʨʭʨʯʨ˂
ʨʸ ʰʮʸʻʴʨ. 1876 ˄. ʹʭʨʴʬʯˀʰ ʰʳʵʪʮʨʻʸʨ ʳʨʮʸʰʹ ʻʼʸʵʹʳʨ
ʪʸʰʴʬʭʹʱʰʳ, ʸʵʳʬʲʹʨ˂ ʨʫʪʰʲʵʩʸʰʭʳʨ ʩʵʽʨʻʲʳʨ ʫʨ ʳʰʹʳʨ
ʯʨʴʨˀʬʳ˄ʬʳ ʯʬʴ. ʫʨʫʬˀʽʬʲʰʨʴʳʨ ʳʵʨˆʹʬʴʬʹ, ʸʵʳ ʨʳ ʵʸʰ ʱʨ˂ʰʹ
ʫʨʹʨ˅ʬʸʨʯ ʳʨʯ ʳʰʬʸ ʰʽʴʨ ʳʰʾʬʩʻʲʰ ʿʵʭʬʲʪʭʨʸʰ ʮʵʳʬʩʰ, ʳʨʪʸʨʳ
ʨʳʨʵʯ.
ʨʳ ʨʳʩʨʭʳʨ ʪʸʰʴʬʭʹʱʰʮʬ ʹʨˀʰʴʲʨʫ ʰʳʵʽʳʬʫʨ. ʹʨʹ˄ʸʨʼʵʫ
ʳʨʴ ʳʵʰʯˆʵʭʨ ˇʨʸʰ ʨʳ ʵʸʰ ,,ʩʻʴʺʵʭˀˁʰʱʰʹ³ ʫʨʹʨ˅ʬʸʨʯ ʫʨ
ʸʨʳʵʫʬʴʰʳʬ ˆʴʰʹ ˀʬʳʫʬʪ ʬʹ ˇʨʸʰ ʪʬʴ. ʲʰʨʻʹʰʹ ʳʬʯʨʻʸʵʩʰʯ
ʳʨʹʯʨʴ ʪʨˁʴʫʨ. ˂ʵʺʨ ˆʴʰʹ ˀʬʳʫʬʪ ʳʰʹ ,,ʫʨʹʨˆʳʨʸʬʩʲʨʯ ʨʳ ʵʸʰ
ʱʨ˂ʰʹ ʫʨ˅ʬʸʨˀʰ³ ʳʨʹʯʨʴ ʰʽʳʴʨ ʪʨʳʵʪʮʨʭʴʰʲʰ ʱʰʫʬʭ ʱʨˆʬʯʰʹʨ ʫʨ
ʪʻʸʰʰʹ ʸʨʮʳʬʩʰ ʫʨ ʨʸʺʰʲʬʸʰʨ.
ʨʳ ʳʸʨʭʨʲʸʰ˂ˆʵʭʨʴʰ ʲʨˀʽʸʰʯ ʪʸʰʴʬʭʹʱʰ ʰʭʲʰʹʰʹ ʯʭʬˀʰ
ʳʰʫʰʹ ʹ. ˆʨʲʫʬˀˀʰ ʵʸʰ ʿʨˁʨʾʰʹ ʫʨʹʨ˅ʬʸʨʯ. ʳʰʹ ʹʰˆʨʸʻʲʹ
ʨʳʷʨʳʨʫ ʹʨʮʾʭʨʸʰ ʨʾʨʸ ˈʽʵʴʫʨ, ʸʨʫʪʨʴʨ˂ ʪʨʻʯʬʴʫʨ ʹʨʴʨʺʸʬʲʰ
ʫʸʵ ʹʭʨʴʬʩʯʨʴ ˀʻʸʰʹ ʹʨ˃ʰʬʩʲʨʫ. ʨʳ ˇʨʸʰʯ ʰʹ ˀʬˁʬʸʫʨ ʹ.
ˆʨʲʫʬˀʰʫʪʨʴ ʵʸʰ ʭʬʸʹʰʹ ʳʨʴ˃ʰʲʮʬ ʳʰˇʭʸʰˀʰʹ ʳʰʴʫʵʸˀʰ ʫʨ ʨʳ
ʨʫʪʰʲʰʫʨʴ ˀʬʻʫʪʨ ˆʨʲʫʬˀʬʲʬʩʯʨʴ ,,ʫʰʶʲʵʳʨʺʰʻʸ³
ʳʵʲʨʶʨʸʨʱʬʩʰʹ ˄ʨʸʳʵʬʩʨʹ.
ʪʸʰʴʬʭʹʱʰ ʯˆʵʻʲʵʩʫʨ ʹʵʼʲʬʲʬʩʰʹʨʪʨʴ ˇʵˆʨ˃ʰʹʨ ʫʨ
ʪʨʹʭʰʨʴʰʹ ʫʨ˅ʬʸʨʹ ʫʨ ʳʨʹʯʨʴ ʳʵʿʭʨʴʨʹ. ʨʳʨʮʬ ˆʨʲʫʬˀʬʲʬʩʰ ʳʨʹ
ʳʵʱʲʬʫ ʻʶʨʹʻˆʬʩʫʴʬʴ:
,,ʫʨʰ˅ʰʸʬʯ ʯʭʰʯʵʴ, ʯʻ ˀʬʪʰ˃ʲʰʨʯ. ˃ʨʲʨ ʯʽʭʬʴʹ ˆʬʲˀʰʨ
ʫʨ ˁʭʬʴ˂ ˆʬʲʹ ˀʬʪʰ˄ʿʵʩʯ. ʳʨʪʸʨʳ ʯʭʰʯʵʴ ˁʭʬʴʰ ˃ʳʬʩʰʹ ʫʨ˅ʬʸʨʹ
ʭʬʸ ʭʰʱʰʹʸʬʩʯ, ʸʨ˂ ʻʴʫʨ ʰʿʵʹʵ³
ʨʳ ʶʨʹʻˆʰʹ ʳʰʾʬʩʰʹ ˀʬʳʫʬʪ ʪʸʰʴʬʭʹʱʰʳ ʪʨʹ˂ʨ ʩʸ˃ʨʴʬʩʨ
ʳʯʬʲʰ ʹʵʼʬʲʰ ʳʨʹʯʨʴ ʪʨʳʵ˂ˆʨʫʬʩʻʲʰʿʵ. ʨʳʨʮʬ ˆʨʲʫʬˀʬʲʬʩʳʨ
ˀʬʳʵʻʯʭʨʲʬʹ ʳʨʹ:
150
 ±ˁʭʬʴ ʰʳʰʹʯʨʴʨ ʱʨ˂ʹ ʭʬʸ ʭʬʴʫʵʩʰʯ, ʸʵʳʬʲʳʨ˂ ʳʻʲʨˆˀʰ
ʳʨʳʰʹ ʳʨʪʰʭʸʨʯ ʳʰʹʰ ʻʫʨʴʨˀʨʻʲʵ ˀʭʰʲʬʩʰ ʫʨʰ˅ʰʸʨ. ʭʰʴ ʨʸʰʹ
ʰʳʰʹ ʯʨʭʫʬʩʰ, ʸʵʳ ʵʸʰ ʱʨ˂ʰʹ ʳʨʪʰʭʸʨʯ ʳʯʬʲ ʹʵʼʬʲʹ ʨʸ
ʫʨʪʭʰ˅ʬʸʯ?
ʨʳʰʹ ˀʬʳʫʬʪ ʻʱʨʴʨʹʱʴʬʲʨʫ ʪʸʰʴʬʭʹʱʰ ʪʮʨʭʴʰʹ
ˆʨʲʫʬˀʬʲʬʩʯʨʴ ʸʨʳʵʫʬʴʰʳʬ ˀʬʪʴʬʩʻʲ ʹʭʨʴʹ ʫʨ ʳʨʯ ˀʵʸʰʹ
ʺʼʰʲʰʹʰʹ ʹʨʹʻʲʰʬʸʵ ʹʬʳʰʴʨʸʰʰʹ ʳʵ˄ʨʼʬʹ ʩʬʹ. ʴʰʷʨʸʨ˃ʬʹ,
ʸʵʳʲʬʩʹʨ˂ ˆʨʲʫʬˀʬʲʬʩʰ ˃ʨʲʰʨʴ ʨʾʬʲʭʬʩʻʲʰ ʫʨˆʭʫʬʴ. ʨʳ
ʱʨ˂ʬʩʳʨ ˀʬʰʺʿʭʬʹ, ʸʵʳ ʽʨʲʬʩʰ ʫʨ ʩʨʭˀʭʬʩʰ ʻʱʭʬ ʳʯʬʩˀʰ ʫʨ ʺʿʬʬʩˀʰ
ʰʿʭʴʬʴ ʫʨʳʨʲʻʲʴʰ, ˆʵʲʵ ʳʨʳʨʱʨ˂ʬʩʰ ʬʳʮʨʫʬʩʵʫʴʬʴ ˇʨʸʯʨʴ
ʹʨʩʸ˃ʵʲʭʬʲʨʫ. ʳʨʪʸʨʳ ʳʨʯʳʨ ʳʬ˂ʨʫʰʴʬʵʩʨʳ ʹʨʹʻʸʭʬʲʰ ʴʨʿʵʼʰ
ʪʨʳʵʰʾʵ ʫʨ ˆʨʲʫʬˀʬʲʬʩʰ ʫʨʨʯʨʴˆʳʬʹ ʪʸʰʴʬʭʹʱʰʹʯʨʴ ˄ʨʹʭʲʨʮʬ
ʰʳ ʶʰʸʵʩʰʯ, ʸʵʳ ˇʨʸʰ ʳʰʹʪʨʴ ʿʵʼʰʲʰʿʵ ʫʨˀʵʸʬʩʻʲʰ ʬʸʯʰ
ʭʬʸʹʰʯ. ʳʵ˂ʰʽʻʲʬʩʳʨ ʹʨʹ˄ʸʨʼʵʫ ʪʸʰʴʬʭʹʱʰʹʱʬʴ ʪʨʹ˄ʰʬʹ, ˆʵʲʵ
ˆʨʲˆʰ ʳʨʯ ʻʱʨʴ ʪʨˈʿʭʨ ʫʨʴʰˀʴʻʲ ʨʫʪʰʲʨʳʫʬ ʳʨʪʸʨʳ ʹʨʳ˄ʻˆʨʸʵʯ
ʳˀʭʰʫʵʩʰʨʴ ʳʵʲʨʶʨʸʨʱʬʩʨʹ ˆʬʲʰ ˀʬʻˀʨʲʨ ʹʨʫʰʲʵʩʰʹ ʫʸʵʹ
ʪʸʰʴʬʭʹʱʰʹʨ ʫʨ ˇʨʸʰʹ ʻʼʸʵʹʰʹ ʲʰʨʻʹʰʹ ˀʵʸʰʹ ʳʵʳˆʫʨʸʳʨ
ʪʨʴˆʬʯʽʰʲʬʩʨʳ. ʪʬʴʬʸʨʲʰ ʻʱʳʨʿʵʼʰʲʬʩʨʹ ʨ˂ˆʨʫʬʩʫʨ ʰʳʰʹ
ˀʬʹʨˆʬʩ, ʸʵʳ ʰʹ ʰʳʿʵʼʬʩʵʫʨ ʪʸʰʴʬʭʹʱʰʹ ʪʨʴʱʨʸʪʻʲʬʩʨˀʰ ʫʨ
ʨʳʩʵʩʫʨ:
±ʯʻ ˁʭʬʴ ʨʽ ʳʵʭʹʻʲʭʨʸʯ ʹʨʽʳʰʹʯʭʰʹ, ˀʬʭʰʫʬʯ
ˆʨʲʫʬˀˀʰ, ʺʿʻʰʲʨʫ ʸʨʯʨ ʭʨʸʯ ʪʨˁʬʸʬʩʻʲʰ ʫʨ ʹʨʽʳʬ
ʪʨʭʨʱʬʯʵʯ, ʯʵʸʬʳ ʳʬ ˁʬʳʰ ˇʨʸʰʯ ʻʱʨʴ ʫʨʭʩʸʻʴʫʬʩʰʵ. ʨʳʨʮʬ
ʪʸʰʴʬʭʹʱʰ ʻʶʨʹʻˆʬʩʫʨ, ʸʵʳ ʳʨʹ ʻʼʲʬʩʨ ʨʽʭʹ ʳʰʹ ʪʨʴʱʨʸʪʻʲʬʩʨˀʰ
ʳʿʵʼʰ ˇʨʸʰ ʨʳʵʽʳʬʫʵʹ ʰʹʬ, ʸʵʪʵʸ˂ ʹʨ˅ʰʸʵʬʩʨ ʳʵʰʯˆʵʭʫʨ.
ʨʹʬʯʰ ʶʨʹʻˆʰ ʲʰʨʻʹʹ ʯʭʰʹ ʫʨʳ˂ʰʸʬʩʨʯ ʳʰʨˁʴʫʨ ʫʨ ʳʨʯ
ˀʵʸʰʹ ʳʺʸʵʩʨ ʫʨ ʪʨʴˆʬʯʽʰʲʬʩʨ ˁʨʳʵʭʨʸʫʨ. ʴʨʹʨʫʰʲʬʭʹ ʵʸʰʭʬʳ
˂ˆʬʴʬʩʰ ˀʬʰʱʨʮʳʬʹ ʫʨ ˀʬʻʫʪʴʬʴ ʳʮʨʫʬʩʨʹ ˆʨʲʫʬˀˀʰ
ˀʬʹʨʹʭʲʬʲʨʯ.
ʨʳ ʫʸʵʹ ʪʸʰʴʬʭʹʱʰʹ ʪʨʪʮʨʭʴʰʲʳʨ ʳʵ˂ʰʽʻʲʬʩʳʨ˂ ʳʵʨ˄ʰʬʹ
ʳʰˇʭʸʰˀˀʰ ʫʨ ʪʨʫʨʹ˂ʬʹ ʳʨʹ ˆʨʲʫʬˀʬʲʬʩʰʹ ʳʨʹʯʨʴ
ʳʵʹʨʲʨʶʨʸʨʱʬʩʲʨʫ ʰʽʭʬ ʳʨˆʲʵʩʬʲ ʹʨʯʰʩˀʰ ˁʨʳʵʹʭʲʰʹ ʨʳʩʨʭʰ:
±,,ʫʨʳʴʨˀʨʭʬʬʩʰ ʳʵˈʿʨʭʹʯ³" ˈʱʰʯˆʨ ʳʨʯ ʨʾʬʲʭʬʩʻʲʳʨ
ʪʸʰʴʬʭʹʱʰʳ.

151
 ±,,ʫʨʳʴʨˀʨʭʬʬʩʰ ˇʬʸ ʨʸ ʳʵˈʿʨʭʯ, ʳʨʪʸʨʳ ˀʬʹʨ˃ʲʬʩʬʲʰʨ
ˆʨʲˆʯʨʴ ʳʵʲʨʶʨʸʨʱʬʩʰʹ ˀʬʳʫʬʪ ʬʹʬ˂ ʳʵˆʫʬʹ³ ʻʶʨʹʻˆʬʹ
ʳʵ˂ʰʽʻʲʬʩʳʨ.
±,,ʫʨʳʴʨˀʨʭʬʬʩʰ ʯʻ ʨʸ ʳʵʫʰʨʴ, ʳʬ ʯʭʰʯʵʴ ˀʬʭʨʲ
ˆʨʲʫʬˀˀʰ, ʬʸʯ ʹʨʨʯˀʰ ʽʭʨʹ ʽʭʨʮʬ ʨʾʨʸ ʫʨʭʹʺʵʭʬʩ ʫʨ ʳʬʸʳʬ
ʳʵʳʰʿʭʨʴʬʩʬʴʵ³ʰʿʭʰʸʨ ʪʸʰʴʬʭʹʱʰʳ ʫʨ ʪʨʻʫʪʨ ʪʮʨʹ.
ʪʸʰʴʬʭʹʱʰʹ ˄ʰʴ ʪʨʫʨʬʾʵʩʨ ʹʭʨʴʬʯʰʹ ʨˆʲʨʫ ʫʨʴʰˀʴʻʲʰ
ʩʵʽʨʻʲʰ ʳʰʽʬʲʨ˃ʬ, ʸʵʳʬʲʳʨ˂ ʹʯˆʵʭʨ ʳʨʹ ˀʬˁʬʸʬʩʻʲʰʿʵ ʫʨ
ʳʰʬ˂ʨ ʳʰʹʯʭʰʹ ʬʸʯʰ ʱʭʰʸʰʹ ʭʨʫʨ ʨʳ ʵʸ ˆʨʲʫʬˀʬʲʰʹ ʳʵʹʨʿʭʨʴʨʫ.
ʳʨʪʸʨʳ ʪʸʰʴʬʭʹʱʰʳ ʳʨʹ ʻʯˆʸʨ: ,,ʯʽʭʬʴ, ʯʨʭʨʫʵ, ˀʬʪʰ˃ʲʰʨʯ
ʫʨʸˁʬʯ, ʿʭʬʲʨ ʰʹʬʯʰ ʳˀʰˀʨʸʨ ʱʰ ʨʸ ʨʸʰʹ, ʸʵʪʵʸ˂ ʯʽʭʬʴ³-ʵ.
ʬʹ ʹʰʺʿʭʬʩʰ ʰʹʨʸʰʭʰʯ ʳʵˆʭʫʨ ʳʰʽʬʲʨ˃ʰʹ ʪʻʲʹ ʫʨ
ʻʩʸ˃ʨʴʨ ʯʨʭʰʹ ,,ʰʨʹʨʻʲʹ³ʸʵʳ ʹʨˁʽʨʸʵʯ ʳʰʹʯʭʰʹ ˂ˆʬʴʰ ˀʬʬʱʨʮʳʨ.
ʲʰʨʻʹʳʨ ˇʨʸʰ ʪʨʳʵʨ˄ʿʵ ʫʨ ʿʭʬʲʨʴʰ ʬʸʯʨʫ ˆʨʲʫʬˀʰʹʨʱʬʴ
ʪʨʬʳʪʮʨʭʸʴʬʴ.
ˆʨʲʫʬˀʬʲʬʩʳʨ ʳʨʯ ʹʵʼʲʰʹʨʱʬʴ ʳʰʳʨʭʨʲʰ ˇʨʸʰ ʸʵʳ
ʫʨʰʴʨˆʬʹ, ʹʨʹ˄ʸʨʼʵʫ ˀʬ˂ʭʰʭʫʴʬʴ ʯʨʭʰʹ ʹʵʼʬʲˀʰ, ˀʬʻʫʪʴʬʴ
ʳʮʨʫʬʩʨʹ, ˀʬʰʨʸʨʾʫʬʴ; ʨˆʨʲʪʨʮʸʫʬʩʰ ˂ʰˆʬʬʩˀʰ ʨʭʰʫʴʬʴ, ˆʵʲʵ
ʻʼʸʵ ˆʴʰʬʸʬʩʰ ʫʨ ʫʬʫʨʱʨ˂ʬʩʰ ˀʻʨʪʻʲ ʹʵʼʬʲˀʰ ˇʨʸʹ ʫʨˆʭʫʴʬʴ
ʰʳ ʳʰʮʴʰʯ, ʸʵʳ ʯʻ ˇʨʸʰ ʳˀʭʰʫʵʩʰʨʴʨʯ ˀʬʭʰʫʵʫʨ ʫʨ ʨʸʨʼʬʸʹ
ʫʨʨˀʨʭʬʩʫʨ, ʰʳ ʾʳʬʹ ʭʨˆˀʨʳʰ ʪʨʬʳʨʸʯʨʯ, ʶʨʺʰʭʰ ʬ˂ʨʯ, ˆʵʲʵ
ʳʬʵʸʬ ʫʾʬʹ ʨʳ ʵʸʰ ʱʨ˂ʰʹ ʪʨʳʵʿʭʨʴʨˀʰ ʫʨˆʳʨʸʬʩʨ ʪʨʬ˄ʰʨʯ.
ʪʸʰʴʬʭʹʱʰ ʨʹʬʯʰ ʶʨʺʰʭʰʹ˂ʬʳʰʯ ʳʰʾʬʩʨʳ ˃ʨʲʰʨʴ ʪʨʨʳˆʰʨʸʻʲʨ.
ʳʨʪʸʨʳ ʬʹ ʳˆʰʨʸʻʲʬʩʨ ʳʨʲʬ ʳʵʻˀˆʨʳʨ ˀʬʳʫʬʪʳʨ ʪʨʸʬʳʵʬʩʨʳ:
ʲʰʨʻʹʰ, ʸʵʳʬʲʰ˂ ʯʨʭʰʹ ˇʨʸʰʯ ʻʱʨʴ ʳʵʫʰʵʫʨ, ʸʵ˂ʨ ʹʵʼʬʲˀʰ
ˀʬʳʵʭʰʫʨ, ˀʬˁʬʸʫʨ ʬʸʯ ˂ʰˆʰʹ ˃ʰʸˀʰ. ʨʳ ˂ʰˆʰʹ ʮʬʫʨ
ʹʨʸʯʻʲʰʫʪʨʴ ˇʨʸʰʹ ˀʬʹʨˆʬʫʨʭʨʯ ʪʨʳʵˈʿʭʬʹ ʩʨʭˀʬʩʳʨ ʯʨʭʬʩʰ,
ʸʵʳʲʬʩʹʨ˂ ʻʴʬʩʻʸʨʫ ʼʨʴˇʸʬʩʮʬ ʳʫʬʩʨʸʬ ʶʨʺʨʸʨ ʽʭʬʩʰ
ʪʨʫʳʵʻʭʨʸʫʨʯ. ʬʹ ʽʭʬʩʰ ʳʵˆʭʫʨ ʯʨʭˀʰ ˂ʰˆʰʹ ˃ʰʸˀʰ ʳʫʪʵʳ
ʪʬʴʬʸʨʲ ʲʰʨʻʹʹ, ʸʵʳʬʲʳʨ˂ ʰʼʰʽʸʨ, ʸʵʳ ʬʹ ʽʭʬʩʰ ʳʨʹ ʪʨʴʪʬʩ
ʬʹʸʵʲʬʹ ˂ʰˆʰʫʨʴ ʨʸʨ ʩʨʭˀʭʬʩʳʨ, ʨʸʨʳʬʫ ʳʨʯʳʨ ʳʨʳʬʩʳʨ ʫʨ ʨʳʰʯʰ
ʪʨʩʸʨʮʬʩʻʲʳʨ ʪʬʴʬʸʨʲʳʨ ʻʩʸ˃ʨʴʨ ʹʨʲʫʨʯʬʩʹ:
±,,ʸʵʪʵʸ ʪʨʩʬʫʬʹ ˂ʰˆʬˀʰ ˀʬʹʭʲʨ, ʳʬ ʳʨʪʨʯ ʹʬʰʸʹ ʭʻˁʭʬʴʬʩ,
ʨʨʪʬʯ ˆʰˀʺʬʩʮʬ ʬʹ ˁʭʬʴʯʨʴ ʳʿʵʼʰ ʹʭʨʴʬʩʰʵ³ʬʹ ʰʹ ʵʸʰ ʹʭʨʴʰ ʰʿʵ,
ʸʵʳʲʬʩʰ˂ ʳʨʯʫʨ ʹʨʻʩʬʫʻʸʵʯ ʲʰʨʻʹʯʨʴ ʳʵʫʰʵʫʴʬʴ ʹʨʲʨʳʰʹ
ʳʰʹʨ˂ʬʳʨʫ ʫʨ ˂ˆʬʴʬʩʰʹ ˁʨʳʵʹʨʸʯʳʬʭʨʫ. ʫʨʰ˄ʿʵ ʩʸ˃ʵʲʨ.
152
ʹʨʲʫʨʯʬʩʳʨ ʯʨʭʰʹ ʪʬʴʬʸʲʰʹ ʩʸ˃ʨʴʬʩʨ ˀʬʨʹʸʻʲʬʹ ʫʨ ʻ˂ʩʨʯ
ˆʰˀʺʬʩʮʬ ʨʨʪʬʹ ʬʸʯʰ ʹʭʨʴʰ, ˆʵʲʵ ʳʬʵʸʬ ʳʨʯ ʪʨʬʽ˂ʨʯ. ʹʨʲʫʨʯʬʩʰ
ʳʨʹʨ˂ ʫʨʬʫʬʭʴʬʴ ʻʱʨʴ, ʫʨ ʸʵʫʬʹʨ˂ ʫʨʬ˄ʰʬʴ, ʳʨˀʰʴ ʹʭʨʴʳʨ ʰˀʰˀʭʲʨ
ˆʳʨʲʰ, ʹʨʳ ʹʨʲʫʨʯʹ ʰʽʭʬ ˄ʬʲʬʩʰ ʫʨʨʿʸʬʭʰʴʨ ʫʨ ˀʬʳʫʬʪ
ʪʨʻʪʬʩʸʵʩʰʹ ʳʬʵʯˆʬ ʳʹˆʭʬʸʶʲʰ ʯʭʰʯʵʴʨ˂ ˀʬʰʽʳʴʨ.
˂ʰˆʬˀʰ ʳʿʵʼʳʨ ʹʭʨʴʬʩʳʨ ʨʳ ʹʨˀʰʴʬʲ ʹʻʸʨʯʹ ʸʵʳ ˀʬˆʬʫʬʹ,
ʪʨʰʹʭʬʹ ˆʬʲʰ ʯʨʭʰʹ ʱʰʷʰʨʴ ʯʵʼʬʩʮʬ; ʨʻʺʬˆʬʹ ˇʨʸʹ ʹʸʵʲʨ.
ʶʰʸʭʬʲʰ ʳʵʱʲʬʹ ʪʬʴʬʸʨʲʰ ʲʰʨʻʹʰ, ʳʬʵʸʬ ʺʿʭʰʰʯ ʩʵʽʨʻʲʰ
ʳʰʽʬʲʨ˃ʬ, ʳʬʹʨʳʬ ʺʿʭʰʰʯ ʬʽʰʳʰ ʩʬʲʹʱʰ ʫʨ ʳʸʨʭʨʲʰ ʹˆʭʨ. ʨʳ
ʻʩʬʫʻʸʵʩʨˀʰ ʳʨʲʬ ʫʨʾʨʳʫʨ. ʳʵʱʲʻʲʰ ʹʭʨʴʬʩʰʹ ˅ʰʸʰʹʻʼʨʲʴʰ
ʪʨʩʸʨʮʬʩʻʲʴʰ ʫʨʬ˃ʬʩʫʬʴ ʳʨʯ ʻʩʬʫʻʸʵʩʨˀʰ ʻʳʯʨʭʸʬʹ
ʫʨʳʴʨˀʨʭʬʹ ʪʸʰʴʬʭʹʱʰʹ, ʸʵʳʬʲʰ˂ ʫʨʳʨʲʻʲʰ ʴʨˆʬʹ ʯʨʭʰʹʰ
ʨʳʨʲʰʯʻʸʯ ʬʸʯ ʹʭʨʴʰʹ ʹʨˆʲˀʰ, ʫʨ ʳʵˈʱʲʬʹ ʸʵʪʵʸ˂ ʰʹ, ʨʪʸʬʯʭʬ
ʿʭʬʲʨ ʳʰʹʰ ʨʳʨʲʰʹ ˄ʬʭʸʬʩʰ, ʪʨʸʫʨ ʵʸʰʵʫʬ ʱʨ˂ʰʹʨ. ʳʰ˄ʨʮʬʫ
ʪʨ˄ʵʲʰʲʳʨ ˇʨʸʳʨ ʰʹʨʸʪʬʩʲʨ ʫʨʾʨʳʬʩʰʯ ʫʨ ʯʨʭʰʹ ʹʨʫʪʵʳˀʰ
ʳʰˇʭʸʰˀʰʹʱʬʴ ʪʨʩʸʻʴʫʨ, ʳʨʪʸʨʳ ʪʮʨʮʬ ʩʬʭʸʰ ʫʨʰʾʻʶʨ. ʮʵʪʰ
ʳʨʯʪʨʴʰ ˄ʿʨʲˀʰ ˁʨʭʨʸʫʨ, ʮʵʪʰ˂ ʱʲʫʰʫʨʴ ʪʨʫʨʭʨʸʫʨ ʫʨ ʹˆʭʨ.
ˆʨʲʫʬˀʬʲʬʩʰ ʨʳʰʹ ˀʬʳʫʬʪ ʹʨʹ˄ʸʨʼʵʫ ˀʬʻʫʪʬʴ ʯʨʭʰʹʰ
˂ʵʲ-ˀʭʰʲʰʹ ʾʨʳʬ ʳʯʬʩʰʯ ʳʬʮʵʩʬʲ ʹʨʮʵʪʨʫʵʬʩʬʩˀʰ ʯʨʭʰʨʴʯ
ʴʨʯʬʹʨʭʬʩʯʨʴ ʪʨʫʨʳʨʲʭʨʹ ʫʨ ʳʯʬʲʰ ʹʵʼʬʲʰ ʳʨʲʬ ʫʨʰ˂ʨʲʨ.
ʫʨʸˁʬʴ ʳˆʵʲʵʫ ʵʸʰ ʽʨʲʰ ʫʨ ʳʵˆʻ˂ʬʩʰ, ʭʰʹʨ˂ ʰʨʸʨʾʰʹ ˆʳʨʸʬʩʨ
ʨʸ ˀʬʬ˃ʲʵ. ʨʳ ʳʫʪʵʳʨʸʬʵʩʨˀʰ ʹʨʽʳʬ ʫʨʸˁʨ 7 ʳʨʸʰʨʳʵʩʰʹʯʭʬʳʫʬ.
7 ʳʨʸʰʨʳʵʩʰʹʯʭʬʹ ʽʻʯʨʰʹʰʹ ʪʻʩʬʸʴʨʺʵʸʰʹ
ʪʨʴʱʨʸʪʻʲʬʩʰʯ ʱʨʲʨˀʰ ʳʿʵʼ ˇʨʸʹ ʳʵʬʳʨʺʨ ʪʻʸʰʰʹ ʸʨʮʳʰ,
ʽʻʯʨʰʹʰʹ ʳʨʮʸʰʹ ʻʼʸʵʹʰʹ ˆʬʲʳ˃ʾʭʨʴʬʲʵʩʰʯ ʫʨ ʹˆʭʨ ˇʨʸʰʹ
ʴʨ˄ʰʲʬʩʰ. ʳʨʲʬ ʹʭʨʴʬʯʰʹ ʯʨʭʨʫʬʩʳʨ ʻʾʨʲʨʺʬʹ ˆʨʲʫʬˀʲʬʩʹ,
ʳʯʨʭʸʵʩʨʹ ʳʰʬʳˆʸʬʴ ʫʨ ʬʸʯʰ ʱʭʰʸʰʹ ʪʨʴʳʨʭʲʵʩʨˀʰ ʯʬʴʪʰʮ
ʫʨʫʬˀʽʬʲʰʨʴʰʹ ʯʨʵʹʴʵʩʰʯ ʳʨʯ ʳʰʬʸ ʪʨʳʵʿʭʨʴʰʲ ʰʽʳʴʨ ʹʭʨʴʬʯʰʹ
ˆʨʲˆʰ. 19 ʳʨʸʰʨʳʵʩʰʹʯʭʬʹ ʳʨʯ ʳʵʬʳʨʺʨ ʽʻʯʨʰʹʰʫʨʴ ʪʬʴʬʸʨʲʰ
˂ʰʺʵʭʰˁʰ ʨʸʺʰʲʬʸʰʰʯʨ ʫʨ ʱʨˆʬʯʰʹ ʸʨʮʳʰʯ. ʨʳ ˀʬʬʸʯʬʩʻʲ
˃ʨʲʬʩʰʯ 19 ʳʵʹʨˆʲʰʹ ˄ʰʴʨʨʾʳʫʬʪ 21 ʳʨʸʰʨʳʵʩʰʹʯʭʬʹ ʳʯʨʭʸʵʩʨ
ʰ˄ʿʬʩʹ ʳʵʽʳʬʫʬʩʨʹ ʫʨ ˆʨʲʫʬˀʲʬʩʮʬ ʰʬʸʰˀʰʹ ʳʰʺʨʴʨʹ. ʶʰʸʭʬʲʨʯ
ʮʨʸʩʨʮʴʬʩʹ ʻˀʬʴʫʴʬʴ ˂ʰˆʬʬʩʹ, ʳʨʪʸʨʳ ʻˀʬʫʬʪʵʯ. 22
ʳʨʸʰʨʳʵʩʰʹʯʭʬʹ ʱʨʷʰʨʴʰ ʯʵʼʰʯ ˂ʰˆʰʫʪʨʴ ʪʨʳʵʹʸʵʲʰʲ ʺʿʭʰʰʯ
ʬʸʯ ʳʬʮʨʸʩʨʮʴʬʹ ʯʨʭʰʹ ʮʨʸʩʨʮʨʴʮʬ ʫʨʨʴʯˆʬʭʰʴʬʹ ʺʭʰʴʰ,
ʳʵˈʱʲʬʹ ʫʨ ʨʳʰʹ ˀʬʳʫʬʪ ʮʨʸʩʨʮʨʴʰ ʨʸ ʪʨʭʨʸʫʴʰʲʨ.
153
 23 ʳʨʸʰʨʳʵʩʰʹʯʭʬʹ ˇʨʸʳʨ ʨʲʿʨ ˀʬʳʵʨʸʺʿʨ ˆʨʲʫʬˀʹ,
ʯʨʴʨˆʳʨʫ ʹʨʳˆʬʫʸʵ ˀʺʨʩʰʹ ʪʨʫʨ˄ʿʭʬʺʰʲʬʩʰʹʨ. 25 ʨʪʭʰʹʺʵʹ ʬʹ
ˇʨʸʰ ʾʨʳʬ ʻʴʫʨ ˀʬʹʻʲʰʿʵ ˆʨʲʫʬˀˀʰ. ʱʨˆʬʯʰʹ ʸʨʮʳʰ
ʨʾʳʵʹʨʭʲʬʯʰʫʪʨʴ, ʹʭʨʴʬʯʰʹ ʸʨʮʳʰ ˁʸʫʰʲʵʬʯʰʫʪʨʴ, ˆʵʲʵ
ʫʨʴʨʸˁʬʴʰ ˇʨʸʰ ʫʨʹʨʭʲʬʯʰʫʪʨʴ 26 ʳʨʸʰʨʳʵʩʰʹʯʭʬʹ ʴʨˀʻʨʾʨʳʬʭʹ
ʿʭʬʲʨʴʰ ʬʸʯʨʫ ,,ʻʸʨʹ³˃ʨˆʰʲʰʯ ˀʬʫʰʨʴ ʹʵʼʬʲˀʰ. ˆʨʲʫʬˀʬʲʬʩʰ
˃ʨʲʯʨ ʪʨʴ˄ʿʵʩʰʲʬʩʰʹ ʳʰˆʬʫʭʰʯ ʩʸ˃ʵʲʨʹ ʨʸ ʪʨʴʨʪʸ˃ʵʩʬʴ ʫʨ
ʿʭʬʲʨʴʰ ʳʯʬʩˀʰ ʪʨʫʰʨʴ.
ʪʨʯʬʴʬʩʨʳʫʬ ʹʸʻʲʰ ʹʰˁʻʳʬ ʹʻʼʬʭʫʨ ʵʸʰʭʬ ʳˆʸʰʫʪʨʴ ʫʨ
ʯʵʼʰ ʨʸ ʪʨʭʨʸʫʴʰʲʨ. ʫʰʲʨʹ ˇʨʸʰ ʫʨʸ˄ʳʻʴʫʨ, ʸʵʳ ʹʵʼʬʲˀʰ
ʨʸʨʭʰʴ ʰʳʿʵʼʬʩʵʫʨ, ʪʨʸʫʨ ʰʳ ˂ˆʸʨ ʳʵˆʻ˂ʰʹʨ, ʸʵʳʲʬʩʹʨ˂ ˄ʨʹʭʲʨ
ʨʸ ˀʬʬ˃ʲʵʯ. ʵʸʰ ʳʨʯʪʨʴʰ ˂ʰˆʬˀʰ ʰˇʫʨ, ˆʵʲʵ ʫʨʴʨʸˁʬʴʬʩʰ ˇʨʸʹ
ʨʸ˄ʳʻʴʬʩʫʬʴ ʰʳʨˀʰ, ʸʵʳ ʹʵʼʬʲʰ ʫʨ˂ʲʰʲʰ ʰʿʵ. ʨʳ ʫʸʵʹ ʪʨʭʨʸʫʨ
ʯʵʼʰ ˂ʰˆʰʫʪʨʴ, ʸʵʳʲʰʯʨ˂ ʫʨʰ˅ʸʨ ʸʨʳʵʫʬʴʰʳʬ ʱʨ˂ʰ. ʨʳʰʹ
ˁʨʳʫʬʴʰ ʰʿʵ ʰʹ ʵʸʰ ʳʵˆʻ˂ʰ ʪʨʹʭʰʨʴʰ, ʸʵʳʲʬʩʰ˂ ˂ʰˆʬˀʰ ʰˇʫʬʴ.
ˇʨʸʰ ʹʨˆʲʬʩˀʰ ˀʬʰʳʨʲʨ ʫʨ ʻʩʸ˃ʨʴʨ ʪʨʹʭʰʨʴʬʩʹ ʪʨʳʵʹʻʲʰʿʭʴʬʴ,
ʳʨʪʸʨʳ ʨʳʨʵʫ, ʸʰʹ ˀʬʳʫʬʪʨ˂ ˂ʰˆʬ ʨʼʬʯʽʬʩʻʲ ʰʽʳʴʨ ʫʨ ʳʰʹ
ʴʨʴʪʸʬʭʬʩˀʰ ʫʨʰʾʻʶʨ ʬʹ ʵʸʰ ʳʵˆʻ˂ʰ ʪʨʹʭʰʨʴʰ˂.
27 ʳʨʸʰʨʳʵʩʰʹʯʭʬʹ ˇʨʸʳʨ ʨʨʼʬʯʽʨ ʳʯʬʲʰ ʹʵʼʬʲʰ.
ʨʫʪʰʲʵʩʸʰʭ ʬʱʲʬʹʰʰʫʨʴ ʪʨʳʵʺʨʴʰʲ ʰʽʴʨ ˆʨʺ-ˇʭʨʸʰ, ʸʵʳʲʬʩʰ˂
ʹ. ʰʼʸʨʨʸˀʰ ʪʨʫʨʰʺʨʴʬʹ, ʳʵ˃ʸʨʭ ʽʵʴʬʩʨʹ ʨʫʪʰʲʵʩʸʰʭʰ
ʨʫʳʰʴʰʹʺʸʨ˂ʰʨ ʫʨ ʳʨʯʰ ʳʵʾʨʲʨʺʬ ʯʨʭʨʫʬʩʰ ʫʨʬʶʨʺʸʵʴʬʴ ʫʨ
ʪʨʰʴʨ˄ʰʲʬʹ. ʨʳʰʹ ˀʬʳʫʬʪ ˇʨʸʳʨ ʫʨʹʺʵʭʨ ʪʨʴʨʫʪʻʸʬʩʻʲʰ
ˆʨʲʫʬˀʰ ʫʨ ʽʻʯʨʰʹʰʹʨʱʬʴ ʫʨʩʸʴʫʨ ʰʹʬ, ʸʵʳ ʭʬʸ˂ ʬʸʯʵ
ʨˇʨʴʿʬʩʻʲʯʨʪʨʴʰ ʭʬʸ ʫʨʰ˅ʰʸʬʹ. ʫʨʳʨʲʻʲʰ ˆʨʲʫʬˀʬʲʬʩʰ
ˀʬʳʵʫʪʵʳʨʮʬ ʮʵʪʰ ʯʨʭʰʹ ʴʬʩʰʯ ʪʨʳʵ˂ˆʨʫʫʬʴ ʲʬˁˆʻʳˀʰ
ʹʨʳʨʮʸʵ ʳʯʨʭʸʵʩʨʹʯʨʴ, ʮʵʪʰ˂ ʨʫʪʰʲʵʩʸʰʭ
ʨʫʳʰʴʰʹʺʸʨ˂ʰʨʹʯʨʴ ʪʨʳʵ˂ˆʨʫʫʨ ʫʨ ʯʬʴʪʰʮ ʫʨʫʬˀʽʬʲʰʨʴʳʨ
ʽʻʯʨʰʹˀʰ ˁʨʰʿʭʨʴʨ. ʳʨʯʰ ʹʨʽʳʬ ʽʻʯʨʰʹˀʰ ʹʨʭʬʲʬ ʹʨʹʨʳʨʸʯʲʵʳ
ʪʨʨʸˁʰʨ. ʹʨʳʹ ʳʨʯʪʨʴʹ ʹʰʱʭʫʰʲʰʯ ʫʨʹʱʨ ʳʻʹʨˇʨ, ʳʨʪʸʨʳ
ʴʨʳʬʹʺʴʰʱʰʹ ˀʻʨʳʫʪʵʳʲʵʩʰʯ ʬʹ ʹʨʹˇʬʲʰ ʹʨʳʻʫʨʳʵ
ʪʨʫʨʹʨˆʲʬʩʰʯ ˀʬʬ˂ʭʨʲʨʯ. ʫʨʴʨʸˁʬʴʰ 55 ʱʨ˂ʰ ʪʨʫʨʹʨˆʲʬʩʻʲ
ʰʽʴʨ ʸʻʹʬʯʰʹ ʹˆʭʨ ʫʨ ʹˆʭʨ ʪʻʩʬʸʴʰʬʩˀʰ.
1880 ˄. ʪʨʫʨʹʨˆʲʬʩʻʲʬʩʰʹ ˂ʵʲ-ˀʭʰʲʳʨ ʴʬʩʨʸʯʭʨ ʳʰʰʾʬʹ
ʯʨʭʰʹ ʹʵʼʬʲˀʰ ʫʨʹʨˆʲʬʩʰʹʨ ʫʨ ʳʨʲʬ ʬʹ ʰʹʺʵʸʰʻʲʰ ʹʵʼʬʲʰ
ʪʨʴʨˆʲʫʨ.
154
 ʨʹʬʯʰ ʳ˄ʨʸʬ ˀʬʫʬʪʬʩʰʯ ʫʨʳʯʨʭʸʫʨ ʨʸʨʸʨʰʫʪʨʴ ˀʬʽʳʴʰʲʰ
ʹʭʨʴʬʯʰʹ 1875-76 ˄. ʨʳʩʬʩʰ ʳʯʨʭʸʵʩʰʹ ʻʹʻʲ-ʪʻʲʵ
˄ʨʸʳʵʳʨʫʪʬʴʲʬʩʰʹʨ ʫʨ ʹʭʨʴʬʯʰʹ ʳʺʸʬʩʰʹ, ʪʸʰʴʬʭʹʱʰʹ, ˇʵʸˇʨ˃ʰʹ
ʫʨ ʯʬʴʪʰʮ ʫʨʫʬˀʽʬʲʰʨʴʰʹ ʶʵʲʰʺʰʱʰʹ ˄ʨʸʳʵʬʩʰʯ ʨʳ ʱʻʯˆʬˀʰ
91).

91) ʹʭʨʴʬʯʰʹ 1875-1876 ˄. ˄. ʨˇʨʴʿʬʩʰʹ ʰʹʺʵʸʰʰʹ ʫʨ˄ʬʸʰʹ ʫʸʵʹ ʻʳʯʨʭʸʬʹʨʫ ʳʬ

ʭˆʬʲʳ˃ʾʭʨʴʬʲʵʩʫʰ ʸʵʪʵʸ˂ ʨˇʨʴʿʬʩʨˀʰ, ʰʹʬ ʳʰʹ ˁʨʽʸʵʩʨˀʰ ʳʵʴʨ˄ʰʲʬʵʩʰʹ ʳʰʳʾʬʩ
ʳʵˆʻ˂ ʶʰʸʬʩʰʹ, ʨʪʸʬʯʭʬ ʪʰʵʸʪʰ ʳʨʸʪʰʨʴʰʹ, ʩʰʳʻʸʮʨ ʪʻˇʬˇʰʨʴʰʹ ʫʨ ʩʬʹʨʸʰʵʴ
ʴʰʷʨʸʨ˃ʰʹ ʴʨʨʳʩʵʩʰʯ. ʻʱʨʴʨʹʱʴʬʲʰ ʳʯʨʭʸʵʩʨʹʨ ʫʨ ˆʨʲʫʬˀʬʲʬʩʹ ˀʵʸʰʹ
ʳʵʲʨʶʨʸʨʱʬʩʰʹ ʫʸʵʹ ʹˆʭʨʯʨ ˀʵʸʰʹ ʳʵ˂ʰʽʻʲʰʹ ʸʵʲʹ ʨʹʸʻʲʬʩʫʨ.

…€Œ„‡ˆ 1905 ¡Šˆ €›€Œ•„€

ʸʵʪʵʸ˂ ʭʰ˂ʰʯ ʮʬʳʵʯ ʴʨʯʽʭʨʳʰʫʨʴ, ʨʻʺʨʴʬʲʰ ʰʿʵ

ʼʬʵʫʨʲʻʸʰ ʬʶʵʽʰʹ ʹʰʳʱʨ˂ʸʬ ʨʳ ʽʭʬʿʨʴʨˀʰ. ʸʨʳʫʬʴʨʯʨ˂ ʻʼʸʵ
ʭʬʲʻʸ ʶʰʸʵʩʬʩˀʰ ʰʳʿʵʼʬʩʵʫʬʴ ʨʽʨʻʸʰ ʩʨʺʵʴʰ ʫʨ ʳʰʹ ʳʵʴʨʯ
ʽ˂ʬʻʲʰ ʪʲʬˆʰ, ʰʳʫʬʴʨʯ ʻʼʸʵ ʳ˄ʨʸʬʫ ʪʨʳʵʰˆʨʺʬʩʵʫʨ ʩʨʺʵʴʰʹ
ʳʵʽʳʬʫʬʩʨ ʫʨ ʪʲʬˆʰʹ ˂ˆʵʭʸʬʩʨ.
˃ʴʬʲʰ ʨʹʨʺʨʴʰ ʰʿʵ ʰʹʬʫʨ˂ ʩʬˁʨʭʰ, ˂ˆʵʭʸʬʩʰʯ
ʫʨˁʨʪʸʻʲʰ, ʽʵʴʬʩʸʰʭʨʯ ʪʨ˃ʭʨʲʺʿʨʭʬʩʻʲʰ ʹʭʨʴʬʯʰʹ
ʪʲʬˆʱʨ˂ʵʩʰʹʯʭʰʹ ʬʹ ʳʵʴʵʩʰʹ ʻʾʬʲʰ ʫʨ ʳʰʹʪʨʴ ˀʬʽʳʴʰʲʰ ʳ˃ʰʳʬ
ʬʱʵʴʵʳʰʻʸʰ ʶʰʸʵʩʬʩʰ.
ʨʳʰʺʵʳʨ˂ ʴʰʨʫʨʪʰ ʳʻʫʨʳ ʳʮʨʫ ʰʿʵ ʰʳʰʹʯʭʰʹ, ʸʵʳ ˆʨʲˆˀʰ
ʨʪʸʨʸʻʲʰ ʳʵ˃ʸʨʵʩʨ ʨʼʬʯʽʬʩʻʲʰʿʵ, ʳʨʪʸʨʳ ʨʳʰʹʯʭʰʹ
ˆʬʲʹʨʿʸʬʲʰ ʶʰʸʵʩʬʩʰ ʳʨʯʯʭʰʹ ʨʸ ʨʸʹʬʩʵʩʫʨ.
1905 ˄. ʸʬʭʵʲʻ˂ʰʨʳ ʹʨʫʨʫʬˀʽʬʲʰʨʴʵ ʹʭʨʴʬʯʰʹ ʪʲʬˆ-
ʱʨ˂ʵʩʨ ʨʨʳˆʬʫʸʨ ʯʨʭʰʹʰ ʩʨʺʵʴʬʩʰʹ ˄ʰʴʨʨʾʳʫʬʪ, ˆʵʲʵ ʽʭʬʳʵ
ʹʭʨʴʬʯˀʰ ʯ. ʪʨʸʫʨʼˆʨ˃ʬʬʩʹ ʨʻˇʨʴʿʫʴʬʴ. ʨˇʨʴʿʬʩʨʹ
ˆʬʲʳ˃ʾʭʨʴʬʲʵʩʫʨ ʨʫʪʰʲʵʸʰʭʰ ʰʴʺʬʲʰʪʬʴ˂ʰʨ, ʻʳʯʨʭʸʬʹʨʫ
ʳʨʹ˄ʨʭʲʬʩʲʵʩʨ. ʪʲʬˆʯʨ ʳʵ˃ʸʨʵʩʨʹʨ ʫʨ ʳʵʯˆʵʭʴʰʲʬʩʬʩʰʹ
ʫʨʱʳʨʿʵʼʰʲʬʩʨʹ ʫʨʫʬˀʽʬʲʰʨʴʬʩʳʨ ˀʨʳʰʲʰʹ ʫʸʵʰʹ ˃ʭʬʲʰ
ʮʨʸʩʨʮʴʬʩʰʹ ʪʸʰʨʲʰʯʨ ʫʨ ʽʻˆʰʲʰʯ ʻʶʨʹʻˆʬʹ. ʪʲʬˆʬʩʳʨ ʳʨʯ
ʶʨʹʻˆʰ ʰʨʸʨʾʰʯʭʬ ʪʨʹ˂ʬʹ, ʸʵʳʲʰʹ ʫʸʵʹʨ˂ ʫʨʰ˅ʸʨ ʳ˃ʰʳʬʫ ʯ. ʨʲ.
ʫʨʫʬˀʽʬʲʰʨʴʰ. ʯʨʭʨʫʬʩʰʹ ʽʵʳʨʪʬʩʨˀʰ ʨʳ ʷʨʳʨʫ ʯʨʭʰ ʰʹʨˆʬʲʬʹ
ʯʨʭʰʹʻʼʨʲ ʹʭʨʴʬʯʰʹ ʮʵʪʰʬʸʯʳʨ ʨʮʴʨʻʸʬʩʳʨ ʫʨ ʯʨʭʨʫʬʩʯʨʴ
155
ʫʨʨˆʲʵʭʬʩʻʲʳʨ ʪʲʬˆʬʩʳʨ, ʳʨʪʸʨʳ ˂ʵʺʨ ˆʴʰʹ ˀʬʳʫʬʪ ʯʨʭʨʫʬʩʳʨ,
ʫʸʵʬʩʰʯ ʳʨʰʴ˂, ʳʰʨʺʵʭʬʹ ʹʭʨʴʬʯʰ ʫʨ ʺʼʰʲʰʹ ʽʻʯʨʰʹʰʹʨʱʬʴ
ʪʨʬʳʪʮʨʭʸʬʴ. ʽʭʬʳʵ ʹʭʨʴʬʯˀʰ ʨʳ ʫʸʵʹ ʯ. ʪʨʸʫʨʼˆʨ˃ʬʬʩʰ ʯʨʭʰʹ
˂ʰˆʬˀʰ ʪʨʳʨʪʸʫʴʬʴ, ʳʨʪʸʨʳ ˁʵʲʻʸˀʰ ʶʸʵʶʨʪʨʴʫʰʹʺʰʹ 92) ˀʨʳˀʬ
ʪʬʲʵʭʨʴʰʹʨ ʫʨ ʳʨʹʯʨʩ ʬʸʯ ʳʻˀʨ ʪʲʬˆʰʹ ʨʳʩʸʵʹʰ ʵʴʰʨʴʰʹ
ʳʻˆʨʴʨʯʻʸʨʫ ʳʵʱʭʲʰʹ ˀʬʳʫʬʪ ʰʹʰʴʰ ʨʾʬʲʭʬʩʻʲ ˆʨʲˆʹ ʪʨʬʽ˂ʴʬʴ
ʫʨ ʯʨʭʰ ʮʬʳʵ ʹʭʨʴʬʯˀʰ ʯʨʭʰʹ ʴʨʯʬʹʨʭ ʨʮʴʨʻʸʬʩʹ ˀʬʨʼʨʸʬʹ.
ʴʨ˄ʰʲʰ ʸʬʭʵʲʰʻ˂ʰʵʴʻʸʰ ˇʪʻʼʰʹʨ ʫʨ ʨʳ ʫʸʵʹ ʮʬʳʵ ʹʭʨʴʬʯˀʰ
ʫʨʬ˂ʨ ʩʬˁʵˀʰ ʳʿʵʼ ʨʫʪʰʲʩʸʰʭ ʨʫʳʰʴʰʹʺʸʨ˂ʰʨʹ, ʪʨʴʨʰʨʸʨʾʨ ʰʹ,
ʫʨʹ˄ʭʨ ʹʨʽʳʬʬʩʰ ʫʨ ʫʨʰ˅ʸʨ ʳʰʹʰ ˄ʨʸʳʵʳʨʫʪʬʴʲʬʩʰ. ʸʵʫʬʹʨ˂
ʹʨʽʨʸʯʭʬʲʵˀʰ ʸʬʨʽ˂ʰʨʳ ʪʨʰʳʨʸˇʭʨ ʫʨ ʸʬʨʽ˂ʰʰ˂
,,ʹʨˆʬʲʪʨʴʯʽʳʻʲʳʨ ʪʳʰʸʳʨ³ ʨʲʰˆʨʴʵʭʳʨ ʼʸʯʬʩʰ ʪʨˀʨʲʨ,
ʯʨʭʨʫʬʩʰ˂ ʳʰʹʱʬʴ ʪʨʬˀʻʸʬʴ ʫʨ ʸʬʵʲʻ˂ʰʰʹʨʪʨʴ ˀʬʲʨˆʻʲ
ʯʨʭʳʵʿʭʨʸʬʵʩʰʹ ʨʾʫʪʬʴʨʹ ˀʬʻʫʪʴʬʴ.
ʳʨʲʬ ʲʬˁˆʻʳ-ʽʭʬʳʵ ʹʭʨʴʬʯʰʹʨʱʬʴ ʸʬʨʽ˂ʰʰʹ ʳʵ˂ʰʽʻʲʨʯ
ʨʲʰˆʨʴʵʭʰʹ ʳʰʬʸ ʰʪʮʨʭʴʬʩʨ ʹʭʨʴʬʯʰʹ ʯʨʭʨʫʰ ʽʻʯʨʰʹʰʹ ʳʨʮʸʰʹ
ʻʼʸʵʹʰ ˇʨʴʹʻˆ ʫʨʫʬˀʽʬʲʰʨʴʰ, ʸʵʳʬʲʳʨ˂ ʫʨʹ˄ʭʨ ʲʬˁˆʻʳˀʰ
ʸʨʳʫʬʴʰʳʬ ,,ʩʻʴʺʵʭˀˁʰʱʰʹ³ ʹʨˆʲʰ, ʫʨʨʶʨʺʰʳʸʨ ʲʬˁˆʻʳʰʹ
ʳʨʮʸʨˀʰ ʨˇʨʴʿʬʩʰʹ ˆʬʲʳ˃ʾʭʨʴʬʲʰʹ ʲ. ʫʨʫʬˀʽʬʲʰʨʴʰʹ
˂ʵʲˀʭʰʲʰ ʫʨ ʪʨʫʨʹ˄ʭʨ ʳʰʹʰ ʹʨˆʲʱʨʸʰ. ʨʳʰʹ ˀʬʳʫʬʪ ʹʭʨʴʬʯˀʰ
,,˄ʬʹʰʬʸʬʩʰʹ ʨʾʹʨʫʪʬʴʨʫ³ʰʪʮʨʭʬʩʨ ʳʬʼʰʹ ˇʨʸʰ ʶʵʲʱ. ˀʰˀʱʬʭʰˁʰʹ
ʳʬʯʨʻʸʵʩʰʯ, ʯʨʭʨʫʬʩʰʹ ʯʨʴˆʲʬʩʰʯ, ʸʵʳʬʲʳʨ˂ ʽʭʬʳʵ ʹʭʨʴʬʯˀʰ
ʫʨʹ˄ʭʨ ʸʨʳʵʫʬʴʰʳʬ ʳʵʹʨˆʲʬ, ˆʵʲʵ ʮʬʳʵ ʹʭʨʴʬʯˀʰ ˄ʨʹʭʲʨ ʭʬʸ˂
ʰʹʬ ʨʫʭʰʲʨʯ ʪʨʫʨʹ˄ʿʭʰʺʨ, ˇʨʸʰ ʲʨˀˆʬʯˀʰ ˀʬʨˁʬʸʨ ʫʨ ʰʽʰʯʱʬʴ
ˆʨʲˆʯʨʴ ʳʵʹʨʲʨʶʨʸʨʱʬʩʲʨʫ ˀʬʹʨʼʬʸʰʹʰ ʶʰʸʬʩʰ ʪʨʪʮʨʭʴʨ. ʳʨʲʬ
ʮʬʳʵ ʹʭʨʴʬʯʰʫʨʴ ˀʰˀʱʬʭʰˁʯʨʴ ʪʨʳʵ˂ˆʨʫʫʨ ʹʭʨʴʬʯʰʹ ʫʬʲʬʪʨ˂ʰʨ,
ʹʨʽʳʬ ʳʵʸʰʪʬʩʰʯ ʫʨʳʯʨʭʸʫʨ ʫʨ ˇʨʸʰ˂ ʹʰˆʨʸʻʲʰʹ ʴʰˀʴʨʫ
ʮʨʸʩʨʮʴʬʩʰʹ ʪʸʰʨʲʰʯ ʪʨʳʵʬʯˆʵʭʨ ʹʭʨʴʬʯʰʹ ʳʯʬʩʹ ʫʨ
ʽʻʯʨʰʹʰʹʱʬʴ ʫʨʩʸʻʴʫʨ.
ʨʳ ʪʨʸʬʳʵʬʩʰʯ ˃ʨʲʰʨʴ ʻʱʳʨʿʵʼʰʲʵ ʫʨʸˁʬʴ ʮʵʪʰʬʸʯʰ
ʯʨʭʨʫʬʩʰ. ˀʰˀʱʬʭʰˁʹʨ ʫʨ ʳʨʯ ˀʵʸʰʹ ˀʨʭʳʨ ʱʨʺʨʳ ʪʨʫʨʰʸʩʰʴʨ ʫʨ
ʬʸʯʳʨʴʬʯʹ ʳʺʸʻʲʨʫ ʫʨˀʵʸʫʬʴ. ʨʳ ʪʨʸʬʳʵʬʩʨʳ ˃ʨʲʰʨʴ ˆʬʲʰ
ˀʬʻ˄ʿʵ ʨˇʨʴʿʬʩʻʲʯʨ ʩʬʫʹ, ʸʨʫʪʨʴʨ˂ ˀʰˀʱʬʭʰˁʰʹ ʳʵˆʹʬʴʬʩʨ
ʯʨʭʨʫʬʩʰʹ ˄ʰʴʨʨʾʳʫʬʪ ʰʿʵ ʳʰʳʨʸʯʻʲʰ.
ʬʹ ʨˇʨʴʿʬʩʨ ʫʨʳʯʨʭʸʫʨ ʵʸʰ ˄ʲʰʹ ʪʨʫʨʻˆʫʬʲ ʴʨʫʬʲʬʩʰʹ
ʬʸʯʨʫ ʪʨʫʨˆʫʬʭʰʴʬʩʰʯ ʫʨ ʸʨʳʵʫʬʴʰʳʬ ʹʭʨʴʰʹ ʫʨ˅ʬʸʰʯ.
156
 ,,ʫʨʳʴʨˀʨʭʬʴʰ³ ʽʻʯʨʰʹʰʹ ʹʨʹʨʳʨʸʯʲʵ ʶʨʲʨʺʨʳ
ʪʨʨʹʨʳʨʸʯʲʨ. ʮʵʪʰ ʳʨʯʪʨʴʰ ʪʨʨʴʯʨʭʰʹʻʼʲʨ, ʮʵʪʹʨ˂ ʳ˂ʰʸʬ
ʹʨʹˇʬʲʰ ʳʰʻʹʨˇʨ. ˆʵʲʵ ʬʸʯʰ ʪʲʬˆʰ ʳ. ʪʵˀʭʨʴʰ ʫʨ ʹʻʶʨʺʨˀʭʰʲʰ
ʪʨʫʨʹʨˆʲʬʩʻʲ ʰʽʴʬʴ ˂ʰʳʩʰʸˀʰ.

92) ʹˆʭʨʯ ˀʵʸʰʹ ʸʬʭʵʲʻ˂ʰʵʴʻʸ ʳʵ˃ʸʨʵʩʨʹ ʹʭʨʴʬʯˀʰ 1905 ˄ʬʲʹ

ˆʬʲʳ˃ʾʭʨʴʬʲʵʩʫʬʴ ˀʬʳʫʬʪ ʯʬʴʪʰʮ ʫʨʫʬˀʽʬʲʰʨʴʰ, ʭʨʸʲʨʳ ʪʬʲʵʭʨʴʰ
(ʳʨʹ˄ʨʭʲʬʩʬʲʰ), ʲʬʭʨʴ ˇʨʱʵʩʰʨ, ʫʨʴʰʬʲ ʽʰʴʽʲʨ˃ʬ, ʱʵʸʴʬʲʰ ˇʻʾʬʲʰ, ʳʾ.
ʹʻʶʨʺʨˀʭʰʲʰ ʫʨ ʹˆʭʬʩʰ.

…€Œ„‡ˆ „‰Š„ˆ„ˆ ƒ€ ˜…„Šˆ Œ€–‡„ˆ

ʳʱʭʲʬʭʨʸʰ ʪʨʴ˂ʭʰʼʸʬʩʨˀʰ ʳʵˈʿʨʭʹ ʹʭʨʴʬʯˀʰ ˀʬʴʨˆʻʲ ʰʳ

ʳʸʨʭʨʲ ˃ʭʬʲ ʺʨ˃ʸʬʩʹ ʫʨ ʳʨʯˀʰ ˀʬʴʨˆʻʲ ˆʨʺ-ˇʭʨʸʹ, ʺʿʨʭʮʬʫ
ʫʨ˄ʬʸʰʲ ˆʬʲʯʴʨ˄ʬʸʬʩʹ ʫʨ ʹˆʭʨ ʹʨʬʱʲʬʹʰʵ ʹʰʳʫʰʫʸʬʬʩʹ,
ʸʵʳʲʬʩʰ˂ ʹʨʽʨʸʯʭʬʲʵʹ ʩʸ˄ʿʰʴʭʨʲʬ ˄ʨʸʹʻʲʮʬ ʳʵʪʭʰʯˆʸʵʩʬʴ.
ʹʭʨʴʬʯˀʰ ʨʸʹʬʩʵʩʹ 100-ʳʫʬ ʬʱʲʬʹʰʨ. ʳʨʯ ˀʵʸʰʹ ʯʨʭʰʹʰ
ʹʰ˃ʭʬʲʰʯ, ʳˆʨʺʭʸʵʩʰʯ ʫʨ ʵʸʰʪʰʴʨʲʵʩʰʯ ʿʭʬʲʨʮʬ ʳʬʺ
ʿʻʸʨʫʾʬʩʨʹ ʰʽ˂ʬʭʬʴ: ʻˀʪʻʲʰʹ ʾʭʯʰʹʳˀʵʩʲʰʹ, ʱʨʲʰʹ ˄ʳʰʴʫʨ
ʱʭʰʸʰʱʬʹ, ʰʼʨʸʰʹ ˄ʳ. ʪʰʵʸʪʰʹ, ˄ʭʰʸʩʰʹ ʳʨ˂ˆʵʭʸʰʹ, ʨʫʰˀʰʹ ʳʯʨʭʨʸ
ʨʴʪʬʲʵʮʰʹ, ʳʻʷʨʲʰʹ ʳʨ˂ˆʵʭʸʰʹ, ʷʨʳʻˀʰʹ ʳʨ˂ˆʵʭʸʰʹ, ʲʨʾʨʳʰʹ
ʳʯʨʭʨʸ ʨʴʪʬʲʵʮʰʹ, ʲʨʺʨʲʰʹ ʰʵʨʴʴʬ ˄ʰʴʨʹ˄ʨʸʳʬʺʿʭʬʲʰʹ ʫʨ
ʳʨ˂ˆʵʭʸʰʹ, ʲʨʩʹʿʨʲʫʰʹ ʳʯʨʭʨʸ ʨʴʪʬʲʵʮʰʹ, ʼˆʵʺʸʬʸʰʹ ʳʯʨʭʨʸ
ʨʴʪʬʲʵʮʰʹ ʫʨ ʹʻʼʰʹ ˄ʳʰʴʫʨ ʪʰʵʸʪʰʹ ʬʱʲʬʹʰʬʩʰ. ʿʭʬʲʨ ʬʹ
ʬʱʲʬʹʰʬʩʰ ʻʴʫʨ ʰʿʭʴʬʴ ʨˀʬʴʬʩʻʲʰ X-XIV ʹ. ˀʵʸʰʹ. ʳʯʨˀʰ ʹʭʨʴʬʩʰʹ
ˀʬˆʬʫʻʲʬʩʰʯ ʶʰʸʭʬʲʰ ʨʫʪʰʲʰ ʻ˅ʰʸʨʭʹ ʱʨʲʰʹ ˄ʳ. ʱʭʰʸʰʱʬʹ
ʺʨ˃ʨʸʹ. ʳʨʹʮʬ ʫʨʼʰ˂ʬʩʰʯ ʹʭʨʴʬʯˀʰ ˆˀʰʸʨʯ ʩʵʲʵ ʬʾʬʩʨ
ˀʻʸʰʹ˃ʰʬʩʰʹ ʴʰʨʫʨʪʮʬ ʱʨ˂ʰʹ ʱʭʲʨʹ, ʽʻʸʫʵʩʨʹ ʫʨ ʹˆʭʨ
ʩʵʸʵʺʳʵʽʳʬʫʬʩʨʹ.
ʹʭʨʴʬʯʰʹ ʹʨʬʱʲʬʹʰʵ ʹʰʳʫʰʫʸʬ ʫʨ ʪʨʴ˃ʬʻʲʵʩʨ
ʪʨʴʰʿʵʼʬʩʨ ʹʨʳ ʱʨʺʬʪʵʸʰʨʯ:
ʶʰʸʭʬʲ ʱʨʺʬʪʵʸʰʨʹ ʬʱʻʯʭʴʰʹ ʰʹ ˆʨʺ-ˇʭʨʸʰ ʫʨ ʴʰʭʯʬʩʰ,
ʸʵʳʲʬʩʰ˂ ʨʽ ʨʸʰʨʴ ˀʬʳʵˆʰʮʴʻʲʰ ʹʨʽʨʸʯʭʬʲʵʹ ʹˆʭʨʫʨʹˆʭʨ
ʱʻʯˆʬʬʩʰʫʪʨʴ, ʪʨʴʹʨ˂ʫʬʲʰʹ ʷʨʳʹ ʳʺʸʰʹ ʳʰʬʸ ʪʨʴʨʫʪʻʸʬʩʰʹʨʪʨʴ
ʪʨʫʨʹʨʸˁʬʴʨʯ. ʺʿʻʰʲʨ ʱʰ ʨʸ ˄ʬʸʹ ʭʨˆʻˀʺʰ: ,,ʲʬˁˆʻʳʰʹ ʹʨʳˆʸʰʯ
ʫʨ ʵʫʰˀʰʹ ʨʾʳʵʹʨʭʲʬʯʰʯ ʨʸʹ ʬ˂ʬʸʰ. ʨʽ ʨʸʹ ʬʱʲʬʹʰʨ ʹʭʬʺʨʯ
157
˄ʵʫʬʩʻʲʰ, ʹʨˆʰʮʨʸʰ ʹʭʬʺʰʹ-˂ˆʵʭʲʰʹ ʹʨʳʱʨʻʲ-ʹʨʻʴˇʰʹʨ,
ʸʵʳʬʲʹʨ ˀʰʴʨ ʰʺʿʭʰʨʴ ʹʭʬʺʰʹ ˂ˆʵʭʲʰʹʨ ʱʨʴʱʬʲʰʹʨ ʿʵʼʨʹʨ
ʫʾʬʹʨ˂ʨ, ʸʵʳʬʲʰ˂ ʳʰʰʾʵ ʪʵʸʪʨʹʨʲ ʰʴʫʵʬʯʰʫʪʨʴ, ˄ʰʯʬʲʰ
ʰʨʪʻʴʫʰʯ ʽʳʴʰʲ ʵʽʸʵ-ʭʬʸ˂ˆʲʵʹʨʴʴʰ,ʳʵ˅ʬʫʰʲʴʰ ʽʭʰʯʨ,
ʳʸʨʭʨʲʴʰ ʫʨ ʶʨʺʰʵʹʨʴʴʰ, ʫʰʫʴʰ ʫʨ ʳ˂ʰʸʬʴʰ, ʨʸʨʳʬʫ ʻʱʬʯʬʹʰ
ˆʨʺʰ ʻʩʰʨʯ ʵʽʸʵʹ ˇʨ˅ʭʰʯʨ ʫʨ ʰʺʿʭʰʨʴ: ʻʱʬʯʻ ʨʻˀʭʰʯ,
ʫʨʲʬ˄ʨʭʹ ʨʽʨ ʳʿʵʼʹʨ ʹˆʭʨ ˆʨʺˇʭʨʸʹʨ ʫʨ ʹˆʭ³
˂ˆʨʫʰʨ, ʹʨʽʨʸʯʭʬʲʵʹ ʪʨʴʹʨ˂ʫʬʲʰʹ ʷʨʳʹ ʹʭʨʴʬʯʰ
ʪʨʫʨʽ˂ʬʻʲʨ ʳʰʹ ʹʨʬʱʲʬʹʰʵ ʹʰʳʫʰʫʸʰʹʨ ʫʨ ˃ʭʬʲʰ ʴʨˀʯʬʩʰʹ
ʹʨˆʰʮʸʨʯ ʫʨ ʫʨʳ˂ʭʬʲʨʯ ʫʨ ʹʭʨʴʬʯʹʨ˂ ʯʨʭʰʹʰ ʳ˃ʰʳʬ ʳʰʹʰʨ
ʾʰʸʹʬʻʲʨʯ ˀʬʻʹʸʻʲʬʩʰʨ. ʳʨʪʸʨʳ ʳʬʼʰʹ ʳʯʨʭʸʵʩʰʹ ʫʨ ʳʰʹ
ʹʨʳʾʭʫʬʲʵʬʩʰʹ ʹʭʨʴʬʯˀʰ ʼʬˆʰʹ ʳʵʱʰʫʬʩʨ ˀʬʳʫʬʪ ʰ˄ʿʬʩʨ
ʹʭʨʴʬʯʰʹ ʬʱʲʬʹʰʬʩʰʹ ʪʨ˃ʨʸ˂ʭʨ ʫʨ ʽʵʴʬʩʰʹ ʻ˂ˆʵ ʽʭʬʿʴʬʩˀʰ ʪʨʺʨʴʨ.
ʳʬʵʸʬ ʱʨʺʬʪʵʸʰʨʹ ʬʱʻʯʭʴʰʹ ʰʹ ˆʨʺ ˇʭʨʸʰ ʫʨ ʴʰʭʯʬʩʰ,
ʸʵʳʲʬʩʰ˂ ʹʨʽʨʸʯʭʬʲʵʹ ʳʬʼʬʬʩʹ ˀʬʻ˄ʰʸʨʭʹ ʹʭʨʴʬʯʰʹ
ʬʱʲʬʹʰʬʩʰʹʨʯʭʰʹ, ˀʬʹʨʼʬʸʰʹʰ ˄ʨʸ˄ʬʸʬʩʰʯ, ʳʨʪʨʲʰʯʨʫ: 1) ʬ˂ʬʸˀʰ
ʼˆʵʺʸʬʸʰʹ ʬʱʲʬʹʰʨˀʰ ʰʴʨˆʬʩʨ ʬʸʯʰ ʵʽʸʵʯʰ ʫʨʼʬʸʰʲʰ
ʭʬʸ˂ˆʲʰʹ ˆʨʺʰ ˄ʨʸ˄ʬʸʰʯ: ,,ˈʬ ʫʨʻʹʨʩʨʳʵ ʫʨ ʫʨʻʹʸʻʲʬʩʬʲʵ
ʾʳʬʸʯʵ, ˂ʰʹʨ ʫʨ ʽʭʬʿʴʰʹ ʫʨʳ˄ʿʬʩʬʲʵ ʫʨ ʫʨʳʨʨʸʹʬʩʬʲʵ,
ʳʨ˂ˆʵʭʨʸʵ ˄ʳ. ˄ʨʲʬʴˇʰˆʰʹʨ ˁʩʬʳ ˂ʭʨ ʫʨ ʳʼʨʸʨʭʳʨ ˀʬʴʳʨ
ʳʵʴʫʵʩʰʲʳʨʴ ʫʨ ʳʵʹʨʭʳʨʴ ʹʰ˄ʳʰʴʫʰʹʨ ˀʬʴʰʹʨʳʨʴ ʫʨʫʰʨʴʳʨ
ʲʬʵʴʳʨ ʫʨʪʨʹʭʬʴʬʯ ʬ˂ʬʸʹ ˁʭʬʴʫʨ ʹʨʫʾʬʪʸ˃ʬʲʵʯ,
ʪʨʹʨʳʨʸˇʭʬʩʲʨʫ ʫʨ ʹʨˆʹʵʭʸʨʯ ʹʻʲʰʹʨ ˁʭʬʴʰʹʨʯʭʰʹ ʨʳʰʴ³93).
2) ʲʨʺʨʲʰʹ ʳʨ˂ˆʵʭʸʰʹ ʬʱʲʬʹʰʨˀʰ ʰʴʨˆʬʩʵʫʨ ʬʸʯʰ
ʭʬʸ˂ˆʲʰʹ ʯʨʹʰ ,,ˁʨʸʨ³˃ʭʰʸʼʨʹʰ ʯʭʲʬʩʰʯ ʳʵ˅ʬʫʰʲʰ, ˄ʨʸ˄ʬʸʰʯ:
,,ˈʬ ˂ʰʹʨ ʫʨ ʽʭʬʿʴʰʹ ʫʨʳʩʨʫʬʩʬʲʵ ʳʨʳʰʹʨ ˁʭʬʴʰʹʨ ʨʫʨʳʰʹʨ, ʳʨʳʨʵ
ʲʨʯʨʲʰʹʨ ʳʨ˂ˆʵʭʨʸʵ, ˁʭʬʴ ʳʵ˄ʨʳʬʳʨʴ ˀʬʴʳʨʴ ˆʳʨ ʴʬʩʰʯʨ ˀʬʴʰʯʨ
ʳʨʳʨʾʲʬʩʬʲʳʨʴ, ʳʬʼʬʳʨʴ ʫʨʫʰʨʴʳʨ, ʶʨʺʸʵʴʳʨʴ ʭʨʳʬʿ ʫʨ
ʫʬʫʵʼʨʲʳʨʴ ʶʨʺʸʵʴʳʨʴ ʬʲʬʴʬʳ ʵʫʬʹ ʰʳʬʸʬʯʰʹ ʳʬʼʬʴʰ
ʪʨʸʫʨˀʬʴʫʴʬʴ ʫʨ ˃ʨʲʰʯʨ ˀʬ˄ʬʭʴʰʯʨ ˀʬʴʰʯʨ ʫʰʫʹʨ ʫʨ ˀʨʭ ˇʰʽʬʯ
ˀʻʨ ʳʬʼʵʩʨ ʫʨ ʫʨʫʰʨʴʵʩʨ ˁʭʬʴ ʫʨʭʰ˅ʰʸʬʯ ʫʨ ʳʵʴʫʵʩʰʲʳʨʴ
ʯʽʭʬʴʳʨʴ ˀʨʳʵʪ˄ʰʸʬʹ ˁʨʸʨ ʬʹʬ ʯʭʨʲʬʩʰʨʴʰ ʹʰ ʬʹʬ ˁʻʬʴʹ
ʹʨʫʾʬʪʸ˃ʬʲʵʯ ʫʨ ʹʨʽʳʰʹʨ ˁʬʴʰʹʨ ˄ʨʸʹʨʳʨʸʯʬʩʲʨʯ ʫʨ
ʪʨʹʨʳʨʸˇʭʬʩʲʨʫ ʹʻʲʰʹʨ ˁʭʬʴʰʹʨ ʹʨˆʹʸʨʫ ʫʨ ʹʨʵˆʨʫ ˀʭʰʲʬʩʰʹʨ
ˁʭʬʴʰʹʨ ʪʰʵʸʪʰʹ ʫʨ ʩʨʪʸʨʺʰʹ ʫʨ ʨʹʻʲʰʹʨ ˁʭʬʴʰʹʨ ʫʨʸʬˇʨʴʰʹ
ʹʨʫʾʬʪʸ˃ʬʲʵʯ. ʳʨ˂ˆʵʭʨʸʵ ʲʨʺʨʲʰʹʨ ˀʬʰ˄ʰʸʬ ˀʬʹʨ˄ʰʸʰ ʬʹʬ 94).
158
 3) ʬʴʨˀʰʹ ʰʵʨʴʬ ˄ʰʴʨʹ˄ʨʸʳʬʺʿʭʬʲʰʹ ʬʱʲʬʹʰʨˀʰ ʰʴʨˆʬʩʨ
ˆʨʺʰ ˄ʨʸ˄ʬʸʰʯ: ,,ʳʵʭ˅ʬʫʬ ˆʨʺʰ ʬʹʬ ʰʴ-ʬ ˄ʰ-ʹʨ ˁʭʬʴ ʪʻʸʰʬʲʳʨʴ
ʳʨʳʰʨʳ ʨʳ ʹʵʼʲʰʹ ʪʨʹʨʳʨʸˇʭʬʩʲʨʫ ʫʨ ʹʨʻʱʻʴʵ ʹʨˆʹʸʨʫ ʹʻʲʰʹʨ
ˁʭʬʴʰʹʨ ʨʳʰʴ 95).
4) ʷʨʳʻˀʰʹ ʳʨ˂ˆʵʭʸʰʹ ʬʱʲʬʹʰʨˀʰ ʰʴʨˆʬʩʨ ʳʨ˂ˆʵʭʸʰʹ ˆʨʺʰ
˄ʨʸ˄ʬʸʰʯ: ,,ʨʫʰʫʬʴ ʾʳʬʸʯʳʨʴ ʳʬʼʬ ʪʰʵʸʪʰ, ʫʬʫʵʼʨʲʯ
ʫʬʫʵʼʨʲʰ ʸʻʹʻʫʨʴʰ, ˃ʬʯʨ ʳʨʯʨ ʪʰʵʸʪʰʹʨ, ʸʵʳʬʲʯʨ ˀʬʨʳʱʬʹ ˆʨʰ
ʬʹʬ. ʳʨ˂ˆʵʭʨʸʵ ʳʻʲʨˆʰʹʨ ʳ˂ʭʬʲ ʫʨ ʳʼʨʸʭʬʲ ʬʽʳʬʴ ʵʸʯʨʭʬ
˂ˆʵʭʸʬʩʨʹʨ ʳʨ˅ʨʭʨʸʰʨʴʹʨ ʪʬʫʬʵʴʹ ʨʳʰʴ³ ʳʬʵʸʬ ʳˆʸʰʯ: ,,ʻʼʨʲʵ
ʫʨ ʳʨ˂ˆʵʭʨʸʵ ʳʵʲʨˆʰʹʨ ʪʨʨ˃ʲʰʬʸʬ ʳʬʼʬʯ-ʳʬʼʵʩʨ ʶʨʺʸʵʴʰʹʨ
ʪʰʵʸʪʰʹʨ ʫʨ ʫʬʫʵʼʨʲʯ ʫʬʫʵʼʲʰʹʨ ʶʨʺʸʵʴʰʹʨ ʯʨʳʨʸʰʹʨ ʫʨ
˃ʬʯʨ ʳʨʯʨ ʨʲʬʽʹʨʴʫʸʬʹʰ³96).
5) ʳʬʹʺʰʰʹ ˄ʳ. ʪʰʵʸʪʰʹ ʬʱʲʬʹʰʨˀʰ ʰʴʨˆʬʩʨ ʳʨ˂ˆʵʭʸʰʹ ˆʨʺʰ
˄ʨʸ˄ʬʸʰʯ: ,,˄-ʵ ʰʵʨʴʬ ʲʨʺʨʲʰʹʨ. ˄ʳ. ʪʰʵʸʪʰ ʳʬʹʺʰʰʹʨ³ ʳʬʵʸʬ
ʪʭʬʸʫʮʬ: ,,ʳʯʨʭʨʸ ʨʴʪʬʲʵʮʵ ʻʾʭʸʰʹʨ ʻʩʬʫʴʰʬʸʬʴ ʾʳʬʸʯʳʨʴ
ʬʸʯʵʩʰʲʹʨ ˆʬʭʹʨ ʩʬʫʴʰʬʸʹʨ ʲʵʳʰʹʨ ʫʸʵˀʰʹ ʯʨʭʰ ʬʹʬ
ʫʸʵˀʰʯʻʸʯ ˁʬʳʰʹʨ ʫʰʫʰʹʨ ʳʵʴʨʹʺʸʰʹʨ ˄ʳʰʴʫʰʹʨ, ʪʸʰʪʵʲ
ʱʵʶʨ˃ʰʹʨʪʨʴ ˀʨʳʵ˄ʰʸʻʲʰ³ ʨʳ ˄ʨʸ˄ʬʸʰʹ ʳʰˆʬʫʭʰʯ, ʻʭʨʸʵʭʨʹ
ʨʮʸʰʯ, ʬʹ ˀʻʩʰ ʻʴʫʨ ˄ʨʸʳʵʨʫʪʬʴʫʬʹ ʰʳ ʫʸʵˀʰʹ ʯʨʭʹ, ʸʵʳʬʲʰ˂
ʰʴʨˆʬʩʨ ʳʬʹʺʰʨˀʰ. ʬʹ ʫʸʵˀʨ ˄ʨʸʳʵʨʫʪʬʴʹ ʨʩʸʬˀʻʳʰʹ
ʽʹʵʭʰʲʰʹʨʪʨʴ ˀʬʱʬʸʰʲ ʲʵʳʰʹ ʼʰʪʻʸʨʹ. ʿʵʭʬʲ˄ʲʰʻʸʨʯ
ʻʲʰˀʵʩʨʮʬ ʳʬʹʺʰʰʹ ʬʱʲʬʹʰʰʫʪʨʴ ʪʨʳʵʨʽʭʯ ʰʹ ʪʨʸʬʯ. ʹʨʻʱʬʯʬʹʵ
ʳˆʬʫʨʸʰ ʰʱʨʭʬʩʹ ʳʨʹ ˆʬʲˀʰ. ʹˆʭʬʩʰʹ ʯʨʴˆʲʬʩʰʯ ʪʨʽʨʴʬʩʻʲʰ
˂ˆʬʴʬʩʰʯ ʪʨʬˀʻʸʬʩʰʨʴ ʳʰʴʫʵʸʮʬ, ʸʵʳʲʰʹ ʫʸʵʹʨ˂ ʫʸʵˀʨ
ʰʩʬʸʬʩʨ, ʰˀʲʬʩʨ ʫʨ ˂ʵ˂ˆʨʲ ʲʵʳʰʹ ʹʨˆʬʹ ʾʬʩʻʲʵʩʹ. ʻʭʨʸʵʭʰʹʨ
ʫʨ ʩʨʸʯʵʲʵʳʬʰʹ ʨʮʸʰʯ ʰʹ ˀʬʨʫʪʬʴʹ ʹʨʳ ʹʨʮʵʪʨʫʵʬʩʰʹ
ʳʬʹʺʰʰʹʨ, ʲʬʴˇʬʸʰʹʨ ʫʨ ʲʨʺʨʲʰʹ ˀʬʬʸʯʬʩʰʹ ʹʰʳʩʵʲʵʹ ʫʨ ʬʹ
ʨʹʬ˂ ʻʴʫʨ ʰʿʵʹ, ʳʨʪʸʨʳ ʵʸʰʭʬʴʰ ˀʬʳ˂ʫʨʸʰ ʨʸʰʨʴ ʰʳʨˀʰ, ʻʾʭʸʰʹ
ʹʨʮʵʪʨʫʵʬʩʨʹ ʰʹʰʴʰ ˀʬ˂ʫʵʳʰʯ ʾʬʩʻʲʵʩʬʴ ʲʬʴˇʬʸʰʹ
ʹʨʮʵʪʨʫʵʬʩʰʯ, ʳʨˀʰʴ ʸʵʫʬʹʨ˂ ʬʹ ʻʴʫʨ ˁʨʰʯʭʨʲʵʹ ʳʻʲʨˆʰʹ ʫʨ
ʰʼʨʸ-˄ʭʰʸʳʰʹ ˀʬʬʸʯʬʩʻʲ ʹʨʮʵʪʨʫʵʬʩʨʯ ˀʬʳʫʬʪʰ ʳʵʹʨʮʸʬʩʰʯ:
,,ʻʾʭʰʸʰ³ʳʫʬʩʨʸʬʵʩʹ ʳʻʲʨˆʰʹʨ ʫʨ ʰʼʨʸʰʹ ʹʨʮʾʭʨʸʮʬ; ˃ʭʬʲʨʯ
ʨʽ ʿʵʼʰʲʨ ʨˀʬʴʬʩʻʲʰ ʬʱʲʬʹʰʨ, ʸʵʳʬʲʹʨ˂ ʻʾʭʸʰʹ ,,ʳʯʨʭʨʸ
ʨʴʪʬʲʵʮʰʹ³ʬʱʲʬʹʰʨ ʬʸʽʭʨ. ʳʰʹʰ ʴʨʴʪʸʬʭʬʩʰ ʫʾʬʳʫʰʹ ʫʨ˂ʻʲʰʨ
ʨʳ ʨʫʪʰʲʨʹ. ʨʳ ʬʱʲʬʹʰʰʹ ʳʨˆʲʵʩʲʨʯ ʫʰʫʹ ʳʰʴʫʵʸˀʰ ʯʨʭʹ
ʰʿʸʰʫʬʴ ʹʨ˅ʰʸʵʬʩʰʹ ʫʸʵʹ ʰʼʨʸ-˄ʭʰʸʳʰ ʫʨ ʳʻʲʨˆʰ. ʬʹ ʬʱʲʬʹʰʨ
159
ʬʱʻʯʭʴʰʯ ʳʻʲʨˆʬʲʬʩʹ ʫʨ ʨʳʰʺʵʳ ʳʰʹʰ ʫʨʹʨˆʬʲʬʩʨ ˄ʨʸ˄ʬʸʨˀʰ
ʻʴʫʨ ʭʰʪʻʲʰʹˆʳʵʯ ʫʨ ʳʰʭʰʾʵʯ ʨʴ ʳʨʸʺʵ ʳʻʲʨˆʰʹ, ʨʴ ʳʻʲʨˆ-
ʰʼʨʸʰʹ-˄ʭʰʸʳʰʹ ˀʬʬʸʯʬʩʻʲ ʹʨʮʵʪʨʫʵʬʩʨʯʨ ʨʾʹʨʴʰˀʴʨʭʨʯ ʫʨ
ʨʸʨ ʲʬʴˇʬʸʰʹ ʹʨʮʵʪʨʫʵʬʩʨʯ.
6) ʲʨʺʨʲʰʹ ʹʨʮʵʪʨʫʵʬʩʨˀʰ ʰʴʨˆʬʩʨ ʹʨʿʭʰʸʰ ˄ʨʸ˄ʬʸʰʯ:
,,ʬˈʨ ʹʨˀʰʴʬʲʵ ʫʰʫʵ ʫʨ ʶʨʺʰʵʹʨʴʵ ʳʨ˂ˆʵʭʨʸʵ ʲʨʺʨʲʰʹʨʵ
ˀʬʳʵʪ˄ʰʸʬʯ ʫʨ ʳʵʪʨʸʯʭʰʯ ˀʬʹʨ˄ʰʸʨʭʰ ʬʹ ˁʰʽʵʭʨʴʳʨ ʶʨʺʸʵʴʳʨ
ʩʨʺʵʴʳʨʴ ʽʨʰˆʵʹʸʵʳ ˁʬʳʰʹʨ ʪʨʹʨʳʨʸˇʭʬʩʲʨʫ, ʹʨʫʾʬʪʸ˃ʬʲʵʯ,
ʹʻʲʰʹʨ ˁʬʳʰʹʨ ʹʨʵˆʨʯ ʫʨ ʹʨˆʹʬʴʬʲʨʯ. ʨʳʰʴ 97).
7) ʰʳʨʭʬ ʬʱʲʬʹʰʨˀʰ ʰʴʨˆʬʩʨ ʭʬʸ˂ˆʲʰʹ ˆʨʺʰ ˄ʨʸ˄ʬʸʰʯ:
,,ʳʨ˂ˆʵʭʨʸʵ ʲʨʺʨʲʰʹʨʵ ʨʫʰʫʬʴ ʳʬʼʬʯ ʳʬʼʬ ʪʰʵʸʪʰ,
ʫʬʫʵʼʨʲʯ-ʫʬʫʵʼʨʲʰ ʸʻʹʻʫʨʴʰ ʫʨ ˃ʬ ʳʨʯʰ ʩʨʪʸʨʺʰ 98).
8) ʴʨʱʰʼʨʸʰʹ ˄ʳ. ʪʰʵʸʪʰʹ ʬʱʲʬʹʰʨˀʰ ʰʴʨˆʬʩʨ ˆʨʺʰ
˄ʨʸ˄ʬʸʰʯ: ,,˄-ʵ ʪʰʵʸʪʰ ʳʵʰ˅ʬʫʨ ˆʨʺʰ ʬʹʬ ˄ʳ. ʪʰʵʸʪʰʹʨ ʰʼʨʸʰʹʨ
ˁʬʳʪʨʴ ʳʨʸʻˀʰʹ ʳʰʬʸ ʹʨʲʵ˂ʨʭʨʫ ʫʨ ʹʨˆʹʸʨʫ ʹʻʲʰʹʨ ˁʬʳʰʹʨ ʫʾʬʹʨ
ʳʨʹ ʪʨʴʱʰʯˆʭʰʹʨʹʨ ˁʬʳʰʯʨ ʵʽʸʵʯʨ ʫʨ ʭʬʸ˂ˆʲʰʯʨ ʵʳʨʴ
ʵʽʸʵʳ˅ʬʫʲʰʹʨʯʨ 99).
9) ʨʲʬʽʹʨʴʫʸʬ ʱʨˆʯʨ ʳʬʼʰʹ ʳʰʬʸ ˀʬʳʵ˄ʰʸʻʲʰ ʮʨʸʬʩʰ
ʰʴʨˆʬʩʨ: ʳʻʷʨʲˀʰ, ʷʨʳʻˀˀʰ, ʮʨʸʫʲʨˀˀʰ, ʲʨˆʰʸˀʰ ʫʨ ʨʫʰˀˀʰ.
ʱʨʲʰʹ ʱʭʰʸʰʱʬʹ ʺʨ˃ʨʸˀʰ ʰʴʨˆʬʩʨ ʮʨʸʰ ʯʬʱʲʬʹ ʳʰʬʸ ˀʬʳʵ˄ʰʸʻʲʰ.
ʲʨˀʯˆʭʬʸʰʹ ʬʱʲʬʹʰʨˀʰ ʨʸʰʹ ʮʨʸʰ, ˀʬʳʵ˄ʰʸʻʲʰ ʫʨʭʰʯ ʱʨˆʯʨ
ʳʬʼʰʹ ʳʰʬʸ ʫʨ ʹˆʭʨ ʫʨ ʹˆʭʨ...
ʳʬʹʨʳʬ ʱʨʺʬʪʵʸʰʨʹ ʬʱʻʯʭʴʰʹ ʰʹ ʹʨʬʱʲʬʹʰʵ ʽʵʴʬʩʨ ʫʨ ˆʨʺ-
ˇʭʨʸʰ, ʸʵʳʬʲʰ˂ ʯʭʰʯ ʹʭʨʴʬʩʰʹ ʳʰʬʸ ʨʸʰʹ ˀʬ˃ʬʴʰʲʰ ʫʨ
ˀʬʳʵʺʨʴʰʲʰ ʹˆʭʨ ʫʨ ʹˆʭʨ ʪʮʰʯ ʫʨ ʹʨˀʻʨʲʬʩʰʯ, ʳʨʪʨʲʰʯʨʯ:
1)ʲʨʩʹʿʨʲʫʰʹ ʬʱʲʬʹʰʨˀʰ ʰʴʨˆʬʩʨ ˃ʭʰʸʼʨʹʰ ʩʰʮʨʴʺʰʰʹ
ˆʬʲʵʩʰʹ ʵʽʸʵʹ ˇʭʨʸʰ, ʸʵʳʬʲʰ˂ ʹʭʨʴʬʩʹ ˇʭʨʸʰʫʪʨʴ (ʮʻʪʫʰʫʰʹ
ʳʨʮʸʨ) ˀʬʳʵʻʺʨʴʰʨʯ ˃ʭʬʲ ʫʸʵˀʰ.
2) ʳʻʲʨˆʰʹ ʳʨ˂ˆʵʭʸʰʹ ʬʱʲʬʹʰʨˀʰ ʰʴʨˆʬʩʨ ʾʭʯʰʹʳˀʵʩʲʰʹ
ˆʨʺʰ ,,ʹʨʲˀʪʨʸʭˆʨʺ³ ʹʨʲʨˀʽʸʵ ˆʨʺʰ), ʸʵʳʬʲʰ˂ ʹʭʨʴʬʯʹ ʵʳʰʹ
ʫʸʵʹ ˄ʨʻʸʯʳʬʭʰʨʯ ʲʬˁˆʻʳ-ʸʨ˅ʰʹ ʬʸʯ-ʬʸʯ ʬʸʰʹʯʨʭʰʹʯʭʰʹ.
3) ʱʨʲʰʹ ˄ʳʰʴʫʨ ʱʭʰʸʰʱʬʹ ʺʨ˃ʨʸˀʰ ʰʴʨˆʬʩʨ ʻ˃ʭʰʸʼʨʹʬʹʰ
ʩʰʮʨʴʺʰʻʸʰ ˃ʭʰʸʼʨʹʰ ʽʭʬʩʰʯ ˀʬʳʱʵʩʰʲʰ ʳʬ-XII ʹ. ˆʬʲʵʩʰʹ
ʵʽʸʵʹ ˆʨʺʰ ,,ˀʨʲʰʨʴʰ³ʨʳ ˆʨʺʹ ˄ʬʲʰ˄ʨʫˀʰ ʹʨʳˇʬʸ ʩʨʴʬʴ. ʳʰʹ ʴʨʩʨʴ
˄ʿʨʲʹ ʰʴʨˆʨʭʬʴ ʰʳ ʹʻʸʨˀʰ, ʸʵʳʬʲʰ˂ ʨʳʨʭʬ ʬʱʲʬʹʰʰʹ ʱʻʯʭʴʰʲʬʩʨʹ
ˀʬʨʫʪʬʴʹ ʫʨ ʿʻʸʨʫʾʬʩʨʹ ʰʽ˂ʬʭʹ ʯʨʭʰʹʰ ʵʸʰʪʰʴʨʲʻʸʰ
160
ʳˆʨʺʭʸʵʩʰʯ. ʨʳ ʹʻʸʰʯ ʮʬʳʵˆʹʬʴʬʩʻʲ ˆʨʺʰʹ ʴʨʩʨʴ ˄ʿʨʲʹ
ˁʨʳʵʨʺʨʸʬʩʬʴ ˆʵʲʳʬ ʳʯʬʲʹ ʹʭʨʴʬʯˀʰ ʽʻʸʫʵʩʰʹ
ʨʾʳʵˁʬʴʰʹʨʯʭʰʹ. ˆˀʰʸʨʯ ʳʨʹˀʰ ˀʬʴʨˆʻʲ ˀʨʲʰʨʴʰʹ ˆʨʺʰʹ ʴʨʩʨʴ
˄ʿʨʲʹ ʹʨʼʻʭʨʸˀʰ ˁʨʻʹˆʨʳʬʴ, ʸʵʳ ʳʰʹʰ ˃ʨʲʨ ˀʰʪ ʨʫʨʳʰʨʴʰʹ
ʹˆʬʻʲˀʰ ˀʬʰʺʨʴʵʴ ʫʨ ʼʰ˂ʰʹ ʪʨʺʬˆʨ ʨʸ ʪʨʩʬʫʵʴ. ʨʰ ʬʹ ˃ʭʰʸʼʨʹʰ
ʴʰʭʯʰ ʪʨʫʳʵ˂ʬʳʰʯ ʨʸʰʹ ˀʬʳʵʺʨʴʰʲʰ ʹʭʨʴʬʯˀʰ ˀʬʳʫʬʪ
ʶʰʸʵʩʬʩˀʰ: ʬʸʯˆʬʲ ʰʳʬʸʬʯʰʹ ʬʸʯʳʨ ʳʬʼʬʳ ʫʨʰʩʨʸʨ ʿʵʭʬʲ
ʱʻʯˆʰʫʨʴ ʸʨʳʵʫʬʴʰʳʬ ʱʨ˂ʰ. ʳʨʯ ʯʨʭʰ ʳʵʻʿʨʸʨ ʪʬʪʻʯʰʹ
ʳʰʴʫʵʸˀʰ ʫʨ ʪʨʳʵʻ˂ˆʨʫʨ: ʭʰʴ˂ ʬʸʯʰ ʱʨ˂ʰ ʳʨʯʪʨʴʰ ʫʰʲʰʫʪʨʴ
ʹʨʾʨʳʵʳʫʬ ʪʬʪʻʯʰʹ ʳʰʴʫʵʸʹ ʳʵʯʰʩʨʭʫʨ, ʹʨʾʨʳʵʹ ʹʨˁʻʽʸʨʫ
ʸʨʹʨ˂ ʰʯˆʵʭʫʨ, ʰʳʨʹ ʳʰʰʾʬʩʫʨ. ʿʭʬʲʨʳ ʨʳʨʮʬ ʻʨʸʰʯ ʻʶʨʹʻˆʨ.
ʳʨˀʰʴ ʪʨʳʵʭʰʫʨ ʬʸʯʰ ʹʭʨʴʰ ,,ˀʨʸˀˆʲʨʴʰ³ ʸʵʳʬʲʳʨ˂ ʨʾʻʯʽʭʨ
ʳʬʼʬʹ ʨʳ ʹʨʽʳʰʹ ʨʹʸʻʲʬʩʨ. ʬʹ ˀʨʸˀˆʲʨʴʰ ʰʿʵ ʳʻʲʨˆˀʰ ʳ˂ˆʵʭʸʬʩʰ
ʪʲʬˆʰ ʨˆʲʨʴʫʬʲʰ ± ˀʬʸʭʨˀ˃ʬʬʩʰʹ ˄ʰʴʨʶʨʸʰ. ʹʭʨʴʻʸʰ ʪʨʫʳʵ˂ʬʳʨ
ʨʳʩʵʩʹ, ʸʵʳ ʬʸʯ ʫʾʬʹ ʳʰʹʰ ˀʭʰʲʰ ʯʨʭʰʹ ʹʨˆʲʰʹ ʳʨˆʲʵʩʲʨʯ
˃ʸʵˆʬʩʹ ʨ˃ʵʭʬʩʫʨ. ʰʽʭʬ ʳʨʴ ʴʨˆʨ ʽʭʨ, ʬʹʸʵʲʨ ˃ʸʵˆʨʹ ʬʹ ʽʭʨ ʫʨ
ʳʨʸ˂ˆʬʴʨ ʪʭʬʸʫˀʰ ʸʵʳ ʳʵˆʭʫʨ, ʳʨʸˇʭʬʴʨˀʰ ʪʨʭʰʫʨ. ˃ʸʵˆʨ ʳʵʱʭʫʨ.
ʩʨʭˀʭʰ ʺʰʸʰʲʰʯ ʳʨʳʨʹʯʨʴ ʳʰʭʨʸʫʨ ʫʨ ʨ˂ʴʵʩʨ ʬʹ ʨʳʩʨʭʰ.
ˀʨʸˀˆʲʨʴʰ ˄ʨʭʰʫʨ, ʴʨˆʨ ʳʵʱʲʻʲʰ ˃ʸʵˆʰʹ ʳʨˆʲʵʩʲʨʯ ʳʰʹ
ˀʭʰʲʰʹ ʪʨʴʨʹʸʵʲʰ ʽʭʨ ʫʨ ʰʹ ,,ʳʬˆʰʹ ʼʰʴʯʰˆʰ³ ʪʨʳʵʫʪʨ.
ˀʨʸˀˆʲʨʴʳʨ ʰʹ ʹʨˆʲˀʰ ˄ʨʰʾʵ ʫʨ, ʸʵʫʬʹʨ˂ ʳ˅ʬʫʬʲʹ ˂ʬʲʰ
ʪʨʨʱʬʯʬʩʰʴʨ, ʰʳʨˀʰ ʪʨʻʸʰʨ. ʨʳʰʺʵʳ ˂ʬʲʹ ʪʨʲʬʹʭʨ ʨʸ ʻʴʫʵʫʨ, ʰʹʬ
ʹ˅ʸʰʫʨ ʩʨʲʨˆʹ, ʸʵʳ ʱʨ˂ʹ ʨʸ˂ ʱʰ ʾʨʲʨʭʫʨ. ʫʨ ʨʳʰʺʵʳʨ˂ ˀʬʹ˃ʲʵ
ˀʨʸˀˆʲʨʴʳʨ ʨʳ ˂ʬʲʰʯ ʪʬʪʻʯʰʹ ʳʰʴʫʭʸʰʹ ʳʵʯʰʩʭʨ. ʳʬʼʬʳ ʹʨʾʨʳʵʹ
ˀʨʸˀˆʲʨʴʰ ʫʨʰʩʨʸʨ ʫʨ ʴʬʩʨ ʫʨʸʯʵ ʨʬʸˁʰʨ ʹʨˁʻʽʨʸʰ. ʹʭʨʴʳʨ
ʨʰʸˁʰʨ ʮʬʳʵˆʹʬʴʬʩʻʲʰ ˃ʭʰʸʼʨʹʰ ˆʨʺʰ ʫʨ ʨʳʰʺʵʳʨ˂ ʨʳ ˆʨʺʹ
ʫʨʬʸʽʭʨ ˀʨʲʰʨʴʰ, ʸʨʰ˂ʨ ʻʫʸʰʹ ˀʨʸˀˆʲʰʨʴʰʹʬʻʲʹ. ʳʨʴ ˃ʭʰʸʼʨʹʰ
ʹʨˁʻʽʨʸʰ ʯˆʰʹ ʪʻʫʨˀʰ ˁʨʹʫʵ ʫʨ ʹʭʨʴʬʯʰʹʱʬʴ ʪʨʬʳʪʮʨʭʸʨ.
ʲʨʺʼʨʸʰʹ ʳʯʨʮʬ ʳʨʹ ˀʬˆʭʫʨ ʱʨʲʨˀʰ ʳ˂ˆʵʭʸʬʩʰ ʭʰʾʨ˂ ʰʵʹʬʲʰʨʴʰ,
ʸʵʳʬʲʳʨ˂ ˄ʨʹʭʲʰʹʨʹ ʯʨʭʰʹ ˂ʵʲʹ ʫʨʻʩʨʸʨ, ʸʵʳ ʨʳʨʾʨʳ ʯʻ
ˀʨʸˀˆʲʨʴʰ ʬʹʺʻʳʸʬʩʵʫʨ, ʯʨʭʰ ʨʸʿʰʯ ʫʨʬʯʸʵ ʫʨ ˀʬʳʫʬʪ ʳʨʹʯʨʴ
ʫʨ˄ʵʲʰʲʰʿʵ. ʰʵʹʬʲʰʨʴʰ ˀʬˆʭʫʨ ˀʨʸˀˆʲʨʴʹ, ʫʨʨʼʰ˂ʨ, ʸʵʳ ʾʨʳʰʹ
ʪʨʹʨʯʬʭʨʯ ʱʨʲʨˀʰ ʳʰʹ ˂ʵʲʯʨʴ ʳʰʹʻʲʰʿʵ, ʯʭʰʯʵʴ ʭʰʯʵʳʫʨ
ʪʨʻʫʪʨ ʪʮʨʹ. ˀʨʸˀˆʲʨʴʰ ʳʨʹ ʬʹʺʻʳʸʨ. ˂ʵʲʰ ʫʨʩʨʸʬʩʰʹʨʳʬʩʸ
ʳʵʰʽ˂ʨ, ʫʨ ʾʨʳʬ, ʸʵ˂ʨ ʰʵʹʬʲʰʨʴʰ ʻʱʨʴ ʫʨʩʸʻʴʫʨ, ˀʨʸˀˆʲʨʴʰ
˂ʵʲʯʨʴ ˀʬʰʹ˄ʸʵ ʫʨ ʳʵʱʭʲʨ ʳʵʻʴʫʵʳʨ. ʳʨʪʸʨʳ ʯʨʭʰ ʳʰʯ ʰˆʹʴʨ,
161
ʸʵʳ ʬʹ ˃ʭʰʸʼʨʹʰ ˆʨʺʰ ʨˁʻʽʨ. ʰʵʹʬʲʰʨʴʹ ˀʬʳʫʬʪˀʰ ʬʹ ˆʨʺʰ
˄ʨʨʸʯʭʬʹ ʫʨʫʬˀʽʬʲʰʨʴʬʩʳʨ, ʳʨʪʸʨʳ ʳʨʯ ʳʨʲʬ ʰʹ ʳʵˈʶʨʸʬʹ ʯʨʴʩʰ
ʪʵˀʺʬʲʰʨʴʳʨ ʫʨ ʭʰʾʨ˂ ʩʬʸʰʨʴʳʨ, ʰʵʹʬʲʰʨʴʹ ʫʨʻʩʸʻʴʬʹ ʬʹ ʫʨ ʳʰʹ
ˀʬʳʫʬʪ ʱʨʲʰʹ ˄ʳʰʴʫʨ ʱʭʰʸʰʱʬʹ ʳʵʴʨʹʺʬʸˀʰ ʳʵʨʯʨʭʹʬʹ ʫʨ
ˀʬʰʨʸʨʾʬʩʻʲʰ ʿʨʸʨʻʲʰ ʫʨʨʿʬʴʬʹ. ʸʵ˂ʨ ʹʭʨʴʬʩʰ ʨʳ ˆʨʺʰʯ
ʼʰ˂ʻʲʵʩʬʴ, 25 ʳʨʴʬʯʰ ˆʫʬʩʨʯ, ˆʵʲʵ ʨʳʨʹ ʨʸ ʰˆʫʰʨʴ
ˀʬʸʭʨˀʰ˃ʬʬʩʰ, ʰʳʰʺʵʳ ʸʵʳ, ʬʹ ˆʨʺʰ ʳʨʯʰ ˄ʰʴʨʶʸʰʹ ˀʨʸˀˆʲʨʴʰʹ
ʳʰʬʸ ʨʸʰʹ ˀʬʳʵʺʨʴʰʲʰ, ʰʵʹʬʲʰʨʴʬʩʰ˂ ʨʹʬʯʰ ʪʨʫʨʹʨˆʨʫʰʹʨʪʨʴ
ʯʨʭʰʹʻʼʨʲʴʰ ʨʸʰʨʴ, ʰʳʰʺʵʳ ʸʵʳ ʬʹ ˆʨʺʰ ʰʳʨʯ ˀʬʰ˃ʰʴʬʹ ʫʨ
ʫʨʰʩʸʻʴʬʹ ʫʨʫʬˀʽʬʲʰʨʴʬʩʰʹʨʪʨʨʴ. ʹʭʨʴʬʩʰʹ ʳʰʬʸ ˀʬʳʵ˄ʰʸʻʲʰ
ʨʹʬʯʰ ˆʨʺʬʩʰ ˀʬʹʨʼʬʸʰʹʰ ˄ʨʸ˄ʬʸʬʩʰʯ ʨʸʰʨʴ ʨʪʸʬʯʭʬ ʻˀʪʻʲʰʹ
˄ʳ. ʩʨʸʩʨʲʬʹ, ʰʼʨʸʰʹ ˄ʳ. ʪʰʵʸʪʰʹ, ˁʻʱʻʲʰʹ, ʷʨˆʻʴʫʬʸʰʹ ʫʨ ʹˆʭʨ
ʬʱʲʬʹʰʬʩˀʰ...
ʬʺʿʵʩʨ, ʸʵʳ ʶʰʸʭʬʲʨʯ ʹʭʨʴʬʯˀʰ ʬʱʲʬʹʰʬʩʹ ʹʨʯʨʭʬˀʰ
ʻʫʪʬʴ ʾʰʸʹʬʻʲʰ ʶʰʸʬʩʰ ʫʨ ʳʨʯ ʶʰʸʴʨʯʲʨʫ ˀʬʻʹʸʻʲʬʩʰʨʯ
ʹʨʬʱʲʬʹʰʵ ʹʰʳʫʰʫʸʰʹ ʫʨ˂ʭʨˀʰ ʯʭʰʹʰ ʳʵʭʨʲʬʵʩʨ, ʳʨʪʸʨʳ
ˀʬʳʫʬʪˀʰ ʹʭʨʴʬʯʰʹ ʬʹ ʹʨʹʻʲʰʬʸʵ ˄ʵʫʬʩʨ ʰʳʫʬʴʨʯ ʫʨ˂ʬʳʻʲʨ,
ʸʵʳ ʳʨʯʯʭʰʹ ʿʻʸʨʫʾʬʩʨ ʨʸ ʳʰʻʽ˂ʬʭʰʨʯ ʫʨ ʼʨʹʰ ʫʨʻʱʨʸʪʨʭʯ,
ˆʵʲʵ ʸʵ˂ʨ ʹʨʬʱʲʬʹʰʵ ˄ʰʪʴʬʩʰ ʫʨʰʩʬ˅ʫʨ ʫʨ ʬʱʲʬʹʰʨʯʨ
ʳ˄ʿʬʳʹʵʩʨ ʳʬʼʰʹ ʹʨʳʾʭʫʬʲʵʬʩʨʹ ʪʨʫʨʬ˂ʨ, ʰ˄ʿʬʩʨ ʹʭʨʴʬʯʰʹ
ʹʨʬʱʲʬʹʰʵ ʹʰʵʳʫʰʫʸʰʹ ʳʨʯ ʳʰʬʸ ,,ʪʨʺʨʴʨ ʫʨ ʹˆʭʨ ʽʭʬʿʴʬʩˀʰ
ʪʨʿʰʫʭʨ. ˇʬʸ ʱʰʫʬʭ 1916 ˄ʬʲʹ ʨʳʰʹ ˀʬʹʨˆʬʩ ˁʬʳ ʳʰʬʸ ʰʽʴʨ
ʳʵʯʨʭʹʬʩʻʲʰ ʪʨʮʬʯ ,,ˆʨʲˆʰʹ ʳʬʪʵʩʸʰʹ³ʳʬ-39 ʴʵʳʬʸˀʰ ˀʬʳʫʬʪʰ
˄ʬʸʰʲʰ ,,ʹʨʽʨʸʯʭʬʲʵʹ ʹʰ˃ʭʬʲʬʴʰ ʫʨ ʳʨʯʰ ʫʾʬʭʨʴʫʬʲʰ
ʳʫʪʵʳʨʸʬʵʩʨ ʹʭʨʴʬʯˀʰ³.
ʨʰ ˄ʬʸʰʲʰʹ ˀʰʴʨʨʸʹʰ ʨʹʬʯʰʨ:
,,ʻ˃ʭʬʲʬʹ ʫʸʵʰʫʨʴ ʽʨʸʯʭʬʲʰ ˆʨʲˆʰʹ ʬʸʯʰ ʴʨ˄ʰʲʰ
ʳʵʯʨʭʹʬʩʻʲʰʨ ʱʨʭʱʨʹʰʰʹ ʳʯʬʩʹ ˀʻʨ, ʸʵʳʬʲʹʨ˂ ʫʾʬʹ ʹʭʨʴʬʩʰ
ʽʭʰʨʴ. ʿʵʼʰʲʨ ʫʸʵ, ʸʵ˂ʨ ʬʹ ʹʭʨʴʬʯʰ ʹʨʽʨʸʯʭʬʲʵʹ ʹʰʳʫʰʫʸʰʹ
ʫʨ ˃ʭʬʲʰ ʴʨˀʯʬʩʰʹ ʺʨ˃ʸʨʯ ʽ˂ʬʻʲʨ. ʰʿʵ ʫʸʵ, ʸʵ˂ʨ ʹʭʨʴʬʩʰ ʯʨʭʰʹ
ʳʫʰʴʨʸʬʬʩˀʰ ʵʽʸʵʹ ʫʨ ʭʬʸ˂ˆʲʹ ʶʵʻʲʵʩʫʬʴ; ʪʨʳʨʸʯʻʲʰ ʰʿʵ
ʼʻʲʰʹ ʹʨ˅ʸʬʲʰ ʽʨʸˆʴʬʩʰ. ʳʨʪʸʨʳ ʿʭʬʲʨ ʨʳʨʮʬ ʭʰʲʨʶʨʸʨʱʵʯ
ˀʬʳʫʬʪ, ʸʨʫʪʨʴ ʬʹ ˄ʬʸʰʲʰ, ʨʳʷʨʳʨʫ ʪʨʳʵʰ˄ʭʰʨ ʳˆʵʲʵʫ ʪʨʮ.
,,ʹʨˆʨʲˆʵ ʼʻʸ˂ʲʰʹ³ʳʬ-544 ʫʨ ,,ʳʬʪʵʩʸʰʹ³ʳʬ-ȹ-ˀʰ ʫʨ˄ʬʸʰʲʳʨ
˄ʬʸʰʲʬʩʳʨ. ʸʵʳʲʬʩʰ˂ ˁʬʳʯʰʹ ʰʹʬ ʨʳʨʾʬʲʭʬʩʬʲʰ ˀʬʰʽʴʬʴ, ʸʵʳ
ʭʬʸ ʳʵʭʬʸʰʬ ˁʬʳ ʯʨʭʹ, ʸʨʯʨ ʹʻʲʪʸ˃ʬʲʵʩʨ ʳʬˆʳʨʸʨ ʫʨ ʪʨʫʨʳʬʫʵ
162
ʨʳʨʮʬ ʲʨʶʨʸʨʱʰ ʳʨʴʨʳʫʰʹ, ʹʨʴʨʳʫʰʹ ˁʬʳ ʳʰʬʸ ʳʵʳʮʨʫʬʩʻʲ ʭʸ˂ʬʲ
ʳʵˆʹʬʴʬʩʨʹ ʹʭʨʴʬʯʰʹ ˃ʭʬʲʰ ʴʨˀʯʬʩʰʹ ʫʨʾʻʶʭʰʹ ˀʬʹʨˆʬʩ
ʹʨʮʵʪʨʫʵʬʩʨʹ ʪʨʭʨ˂ʴʵʩʫʰ. ʻʻ˃ʭʬʲʬʹ ʫʸʵʰʫʪʨʴ ʹʭʨʴʬʯʳʨ
ˀʬʻʴʨˆʨ ʹʨʽʨʸʯʭʬʲʵʹ ˃ʭʰʸʼʨʹʰ ʴʨˀʯʬʩʰ, ʸʵʳʲʬʩʰ˂ ʳʰʹ
˄ʨʸʹʻʲʮʬ ʳʵʪʭʰʯˆʸʵʩʬʴ. ʫʾʬʹ ʱʰ ʹʭʨʴʬʯʰʹ ʺʨ˃ʸʬʩʰ ʪʨʴʰ˂ʫʰʨʴ
ʹʨˀʰʴʬʲ ʸʩʬʭʨʹ. ʳʰʹ ˃ʭʰʸʼʨʹ ʴʨˀʯʬʩʹ ʫʨ ʹʨʬʱʲʬʹʰʵ ʽʵʴʬʩʨʹ
ʰʺʨ˂ʬʩʬʴ ʹʨʳʾʭʫʬʲʵʬʩʨ, ʳʵʪʮʨʻʸʬʩʰ ʫʨ ʳʬʼʰʹ ʳʵˆʬʲʬʬʩʰ: ʪʸʨʼ
ʲʬʭʨˀʵʳʨ 1869 ˄ʬʲʹ ʹʭʨʴʬʯˀʰ ʳʵʪʮʨʻʸʵʩʰʹ ʫʸʵʹ ʹʵʼ.
ʷʨˆʻʴʫʬʸʰʹ ʬʱʲʬʹʰʨʹ ˁʨʳʵˆʹʴʨ ˃ʭʰʸʼʨʹʰ ʯʭʲʬʩʰʯ ʳʵ˅ʬʫʰʲʰ
ʱʨʸʬʩʰ, ʹʨʻʱʬʯʬʹʵ ʴʨˀʯʰ ˃ʭʬʲʰ ˆʬʲʵʭʴʬʩʰʹʨ, ʫʨ ʹˆʭʨ ʴʰʭʯʬʩʯʨʴ
ʬʸʯʨʯ ˄ʨʰʾʵ ʹʭʨʴʬʯʰʫʪʨʴ.
ʹʵʼ. ʲʬʴˇʬʸʰʹ ʬʱʲʬʹʰʰʹ ʿʵʼʰʲ ʳ˄ʿʬʳʹʰʹ ʳʾ. ˁʰʽʵʭʨʴʰʹ
ʪʨʴʱʨʸʪʻʲʬʩʨˀʰ ʳʿʵʼʰ ʲʨˀʯˆʭʬʸʰʹ ʺʿʨʭʮʬ ʫʨ˄ʬʸʰʲʰ ˃ʭʬʲʰ
ʹʨˆʨʸʬʩʨ 1906 ˄. ʻʱʭʨʲʵʯ ʫʨʰʱʨʸʪʨ.
ʸʨʳʵʫʬʴʰʳʬ ˄ʲʰʹ ˄ʰʴʬʯ ʹʭʨʴʬʯˀʰ ʳʵʪʮʨʻʸʵʩʰʹ ʫʸʵʹ
ʹʺʵʰʨʴʵʭʳʨ ˆʬʲʯ ʰʪʫʵ ǴȐȕȐȈȚȦȘȕȖȍȐȏȖȉȘȈȎȍȕȐȍ ǭȊȈȕȋȍȓȐșȚȖȊ
ǽ Ȋ³ ʸʵʳʬʲʰ˂ ʳʨʴ ʨˁʻʽʨ ʪʸʨʼ ʨʲʬʽʹʰ ʹʬʸʪʰʹ ˃ʬʹ (ʰˆ ǴȈȚȍȘ ȗȖ
ǨȘȝDzȈȊȒȈȏȈǪȣȗǽǻȊȈȘȖȊȖȑǹȚȘ
ʻʭʨʸʵʭʨʳ ˄ʨʰʾʵ ʹʭʨʴʬʯʰʫʪʨʴ ʩʸʰʴˇʨʵʹ XI ʹ. ʳˀʭʬʴʰʬʸʰ
ʳˆʨʺʭʸʻʲʰ ʱʨʴʱʬʲʰ ǻȊȈȘȖȊȈǺȈȔȎȍǹȚȘ
ʰʳʨʭʬ ʻʭʨʸʵʭʨʹʯʭʰʹ ʳʰʻ˂ʰʨ ʬʸʯ ʨʫʪʰʲʵʩʸʰʭ
ʳʾʭʫʬʲʯʨʪʨʴʹ ˆʬʲʯʴʨ˄ʬʸʰ, ʱʻʯʭʴʰʲʰ ʹʵʼʬʲ ʴʨʱʰʼʨʸʰʹ ˄ʳ.
ʪʰʵʸʪʰʹ ʬʱʲʬʹʰʰʹʨ, ʫʨ˄ʬʸʰʲʰ 1051 ˄. ʰʵʨʴʬ ʳʬʹʭʬʺʬʹ ʳʰʬʸ
ʨʸʯʭʰʴʰʹ ʳʵʴʨʹʺʬʸˀʰ ʩʨʪʸʨʺ ʱʻʸʵʶʨʲʨʺʰʹ ʫʸʵʹ ǻȊȈȘȖȊȈǺȈȔ
ȎȍǹȚȘ
ʲʬʭʨˀʵʭʳʨ ˄ʨʰʾʵ ʹʭʨʴʬʯʰʫʪʨʴ ˄ʳ. ʱʭʰʸʰʱʬʹ ʳʵʴʨʹʺʸʰʹ
ʳʬʵʯˆʬ ʹʨʻʱʻʴʰʹ ʩʬʸ˃ʴʻʲʰ ʹʨˆʨʸʬʩʨ.
ʲʨʺʨʲʰʹ ʳʨ˂ˆʵʭʸʰʹ ʬʱʲʬʹʰʰʹ ʫʰʫʰ ʭʬʸ˂ˆʲʰʹ ʯʨʹʰ
,,ˁʨʸʨ³ ˃ʭʰʸʼʨʹʰ ʽʭʬʩʰʯ ˀʬʳʱʵʩʰʲʰ, ʳʬʼʬ ʭʨʳʬʿ ʫʨʫʰʨʴʰʹ ʳʰʬʸ
ˀʬʳʵ˄ʰʸʻʲʰ, ʨʳʷʨʳʨʫ ʫʨʫʬˀʽʬʲʰʨʴʬʩʰʹ ʱʻʯʭʴʰʲʬʩʨʹ ˀʬʨʫʪʬʴʹ.
ʬ˂ʬʸʰʹ ʳʯʨʭʨʸ ʨʴʪʬʲʵʮʰʹ ʱʻʯʭʴʰʲʰ ʯʨʳʨʸ ʳʬʼʰʹ
ʹʨʸʺʿʬʲʰ ʫʨ ʱʭʬʸʯˆʰ ʯʬʴʪʰʮ ʫʨʫʬˀʽʬʲʰʨʴʰʹ ʫʬʫʨʳ
ʹʨʳʬʪʸʬʲʵʹ ʫʬʫʵʼʨʲʹ ʬʱʨʺʬʸʰʴʬʹ ʻʼʬˀʽʨˀʨ 1856 ˄.
ʹʭʨʴʬʯʰʹ ʶʰʸʭʬʲ ʳʰʹʰʵʴʬʸʹ ʫʬʱʨʴʵʮ ʽʻʯʨʯʬʲʨ˃ʬʹ ˄ʨʻʾʰʨ
ʹʭʨʴʬʯʰʫʪʨʴ ˃ʭʰʸʼʨʹʰ ˆʬʲʯʴʨ˄ʬʸʬʩʰ. ʬʸʯʰ ʳʨʯʪʨʴʰ ʨʳʷʨʳʨʫ
ʶʬʺʸʵʪʸʨʫʰʹ ʹʨʳʬ˂ʴʰʬʸʵ ʨʱʨʫʬʳʰʰʹ ʹʨʳʱʰʯˆʭʬʲʵˀʰ ʰʴʨˆʬʩʨ.
163
 ʳʵʹʱʵʭʰʹ ʹʨʹʻʲʰʬʸʵ ʨʱʨʫʬʳʰʰʹ ʹʨʳʱʰʯˆʭʬʲʵˀʰ
ʹʭʨʴʬʯʰʫʪʨʴ ˄ʨʾʬʩʻʲʰ ʵʸʰ ʵʽʸʵʹ ʿʫʰʨʴʰ ʹʨˆʨʸʬʩʨ ʰʴʨˆʬʩʨ. ʳʬ
ʨʸʨʼʬʸʹ ʨʸ ʭʰʺʿʭʰ ʰʳ 400 ˆʬʲʯʴʨ˄ʬʸʮʬ, ʸʵʳʲʬʩʰ˂ ʬʸʯʹ
ʳʾʭʫʬʲʯʨʪʨʴʹ ˄ʨʻʾʰʨ ʹʭʨʴʬʯʰʫʪʨʴ ʫʨ ʳʰʹʪʨʴ ʹʨʽʨʸʯʭʬʲʵʹ
ʹʨʯʨʴʨʫʵ ʫʨ˄ʬʹʬʩʻʲʬʩʬʩʹ ˀʬʻ˃ʬʴʰʨʯ, ʸʨʫʪʨʴʨ˂ ʨʸʹʬʩʰʯʨʫ ʨʳʰʹ
ʹʨ˄ʰʴʨʨʾʳʫʬʪʵ ʨʸʨʼʬʸʰ ʳʨʽʭʹ, ʳʨʪʸʨʳ ʰʳ ʹʨˆʰʯ ʨʳ ˆʬʲʯʴʨ˄ʬʸʬʩʰʹ
ʹʭʨʴʬʯʰʫʪʨʴ ˄ʨʾʬʩʨ ʫʨ ʪʨʫʨ˂ʬʳʨ, ʸʵʪʵʸ˂ ʬʹ ʳʵˆʫʨ, ʿʵʭʲʨʯ
ʫʨʻˀʭʬʩʬʲ ʳʵʽʳʬʫʬʩʨʯ ʻʴʫʨ ˁʨʰʯʭʨʲʵʹ.
ʭʰʴ ʳʵʹʯʭʲʰʹ, ʸʨʳʫʬʴʰ ʸʨʳ ʨʸʰʹ ʱʰʫʬʭ ʹʭʨʴʬʯʰʫʪʨʴ
˄ʨʾʬʩʻʲʰ. ʨˆʲʨ ˀʬʭʬʱʰʯˆʬʩʰ ʯʭʰʯ ʰʳ ʨʫʪʰʲʵʩʸʰʭ ʳʱʭʰʫʸʯ,
ʸʵʳʲʬʩʹʨ˂ ʹˆʨʭʫʨʹˆʭʨ ʬʱʲʬʹʰʬʩʰʫʪʨʴ ʮʬʳʵʯ ˁʨʳʵʯʭʲʰʲ
ʴʰʭʯʬʩʰʹ ʪʨʸʫʨ ˄ʨʻʾʰʨʯ ʹˆʭʨʫʨʹˆʭʨ ˆʬʲʯʴʨ˄ʬʸʬʩʰ ʫʨ ʴʰʭʯʬʩʰ,
ʫʨʻʩʸʻʴʬʹ ʯʻ ʨʸʨ ʬʹ ʴʰʭʯʬʩʰ ʬʱʲʬʹʰʬʩʹ? ˀʬʰ˃ʲʬʩʨ ʭʰʴʳʬʳ
ʳʰʶʨʹʻˆʵʹ: ,,ʨʸʨ, ʨʸʨ, ʰʳʰʺʵʳ, ʸʵʳ ˁʭʬʴ ʻʼʸʵ ʱʨʸʪʨʫ ˀʬʭʰʴʨˆʨʭʯ
ʫʨ ʬʱʲʬʹʰʬʩˀʰ ʱʰ ʪʭʬˀʰʴʰʨ ʫʨʪʭʬʱʨʸʪʵʹʵ³ ʳʨʪʸʨʳ ʳʬ ʳʨʯ
ʭʻʶʨʹʻˆʬʩ: ʯʻ ʹʭʨʴʬʯʰʹ ʬʱʲʬʹʰʬʩʳʨ ʨʹʬʯʰ ʰˀʭʰʨʯʰ ʹʰʳʫʰʫʸʬʴʰ
ʫʨ ʹʰ˃ʭʬʲʬʴʰ ʻˆʹʵʭʨʸ ʫʸʵʰʫʪʨʴ ʫʨʰ˂ʭʬʹ ʫʨ ˀʬʰʴʨˆʬʹ ʿʸʻ
,,ʩʨʶʬʩʰʹ³ ˆʬʲˀʰ, ʪʨʴʨ ʫʾʬʹ ʻʱʬʯ ʨʸ ˀʬʰ˃ʲʬʩʨ ʨʳ ʹʨʽʳʰʹ
ʳʵ˄ʬʹʸʰʪʬʩʨ ʫʨ ʴʨˀʯʬʩʰʹ ʫʨ˂ʭʨ? ʫʰʨˆ, ʬʹ ˀʬʰ˃ʲʬʩʨ, ʳʨʪʸʨʳ ˁʭʬʴʫʨ
ʹʨʳ˄ʻˆʨʸʵʯ ʰʹʬʭ ʪʸ˃ʬʫʲʬʩʨ ʹʭʨʴʬʯʰʹ ʬʱʲʬʹʰʬʩʰʹ ʪʨ˃ʨʸ˂ʭʨ.
ʫʨ ʯʻ ʬʹ ʨʹʬ ʨʸ ʨʸʰʹ, ʨʩʨ ʳʰʶʨʹʻˆʬʯ: ʭʰʴ ʳʵʰʶʨʸʨ ʳʻʷʨʲʰʹ
ʳʨ˂ˆʵʭʸʰʹ ʬʱʲʬʹʰʰʹ ˃ʭʬʲʰ ʵʽʸʵʹ ʼʻʲʰ 1910 ˄. ʭʰʴ ˄ʨʰʾʵ
ʼʨʸʰʫʪʨʴ ʹʵʼʬʲ ʹʻʼʰʹ ˄ʳ. ʪʰʵʸʪʰʹ ʬʱʲʬʹʰʰʫʨʴ ʭʬʸ˂ˆʲʰʹ
ʯʨʹʰ. ʰʳʨʭʬ ˄ʬʲˀʰ ʭʰʴ ʳʰʨʸʯʭʨ ʳʨʳʨ ʭʵʹʺʵʸʪʵʭʹ, ʸʵʪʵʸ˂
ʪʭʨ˂ʴʵʩʬʩʹ ʳʰʹʰ ʩʰʵʪʸʨʼʰ ʴ. ʫʻʸʴʵʭʵ, ʹʭʨʴʬʯʰʹ ˆʬʲʯʴʨ˄ʬʸʬʩʰ,
ʸʵʳʲʬʩʰ˂ ʳʨʹ ʯʰʯʽʵʹ ʹʭʨʴʬʯʰʹ ʬʱʲʬʹʰʬʩʰʹ ʸʬʭʰʮʰʰʹ ʫʸʵʹ
ˀʬʬ˃ʰʴʵʹ, ʸʨʹʨ˂ ʨʫʪʰʲʰ ʨʸ ˈʽʵʴʰʨ, ʸʨʫʪʨʴʨ˂ ʭʵʹʺʵʸʪʵʭʰ
ʹʭʨʴʬʯʹ ʨʸ ʹʺʻʳʸʬʩʰʨ, ʫʨ ʸʵʳʲʬʩʰʯʨ˂ ʳʨʴ ˀʬʰ˃ʰʴʨ ʿʻʩʨʴʰʹ
ʵʲʽˀʰ ʫʰʫʰ ʹʨʨʪʨʸʨʱʵ ʨʫʪʰʲʬʩʰ?
˂ˆʨʫʰʨ, ʬʹ ˆʬʲʴʨ˄ʬʸʬʩʰ ʫʨ ˃ʭʰʸʼʨʹʰ ʴʨˀʯʬʩʰ ʳʰʹʯʭʰʹ
ʳʰʻʸʯʳʬʭʰʨ ʹʭʨʴʬʯʰʫʪʨʴ ʭʰʴʳʬ ʰʹʬʯʹ, ʸʵʳʲʰʹʯʭʰʹʨ˂ ʳʰʹʰ
ʳʵ˄ʿʨʲʬ ʯʭʨʲʰʯ ˀʬˆʬʫʭʨ ʹʨ˅ʰʸʵ ʰʽʴʬʩʵʫʨ. ʭʰʴ ˄ʨʰʾʵ ʨʸ˂ˆʬʲʰʹ
˄ʳ. ʪʰʵʸʪʰʹ ʫʨ ʮʬʪʨʴʰʹ ʾʭʯʰʹʳˀʵʩʲʰʹ ʬʱʲʬʹʰʬʩʰʫʪʨʴ
ˆʬʲʴʨ˄ʬʸʬʩʰ?
ʭʰʴ ˄ʨʰʾʵ ʬʲʰʹ ʬʱʲʬʹʰʰʫʪʨʴ ʵʸʰ ˇʭʨʸʰ, ʫʨʩʸʻʴʬʩʻʲʰ
ʳˆʵʲʵʫ ˆʨʲˆʰʹ ʨˆʳʨʻʸʬʩʰʹʨ ʫʨ ʹʨˁʰʭʸʬʩʰʹ ʪʨʳʵ˂ˆʨʫʬʩʰʹ
164
ˀʬʳʫʬʪ. ʹʨʫ ʫʨ ʭʰʹʯʨʴ ʻʴʫʨ ʭʬ˃ʰʵʯ ʫ. ʩʨʽʸʨ˃ʰʹ ʳʰʬʸ ʴʨˆʻʲʰ ʫʨ
ʫʾʬʹʫʾʬʵʩʰʯ ʻʱʭʨʲʵʯ ʫʨʱʨʸʪʻʲʰ ʮʨʸʫʲʨˀʰʹ ˄ʳʰʴʫʨ
ʩʨʸʩʨʲʬʹ, ʲʨˆʰʸʰʹ ʰʵʨʴʴʬ ˄ʰʴʨʹ˄ʨʸʳʬʺʿʭʬʲʰʹ, ʷʨʳʻˀʰʹ
ʳʨ˂ˆʵʭʸʰʹ, ˁʭʰʩʰʨʴʰʹ ʳʨ˂ˆʵʭʸʰʹ ʬʱʲʬʹʰʰʫʨʴ ˆʬʲʯʴʨ˄ʬʸʬʩʰ?
ʫʨʻʩʸʻʴʫʨ ʯʻ ʨʸʨ ʱʭʰʸʰʱʬʹ ʬʱʲʬʹʰʨʹ ʰʹ ʴʰʭʯʰ, ʸʵʳʲʰʹ
ʫʨʩʸʻʴʬʩʰʹ ˀʬʹʨˆʬʩ ʶʰʸʵʩʨ˂ ʱʰ ʳʰˁʬʴʨ ʬʸʯʳʨ ʨʳ ʬʱʲʬʹʰʰʹ
ʫʨʸʨˇʯʨʪʨʴʳʨ, ʳʨʪʸʨʳ ʬʹ ʶʰʸʵʩʨ˂ ʶʰʸʵʩʨʯ ʫʨʸˁʨ.
ʿʭʬʲʨʼʬʸʮʬ ʻʼʸʵ ʨʾʳʨˀʼʵʯʬʩʬʲʰʨ ʰʹ ʳʵʭʲʬʴʨ, ʸʵʳ
ʹʭʨʴʬʯʰʹ ˃ʭʬʲʰ ʴʨˀʯʬʩʰʹ ʩʬʫ-ʰʾʩʨʲʰ ʰʳ ʮʵʳʨʳʫʬ ʳʰʹʻʲʨ, ʸʵʳ
ʨʸʨʳ˂ ʯʻ ˃ʭʰʸʼʨʹʰ ˆʨʺ-ˇʭʨʸʰ ʫʨ ʪʨʴ˃ʬʻʲʵʩʨ ʪʨʩʴʬʻʲʨ, ʨʸʨʳʬʫ
ʰˀʭʰʨʯʰ ʫʨ ˃ʭʰʸʼʨʹʰ ˆʬʲʯʴʨ˄ʬʸʬʩʰʫʪʨʴʨ˂ ʱʰ ʨʳʵʻ˅ʸʰʨʯ
ʭʰʾʨ˂ʬʬʩʹ ʼʻʸ˂ʲʬʩʰ. ʹʬʺʰʹ X ʹ. ʮʬʳʵˆʹʬʴʬʩʻʲ ʺʿʨʭʮʬʫ
ʫʨ˄ʬʸʰʲ ʹʨˆʨʸʬʩʰʫʨʴ, ʸʵʳʬʲʰ˂, ʸʵʪʵʸ˂ ʨʸʰʹ ʴʨʯʽʭʨʳʰ, ʵʫʬʹʳʬ
ʿʵʼʰʲʨ ʫʨ˄ʬʸʰʲʰ ˅ʵʸʵˆʰʹ ˆʬʵʩʨˀʰ, ʵˀʱʰʹ ʳʵʴʨʹʺʬʸˀʰ, ʩʨʪʸʨʺ
ʳʬ-IV ʱʻʸʵʶʨʲʨʺʰʹ ʫʸʵʹ, ʰʲʨʸʰʵʴ ʰˀˆʴʬʲʰʹ ʳʰʴʫʵʩʰʲʵʩʰʯ,
ʪʰʵʸʪʰ ʳʯʨ˄ʳʰʴʫʬʲʰʹ ˃ʳʰʹ˄ʻʲʰʹ ʪʨʩʸʰʬʲʰʹ ʳʰʬʸ, ʯʬʸʯʳʬʺʰ
ʼʻʸ˂ʬʲʰ ʨʳʵʻ˅ʸʰʨʯ.
ʨʫʰˀʰʹ ʳʬ-IX ʹ. ʰʳ ʹʨˆʨʸʬʩʰʫʪʨʴ, ʸʵʳʬʲʰ˂ ʳʬ˂ʴʰʬʸʬʩʰʹ
ʳʰʬʸ ˂ʴʵʩʰʲʰʨ ʳʬ-IX ʹ. ʳ˄ʬʸʲʵʩʰʹ ʹʨʻʱʬʯʬʹʵ ʴʰˀʴʨʯ ʫʨ
ʸʵʳʬʲʰ˂ ʿʵʼʰʲʨ ʴʨˆʻʲʰ ʱʲʨʸˇʬʯˀʰ ʴʰʱʵʲʵʮ ˇʻʳʨʯʬʲʰʹ
ʳʰʬʸ, ˆʵʲʵ ʫʨ˄ʬʸʰʲʰ ʹʵʼʸʵʳʰʹ ʳʰʬʸ ʨʫʨʸʴʨʹʬ ʱʻʸʵʶʨʲʨʺʰʹ
ʫʨ ʳʰʹʰ ˀʭʰʲʰʹ ʫʨʭʰʯ ʬʸʰʹʯʨʭʰʹ ʪʨʴʱʨʸʪʻʲʬʩʰʯ, 88 ʼʻʸ˂ʬʲʰʨ
ʨʳʵ˅ʸʰʲʰ. ʳʵʭʰʯˆʵʭ ʹʭʨʴʬʯʰʹ ʬʱʲʬʹʰʬʩʰʹ ʳʺʬʸ-ʳʵʿʭʨʸʰʹʨʪʨʴ
ʫʨʻʩʸʻʴʵʴ ʬʱʲʬʹʰʬʩʹ ʯʨʭʰʨʴʯʰ ʽʵʴʬʩʨ, ˄ʰʴʨʨʾʳʫʬʪ
ˀʬʳʯˆʭʬʭʨˀʰ ʰ˃ʻʲʬʩʻʲʰ ʭʰʽʴʬʩʰ ʨʭˆʨʫʵ ʼʨʸʫʨ ʳʨʯ ʳʵʽʳʬʫʬʩʨʹ
ʫʨ ʻʼʸʵ ʭʸ˂ʬʲʰ ˂ʴʵʩʬʩʰ, ʫʨʳʿʨʸʬʩʻʲʰ ʼʨʽʺʬʩʮʬ, ʳʰʭʨ˄ʵʫʵ
ʶʸʬʹʨʹ. ʺʨ˃ʸʬʩʰʹ ʸʨʵʫʬʴʵʩʨ ʨʳʷʨʳʨʫ 100 ʳʬʺʰʨ ʳʯʬʲʹ ʹʭʨʴʬʯˀʰ.
ʳʨʯ ʳ˄ʿʬʳʹʵʩʬʴ 15-ʫʬ ʳʾʭʫʬʲʰ ʫʨ ʰʳʫʬʴʰʭʬ ʫʰʨʱʵʴʰ.

93) ʫ. ʩʨʽʸʨ˃ʰʹʨ ʫʨ ˆʨˆʨʴʨˀʭʰʲʰʹ ʨʮʸʰʯ ʬʹ ʲʬʭʨʴʰ ʻʴʫʨ ʰʿʵʹ ʲʬʵʴ

ʳʬʵʸʬ, ʸʵʳʬʲʳʨ˂ ʫʰʫ ʲʬʵʴʰʹ ʹʨˆʬʲʰ ʫʨʰʳʹʨˆʻʸʨ ˆʨʮʨʸʯʨ ʲʨˀʽʸʰʹ ˀʬʳ˄ʬʵʩʰʯ
ʨʼˆʨʮʬʯʰʹ ʫʨʶʨʺʸʵʴʬʩʰʹʨ ʫʨ ˀʬʸʭʨˀʰ˃ʰʹ ʫʨʳʵʸˁʰʲʬʩʰʯ. ʩʨʽʸʨ˃ʬ. ʪʭ. 69;
ˆʨˆʨʴʨˀʭʰʲʰ. ʪʭ. 40.
94) ʬʹ ˁʨʸʨ ʨʳ ʩʵʲʵ ʫʸʵʹ ʫʨʫʬˀʽʬʲʰʨʴʬʩʰʹ ʱʻʯʭʴʰʲʬʩʨʹ ˀʬʨʫʪʬʴʹ. ʳʰʹ
˄ʨʸ˄ʬʸʨˀʰ ʳʵˆʹʬʴʬʩʻʲʰ ʭʨʳʬʿʰ ʻʴʫʨ ʰʿʵʹ ʰʳʬʸʬʯʰʹ ʳʬʼʰʹ ʨʲʬʽʹʨʴʫʸʬʹ ʳʰʬʸ
XVII ʹ. ʫʨʴʰˀʴʻʲʰ ʹʨʳʬʪʸʬʲʵʹ ʫʨʫʰʨʴʨʯ. 1661 ˄. ʳʨʹ ʳʺʸʨʯ ʪʨʫʨʬʱʰʫʨ ʽʨʸʯʲʰʹ
ʳʬʼʬ ʭʨˆʺʨʴʪʰ ʫʨ ʨʰ˃ʻʲʨ ʹʭʨʴʬʯˀʰ ʪʨʽ˂ʬʻʲʰʿʵ. ʰʽ ˆʵʹʰʨ ʨˆʭʲʬʫʰʨʴʰʹ ˀʬˁʬʴʰʲ
ʱʨ˂ʬʩʰʹ ʳʰʬʸ ʰʽʳʴʨ ʳʵʱʲʻʲʰ (ʳʨʸʰ ʩʸʵʹʬ. ʹʨʽ. ʰʹʺ. ʪʭ. 37, 38 ʫʨ 39).
165
 95) ʬʹ ʳʨʳʰʨ ʪʻʸʰʬʲʰ, ʩʸʵʹʬʹ ʯʽʳʰʯ, ʰʿʵ ʹʰʳʨʳʸʰ ʲʬʭʨʴ ʱʨˆʯʨ ʳʬʼʰʹʨ,
ʸʵʳʲʰʹ ʳʨʳʨ˂ ʳʵʱʲʨ ʪʰʵʸʪʰ ʨʭʳʨ. ʨʳʰʹ ˀʬʳʫʬʪ ʰʹ ʰʳʨʲʬʩʵʫʨ ˁʵʲʵʿʨˀʭʰʲʬʩʯʨʴ.
ʳʰʹ ˄ʰʴʨʨʾʳʫʬʪ ʪʨʲʨˀʽʸʬʩʻʲʰ ʩʰ˃ʨ ʫʨʭʰʯʰ ʳʨʳʰʨʳ ʹʨʹʺʰʱʨʯ ʫʨʨʳʨʸ˂ˆʨ (ʳ. ʩʸʵʹʬ.
ʹʨʽʨʸʯʭʬʲʵʹ ʰʹʺʵʸʰʨ. ʪʭ. 56).
96) ʨʽ ʲʨʶʨʸʨʱʰ ʻʴʫʨ ʰʿʵʹ ʰʳʬʸʬʯʰʹ ʳʬ-XVI ʹ. ʳʼʲʵʩʬʲʬʩʮʬ.
97) ʬʹ ʽʨʰˆʵʹʸʵ ˁʰʽʵʭʨʴʰ ʫʨˆʨʺʻʲʰʨ ʲʬˁˆʻʳˀʰ ʴʨʿʻʸʨʲʬˀʰʹ ʬʱʲʬʹʰʰʹ
ʱʬʫʬʲʮʬ ˄ʨʸ˄ʬʸʰʯ: ˁʰʽʵʭʨʴʰ ʽʨʰˆʵʹʸʵ. ʰʹ ʻʴʫʨ ʰʿʵʹ ʳʬ-XVII ʹ. ʲʬˁˆʻʳʰʹʨ ʫʨ
ʹʨʲʰʶʨʸʰʺʵʹ ʬʸʯ ʫʸʵʰʹ ʳʼʲʵʩʬʲʰ.
98) ʫ. ʩʨʽʸʨ˃ʰʹʨ ʫʨ ˆʨˆʨʴʨˀʭʰʲʰʹ ʨʮʸʰʯ ʬʹ ʪʰʵʸʪʰ ʳʬʼʵʩʫʨ 1548-1585
˄., ˆʵʲʵ ʸʻʹʻʫʨʴʰ ʻʴʫʨ ʿʵʼʰʲʰʿʵ ˀʬʸʭʨˀʰ˃ʰʹ ʨʹʻʲʰ.
99) ʸʵʪʵʸ˂ ʨʸʰʹ ʮʬʳʵʯ ʴʨʯʽʭʨʳʰ, ʨʽ ʲʨʶʨʸʨʱʰ ʻʴʫʨ ʰʿʵʹ ʰʳ ʳʨʸʻˀʰʨʴ
ʭʨʸʫʨʴʰ˃ʬʮʬ, ʸʵʳʬʲʰ˂, ʩʨʽʸʨ˃ʰʹ ʯʽʳʰʯ, ʪʨʴʯʽʳʻʲʰ ʰʿʵ ʯʨʳʨʸ ʳʬʼʰʹ ʫʸʵʹ. XI ʹ.
± XIV ʹ-ʫʬ ʭʨʸʫʨʴʰ˃ʬʬʩʰ ʰʿʭʴʬʴ ʹʭʨʴʬʯʰʹ ʬʸʰʹʯʨʭʬʩʨʯ, ʫʨ ʰʹ ʻʴʫʨ ʰʿʵʹ ʶʰʸʭʬʲʰ
˄ʨʸʳʵʳʨʫʪʬʴʬʲʰ ʳʨʯʰ ʨʳ ʽʭʬʿʨʴʨˀʰ. ʳʨʸʻˀʰʨʴʰ ʳʵˆʹʬʴʬʩʻʲʰʨ ʲʬˆʬʻʸʰʹ ˃ʭʬʲ
ʺʨ˃ʸʰʹ ˄ʨʸ˄ʬʸʨˀʰ (ʯʨʿʨʰˀʭʰʲʰ, ʨʸʽʬʵʲʵʪʰʻʸʰ ʬʽʹʱʻʸʹʰʨ ʫʨ ʪʨʳʵʱʭʲʬʭʬʩʰ. ʪʭ.
18).

“ ˆ¢ˆ€Œˆ ‚€… £„Š„€ …€Œ„‡–ˆ, ‰„ Ž‡€-

‡€•…€Œˆ‹£„‹Šˆ Œ€–‡„ˆ, ˜…„Šˆ †Œ„—…„‘Š„„ˆ

ʹʭʨʴʬʯˀʰ ʨʸʹʬʩʻʲ ʳʸʨʭʨʲ ʹʨʬʱʲʬʹʰʵ ʹʨʩʻʯʬʩʰʹ

ʳʰˆʬʫʭʰʯ ˁʭʬʴ˂ ʭʰ˂ʰʯ, ʸʵʳ ʽʸʰʹʺʰʨʴʵʩʨ ʨʽ ˃ʨʲʰʨʴ ʨʫʸʬ
ʪʨʪʸ˃ʬʲʬʩʻʲʨ, ʳʨʪʸʨʳ ʸʵʫʰʹ ʳʵʰʱʰʫʨ ʳʨʴ ʼʬˆʰ ʨʳ ʽʭʬʿʨʴʨˀʰ ʫʨ
ʸʵʳʬʲ ʹʨʻʱʻʴʬʬʩʰʫʨʴ ʫʨʰ˄ʿʵ ʬʱʲʬʹʰʬʩʰʹ ʨˀʬʴʬʩʨ, ˇʬʸ ʱʰʫʬʭ ʨʸ
ʨʸʰʹ ʱʨʸʪʨʫ ʪʨʳʵʸʱʭʬʻʲʰ. ʹʨʬʱʲʬʹʰʵ ʪʨʫʳʵ˂ʬʳʰʯ, ʮʵʪʴʰ
ʳʵʭʰʽʻʲ ʹʰʳʵʴ ʱʨʴʨʴʬʲʹ ʹʯʭʲʰʨʴ ʹʭʨʴʬʯˀʰ ʶʰʸʭʬʲ
ʽʸʰʹʺʰʨʴʵʩʰʹ ʳʽʨʫʨʪʬʩʲʨʫ, ˆʵʲʵ ʹˆʭʨ ˄ʿʨʸʵʬʩʰʹ ʳʰˆʬʫʭʰʯ
ʹʨʽʨʸʯʭʬʲʵʫʪʨʴ ʹʭʨʴʬʯˀʰ ʽʸʰʹʺʰʨʴʵʩʰʹ ʪʨʹʨʭʸ˂ʬʲʬʩʲʨʫ
ʶʰʸʭʬʲʰ ʳʵ˂ʰʽʻʲʰ ʳʨʺʨʯʨ ʻʴʫʨ ˀʬʹʻʲʰʿʵ ʫʨ ʨʸʨ ʹʰʳʵʴ
ʱʨʴʨʴʬʲʰ, ʸʵʳʬʲʰ˂ ʫʰʵʹʱʻʸʰʨˀʰ ʫʨ ʴʰʱʵʼʹʰʨˀʰ ʻʴʫʨ
ʫʨʸˁʬʴʰʲʰʿʵ 100).
1867 ˄. ʹʭʨʴʬʯˀʰ ʰʳʵʪʮʨʻʸʨ ʪʨʩʸʰʬʲ ʬʶʰʹʱʵʶʵʮʳʨ,
ʸʵʳʬʲʳʨ˂ ʽʸʰʹʺʰʨʴʻʲʰ ˄ʬʹʰʯ ʶʰʸʭʬʲʨʫ ʳʵʴʨʯʲʨ ʬʹ
ʨʫʪʰʲʵʩʸʰʭʰ ,,ʩʨʶʬʩʰʹ³ʳʰʬʸ ʳʵʴʨʯʲʻʲʰ ʽʸʰʹʺʰʨʴʰ ˆʨʲˆʰ ʫʨ
ʪʨʳʵʯʽʭʨ ʰʹ ʨʮʸʰ, ʸʵʳ ʹʭʨʴʬʩʹ ʿʭʬʲʨ ʳʬʮʵʩʬʲ ˆʨʲˆʬʩʮʬʫ ʨʫʸʬ
ʻʴʫʨ ʳʰʬʾʵʯ ʽʸʰʹʺʰʨʴʵʩʨ. ʨʳ ʨʮʸʹ ʰʹ ʨʳʺʱʰ˂ʬʩʫʨ ʨʽʨʻʸ
ʬʱʲʬʹʰʬʩʰʹ ʹʰ˃ʭʬʲʰʯ, ʹʰʳʸʨʭʲʰʯ ʫʨ ʳʨʯˀʰ ˀʬʴʨˆʻʲ ʳʸʨʭʨʲ
ˆʨʺ-ˇʭʨʸʰʯ, ˆʬʲʯʴʨ˄ʬʸʬʩʰʯ ʫʨ ʹˆʭʨ ʹʨʬʱʲʬʹʰʵ ʹʰʳʫʰʫʸʰʯ.
166
 ʹʭʨʴʬʯˀʰ ʽʸʰʹʺʰʨʴʵʩʰʹ ʪʨʭʸ˂ʬʲʬʩʨˀʰ ʫʰʫʰ ʾʭʨ˄ʲʰ
ʳʰʻ˃ʾʭʰʯ ʳʨʸʺʭʰʲʰʹ ʳʵʴʨʹʺʬʸʹ, ˂ʨʪʬʸʰʹ ʹʵʩʵʸʵʹ, ʫʨʭʰʯ
ʨʾʳʨˀʬʴʬʩʬʲʹ, ʨʫʪʰʲʵʩʸʰʭʰ ʳʱʭʰʫʸʰʹ ʭʨˆʺʨʴʪ ʼʨʸˇʰʨʴʰʹ
ˀʬʳ˄ʬʵʩʰʯ 101), ʫʨ ʯʨʳʨʸ ʳʬʼʬʹ. ʳʨʪʸʨʳ ʳʨʯ ʫʸʵʳʫʰʹʨ˂ ʸʵʳ ʨʽ
ʬʱʲʬʹʰʬʩʰʹ ʨˀʬʴʬʩʨ ʫʨ˄ʿʬʩʻʲʰ ʿʵʼʰʲʨ, ʬʹ, ʹˆʭʨʯʨ ˀʵʸʰʹ,
ʰʽʰʫʨʴʨ˂ ˁʨʴʹ, ʸʵʳ ʬ˂ʬʸʰʹ ʹʨʮ. ʼˆʵʺʸʬʸʰʹ ʳʯʨʭʨʸ ʨʴʪʬʲʵʮʰʹ
ʬʱʲʬʹʰʨˀʰ, ʸʵʪʵʸ˂ ʮʬʳʵʯ ʫʨʭʰʴʨˆʬʯ, ʰʴʨˆʬʩʨ ʳʬ-8 ʹʨʻʱ.
ʨʼˆʨʮʬʯʰʹ ʬʸʰʹʯʨʭʰʹ ʫʨ ˀʬʳʫʬʪ ʫʨʹʨʭʲʬʯ ʹʨʽʨʸʯʭʬʲʵˀʰ
ʪʨʳʬʼʬʩʻʲ (746-791 ˄.) ʲʬʵʴ ʳʬʵʸʰʹ ʳʰʬʸ ˀʬʳʵ˄ʰʸʻʲʰ ˆʨʺʰ
ˀʬʹʨʼʬʸʰʹʰ ˄ʨʸ˄ʬʸʰʯ 102).
ʫʨʭʰʯ ʨʾʳʨˀʬʴʬʩʲʰʹʨ ʫʨ ʯʨʳʨʸ ʳʬʼʰʹ ʫʸʵʹ ʻʴʫʨ ʰʿʵʹ
ʨˀʬʴʬʩʻʲʰ ʻˀʪʻʲʰʹ ʾʭʯʰʹʳˀʵʩʲʰʹ, ʱʨʲʰʹ ˄ʳ. ʱʭʰʸʰʱʬʹ, ʰʼʨʸʰʹ
˄ʳ. ʪʰʵʸʪʰʹ, ˄ʭʰʸʳʰʹ ʳʨ˂ˆʵʭʸʰʹ, ʳʬʹʺʰʰʹ ˄ʳ. ʪʰʵʸʪʰʹ, ʲʨʺʨʲʰʹ
ʰʵʴʨ ˄ʰʴʨʹ˄ʨʸʳʬʺʿʭʬʲʰʹ, ʳʨ˂ˆʵʭʸʰʹ ʫʨ ʳʯʨʭʨʸ ʨʴʪʬʲʵʮʰʹ
ʬʱʲʬʹʰʬʩʰ, ʲʨʩʹʿʨʲʫʰʹʨ ʫʨ ʼˆʵʺʸʬʸʰʹ ʺʨ˃ʸʬʩʰ, ˆʵʲʵ
ʫʨʴʨʸˁʬʴʰ 63 ʬʱʲʬʹʰʨ ʨʳʰʹ ˀʬʳʫʬʪ ʹʭʨʫʨʹˆʭʨ ʫʸʵʹ.
ʰʳ ʫʸʵʹ ʳʬʹʺʰʨ ʰʯʭʲʬʩʵʫʨ ʹʨʬʶʰʹʱʵʶʵʮʵʯ ʫʨ ʹʭʨʴʬʯʰʹ
ʳʾʭʫʬʲ-ʳʯʨʭʸʰʹ ʹʨʳʿʵʼʨʯ. ʬʺʿʵʩʨ, ʸʵʳ ˃ʭʬʲ ʫʸʵˀʰ ʹʭʨʴʬʯˀʰ
ʽʸʰʹʺʰʨʴʵʩʰʹ ʪʨʭʸ˂ʬʲʬʩʰʹ ʯʨʭʰʹ ʹʨʽʳʰʹ ʱʨʸʪʨʫ ʳ˂ʵʫʴʬ
ʹʨʹʻʲʰʬʸʵ ʶʰʸʬʩʰ ʿʵʲʰʨ ʹʨʯʨʭʬˀʰ.
ʫʸʵʯʨ ʭʰʯʨʸʬʩʰʹ ʪʨʳʵ, ʹʭʨʴʬʯʰʹ ʹʨʹʻʲʰʬʸʵ ˄ʵʫʬʩʨ
ˁʨʳʵʸˁʬʴʰʹ ʪʮʨʹ ʨʫʪʬʩʨ ʫʨ ʹʨˀʰʴʲʨʫ ʬ˂ʬʳʨ. ʨʳ ʪʵʴʬʩʸʰʭʨʯ
ʪʨʱʵʺʸʬʩʻʲ ʹʭʨʴʬʯʰʹ ʹʨʹʻʲʰʬʸʵ ˄ʵʫʬʩʰʹ ˄ʨʸʳʵʳʨʫʪʬʴʲʬʩʳʨ
ˁʭʬʴ ʫʸʵʳʫʰʴʨ˂ ʳʵʨʾ˄ʰʬʹ, ʹʭʨʴʬʩʰ ʰʳʨʯ ,,ʩʨʶʬʩʹ³ ʻ˄ʵʫʬʩʬʴ
ʹʨˆʬʲʨʯ. ʰʭ. ʳʨʸʪʰʨʴʰʹ ˂ʴʵʩʬʩʰʯ ʬʹ ,,ʩʨʶʬʩʰ³ ʿʵʭʬʲ ʹʵʼʬʲˀʰ
ʳʸʨʭʨʲʸʰ˂ˆʭʵʭʨʴʰ ʰʿʭʴʬʴ ʫʨ ʻʩʸʨʲʵ ʹʭʨʴʬʩʰʹʨʪʨʴ ʯʰʯʽʳʰʹ
ʨʸʨʹʼʸʰʯ ʨʸ ʪʨʴʰʸˁʬʵʫʴʬʴ. ʯʨʭʮʬʫ ʳʨʯ ʬˆʻʸʨʯ ʴʨʩʫʰʹ
ʼʨʼʨʴʨʱʰ, ʺʨʴʮʬʫ ˀʰʪʴʰʯ ʬ˂ʭʨʯ ˀʰʴʨʻʸʰ ˆʬʲʵʩʰʹ ˅ʻ˅ʿʰʨʴʰ
ʺʰʲʵʹ ʶʬʸʨʴʪʰ, ʸʵʳʲʰʹ ʹʨʿʬʲʵ ʱʨʴʨʼʰʹ ʳʹˆʭʰʲʰ ʩʨ˄ʸʰʯ
ʰʱʭʸʬʩʵʫʨ. ʶʬʸʨʴʪʰ ˄ʰʴ ʾʰʨ ʰʿʵ ʫʨ ʳʱʬʸʫʰ ʻˁʨʴʫʨʯ. ʶʬʸʨʴʪʮʬʫ
ˀʰʴʨʻʸʰ ˆʬʲʵʩʰʹ ʳʹˆʭʰʲʰ ʳʨʺʿʲʰʹ ˁʵˆʨ ʬ˂ʭʨʯ, ʼʬˆʮʬʫ
ʳʸʪʭʨʲʰ ʽʨʲʨʳʴʬʩʰ ʩʨ˄ʸʰʯ ˀʬʳʵ˅ʰʸʬʩʻʲʰ ʫʨ ,,˄ʬʸʨʽʵʯ³ 103)
ʪʨʺʬʴʰʲʰ ʬ˂ʭʨʯ, ˄ʬʲʮʬʫ ʬʸʺʿʨʯ ʳʵʻʽʴʬʲʰ ʺʿʨʭʰʹ ʹʨʸʺʿʬʲʰ,
ʸʵʳʬʲʹʨ˂ ʨʫʪʰʲʵʩʸʰʭʰ ˆʬʲʵʩʰʹ ʫʰʫʰ ˆʨʴˇʨʲʰ ʨʳ˃ʰʳʬʩʫʨ,
ʳˆʨʸʮʬ ʱʨʷʰʨʴʰ ʯʵʼʰ ,,ʿʰʸʰʳʰ³ ʨʴ ,,ʹʺʨʳʩʵʲʰ³ ʬʱʰʫʨʯ ʫʨ
ʨʳʴʨʰʸʨʫ ʪʨʳʵ˄ʿʵʩʰʲʴʰ ˀʬʫʰʵʫʬʴ ˆʵʲʳʬ ʬʱʲʬʹʰʨˀʰ 104).
167
ʯʨʭʰʹʻʼʨʲ ʹʭʨʴʬʯʰʹ ,,ʩʨʶʬʩʹ³ ʬʸʯ ʫʸʵʹ ˂ʨʪʬʸʰʹ
ʳʾʭʫʬʲʳʯʨʭʨʸʰ ʨʱʻʸʯˆʬʩʫʨ ʫʨ ʳ˄ʿʬʳʹʵʩʫʨ (ʳʨʹ ʹʭʨʴʬʩʰ ˂ʨʪʬʸʰʹ
,,ʩʨʶʹ³ ʬ˃ʨˆʫʴʬʴ), ˆʵʲʵ ʹʨʫʨʫʬˀʽʬʲʰʨʴʵ ʹʭʨʴʬʯʰʹ ,,ʩʨʶʬʩʹ³ ±
˂ʨʰˀʰʹ ʳʾʭʫʬʲʳʯʨʭʨʸʰ 105).
ʩʨʶʬʩʹ ˈʿʨʭʫʨʯ ʸʨʳʵʫʬʴʰʳʬ ˀʬʪʰʸʫʬʩʰ ,,ʫʰʱʭʴʨʸ³.
ʸʵʫʬʹʨ˂ ,,ʩʨʶʰ³ ʳʵˆʻ˂ʫʬʩʵʫʨ, ʨʳ ,,ʫʰʱʭʴʬʩʹ³ ʪʮʨʭʴʰʫʴʬʴ
˂ʨʪʬʸʰʹ ʨʴʻ ˂ʨʰˀʰʹ ʬʶʰʹʱʵʶʵʮʯʨʴ, ʸʵʳʬʲʰ˂ ʳʾʭʫʲʨʯ
ʴʨʱʻʸʯˆʬʩʹ ʨʩʸʻʴʬʩʫʨ ʹʭʨʴʬʯˀʰ. ˃ʾʭʴʨʯ ʳʾʭʫʬʲʳʯʨʭʨʸʯʨʴ
ʳʰˈʿʨʭʫʨʯ ʯʰʯʵ ˆʨʸʰ, ʸʵʳʬʲʹʨ˂ ʱʻʸʯˆʬʭʰʹ ʫʾʬʹ ʱʲʨʭʫʬʴ ʫʨ
ʹʨʫʰʲʨʯ ʳʰʰ˄ʭʬʭʫʬʴ ˆʵʲʳʬ ʬʶʰʹʱʵʶʵʮʹ ʱʸʬʩʻʲʰʯʻʸʯ.
ˀʬʳʫʬʪˀʰ ʬʹ ʫʨʳʵʱʰʫʬʩʻʲʬʩʨ ʳʵʰʹʶʵ ʫʨ ʹʭʨʴʬʯʰʹ
,,ʩʨʶʬʩʳʨ³ ʯʭʰʯʵʴ ʳʰʰʯʭʰʹʬʹ ʱʻʸʯˆʬʭʰʹ ʻʼʲʬʩʨ. ʯʨʭʰʹʰ
ˀʬˆʬʫʻʲʬʩʰʯ ʰʹʰʴʰ ˆʬʲʹ ʨʹˆʨʳʫʴʬʴ ,,ʫʰʱʭʴʬʩʹ³ʫʨ ʬʱʲʬʹʰʨʹʨ˂
ʯʭʰʯʵʴ ʪʨʴʨʪʬʩʫʬʴ. ʻʼʸʵʹʹ ,,ʩʨʶʹ³ʫʬʱʨʴʵʮʹ ʬ˃ʨˆʫʴʬʴ 106).
100) ʪʵʸʪʨ˃ʬ. ʹʨʽ. ʰʹʺ. ʪʭ. 60; ʼʬʸʨ˃ʬ. ʪʨʮ. ,,˂ʴ. ʼʻʸ˂³˄.
101) ʬʹ ʭʨˆʺʨʴʪʰ ʫʨˆʨʺʻʲʰʨ ʲʨʺʨʲʹʰ ʳʨ˂ˆʵʭʸʰʹ ʬʱʲʬʹʰʰʹ
ˁʸʫʰʲʵʬʯʰʹ ʱʬʫʬʲʮʬ ʱʨʸʬʩʯʨʴ.
102) ʬʹ ˄ʨʸ˄ʬʸʨ ʳʵʿʭʨʴʰʲʰʨ ʨʳ ˄ʰʪʴʰʹ 112 ʪʭʬʸʫʮʬ.
103) ʬʹ ʬʸʯʪʭʨʸʰ ʩʨʲʨˆʰʨ, ʸʵʳʬʲʹʨ˂ ʹʨʪʨʴʪʬʩʵʯ ʳʵʰʳʨʸʨʪʬʩʬʴ ˆʵʲʳʬ
ʹʭʨʴʬʩʰ ʼʬˆʹʨ˂ʳʬʲˀʰ ˁʨʹʨʺʨʴʬʩʲʨʯ.
104) ʰʭ. ʳʨʸʪʰʨʴʰ. ,,ˀʰʴʨʻʸʰ ʹʨʽʳʬʬʩʰ³ȹ-31.
105) ʨʳ ʨʮʸʹ ʨʫʨʹʺʻʸʬʩʹ ʨʪʸʬʯʭʬ ʭʨˆʻˀʺʰʹ ˀʬʳʫʬʪʰ ˂ʴʵʩʬʩʰ: ,,˂ʨʪʬʸˀʰ
ʮʰʹ ʬʶʰʹʱʵʶʵʮʰ ± ʳ˄ʿʬʳʹʰ ʲʬˁˆʻʳʰʹʨ ʫʨ ʹʭʨʴʬʯʰʹʨ, ˆʵʲʵ ʩʰ˅ʭʰʴʯʨˀʰ ʰˇʫʨ
ʱʨʯʨʲʰʱʵʮʰ, ʸʵʳʬʲʹʨ˂ ʬʳʵʸˁʰʲʬʩʵʫʨ ʰʳʬʸʬʯʰ, ʹʨʳʬʪʸʬʲʵ, ʪʻʸʰʨ, ʹʭʨʴʬʯʰ ʫʨ
ʨʼˆʨʮʬʯʰ (ʭʨˆʻˀʺʰ. ʹʨʽ. ʪʬʵʪʸ. ʪʭ. 264 ʫʨ 312). ˂ʨʪʬʸʰʹ ʬʸʯ ʫʸʵʰʹ ʵʸʰ
ʳʾʭʫʬʲʳʯʨʭʸʰʹ ʴʨˆʨʺʬʩʰ ʫʨ˂ʻʲʰʨ ʫʸʬʳʫʬ ʴʨʿʻʸʨʲʬˀʰʹ ʬʱʲʬʹʰʰʹ ʱʬʫʬʲʮʬ
˄ʨʸ˄ʬʸʰʯ: ,,ʽʸʰʹʺʰʨʴʬ ʫʰʫʰʹʨ ʨʳʰʹʨ ʹʨʿʫʸʰʹʨ ʨʳˀʬʴʬʩʬʲʰ ʳʾʭʫʬʲʳʯʨʭʨʸʰ
ʪʨʩʸʰʬʲʰ ˂ʨʪʬʸʬʲʰ ˂ʨʪʬʸʬʲʰ ˁʰʽʵʭʨʴʰ ʹʭʰʳʵʴʰ³
106) ʰʭ. ʳʨʸʪʰʨʴʰ. ʷʻʸʴ. ,,ˀʰʴʨʻʸʰ ʹʨʽʳʬʬʩʰʹ³ȹ-31.

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,,ʲʵ˂ʭʨ ʰʬʸʻʹʨʲʰʳʰʹʨ, ʳʨʯʰ ˇʭʨʸʰʯʨ, ʳʨʯʰ ʶʰʸʰʯʨ,

ʪʨʱʻʸʯˆʵʹ ʽʸʰʹʺʬʳʨʴ. ʱʭʨʸʯʰ-ʱʭʨʸʯʨʲʰ, ʵʲʨʸʰ, ʪʰʴʪʰʲʰ,
ʼʰʲʵʭʨʴʰ, ˆʬʲʰ ˀʬʳʵʹʰʲʰ, ˂ʵ˂ˆʨʲʹ ʳʾʭʫʬʲʹ ʨʴʻ ʫʰʨʱʵʴʹ
(ʹʨˆʬʲʰ ʫʨ ʪʭʨʸʰ) ʭʨˈʨʴʫʬʲʬʹ ʬʽʹ-ʳʬʲʬʽʹ, ʼʨʸʨ ʳʵ˄ʨʼʬʯʨ ʳʰʹʯʨ,
ʰʨʳʬʴ³
168
 ˇʭʸʰʹ˄ʬʸʰʹ ʫʸʵʹ ,,ʩʨʶʬʩʰ³ ʹʱʨʳʮʬ ʫʨʹʭʨʳʫʬʴ ʹʨʽʳʸʵʹʨ
ʫʨ ʹʨ˂ʵʲʵʹ. ʴʬʳʹʰʯ ʬʸʯʳʨʴʬʯʹ ʱʨʲʯʬʩʹ ʪʨʫʨʻʩʨʳʫʴʬʴ, ʾʭʰʴʰʹ
ʳʨʪʰʭʸʨʫ ʨʸʨʿʹ ˆʳʨʸʵʫʴʬʴ, ʪʭʰʸʪʭʰʴʬʩʰʹ ʳʨʪʰʬʸʵʩʨʹ ʭʨʮʰʹ
ʸʪʵʲʬʩʰ ʹ˄ʬʭʫʴʬʴ. ʳʨʯʮʬʫ ˆʰʹ ˇʭʸʬʩʰ ʰʿʵ ʫʨʳʨʪʸʬʩʻʲʰ ʫʨ
ʸʵ˂ʨ ˇʭʸʰʹ˄ʬʸʨʹ ʪʨʨʯʨʭʬʩʫʴʬʴ, ʫʰʫʰ ʽʬʰʼʰ ʰʳʨʸʯʬʩʵʫʨ.
ʨʾʫʪʵʳʨ ʫʾʬʹ ʪʨʯʬʴʬʩʨʳʫʬ ,,ʩʨʶʬʩʰ³ ʬʱʲʬʹʰʨˀʰ
ʳʰʫʰʵʫʴʬʴ. ʬʸʯʰ ʺʸʨʶʬʮˀʰ ˀʬʫʰʵʫʨ, ʹˆʭʬʩʰ ʪʨʸʬʯ ʸˁʬʩʵʫʴʬʴ
ʫʨ ʰʺʿʵʫʬʴ ˆʵʲʳʬ: ,,ʨʾʬʶʿʬʴʰʯ ʩ˅ʬʴʰ ʯʽʭʬʴʰ ʳʯʨʭʨʸʴʵ ʫʨ
ʨʾʬʼˆʭʬʴʰʯ ʩ˅ʬʴʰ ʹʨʻʱʻʴʬʴʰ ʫʨ ˀʬʭʰʫʬʹ ʳʬʻʼʬ ʫʰʫʬʩʰʹʨ³
ˀʰʪʴʰʫʨʴ ,,ʩʨʶʰ³ʳʰʻʪʬʩʫʨ: ʭʰʴ ʨʸʹ ʬʹʬ ʳʬʻʼʬ ʫʰʫʬʩʰʹʨ. ʪʨʸʬʫʨʴ
ʫʨʹ˃ʨˆʫʴʬʴ: ,,ʳʬ ʭʨʸ ʻʼʨʲʰ ˃ʨʲʯʨ ʫʰʫʬʩʰʹʨ³
ˀʬʳʫʬʪ ˀʬʫʰʵʫʴʬʴ ʬʱʲʬʹʰʨˀʰ ʫʨ ˀʬʻʫʪʬʩʵʫʬʴ ˂ʰʹʱʨʸʹ.
˂ʰʹʱʸʰʹ ˀʬʳʫʬʪ ʬʸʯʰ ,,ʩʨʶʰ³ ʫʨʫʪʬʩʵʫʨ ʬʱʲʬʹʰʰʹ
ʱʨʸʬʩʯʨʴ ʫʨ ʰʺʿʵʫʨ ʳʨʾʨʲʰ ˆʳʰʯ³ʽʸʰʹʺʬ ʨʾʹʫʪʨ, ʪʰˆʨʸʵʫʬʯ,
ʭʰʹʨ˂ ʪʬʹʳʵʫʬʯ, ʨʸʨ ʪʬʹʳʵʫʬʯ, ʶʰʸʹʨ ʫʨ ʶʰʸ ʳʬʺʿʭʬʲʹʨ, ʱʨ˂ʹʨ ʫʨ
ʶʰʸʻʺʿʭʹʨ, ʺʿʬʹʨ ʫʨ ʱʲʫʬʹʨ, ʫʨ ʽʸʰʹʺʬ ʨʾʹʫʪʨ, ʪʰˆʨʸʵʫʬʯ.
ʳʰ˂ʭʨʲʬʩʻʲʰʹ ʱʻʩʵˀʰ ˁʨʹʭʬʴʬʩʨʹ ,,ʩʨʶʬʩʰ³
ʫʨʬʹ˄ʸʬʩʵʫʬʴ. ʰʹʰʴʰ ˀʬʨˆʭʬʭʫʬʴ ʳʰ˂ʭʨʲʬʩʻʲʹ ʹʻʫʨʸʰʯ,
ʯʨʭʰʫʪʨʴ ʼʬˆʬʩʨʳʫʬ ˇʭʨʸʰʹ ʹʨˆʬʫ ˃ʨʼʹ ʫʨʨʫʬʩʫʬʴ, ʳʬʸʳʬ
ʫʨʼˆʭʴʰʲ ʴʰʪʵʮʹ ʪʨʫʨʨʿʸʰʫʬʴ ʳʨʹ ʫʨ ʰʺʿʵʫʴʬʴ: ,,ʰʨʳʬʴ ʰʬʹʵ
ʾʭʯʰʹʨ, ʰʨʳʬʴ ʳʨʳʰʹʨʯʨ ˃ʰʹʨʯʨ, ʰʨʳʬʴ ʹʻʲʰʹʨ ˄ʳʰʴʫʰʹʨʯʨ, ʰʨʳʬʴ.
ʬʸʯˇʬʸ ʯʽʵ, ʵʸˇʬʸ ʯʽʵ, ʹʨʳˇʬʸ ʯʽʵ, ʯʨʭʰʫʨʴ ʼʬˆʬʩʨʳʫʬ ʮʬʯʰ
ʪ˂ˆʬʩʰʨ, ʳʬʵʸʬʫ ʳʵʹʭʲʨʳʫʬ ʻʼʲʰʹʨ ˁʭʬʴʰʹʨ ʰʬʹʵ ʽʸʰʹʺʬʹʨ.
ʰʨʳʬʴ ʰʬʹʵ ʾʭʯʰʹʨ, ʰʨʳʬʴ ˃ʰʹʨʯʨ, ʰʨʳʬʴ ʹʻʲʰʹʨ ˄ʳʰʴʫʰʹʨʯʨ, ʰʨʳʬʴ.
ʹʨʼʲʨʭʰ ʲʨʮʨʸʬʹʰ, ˃ʭʨʲʰ ʰʵʩʰʹʨ, ʹʻʲʰ ʨʩʸʨʳʰʹʨ ʬʹ ˆʰʫʰ
ʿʵʭʬʲʯʨ ˁʨʳʵʹʨʭʨʲʰ ʨʸʹ³
ʳʨʯ ʫʸʵʹ ʪʨʭʸ˂ʬʲʬʩʻʲʰ ʰʿʵ ʮʬʯʰʹ ʱʻʸʯˆʬʭʨ, ʲʰʿʭʷʨʲ
ʫʨ ʲʰʺʩʻʲʰ.
ʮʬʯʹ ʻʳʬʺʬʹ ˀʬʳʯˆʭʬʭʨˀʰ ʨʭʰ ʮʴʰʹ ʨʭʨʫʳʿʵʼʹ
ʻʱʻʸʯˆʬʩʫʴʬʴ.
ʮʬʯʰʹ ʱʻʸʯˆʬʭʰʹʯʭʰʹ ʫʰʫʰʹ ʨʳʩʰʯ ʬʳʮʨʫʬʩʵʫʴʬʴ:
ʨʹʻʽʬʩʫʴʬʴ ʸʨʳʵʫʬʴʰʳʬ ˆʨʸʹ, ʽʬʸʰʹʨʪʨʴ ˆʫʰʫʴʬʴ ʨʸʨʿʹ,
ʨ˂ˆʵʩʫʴʬʴ ʩʲʵʳʨʫ ʶʻʸʹ, ʰ˄ʭʬʭʫʬʴ ʵ˂ʨʳʫʬ ʩʨʶʹ, ʸʵʳʲʬʩʰ˂
ʺʨʩʨʪʹ ʳʵʻˇʫʬʩʵʫʴʬʴ ˆʵʲʳʬ, ʮʬʯʹ ʻʱʻʸʯˆʬʩʫʴʬʴ, ˆʬʲˀʰ
ʱʻʸʯˆʬʭʨʴʹ ʰʱʨʭʬʩʫʴʬʴ ʫʨ ʱʰʯˆʻʲʵʩʫʴʬʴ ʮʬʯʰʹ ʱʻʸʯˆʬʭʰʹ
˄ʬʹʹ. ʬʸʯʰ ʱʭʰʸʰʹ ʪʨʴʳʨʭʲʵʩʨˀʰ ʿʵʭʬʲ ʫʾʬ ʨʳʸʰʪʨʫ ˆʫʬʩʵʫʨ,
169
ʬʸʯʰ ʱʭʰʸʰʹ ˀʬʳʫʬʪ ʳʵʹʨˆʲʰʹ ʿʭʬʲʨ ˄ʬʭʸʬʩʰ ʹʨʯʰʯʨʵʫ
ʳʰʫʰʵʫʴʬʴ ʻʼʸʵʹ ʩʨʶʯʨʴ ± ʫʬʱʨʴʵʮʯʨʴ ʫʨ ʨʾʹʨʸʬʩʨʹ
ʬʻʩʴʬʩʵʫʴʬʴ. ˆʬʲˀʰ ʨʳ ʫʸʵʹ ʳʨʯ ʬ˅ʰʸʨʯ ,,ʯʵʴʰʹ ʱʵʴʨ³ʩʨʲʨˆʰ)
ʫʨ ʨʳʩʵʩʫʴʬʴ: ʨʳʫʵʴʰ ˂ʵʫʭʨ ʳʰʽʴʰʨ. ʳʬʸʳʬ ,,ʩʨʶʰ³ʳʨʯ ,,ʪʨˆʹʴʰʫʨ
˂ʵʫʭʬʩʰʹʨʪʨʴ³ʨʳʰʹ ˀʬʳʫʬʪ ʳʨʹʶʰʴ˃ʬʲʰ ʰ˄ʭʬʭʫʨ ʳʯʬʲʹ ʹʵʼʬʲʹ
ʫʨ ʹʨʹʰˆʨʸʻʲʵʹ ʰˆʫʰʫʨ 107).
ʽʸʰʹʺʰʨʴʵʩʨʳ ʸʵʳ ʹʭʨʴʬʯʹ ʬʸʯ ʫʸʵʹ ʳ˃ʲʨʭʸʰ ʹˆʰʭʬʩʰ
ʳʵˈʼʰʴʨ, ʨʳʨʹ, ʹˆʭʨʯʨ ˀʵʸʰʹ, ʨʳʺʱʰ˂ʬʩʬʴ ʹʭʨʴʬʯˀʰ ʨʸʹʬʩʻʲʰ
ʳʸʨʭʨʲʰ ˃ʭʬʲʰ ʽʸʰʹʺʰʨʴʻʲʰ ʺʨ˃ʸʬʩʰ ʫʨ ʳʨʯˀʰ ˀʬʴʨˆʻʲʰ ʰʹ
ʻʸʰ˂ˆʭʰ ˆʨʺ-ˇʭʨʸʰ, ˃ʭʬʲʰ ˆʬʲʯʴʨ˄ʬʸʬʩʰ ʫʨ ʹˆʭʨ ʹʨʬʱʲʬʹʰʵ
ʹʰʳʫʰʫʸʬʴʰ, ʸʵʳʲʬʩʰ˂ ʹʨʽʨʸʯʭʬʲʵʹ ˄ʨʸʹʻʲʮʬ ʳʵʪʭʰʯˆʸʵʩʬʴ
ʫʨ ʫʾʬʹʨ˂ ʳʰʹʰ ˃ʭʬʲʰ ˆʬʲʵʭʴʬʩʰʹʨ ʫʨ ˀʬʳʵʽʳʬʫʬʩʰʹ
ʨʸʽʬʵʲʵʪʰʻʸ ʫʨ ʰʹʺʵʸʰʻʲ ʪʨʴ˃ʹ ˀʬʨʫʪʬʴʬʴ. ˆʵʲʵ
ʽʸʰʹʺʰʨʴʵʩʰʹ ʪʨʭʸ˂ʬʲʬʩʨʹ ʸʵʳ ʭʬʸ ˁʨʻʽʭʸʰʨ ʻ˃ʭʬʲʬʹ ʫʸʵʰʹ
ʽʨʸʯʭʬʲʯ ˀʵʸʰʹ ʪʨʭʸ˂ʬʲʬʩʻʲʰ ˂ʸʻʳʵʸ˄ʳʻʴʬʵʩʨ ʫʨ
ʱʬʸʶʯʨʿʭʨʴʰʹʳ˂ʬʳʲʵʩʨ, ʨʳʨʹ ʴʨʯʲʨʫ ʨʳʺʱʰ˂ʬʩʬʴ ʹʭʨʴʬʯˀʰ
ʫʾʬʳʫʬ ˀʬʴʨˆʻʲʰ ʱʬʸʶʯʨʿʭʨʴʰʹʳ˂ʬʳʲʵʩʰʹʨ ʫʨ
˂ʸʻʳʵʸ˄ʳʻʴʬʵʩʰʹ ʻʯʭʨʲʨʭʰ ʴʨˀʯʬʩʰ, ˃ʭʬʲʰ ʺʸʨʫʰ˂ʰʬʩʰ ʫʨ
ʯʨʳʨʳʨʫ ˀʬʰ˃ʲʬʩʨ ʰʯʽʭʨʹ, ʸʵʳ ʹʭʨʴʬʩʰ ʨʳʷʨʳʨʫ, ʸʵʪʵʸ˂ ʽʭʬʳʵʯ
ʫʨʭʰʴʨˆʨʭʯ, ʬʸʯʹʨ ʫʨ ʰʳʨʭʬ ʫʸʵʹ ʬʳʹʨˆʻʸʬʩʰʨʴ ʸʵʪʵʸ˂
ʽʸʰʹʺʰʨʴʵʩʨʹ, ʨʪʸʬʯʭʬ ˂ʸʻʳʵʸ˄ʳʻʴʬʵʩʨʹ ʫʨ
ʱʬʸʶʯʨʿʭʨʴʰʹʳ˂ʬʳʲʵʩʨʹ. ʹʭʨʴʬʩʰʹ ˀʬˆʬʫʻʲʬʩʰʯ ʾʳʬʸʯʰ
ʳʸʨʭʨʲʸʰ˂ˆʵʭʨʴʰʨ. ʳʨʯ ʻʿʭʨʸʯ ʩʰʴʨʫʸʵʩʨ ʳʯʨ-ʪʵʸʰʨʴ ʹʻʼʯʨ
ʨʫʪʰʲʬʩˀʰ ʫʨ ʸʨʫʪʨʴʨ˂ ʹʭʨʴʬʩʹ ʯʨʭʰʹ ʾʳʬʸʯʬʩʰ ʰʽ ʬʪʻʲʬʩʨʯ,
ʨʳʰʺʵʳʨ˂ ʳʨʯ ʹʨˆʬʲʮʬ ʳʸʨʭʨʲʰ ʺʨ˃ʸʬʩʰ ʨʻʪʰʨʯ ʨʳ ʨʫʪʰʲʬʩˀʰ.
ʾʭʯʰʹ ʳʹʨˆʻʸʬʩʨ, ʳʹˆʭʬʸʶʲʯ ˀʬ˄ʰʸʭʨ ʹʭʨʴʬʩʹ ʹˆʭʨ ʽʭʬʿʴʬʩʰʹ
ˆʨʲˆʬʩʯʨʴ ˀʬʫʨʸʬʩʰʯ ʯʨʭʰʹʯʭʰʹ ʻʼʸʵ ʹʨʭʨʲʫʬʩʻʲʵʯ
ʰʳʰʺʵʳ ʳʰʨˁʴʰʨʯ, ʸʵʳ ʳʨʯʰ ˄ʨʸʳʵʫʪʬʴʰʯ ʾʳʬʸʯʬʩʹ ʩʰʴʨ
ʹʭʨʴʬʯʰʹ ʳʨʾʲʵʩʮʬ ʻʴʫʨ ˈʽʵʴʫʬʯ.
ʿʵʭʬʲ˄ʲʰʻʸʨʯ ʯʭʰʯʬʻʲʰ ʹʵʼʬʲʰ ʹʭʨʴʬʯˀʰ ʨʪʸʵʭʬʩʹ
ʶʻʸʹ ʨʴ ʽʬʸʹ, ʸʵʳʲʰʯʨ˂ ʿʰʫʻʲʵʩʬʴ ʸʨʳʫʬʴʰʳʬ ʹʨʳʹˆʭʬʸʶʲʵ
ˆʨʸʹ, ʳʵʮʭʬʸʹ, ʻˀʵʩʬʲʹ, ˆʩʵʹʨ ʫʨ ˂ˆʭʨʸʹ. ʫʨʴʰˀʴʻʲ ʫʸʵʹ
ʰʹʰʴʰ ʳʰˈʿʨʭʯ ˆʵʲʳʬ ʬʱʲʬʹʰʨʮʬ, ʱʲʨʭʬʴ, ʾʳʬʸʯʹ ʹ˄ʰʸʨʭʬʴ ʫʨ
ʳʬʸʳʬ ˆʵʸ˂ʹ ʯʨʴʨʹ˄ʵʸʨʯ ʰʴʨ˄ʰʲʬʩʬʴ. ʨʳʰʹʯʨʴʨ ʳʹˆʭʬʸʶʲʯ
ˀʬ˄ʰʸʭʨʹ ʹʭʨʴʬʩʰ ʻ˃ʨˆʰʨʴ: ,,ʲʰʿʷʨʲ³-ʹ (ʾʭʰ˃ʲʵʩʨ).

170
 ʪʨʸʫʨ ʨʳʰʹʨ ʯʭʰʯʬʻʲ ʹʵʼʬʲˀʰ ʸʰʪʸʰʪʵʩʰʯ ʰʮʸʫʬʩʨ
ʳʵʮʭʬʸʰ (ʹʨʳʹˆʭʬʸʶʲʵ ʳʵʮʭʬʸʰ ± ,,ʻʹˆʭʨˋ³ ʳʨʹ ʫʨʯʬʹʰʲ
ʿʨʴʬʩˀʰ ʯʨʸʬˀʹ ʭʬʸ ʻˀʲʰʨʴ. ʽʭʰʹʨ ʫʨ ˇʵˆʰʹ ʫʨʸʺʿʳʨʹ ʬʸʰʫʬʩʰʨʴ,
ʭʰʯʨʸ˂ʨ ʹʨʾʭʯʵʹ, ʶʬʺʸʬ-ʶʨʭʲʵʩʰʹ ʫʾʬʹ ʫʰʲʨʹ ʨʳʨʹ ʹ˄ʰʸʨʭʬʴ
ʾʳʬʸʯʹ ʫʨ ˈʱʲʨʭʬʴ ʬʱʲʬʹʰʰʹ ʪʨʲʨʭʨʴˀʰ.
ʨʹʬʯʰ ʹʨʳʹˆʭʬʸʶʲʵ ˆʨʸʬʩʰ ʰʮʸʫʬʩʰʨʴ ʨʪʸʬʯʭʬ
ʯʭʰʯʬʻʲ ʵˇʨˆˀʰ˂. ʳʨʯ ʳʵʶʨʸʭʨʹ ʽʻʸʫʬʩʰ ˃ʨʲʰʨʴ ʪʨʻʸʩʰʨʴ,
ʸʵʪʵʸ˂ ʹʨʾʭʯʵ ˂ˆʵʭʬʲʰʹ.
ʨʹʬʯʰ ʳʹˆʭʬʸʶʲˀʬ˄ʰʸʭʰʹ ʪʨʸʫʨ ʹʭʨʴʬʩʳʨ ʰ˂ʰʨʴ ʶʻʸʬʩʰʯʨ
ʫʨ ʨʸʨʿʰʯ ʾʭʯʰʹ ʳʹʨˆʻʸʬʩʨ. ʨʳ ˀʬʳʯˆʭʬʭʨˀʰ ʯʭʰʯʬʻʲʰ ʵˇʨˆʰ
ʨ˂ˆʵʩʹ 1-3 ʫʰʫ ʶʻʸʹ ,,ʲʬʹʱʨʸ³ ʸʰʪ-ʸʰʪʵʩʰʯ ˆʫʰʨʴ ʨʸʨʿʹ
˄ʰʴʨʹ˄ʨʸ ʹʨʨʸʨʿʬʯ ʳʵʪʸʵʭʰʲ ʽʬʸʰʫʪʨʴ, ʰʿʸʰʨʴ ʯʨʭʹ ʨʴ ʬʱʲʬʹʰʰʹ
ʪʨʲʨʭʨʴˀʰ, ʨʴ ʳʵʹʨˆʲʰʹʨʹ. ʨʳʨʹ ʹʭʨʴʬʩʰ ʬ˃ʨˆʰʨʴ: ,,ʲʰʺʩʻʲʰ³³-ʹ
(ʺʨʩʲʵʩʨ). ʳʨʪʸʨʳ ʹʨʴʨʳʫʬ ʹʭʨʴʬʩʰ ʨʸ ʫʨʸ˄ʳʻʴʫʬʩʰʨʴ ʰʳʨˀʰ, ʸʵʳ
ʬʸʯʰ ʯʭʰʹ ʪʨʴʳʨʭʲʵʩʨˀʰ ʳʨʯ ʹʵʼʬʲˀʰ ʳˀʵʩʰʨʸʵʩʨ ʨʸʨʭʰʹ
ˈʽʵʴʫʨ ʫʨ ʯʭʰʻʸʰʯ ʨʭʨʯʳʿʵʼʰ ʽʨʲʬʩʰ ʵˇʨˆʬʩˀʰ ʨʸʹʨʫ
ʿʵʼʰʲʨʴ, ʳʨʴʨʳʫʬ ʰʹʰʴʰ ʭʬʸ ʩʬʫʨʭʬʴ ʭʬʸʨʭʰʯʨʸ ʾʭʯʰʹ
ʳʹʨˆʻʸʬʩʨʹ. ʳʨˀʰʴʨ˂ ʱʰ ʬʱʲʬʹʰʰʫʪʨʴ ʳʵʺʨʴʰʲʰ ʴʨʱʻʸʯˆʰ ˄ʿʲʰʯ
ʨʴʻ ʴʨʯʲʰʾʬʩʨʹ ˇʭʸʰʹ ʴʨʩʨʴ ˄ʿʲʰʯ ʳʵʮʬʲʰʲ ʴʨ˂ʸʰʹ
ʱʵʱʵʸʬʩʰʹ ʪʨʽʴʰʲ ˄ʿʲʰʯ ʯʻ ʨʸ ʪʨʹ˄ʳʬʴʫʬʴ ʨʸʬʳʨʸʬʹ 108).
ʹʵʼ. ʱʨʲʨˀʰ ʨʳʰʹʨʯʭʰʹ ˆʳʨʸʵʩʬʴ ,,ʰʵʸʫʨʴʹ³ ʸʵʳʬʲʰ˂
ʰʴʨˆʬʩʨ ʱʨʲʰʹ ˄ʳ. ʱʭʰʸʰʱʬʹ ʳʵʴʨʹʺʬʸˀʰ. ʸʰʹʪʨʴ ˀʬʹʫʪʬʩʨ ʬʹ
ʰʵʸʫʨʴʰ, ʨʸ ʭʰ˂ʰʯ, ˆʵʲʵ ʱʨʲʬʲʬʩʰ ʱʰ ʨʳʩʵʩʬʴ: ,,ʰ. ʽʸʰʹʺʬ ʸʵʳ
ʪʵʲʪʵʯʰʹ ʳʯʨʮʬ ˇʭʨʸʹ ʨ˂ʭʬʹ, ʳʰʹʰ ʹʰʹˆʲʰʹ ʫʨʴʨ˄ʭʬʯ ʳʰ˄ʰʹʨ ʫʨ
ʹˆʭʨ ʹʨʪʴʬʩʰʹʨʪʨʴ ˀʬʹʫʪʬʩʨ ʰʵʸʫʨʴʬʵ³
ʳʨʳʨ ʾʳʬʸʯʹ ʹʭʨʴʬʩʰ ʬ˃ʨˆʰʨʴ: ,,ˆʵˀʨ ʾʬʸʩʬʯ³ʨʴʻ ʳʯʨʭʨʸʰ
ʾʳʬʸʯʰ, ˃ʬ ʾʳʬʸʯʹ ʨʴʻ ʳʨ˂ˆʵʭʨʸʹ ± ,,ʳʨ˂ˆʭʨʸʹ³ ,,ʽʸʰʹʺʬ
ʾʬʸʩʬʯ³-ʹ, ʾʭʯʰʹ ʳˀʵʩʬʲʹ: ,,ʲʨʳʨʸˋʨ³ ʨʾʫʪʵʳʰʹ ˄ʰʴ ʩʮʵʩʰʹ
ʱʭʰʸʨˀʰ ʫʾʰʯ ˆʻʯˀʨʩʨʯʹ ʹʭʨʴʬʩʹ ʳʵʨʽʭʯ ʺʿʰʹ ʿʭʨʭʰʲʰʹ ˀʺʵʬʩʰ,
ʨʳʰʯ ʱʨʸ-ʼʨʴˇʨʸʨʹ ʨʳʱʵʩʬʴ, ʸʨʯʨ ʬˀʳʨʱʬʩʰ ʭʬʸ ˀʬʭʰʫʴʬʴ
ʵˇʨˆʬʩˀʰ. ʯʰʯʵ ˃ʰʸʹ ʱʰ ʿʨʴʬʩˀʰ ʨʸ˅ʵʩʬʴ. ʨʳ ʱʭʰʸʨʹ ʹʭʨʴʬʩʰ
ʻ˃ʨˆʰʨʴ: ʬˀʳʨʱʬʩʰʹ ʱʭʰʸʨʹ (,,ˈʬʸʰʨ ʳʰˀʭʹ³ ʨˆʨʲ ʫʨʾʨʳʬʩʰʹʨʹ
ʨˆʨʲʪʨʮʸʫʬʩʰ ʫʨʰʱʨʭʬʩʬʴ ˆʬʲˀʰ ʳʻʪʻʮʨʲʹ, ʪʨʸʩʰʨʴ ʪʨʸʬʯ,
ʻʸʺʿʨʳʬʴ ʰʽʰʯ-ʨʽʬʯ ʨʳ ʳʻʪʻʮʲʬʩʹ, ʫʬʭʴʰʨʴ ʹʨˆʲʬʩʰʫʪʨʴ
,,ʬˀʳʨʱʬʩʹ³ʫʨ ʰ˃ʨˆʰʨʴ ,,ʼʻ ʬˀʳʨʱʹ³ʫʨ ʹˆʭʨ.

171
 ʨʾʫʪʵʳʨʹ ʹʭʨʴʬʩʰ ,,ʶʨʺʨʸʨ ʨʾʫʪʵʳʨʹ³ʻ˃ʨˆʰʨʴ ʫʨ ʰʳʫʬʴʨʫ
ʨʸ ʻʽʳʵʩʬʴ, ʸʨʳʫʬʴʨʫʨ˂ ʨˆʨʲʱʭʰʸʬʹ.
ʨˆʨʲʱʭʰʸʬʹ ʹʭʨʴʬʩʰ ʻ˃ʨˆʰʨʴ ʫʰʫ ʨʾʫʪʵʳʨʹ ,,ˆʵˀʨ
ʯʨʴʨʼʹ³ ʨʴʻ ,,ʻʼʲʰˀʰ ʳʰˀʲʨʫʬʾʹ³ ʫʰʫ ʳʨʸˆʭʨˀʰ ʱʭʰʸʨʵʩʰʯ
ʹ˅ʨʳʬʴ ʴʨʯʲʰʾʬʩʨʹ ʳʵʺʨʴʰʲʰʲ ʴʨʱʻʸʯˆʰ ˄ʿʲʰʯ ʳʵʮʬʲʰʲ ʫʨ
ʪʨʳʵʳ˂ˆʭʨʸ ʲʨʭʨˀʬʩʹ ʫʨ ʨʳʰʯ ,,ʰ˄ʳʰʴʫʬʩʰʨʴ³ ˂ʵʫʭʬʩʰʹʨʪʨʴ
ʹʨʨʾʫʪʵʳʵʯ.
ʨˆʨʲʱʭʰʸʨʹ ʰ˄ʿʬʩʨ ʽʬʰʼʰ ʫʨ ʱʨʸʪʰ ʫʸʵʹ ʺʨʸʬʩʨ. ʹʭʨʴʬʯˀʰ
ʸʨʳʵʫʬʴʰʳʬ ʳʵʹʨˆʲʬ ʨʪʸʵʭʬʩʹ ˀʬʳʵʫʪʵʳʨʮʬ ʶʻʸʹ (ʻʼʲʰˀʰ
ʪʭʰʮ) ʫʨ ʨʳʨʹ ʯʨʭʹ ʻʿʸʰʨʴ ʰʳ ʳʵʹʨˆʲʰʹʨʹ, ʸʵʳʬʲʰ˂ ʨʸʰʹ
ʪʨʫʨʳˆʫʬʲʰ ʫʾʬʹʨʹ˄ʨʻʲʬʩʰʹʨ ʫʨ ʲˆʰʴʰʹʨ. ˆʵʲʵ ʯʭʰʯ ʬʹ
ʳʵʹʨˆʲʬ ʨʹʻʽʬʩʹ ˆʨʸʹ, ʸʵʳʬʲʹʨ˂ ˈʽʭʰʨ ,,ʲʬʭʼʨʲʰˀ³-ʰ
(ʹʨʻʼʲʰʹʵ). ʳʨʹ ʨˆʨʲʱʭʰʸʨʹ ʫʰʲʨʹ ʱʲʨʭʬʴ ʳʰʹ ʹʨˆʲˀʰ ʫʨ
ʸʨʳʵʫʬʴʰʳʬ ʱʭʰʸʨʹ ʫʸʵʹ ʲˆʰʴˀʰ ʫʨ ʳˆʰʨʸʻʲʬʩʨˀʰ ʨʺʨʸʬʩʬʴ.
ʨʹʬʯʰ ʪʨʴʹˆʭʨʭʬʩʨ ʴʨʳʫʭʰʲ ʨʾʫʪʵʳʰʹʨ ʫʨ ʨˆʨʲʱʭʰʸʰʹ ˀʵʸʰʹ,
ʹʭʨʴʬʩʰʹ ʨʮʸʰʯ, ʳʰʯ ʨʰˆʹʴʬʩʨ, ʸʵʳ ʳʨʸʺʵ ʰʳ ʫʾʬʹ ʫʨʸ˄ʳʻʴʫʨ
ʻʸ˄ʳʻʴʵ ʯʵʳʨ ʫʨ ʳʨʹʯʨʴ ˆʨʲˆʰ˂ ʽʸʰʹʺʬʹ ʨʾʫʪʵʳʨˀʰʵ.
ʹʭʨʴʬʩʰʹ ˀʬˆʬʫʻʲʬʩʰʯ ʾʭʯʨʬʩʨˀʰ ˄ʳ. ʪʰʵʸʪʰʹ ʯʰʯʽʳʰʹ
ʶʰʸʭʬʲʰ ʨʫʪʰʲʰ ʻ˅ʰʸʨʭʹ ʫʨ ʨʳʰʺʵʳ, ʸʵ˂ʨ ʪʨʴʹʨ˂ʫʬʲˀʰ
ˁʨʭʨʸʫʬʩʰʨʴ, ʶʰʸʭʬʲʨʯ ʳʨʹ ʨˆʹʬʴʬʩʬʴ. ʪʰʵʸʪʵʩʨʹ ʹʭʨʴʬʩʰ
,,ʲʰʪʬʸʪʰʹ³ ʬ˃ʨˆʰʨʴ. ʨʳ ʫʾʬʹ ʳʸʨʭʨʲʰ ʳʹˆʭʬʸʶʲʰ ʰʱʭʲʬʩʨ
ʿʭʬʲʪʨʴ ʳʰʹ ʬʱʲʬʹʰʰʹ ʪʨʲʨʭʨʴˀʰ ʫʨ ʨʳ ʹʨʳʹˆʭʬʸʶʲʵ ʶʰʸʻʺʿʭʹ
,,ʪʬʸʪʨʰʹ³ʬ˃ʨˆʰʨʴ.
ʳʰʹʰ ʹʨˆʬʲʵʩʰʹ ʿʭʬʲʨ ʬʱʲʬʹʰʬʩˀʰ ʻʼʸʵ ʳ˃ʲʨʭʸʰʨ
ʹʻʼʰʹ ˄ʳ. ʪʰʵʸʪʰʹ ʬʱʲʬʹʰʨ ʼʨʸʰʹ ʹʨʮʵʪʨʫʵʬʩʨˀʰ ʹʵʼ. ʹʻʼˀʰʨ.
ʰʹ ʨʸʰʹ ʽʭʰʫʨʴ ʪʨʱʬʯʬʩʻʲʰ ʫʨ ʨʳʰʺʵʳ ʨʳ ʹʵʼʬʲˀʰ ʽʭʰʹ ʹʨˆʲʰʹ
ʨˀʬʴʬʩʨʹ ʭʬʸʨʭʰʴ ʩʬʫʨʭʹ, ʸʨʯʨ ˄ʳ. ʪʰʵʸʪʰʹ ʨʸ ʨ˄ʿʬʴʰʴʵʴ ʫʨ ʳʯʬʲʰ
ʹʵʼʬʲʰ ˆʰʹ ʹʨˆʲʬʩʰʹʨʪʨʴ ˀʬʹʫʪʬʩʨ ʫʨ ʳʰʯ ʪʨʴʰʸˁʬʭʨ ʿʭʬʲʨ
ʹʭʨʴʬʻʸ ʹʵʼʲʬʩʰʹʨʪʨʴ. ʪʰʵʸʪʵʩʨ ʫʰʲʨʹ ʨʳ ʬʱʲʬʹʰʨˀʰ ʳʵʹʨˆʲʰʹ
ʯʨʭʮʬ ʿʭʬʲʨʹ ʳʰʨʽʭʹ ˆʰʹ ˀʻʩʬʩʰ. ʳʨʯʰ ʯʽʳʰʯ ʨʾʫʪʵʳʨ ʫʰʲʨʹ ˄ʳ.
ʪʰʵʸʪʰ ʨʳ ˀʻʩʬʩʹ ʰʹʭʸʰʹ ʮʵʪʹ ʹʨʳˆʸʬʯʰʹʨʱʬʴ, ʮʵʪʹ
ʨʾʳʵʹʨʭʲʬʯʰʹʨʱʬʴ. ʨʾʳʵʹʨʭʲʬʯʰʹʨʱʬʴ ʪʨʹʸʵʲʰʲʰ ˀʻʩʬʩʰ ʰʳʰʹ
ʳʵʳʨʹ˄ʨʭʬʩʬʲʰʨ, ʸʵʳ ʸʨʳʫʬʴʰ ˀʻʩʰʹ ʳʵʴʨʸʺʿʨʳʰ˂ ʺʸʨʶʬʮʰʹ
ʱʬʫʬʲʹ ʫʨʨˁʴʫʬʩʨ, ʰʳʫʬʴʰ ʫʨʫʬˀʽʬʲʰʨʴʬʩʰʹ ʪʭʨʸʬʻʲʵʩʰʫʪʨʴ
ʻʴʫʨ ʳʵʱʭʫʬʹ, ˆʵʲʵ ʹʨʳˆʸʬʯʰʹʨʱʬʴ ʪʨʹʸʵʲʰʲʰ ˀʻʩʬʩʰʹ
ʸʰ˂ˆʭʰ ʨʸʰʹ ʰʳʰʹ ʴʰˀʨʴʰ, ʸʵʳ ʸʨʳʫʬʴʰ ˀʻʩʰ˂ ʰʽʰʯʱʬʴ ʨʸʰʹ
172
ʪʨʹʸʵʲʰʲʰ, ʰʳʫʬʴʰ ʼʨʸʰʹ ʹʨʮʵʪʨʫʵʬʩʰʹ ʳ˂ˆʵʭʸʬʩʰ ʪʲʬˆʰ
ʻʴʫʨ ʳʵʱʭʫʬʹʵ. ʳʨʳʨ ʾʳʬʸʯʰʹ, ˃ʬ ʾʳʬʸʯʰʹ ʫʨ ˄ʳʰʴʫʨ ʪʰʵʸʪʰʹ
ˀʬʳʫʬʪ ʶʰʸʭʬʲʰ ʨʫʪʰʲʰ ʻ˅ʰʸʨʭʹ ʻˀʪʻʲʰʹ ʾʭʯʰʹʳˀʵʩʲʰʹ
ʬʱʲʬʹʰʨʹ. ʨʳ ʬʱʲʬʹʰʨˀʰ ʳʸʨʭʨʲʰ ˃ʭʰʸʼʨʹʰ ˆʨʺ-ˇʭʨʸʰ ʫʨ
ʹʨʬʱʲʬʹʰʵ ʽʵʴʬʩʨ ʨʸʰʹ ˀʬʴʨˆʻʲʰ. ʿʵʭʬʲ˄ʲʰʻʸʨʫ ʳʨʹ
ʻˀʪʻʲʬʲʬʩʰ ʳʸʨʭʨʲ ˆʨʸʹ ʫʨ ʹˆʭʨ ʳʹˆʭʬʸʶʲʹ ʹ˄ʰʸʨʭʬʴ.
ʹʭʨʴʬʯʰʹ ʿʭʬʲʨ ʹʨʬʱʲʬʹʰʵ ʫʾʬʹʨʹ˄ʨʻʲʬʩʰʫʪʨʴ
ʪʨʴʹˆʭʨʭʬʩʨ ʯʨʭʰʹʰ ʵʸʰʪʰʴʨʲʵʩʰʯ ʷʨʩʬˀʰʹ ʾʭʯʰʹʳˀʵʩʲʰʹ
ʫʾʬʹʨʹ˄ʨʻʲʰ (ʨʾʩʨ ʲʨʾʸʨʲ), ʸʵʳʬʲʹʨ˂ ʨʽʭʹ ʨʫʪʰʲʰ ʿʭʬʲʰʬʸʰʹ
ʨʾʬʩʰʹ ʱʭʰʸʨʹ.
ʿʭʬʲʰʬʸʰʹ ˆʻʯˀʨʩʨʯʹ ʹʨʮʵʪʨʫʵʯ, ʯʰʯʽʳʰʹ ʳʯʬʲʹ
ʹʭʨʴʬʯˀʰ ʫʨ ʱʬʸ˃ʵʯ ʹ. ʷʨʩʬˀˀʰ ʯʵʭʲʰʹʨʪʨʴ ʨˀʬʴʬʩʬʴ ˂ʰˆʬʹ,
ʸʵʳʬʲʹʨ˂ ˀʻʨˀʰ ˁʨʨʺʨʴʬʴ ʳʨʾʨʲ ˆʬʹ. ʨʳ ˆʰʹ ˄ʭʬʸʮʬ ʷʨʩʬˀˀʰ
ˁʨʳʵʨ˂ʵʩʬʴ ˃ʭʬʲ ʱʨʲʨʯʹ, ʵʸ ˆʰʹ ʲʬʱʻʸʹ (ʫʨˀʴʨʸ) ʫʨ ˆʰʹʪʨʴ
ʪʨʱʬʯʬʩʻʲ ʱʨ˂ʰʹ ʨʹʵʹ.
ˀʨʩʨʯʹ ʳʻʷʨʲ-ʷʨʩʬˀʰʹ ʿʳʨ˄ʭʰʲʬʩʰ ʬʸʯʨʫ ʯʨʭʹ ʰʿʸʰʨʴ,
ʰʸˁʬʭʬʴ ʮʬʳʵˆʹʬʴʬʩʻʲ ʫʾʬʹʨʹ˄ʨʻʲʰʹ ʳʵʳ˄ʬʹʸʰʪʬʩʬʲ ʶʰʸʬʩʹ. ʬʹ
ʱʨ˂ʬʩʰ ʯʨʭʰʨʴʯ ˀʵʸʰʹ ʰʸˁʬʭʬʴ ʵʸ ʳʬʯʨʻʸʹ: ,,ʿʨʰʴʹ³ ʫʨ
,,ʹʨʽʳʰʹʨˋ³-ʹ.
ʹʨʽʳʰʹʨˋʹ ʬ˃ʬʲʭʨ ʬʽʭʹʰ ʳˆʲʬʩʬʲʰ ,,ʳʵʨˆʨʸ³ʳʵʨˆʲʬʬʩʰ),
ʿʨʬʴʹ ʵʸʰ ʽʨʲʰ ,,ʫʬʫʼʨʲʨʸ³ʫʬʫʵʼʲʬʩʰ). ʱʭʰʸʨ ʫʰʲʨʹ ʿʭʬʲʨ
ʬʹʬʴʰ ʯʨʭʹ ʰʿʸʰʨʴ ʹʨʽʳʰʹʨˋʹ ʹʨˆʲˀʰ. ʰʽʰʫʪʨʴ ʳʰʫʰʨʴ ʿʭʬʲʨ
ʳʵʹʨˆʲʬʬʩˀʰ, ʭʰʹʨ˂ ʻʴʫʨ, ʸʵʳ ʳʨʯ ʯʨʭʰ ʫʨʨʲʵ˂ʭʰʴʵʹ. ʳʨʯ
ʿʭʬʲʨ ʨʸʨʿʰʯ ʻʳʨʹʶʰʴ˃ʲʫʬʩʨ ʫʨ ʹʨˁʻʽʸʬʩʨʯ ʨ˃ʲʬʭʬʴ ʪʨ˂ʭʬʯʰʲ
˂ʵ˂ˆʬʩʹ (ʲʨʴʪʭʨʸ) 109).
ˀʬʳʫʬʪ ˀʬʫʰʨʴ ʬʸʯʹ ʵˇʨˆˀʰ. ʨʽ ,,ʹʨʽʳʰʹʨˋʹ³ ʨ˂ʳʬʭʬʴ
ʪʲʨˆʰʹ ˃ʵʴ˃ʬʩʹ, ʶʰʸʰʹʨˆʬʹ ʴʨˆˀʰʸʰʯ ʻʳʻˀʨʭʬʩʬʴ ʫʨ ʻʯʰʯˆʴʰʨʴ,
ʯʨʭʮʬʫ ʽʻʫʰʹ ʳʨʪʰʭʸʨʯ ʯˆʰʹ ʺʿʨʭʰʹ ʪʻʫʨʹ ʨˆʻʸʨʭʬʴ, ʮʻʸʪʮʬʫ
ʳʨʹ ʨˈʱʰʫʬʩʬʴ ˆʵʲʳʬ ˅ʰʴ˅ʬʩʹ ʫʨ ʹˆʭʨ ʨʹʬʯ ˃ʭʬʲ ʹʨʪʴʬʩʹ. ʳʰʹ
ʹʨʸʺʿʬʲʹ ʨʳ˃ʰʳʬʩʹ ˆʰʹʪʨʴ ʪʨʱʬʯʬʩʻʲʰ ʨʫʨʳʰʨʴʰʹ ʨʹʵ. ʨʳʴʨʰʸʨʫ
ʨ˄ʿʵʩʬʴ ʿʨʬʴʹʨ˂, ˆʵʲʵ ʳʨʯ ʳˆʲʬʩʲʬʩʹ ʬ˃ʲʬʭʨʯ ˆʬʲˀʰ ʳʻˆʰʹ
ˀʻʩʬʩʰ. ʹʨʽʳʰʹʨˋ ʯʨʭʰʹ ʳˆʲʬʩʲʬʩʰʯ ˁʨʳʵʻʭʲʰʹ ˆʵʲʳʬ ˆʨʲˆʹ,
ʯʭʰʯʵʴ ʻʸʺʿʨʳʹ ˂ʵ˂ˆʬʩʰʯ, ˆʵʲʵ ʳʰʹʰ ʳˆʲʬʩʲʬʩʰ ˆʰʹ
ʹʨʫʪʰʹʬʩʰʯ ʻˆʬʭʬʴ ʺʨʴʰʹʨʳʵʹʬʩʹ, ʭʰʴ˂ ˆʬʲˀʰ ˁʨʻʭʨʸʫʬʩʨʯ.
ʨʳʨʹʵʩʨˀʰ ʿʨʬʴʹ ˂ʰˆʰʹ ʳʨˆʲʵʩʲʨʯ ʫʨʻʪʬʩʬʴ ʽʬˁʬʩʹ. ʰʹ ˄ʨʳʵ˄ʭʬʩʨ,
ʫʬʫʵʼʲʬʩʹ ʳʰʰ˄ʭʬʴʹ, ʬʨʸˀʰʿʬʩʨ, ʬʾʲʨʩʻ˂ʬʩʨ, ʱʵ˂ʴʰʹ, ʮʬʭʰʫʪʨʴ
173
ʨˇʫʬʩʨ. ʨʳ ʫʸʵʹ ʹʨʽʳʰʹʨˋʹ ʳʰʨʸʯʳʬʭʬʴ ʫʰʫ ˆʨ˅ʨʶʻʸʹ ʫʨ ʿʭʬʲʹ.
ʰʹ ʶʰʸʹ ʾʭʯʰʹʳˀʵʩʲʰʹ ʬʱʲʬʹʰʰʹʨʱʬʴ ʰʮʨʳʹ, ʿʭʬʲʹ ʶʰʸˀʰ ʰʫʬʩʹ,
ʫʨ ʰ˃ʨˆʰʹ: ,,ʼʻˋ ʲʨʳʨʸˋʨ³-ʹ ʫʨ ʯʨʴ ʨʼʻʸʯˆʬʩʹ ʳʰʹʱʬʴ. ˂ʰˆʰʹ
˃ʰʸˀʰ ʨʸˀʰʿʵʩʰʹʨʪʨʴ ʫʨʽʨʴ˂ʻʲ ʿʨʬʴʹ ʳʰʬ˃ʰʴʬʩʨ. ʨʳ ʫʸʵʹ ʳʨʹ
ʳʰʬʶʨʸʬʩʨ ʹʨʽʳʰʹʨˋ, ʸʵʳʬʲʰ˂ ʳʵˈʶʨʸʨʭʹ ʫʬʫʵʼʲʬʩʹ. ʿʨʬʴʰ ʸʵʳ
ʪʨʳʵʰʾʭʰ˃ʬʩʹ, ʩʸʨʮʳʵʸʬʻʲʰ ʬ˃ʬʩʹ ʫʬʫʵʼʲʬʩʹ. ʳʨʯ ʳʵʶʨʸʭʨˀʰ
ʬ˅ʭʰ ʹʨʽʳʰʹʨˋʮʬ ˀʬʨʽʭʹ ʫʨ ʨʳʰʺʵʳʨ˂ ʿʨʬʴʰ ʬʱʭʬʯʬʩʨ ʳʨʹ. ʰʳʨʸʯʬʩʨ
ʳʨʯ ˀʵʸʰʹ ʩʸ˃ʵʲʨ ʫʨ ʸʵ˂ʨ ʫʨʰʽʨʴ˂ʬʩʰʨʴ ˅ʰʫʨʵʩʰʹʨʪʨʴ, ʳʬʸʳʬ
ˀʵʸʫʬʩʰʨʴ ʬʸʯʳʨʴʬʯʹ. ʨʳʰʹ ˀʬʳʫʬʪ ʰʳʨʸʯʬʩʨ ˂ʬʱʭʨ, ʯʨʳʨˀʰ ʫʨ
ʼʬʸˆʻʲʰ ʹʰʳʾʬʸʬʩʰ. ʳʮʰʹ ˁʨʹʭʲʰʹʨʹ ʨʴʪʸʬʭʬʴ ˂ʰˆʬʹ ʫʨ ʰʺʨ˂ʬʩʬʴ
ˆʵʲʳʬ ˆʬʮʬʫ ʳʰʩʳʻʲ ʮʬʳʵˆʹʬʴʬʩʻʲ ʹʨʪʴʬʩʹ. ˂ʰˆʰʹ ʫʨʸʾʭʬʭʰʹ
ʫʸʵʹ ˆʬ ʹʨʰʯʱʬʴʨ˂ ʪʨʫʨʰˆʸʬʩʨ, ʬʹ ʰʳʰʹ ʴʰˀʨʴʰʨ, ʸʵʳ ʰʳ ʹʵʼʬʲʹ
ʱʨʸʪʰ ʳʵʹʨʭʨʲʰ ʳʵʻʭʨ.
ʹʭʨʴʰ ʸʵʳ ʳ˃ʰʳʬ ʨʭʨʫ ʪʨˆʫʬʩʨ, ʳʨʹ ʯʨʭʹ ʳʵʨʭʲʬʩʬʴ: ˆʨʸʹ,
ʭʬʸ˃ʹ, ʨʴʻ ʭʨ˂ʹ; ʨʹʬʯʹ ˂ˆʭʨʸʹ ʽʭʰʨ ,,ʪʵ˂ʨ³
ʸʵʪʵʸ˂ ʭʰ˂ʰʯ, ʳ˂ˆʬʯʨˀʰ ʨʸʳʨʮʰʹ ʳʯʨʮʬ ˃ʭʬʲ ʫʸʵˀʰ
ʬʹʭʬʴʨʯ ʱʬʸʶʰ ʨʸʳʨʮʰ (ʾʳʬʸʯʯʨ ʾʳʬʸʯʰ), ʸʵʳʬʲʰ˂ ˀʬʳʵʰʺʨʴʨ
ʳ˂ˆʬʯʨˀʰ ʽʨʸʯʲʰʹ ʳʬʼʬʳ ʨʸʨʴʰʹ˃ʬʳ ʨʮʵʳʹʨʸʱʰʴʬʹ ʽʨʲʨʽʰʹ ʨʾʬʩʰʹ
ˀʬʳʫʬʪ. ʬʹ ʨʮʵ ʨʲʬʽʹʨʴʫʸʬ ʳʨʱʬʫʵʴʬʲʳʨ 324 ˄. ʳ˂ˆʬʯʨʹ ʫʨʹʭʨ
ʳʬʼʬʯ. ʨʳ ʱʬʸʶʹ ʳʨʸˇʭʴʰʯ ʻˇʫʨ ʵʽʸʵʹ ʱʬʸʶʰ ,,ʪʨʰʳʰ³³, ʳʨʸ˂ˆʴʰʯ
ʭʬʸ˂ˆʲʰʹ ʱʬʸʶʰ ,,ʪʨ˂ʰ³³ 110). ʬʹ ,,ʪʨ˂ʰ³ ʰʿʵ ʾʳʬʸʯʰ
ʪʨʳʨʴʨʿʵʼʰʬʸʬʩʬʲʰ, ˆʵʲʵ ,,ʪʨʰʳʰ³ ʴʨʿʵʼʰʹ ʳʰʳ˂ʬʳʰ ʨʴʻ ʳʰ˄ʰʹ
ʾʳʬʸʯʰ. ʬ˅ʭʹ ʪʨʸʬˀʬʨ, ʸʵʳ ʹʭʨʴʻʸʰ ʳʰ˄ʰʹ ʹʨˆʬʲʰ ,,ʪʰʳʰ³ ʫʨ
ʨʪʸʬʯʭʬ ˆʰʹ ʹʨˆʬʲʰ ʳʬ-ʪʨʳʰ ʨʳ ʱʬʸʶʬʩʰʹ ʹʨˆʬʲʰʹʨʪʨʴ ʨʸʰʹ
˄ʨʸʳʵʳʫʪʨʸʰ. ʨʳʨʭʬ ʨʮʸʹ ʪʨʳʵʯʽʭʨʳʹ ʳ. ˇʨʴʨˀʭʰʲʰ˂.
ʹʨʳʹˆʭʬʸʶʲʵ ʭʬʸ˃ʰʹ ʹʨˆʬʲʰ ,,ʪʵ˂ʨ³ ʻʴʫʨ ʻʫʸʰʫʬʹ
ʮʬʳʵˆʹʬʴʬʩʻʲ ʱʬʸʶʰʹ ,,ʪʨ˂³-ʰʹ, ʭʰʴʨʰʫʪʨʴ ʳʰʹ ʹʨʶʨʺʰʭ˂ʬʳʲʵʫ
ˀʬ˄ʰʸʻʲ ˂ˆʭʨʸʹ ʻʴʫʨ ʫʨʸʽʳʬʭʵʫʨ ,,ʪʵ˂ʨ³ʨʴʻ ʪʨ˂ʰ, ʰʹʬ ʸʵʪʵʸ˂
˄ʳ. ʩʨʸʩʨʲʬʹ ʹʨʳʹˆʭʬʸʶʲʵʹ ,,ʩʨʸʩʲʨʰ³ʳʨ˂ˆʵʭʸʰʹ ʹʨʳʹˆʭʬʸʶʲʵʹ
,,ʳʨ˂ˆʭʨʸʨʰ³ʫʨ ʹˆʭ.

107) ʰʭ. ʳʨʸʪʰʨʴʰ. ,,ˀʰʴʨʻʸʰ ʹʨʽʳ³˄. ȹȹ21-31.

108) ʴʨʯʲʰʹʾʬʩʨʹ ʯʭʰʯʬʻʲ ʳʵʹʨˆʲʬʹ ʳʵʨʽʭʹ ʬʱʲʬʹʰʰʫʪʨʴ ˇʭʸʰʹ ʴʨʩʨʴʰ
˄ʿʨʲʰ. ʨʳʰʯʰ ʳʵʮʬʲʨʭʬʴ ʴʨ˂ʨʸʹ, ʨ˂ˆʵʩʬʴ ʱʵʱʵʸʬʩʹ, ʨˆʳʵʩʬʴ ʫʨ ʰʴʨˆʨʭʬʴ ʳʯʬʲʰ
˄ʲʰʹ ʪʨʴʳʨʭʲʵʩʨˀʰ ʮʬʳʵˆʹʬʴʬʩʻʲ ʳʰʮʴʰʹʨʯʭʰʹ.
109) ʬʹ ˂ʵ˂ˆʬʩʰ ʨʸʰʨʴ ʪʨʱʬʯʬʩʻʲʰ ʨʸʿʰʹ ˆʰʹ ʺʵʺʬʩʰʫʪʨʴ.

174
 110) ʯ. ʷʵʸʫʨʴʰʨ. ʽʸʵʴʰʱʬʩʰ ʫʨ ʹˆʭʨ ʳʨʹʨʲʬʩʰ ʹʨʽ. ʰʹʺʵʸʰʰʹʨ. ʪʭ. 12.
ˀʨʺʩʬʸʫʰʹ ʱʸʬʩʻʲʰ ȹ2. ˇʨʴʨˀʭʰʲʰ. ʭʨˆʻˀʺʰ ʫʨ ʳʰʹʰ ˀʸʵʳʨ. ʪʭ. ʷʫ.

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ʹʭʨʴʬʯˀʰ ˀʬʴʨˆʻʲʰʨ ʹʰʺʿʭʨ ˈʬʬʸʰʨ, ʸʵʳʬʲʰ˂ ʴʰˀʴʨʭʹ

ʱʻʫʰʨʴʹ, ʪʻʲʯʳʰʹʨʴʹ, ʩʵʸʵʺʹʨ ʫʨ ʨʭʹʻʲʹ. ʹʭʨʴʬʩʰʹ ʸ˄ʳʬʴʰʯ ʰʹ
ʨʫʨʳʰʨʴʰʹ ʪʻʲˀʰ ʰˆʬʫʬʩʨ ʫʨ ʨʸʨʼʬʸʰ ʹʨʰʫʻʳʲʵʬʩʨ ʨʸ
ʫʨʬʳʨʲʬʩʨ. ʳʨʹ ˀʬʻ˃ʲʰʨ ʨʫʨʳʰʨʴʰʹ ʳʨʭʴʬʩʲʵʩʨ, ʰʹ ʳʺʬʸʰʨ
ʲʨʳʨʮʰ ʽʨʲʰʹʨ ʫʨ ʱʨ˂ʰʹʨ, ʫʨ ʨʪʸʬʯʭʬ ʵʯˆʼʬˆʰ ʹʨʽʵʴʲʰʹʨ. ʳʰʹ
ʹʨ˄ʰʴʨʨʾʳʫʬʪʵʯ ʯʨʭʹ ˀʭʬʲʰʨʴ ʵʹʬʯˀʰ, ʯʨʯʸʬʩʰʹ ʳʰʬʸ
ʪʨʱʬʯʬʩʻʲ ʸʨʾʨ˂ ʴʨʲʵ˂ ʺʿʨʭˀʰ ʪʨʳʵˆʭʬʻʲ ʽʨʾʨʲʫʰʯ,
ʸʵʳʬʲʹʨ˂ ʬ˃ʨˆʰʨʴ ,,ʫʻʨ³-ʹ. ʨʫʨʳʰʨʴʬʩʰ ʨʳʨʹ ʪʻʲʮʬʫ ʨʺʨʸʬʩʬʴ,
ˆʵʲʵ ʹʨʽʵʴʬʲʹ ʫʨˈʱʰʫʬʩʬʴ ˆʵʲʳʬ ʱʰʹʬʸʮʬ ʫʨ ʳʰʹ
ʹʨ˄ʰʴʨʨʾʳʫʬʵʯ ʨʸʹʬʩʵʩʹ ʨʪʸʬʯʭʬ ˀʬʲʵ˂ʭʨ ʫʨ ʳʹˆʭʬʸʶʲʯ
ˀʬ˄ʰʸʭʨ.

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ʹʭʨʴʬʩʹ ʹ˄ʨʳʯ ʫʬʭʰʹ ʨʴʻ ʺʿʰʹ ʱʨ˂ʰʹ ʨʸʹʬʩʵʩʨ. ʳʨʯʰ

˄ʨʸʳʵʫʪʬʴʰʯ ʰʹ ʨʸʰʹ ʻʮʨʸʳʨʮʨʸʰ ʺʨʴʰʹ ˂ʨʲ-ʯʭʨʲʰʨʴʰ,
ʩʨʲʴʰʨʴʰ ʫʨ ʱʨ˂ʰʹ ʳʹʪʨʭʹʰ ʨʸʹʬʩʨ. ʫʾʰʹ ʹʰʴʨʯʲʬˀʰ ʰʹ ʨʸ ˁʴʫʬʩʨ.
ʻʫʨʩʻʸ ʺʿʬʬʩˀʰ ʫʨ ʾʸʬʬʩˀʰ ʩʰʴʨʫʸʵʩʹ, ʾʨʳʬ ʰʹ ʹʵʼʲʨʯʨ˂
ʫʨʰʨʸʬʩʨ. ʪʨʫʳʵ˂ʬʳʰʯ ʰʹ ʳʵʴʨʫʰʸʬʬʩʹ ˆˀʰʸʨʫ ʻʴʨˆʨʭʯ ʫʨ ʸʵ˂ʨ
ʳʵʻʱʲʨʭʯ, ʽʨʼʨʯ ʽ˂ʬʻʲʨ. ʳʫʬʭʰ ʯʻ ʱʨ˂ʹ ʫʨʲʵ˂ʨʭʹ, ʰʹ
ʩʬʫʴʰʬʸʰʨ, ʯʻ ʫʨʹ˄ʿʬʭʲʰʹ-ʻʩʬʫʻʸʰʨ. ʨʳʰʺʵʳ ʹʭʨʴʬʩʰ, ʸʵ˂ʨ
ʬʸʯʳʨʴʬʯʹ ʫʨ˄ʿʬʭʲʰʨʴ, ˆˀʰʸʨʫ ʪʨʰʪʵʴʬʩ ˆʵʲʳʬ: ,,ʫʨʭʫ
ʨˇ˅ʨʯʭʴʬ³ ʳʫʬʭʳʨ ʫʨʽʪ˄ʿʬʭʲʵʹ), ʯʻ ʫʨʲʵ˂ʨʭʹ: ,,ʫʨʭʫ
ʨˇʳʨʮʸʬ³ʫʬʭʳʨ ʫʨʪʲʵ˂ʵʹʵ)... ʫʨ ʹˆʭ.
ʳʰʹ ʹʨʶʨʺʰʭ˂ʬʳʲʵʯ ʫʨ ʪʻʲʰʹ ʳʵʹʨʪʬʩʨʫ ʮʵʪʨʴ
ʹˆʭʬʸʶʲʰʹ ˀʬ˄ʰʸʭʨʹʨ˂ ʨʽʭʹ ʨʫʪʰʲʰ, ʳʨʪʸʨʳ ʨʳʨʹ ʹʨʮʵʪʨʫʵʬʩʸʰʭʰ
ˆʨʹʰʨʯʰ ʨʸ ʨʽʭʹ.
ʪʨʫʳʵ˂ʬʳʰʯ ʬʹ ʳʫʬʭʰ ʬʸʯ ʫʸʵʹ ʻˀʪʻʲʰʹ
ʳʾʭʯʰʹʳˀʵʩʬʲʹ ʪʨʫʨʬʳʺʬʸʨ, ˀʬʬʩʸ˃ʵʲʨ, ʫʨ ʸʵʳ ʰʹ ʫʨʬˆʸˁʵ,
175
ʻˀʪʻʲʰʹ ʫʨʹʨʭʲʬʯʰʯ ʬʸʯ ʭʰ˄ʸʵ ʱʲʫʵʭʨʴ ʬʴʪʻʸʰʹ ˆʬʵʩʨˀʰ
ʨʨˀʬʴʨ ʳʨʪʨʸʰ ʱʬʫʲʬʩʰ, ʸʵʳʲʬʩʹʨ˂ ʫʾʬʳʫʰʹ ʹʭʨʴʬʩʰ ,,ʫʨʭʨ
ʴʨʲʪʬʳʨʨʲʭʹ³ ʬ˃ʨˆʰʨʴ (ʫʬʭʰʹ ʴʨˀʬʴʬʩʰ). ʨʳ ʱʬʫʲʬʩʰʯ ʳʨʹ
ʻʴʫʵʫʨ ʫʨʬʪʻʩʬʩʰʴʨ ʬʴʪʻʸʰʹ ˄ʿʨʲʰ ʰʳ ʹʰʳʨʾʲʬʳʫʬ, ʸʵʳ
ʻˀʪʻʲʰʹ ʾʭʯʰʹʳˀʵʩʲʰʹ ʬʱʲʬʹʰʨ ʳʨʹˀʰ ʪʨʳʵʬˆʸˁʵ.
ʪʨʴʹʨ˂ʫʬʲˀʰ ˁʨʭʨʸʫʴʰʲʳʨ ʾʭʯʰʹʳˀʵʩʬʲʳʨ ʳʰʳʨʸʯʨ ʱʨʲʰʹ ˄ʳ.
ʱʭʰʸʰʱʬʹ ʫʨ ʹʯˆʵʭʨ ʳʰˀʭʬʲʬʩʨ. ʨʳʰʹ ˀʬʳʫʬʪ ʻˀʪʻʲʰʹ
ʾʭʯʰʹʳˀʵʩʬʲʳʨ ʨʾʳʵʹʨʭʲʬʯʰʫʪʨʴ ʫʨ ʱʨʲʰʹ ˄ʳ. ʱʭʰʸʰʱʬʳ
ʫʨʹʨʭʲʬʯʰʫʨʴ ʪʨʳʵʻˀʭʬʹ ʵʽʸʵʹ ʸʽʰʨʴʰ ʭʬʸ˃ʬʩʰ, ʸʵʳʲʬʩʰ˂
ʬ˃ʪʬʸʬʴ ʸʽʬʩʰʯ ʫʬʭʰʹ ʳʰʬʸ ʾʭʯʰʹʳˀʵʩʲʰʹ ʫʨʹʨˆʸˁʵʩʨʫ
ʨʪʬʩʻʲ ʱʬʫʲʬʩʹ, ʫʨʨʴʪʸʰʬʹ ʰʹʰʴʰ, ʫʨʪʻʩʬʩʻʲʰ ˄ʿʨʲʰ
ʪʨʻˀʭʬʹ ʯʨʭʰʹʰ ʪʮʰʯ, ˆʵʲʵ ʻˀʪʻʲʰʹ ʾʭʯʰʹʳˀʵʩʬʲʰ ʰˆʹʴʬʹ
ʫʨˆʸˁʵʩʰʹʨʪʨʴ.
ʫʬʭʰ ʨʳ ʫʸʵʹ ʰʳʿʵʼʬʩʵʫʨ ʹʨʫʾʨ˂, ʰʼʨʸʰʹ
ʹʨʮʵʪʨʫʵʬʩʰʹ ʺʿʬʬʩˀʰ, ʹʨʫʨ˂ ʯʨʭʰʹ ʱʬʫʲʬʩʰʹ ʪʨʹʨʳʨʪʸʬʩʲʨʫ
ʫʰʫ ʽʭʬʩʹ ʬ˃ʬʩʫʨ. ʳʨʹ ʻʴʨˆʨʭʹ ʬʹ ʽʭʬʩʰ ʫʨ ʰʼʨʸʰʫʪʨʴ ʳʯʬʩʰʯ
ʻˀʪʻʲʰʹʨʱʬʴ ʳʰˈʽʵʴʫʨ. ʨʳ ʫʸʵʹ ʳʨʹ ʪʮʨʮʬʫ ʬ˂ʴʵʩʨ ʨʳ
ʾʭʯʰʹʳˀʵʩʲʰʹ ʫʨʹʨˆʸˁʵʩʨʯ ʨʪʬʩʻʲ ʱʬʫʲʬʩʰʹ ʫʨʴʪʸʬʭʨ,
ʹʨˀʰʴʲʨʫ ˀʬʹ˄ʻˆʫʨ, ʨʾʸʰʨʲʫʨ ʫʨ ʪʨˇʨʭʸʬʩʻʲʳʨ ʽʭʬʩʰ ʬʸʯʰ
ˁʸʫʰʲʵʬʯʰʹʱʨʴʬ ʪʨʫʨʰʹʸʵʲʨ, ʳʬʵʸʬ ʹʨʳˆʸʬʯʰʹʨʱʬʴ.
ʹʨʳˆʸʬʯʰʹʱʬʴ ʪʨʹʸʵʲʰʲʰ ʭʬʬʩʬʸʯʬʲʨ ʽʭʨ ˀʬˁʬʸʫʨ ,,ʲʨˀʴʨˀʰ³
ʬʴʪʻʸʰʹ ˄ʿʲʰʹ ʳʨʸˇʭʬʴʨ ʴʨʶʰʸʮʬ. ʳʨʹʮʬʫ ˀʬʳʫʬʪˀʰ ʰʽʴʨ
ʨʪʬʩʻʲʰ ʽʭʻʺʱʰʸʰʹ ˂ʰˆʬ, ʸʵʳʬʲʰ˂ ʫʾʬʳʫʰʹ ˀʬʴʨˆʻʲʨ.
ˁʸʫʰʲʵʬʯʰʹʨʱʬʴ ʪʨʹʸʵʲʰʲʰ ʽʭʨ ˀʬˁʬʸʬʩʻʲʨ ,,ʬʲʩʬˀˀʰ³
ˇʨʴʨˀʭʰʲʰʹ ˂ʴʵʩʬʩʰʯ ʨʼˆʨʮʬʯʰʹ ˅ʬˀʳʨʸʰʺʰ ʾʳʬʸʯʰ ʰʿʵ
,,ʨʫʨʻ³ ʸʵʳʬʲʰ˂ ʻʫʸʰʹ ʹʭʨʴʻʸ ,,ʫʨʭʹ³ ʳʬʪʸʻʲ ,,ʴʫʰʹ³ ʫʨ
ʽʨʸʯʻʲ ,,ʫʬʭʹ³ʻ˄ʰʴʫʬʲ ʫʸʵˀʰ ʰʹ ʰʿʵ ʰʹ ʰʿʵ ʰʴʫʵʬʯˀʰ ʫʨ
ʩʬʭʸʪʨʴ ʹˆʭʨʪʨʴ ʹʰʴʨʯʲʰʹʨ ʫʨ ʩʸ˄ʿʰʴʭʨʲʬʩʰʹ ʾʳʬʸʯʰ. ʰʪʰ ʰʿʵ
ʲʨʯʰʴʯʨ ,,ʫʬʻʹ³ ʩʬʸʬʴʯʨ ,,ʯʬʵʹ³ ʸʵʳʬʲʰ˂ ˀʬʳʫʪʬˀʰ ʰʽ˂ʨ
ʩʵʸʵʺ ʹʻʲʨʯ ʨʴ, ʸʵʪʵʸ˂ ˁʭʬʴˀʰ ʰ˂ʰʨʴ, ʩʨʿʩʨʿ ʫʬʭʨʯ 111).

111) ˇʨʴʨˀʭʰʲʰ. ʭʨˆʻˀʺʰ ʫʨ ʳʰʹʰ ˀʸʵʳʨ. ʪʭ. ʶʬ ʫʨ ʸʨ.

176
–€––€  (™ˆŒ‰„ˆ)

ʹʭʨʴʬʩʹ ʹ˄ʨʳʯ, ʸʵʳ ʨʽ ʪʰʵʸʪʵʩʰʹ ʯʭʬˀʰ ˁʴʫʬʩʰʨʴ ˅ʰʴʱʬʩʰ.

ʫʾʰʯ ʰʹʰʴʰ ʨʸʰʨʴ ʫʨʳʨʲʻʲʰ, ʾʨʳʬ ʫʨʫʰʨʴ, ʳʨʪʸʨʳ ʰʹʬʯʰ ʶʨʺʨʸʨ
ʨʪʬʩʻʲʬʩʰʹ ʨʸʰʨʴ, ʸʵʳ ʨʫʨʳʰʨʴʹ ʳʨʯʰ ʫʨʴʨˆʭʨ ʨʸ ˀʬʻ˃ʲʰʨ.
˅ʰʴʱʬʩʹ ˀʬʻ˃ʲʰʨʴʯ ʱʨ˂ʰʹ ʰʳʫʬʴʨʯ ʪʨʩʸʻʬʩʨ, ʸʵʳ ʪʮʨ ʫʨ ʱʭʨʲʰ
ʫʨʻʩʴʰʵʴ... ʰʹʰʴʰ ʲʨʶʨʸʨʱʵʩʬʴ ʨʫʨʳʰʨʴʰʹ ˆʳʰʯʨ ʫʨ ʬʴʰʯ, ʨʳʰʺʵʳ
ʹʭʨʴʬʩʰ ˂ʨʲʱʬ ʹʰʨʸʻʲʹ ʨʳ ʯʭʬˀʰ ʾʨʳʰʯ ʬʸʰʫʬʩʰʨʴ. ʳʨʱʬ ˂ˆʬʴʰʹ
ˆʬʫʴʨ ʫʨ ʪʨʸʬʯ ʫʨʺʵʭʬʩʨ ʨʳ ˅ʰʴʱʵʩʰʹ ʯʭʬˀʰ ˀʬʻ˃ʲʬʩʬʲʰʨ,
ʸʨʫʪʨʴʨ˂ ˅ʰʴʱʬʩʹ ˀʬʻ˃ʲʰʨʯ ʳʻ˂ʬʲʰ ʳʵʻˀʨʲʵʴ. ˅ʰʴʱʬʩʰʹʨʪʨʴ
˂ˆʬʴʰʹ ʫʨʹʨ˂ʨʭʨʫ ʹʭʨʴʬʩʰ ʨʱʬʯʬʩʬʴ ʱʨʴʨʼʰʹ ˄ʭʸʰʲ ʩʨ˄ʨʸʹ, ʳʰʨʽʭʯ
ʳʲʵ˂ʨʭ ʽʨʲʯʨʴ ʫʨ ˀʬʳʫʬʪ ʨʳ ʴʨʲʵ˂ ʩʨ˄ʨʸʹ ʪʨʳʵʨʩʨʳʬʴ ˆʵʲʳʬ
˂ˆʬʴʹ ʱʻʫʰʹ ˃ʰʸˀʰ 112).

112) ,,ˀʨˀˀʨʸ³ʽʨʸʯʻʲʰ ʹʰʺʿʭʨ ʹʨˀʰˀʨʸʰʹʨʪʨʴ ʻʴʫʨ ʰʿʵʹ ˄ʨʸʳʵˀʵʩʰʲʰ.

Š€š…€€  113

ʹʭʨʴʬʩʹ ʹ˄ʨʳʯ ,,ʲʨˆʭʨʨʸʰʹ³ ʨʸʹʬʩʵʩʨ. ʰʹʰʴʰ ʾʸʳʨʯ ʨʸʰʨʴ

ʫʨʸ˄ʳʻʴʬʩʻʲʰ ʰʳʨˀʰ, ʸʵʳ ʨʳ ʲʨˆʭʨʨʸʹ ˀʬʻ˃ʲʰʨ ʳʰʹʰ ʶʨʺʸʵʴʰʹ
ʳʬʮʵʩʲʬʩʹʨ ʫʨ ʹʵʼʲʬʲʬʩʹ ˄ʨʨʸʯʭʨʹ ʩʨʸʨʽʨ ʫʨ ʨʽ˂ʰʵʹ ʰʹ ʯʨʭʰʹʰ
ʶʨʺʸʵʴʰʹ ʹʨʹʨʸʪʬʩʲʵʯ ʨʴʻ ʪʨʹʨʳʫʰʫʸʬʩʲʨʯ.
ʹʭʨʴʬʩʰʹ ˄ʨʸʳʵʫʪʬʴʰʯ ʰʹ ʨʸʰʹ ʹʨʳʴʨʰʸʰ: ʬʸʯʰ
˄ʨʸʳʵʨʫʪʬʴʹ ʩʸʰʴˇʨʵʹʨʪʨʴ ʪʨʱʬʯʬʩʻʲ ʩʨʿʨʿʰʹ ʽʨʴʫʨʱʬʩʨʹ, ʳʬʵʸʬ
ʯʰʯʩʸʰʹʨʪʨʴ ʪʨʱʬʯʬʩʻʲ ˂ˆʬʴʰʹ ʽʨʴʫʨʱʬʩʨʹ ʫʨ ʳʬʹʨʳʬ˂ ʨʳʨʭʬ
ʹʨʪʴʬʩʰʹʨʪʨʴ ˁʨʳʵʹˆʳʻʲ ˂ˆʭʸʰʹ ʽʨʴʫʨʱʬʩʨʹ. ʯʭʨʲʬʩʰʫʪʨʴ ʰʹʰʴʰ
˂ʬ˂ˆʲʹ ʨʼʸʽʭʬʭʬʴ, ʶʰʸˀʰ ʳʻʫʨʳ ʸʱʰʴʨ ʻʴʫʨ ʽʵʴʫʬʹʯ ʹʨʾʬ˅ʨʯ,
ʸʨʫʪʨʴʨ˂ ʹˆʭʨʼʸʰʭ ʳʨʯʰ ʫʨ˄ʿʴʨʸʬʩʨ ʨʸ ˆʬʸˆʫʬʩʨ.
ʲʨˆʭʨʨʸʰʹ ʨʸʹʬʩʵʩʨ ʸʵʳʬʲʰʳʬ ʹʭʨʴʰʹ ʵˇʨˆˀʰ
ʿʵʭʬʲʪʭʨʸʰ ʹʨʰʫʻʳʲʵʬʩʰʯ ʻʴʫʨ ʰʿʵʹ ʫʨ˂ʻʲʰ. ʶʻʸʰʹ
ʪʨʲʬ˄ʭʰʹʨ ʫʨ ʪʨʴʰʨʭʬʩʰʹ ʫʸʵʹ ʶʨʺʸʵʴʳʨ ʯʻ ʯʨʭʰʹ ʲʨˆʭʨʨʸʹ
ʹˆʭʰʹ ʱʨʲʵʹʱʬʴ ʻʽʴʨ ʶʰʸʰ, ʳʨʹ ˀʬʻ˃ʲʰʨ, ʶʻʸʰʹ ʶʨʺʸʵʴʰʹ
ˀʬʻˁʴʬʭʲʨʯ, ʬʹ ʶʻʸʰ ʳʨʹ ˄ʨʨʸʯʭʨʹ, ʩʨʸʨʽʨ ʳʰʹ ʱʨʲʵʹ ʫʨʻʱʨʸʪʵʹ,
ʯʨʭʰʹʰ ʶʨʺʸʵʴʰʹʨʱʬʴ ʪʨʮʰʫʵʹ ʫʨ ʩʬʾʬʲˀʰ ˁʨʻʿʨʸʵʹ. ʨʳʰʺʵʳ
ʶʻʸʰʹ ʪʨʲʬ˄ʭʰʹ ʫʸʵʹ ʸʱʰʴʰʹ ʸʬʱʭʰʯ ʫʨ ˅ʰʴ˅ʸʰʯ ʱʨʲʵʹ ʹʨʳˇʬʸ
177
ʪʨʸʹ ˀʬʳʵʻʭʲʰʨʴ, ˆʵʲʵ ʶʻʸʰʹ ʪʨʴʰʨʭʬʩʰʹ ʫʸʵʹ ʲʨˆʭʨʨʸʰʹʨʪʨʴ
ʶʻʸʰʹ ʫʨʹʨ˂ʨʭʨʯ ʳʻʫʨʳ ʸʱʰʴʨ ʻʫʬʭʹʯ ʨʳ ʪʨʹʨʴʰʨʭʬʩʬʲ ʶʻʸˀʰ,
ʮʵʪʪʨʴ ˂ˆʬʴʰʹ ʯʨʭʰʹ ˃ʭʲʬʩʹ ˁʨʳʵʱʰʫʬʩʬʴ ˆʵʲʳʬ ʳʰʹ ʳʨˆʲʵʩʲʨʯ
ʫʨ ˆˀʰʸʨʯ ʲʨˆʭʨʨʸʰʹ ˀʬʹʨˀʰʴʬʩʲʨʯ ʯʵʼʹʨ˂ ʪʨʰʹʭʸʰʨʴ ˆʵʲʳʬ.
ʸʵ˂ʨ ʶʻʸʹ ʪʨʸʬ˂ˆʭʰʹ ˀʬʳʫʬʪ ʪʨʹʨˀʸʵʩʨʯ ʨʰʭʨʴʮʬ ʪʨʰʺʨʴʬʴ, ʰʽʨ˂
ʶʻʸˀʰ ʨʻ˂ʰʲʬʩʲʨʯ ʸʱʰʴʨ ʻʴʫʨ ʰʿʵʹ ˁʨʫʬʩʻʲʰ ʫʨ ʯʻ ʶʻʸʰʹ
ʶʨʺʸʵʴʳʨ ˀʬʨʳˁʴʰʨ, ʸʵʳ ʳʰʹʰ ʶʻʸʰ ʨʳ ʪʨˀʸʵʩʰʹ ʫʸʵʹ
ʯʭʨʲʹʨˁʰʴʵʫ ʰʱʲʬʩʹ, ʨʳʨʹ ,,ʲʨˆʭʨʨʸʹ³ ʨ˄ʬʸʬʴ, ʪʨʳʵʰʺʨʴʬʩʬʴ
ˆʵʲʳʬ ʯʵʼʹ, ʺʻˁʹ ʰʳ ʳʵʹʨˆʲʰʹʨʱʬʴ ʻʮʨʳʬʴ, ʹʨʫʨ˂ ,,ʲʨˆʭʨʨʸʰ³
ʬʪʻʲʬʩʨʯ ʫʨ ʰʹʭʸʰʨʴ ʳʰʹʰ ʫʨʳʾʻʶʭʬʲʰ ʲʨˆʭʨʨʸʰʹ
ˀʬʹʨˀʰʴʬʩʲʨʯ ʫʨ ʯʨʭʰʹ ʶʻʸʰʹ ʫʨʹʨ˂ʨʭʨʯ.
ʯʻ ʸʵʳʬʲʰʳʬ ʹʵʼʬʲˀʰ ʬʸʯʰ ʨʴ ʵʸʰ ʳʵʹʨˆʲʬ ʶʻʸʰʯ
ʹˆʭʬʩʮʬ ʳʫʰʫʨʸʰʨ, ˆʨʲˆʹ ʳʨʯʮʬ ˀʬʨʽʭʹ ʬ˅ʭʰ ʨʳ ʲʨˆʭʨʨʸʰʹ
ˀʬʴʨˆʭʨˀʰ ʫʨ ʳʨʯ ʹʨ˄ʰʴʨʨʾʳʫʬʪʵʯ ʨʳʻˀʨʭʬʩʨˀʰ ʫʨ ʨʳʰʺʵʳ ʨʹʬʯ
ʳʵʹʨˆʲʬʬʩʹ ˆˀʰʸʨʯ ˂ʻʫ ʳʫʪʵʳʨʸʬʵʩʨˀʰ ˁʨʨʿʬʴʬʩʬʴ ˆʵʲʳʬ,
ʭʰʫʸʬ ʰʹʰʴʰ ʬʱʲʬʹʰʨʮʬ ʨʸ ˄ʨʿʭʬʩʰʨʴ, ʯʨʭʰʹ ʴʨʯʬʹʨʭʬʩʹ ʼʰ˂ˀʰ ʨʸ
ˁʨʰʿʵʲʬʩʬʴ ʫʨ ʨʸ ʫʨʰʼʰ˂ʬʩʬʴ, ʸʵʳ ʳʨʯ ʲʨˆʭʨʨʸʰ ʨʸ ʨʽʭʯ ʫʨ
ʯʨʭʰʹ ʹʵʼʲʬʲʬʩʰʹʯʭʰʹ ʳʰʹ ʹʨˀʻʨʲʬʩʰʯ ʨʸʨʭʰʯʨʸʰ ʮʨʸʨʲʰ ʫʨ
ʳʨʭʴʬʩʲʵʩʨ ʨʸ ʳʰʻʿʬʴʬʩʰʨʯ.

113) ,,ʲʨˆʭʨʨʸ³ ʹʭʨʴʻʸ ʹʰʺʿʭʨ ʲʨʽʭʴʨʸ-ʰʹʨʪʨʴ ʻʴʫʨ ʰʽʴʬʹ ˄ʨʸʳʵˀʵʩʰʲʰ, ʸʨʰ˂ʨ

ʴʰˀʴʨʭʹ ʫʨʳʾʻʶʭʬʲʹ.

‹Œ€‡‡€ ‡€•…€Œˆ‹£„‹Š€

˃ʭʬʲ ʫʸʵˀʰ ʽʨʸʯʭʬʲʬʩʹ ˀʵʸʰʹ ʾʸʳʨʫ ˈʽʵʴʫʨ ʪʨʳʫʪʨʸʰ

ʼʬʹʭʬʩʰ ʳʴʨʯʵʩʯʨ ʯʨʿʭʨʴʰʹʳ˂ʬʳʲʵʩʨʹ. ʳʨʯ ʹʨˆʬʲʮʬ ʩʬʭʸʪʨʴ
ʺʨ˃ʸʬʩʰ ʰʿʵ ʨʪʬʩʻʲʰ, ˆʵʲʵ ʳʨʯ ʹʨʶʨʺʰʭ˂ʬʳʲʵʫ ʨʫʨʳʰʨʴʬʩʰʹ
ʳʹˆʭʬʸʶʲʨʫ ˀʬ˄ʰʸʭʨ ʰʿʵ ʪʨʭʸ˂ʬʲʬʩʻʲʰ. ʹʨʳʹˆʭʬʸʶʲʵ ʶʰʸʹ
ʰʹʰʴʰ ʬʸʯʰ ˄ʲʰʯ ʨʹʻʽʬʩʫʴʬʴ ʫʨ ˀʬʳʫʬʪ ʳʯʭʨʸʰʹ ʺʨ˃ʨʸˀʰ
ʱʲʨʭʫʴʬʴ. ʳʬʼʬ ʸʬʭ ʳʨʸʯʨʲʳʨ (186-190 ˄. ʽʸ. ʫʨʩ. ˄ʰʴ) ʬʹ ˄ʬʹʰ
ʨʻʱʸ˃ʨʲʨ ʯʨʭʰʹ ʽʭʬˀʬʭʸʫʵʳʯ ʫʨ ʳʰʹ ˀʬʳʫʬʪ ʨʫʨʳʰʨʴʬʩʰʹ
ʳʹˆʭʬʸʶʲʨʫ ˀʬ˄ʰʸʭʨ ˀʬʰ˂ʭʨʲʨ ʶʰʸʻʺʿʭʬʩʰʹ ʳʹˆʭʬʸʶʲʨʫ
ˀʬ˄ʰʸʭʰʯ, ʸʵʳʬʲʰ˂ ʽʸʰʹʺʰʨʴʵʩʰʹ ʪʨʭʸ˂ʬʲʬʩʰʹ ˀʬʳʫʬʪ ʾʭʯʰʹ
ʯʨʿʭʨʴʰʹʳ˂ʬʳʲʵʩʨʮʬ ʪʨʫʨʭʰʫʨ 114).

178
 ʳʯʭʨʸʰʹ ʶʨʺʰʭʹʨ˂ʬʳʲʨʫ ˃ʭʬʲ ʫʸʵˀʰ ʵʸˀʨʩʨʯʰ ʰʿʵ
ʪʨʴʱʻʯʭʴʰʲʰ ʫʨ ʬʹ ʫʾʬ ʳʯʭʨʸʰʹ ʫʾʬʯ ʰʯʭʲʬʩʵʫʨ.
ʹʭʨʴʻʸʨʫ ʵʸˀʨʩʨʯʹ ʽʭʰʨ ,,ʫʵˀʫʰˀ³-ʰ. ʫʵˀʫʻʲʰ ʹʭʨʴ.
ʳʯʭʨʸʰʹ ʹʨˆʬʲʰʨ; ˆʵʲʵ ʳʰʹʪʨʴ ˄ʨʸʳʵʳʫʪʨʸʰ ʵʸˀʨʩʨʯʰʹ ʹʨˆʬʲʰ
ʫʵˀʫʰˀʰ ʳʯʭʨʸʰʹ ʫʾʬʹ ʴʰˀʴʨʭʹ. ʮʨʼˆʻʲʵʩʰʯ ʹʭʨʴʬʩʰ ʵʸˀʨʩʨʯʹ
ʨʽʨʳʫʬ ʻʽʳʵʩʬʴ ʫʨ ʨʸʨʼʬʸʹ ʳʻˀʨʵʩʨʹ ʸʵʪʵʸ˂ ʱʨ˂ʬʩʰ, ʨʪʸʬʯʭʬ
ʽʨʲʬʩʰ˂ ʨʸ ʨ˄ʨʸʳʵʬʩʬʴ. ʨʳʨʹ ʻ˃ʨˆʰʨʴ ,,ʲʰʫˀʫʻˀʰʹ³
(ʳʯʭʨʸʰʹʨʯʭʰʹ), ʬ. ʰ. ʳʯʭʨʸʰʹ ʶʨʺʰʭʹʨ˂ʬʳʨʯ. ʪʨʸʫʨ ʨʳʰʹʨ
ʵʸˀʨʩʨʯʵʩʰʯ ʵˇʨˆʬʩʰʫʪʨʴ ʨʸʨʼʸʰʹ ʪʨ˂ʬʳʨ ʨʸ ˀʬʻ˃ʲʰʨʴʯ,
ʪʨʴʹʨʱʻʯʸʬʩʰʯ ʳʨˀʰʴ, ʸʵ˂ʨ ʨˆʨʲʰ ʳʯʭʨʸʬʨ, ʸʨʯʨ ʩʨʸʨʽʨ ʨʸ ʪʨʿʭʬʹ
ʪʨ˂ʬʳʻʲ ʴʰʭʯʹ.
ʨˆʨʲ ʳʯʭʨʸʰʹ ʫʨʴʨˆʭʨʮʬ ʹʭʨʴʬʩʰ ʶʰʸˇʭʨʸʹ ʰ˄ʬʸʬʴ,
ʲʵ˂ʻʲʵʩʬʴ, ʶʰʸˀʰ ʸʱʰʴʨʹ ʰʫʬʩʬʴ ʫʨ ʹʯˆʵʭʬʴ ʳʯʭʨʸʬʹ, ʸʵʳ
ʸʱʰʴʰʹ ʹʰʳʨʪʸʬ ʳʰʹ˂ʬʹ. ʨˆʨʲʪʨʮʸʫʬʩʰ ʮʬʭʰʯ ˆʺʬʩʰʨʴ ʫʨ
ʳʯʭʨʸʬʹ ʬˆʭʬ˄ʬʩʰʨʴ, ʸʨʯʨ ʴʨˆʺʵʳʰʹ ʹʰʳʨʾʲʬʳʫʬ ʰʹʰʴʰ
ʨʾʨʳʨʾʲʵʹ ʨʴʻ ʪʨʮʨʸʫʵʹ. ʳʯʭʨʸʰʹ ʴʨˆʭʰʹ ˀʬʳʫʬʪ ʹʨʴʨʳʫʬ ʸʨʰʳʬ
ˆʬʭʹʹ (ʹʨ˅ʳʬʲʹ) ʨʸ ʫʨʨʫʪʨʳʬʴ ʱʩʰʲʹ, ʹʨˆʲˀʰ ˀʬʹʭʲʨʹ ʫʨ ˂ʬ˂ˆʲʰʹ
ʴʨˆʭʨʹ ʬʸʰʫʬʩʰʨʴ.
ʸʵʪʵʸ˂ ʭʰ˂ʰʯ, ʳʹˆʭʬʸʶʲʰʹ ˀʬ˄ʰʸʭʰʹ ʪʨʸʫʨ ˃ʭʬʲʨʫ
ʽʨʸʯʭʬʲʬʩʰ ʳʯʭʨʸʬʹ ˂ʬ˂ˆʲʰʹ ʨʴʯʬʩʰʯʨ˂ ʹ˂ʬʳʫʬʴ ʶʨʺʰʭʹ ʫʨ
ʨʳʰʹ ʴʨˀʯʬʩʨʯ ʻʴʫʨ ˁʨʰʯʭʨʲʵʹ ʹʭʨʴʬʯˀʰ ʫʾʬʳʫʬ ˀʬʴʨˆʻʲʰ
,,ʲʨʳʶʸʵʩ³ ʲʨʳʶʸʵʩʨ), ,,ʫʬ˂ʬ ʲʨʳʶʸʵʩ³ ˂ʰʹ ʲʨʳʶʸʵʩʨ) ʫʨ
,,ʹʭʰʳʴʰˀ³-ʰ ± ʹʭʰʳʵʴʵʩʨ ʫʨ ,,ʲʰˈʸʰ³
ʲʨʳʶʸʵʩʨ ʽʨʸʯʭʬʲʰ ˆʨʲˆʰʹ ˃ʭʬʲʰ ˁʭʬʻʲʬʩʨʨ 115).
ʹʭʨʴʬʯˀʰ ʲʨʳʶʸʵʩʨ ˆʫʬʩʨ ʮʨʳʯʨʸˀʰ ʳʬʮʭʬʸʰʹʨ ʫʨ ʼʨʸʰʹʬʭʲʰʹ
ʱʭʰʸʨˀʰ.
ˀʬʳʵʫʪʵʳʨʮʬ ʹʭʨʴʬʩʹ ʳʵʨʽʭʯ ʺʿʰʫʨʴ ʨʸʿʰʹ ˆʬʬʩʰ, 5
ʰʨʴʭʨʸʹ ʨʳ ˆʬʬʩʰʹʨʪʨʴ ʨʱʬʯʬʩʬʴ ʰʳʫʬʴ ʫʰʫ ,,ʷʰʴʷʾʰʲʹ³ ʨʴʻ
ʲʨʳʶʨʸʹ, ʸʨʳʫʬʴʰ˂ ʵˇʨˆˀʰ ʳʨʳʵʩʸʰʭʰ ʹʽʬʹʰʹ ˄ʬʭʸʰʨ ʫʨ ʨʪʸʬʯʭʬ
ʶʨʺʨʸʨ ˄ʭʸʰʲ ʲʨʳʶʸʬʩʹʨ˂.
ʲʨʳʶʸʵʩʰʹ ʫʾʬʹ ± ,,ʲʰʳʶʨʸʰ ʲʨʫʬʾ³± ʨʳ ʷʰʴʷʾʰʲʬʩʰʯ
ʨʴʻ ʫʨ ʲʨʳʶʸʬʩʰʯ ʳʰʫʰʨʴ ʿʭʬʲʨʴʰ ʨʫʪʰʲʵʩʸʰʭ ʬʱʲʬʹʰʨˀʰ,
ʷʰʴʷʾʰʲʬʩʹ ʬʸʯʨʫ ʨ˄ʿʵʩʬʴ ʬʱʲʬʹʰʰʹ ʪʨʲʨʭʨʴˀʰ ʫʨ ʳʰʹʪʨʴ ʫʰʫʰ
˂ʬ˂ˆʲʰ ʰʴʯʬʩʨ. ʨʳʰʹ ˀʬʳʫʬʪ ʰʳʨʭʬ ʫʾʬʹ ʹʨʳʹˆʭʬʸʶʲʵʯ ʪʨʱʲʻʲ
ʬʸʯʰ ˄ʲʰʹ ˄ʰʴ ʴʨʹʻʽʰ ˆʨʸʰʹ (ʻʹˆʭʨˋʹ) ʨʴ ˂ˆʭʸʰʹ ʫʨ ʭʨ˂ʰʹ
ʪʻʲʾʭʰ˃ʲʹ ʫʨ ʯʨʭ ʨʸʨʿʹ ˀʬʹ˄ʰʸʨʭʬʴ ˆʵʲʳʬ ʾʳʬʸʯʹ ʫʨ ˅ʨʳʬʴ
179
ʰʽʭʬ. ˅ʨʳʨʹ ʫʨ ʹʳʨʹ ʸʵʳ ʪʨʨʯʨʭʬʩʬʴ, ˀʬʳʫʬʪ ʰ˄ʿʬʩʬʴ ʾʭʯʰʹ
ʹʨʪʨʲʵʩʬʲʹ ,,ʱʭʰʸˋʨʹ³ ʹʨʾʨʳʵʹ ʯʨʭʰʨʴʯ ʹʨˆʲʬʩˀʰ ʩʸʻʴʫʬʩʰʨʴ
ʫʨ ʹʨʳʰ ʫʾʰʹ ʪʨʴʳʨʭʲʵʩʨˀʰ ʸʨʳʵʫʬʴʰʳʬ ʳʵʹʨˆʲʬ ʬʸʯ ˄ʬʲʰ˄ʨʫʹ
ʬʸʯʯʨʴ, ʳʬʵʸʬʹ ʳʬʵʸʬʹʯʨʴ ± ʬʸʯʨʫ ʯʨʭʳʵʿʸʰʲʰ ʲˆʰʴˀʰ ʫʨ
ʽʬʰʼˀʰ ʨʺʨʸʬʩʬʴ. ʨʳ ʫʾʬʹʨʹ˄ʨʻʲʬʩʹ ʻ˃ʨˆʰʨʴ ,,ʲʰʳʶʨʸˋʬʲ³±ʹ
(ʲʨʳʶʸʵʩʨʹ).
ʹʭʰʳʴʰˀ (ʹʭʰʳʵʴʵʩʨ). ʵʸ ʯʬʩʬʸʭʨʲʹ ʹʭʨʴʬʯˀʰ ʬ˃ʨˆʰʨʴ
,,ʹʭʰʳʴʰˀ³-ʹ. ʨʳ ʫʾʬʹ ʳʮʰʹ ˁʨʹʭʲʰʹʨʹ ʳʵʹʨˆʲʰʫʨʴ ʯʰʯʵ ʱʨ˂ʰ
ʨʸʿʰʹ ˆʰʹ ʷʰʴʷʾʲʬʩʰʯ ʫʨʺʭʰʸʯʻʲʴʰ ʮʬʫʨˀʰʯʨ ʫʨ ,,ʲʬʹʱʨʸ³-
ʰʯ (ˀʬʹʨ˄ʰʸʨʭʰ ʫʰʫʰ ʶʻʸʰ) ʳʰʫʰʨʴ ʨʫʪʰʲʵʩʸʰʭ ʬʱʲʬʹʰʨˀʰ.
ʷʰʴʷʾʰʲʬʩʹ ʨʴʯʬʩʬʴ ʬʸʯʫʸʵʻʲʨʫ, ʶʻʸʹʨ ʫʨ ʨʸʨʿʹ ʾʳʬʸʯʹ
ʹ˄ʰʸʨʭʬʴ, ʳʬʸʬ ʯʭʰʯʵʴ ʳʰʰʸʯʳʬʭʬʴ, ˀʬʳʫʬʪ ʰʳʾʬʸʰʨʴ ,,ʫʰʫʬʩʨ
ʯʨʸʪʲʬʮʬʸʰ³-ʹ (ʫʰʫʬʩʨ ʳʯʨʭʨʸ ʨʴʪʬʲʵʮʹ). ʳʬʸʬ ʪʨʫʨʹ˄ʿʭʬʺʬʴ,
ʯʻ ʸʵʳʬʲ ʵˇʨˆˀʰ ʳʵʰʿʨʸʵʴ ʯʨʭʰ ʫʸʵʹ ʪʨʹʨʺʨʸʬʩʲʨʫ.
ʴʨʭʨˆˀʳʬʭʹ ʳʰʫʰʨʴ ʿʭʬʲʨʴʰ: ʩʨʭˀʭʰ, ʽʨʲʰ ʫʨ ʱʨ˂ʰ ʨʳ ʵˇʨˆˀʰ.
ʪʨʯʬʴʬʩʨʳʫʬ ʫʸʵʹ ʨʸʨʿʰʹ ʹʳʨˀʰ, ˂ʬʱʭʨ-ʯʨʳʨˀˀʰ, ʼʬʸˆʻʲˀʰ,
ʹʰʳʾʬʸʬʩˀʰ ʫʨ ˆʻʳʸʵʩʨˀʰ ʨʺʨʸʬʩʬʴ. ʨʳ ʫʾʰʫʪʨʴ ʫʨ˄ʿʬʩʻʲʰ ʹʨʳʰ
ʫʾʰʹ ʪʨʴʳʨʭʲʵʩʨˀʰ ʿʵʭʬʲ ʵˇʨˆʰʫʪʨʴ ʳʰʨʽʭʯ ʯʰʯʵ ʫʨʴʯʬʩʻʲʰ
ʷʰʴʷʾʲʰ ʬʱʲʬʹʰʨˀʰ ʫʨ ʯʰʯʵ˂ ʳʰ˂ʭʨʲʬʩʻʲʯʨ ʹʨʼʲʨʭʬʩʮʬ.
ʰʳʨʭʬ 2 ʯʬʩʬʸʭʨʲʹ ʨ˂ˆʵʩʬʴ ʹʨʳ-ʹʨʳ ʲʬʳʮʰʸʹ (ˀʬʹʨ˄ʰʸʨʭʰ ʶʻʸʰ)
ʯʭʰʯʬʻʲ ʵˇʨˆʰʹ ˄ʬʭʸʰʹ ʯʨʭʮʬ. ʵˇʨˆʰʹ ʻʼʸʵʹʹ ʬʹʬʴʰ ʯʰʯʵ
ʲʨʳʶʸʰʯ ʬʮʵˀʰ ʪʨʨʽʭʹ ʫʨ ʬˆʭʬ˄ʬʩʨ ,,ʹʭʰʳ ʫʬ˂ʰˀ³-ʹ (ʹʭʰʳʵʴʨ
˂ʰʹʨʹ), ʸʵʳ ʯʭʨʲʬʩʰʹ ʨʭʨʫʳʿʵʼʵʩʨ ʨʨˀʵʸʵʹ ʳʨʯ.
ʳʬʹʨʳʬ ʫʾʬʹ ʱʰ ʹʭʨʴʬʩʰ ,,ʫʬ˂ʬ ʲʨʳʶʸʵʩʹ³ ʬ˃ʨˆʰʨʴ (˂ʰʹ
ʲʨʳʶʸʵʩʨ). ,,ʫʬ˂³ ʹʭʨʴʻʸʨʫ ˂ʨʹʨ ˈʽʭʰʨʴ, ʫʬ˂ʬ ʲʨʳʶʸʵʩ ± ˂ʰʹ
ʲʨʳʶʸʵʩʹ. ʹʨʾʨʳʵʹ ʯʭʰʯʬʻʲʰ ʵʹʨˆʲʬ ʨʱʬʯʬʩʹ ʨʸʿʰʹ ˆʰʹ ʫʰʫ
ʱʵʴʨʹ ± ,,ʫʬ˂ʬ ʲʨʳʶʨʸʹ³ ʸʵʳʬʲʹʨ˂ ˁʨʳʵʨ˂ʵʩʬʴ ˆʵʲʳʬ ʪʸ˃ʬʲ
ˇʵˆʮʬ, ʨʰʺʨʴʬʴ ʹʨˆʲʰʹ ʹʨˆʻʸʨʭʮʬ ʫʨ ʨʻʴʯʬʩʬʴ ˂ʨʹ. ʨʳʰʹ ˀʬʳʫʬʪ
ʳʰʨʽʭʯ ʬʮʵˀʰ ,,ʯˆʬʸʬʳʰ ʲʨʳʶʨʸ³ ʳʪʲʰʹ ʲʨʳʶʨʸʰ), ʸʨʯʨ ʨʳ
ʶʨʺʰʭʰʹ˂ʬʳʰʹʨʯʭʰʹ ʳʪʬʲʳʨ ʳʨʯ ʹʨʽʵʴʬʲʹ ʨʸ ʨʭʴʵʹ.
,,˂ʨʨˀ³³. ˆʻʯˀʨʩʨʯʹ ʹʭʨʴʻʸʨʫ ʽʭʰʨ ,,˂ʨʨˀ³-ʰ, ʬ. ʰ. ˂ʰʹ ʫʾʬ.
ʹʭʨʴʬʩʰ ʨʳ ʫʾʬʹʨ˂ ʵˇʨˆʰʫʪʨʴ, ʸʵʪʵʸ˂ ʵʸˀʨʩʨʯʹ, ʨʸʨʼʬʸʹ
ʪʨʹ˂ʬʳʬʴ ˆʵʲʳʬ, ʸʨʯʨ ʪʨ˂ʬʳʻʲ ʴʰʭʯʹ ʩʨʸʨʽʨ ʨʸ ʪʨˈʿʭʬʹ.
ʹʨʩʨ-ʹʻʲˆʨʴ ʵʸʩʬʲʰʨʴʰʹ ˂ʴʵʩʬʩʰʯ ʽʨʸʯʻʲ ˀʭʰʫʬʻʲˀʰ
ˆʻʯˀʨʩʨʯʰ ʨʼʸʵʫʰʺʬʹʯʭʰʹ ʰʿʵ ʪʨʴʱʻʯʭʴʰʲʰ. ʰʭ.
ˇʨʭʨˆʰˀʭʰʲʰʹ ʯʽʳʰʯ ʳʰʹ ʹʨˆʬʲʮʬ ˂ʨʰˀˀʰ ʰʵ ʺʨ˃ʨʸʰ ʨʪʬʩʻʲʰ 116).
180
 ,,ʭʬʩʰˀ³³. ʶʨʸʨʹʱʬʭʹ ʹʭʨʴʻʸʨʫ ,,ʭʬʩʰˀ³ʽʭʰʨʴ, ʬ. ʰ. ʭʵʩʰʹ ʫʾʬ.
˃ʭʬʲ ʫʸʵˀʰ ˂ʨ-ʾʸʻʩʲʰʹ, ʹʬʺʿʭʨ-ʳʬˆʰʹʨ ʫʨ ʫʨʸʨʭʫʸʰʹ ʾʳʬʸʯʹ
ʭʵʩʰ ʬʸʽʭʨ. ʳʰʹ ʶʨʺʰʭʹʨ˂ʬʳʨʫ ʪʨʴʱʻʯʭʴʰʲʰ ʰʿʵ ʶʨʸʨʹʱʬʭʰ ʫʨ
ʨʳʰʺʵʳʨ˂ ʨʳ ʫʾʬʹ ʹʭʨʴʻʸʨʫ ʭʬʩʰˀʰ ʫʨʸʽʳʬʭʰʨ. ʨʳ ʫʾʬʹ ʹʭʨʴʬʩʰ
ˆʭʴʨ-ʯʬʹʭʨʹ ʫʨ ʹʨʮʵʪʨʫʵʯ ʳʰ˄ʰʹ ʫʨʳʻˀʨʭʬʩʨʹ ʫʨ ʹˆʭʨ
ʳʻˀʨʵʩʨʹʨ˂ ʬʸʰʫʬʩʰʨʴ. ʯʻ ʪʲʨˆʨ ʽʨʸʰˀˆʨʲʰ ʨʳʵʭʨʸʫʨ ʨʴ ʱʵˆʰ
ʳʵʭʰʫʨ ʫʨ ʽʨʸ-ʩʻʽʰ ʨʹʺʿʫʨ, ʨʳʨʹ ʹʭʨʴʬʩʰ ʶʨʸʨʹʱʬʭʰʹ ʳʻˀʨʵʩʨʹ
ʨ˄ʬʸʬʴ. ʨʳʰʺʵʳ ʿʨʴʬʩʰʹ ʫʨʳʻˀʨʭʬʩʨʹ ʫʨ ʫʨʯʬʹʭʨʹ ʸʵʳ ʪʨʨʯʨʭʬʩʬʴ,
ʳʯʬʲʰ ʹʵʼʬʲʰ ʯʨʭʹ ʰʿʸʰʹ ʨʫʪʰʲʵʩʸʰʭ ʬʱʲʬʹʰʨʮʬ ʫʨ ʼʰ˂ʹ
ʹʫʬʩʹ, ʸʵʳ ʶʨʸʨʹʱʬʵʩʰʯ ʨʸ ʰʳʻˀʨʵʴ, ˆʵʲʵ ʯʻ ʳʰʻˆʬʫʨʭʨʫ ʨʳʰʹʨ
ʱʰʫʬʭ ʭʰʴʳʬ ʳʻˀʨʵʩʨʹ ʪʨʴʨʪʸ˃ʵʩʹ ± ʰʳʨʹ ʨˆʫʬʭʰʴʬʩʬʴ ˇʨʸʰʳʨʹ 1-3
ʳʨʴʬʯʨʳʫʬ.
,,ʳʰˀʲʨʫʬʾ³³. ʱʭʰʸʨʹ ʹʭʨʴʻʸʨʫ ʽʭʰʨʴ ʳʰˀʲʨʫʬʾ-ʰ. ʳʰʷʰ
ʴʰˀʴʨʭʹ ʳʮʬʹ, ʲʨʫʬʾʰ ± ʫʾʬʹ. ˆʵʲʵ ʳʰʷʲʨʫʬʾʰ ʬʸʯʨʫ, ʸʵʳ
ʪʨʫʨʭʯʨʸʪʳʴʵʯ ± ʳʮʰʹ ʫʾʬʹ.
ʲʬʵʴʺʰ ʳʸʵʭʬʲʰʹʨ ʫʨ ʹʺʸʨʩʵʴʰʹ ˂ʴʵʩʬʩʰʯ ʽʨʸʯʭʬʲʬʩʰ
˃ʭʬʲ ʫʸʵˀʰ ʯʨʿʭʨʴʹʨ ʹ˂ʬʳʫʴʬʴ ʨʪʸʬʯʭʬ ʳʮʬʹʨ˂ ʫʨ ʨʳʰʺʵʳʨ˂ ʨʳ
ʫʾʬʹ ʹʭʨʴʻʸʨʫ ʫʨʸʽʳʬʭʰʨ ,,ʳʰʷʲʨʫʬʾ³±ʰ, ʳʮʰʹ ʶʨʺʰʭʹʨ˂ʬʳʨʫ
ʪʨʴʱʻʯʭʴʰʲʰ ʫʾʬ.
ˆˀʰʸʨʫ ʹʭʨʴʬʩʰ ʨʳʷʨʳʨʫ ʼʰ˂ʻʲʵʩʬʴ ʳʮʬʹ ʫʨ ʨʳʩʵʩʬʴ
ˆʵʲʳʬ: ,,ʳʪʷʨˀʰʨ ʿʬʸʾʵ³± ʳʮʰʹ ʳʨʫʲʳʨ. ʫʰʲʨʹ ʳʮʰʹ ʨʳʵʹʭʲʰʹʨʹ
ʳʰʹ ʴʨˆʭʨʮʬ ʰʺʿʭʰʨʴ: ,,ˈʵ ʫʰʫʨʩ ʨˇˍʨʫ³ˈʵ, ʫʰʫʬʩʨ ʳʵʪʰʭʰʫʬʹ).
,,ʩʨʲʰ³³. ʯʨʭʰʹʻʼʨʲ ʹʭʨʴʬʯʰʹʨ ʫʨ ʹʨʫʨʫʬˀʽʬʲʰʨʴʵ
ʹʭʨʴʬʯʰʹ ʹʨʮʾʭʨʸʮʬ ʳʫʬʩʨʸʬ ʳʯʨʹ ʽʭʰʨ ,,ʩʨʲ³-ʰ, ʸʵʳʬʲʹʨ˂
ˀʬʰ˃ʲʬʩʨ ʸʨʰʳʬ ʱʨʭˀʰʸʰ ˈʽʵʴʫʬʹ ʨʹʻʸʻʲʰ ʱʬʸʶʰʹ ,,ʩʨʨʲʰʹ³
ʹʨˆʬʲʯʨʴ. ʨʳ ʨʫʪʰʲʨʹ ʬˆʲʨ ʨʹʭʬʴʰʨ ʽʭʰʹ ˇʭʨʸʰ. ˂ʴʵʩʰʲʰʨ, ʸʵʳ
ʱʬʸʶʬʩʰʹ ʹʨʿʻʫʸʬʩʰʹ ʨʫʪʰʲʨʹ ʽʸʰʹʺʰʨʴʵʩʰʹ ˀʬʳʵʾʬʩʰʹ ˀʬʳʫʬʪ
ʨˀʬʴʬʩʫʬʴ ʽʸʰʹʺʰʨʴʻʲ ʺʨ˃ʸʬʩʹ ʫʨ ʮʵʪʪʨʴ ˇʭʸʬʩʹ ʨʾʳʨʸʯʨʭʫʬʴ
ˆʵʲʳʬ.
ʳʻʲʨˆʰʹ ʹʨʮʵʪʨʫʵʬʩʨˀʰ ʹʵʼʬʲ ʮʨʸʫʲʨˀʰʹ
ʫʨʹʨʭʲʬʯʰʯ ʳʫʬʩʨʸʬʵʩʹ ʹʨʬʱʲʬʹʰʵ ʺʿʬ, ʸʵʳʬʲʹʨ˂ ʻ˄ʵʫʬʩʬʴ
ʹʨˆʬʲʨʫ ,,ˆʭʨʲʳʰ³-ʹ. ʨʳ ʺʿʰʹ ʳʵ˅ʸʰʹ ʻʼʲʬʩʨ ʨʸʨʭʰʹ ʨʸʨ ʨʽʭʹ. ʳʰʹ
ʪʨʴʨʶʰʸʨ ʪʮʰʹ ʨˆʲʵʹ ʨʳʵʹʻʲ ʴʨ˃ʭʹ ʹʭʨʴʬʩʰ ʯʨʿʭʨʴʹʨ ˂ʬʳʬʴ,
ʳʨʹʮʬʫ ʶʰʸˇʭʨʸʹ ʰ˄ʬʸʬʴ ʫʨ ʸʨʰʳʬ ʹʨˁʻʽʨʸʹ ʻʺʵʭʬʩʬʴ 117). ʨʹʬʯʰ
ʹʨʲʵ˂ʨʭʰ ˆʬʬʩʰ ʹˆʭʨʪʨʴʨ˂ ʳʵʰʶʵʭʬʩʰʨʴ ʹʭʨʴʬʯˀʰ.

181
 ʴ. ʳʨʸʰʹ ʯʽʳʰʯ, ʽʨʸʯʭʬʲʬʩʰ ʬʸʯ ʫʸʵʹ ʫʰʫ ˆʬʬʩʹʨ˂
ʹ˂ʬʳʫʴʬʴ ʯʨʿʭʨʴʹ. ʩʸʵʹʬʹ ʯʽʳʰʯ, ʬʹ ʪʨʪʸ˃ʬʲʫʨ, ʹʨʴʨʳ
ʰʻʹʺʰʴʰʨʴʬ ʳʬʼʬʳ ʲʨʮʰʱʨˀʰ ˆʨʲˆʹ ʽʸʰʹʺʰʨʴʵʩʨ ʨʸ ʳʰʨʾʬʩʰʴʨ 118).
ʹʭʨʴʬʯˀʰ ˆʬʬʩʰʹ ʯʨʿʭʨʴʰʹʳ˂ʬʳʲʵʩʨ ʻʴʫʨ ˀʬʨʫʪʬʴʫʬʹ
ʽʨʸʯʭʬʲʬʩʰʹ ʰʳ ʫʸʵʰʹ ˆʬʬʩʰʹ ʯʨʿʭʨʴʰʹʳ˂ʬʳʲʵʩʰʹ ʴʨˀʯʹ.

114) ʰʭʨʴʬ ˇʨʭʨˆʰˀʭʰʲʰ. ʽʨʸʯʭʬʲʰ ʬʸʰʹ ʰʹʺʵʸʰʨ. ʪʭ. 113, 118, 119, 121; ʹ.
ʪʵʸʪʨ˃ʬ. ʹʨʽʨʸʯʭʬʲʵʹ ʰʹʺʵʸʰʨ. ʪʭ. 79.
115) ʰʭ. ˇʨʭʨˆʰˀʭʰʲʰ. ʽʨʸʯʭʬʲʰ ʬʸʰʹ ʰʹʺʵʸʰʨ, ʪʭ. 116.
116) ʰʭ. ˇʨʭʨˆʰˀʭʰʲʰ. ʽʨʸʯʭʬʲʰ ʬʸʰʹ ʰʹʺʵʸʰʨ. ʪʭ. 130-131.
117) ˁʬʳʰʹ ʨʮʸʰʯ ʬʹ ʺʿʬ ˀʬ˄ʰʸʻʲʰ ʻʴʫʨ ʰʿʵʹ ʲʬˁˆʻʳˀʰ ˆʵʳʲʰʹ ʳʯʨʮʬ
ʨʸʹʬʩʻʲ ˄ʳʰʴʫʨ ʪʰʵʸʪʰʹ ʬʱʲʬʹʰʰʹʯʭʰʹ.
118) ʳ. ʩʸʵʹʬ. ʹʨʽʨʸʯʭʬʲʵʹ ʰʹʺʵʸʰʨ. ˄ʰʪʴʰ 2. ʪʭ. 161.

–‘ ˆ˜ˆ„ˆ €–ˆŒ„Š„€Œˆ …€Œ„‡–ˆ

˃ʭʬʲ ʫʸʵˀʰ ʪʭʨʸʬʻʲʵʩʨˀʰ ʸʵʳʬʲʰʳʬ ʵˇʨˆʰʹ ˄ʬʭʸʰʹ

ʳʵʱʭʲʨ ʽʨʸʯʭʬʲʬʩʹ ʹʨʯʬʳ±ʺʵʳʵ ˀʬʻʸʨ˂ˆʿʵʼʨʫ ʳʰʨˁʴʫʨʯ ʫʨ
ʨʳʰʺʵʳʨ˂ ʳʯʬʲʰ ʪʭʨʸʬʻʲʵʩʰʹ ʳʵʭʨʲʬʵʩʨʹ ˀʬʨʫʪʬʴʫʨ ʹʰʹˆʲʰʹ
ʨʾʬʩʨ ʨʳ ʹʨʯʬʳʵ ʹʰʸ˂ˆʭʰʲʰʹʨ ʫʨ ˀʬʻʸʨ˂ˆʿʵʼʰʹ ˄ʨʸʹʨˆʵ˂ʨʭʨʫ.
ʹʭʨʴʬʯˀʰ ʬʹ ˁʭʬʻʲʬʩʨ ʫʾʬʳʫʬ ʳʺʱʰ˂ʬʫ ʨʸʰʹ ʫʨ˂ʻʲʰ,
ʫʰʫʰ ʻʩʬʫʻʸʬʩʨ ˀʬʨʽʭʹ ʳʨʹ ˂ˆʵʭʸʬʩʨˀʰ ʫʨ ʨʹʬʻʲʰ ˄ʲʵʩʰʯ
ʪʸ˃ʬʲʫʬʩʨ ˀʻʸʰʹ˃ʰʬʩʰʹ ʴʰʨʫʨʪʮʬ ʹʰʹˆʲʰʹ ʾʭʸʨ ʳˆʨʸʬʯʨ ˀʵʸʰʹ.
ʹʭʨʴʹ ʸʵʳ ʭʰʴʳʬ ʳʵʱʲʨʭʹ, ʬʹ ʳʯʬʲʰ ʯʬʳʰʹ ˀʬʻʸʨ˂ˆʿʵʼʨʫ
ʰʯʭʲʬʩʨ ʫʨ ʹʨʴʨʳʫʬ ʨʳ ʹʰʸ˂ˆʭʰʲʹ ʨʸ ˄ʨʸˆʵ˂ʨʭʬʴ, ʳʨʴʨʳʫʬ ʰʹʰʴʰ
ʭʰʴʳʬʹʯʨʴ ˆʳʨʳʨʾʲʨ ʫʨʲʨʶʨʸʨʱʬʩʨʹ ˃ʨʲʰʨʴ ʬʸʰʫʬʩʰʨʴ, ʸʨʫʪʨʴ
ʯʻ ʭʰʴʳʬʹʯʨʴ ˄ʨʲʨʶʨʸʨʱʬʩʨ ʳʵʻˆʫʨʯ, ˆʬʲʨʫ ˀʬʨʪʰʴʬʩʬʴ: ,,ˀʬ
ʹʰʹˆʲʰʹ ʨʻʾʬʩʲʰʹ ˀʭʰʲʵʵ³ ʪʭʨʸʰʹ ʬʹ ʹʨʿʭʬʫʻʸʰ ʿʭʬʲʨʮʬ
ʭʸ˂ʬʲʫʬʩʨ ± ˃ʳʨʮʬ, ʩʰ˃ʨˀʭʰʲʮʬ, ʫʨʮʬ ʫʨ ʹˆʭ.).
ʸʵ˂ʨ ʳʵʱʲʻʲʹ ʳʰ˄ʨʹ ʳʰʨʩʨʸʬʩʬʴ, ʳʰʹ ʹʨʼʲʨʭʮʬ,
ʭʰʹʯʭʰʹʨ˂ ʹʰʹˆʲʰʹ ʨʾʬʩʨ ʻʼʸʵ ʹʨʭʨʲʫʬʩʻʲʵʨ, ʰʹ ʪʨʰʹʭʸʰʹ
ˆʵʲʳʬ ʯʵʼʹ ʫʨ ʳʰʯ ʼʰ˂ʹʨ ʹʫʬʩʹ ʪʨʴʹʭʬʴʬʩʻʲʰʹ ˄ʰʴʨˀʬ ʳʰ˄ʰʹ
ʳʰʩʨʸʬʩʰʹ ʷʨʳʹ, ʸʵʳ ʹʰʹˆʲʹ ʨʰʾʬʩʬʴ. ˆʵʲʵ ʸʵ˂ʨ ʰʹʰʹˆʲʬʩʬʴ, ±
ˆˀʰʸʨʫ ʪʨʬˀʻʸʬʩʰʨʴ ʳʵʱʲʻʲʯʨ ʹʨʼʲʨʭʮʬ, ˇʵˆʹ ˁʨʨʸ˅ʵʩʬʴ
ˆʵʲʳʬ ʹʨʼʲʨʭˀʰ ʫʨ ˁʨʹ˃ʨˆʬʩʬʴ ,,ʪʰʹʰʹˆʲʬʵ³ʨʳʰʹ ˀʬʳʫʬʪ ʳʯʬʲʰ
ʪʭʨʸʬʻʲʵʩʨ ʫʨ ʴʨʯʬʹʨʵʩʨ ʰʿʸʰʹ ʯʨʭʹ ʬʸʯʨʫ ʫʨ ʫʰʫ ʮʬʰʳʹ

182
ʰˆʫʰʨʴ. ʳʱʭʲʬʲʰ ʫʰʫ ʶʨʺʰʭʰʹ˂ʬʳʨʹ ʰˆʭʬ˅ʹ ˆʨʲˆʰʹ ʯʭʨʲˀʰ ʫʨ
ʨʳʰʹ ˀʬʳʫʬʪ ʿʭʬʲʨʹ ʨʳʨʿʨʫ ˀʬʻ˃ʲʰʨ ˆʨʲˆˀʰ ʪʨʳʵʹʭʲʨ, ˆʳʨʳʨʾʲʨ
ʲʨʶʨʸʨʱʰ ʫʨ ʹˆʭ. ʿʵʼʰʲʨ ʰʹʬʯʰ ʳʨʪʨʲʰʯʬʩʰ, ʸʵʳ ʳʨʳʨʹ ˀʭʰʲʰ
ʫʬʫʰʹ ʳʻ˂ʬʲˀʰ ʫʨʸˁʬʴʰʨ. ʰʹ ʫʨʰʩʨʫʨ, ʪʨʰʮʨʸʫʨ ʫʨ 22 ˄ʲʰʹ ʸʵʳ
ˀʬʰʽʴʨ, ʳʨʳʰʹ ʹʰʹˆʲʰ ʨʰʾʵ ʫʨ ʳʰʹʰ ʳʱʭʲʬʲʰ ʳʵʱʲʨ. ˆʵʲʵ ʯʻ
ˀʭʰʲʳʨ ʨʴ ˃ʳʨʳ ʭʬʸ ʰʹʰʹˆʲʨ, ʳʬʸʬ ˀʻʸʰʹ˃ʰʬʩʨ ʪʨʫʨʫʰʹ ˀʭʰʲʰʹ-
ˀʭʰʲʮʬ ʫʨ ʨʳʴʨʰʸʨʫ ʳʯʬʲʰ ʹʨʻʱʻʴʬʬʩʰʯ ʪʸ˃ʬʲʫʬʩʨ ʨʹʬʯʰ
ʻʩʬʫʻʸʬʩʨ ʹʭʨʴʬʯˀʰ. ˀʻʸʰʹ˃ʰʬʩʰʹ ʼʨʴʨʺʰʱʵʹʵʩʨ ʰʳ ʮʵʳʨʳʫʬ
ʪʨʾʸʳʨʭʬʩʻʲʨ ʹʭʨʴʬʯˀʰ, ʸʵʳ ʳʬ ʯʭʰʯʵʴ ʭʰʿʨʭʰ ʳʵ˄ʳʬ, ʸʵ˂ʨ ʬʸʯʰ
ʹʭʨʴʰ ʹʨʹʰʱʭʫʰʲʵʫ ʫʨʹʫʬʭʫʨ ʳʬʵʸʬ ʹʭʨʴʹ ʰʳʰʹʨʯʭʰʹ, ʸʵʳ 40
˄ʲʰʹ ˄ʰʴʬʯ ʨʳ ʹʭʨʴʰʹ ʳʨʳʰʹ ˇʵʸʹ ʳʵʻʸʺʿʳʬʭʰʨ ˄ʰˆʲʰ ʯʬ˃ʵˀʰ ʳʰʹ
ʩʨʩʻʰʹʨʯʭʰʹ. ʳʬʵʸʬ ʹʭʨʴʰ ʨ˂ˆʨʫʬʩʫʨ ʳʯʨʭʸʵʩʨʹʯʨʴ: ,,ʳʯʨʮʬ ʸʵʳ
˂ˆʬʴʹ ʭʰ˅ʬʸʫʰ, ʳʬʮʵʩʲʰʹ ˂ˆʬʴʳʨ ˄ʰˆʲʰ ˁʨʳʱʸʨ ʼʬʸʫˀʰ ʫʨ
ʳʨʺʱʰʴʨ. ʪʯˆʵʭʯ ˂ˆʬʴʰʹ ʶʨʺʸʵʴʰ ʪʨʳʰʸʰʪʫʬʹʵ³ ʹʭʨʴʰʹ ˃ʨʾʲʰ
ʸʵʳ ʭʰʴʳʬʹ ʻʱʩʬʴʹ ʬʹ ˆʵʳ ʹʻʲ ˆˀʰʸʨʫ ʪʨʫʨʽ˂ʬʻʲʨ ˀʻʸʰʹ˃ʰʬʩʰʹ
ʹʨʪʴʨʫ, ˃ʨʾʲʬʩʰʫʪʨʴ ʨʫʨʳʰʨʴʬʩʮʬ ʪʨʫʨʹʻʲʨ ,,ʱʩʬʴʨʵʩʨ³ ʫʨ
ʹʰʹˆʲʰʹ ʾʭʸʨ ʳʵʿʵʲʰʨ. ˆʨʸʳʨ ʸʵʳ ʭʰʴʳʬʹ ˆʨʸʹ ʻʸʽʰʴʵʹ ± ʸʽʨ
ʳʵʹʺʬˆʵʹ ʨʴ ʳʯʨʮʬ ʪʨʫʨʨʪʫʵʹ, ˆˀʰʸʨʫ ˆʨʸʰʹ ʶʨʺʸʵʴʰ ʨʪʬʩʹ
ʶʨʹʻˆʹ. ʮʵʪʰʬʸʯ ˀʬʳʯˆʭʬʭʨˀʰ ʹʭʨʴʬʯˀʰ ʳʵʱʲʻʲʰʹ
˅ʰʸʰʹʻʼʨʲʴʰ ʻʸʰʪʫʬʩʰʨʴ ʳʱʭʲʬʲʹ ʫʨ ʳʰʹ ʴʨʯʬʹʨʵʩʨʹ. ʰʹʰʴʰ
ʰʸˁʬʭʬʴ 12-20 ʳʬʫʰʨʺʵʸʬʹ, ʳʰˈʿʨʭʯ ʬʱʲʬʹʰʨˀʰ ʫʨ ʨʼʰ˂ʬʩʬʴ, ʸʵʳ
ʨʸ˂ ʬʸʯ ʳˆʨʸʬʹ ʨʸ ʳʰʻʫʪʬʴ ʫʨ ʯʨʭʨʫ ʸʵʳ ʯʭʰʯʬʻʲʹ ʳʨʯʪʨʴʹ
ʨʹʬʯʰ ʹʨʽʳʬ ʹ˅ʰʸʫʬʩʨʯ, ʸʰʯʨ˂ ʯʨʭʰʹ ʫʨʱʳʨʿʵʼʰʲʬʩʨʹ
ʰʹʻʸʭʬʩʬʴ, ʰʹʬʯʰ ʪʨʴʨˁʬʴʰʯ ʫʨʨʱʳʨʿʵʼʰʲʵʴ ʳˆʨʸʬʬʩʰ˂. ˀʬʳʫʬʪ
ʳʬʫʰʨʺʵʸʬʬʩʰ ˀʬʫʰʨʴ ˇʬʸ ʳʵʱʲʻʲʰʹ, ʳʬʸʬ ʳʱʭʲʬʲʰʹ ʵˇʨˆˀʰ
ʫʨ ʰʸʱʭʬʭʬʴ, ʯʻ ʸʨ ʶʰʸʵʩʬʩˀʰ ʳʵˆʫʨ ʳʱʭʲʬʲʵʩʨ. ʨʸˁʬʭʬʴ ʹʨʽʳʬʹ
ʫʨ ʨʫʪʬʴʬʴ ʯʨʭʰʹ ʪʨʴʨˁʬʴʹ. ʫʨʫʪʬʴʰʲʬʩʰʹ ʪʨʳʵ˂ˆʨʫʬʩʨʳʫʬ
ʳʰˈʿʨʭʯ ʵʸʰʭʬ ʳˆʨʸʬ ʬʱʲʬʹʰʨˀʰ ʫʨ ʨʼʰ˂ʬʩʬʴ, ʸʵʳ ʳʬʫʰʨʺʵʸʻʲʰ
ʪʨʴˁʰʴʬʩʨ ʳˆʨʸʬʬʩʳʨ ʶʰʸʴʨʯʲʨʫ ˀʬʨʹʸʻʲʵʴ ʫʨ ˀʬʳʫʬʪ
ʪʨʳʵʻ˂ˆʨʫʬʩʬʴ ʪʨʴʨˁʬʴʹ. ʳʬʫʰʨʺʵʸʬʬʩʰ, ʸʨʯʳʨ ʻʴʫʨ, ʻʹˇʰʨʴ
ʳʵʱʲʻʲʰʹ ˅ʰʸʰʹʻʼʨʲʹ ʫʨ˄ʬʹʬʩʻʲ ,,˄ʵʸʹ³ (ʹʰʹˆʲʰʹ ʼʨʹʰ)
ʹʨˆʴʨʭʰ ʨʫʪʰʲʬʩʰʯ ʹʨʳ ʫʾʰʻʸʨʳʫʬ, ʹʨʯʰʩʬʩʰʯ ʫʨ ʵʯˆʼʬˆʨ
ʹʨʽʵʴʲʰʯ. ʪʲʬˆʰʹ ˄ʵʸʰ ʨʸʰʹ 3.000 ʳʨʴʬʯʰ, ʨʮʴʨʻʸʰʹ 6.000
ʳʨʴʬʯʰ 119). ʨʳ ʨʴʪʨʸʰˀʹ ʸʵʳ ʪʨʨʹ˄ʵʸʬʩʬʴ ʫʨ ʳʱʭʲʬʲʰ
ʪʨʰʹʺʻʳʸʬʩʹ, ʭʰʹʨ˂ ʸʨ ʬʸʪʬʩʨ, ʰʳʰʹ ʳʰ˂ʬʳʰʯ, ʰʹ ʳʰʰʶʨʺʰʷʬʩʹ
ʹʨˆʲˀʰ ʳʵʱʲʻʲʰʹ ˅ʰʸʰʹʻʼʲʬʩʹ, ʳʬʫʰʨʺʵʸʬʬʩʰʹ ʯʨʴˆʲʬʩʰʯ
183
ʻ˄ʿʵʩʹ ʭʨˆˀʨʳʹ. ʫʨˁʵʽʰʲʰ ʳʰʫʰʹ ʳʨʯʯʨʴ ʫʨ ʹʯˆʵʭʹ ʶʨʺʰʬʩʨʹ,
ʨʹʨˁʻʽʸʬʩʹ ˆʨʸʬʩʰʹʨ, ˃ʸʵˆʬʩʰʹʨ ʫʨ ʹˆʭʨ ʪʨʴ˃ʬʻʲʵʩʬʩʰʹ ʳʰ˂ʬʳʰʯ.
ʳʬʸʬ ʬʸʯʪʻʲʵʩʨʹ ʰʼʰ˂ʬʩʬʴ ˄ʳʰʴʫʨ ʱʭʰʸʰʱʬʹ ʨʴʻ ʹˆʭʨ ʬʱʲʬʹʰʨʮʬ.
ʱʨʴʵʴʰʬʸʰ ʹʨʹˇʬʲʰ ʫʨʳʴʨˀʨʭʬʹ ʭʬʸ ʨʴʯʨʭʰʹʻʼʲʬʩʹ ʹʭʨʴʻʸ
ʱʨʴʵʴʬʩʰʯ ʫʨʹˇʰʹʨʪʨʴ ʫʨ ˆˀʰʸʨʫ ʿʵʼʰʲʨ ʰʹʬʯʰ ʳʨʪʨʲʰʯʬʩʰ,
ʸʵ˂ʨ ʳʱʭʲʬʲʰ ʹʨʹʨʳʨʸʯʲʵʹ ʫʨʫʪʬʴʰʲʬʩʰʯ ʱʨʺʵʸʾʨˀʰ
ʪʨʪʮʨʭʴʰʲʨ, ʹʨʹˇʬʲʰ ʳʵʻˆʫʰʨ, ˆʵʲʵ ʸʵ˂ʨ ʻʱʨʴ ʫʨʩʸʻʴʬʩʻʲʨ
ʹʭʨʴʬʯˀʰ, ʨʳʨʹ ʭʬʸ ʻˆʹʴʰʨ ˄ʵʸʰʹ ʪʨʫʨˆʫʰʹʨʪʨʴ ʨʴ ʳʵʱʭʲʰʹʨʪʨʴ.
˃ʭʬʲʨʫ ʹʭʨʴʹ ʸʵʳ ʯʨʭʰʹʰ ʴʨʯʬʹʨʭʰ ˀʬʳʵʨʱʭʫʬʩʵʫʨ, ʹʨʳ
ʶʨʺʨʸʨ ʽʭʨʹ ʪʨʳʵʨʩʨʳʫʨ ˆʵʲʳʬ ʰʾʲʰʨˀʰ ʫʨ ʹʨʳʰ ˄ʲʰʹ
ʪʨʴʳʨʭʲʵʩʨˀʰ ʨʺʨʸʬʩʫʨ ˂ʵʫʭʬʩʰʹ ʳʵʹʨʴʨʴʰʬʩʲʨʫ.

119) ʨʳ ʷʨʳʨʫ ʪʲʬˆʰ ʫʨ ʨʮʴʨʻʸʰ ʨʳ ʹʨʽʳʬˀʰ ʪʨʯʨʴʨʹ˄ʵʸʫʴʬʴ.

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ʸʵ˂ʨ ʴʨʳʫʭʰʲʰ ʳʱʭʲʬʲʰ ʨʴ ʸʨʰʳʬ ʹˆʭʨ ʩʵʸʵʺʬʩʰʹ

ˁʨʳʫʬʴʰ ʪʨʳʵʸʱʭʬʻʲʰ ʨʸ ʰʿʵ ˃ʭʬʲʨʫ, ʬʸʯ ʫʸʵʹ ʹʨʬ˅ʭʵ ʶʰʸʰ
ʻʴʫʨ ˄ʨʹʻʲʰʿʵ ʲʬˁˆʻʳˀʰ, ʹʨʫʨ˂ ʹʵʼʬʲ ʪʬʴʫʻˀˀʰ ˀʨʴʯʵʩʰʹ
ʹʨˀʻʨʲʬʩʰʯ ʯʨʭʰ ʻʴʫʨ ʬʳʨʸʯʲʬʩʰʴʨ. ʳʨʸˇʭʬʴʨ ˆʬʲʰʹ ʪʻʲʮʬ
ʩʸʨʲʫʬʩʻʲʹ ʻʴʫʨ ʫʨʬʼʨʸʨ ʯˆʬʲʰ ʽʨʾʨʲʫʰ, ʳʬʸʬ ʳʨʹʮʬʫ
ʮʬʭʰʫʨʴ ʫʨʨʫʬʩʫʴʬʴ ʪʨˆʻʸʬʩʻʲ ˀʨʴʯʹ. ʹʨʳʰ ʴʨʩʰˇʰʹ
ʪʨʫʨʫʪʳʨˀʰ ʳʨʹ ʯʻ ˆʬʲʰʹ ʪʻʲʰʹ ʱʨʴʰ ʨʸ ʨʳʵʬ˄ʭʵʫʨ,
ʻʫʨʴʨˀʨʻʲʵʫ ˁʨʰʯʭʲʬʩʵʫʨ ʫʨ ʪʨʳʨʸʯʲʬʩʻʲʰ ʰʿʵ, ˆʵʲʵ ʯʻ
ʳʵʹ˄ʭʨʭʫʨ ± ʫʨʳʴʨˀʨʭʬʯ. ʬʹ ˁʭʬʻʲʬʩʨ˂ ˃ʭʬʲ ʫʸʵˀʰ ʬʸʯ ˆʨʴʹ
ʹʨʽʨʸʯʭʬʲʵˀʰ ʰʿʵ ʪʨʭʸ˂ʬʲʬʩʻʲʰ ʫʨ, ʸʨ ʯʽʳʨ ʻʴʫʨ, ʰʽʰʫʨʴ ʰʿʵ
ʨʽʨ˂ ˀʬʳʵʺʨʴʰʲʰ. ʭʨˆʻˀʺʰ ʳʵʪʭʰʯˆʸʵʩʹ: ,,ˆʵʲʵ ˄ʬʹʴʰ
ʹʨʳʨʸʯʰʲʰʹʨ ʫʨ ˀʬʸʰʹˆʭʰʹʨʯʭʰʹ ʨʽʻʴʫʨʯ ʹʰʹˆʲʰ, ˍʸʳʨʲʰ,
ˀʨʴʯʰ, ʳʫʻʾʨʸʬ ʫʨ ʼʰ˂ʰ. ˀʨʴʯʰ ʨʽʻʴʫʨʯ ʪʨʳʨʸʯʲʬʩʰʹʨʯʭʰʹ.
ʪʨˆʻʸʭʰʨʴ ˀʨʴʯʹʨ ʭʰʯʨʸ˂ʨ ʴʨʱʭʬʸ˂ˆʨʲʹ ʫʨ ʫʨʹˆʫʭʨʴ ʳʨʾʨʲʯʨ
ʮʬʫʨ, ʸʨʯʨ ʳʨʲʰʨʫ ˀʬʬʫʭʨʹ ˍʬʲʴʰ ʽʭʬˀʬ ʳʰʹʹʨ; ʫʨ ʫʨʹʫʭʰʨʴ
ˀʬʴʨʴʬʩʻʲʹʨ ʺʰʲʵʹ ʨʴʻ ʽʨʾʨʲʫʹ ˍʬʲʯʨ ʮʬʫʨ. ʰʪʰ ʳʰʭʰʫʰʹ ʫʨ
ʨʾʰʾʰʹ ʹʨˍʴʰʹʰ ʫʨ ˄ʨʸʫʪʰʹ ʹʨʳʰ ʩʰˇʰ ʫʨ ʪʨʸʫʨʨʫʰʹ, ʳʨʹʭʬ ˄ʨʳʹ
ˀʬʻˆʭʰʭʰʨʴ ˍʬʲʴʰ ʹʨʳ ʫʾʬʳʫʬ ʫʨ ʹʨʳʰʹʨ ʫʾʰʹʨ ʪʨʻˆʹʴʰʨʴ ʫʨ

184
ʻʱʬʯʻ ʫʨʻ˄ʭʨʭʨʸʹ ± ʪʨʴʳʨʸʯʲʫʰʹ, ʻʱʬʯʻ ʫʨʳ˄ʭʨʸʰʨ ± ʳʺʿʻʨʸ³
120).

ʨʳ ʩʵʲʵ ʫʸʵʹ ʹʭʨʴʬʯˀʰ ʬʹ ˄ʬʹʰ ˀʬʰ˂ʭʨʲʨ ˄ʳʰʴʫʨ

ʱʭʰʸʰʱʬʮʬ ʨʴʻ ʹˆʭʨ ʬʱʲʬʹʰʨʮʬ ʫʨʼʰ˂ʬʩʰʹ ʹʨˀʻʨʲʬʩʰʯ ʯʨʭʰʹ
ʪʨʳʨʸʯʲʬʩʰʯ. ˆˀʰʸʨʫ ʨʹʬʯ ˀʬʳʯˆʭʬʭʬʩˀʰ ʳʬʫʰʨʺʵʸʻʲʰ ˄ʬʹʰʯ
ʳʵʸʰʪʬʩʨ ˆʫʬʩʨ, ʳʨʪʸʨʳ ʩʬʭʸˇʬʸ ʨʳ ʪʨʸʰʪʬʩʨʹ ʫʸʵʬʩʰʯʰ ˆʨʹʰʨʯʰ
ʨʽʭʹ, ʸʨʫʪʨʴʨ˂ ʨˆʨʲʰ ˀʯʨʳʵʳʨʭʲʵʩʨ ʸʵʳ ʪʨʰʮʸʫʬʩʨ ± ʰˆʹʬʴʬʩʹ
ʫʨ ʰ˃ʰʬʩʹ ˆʵʲʳʬ ˀʻʸʹ.

120) ʭʨˆʻˀʺʰ. ʹʨʽʨʸʯʭʬʲʵʹ ʪʬʵʪʸʨʼʰʨ. ʪʭ. 9.

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˃ʭʬʲʨʫ ʽʨʸʯʭʬʲʬʩʹ ʹ˄ʨʳʫʨʯ ʹʨʰʽʰʵ ˂ˆʵʭʸʬʩʨ ʫʨ

ʼʰʽʸʵʩʫʬʴ, ʸʵʳ ʹʨʰʽʰʵʹʨ˂ ʳʰ˂ʭʨʲʬʩʻʲʯ ʰʹ ʳʵʯˆʵʭʴʰʲʬʩʨʴʰ
ʨʽʭʯ, ʸʨ˂ ʹʨʨʽʨʵʹ ʨʽʭʹ ʨʫʨʳʰʨʴʹ. ʭʨˆʻˀʺʰʹ ˂ʴʵʩʰʯ: ,,ʳʱʭʫʨʸʹʨ
ʫʨʼʲʭʰʫʰʨʴ ʿʵʭʲʰʯʨ ˀʬʹʨʳʵʹʲʰʯʨ ʫʨ ʹʨ˅ʻʸʭʬʲʰʯʨ ʫʨ
ʹʨʳʱʨʻʲʰʯʨ ʯʭʰʹʰʯʨ, ʺʰʸʵʫʰʨʴ, ʹʨʩʴʬʲʵʹʨ ʹˆʫʰʨʴ, ʨʾʰʶʨʸʹʰʨʴ
ʯʨʭʴʰ ʯʭʰʹʴʰ, ˄ʭʬʸ-ʻʲʭʨˀʴʰ, ˄ʨʸʩʴʰ, ˄ʨʳ˄ʨʳʴʰ... ʰ˂ʬʳʫʰʨʴ ʭʰʫʸʬ
ʹʰʹˆʲʰʹ ʫʰʴʬʩʨʳʫʬ; ʨʸʨ ʹ˅ʨʳʫʰʨʴ ˆʵʸ˂ʹʨ ʫʨ ˂ˆʵʭʬʲʹʨ ˄ʲʨʳʫʬ,
ʪʨʸʴʨ ʳʨˀʭʰʴʨ˂ ʰ˃ʻʲʬʩʰʯʨ ʫʰʫʰʯʨ ˀʯʨʰ˂ʭʰʨʴ ˃ʨ˃ʨ, ʼʲʨʹʴʰ ʫʨ
ʫʨʰʩʻʸʭʰʨʴ ʯʨʭʹʨ ʯˆʰʹʻʸʴʰ ˁʨˁʴʰ; ʪʨˈʿʭʰʨʴ ʹʨʼʲʨʭʨʳʫʬ ˃ʨ˃ʰʯʨ
ʳʵʱʸʻʲʰʯʨ... (ʬʹ ˄ʬʹʰ ʳʵˀʨʲʨ ʳʬʼʬʳʨʴ ʪʰʵʸʪʰʳ 1675-1695 ˄ʬʲʹ,
ʸʵʫʬʹʨ˂ ʹʨʽʨʸʯʭʬʲʵˀʰ ʳʵʭʰʫʨ ʶʨʺʸʰʨʸʽʰ ʫʵʹʰʯʬʵʹ 1681 ˄.).
ʹʭʨʴʬʯˀʰ ʬʹ ˁʭʬʻʲʬʩʨ˂ ʰʳ ʹʨˆʰʯ ʨʸʰʹ ʫʨ˂ʻʲʰ, ʸʵʪʵʸ˂,
ʭʨˆʻˀʺʰʹ ʨʾ˄ʬʸʰʲʵʩʰʯ, ˃ʭʬʲ ʫʸʵˀʰ ʹʨʽʨʸʯʭʬʲʵˀʰ
ʨʸʹʬʩʵʩʫʨ.
ʹʭʨʴʰ ʸʵʳ ʳʵʱʭʫʬʩʨ, ˃ʨ˃ʬʩʹ ʰ˂ʭʨʳʬʴ, ʽʨʲʬʩʰ ʫʰʫ ˆʨʴʹ
ʼʬˆˀʰˀʭʬʲʴʰ, ʯʳʨ ʪʨˀʲʰʲʴʰ, ʶʰʸʰʹʨˆʬ ʫʨʹʰʹˆʲʰʨʴʬʩʻʲʰ
ʫʨʫʰʨʴ ʫʰʫʨʫ ʫʨʳ˄ʻˆʸʬʩʻʲʴʰ. ˆˀʰʸʨʫ ʬʸʯʰ ˄ʲʰʯ ʨʴʻ
ʸʨʳʵʫʬʴʰʳʬ ʯʭʰʯ ʹʨˆʹʴʰʲʵʹ ʨʸʨʼʬʸʹ ʹ˅ʨʳʬʴ. ʱʨ˂ʬʩʰ˂ ˃ʨ˃ʬʩˀʰ
ʪʨʬˆʭʬʭʰʨʴ, ʯʬʯʸʹ ʨʸʨʼʬʸʹ ʰ˂ʭʨʳʬʴ, ˄ʭʬʸʬʩʹ ʨʸ ʰʶʨʸʹʨʭʬʴ,
ʹʨʸʺʿʬʲʹ ʨʸ ʰʸʺʿʨʳʬʴ, ʯʨʭˀʰˀʭʬʲʴʰ ʫʨʫʰʨʴ, ʯʨʭʹʨ˂ ʰʶʨʸʹʨʭʬʴ
ʫʨ ʨʳʰʹ ˀʬʳʫʬʪ ʬʸʯʰ ˄ʲʰʹ ʪʨʴʳʨʭʲʵʩʨˀʰ ˁʨˁʹ ʨʺʨʸʬʩʬʴ ʫʨ ʹˆʭ.
ʹʭʨʴʬʩʰ ʫʾʬʹʨ˂ ʫʨʸ˄ʳʻʴʬʩʻʲʴʰ ʨʸʰʨʴ, ʸʵʳ ʹʨʰʽʰʵʹʨ˂
185
ʳʰ˂ʭʨʲʬʩʻʲʯ ˅ʨʳʨ ʫʨ ʹʳʨ ʻʴʫʨʯ, ʺʨʴʰʹʨʳʵʹʰ, ˂ˆʬʴʰ, ˆʨʸʰ, ˃ʸʵˆʨ
ʫʨ ʹˆʭʨ ʨʸʹʬʩʵʩʰʹʨʯʭʰʹ ʹʨ˅ʰʸʵ ʹʨʪʴʬʩʰ ʬʹʨ˅ʰʸʵʬʩʨʯ; ʨʳʰʺʵʳ
ʳʰ˂ʭʨʲʬʩʻʲʰʹ ˅ʰʸʰʹʻʼʨʲʰ ʯʨʭʰʹʰ ʨʸʹʬʩʵʩʰʹʯʭʰʹ ʰʳʫʬʴʹ ʨʸ
ʮʸʻʴʨʭʹ, ʸʨʳʫʬʴʹʨ˂ ʳʰ˂ʭʨʲʬʩʻʲʰʹ ʹʨʰʽʰʵ ˂ˆʵʭʸʬʩʰʹʨʯʭʰʹ.
ʪʨʸʫʨ˂ʭʨʲʬʩʻʲʹ ʺʰʸʰʲʹ ʻˆʫʰʨʴ. ʨʳʰʹʨʯʭʰʹ ʱʻʩʵʹʯʨʴ
ʫʨʨ˄ʿʵʩʬʴ ʪʨʳʵʳ˂ˆʭʨʸ ʶʻʸʹ, ʨʸʨʿʹ, ʱʻʩʵʹ ʳʨˆʲʵʩʲʨʯ
ʫʨʨʿʬʴʬʩʬʴ ˀʬʱʨʮʳʻʲ ˂ˆʬʴʹ ʫʨ ˆʨʸʹ, ʱʻʩʵʮʬ ʫʨʨʫʬʩʬʴ ʰʨʸʨʾʹ,
ʼʻʲʹ ʫʨ ʪʨʴ˃ʬʻʲʵʩʨʹ. ʿʭʬʲʨ ʨʳʨʹ ʳʾʭʫʬʲʰ ʻʱʻʸʯˆʬʩʹ ʳʨʹ,
ˀʬʳʫʬʪ ʻʪʬʩʹ ˄ʬʹʹ ʫʨ ʳʰ˂ʭʨʲʬʩʻʲʹ ʸʵʳ ʪʨʨʹʭʬʴʬʩʬʴ,
˅ʰʸʰʹʻʼʨʲʴʰ ˄ʰʭʰʲ-ʱʰʭʰʲʰʯ ʻʱʨʴ ʳʰˈʿʭʬʩʰʨʴ, ʳʰ˄ʨʹ
ʳʰʨʩʨʸʬʩʬʴ, ʮʨʸʰʯ ʪʨʳʵʬʯˆʵʭʬʩʰʨʴ, ˀʬʳʫʬʪ ʩʸʻʴʫʬʩʰʨʴ ʳʰʹ
ʹʨˆʲˀʰ, ʸʵʳʲʰʹ ʬʮʵˀʰ˂ ʳʯʬʲʰ ʹʨʮʵʪʨʫʵʬʩʨ ʯʨʭʹ ʰʿʸʰʹ,
ʻʸʰʪʬʩʬʴ ʿʭʬʲʨʹ ʯʰʯʵ ʶʻʸʹ, ʨʹʳʬʭʬʴ ʨʸʨʿʹ, ʺʰʸʰʲʹ ʰˆʫʰʨʴ ʫʨ
ˀʬʳʫʬʪ ʱʰ ʯʨʭʰʨʴʯ ʹʨˆʲʬʩˀʰ ʳʰʫʰʨʴ. ʬʸʯʰ ʯʭʰʹ ʪʨʴʳʨʭʲʵʩʨˀʰ
ˀʨʩʨʯʵʩʰʯ ʹʨʼʲʨʭʮʬ ʳʰ˂ʭʨʲʬʩʻʲʹ ʹʻʼʸʨʹ ʻʱʻʸʯˆʬʩʬʴ, ˆʵʲʵ
ʬʸʯʰ ˄ʲʰʹ ʪʨʴʳʨʭʲʵʩʨˀʰ ʹʨˆʲˀʰ ʹʨʫʰʲʵʩʰʹʨ ʫʨ ʭʨˆˀʳʵʩʰʹ
ʫʸʵʹ ʳʰʹʯʭʰʹ ˂ʨʲʱʬ ʹʻʼʸʨʹ ˀʲʰʨʴ, ʳʨʹʮʬʫ ʶʻʸʬʩʹ ʨ˄ʿʵʩʬʴ,
ʹʨʴʯʲʬʩʹ ʨʴʯʬʩʬʴ, ʯʻʯʻʴʹʨ, ˄ʿʨʲʹʨ ʫʨ ʹʨ˅ʳʬʲʹ ʨ˄ʿʵʩʬʴ ʫʨ
ʨʳʴʨʰʸʨʫ ʬʳʹʨˆʻʸʬʩʰʨʴ ʳʰʹ ʹʻʲʹ.
ʬʸʯʰ ˄ʲʰʹ ˀʬʳʫʬʪ ʻˆʫʰʨʴ ,,ʱʨʯˆ-ʺʨʩʨʪʹ³ ʨʴʻ ʱʵʴˁˆʨʸʹ
(ʨʾʨʶʰ). ʨʳʰʹʨʯʭʰʹ ʨʹʻʽʬʩʬʴ ˆʨʸʬʩʹ, ʾʵʸʬʩʹ, ˆʫʰʨʴ ʩʲʵʳʨʫ ʨʸʨʿʹ,
ʨ˂ˆʵʩʬʴ ʶʻʸʹ, ʻʱʬʸʨʭʬʴ ʿʵʭʬʲʪʭʨʸ ʺʨʴʹʨ˂ʳʬʲʹ. ʯʰʯʵ ʹʨʱʲʨʭʰ
ʳʵʿʨʭʯ ʨˆʲʵʩʬʲ ʴʨʯʬʹʨʭʬʩʹ. ʺʨʴʰʹʨʳʵʹʰʹʨʪʨʴ ʨʱʬʯʬʩʬʴ ʹʨˆʬʹ,
ʨʳʨʹ ʫʨʹʭʨʳʬʴ ʹʱʨʳʮʬ, ˄ʰʴ ʹʻʼʸʨʹ ʪʨʻˀʲʰʨʴ, ʫʨʴʨʸˁʬʴʰ ʹʻʼʸʬʩʰ
ˆʵʸ˂ʰʯ, ʶʻʸʰʯ ʫʨ ʨʸʨʿʰʯ ʳʰʹ ʪʨʸˀʬʳʵ ʫʪʨʹ ʫʨ ʿʭʬʲʨʹ ʬʸʯʨʫ
ʳʰ˂ʭʨʲʬʩʻʲʹ ʻʱʻʸʯˆʬʩʬʴ. ʿʵʭʬʲ˄ʲʰʻʸʨʫ ʹʻʲʰ˄ʳʰʴʫʰʹ
ʳʵʼʬʴʰʹ ʫʾʬʹ ʫʨ ʳʨʸʰʨʳʵʩʨʹ ʨʳʮʨʫʬʩʬʴ ʩʬʭʸʴʨʰʸ ʹʨ˅ʳʬʲʹ,
ʳʰʨʽʭʯ ʬʹʬʴʰ ʹʨʼʲʨʭʮʬ ʫʨ ʻʱʻʸʯˆʬʩʬʴ ʳʰ˂ʭʨʲʬʩʻʲʯ. ʭʰʹʨ˂
˅ʰʸʰʹʻʼʲʰʹ ʰʳʬʫʰ ʨʸʨ ʨʽʭʹ, ʸʵʳ ʺʰʸʰʲʹʨ ʫʨ ʨʾʶʹ ʪʨʫʨʻˆʫʰʨʴ,
ʬʹʬʴʰ ʹʰ˂ʵ˂ˆʲʬˀʰ ʰˆʫʰʨʴ ʫʨ ʰʱʻʸʯˆʬʩʬʴ ʿʵʭʬʲʰʭʬʹ, ʸʨ˂
ʹʨ˅ʰʸʵʨ ʳʨʯʯʭʰʹ ʹʰʱʭʫʰʲʰʹ ˀʬʳʫʬʪ.
ʹʭʨʴʰ ʸʵʳ ʯʨʭʰʹ ʹʨˆʲʰʹ ʪʨʸʬʯ ʨʴʻ ʹˆʭʨ ʹʵʼʬʲˀʰ ʹʨʫʳʬ
ʳʵʱʭʫʬʩʵʫʨ, ʳʰʹʰ ʹʻʲʰʹ ʹʨˆʲˀʰ ʳʵʹʨʿʭʨʴʨʫ ʳʰʫʰʵʫʴʬʴ
ʸʨʳʵʫʬʴʰʳʬ ʫʾʰʹ ˀʬʳʫʬʪ, ʳʰˈʿʨʭʫʨʯ ʰʽ ʳʨʳʨʲʰ, ʳʰˈʽʵʴʫʨ ˁʨʴʪʰ
ʫʨ ʨʹʬ ʪʨʳʵ˄ʿʵʩʰʲʰ ʪʨʸʫʨ˂ʭʨʲʬʩʰʹ ʨʫʪʰʲʰʫʨʴ
ʪʨʳʵʻ˃ʾʭʬʩʵʫʬʴ ʹʻʲʹ ʹʨˆʲʰʹʱʬʴ.
186
 ʪʮʨʮʬ ʯʻ ʳʨʳʨʲʳʨ ʨʸ ʫʨʰʿʰʭʲʨ ʫʨ ˁʨʴʪʳʨ ʱʨʸʪʰ ˆʳʰʯ ʨʸ
ʫʨʻʱʸʨ, ʬʹ ʰʳʰʹ ʴʰˀʨʴʰʨ, ʸʵʳ ʹʻʲʰ ʳʨʯ ʨʸ ʳʰʿʭʬʩʨ, ʪʨˁʬʸʬʩʻʲʰʨ,
ʫʨ ʨʳʰʺʵʳ ʹʨʴʨʳʫʬ ʬʹ ʪʨʸʬʳʵʬʩʨ ʨʸ ʪʨʳʵʱʬʯʫʬʩʵʫʨ, ʪʨˁʬʸʬʩʻʲʰ
ʰʿʭʴʬʴ ʰʳ ʨʫʪʰʲʨʹ ʹʻʲʰʹ ˄ʰʴʨʳ˃ʾʵʲʴʰ.
ʲʰʼʨʴʨʲʰ. ʹʭʨʴʬʩʹ ʹ˄ʨʳʯ, ʸʵʳ 5 ʰʨʴʭʨʸʹ,
ʿʵʭʬʲ˄ʲʰʻʸʨʫ, ʳʰ˂ʭʨʲʬʩʻʲʯʨ ʹʻʲʴʰ ʨʾʹʫʪʬʩʰʨʴ ʫʨ ʯʨʭʰʨʴʯ
ʵˇʨˆʬʩʹ ʬ˄ʭʬʭʰʨʴ ʬʸʯʰ ʱʭʰʸʰʯ. ʨʳ ʫʾʬʹ ʹʭʨʴʬʩʰ ,,ʨʾʫʪʵʳʹ³
(ʨʾʫʪʵʳʨʹ) ʬ˃ʨˆʰʨʴ, ˆʵʲʵ ʳʨʯ ʶʨʺʰʭʹʨ˂ʬʳʨʫ ʪʨʴʱʻʯʭʴʰʲ ʨʳ ʬʸʯ
ʱʭʰʸʨʹ ˈʽʭʰʨʴ ,,ʲʰʼʨʴʨʲʰ³ ʨʾʫʪʵʳʨʹ ʫʰʲʰʫʨʴ ʹʨʾʨʳʵʳʫʬ
ʹʭʨʴʬʩʰ ʬʳʮʨʫʬʩʰʨʴ ʳʰ˂ʭʨʲʬʩʻʲʯʨ ʳʰʹʨʾʬʩʨʫ: ʨʹʻʼʯʨʭʬʩʬʴ
ʹʱʨʳʬʩʹ, ʺʵʩʨʪʬʩʹ (ʹʻʼʸʬʩʹ), ˇʨʳ-˅ʻʸ˅ʲʬʻʲʵʩʨʹ, ʱʨʯˆʬʩʹ,
ʨʳʮʨʫʬʩʬʴ ʿʵʭʬʲʪʭʨʸ ʹʨʳʨʸˆʭʵ ʹʨ˅ʳʬʲʬʩʹ, ʨʱʬʯʬʩʬʴ ʯʨʼʲʰʹ
ʹʨʴʯʲʬʩʹ, ˆʨʺʨʭʬʴ ʼʽʭʰʲʰʯ ʹʨˆʲʰʹ ˀʰʫʨ ʱʬʫʲʬʩʹ. ʨˆʨʲ
ʫʨʾʨʳʬʩʻʲʹ ʹʻʼʸʬʩʹ ʻʫʪʨʳʬʴ ʹʨ˅ʳʬʲʬʩʰʯ, ʹʨʴʯʲʬʩʹ ʻʴʯʬʩʬʴ;
ʵˇʨˆʰʹ ʻʼʸʵʹʰ ʽʻʫʳʵˆʫʰʲʰ ˁʨʳʵʰʭʲʰʹ ʿʭʬʲʨ ʹʻʼʸʨʹ, ʫʨ
ʰˁʵʽʬʩʹ ʳʨʯ ˄ʰʴ ˆʬʲˀʰ ʱʨʯˆʰʯ ʫʨ ˁʨʳʵʯʭʲʰʹ ʿʭʬʲʨ
ʳʰ˂ʭʨʲʬʩʻʲʹ, ˀʬʴʫʵʩʨʹ ʻʯʭʲʰʹ ʳʨʯ, ʬˆʭʬ˄ʬʩʨ ʱʨʸʪʰ ʼʬˆʰʯ
ˀʬʳʵʭʰʫʬʴ, ʱʨʸʪʰ ʼʬˆʰʯ ʪʨʭʰʫʬʴ, ʵˇʨˆʰʹ ˄ʬʭʸʰ ʫʨ ʶʰʸʻʺʿʭʰ
ʫʨʹʨʳʨʸ˂ˆʬʩʲʨʫ ʨʸ ʪʨʰʳʬʺʵʴ, ʩʨʸʨʽʨ ʳʰʹ˂ʬʴ ʵˇʨˆʹ ʫʨ, ʯʻ
ʶʨʺʰʭʰʹ˂ʬʳʰʯ ʨʸ ʰʿʭʴʬʴ ʱʳʨʿʵʼʰʲʴʰ, ʨʶʨʺʰʵʴ. ʴʨʭʨˆˀʳʬʭʹ ʨʴʯʬʩʬʴ
ʫʰʫ ˂ʬ˂ˆʲʹ, ʸʵʳ ʨʸ ˀʬʹ˂ʰʭʫʬʯ, ʮʾʨʶʸʬʩʰʹ ʳʵʿʵʲʰʯ,
˅ʰʨʴʻʸʰʹʨ ʫʨ ˁʨʴʪʰʹ ʫʨʱʭʸʰʯ ʨʸʯʵʩʬʴ ʳʨʯ. ˆʻʯˀʨʩʨʯʹ, ʹʭʨʴʬʩʰʹ
ʨʮʸʰʯ, ʳʰ˂ʭʨʲʬʩʻʲʬʩʰ ʰʿʸʰʨʴ ʯʨʭʹ ʬʸʯ ʨʫʪʰʲʨʹ ʫʨ ʹ˄ʿʭʬʺʬʴ
ʯʨʭʰʨʴʯ ʵˇʨˆʬʩʰʹ ʩʬʫ-ʰʾʩʨʲʹ ʬʸʯʰ ˄ʲʰʯ. ʨʳʨʹ ˈʽʭʰʨʴ
,,ʲʨʲˆʵʸʨ ˂ʨʨˀ³ʱʸʬʩʰʹ ˆʻʯˀʨʩʨʯʹ), ˆʵʲʵ ʱʭʰʸʨʹ ʴʨˀʻʨʾʨʳʬʭʹ
ʻʳʮʨʫʬʩʬʴ ʪʨʳʵʹʨʯˆʵʭʨʸ ʹʻʼʸʨʹ ʫʨ ʪʨʯʬʴʬʩʰʹʨʹ ± ʵʸˀʨʩʨʯʹ
ʰʹʺʻʳʸʬʩʬʴ ʳʨʯ. ʨʳ ʫʸʵʹ ʵˇʨˆʰʹ ʻʼʸʵʹʰ ʹʻʼʸʰʯ ˆʬʲˀʰ
ʳʰʻ˃ʾʭʬʩʨ ʳʨʯ ʹʨˆʲʰʫʨʴ ʪʨʸʬʯ. ʹʻʼʸʨʮʬ ʻʫʪʰʨ ʬʸʯʰ ʱʨʯˆʨ ʸ˃ʬ,
ʨʹˆʻʸʬʩʹ ʳʰʯ ʰʽʰʯ-ʨʽʬʯ ʫʨ ʬʭʬʫʸʬʩʨ ʳʰ˂ʭʨʲʬʩʻʲʯ, ʸʵʳ ʱʨʸʪʰ
ʼʬˆʰ ʫʨʻʺʵʭʵʴ; ʱʨʸʪʨʫ ʸʵʳ ʪʨʯʬʴʫʬʩʨ, ʨˆʨʲʪʨʮʸʫʬʩʰ ʰʿʸʰʨʴ
ʯʨʭʹ, ʰʱʨʭʬʩʬʴ ˆʬʲˀʰ ˆʰʹ ˇʭʨʸʹ, ʯʭʰʯʬʻʲ ʵˇʨˆʹ ˁʨʳʵʰʭʲʰʨʴ,
ˇʭʨʸʮʬ ʹʨʴʯʲʬʩʹ ʨʴʯʬʩʬʴ ʫʨ ,,ʹʻʲʬʩʰʹ³ʶʨʺʰʭʹʨ˂ʬʳʨʫ ʪʨʲʵʩʬʴ:
,,ʽʸʰʹʫʬ ʼʻʹʺ ʲ˙ʱʲʨʯˆʬ ʨʲ ʽʵʸʰʹʪʨ ˅ʭʰˀ ʨʯʼʰˀʰʸʰ ˀʬ-ʬ-ʬ³
(ʽʸʰʹʺʬ ʾʳʬʸʯʵ, ʨʳʨʾʲʬʩʻʲʵ, ʨʳ ʵˇʨˆˀʰ ʨˆʨʲʪʨʮʸʫʵʩʨ
ʪʨʨʳʸʨʭʲʬ), ˀʬʳʫʬʪ ,,ʽʸʰʹʫʬ ʼʻʹʺ ʲ˙ʱʲʨʯˆʬ ʰˀʪʭʰʫ ʲ˙ʴʪʨʮ
ˁʭʰˁʲʰʫʨˀ ʽʭʰʴ ʲʨˆˍʰʸ, ʨˀ ʲʨˆˍʰʸ ʨʲ ʽʵʸʨˀ ʲ˙ʫʪʨʸʰ ʲʨʽʻʴʰ
187
ʳʬ-ʬ-ʬ³ ʽʸʰʹʺʬ ʾʳʬʸʯʵ, ʨʳʨʾʲʬʩʻʲʵ, ˀʭʰʫʰ ʱʭʰʸʰʹ ʩʨʭˀʭʰʹ
ʹʻʲʰ ˀʬʰ˄ʿʨʲʬ, ʨʳ ʵˇʨˆʰʹ ʿʭʬʲʨ ʳʰ˂ʭʨʲʬʩʻʲʯʨ ʹʻʲʰ
ˀʬʰʩʸʨʲʬ) ʫʨ ʹˆʭ. ʨʳʰʹ ʳʵʳʿʵʲ ˀʨʩʨʯʹ ʹʭʨʴʬʩʰ ʻ˃ʨˆʰʨʴ
ʴʨʲʺʨˆʭʸʨʹ. ʳʨʯ ʹ˄ʨʳʯ, ʸʵʳ ʳʰ˂ʭʨʲʬʩʻʲʬʩʰ, ʮʬʳʵˆʹʬʴʬʩʻʲ
ˆʻʯˀʨʩʨʯʹ ʱʸʬʩʨʮʬ ʳʰʫʰʨʴ ʫʨ ˄ʿʭʬʺʬʴ ʬʸʯʰ ˄ʲʰʹ ʪʨʴʳʨʭʲʵʩʨˀʰ,
ʸʨ˂ ʻʫʴʨ ʳʵʻʭʰʫʬʹ ʳʨʯ ʵˇʨˆʬʩʹ. ʰʹʰʴʰ ʰʳ ʹʨʾʨʳʵʹʭʬ ʩʸʻʴʫʬʩʰʨʴ
ʹʨˆʲʬʩˀʰ, ˆʵʲʵ ʱʵ˄ʲʬʩʰ ʫʨ ʫʨʭʸʫʵʳʰʲʬʩʰ ˀʨʩʨʯʨʳʫʬ ʭʬʾʨʸ
ʳʰʨʾ˄ʬʭʬʴ ʯʨʭʰʨʴʯ ʹʨˆʲʬʩˀʰ ʫʨ ʨʳʰʺʵʳ ʨʳ ʱʵ˅ʲʬʩʹ ˀʨʩʨʯʵʩʰʯ
ʻ˄ʿʵʩʬʴ ʹʻʼʸʬʩʹ.

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€…€ƒ‹•’€†„ ƒ€ ‹–ˆ€ €†„

ʽʨʲʬʩʹ ʹʭʨʴʬʯˀʰ ʳˀʵʩʰʨʸʵʩʰʹʨ ʫʨ ʯʭʰʻʸʰ

ʨʭʨʫʳʿʵʼʵʩʰʹ ʫʸʵʹ ʵˇʨˆʬʩˀʰ ʨʸ ʨʿʬʴʬʩʬʴ. ʹʨˆʲʬʩʰʹ ʬʮʵʬʩʰʹ
ʪʨʸʬʫ ʹʨʪʨʴʪʬʩʵʫ ʯʭʰʻʸ ʨʭʨʫʳʿʵʼʵʩʰʹ ʫʸʵʹ ʽʨʲʬʩʰʹ
ʳʵʹʨʯʨʭʹʬʩʲʨʫ ʨʪʬʩʻʲ ˇʨʴʪʭʲʬʩˀʰ ʨʯʨʭʹʬʩʬʴ. ʹʭʨʴʬʩʰʹ
ˀʬˆʬʫʻʲʬʩʰʯ ʽʨʲʰ ʨʳ ʫʸʵʹ ʰʳʫʬʴʨʫ ʻ˄ʳʰʴʫʻʸʰʨ, ʸʵʳ ʹʨʴʨʳʫʬ
ʨʸ ʫʨʸ˄ʳʻʴʫʬʩʰʨʴ ʰʳʨˀʰ, ʸʵʳ ʨʸʨʳ˂ ʯʻ ʵˇʨˆˀʰ, ʨʸʨʳʬʫ
ʳʬʮʵʩʲʬʩˀʰ ʫʨ ʹʵʼʬʲˀʰ˂ ʯʭʰʻʸʰ ʨʭʨʫʳʿʵʼʵʩʨ ʨʸʨ ʨʽʭʹ ʽʨʲʹ,
ʳʨʴʨʳʫʬ ʳʵʴʨʫʰʸʬ ʹʨʴʨʫʰʸʵʫ ʭʬʸ ʳʰʫʰʹ, ʳʲʵ˂ʭʬʲʴʰ ʬʱʲʬʹʰʨʹ
ʭʬʸ ʬʱʨʸʬʩʰʨʴ, ʳʹˆʭʬʸʶʲʰʹ ˀʬ˄ʰʸʭʨ ʫʨʻˀʭʬʩʬʲʰʨ. ʨʳ ʫʸʵʹ ʽʨʲʹ
ʨʸ ˀʬʻ˃ʲʰʨ ʫʨʯʬʹʰʲ ʿʨʴʬʩˀʰ ʹʰʨʸʻʲʰ, ʰʳ ʳʨʸʨʴˀʰ ˀʬʹʭʲʨ, ʹʨʫʨ˂
ʶʻʸʰʹ ʳʨʸʨʪʰ ʨʽʭʯ ˀʬʴʨˆʻʲʰ, ʹʨʼʻʺʱʸʬʹ ʹʰʨˆʲʵʭʬʹ ʪʨʭʲʨ,
ʬʱʲʬʹʰʬʩʰʹ ʹʰʨˆʲʵʭʬʹ ʹʰʨʸʻʲʰ, ʹʨʨʸʨʿʬʯ ʫʨʳʮʨʫʬʩʻʲ
ʪʨʳʵʻˆʫʬʲ ʹʨʪʴʬʩʰʹ ʳʰʱʨʸʬʩʨ, ʳʰ˂ʭʨʲʬʩʻʲʯʨ ˂ˆʬʫʨʸʯʨʴ
ʳʰʹʭʲʨ, ʴʨʴʨʫʰʸʬʭʰ ˆʵʸ˂ʰʹ ʴʨˆʭʨ ʫʨ ˅ʨʳʨ, ʸʨʫʪʨʴʨ˂ ʿʵʭʬʲʰʭʬ
ˀʬʰ˃ʲʬʩʨ ˄ʨʩʰʲ˄ʻʲ ʰʽʴʨʹ. ˆʵʲʵ ʹʨʳˇʬʸ-ʵʯˆˇʬʸ ʸʵʳ ʺʨʴʹ
ʯʩʰʲʰ ˄ʿʲʰʯʨ ʫʨ ʹʨʶʴʰʯ ʫʨʰʩʨʴʬʴ ʫʨ ʯʭʰʻʸʰ
ʨʭʨʫʳʿʵʼʵʩʰʹʨʪʨʴ ʪʨʯʨʭʰʹʻʼʲʫʬʩʰʨʴ, ʳʨˀʰʴ ʴʬʩʨ ʬ˃ʲʬʭʨʯ
ʹʨˆʲˀʰ ʳʰʹʭʲʰʹʨ, ʳʨʪʸʨʳ ʳʹˆʭʬʸʶʲʰʹ ˀʬ˄ʰʸʭʨʹ ʳʨʴʨʳʫʬ ʭʬʸ
ʩʬʫʨʭʬʴ, ʹʨʴʨʳ ʹʨˆʲʹ ʫʨ ʬʮʵʬʩʹ ʬʱʲʬʹʰʰʫʨʴ ʳʵʺʨʴʰʲʰ ʴʨʱʻʸʯˆʰ
˄ʿʲʰʯ ʨʸ ʪʨʹ˄ʳʬʴʫʬʴ. ʯʻ ʭʰʴʳʬʹ ʵˇʨˆˀʰ ʹʨʻʩʬʫʻʸʵʫ
ʨʭʨʫʳʿʵʼʵʩʨ ʪʨʻˁʴʫʨ ʪʨ˂ʰʬʩʰʹʨʪʨʴ ʫʨ ʳʵʱʭʫʨ, ʨʳʨʹ ˆˀʰʸʨʫ
ʹʭʨʴʬʩʰ ʨ˄ʬʸʬʴ ʽʨʲʬʩʰʹ ʳʰʬʸ ʯʭʰʻʸʰ ʨʭʨʫʳʿʵʼʵʩʰʯ ʨʴ ʹˆʭʨ
188
ʱʨ˂ʯʨʴ ʫʨ˄ʵʲʰʯ ʵˇʨˆʰʹ ˄ʨʩʰʲ˄ʭʨʹ ʳʹˆʭʬʸʶʲʯ ˀʬ˄ʰʸʭʰʹ ʫʸʵʹ
ʫʨ ʨʳʰʹʨʯʭʰʹ ʫʨʹʨʹˇʬʲʨʫ ʾʭʯʰʹʨʪʨʴ ʳʵʭʲʰʴʬʩʻʲ ʸʰʹˆʭʨʫ
ʹʯʭʲʰʨʴ.
˂ˆʨʫʰʨ, ʬʹ ˁʭʬʻʲʬʩʨ ʹʭʨʴʬʯʹ ˀʬʻʴʨˆʨʭʹ ˃ʭʬʲ ʫʸʵʰʫʨʴ.
ʸʵʳʨʬʲʬʩʰʹ ʳʹʵʼʲʰʵ ʩʨʺʵʴʵʩʨ ʸʵʳ ʪʨʴʳʺʱʰ˂ʫʨ, ʳʨˀʰʴ ʬʹ
ˁʭʬʻʲʬʩʨ ʪʨʭʸ˂ʬʲʫʨ ʰʽʰʫʨʴ ʨʾʳʵʹʨʭʲʬʯʰʹ ʽʭʬʿʴʬʩˀʰ˂.
ʶʲʰʴʰʻʹʰʹ ˂ʴʵʩʬʩʰʯ, ʸʵʳʨʬʲʬʩʰʹ ˀʬˆʬʫʻʲʬʩʰʯ ʯʭʰʻʸʰ
ʨʭʨʫʳʿʵʼʵʩʰʹ ʫʸʵʹ ʽʨʲʰʹ ʳʰʱʨʸʬʩʰʯ ʩʨʲʨˆʬʩʰ ʫʨ ʳ˂ʬʴʨʸʬʬʩʰ
ˆʳʬʩʵʫʴʬʴ, ʫʨʴʬʩʰ ʷʨʴʪʫʬʩʵʫʬʴ, ˃ʨʾʲʬʩʰ ˂ʵʼʰʨʴʫʬʩʵʫʬʴ. ʳʬ-17
ʹʨʻʱʻʴʬˀʰ ʨʹʬʯ ˀʬˆʬʫʻʲʬʩʨʹ ʨʫʪʰʲʰ ˈʽʵʴʫʨ ʫʨʹʨʭʲʬʯʰʹ
ʳʬʫʰ˂ʰʴʨˀʰ˂ ʱʰ, ˆʵʲʵ ʰʺʨʲʰʨˀʰ ʫʾʬʳʫʰʹ ʨʸʹʬʩʵʩʹ ʯʭʰʻʸʰʯ
ʨʭʨʫʳʿʵʼ ʽʨʲʬʩʮʬ ʨʳʫʨʪʭʨʸʰʭʬ ˀʬˆʬʫʻʲʬʩʨ.
ʩʬʸʰʴʪʬʯʰʹ ʴʨʶʰʸʬʩʮʬ ʳ˂ˆʵʭʸʬʩʰ ʬʹʱʰʳʵʹʬʩʰ ʫʾʬʹʨ˂
ʫʨʸ˄ʳʻʴʬʩʻʲʴʰ ʨʸʰʨʴ, ʸʵʳ ʯʭʰʻʸʰ ʨʭʨʫʳʿʵʼʵʩʰʹ ʳʽʵʴʬ ʽʨʲʰ
ʰʳʫʬʴʨʫ ʨʼʻ˅ʬʩʹ ˈʨʬʸʹ, ʸʵʳ ʯʻ ʨʳ ˈʨʬʸʰʯ ʳʵʴʨʫʰʸʬʳ
ʨʳʵʰʹʻʴʯʽʨ, ʴʨʫʰʸʵʩʨ ʰʾʻʶʬʩʨ.
ʪʬʸʳʨʴʰʨˀʰ, ʸʬʰʴʰʹ ʹʨʴʨʶʰʸʵ ʵʲʽˀʰ, ʫʾʬʹʨ˂, ʸʵ˂ʨ ʳʨ˅ʨʸʰ
ʫʻʾʹ, ʯʭʰʻʸʰ ʨʭʨʫʳʿʵʼʵʩʰʹ ʳʽʵʴʬ ʽʨʲʹ ʳʨʸʨʴˀʰ ʨʸ ʻˀʭʬʩʬʴ,
ʸʵʳ ʾʭʰʴʵ ʨʸ ˄ʨʻˆʫʬʯ. ʨʳʪʭʨʸʨʯʭʬ ʰʽ˂ʬʭʰʨʴ ʳʨʴˈʬʰʳʬʲʬʩʰ
ʲʻʫʰʹ ʪʨʱʬʯʬʩʰʹ ʫʸʵʹ.
ʹʰʲʬʮʰʨˀʰ ʨʳ ʫʸʵʹ ʽʨʲʬʩʹ ʨʸ ˀʬʻ˃ʲʰʨʯ ʫʨʸʪʭʨ ʨʴ ʸʨʰʳʬ
ʳ˂ʬʴʨʸʬʬʩʰʹ ˆʬʲʰʹ ʳʵʱʰʫʬʩʨ, ʸʵʳ ʻʱʨʴʨʹʱʴʬʲʴʰ ʨʸ ʪʨˆʳʬʴ.
ˆʬʭʹʻʸʬʯˀʰ˂ ʰʹʬ, ʸʵʪʵʸ˂ ʹʭʨʴʬʯˀʰ, ʯʭʰʻʸʰʯ
ʨʭʨʫʳʿʵʼʰ ʽʨʲʬʩʰ ʿʨʭʯ ʬʮʵʹ ʪʨʸʬʫ ʨˀʬʴʬʩʻʲ ʪʨʴ˂ʨʲʱʬʭʬʩʻʲ
ˇʨʴʪʭʲʬʩˀʰ, ʹʨʴʨʳ ʨʸ ʪʨʴʯʨʭʰʹʻʼʲʫʬʩʰʨʴ.
ʯʭʰʻʸ ʨʭʨʫʳʿʵʼʵʩʨʮʬ ʨʹʬʯʰ ˀʬˆʬʫʻʲʬʩʨ ʻʴʫʨ
˄ʨʸʳʵʨʫʪʬʴʫʬʹ ʳʵʹʬʹ ʱʨʴʵʴʰʹ ʴʨˀʯʹ, ʸʨʫʪʨʴʨ˂ ʳʵʹʬʹ ʱʨʴʵʴʰʯ
ʯʭʰʻʸʰʯ ʨʭʨʫʳʿʵʼ ʽʨʲʬʩʹ ʹʨʹʺʰʱʨʫ ˈʽʵʴʫʨʯ ʨʱʸ˃ʨʲʻʲʰ ʨʳ
ʫʸʵʹ ʹˆʭʬʩʯʨʴ ʳʰʱʨʸʬʩʨ ʫʨ ˆʨʲˆˀʰ ʪʨʸʬʭʨ. ʨʸʨʭʰʯʨʸʰ
ʾʭʯʰʹʳʹʨˆʻʸʬʩʨ ʫʨˀʭʬʩʻʲʰ ʨʸ ʰʿʵ, ʹʨʴʨʳʫʬ ʨʹʬʯʰ ʽʨʲʬʩʰ ʨʸ
ʫʨʰʩʨʴʫʬʴ ʺʨʴʹ ʯʩʰʲʰ ˄ʿʲʰʯ ʰʹʬ, ʸʵʳ ʬʸʯʰ ʩʨʲʨʴʰ˂
ʫʨʻʩʨʴʬʲʰ ʨʸ ʫʨʸˁʬʴʵʫʨʯ. ʪʬʸʳʨʴʰʨˀʰ ± ʼʸʰʫʩʬʸʪˀʰ ʹʨˀʻʨʲʵ
ʹʨʻʱʻʴʬʬʩʰʫʨʴ ʨʽʨʳʫʬ ˀʬʴʨˆʻʲʨʴ ʬʩʸʨʬʲʯʨ ʹʨʩʨʴʨʵʬʩʰ, ʯʭʰʻʸ
ʨʭʨʫʳʿʵʼʯʨʯʭʰʹ ʪʨʱʬʯʬʩʻʲʴʰ. ʸʵ˂ʨ ʽʨʲʹ ʯʭʰʻʸʰ ʨʭʨʫʳʿʵʼʵʩʨ
ʬʽʴʬʩʵʫʨ, ʳʨˀʰʴ ʯʻ ʱʨ˂ʯʨʴ ʫʨ˄ʭʬʩʵʫʨ, ʳʵʹʬʹ ʱʨʴʵʴʰʯ ʵʸʰʭʬʴʰ ±
ʽʨʲʰ˂ ʫʨ ʱʨ˂ʰ˂ ʹʰʱʭʫʰʲʰʯ ʰʹˇʬʩʵʫʴʬʴ 121).
189
121) ǮȍȕȡȐȕȈ Ȑ ǴțȎȟȐȕȈ. ʯʨʸʪʳʨʴʰ ʪʬʸʳʨʴʻʲʰʫʨʴ ʶʸʵʼ. ʵʪʬʲʰʹ ʫʨ
ʬʴʪʬʲʪʨʸʫʺʰʹʨ. ʪʭ. 394 ʫʨ 395).

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˃ʭʬʲ ʫʸʵˀʰ ʹʭʨʴʰ ʯʨʭʰʹ ˀʭʰʲʹ ʻʴʰˀʴʨʭʫʨ ˂ʵʲʨʫ

ʨʱʭʨʴˀʰ ʳ˄ʵʲʰʨʸʬ ʪʵʪʵʴʨʹ. ʨʳʷʨʳʨʫ ʬʹ ʫʨʹʨʪʳʵʩʰ ˁʭʬʻʲʬʩʨ
ʳʵʰʹʶʵ, ʳʨʪʸʨʳ 7-8 ˄ʲʰʹ ʽʨʲʰˀʭʰʲʰʹ ʯˆʵʭʴʨʹ ʳʨʰʴ˂ ˆˀʰʸʨʫ ʨʽʭʹ
ʨʫʪʰʲʰ. ˂ˆʨʫʰʨ, ʨʳʨʹ ʨˆʫʬʴʬʴ ʳʨʯʰ ʳˀʵʩʲʬʩʰ ʯʨʭʰʹ ˀʭʰʲʬʩʰʹ
ʻʱʰʯˆʨʭʨʫ. ʯʻ ˂ʵʲʰʹ ʯˆʵʭʨ ʨʳ ˄ʬʹʰʯ ʨʸ ʳʵˆʫʨ, ʹʭʨʴʰ, ʸʵ˂ʨ
ʫʨʭʨʷʱʨ˂ʫʬʩʨ, ʨʰʸˁʬʭʹ ʹʨ˂ʵʲʬʹ, ʻʪʮʨʭʴʰʹ ʳʨʹ ʱʨ˂ʹ ʫʨ ʹʯˆʵʭʹ
˂ʵʲʨʫ ˄ʨʿʵʲʨʹ. ʯʻ ʽʨʲʰ ʫʨ ʳʰʹʰ ʳˀʵʩʲʬʩʰ ʨʳʨʮʬ ʨʸ
ʫʨʯʨʴˆʳʫʴʬʴ, ʰʳ ˀʬʳʯˆʭʬʭʨˀʰ ʹʨʽʳʸʵ ʾʨʳʬ ʳʰʬʶʨʸʬʩʨ ʯʨʭʰʹ
ʹʨ˂ʵʲʬʹ ʹʨˆʲʹ, ʱʨʸʬʩʰʫʨʴ ʨʴ ʼʨʴˇʸʰʫʨʴ ˀʬʻʫʪʬʩʹ ʹʨˆʲˀʰ
ʴʰˀʨʴʹ 3 ʳ. ʼʻʲʹ ʫʨ ʯʵʼʰʹ ʺʿʭʰʨʹ, ˆʵʲʵ ʯʭʰʯʵʴ ʰʩʸʻʴʬʩʹ ʶʰʸʹ
ʫʨ ʪʨʸʩʰʹ ʹʨˆʲˀʰ. ʨʳʰʹ ˀʬʳʫʬʪ ʻʴʫʨ ʯʻ ʨʸʨ ʽʨʲʹ, ʰʹ ʳʨʰʴ˂
ʫʨʴʰˀʴʻʲʰʨ ʫʨ ʹˆʭʨʮʬ ʪʨʯˆʵʭʬʩʨ ʳʰʹʯʭʰʹ ʫʨʻˀʭʬʩʬʲʰʨ. ʺʿʭʰʨ,
ʸʵʳʬʲʰ˂ ʴʰˀʴʨʫ ʨʸʰʹ ʳʰʹ ʵˇʨˆˀʰ ˀʬʪʫʬʩʻʲʰ, ʹ˄ʵʸʬʫ ʰʳʰʹ
ʴʰˀʨʴʰʨ, ʸʵʳ ʯʻ ʽʨʲʰ ʹˆʭʨʹ ʪʨˈʿʭʨ, ʳʰʹʰ ʴʨʯʬʹʨʭʬʩʰ ʺʿʭʰʰʯ
ʰʽʴʬʩʰʨʴ ʳʵʱʲʻʲʴʰ. ˂ʵʲʰʹ ʨʹʬʯ ʯˆʵʭʨʹ ʹʭʨʴʬʯʰʹ ˂ˆʵʭʸʬʩʨˀʰ
ʫʰʫʰ ʨʸʬʭ-ʫʨʸʬʭʨ, ʻʩʬʫʻʸʬʩʨ ʫʨ ʹʰʹˆʲʰʹʾʭʸʨ ˀʬʨʽʭʹ, ʸʨʫʪʨʴʨ˂
ˆˀʰʸʨʫ ʨʳ ˄ʬʹʰʯ ʨʴ ʬʸʯʰ ʪʨʳʵʫʰʹ ʻʭʨʸʪʰʹʰ ʨʴ ʳʬʵʸʬ.
ˀʬʻʾʲʬʩʻʲʴʰ ʨʹʬʯ ˀʬʳʯˆʭʬʭʨˀʰ ˆˀʰʸʨʫ ʰʸˁʬʭʬʴ ʳʬʫʰʨʺʵʸʬʬʩʹ
ʫʨ ʨʳ ʹʨˀʻʨʲʬʩʰʯ ʪʨʰʿʸʬʩʰʨʴ ˆʵʲʳʬ. ʫʨʳ˄ʻʴʬʩʬʲʰ ʳˆʨʸʬ ʰˆʫʰʹ
ʫʨ˄ʻʴʬʩʻʲʰʹ ʹʨʹʨʸʪʬʩʲʵʫ ʳʬʫʰʨʺʵʸʻʲʰ ʪʨʴˁʰʴʬʩʰʯ ʳʰʹˇʰʲ
ˇʨʸʰʳʨʹ, ˆʵʲʵ ʯʻ ʨʹʬʯʰ ʳʵʸʰʪʬʩʰʯ ʹʨʽʳʬ ʨʸ ʫʨʳʯʨʭʸʫʨ ʫʨ
ʬʸʯʳʨ ʳʨʯʪʨʴʳʨ ʳʰʨʺʵʭʨ, ʬʹ, ʹʭʨʴʬʩʰʹ ʯʭʨʲʹʨʮʸʰʹʰʯ, ,,ʱʨ˂ʰʹ
ʴʨˆʬʭʸʨʫ ʳʵʱʭʲʨʹ³ʻʫʸʰʹ ʫʨ ʨʴ ʳʱʭʲʬʲʵʩʰʯ ʯʨʭʫʬʩʨ ʹʨʽʳʬ ʨʴ
ʼʨʹʫʬʩʨ ʱʨ˂ʰʹ ʳʵʱʭʲʰʹ ʴʨˆʬʭʨʸ ʼʨʹʰʯ, ʬ. ʰ. 1.500 ʳʨʴʬʯʨʳʫʬ.
ʨʹʬʨ ʯʻ ʰʹʬ, ʰʳ ˀʬʳʯˆʭʬʭʨˀʰ, ʸʵ˂ʨ ˂ʵʲʰʹ ʯˆʵʭʨʹ
ʹʭʨʴʬʯˀʰ ʹʨʼʻ˃ʭʬʲʰ ʬʿʸʬʩʨ ± ʹʰ˃ʬ ʨ˃ʲʬʭʹ ʬʸʯʰ ˄ʲʰʹ ˀʬʳʫʬʪ
ʹʨ˂ʵʲʬʹ ʳˀʵʩʲʬʩʹ ʬʸʯ ˆʨʸʹ, ˀʬʳʫʬʪ ʬʸʯ ʻʾʬʲ ˆʨʸʹ ʫʨ ʵʸ
˃ʸʵˆʨʹ, ʳʬʸʬ ʰ˄ʬʸʹ ʹʨ˂ʵʲʬʮʬ ˇʭʨʸʹ, ʳʨʪʸʨʳ ʭʰʹʨ˂ ʨʳ ʨʴʪʨʸʰˀʬʩʰʹ
ʪʨʹ˄ʵʸʬʩʰʹ ʹʨˀʻʨʲʬʩʨ ʨʸʨ ʨʽʭʹ, ʰʹ ʸˁʬʩʨ ʻ˂ʵʲʵʫ.

190
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ʳʰʻˆʬʫʨʭʨʯ ʰʳʰʹʨ, ʸʵʳ ʹʭʨʴʬʩʰ ʾʨʸʰʩʨʫ ˂ˆʵʭʸʵʩʬʴ,

ʹʺʻʳʸʰʹ ʳʰʾʬʩʨ ʫʨ ʶʨʺʰʭʰʹ˂ʬʳʨ ˃ʨʲʰʨʴ ʻʿʭʨʸʯ. ʹʨʶʨʺʰʵ
ʹʺʻʳʨʸʹ ʹʨʱʲʨʭʹ ʻʱʲʨʭʬʴ ± ʭʰʹʨ˂ ʸʨ ˈʿʨʭʹ. ʾʭʰʴʰʹ ʳʨʪʰʭʸʵʩʨʹ
ʨʸʨʿʰ ʬ˄ʬʭʨ. ʼʻʲʰ ʸʵʳ ˀʬʨ˃ʲʰʵʹ ʳʰʶʨʺʰʷʬʩʻʲʳʨ ʹʺʻʳʨʸʳʨ
ʴʨˆʨʸˇˀʰ ± ʬʹ ʫʰʫ ˀʬʻʸʨ˂ˆʿʵʼʨʫ ʰʯʭʲʬʩʨ. ʳʨʯʰ
ʪʻʲʻʩʸʿʭʰʲʵʩʨ ʨʳ ʹʨʽʳʬˀʰ ʰʳ ʮʵʳʨʳʫʬ ʨʾ˄ʬʭʫʨ ʬʸʯ ʫʸʵʹ, ʸʵʳ,
ʸʵ˂ʨ ʹʭʨʴʬʩʰ ʬʸʯˆʬʲ ʽʻʯʨʰʹˀʰ ˁʨʭʰʫʴʬʴ, ʯʻʸʳʬ ʨʹʬʯʰ
ʳʨʪʨʲʰʯʰ ʰʿʵ: ʹʭʨʴʬʩʰ ʬʸʯʰ ʫʻʽʴʰʹʱʬʴ ʰ˂ʽʰʸʬʩʵʫʴʬʴ.
ʳʰʱʰʺʨʴʳʨ, ʸʵʪʵʸ˂ ʬʹ ˄ʬʹʨʫ ʨʽʭʯ ʳʨʯ ʳʰʾʬʩʻʲʰ, ˀʬʰʶʨʺʰʷʨ
ʹʭʨʴʬʩʰ ʫʨ ˀʬʬʱʰʯˆʨ ,,ʸʨʹ ʳʰʰʸʯʳʬʭʯʵ?, ʹʭʨʴʬʩʳʨ ʬʹ ʯʨʭʰʹʬʩʻʸʨʫ
ʨˆʹʴʬʹ ± ʫʨʶʨʺʰʷʬʩʨʫ ʳʰʰʾʬʹ. ʫʨʳˀʬʻʲʳʨ ʫʨ ʳʨʫʨ ʪʨˆʹʴʰʲʳʨ
ʳʪʮʨʭʸʬʩʳʨ˂ ʳʵʰʯˆʵʭʬʹ ˀʬʳ˄ʭʨʸʰ ʪʵ˅ʬʩʰ, ʽʨʯʳʬʩʰ, ʾʭʰʴʵ ʫʨ ʹˆʭʨ.
ʪʬʳʵʮʬ ʰʽʬʰʼʬʹ, ʳʨʪʸʨʳ ʳʨʲʬ ʬʹ ˅ʨʳʨ ʳʨʯ ʪʨʻʳ˄ʨʸʫʨʯ. ʳʰʱʰʺʨʴʳʨ
ʳʨʯ ʨʴʪʨʸʰˀʰ ˄ʨʸʻʫʪʰʴʨ. ʨʳʰʯ ʪʨʵ˂ʬʩʻʲʰ ʹʭʨʴʬʩʰ ˀʬʱʸʯʬʴ ʫʨ
ʻʯˆʸʬʹ ,,ʳʨʹʶʰʴ˃ʬʲʹ³ ˁʭʬʴ ʪʭʬʪʵʴʨ ʯʽʭʬʴ ʳʰʪʭʰʶʨʺʰʷʬʯ ʰʹʬ,
ʸʵʪʵʸ˂ ʬʹ ˁʭʬʴˀʰ ʭʰ˂ʰʯʵ, ʫʨ ʬˆʲʨ ʸʵʳ ʼʻʲʹ ʯˆʵʻʲʵʩ, ʨʩʨ ʸʨ
ʹʨʱʨʫʸʰʹʰʨ³-ʵ; ʳʰʱʰʺʨʴʳʨ ʰʹʰʴʰ, ʸʨʹʨʱʭʰʸʭʬʲʰʨ, ʹʨʹʨ˂ʰʲʵʫ
ʨʰʪʫʵ. ʪʨʰʳʨʸʯʨ ˁˆʻʩʰ. ʳʰʱʰʺʨʴʰ ʱʨʸʪʨʫ ʳʰʩʬʪʭʬʹ ʹʭʨʴʬʩʳʨ ʨʹʬʯʰ
,,ʶʨʺʰʭʰʹ˂ʬʳʰʹʨʯʭʰʹ³ ʸʰʹ ˀʬʳʫʬʪʨ˂ ʨʳ ʹʨʽʳʬˀʰ ˁʨʬʸʰʨ ʶʵʲʰ˂ʰʨ,
ʸʵʳʬʲʳʨ˂ ʹʭʨʴʬʩʰ ʪʨʨʳʨʸʯʲʨ ʫʨ ʻʫʨʴʨˀʨʻʲʵ ʳʰʱʰʺʨʴʹ ˀʬʸˁʨ
ˆʨʸˇʰ ʫʨ ʪʨʲʨˆʭʨ ʨʹʬʯʰ ,,ʪʻʲʻˆʭʵʩʰʹʨʯʭʰʹ³
ʹʭʨʴʹ ʯʨʭʰʹʰ ʹʺʻʳʸʰʹ ʪʨʲʨʴ˃ʾʭʨ, ʨʸʨʳ˂ ʯʻ ʳʨˀʰʴ, ʸʵ˂ʨ
ʰʹ ʳʰʹ ʵˇʨˆˀʰ ʰʳʿʵʼʬʩʨ, ʨʸʨʳʬʫ ʵˇʨˆʰʫʨʴ ʪʨʹʭʲʰʹ ˀʬʳʫʬʪʨ˂,
ʫʰʫ ʹʨʹʰʸ˂ˆʭʰʲʵʯ ʫʨ ʯʨʭʰʹ ˀʬʻʸʨ˂ˆʿʵʼʨʫ ʳʰʨˁʴʰʨ ʫʨ
ʨʳʰʺʵʳʨ˂, ʯʻ ʹʭʨʴʰʹ ʹʺʻʳʨʸʹ ʳʰʹ ʵˇʨˆʰʫʨʴ ʪʨʹʭʲʰʹ ˀʬʳʫʬʪ
ʳʵʪʮʨʻʸʵʩʰʹ ʫʸʵʹ ʸʨʰʳʬ ˆʰʼʨʯʰ ʳʵʬʲʰʹ, ʳʨʹʶʰʴ˃ʬʲʰ ʳʰˈʿʭʬʩʨ
ʳʨʹ, ʹʨʴʨʳ ʹʨʳˀʭʰʫʵʩʵ ʨʫʪʰʲʹ ʨʸ ʳʰʰʿʭʨʴʹ, ʫʨ, ʸʨʫʪʨʴʨ˂ ʹʺʻʳʸʰʹ
ʪʨʲʨʴ˃ʾʭʨ ˁʭʬʴˀʰ ʳʨʹʶʰʴ˃ʲʰʹ ˀʬʻʸʨ˂ˆʿʵʼʨʫ ʰʯʭʲʬʩʨ ʫʨ ʨʳ
ʴʰʨʫʨʪʮʬ ˆˀʰʸʨʫ ʳʱʭʲʬʲʵʩʨ˂ ʳʵʳˆʫʨʸʨ, ʨʳʰʺʵʳ ʯʻ ʸʵʳʬʲʰʳʬ
ʹʭʨʴʹ ʨʹʬʯʰ ʹʺʻʳʸʰʹ ʪʨʲʨʴ˃ʾʭʨ ʨʽʭʹ ʪʨʴʮʸʨˆʻʲʰ, ʰʹ ˆˀʰʸʨʫ
ʰ˃ʻʲʬʩʻʲʰ ˆʫʬʩʨ ʯʨʭʰ ˀʬʰʱʨʭʵʹ, ˆʵʲʵ ʯʻ ʬʹ ʨʹʬ ʨʸ ʳʵˆʫʨ, ʳʨʯ
ˀʵʸʰʹ, ʸʵʪʵʸ˂ ʨʸʰʹ ʴʨʯʽʭʨʳʰ, ʰʳʨʸʯʬʩʨ ʩʸ˃ʵʲʨ ʫʨ ˆˀʰʸʨʫ
191
ʳʱʭʲʬʲʵʩʨ˂. ʨʳʰʹ ʫʨʹʨˆʨʹʰʨʯʬʩʲʨʫ, ʹˆʭʨʯʨ ˀʵʸʰʹ, ʳʵʭʰʿʭʨʴ
ʬʸʯ ʳʨʪʨʲʰʯʹ.
ʸʨʳʵʫʬʴʰʳʬ ʨʯʬʻʲʰ ˄ʲʰʹ ˄ʰʴʬʯ ʹʭʨʴʬʯˀʰ ʳʵʭʰʫʴʬʴ
ʶʰʸʭʬʲʰ ʴʨʱʻʸʯˆʰ ʳʾʭʫʲʬʩʰ ʽʻʯʨʰʹʰʫʪʨʴ. ʽʭʬʳʵ ʹʭʨʴʬʯˀʰ
ʰʹʰʴʰ ʬʹʺʻʳʸʬʴ ʯʨʭʨʫ ʪʨʸʫʨʼˆʨ˃ʬʹ, ʮʬʳʵ ʹʭʨʴʬʯˀʰ ʸʵʳ
ʨʳʵʭʰʫʴʬʴ ± ʳʨʸʪʰʨʴʬʩʹ. ʪʨʸʫʨʼˆʨ˃ʬʬʩʹ ʨʳ ʫʸʵʹ ʬʳʺʬʸʬʩʵʫʴʬʴ
ʳʬʹʺʰʨˀʰ ʳ˂ˆʵʭʸʬʩʰ ˇʨʼʨʸʰ˃ʬʬʩʰ (ʳʻʸʮʨʿʨʴˀʨ), ʰʳʰʹ ʪʨʳʵ, ʸʵʳ
ʳʨʯ ʳʰʬʸ ˂ʵʲʨʫ ʫʨʴʰˀʴʻʲ ʪʨʸʫʨʼˆʨ˃ʰʹ ʬʸʯʳʨ ʨʹʻʲʳʨ
ˇʨʼʨʸʰ˃ʬ ʳʰʨʺʵʭʨ. ˇʨʼʨʸʰ˃ʬʬʩʳʨ ʸʵ˂ʨ ʪʨʰʪʬʹ, ʸʵʳ
ʮʬʳʵˆʹʬʴʬʩʻʲʰ ʳʾʭʫʲʬʩʰ ʪʨʸʫʨʼˆʨ˃ʬʬʩʰʹ ʹʺʻʳʸʬʩʰ ʰʿʭʴʬʴ,
ʪʨʸʫʨʼˆʨ˃ʬʬʩʰʹʯʭʰʹ ʸʵʳ ˀʬʻʸʨ˂ˆʿʵʼʨ ʳʰʬʿʬʴʬʩʰʴʨʯ,
ʪʨʫʨʹ˄ʿʭʰʺʬʹ ʳʨʯʰ ʫʨ˅ʬʸʨ ʫʨ ʫʨʻʫʨʸʨˇʫʴʬʴ ʹʵʼʲʰʹ ʪʨʸʬʫ,
ʰʽʭʬ ʳʨˆʲʵʩʲʨʫ. ʨʳ ʳʾʭʫʲʬʩʹ ʳʰʨ˂ʰʲʬʩʫʨ ʳʨʯʰ ʳʨʹʶʰʴ˃ʬʲʰ
ʳʻʸʮʨ ʳʨʸʪʰʨʴʰ. ʸʵ˂ʨ ʳʨʴ ʪʨʰʪʵ, ʸʵʳ ˇʨʼʨʸʰ˃ʬʬʩʹ ʳʰʹʰ
ʹʺʻʳʸʬʩʰʹ ʪʨʲʨʴ˃ʾʭʨ ʻʴʫʵʫʨʯ, ʹʺʻʳʸʬʩʰ ʻʱʨʴ ʫʨʹʺʵʭʨ,
ʯʭʰʯʵʴ ˄ʰʴ ˄ʨʭʰʫʨ, ʳʵʴʨˆʨ ʫʨʫʨʸʨˇʬʩʻʲʰ 6 ˇʨʼʨʸʰ˃ʬ ʫʨ
ʹʯˆʵʭʨ ʨʹʬʯ ʪʨʴʮʸʨˆʭʨʮʬ ˆʬʲʰ ʨʬʾʵʯ. ʳʨʯ ˀʵʸʰʹ ʹʨʽʳʬ
ʪʨʳ˄ʭʨʭʫʨ. ʳʵˆʫʨ ˁˆʻʩʰ, ʸʵʳʲʰʹ ʫʸʵʹʨ˂ ʳʻʸʮʨʹ ʳʰʬʸ ʳʵʱʲʻʲ
ʰʽʴʨ ʬʸʯʰ ˇʨʼʨʸʰ˃ʬ ʫʨ ʸʨʳʵʫʬʴʰʳʬ ʫʨ˅ʸʰʲʰ. ʯʭʰʯ
ʹʺʻʳʨʸʯʳʵʿʭʨʸʬʵʩʰʹ ʳʹˆʭʬʸʶʲʰ ʳʻʸʮʨ˂ ʭʨʷʱʨ˂ʻʸʨʫ ʳʵʱʭʫʨ
ʰʽʭʬ. ˆʵʲʵ ʳʾʭʫʲʬʩʳʨ ʯʨʭʰ ʪʨʫʨʨʸˁʰʴʬʹ ʻʩʬʫʻʸʬʩʨʹ, ʰʽʭʬ
ʪʨʭʲʬʴʰʨʴ ʨʮʴʨʻʸ ʹʭʰʴˁʰʲʫ ˇʨʼʨʸʰ˃ʬʹʯʨʴ ʯʨʭʰʹ ˀʬʼʨʸʬʩʰʯ.
ʹʭʨʴʹ ʯʨʭʰʹ ʹʺʻʳʸʰʹ ʫʨ ʨʪʸʬʯʭʬ ʹʨʱʻʯʨʸʰ ʰʨʸʨʾʰʹ
ʪʨʲʨʴ˃ʾʭʨ, ʳʨʪʨʲʰʯʨʫ, ʮʻʳʩʰʹ, ˁʨˆʳʨˆʰʹ, ʹʨʲʺʰʹ ʫʨ ʹˆʭʨ
ʴʨ˄ʰʲʬʩʰʹ ʳʵʶʨʸʭʨ ˃ʨʲʰʨʴ ʹʨ˃ʴʬʲʵ ʹʨʽʳʬʫ ʳʰʨˁʴʰʨ ʫʨ ʫʨʳʴʨˀʨʭʬ
ʹʨʹʺʰʱ ʶʨʹʻˆʹ ʨʪʬʩʹ ˆʵʲʳʬ. ʹʨʮʵʪʨʫʵʫ, ʹʭʨʴʹ ʰʨʸʨʾʰ ʰʳʫʬʴʨʫ
ʻʿʭʨʸʹ, ʸʵʳ ʰʹ ʳʰʨˁʴʰʨ ˂ˆʵʭʸʬʩʰʹ ʹʨʻʱʬʯʬʹʵ ʨʳˆʨʴʨʪʨʫ ʫʨ ʳʰʹʰ
ˁʨʳʵʸʯʳʬʭʰʯ ʰʹ ʴʨˆʬʭʸʨʫ ʳʱʭʫʨʸʰ ʸˁʬʩʨ. ʻʴʬʩʻʸʨʫ
ʪʨʪʬ˂ʰʴʬʩʨʯ, ʸʵ˂ʨ ʫʨʰʴʨˆʨʭʯ, ʸʵʳ ʾʸʳʨʫ ʳʵˆʻ˂ʬʩʻʲʰ ʹʭʨʴʰ
ˆˀʰʸʨʯ ʫʾʰʹʰʯ ʯʨʭʰʹ ʱʨʷʰʨʴ ʯʵʼʹ ʪʨʸʬʯ ʪʨʳʵʰʺʨʴʹ, ʳʻˆʲʮʬ
ʪʨʫʨʰʫʬʩʹ, ˄ʳʬʴʫʹ, ˆʬʲʹ ʻʹʭʨʳʹ, ʬʨʲʬʸʹʬʩʨ, ʬʹʰʿʭʨʸʻʲʬʩʨ ʫʨ
ʨʭʰ ʯʭʨʲʰ ʸʵʳ ʨʸ ʬ˂ʬʹ, ʴʨʲʵ˂ʰ ˅ʰʴ˅ʰ ʻʴʫʨ ˀʬʨʩʨʹ ʳʨʹ.

192
‹€ ‡…€-‚€‹‚„ˆ €“‹„ …€Œ„‡–ˆ.

ʻˆʹʵʭʨʸ ʫʸʵʰʫʪʨʴ ʫʾʬʳʫʰʹ ʹʭʨʴʬʯˀʰ ʨʸ ʿʵʼʰʲʨ ʰʹʬʯʰ

ʳʯʨʭʸʵʩʨ, ʸʵʳʬʲʹʨ˂ ʪʨʬʪʵʹ ʨʳ ˆʨʲˆʰʹ ʹʻʲʰʹʱʭʬʯʬʩʨ,
ʪʨ˂ʴʵʩʵʫʬʹ ʳʰʹ ʼʹʰʽʵʲʵʪʰʨʹ, ˁʨʬˆʬʫʵʹ ʹʭʨʴʰʹ ˂ˆʵʭʸʬʩʰʹ
ʹʰʾʸʳʬˀʰ ʫʨ ʫʨʬʴʨˆʵʹ ʰʹ ʳʸʨʭʨʲʴʨʰʸʰ ʳ˃ʰʳʬ ˅ʸʰʲʵʩʬʩʰ,
ʸʵʳʬʲʯʨ ˀʬʳʹʻʩʻʽʬʩʨʹ ʫʨ ʳʵʸˁʬʴʨʹ ʹʭʨʴʬʯʰ ʳʻˆʲʳʵʫʸʬʱʰʲʰ
ʬʭʬʫʸʬʩʵʫʨ ʿʭʬʲʨʹ, ʳʨʪʸʨʳ ʨʳʨʵʫ.
ʨʸʨʭʰʴ ʮʸʻʴʨʭʫʨ ʨʳ ˆʨʲˆʰʹ ʹʰʩʴʬʲʰʹʨʪʨʴ ʪʨʳʵʿʭʨʴʨʮʬ,
ʳʰʹ ʱʻʲʺʻʸʨʮʬ, ʪʨʴʭʰʯʨʸʬʩʨʮʬ. ʨʳ ʪʨʸʬʳʵʬʩʨʳ ˆʨʲˆʹ ʪʻʲʰ
ʪʨʻʺʬˆʨ, ʻʸ˄ʳʻʴʵ ʯʵʳʨʯ ʪʨˆʫʨ, ʫʨʾʻʶʭʰʹ ʪʮʨʮʬ ˀʬʨʿʬʴʨ ʫʨ
ʻʼʹʱʸʻʲʰʹʨʱʬʴ ʪʨʨʽʨʴʨ.
ʯʭʰʯʳʶʿʸʵʩʬʲʵʩʰʹ ʫʸʵʹ ʬʹ ʱʻʯˆʬ ʰʯʭʲʬʩʵʫʨ
ʹʭʨʴʬʯʰʹ ʹʨʩʵʽʨʻʲʵʯ ʫʨ ʬʽʭʬʳʫʬʩʨʸʬʩʵʫʨ ʲʬˁˆʻʳʰʹ ʳʨʮʸʨʹ ʫʨ
ʳʰʹ ʬʸʯ ʴʨ˄ʰʲʹ ˀʬʨʫʪʬʴʫʨ. ʹʭʨʴʬʯʹ ʪʨʴʨʪʬʩʫʨ ʬʸʯʰ ʩʵʽʨʻʲʰ ʫʨ
ʳʰʹʰ ʯʨʴʨˀʬʳ˄ʬ 15 ˁʨʼʸʰʯ. ʨʫʳʰʴʰʹʺʸʨʺʰʻʲ ˂ʬʴʺʸʨʫ ʫʨ
ʩʵʽʨʻʲʰʹ ʹʨʩʰʴʨʫʸʵ ʨʫʪʰʲʨʫ ʰʯʭʲʬʩʵʫʨ ʩʬˁʵ. ʩʵʽʨʻʲʹ,
ʸʵʪʵʸ˂ ʳʯʨʭʸʵʩʰʹ ʬʸʯʨʫ±ʬʸʯ ˄ʨʸʳʵʳʨʫʪʬʴʬʲʹ,
ʪʨʴʹʨʱʻʯʸʬʩʻʲ ʫʨ ʫʨʳʵʻʱʰʫʬʩʬʲ ʶʰʸʵʩʬʩˀʰ ʻˆʫʬʩʵʫʨ
ʳʻˀʨʵʩʨ, ʻʳʬʺʬʹ ˀʬʳʯˆʭʬʭʨˀʰ ʸʻʹʻʲ ʱʨʴʵʴʬʩʰʹ ʪʭʬʸʫʮʬʫ
ʳʰʺʵʭʬʩʰʯ, ʨʫʪʰʲʵʩʸʰʭʰ ʨʫʨʯʬʩʰʹʨ ʫʨ ʮʴʬ-ˁʭʬʻʲʬʩʬʩʰʹ
ˆʬʲ˃ʾʭʨʴʬʲʵʩʰʯ. ʹʨʹʨʳʨʸʯʲʵ ʨʽ ʨʸ ʨʸʹʬʩʵʩʫʨ ʫʨ ʹʨʫʨʵ ʹʨʽʳʬ
ʩʵʽʨʻʲʰʹ ʯʨʵʹʴʵʩʰʯ, ʳʬʫʰʨʺʵʸʻʲʰ ˄ʬʹʰʯ ˄ʿʫʬʩʵʫʨ.
ʨʳʰʺʵʳʨ˂ ʰʿʵ, ʸʵʳ ʱʨʸʪʹ ʳʳʨʸʯʭʬʲʹ ʹʭʨʴʬʯʰʹʨʯʭʰʹ ʫʰʫʰ
ʳʴʰˀʭʴʬʲʵʩʨ ˈʽʵʴʫʨ. ʳʨʹ ʫʨʱʰʹʸʬʩʻʲʰ ˈʽʵʴʫʨ ʨʫʪʰʲʵʩʸʰʭʰ
˂ˆʵʭʸʬʩʰʹʨʯʭʰʹ ˆʬʲʳ˃ʾʭʨʴʬʲʵʩʨ ʪʨʬ˄ʰʨ.
ʹʨʮʵʪʨʫʵʫ ʻʴʫʨ ʰʯʽʭʨʹ, ʸʵʳ ʹʭʨʴʬʩʹ ʶʵʲʰʺʰʱʰʹ
ʯʰʯʽʳʰʹ ʨʸʨ ʪʨʬʪʬʩʨʯ ʸʨ ʫʨ ʳʯʭʨʸʵʩʨʹ ʫʾʬʳʫʰʹ ʳʻʫʨʳ ʨʼʨʹʬʩʫʨ
ʫʨ ʨʼʨʹʬʩʹ ʰʳ ʶʰʸʰʹ ʾʰʸʹʬʩʨ-ʴʨʱʲʻʲʬʭʨʴʬʩʨʯʨ ʳʰˆʬʫʭʰʯ,
ʸʵʳʬʲʰ˂ ʳʯʨʭʸʵʩʰʹ ˄ʨʸʳʵʳʨʫʪʬʴʲʨʫ ʰʯʭʲʬʩʵʫʨ ʹʭʨʴʬʯˀʰ.
ʨʳʴʨʰʸʨʫ ʹʭʨʴʬʯˀʰ ʳʯʨʭʸʵʩʰʹ ˄ʨʸʳʵʳʨʫʪʬʴʬʲʮʬʨ
ʫʨʳʵʱʰʫʬʩʻʲʰ ʯʭʰʯ ʳʯʨʭʸʵʩʰʹ ʫʨ ʹʭʨʴʬʯʰʹ ˀʵʸʰʹ ʱʬʯʰʲʰ
ʻʸʯʰʬʸʯʵʩʰʹ ʫʨʳʿʨʸʬʩʨ. ʨʳʨʹ ʪʭʰʳʺʱʰ˂ʬʩʹ ˁʭʬʴ, ʹˆʭʨʯʨ ˀʵʸʰʹ,
ʹʭʨʴʬʯˀʰ ʳʵʳˆʫʨʸʰ 1875-1876 ˄ʲʬʩʰ ʨˇʨʴʿʬʩʨ, ʸʵʳʬʲʰ˂ ʮʬʳʵʯ
ʳʵʭʰˆʹʬʴʰʬʯ.

193
 ʨʳʰʺʵʳ ʪʨʴʹʨʱʻʯʸʬʩʰʯ ʳʨʴʨʳʫʬ, ʭʰʫʸʬ ʹʭʨʴʬʯʰ
ʶʵʲʰʺʰʱʻʸʨʯ ʨʸ ʳʵʳ˄ʰʼʫʬʩʨ, ʳʯʨʭʸʵʩʨʳ ʿʵʭʬʲʯʭʰʹ
ʻʳʯʨʭʸʬʹʰ ʿʻʸʨʫʾʬʩʨ ʻʴʫʨ ʳʰʬʽ˂ʰʵʹ ʹʭʨʴʬʯˀʰ ˀʬʹʨʼʬʸʹ,
˅ʱʻʨʫʨʲʨʪʬʩʻʲ, ʪʨʳʵ˂ʫʰʲ, ʫʰʴˇ ʳʵʹʨʳʹʨˆʻʸʬʬʩʰʹ ʪʨʪʮʨʭʴʨʹ.
ʨʫʪʰʲʵʩʸʰʭʰ ˃ʨʲʬʩʰʹ ˀʬʯʨʴˆʳʬʩʻʲʰ ʳʻˀʨʵʩʰʯ, ˆʨʲˆʯʨʴ
ʯʩʰʲʰ ʪʻʲʰʯ ʳʰʹʭʲʰʯ, ʺʱʩʰʲʰ ʬʴʰʯ ʫʨ ʹʨʻʩʨʸʰʯ, ˂ˆʵʭʸʬʩʰʹ
ʹˆʭʨʫʨʹˆʭʨ ʳʵʭʲʬʴʬʩʰʹ ʪʨʹʨʪʬʩʨʯ ʨˆʹʴʰʯ ʨʽ ʫʰʫʰ ʹʨʽʳʰʹ
ʪʨʱʬʯʬʩʨ ˀʬʰ˃ʲʬʩʨ ʳʯʨʭʸʵʩʰʹʨ ʫʨ ˆʨʲˆʰʹ ˀʬʻ˄ʻˆʬʩʲʨʯ.
ʪʨʸʫʨ ʨʳʰʹʨ, ˆʨʲˆʰ ʸʨ˂ ʻʼʸʵ ʳʵ˄ʿʭʬʺʰʲʰʨ ʱʻʲʺʻʸʻʲ
ʱʬʸʨʹ, ʸʨ˂ ʻʼʸʵ ˁʨʳʵʸˁʬʴʰʲʰʨ ʪʨʴʨʯʲʬʩʰʹ ʳˆʸʰʭ ʫʨ ʰʹʬʯ
ʱʨʸˁʨʱʬʺʰʲ ˂ˆʵʭʸʬʩʨʹ ʬ˄ʬʭʨ, ʸʵʪʵʸ˂ ʹʭʨʴʬʯʰ, ʳʰʯ ʻʼʸʵ
ʨʫʭʰʲʰʨ ʿʵʭʬʲʪʭʨʸʰ ʪʨʻʪʬʩʸʵʩʰʹ ʪʨʳʵ˄ʭʬʭʨ, ʳʬʺʨʫʸʬ ʳʨˀʰʴ,
ʸʵʫʬʹʨ˂ ʨʳ ˆʨʲˆʹ ʨʸ ˈʿʨʭʹ ʪʵʴʰʬʸʰ ʫʨ ʪʨʳʵ˂ʫʰʲʰ
ˆʬʲʳ˃ʾʭʨʴʬʲʬʩʰ.
ʯʭʰʯʳʶʿʸʵʩʬʲʵʩʰʹ ʫʸʵʹ ʨʫʳʰʴʰʹʺʸʨʺʰʻʲ
ʫʨ˄ʬʹʬʩʻʲʬʩʰʹ ˀʬʹʨʴʨˆʨʯ ˄ʬʲʰ˄ʨʫˀʰ ʫʨʨˆʲʵʭʬʩʰʯ
ʰˆʨʸˇʬʩʵʫʨ:

ʩʵʽʨʻʲʰʹ ˇʨʳʨʪʰʸʰ . . . . . 1.700 ʳʨʴ.

ʳʰʹʰ ʯʨʴʨˀʬʳ˄ʬ . . . . . . . . . . 1.200 ,,
ʹʨʽʳʰʹ ʳ˄ʨʸʳʵʬʩʬʲʰ . . . . . . 624 ,,
ʵʸʰ ʫʨʸʨˇʰ . . . . . . . . . . . . . 200 ,,
ʹʨʱʨʴ˂ʬʲʨʸʰʵ ˆʨʸˇʬʩʰ . . . 200 ,,
ʻʼʸʵʹʰ ˁʨʼʸʰʹ ˇʨʳʨʪʰʸʰ . 480 ,,
ʯˆʻʯʳʬʺʰ ˁʨʼʨʸʰ . . . . . . . 1.110 ,,
ʿʨʮʨʸʳʰʹ ʪʨʯʩʵʩʨ-ʪʨʴʨʯʬʩʨ . . 150 ,,

ʹʻʲ 5 664 ʳʨʴ.

ʯʭʰʯʳʶʿʸʵʩʬʲʵʩʰʹ ʫʨʳˆʵʩʰʹ ˀʬʳʫʬʪ ʹʭʨʴʬʯʰ ʳʵ˄ʿʫʨ

˂ʬʴʺʸʹ ʫʨ ʯʰʯʽʳʰʹ ʹʸʻʲʰʨʫ ʻʶʨʺʸʵʴʵʫ ʫʨʸˁʨ.
ˆʨʲˆʰ ʨʴʨʸʽʰʰʹ ʽʨʸ-˂ʬ˂ˆʲˀʰ ʪʨʬˆʭʰʨ, ʫʰʫʰ ʨʸʬʭ-ʫʨʸʬʭʨ
ˀʬʰʽʴʨ. ʹʭʨʴʬʯˀʰ ʿʵʭʬʲʯʭʰʹ ʰʿʵ ˀʻʸʰʹ˃ʰʬʩʨ ʹʰʹˆʲʰʹ ʨʾʬʩʰʹ
ʴʰʨʫʨʪʮʬ, ʱʨ˂ʰʹ ʱʭʲʨ, ˃ʨʸ˂ʭʨ-ʪʲʬˇʨ ʫʨ ʿʵʭʬʲʪʭʨʸʰ ʻʩʬʫʻʸʬʩʨ,
ʳʨʪʸʨʳ ʳʯʲʨʯ ʻʶʨʺʸʵʴʵʯ, ʳʰʺʵʭʬʩʻʲ ˆʨʲˆˀʰ ʿʭʬʲʨʼʬʸʰ ʬʹ
194
ˆʵʳ ʹʻʲ ʳʬʺʰʹ ʳʬʺʨʯ ʪʨʴʭʰʯʨʸʫʨ. ˀʬʻ˃ʲʬʩʬʲʰ ʪʨˆʫʨ ʬʸʯʰ
ʹʵʼʲʰʫʪʨʴ ʳʬʵʸʬ ʹʵʼʬʲˀʰ ʻˀʰˀʸʨʯ ʪʨʫʨʹʭʲʨ. ʮʵʪʨʴ ʳʵʹʨˆʲʬ
ʯʨʭʰʹ ʹʨˆʲʰʫʪʨʴʨ˂ ʭʬʸ ʪʨʳʵʫʰʵʫʨ ʪʨʸʬʯ ʰʹʬ, ʸʵʳ
ʫʨʫʨʸʨˇʬʩʻʲ ʳʺʸʰʹ ʺʿʭʰʨʹ ʹʰ˂ʵ˂ˆʲʬ ʨʸ ʳʵʬʹʶʵ ʳʰʹʯʭʰʹ.
ʫʨʰ˄ʿʵ ʯʬʳʵʩʨ ʫʨ ʳʰʹ ʪʨʴʹʨʳʺʱʰ˂ʬʩʲʨʫ ʻʸʯʰʬʸʯ ˀʵʸʰʹ ʼʰ˂ʰʹ
ʫʨʫʬʩʨ. ʨʳʰʹ ʪʨʳʵ ʹʨʹʺʰʱʨʯ ʰˁʨʪʸʬʩʵʫʬʴ ʹʻʹʺʰ ʯʬʳʬʩʰ ʯʵʼʰʹ
ʺʻˁʰʯ ʫʨ˄ʬʸʰʲ ʱʨʴʵʴʬʩʰʹʨʪʨʴ. ʪʨʩʨʺʵʴʫʬʴ ʿʨˁʨʾʬʩʰ,
ʹʨʹ˄ʨʭʲʬʩʲʬʩʰ ʪʨ˃ʨʸ˂ʻʲʰ ʫʨ ʪʨʶʨʸʺʨˆʬʩʻʲʰ ʰʿʵ,
ʳʬ˂ʨʫʰʴʬʵʩʨ, ʸʨʹʨʱʭʰʸʭʬʲʰʨ, ʨʾʨʸ ʹ˄ʨʸʳʵʬʩʫʨ. ʬʸʯʰ ʹʰʺʿʭʰʯ,
ʹʭʨʴʬʯʰʹ ˂ˆʵʭʸʬʩʨ ʴʨʳʫʭʰʲ ˇʵˇʵˆʬʯʹ ʫʨʬʳʹʪʨʭʹʨ. ʰʳ ʫʸʵʹ
ʿʻʸʨʫʾʬʩʰʹ ʳʰʳ˄˂ʬʭʰ ʨʸʹʨʫ ˁʨʴʫʨ. ʳʬʴˀʬʭʰʱʻʸʳʨ ʳʯʨʭʸʵʩʨʳ
ʹʭʨʴʬʯʰʹ ʹʨʱʰʯˆʰ ʬʸʯ ʫʸʵʹ ʰʳʰʯ ʪʨʫʨʹ˅ʸʨ, ʸʵʳ ʳʨʴ ʳʯʬʲʰ ʬʹ
ˆʨʲˆʰ ʱʨʴʵʴʹ ʪʨʸʬˀʬ ʪʨʳʵʨ˂ˆʨʫʨ ʲʬˁˆʻʳˀʰ ʳʵʳˆʫʨʸʰ
ʪʨʳʵʹʭʲʬʩʰʹ ʪʨʳʵ ʫʨ ʪʮʨ ʫʨʻʱʬʺʨ ʳʨʹ ʿʵʭʬʲ ʳˆʸʰʹʱʬʴ.
ʨʹʬʯ ʫʸʵʹ ʰʹʬʯʰ ˆʨʲˆʰʹ ʱʨʴʵʴʹ ʪʨʸʬˀʬ ʪʨʳʵ˂ˆʨʫʬʩʨ,
ʸʵʪʵʸʰ˂ ʨʸʨʰʴ ʹʭʨʴʬʩʰ ʫʨ ʳʨʯʯʭʰʹ ʪʮʬʩʰʹ ʫʨʱʬʺʭʨ ʫʨ ʳʯʬʩˀʰ
ʳʵʳ˄ʿʭʫʬʭʨ ʯʻ ʸʨ ˀʬʫʬʪʬʩʰʯ ʫʨʳʯʨʭʸʫʬʩʵʫʨ, ʬʹ ˁʬʳʯʭʰʹ
ʨʫʭʰʲʰ ˄ʨʸʳʵʹʨʫʪʬʴʰ ʰʿʵ ʫʨ ʨʳʰʺʵʳ ʪʨʮ. ,,ˆʨʲˆʰʹ ʳʬʪʵʩʸʰʹ³
ʳʨʸʺʰʹ 1918 ˄. ȹ 127-ˀʰ ˁʬʳ ʳʰʬʸ ʳʵʯʨʭʹʬʩʻʲ ʰʽʴʨ ˀʬʳʫʬʪʰ
ʹʨʶʸʵʺʬʹʺʵ ˄ʬʸʰʲʰ: ,,ʽʻʯʨʰʹʰʹ ʪʻʩʬʸʴʰʰʹ ʱʵʳʰʹʸʰʹ
ʹʨʿʻʸʨʫʾʬʩʵʯ³ ʿʭʬʲʨʳ ʱʨʸʪʨʯ ʰ˂ʰʹ, ʸʵʳ ʲʬˁˆʻʳʰʹ ʳʨʮʸʨ
ʨʳʷʨʳʨʫ ʱʨʴʵʴʹ ʪʨʸʬˀʬʨ ʪʨʳʵ˂ˆʨʫʬʩʻʲʰ ʰʽ ʳʵʳˆʫʨʸʰ ʨʳʩʬʩʰʹ
ʪʨʳʵ. ʲʬˁˆʻʳʰʹ ʳʨʮʸʰʹ ʴʨ˄ʰʲʹ ˀʬʨʫʪʬʴʹ ʮʬʳʵ ʹʭʨʴʬʯʰ˂, ʸʵʳʲʰʹ
ʳ˂ˆʵʭʸʬʩʯʨ ʸʰ˂ˆʭʰ 20,000 ʨʾʬʳʨʺʬʩʨ. ʯʭʰʯ ʪʻʩʬʸʴʰʰʹ ʱʵʳʰʹʨʸʳʨ
ʱʨʸʪʨʫ ʻ˄ʿʰʹ, ʸʵʳ ʮʬʳʵ ʹʭʨʴʬʩʹ ʲʬˁˆʻʳˀʰ ʳʵʳˆʫʨʸʰ ʨʳʩʬʩʰʹʨ
ʨʸʨʼʬʸʰ ʪʨʬʪʬʩʨʯ, ʪʨʳʵʹʭʲʬʩˀʰ ʳʵʴʨ˄ʰʲʬʵʩʨ ʨʸ ʳʰʻʾʰʨʯ.
ʪʻʩʬʸʴʰʰʹ ʱʵʳʰʹʸʰʹ ʫʬʱʸʬʺʰ ʯʨʭʰʹʰ ʹʸʻʲʰ ʳʴʰˀʭʴʬʲʵʩʰʯ
ʹʭʨʴʬʩʮʬ˂ ʰʹʬ ʭʸ˂ʬʲʫʬʩʨ, ʸʵʪʵʸ˂ ʫʨʴʨʸˁʬʴ ʲʬˁˆʻʳʬʲʬʩʮʬ.
ʹʭʨʴʬʯʰʹ ʹʨʹ˄ʨʭʲʬʩʲʬʩʹ ʱʸʬʫʰʺʰ ʫʨʻˆʻʸʬʹ, ,,ʶʸʵʶʻʹʱʰ³
ʳʨʯʯʭʰʹʨ˂ ʰʹʬʯ ʳ˄ʭʨʭʬ ʹʨʱʰʯˆʨʯ ʪʨʫʨʰʽ˂ʨ, ʸʵʪʵʸ˂
ʲʬˁˆʻʳʬʲʬʩʰʹʨʯʭʰʹ; ʫʨʰˆʻʸʨ ʨʽʨ˂ ʿʭʬʲʨ ʫʨ˄ʬʹʬʩʻʲʬʩʬʩʰ ʫʨ
ʫʨʬʱʬʺʨ ʿʵʭʬʲ ʳˆʸʰʫʪʨʴ ʹʭʨʴʬʯʹ ʪʮʨ. ʨʳ ʳʵ˂ʲʬʴʨʹ ʨʻ˂ʰʲʬʩʲʨʯ
ʳʵˈʿʭʬʩʨ ʹʨˀʰʴʬʲʰ ʨʸʬʭ-ʫʨʸʬʭʨ ʫʨ ʨʴʨʸʽʰʨ, ʸʵʳʲʰʹ ˀʬʫʬʪʬʩʰ˂
ʹʨˀʰʴʬʲ ʳ˄ʭʨʭʬ ˆʨʹʰʨʯʹ ʳʰʰʾʬʩʬʴ, ʳʬʸʬ ʳʰʹʰ ˁʨʽʸʵʩʨ ʰʹʬʯ ˆʨʲˆˀʰ,
ʸʵʪʵʸʰ˂ ʨʸʰʨʴ ʹʭʨʴʬʩʰ, ʫʰʫ ʫʸʵʹ, ˆʨʸˇʬʩʹ ʫʨ ʹʨʽʳʰʨʴʵʩʨʹ
ʳʵʰʯˆʵʭʬʴ ʫʨ ʳʨˀʰʴ ʪʭʰʨʴʾʨ ʰʽʴʬʩʨ ʯʰʯʬʩʮʬ ʱʩʬʴʨʴʰ, ʨʳʰʺʵʳ
195
ʹʨ˅ʰʸʵʨ ʩ. ʪʻʩʬʸʴʰʰʹ ʱʵʳʰʹʨʸʳʨ ʯʨʭʰʹ ʮʴʬʵʩʸʰʭ ʫʨ ʱʨʴʵʴʰʬʸ
ʳʵʭʨʲʬʵʩʨʫ ˁʨʹʯʭʨʲʵʹ ʹʭʨʴʬʩʰʹ ʫʨʻʳʹʨˆʻʸʬʩʬʲʰ
ʹʨʹˇʬʲʰʹʨʪʨʴ ʪʨʴʯʨʭʰʹʻʼʲʬʩʨ³
ʶʰʸʭʬʲʨʫ ʨʹʬʯʰ ˁʬʳʰ ˄ʬʸʰʲʰ ʩ. ʱʵʳʰʹʨʸʹ ʨʸʨʼʸʨʯ
ʳʵʬ˄ʵʴʨ, ʳʨʪʸʨʳ ʳʨʲʬ ˁʬʳʰ ʴʨʯʽʭʨʳʰ, ʹʨʳ˄ʻˆʨʸʵʯ, ʨʹʸʻʲʫʨ.
ʻʶʨʺʸʵʴʵʯ ʳʰʺʵʭʬʩʻʲʳʨ, ʪʮʬʩʰʹ ʫʨʱʬʺʭʰʯ ˀʬʭʰ˄ʸʵʭʬʩʻʲʳʨ
ˆʨʲˆʳʨ ʳʯʨʭʸʵʩʰʹ ʨʹʬʯʹ ʹʨʽ˂ʰʬʲʹ ʳʰʯ ʻʶʨʹʻˆʨ, ʸʵʳ ʶʰʸʭʬʲʨʯ
ʱʩʰʲʰ ʪʨˈʱʸʨ ʿʨʩʨʸʫʵʹ, ˀʬʳʫʬʪ ʶʰʸʰ ʰʩʸʻʴʨ ʹʨʳʬʪʸʬʲʵʹʨ, ʸʨ˅ʨ-
ʲʬˁˆʻʳʹʨ ʫʨ ʯʬʸʪʰʹ ʵʲʽˀʰ ʳ˂ˆʵʭʸʬʩ ʯʨʯʸʬʩʰʹʨʱʬʴ. ʨʳʨʴ
ʹʭʨʴʬʯʹ ʳʺʸʨʯ ʪʨʫʨˈʱʰʫʨ ʿʭʬʲʨ ʳʬʮʵʩʬʲʰ ˆʨʲˆʬʩʰ.
ˆʹʴʨ ʨʸʹʨʰʫʨʴ ʰʿʵ. ʰʹʬʭ ʨʫʪʰʲʵʩʸʰʭ ʳʱʭʰʫʸʯʨ
ˀʬʪʴʬʩʻʲ ʴʨ˄ʰʲʹ ʸʵʳ ʨʸ ʪʨʳʵʬˁʰʴʨ ʯʨʵʹʴʵʩʨ ʫʨ ʹʨʮʵʪʨʫʵ
ʹʨʽʳʬʬʩʰʹ ʳʵ˄ʬʹʸʰʪʬʩʰʹʨʯʭʰʹ ʨʸ ʳʵʬʱʰʫʨ ˆʬʲʰ, ʭʰʴ ʰ˂ʰʹ ʱʰʫʬʭ
ʸʨ ʻʨʸʬʹ ʫʾʬˀʰ ˁʨʭʨʸʫʬʩʵʫʨ ʬʹ ʱʻʯˆʬ. ʨʳʨʹ ʳʵˈʿʭʨ
ʳʯʨʭʸʵʩʨʹʯʨʴ ʹʨʹʨʿʭʬʫʻʸʵ ʫʬʲʬʪʨ˂ʰʰʹ ʪʨʪʮʨʭʴʨ. 12 ʯʬʩʬʸʭʨʲʹ
ʹʭʨʴʬʯʰʹ ʫʬʲʬʪʨ˂ʰʨ ˄ʨʸʻʫʪʨ ʳʯʨʭʸʵʩʰʹ ʯʨʭʳˇʫʵʳʨʸʬʹ ʴ.
ʷʵʸʫʨʴʰʨʹ. ʫʬʲʬʪʨ˂ʰʰʹ ʯʨʭʳˇʫʵʳʨʸʬʳ ʬʪʴ. ʪʨʩʲʰʨʴʳʨ ʹˆʭʨʯʨ
ˀʵʸʰʹ ʳʰʳʨʸʯʨ ʳʨʹ ˀʬʳʫʬʪʰ ʹʰʺʿʭʬʩʰʯ:
,,ʴʬʩʨ ʳʵʪʭʬ˂ʰʯ ʳʻʫʨʳ ʯʨʭʰʹʻʼʲʬʩʰʹ ʳʵʺʸʼʰʨʲʬʴʰ
ʳʵʪʬʹʨʲʳʵʯ ʹʭʨʴʬʯʰʹ ʹʨˆʬʲʰʯ. ʻʻ˃ʭʬʲʬʹ ʫʸʵʰʫʪʨʴ ʱʨʭʱʨʹʰʰʹ
ʳʯʬʩʹ ˀʻʨ ʳʵʳ˄ʿʭʫʬʻʲʰ ʹʭʨʴʬʩʰ, ʨʽ ʨʸʹʬʩʻʲ ʩʻʴʬʩʸʰʭ ʫʨ
ʪʬʵʪʸʨʼʰʻʲ ʶʰʸʵʩʬʩʰʹ ˄ʿʨʲʵʩʰʯ, ʳʵ˄ʿʭʬʺʰʲʴʰ ʭʨʸʯ
ʽʭʬʿʴʰʬʸʬʩʨʹ ʫʨ ʪʨʴʭʰ˂ʫʰʯ ˂ˆʵʭʸʬʩʰʹ ʶʰʸʭʬʲʿʵʼʰʲ
ʶʰʸʵʩʬʩˀʰ ʨʸʹʬʩʵʩʨʹ. ʸʬʭʵʲʰʻ˂ʰʰʹ ˀʬʳʫʬʪ ˁʭʬʴ ʫʨʭʸˁʰʯ
ʹʸʻʲʰʨʯ ʻʶʨʺʸʵʴʵʯ. ˁʭʬʴʰ ˆʨʲˆʰ ʨʴʨʸʽʰʰʹ ʽʨʸ-˂ʬ˂ˆʲˀʰʨ
ʪʨˆʭʬʻʲʰ. ʹʭʨʴʬʩʰ ʨ˄ʻˆʬʩʬʴ ʬʸʯʳʨʴʬʯʹ, ʨ˄ʻˆʬʩʬʴ ʯʨʭʰʹ ʳʬʮʵʩʬʲ
ˆʨʲˆʬʩʹ. ʹʨ˅ʰʸʵʨ ʶʨʺʸʵʴʵʩʨ, ʳʨʪʸʨʳ ˁʭʬʴ ʭˆʬʫʨʭʯ, ʸʵʳ ʳʯʨʭʸʵʩʨ
ʿʻʸʨʫʾʬʩʨʹ ʨʸ ʪʭʨʽ˂ʬʭʹ, ˁʭʬʴʯʨʴ ʨʸ ʳʵʫʰʹ ʫʨ ʨʳʰʺʵʳ ˁʭʬʴ
ʯʭʰʯʵʴ ˁʨʳʵʭʬʫʰʯ ʳʰʹ ʹʨ˃ʬʩʸʨʯ ʫʨ ˁʭʬʴʰ ʽʭʬʿʴʰʹ ʳʫʪʵʳʨʸʬʵʩʰʹ
ʪʨʹʨ˂ʴʵʩʨʯ.
ʳʨʸʯʨʲʰʨ, ˁʭʬʴ ʫʨʭˀʵʸʫʰʯ ʫʨʴʨʸˁʬʴ ʽʨʸʯʭʬʲʬʩʹ
ʸʨʳʵʫʬʴʰʳʬ ʹʨʻʱʻʴʰʹ ˄ʰʴʬʯ ʽʸʰʹʺʬʹ ˀʵʩʨʳʫʬ ʳ˂ʰʸʬ ʨʮʰʨˀʰ,
ʳʨˀʰʴ, ʸʵʫʬʹʨ˂ ʨʹʻʸʬʲʬʩʯʨʴ ˆʨʴʪʸ˃ʲʰʭʰ ʩʸ˃ʵʲʰʯ ʫʨʽʨʴ˂ʻʲʰ
ʽʨʸʯʭʬʲʬʩʰ ʱʰʳʳʬʸʰʬʲʬʩʰʹʨ, ˆʨʮʨʸʬʩʰʹʨ ʫʨ ʹˆʭʨ ʭʬʲʻʸʰ
ˆʨʲˆʬʩʰʹ ˀʬʳʵʹʬʭʰʹ ˄ʿʨʲʵʩʰʯ ʰʿʭʴʬʴ ʨʿʸʰʲʴʰ ʫʨ ʫʬʭʴʰʲʴʰ,
ʳʨʪʸʨʳ ʳʸʨʭʨʲʰ ʰʹʺʵʸʰʻʲʰ ʹʨʩʻʯʰ ʳʵʪʭʰʯˆʸʵʩʹ, ʸʵʳ ʹʭʨʴʬʩʰ
196
ʳʰʹ ˀʬʳʫʬʪʨ˂ ʿʵʭʬʲʯʭʰʹ ʹʨʽʨʸʯʭʬʲʵʹ ˆʨʲˆʯʨʴ ʳ˅ʰʫʸʵʯ
ʿʵʼʰʲʨʴ ʫʨʱʨʭˀʰʸʬʩʻʲʴʰ ˅ʰʸˀʰ ʫʨ ʲˆʰʴˀʰ. ʨʳʨʹ, ʹˆʭʨʯʨ ˀʵʸʰʹ,
ʪʭʰʳʺʱʰ˂ʬʩʹ ʨʪʸʬʯʭʬ ʰʹ ʪʨʸʬʳʵʬʩʨ˂, ʸʵʳ ʳʸʨʭʨʲʰ ʨʽ ʨʸʹʬʩʻʲʰ
˃ʭʬʲʰ ʬʱʲʬʹʰʨ ʹʨʽʨʸʯʭʬʲʵʹ ʳʬʼʬʬʩʰʹ ʳʰʬʸ ʨʸʰʹ ʨˀʬʴʬʩʻʲʰ ʫʨ
ʳʨʯˀʰ ˀʬʴʨˆʻʲʰʨ ʰˀʭʰʨʯʰ ʫʨ ˃ʭʰʸʼʨʹʰ ʹʨʬʱʲʬʹʰʵ ʹʰʳʫʰʫʸʬʴʰ,
ʳʨʯ ʳʰʬʸ ʮʵʪʰ ˀʬʳʵ˄ʰʸʻʲʰ, ʮʵʪʰ˂ ʪʨʴʹʨ˂ʫʬʲʰʹ ʷʨʳʹ ʳʺʸʰʹ
ʪʨʴʨʫʪʻʸʬʩʰʹʨʪʨʴ ʪʨʫʨʹʨʸˁʬʴʨʯ ʫʨ ʫʨʹʨ˂ʨʭʨʯ ʹʭʨʴʬʩʰʹʯʭʰʹ
ʳʰʩʨʸʬʩʻʲʰ. ʳʨʪʨʲʰʯʨʯ, ˁʭʬʴʯʭʰʹ ʹʨʱʳʨʵʯ ʨʸʰʹ ʪʨˀʻʽʬʩʻʲʰ,
ʸʵʳ ʫʨʭʰʯ ʨʾʳʨˀʬʴʬʩʬʲʹ ʨʽ ʫʨʻ˄ʿʰʨ ʬʱʲʬʹʰʬʩʰʹ ʨˀʬʴʬʩʨ ʫʨ
ʽʸʰʹʺʰʨʴʵʩʰʹ ʪʨʭʸ˂ʬʲʬʩʨ. ʯʨʳʨʸ ʳʬʼʰʹ ʳʨʳʰʹ ʪʰʵʸʪʰʹ ʫʸʵʹ
ʹʭʨʴʬʩʳʨ ˀʨʴˀʬ ʫʨʫʰʨʴʰʹ ʳʬʯʨʻʸʵʩʰʯ ʨʰʾʬʹ ʹʵʳˆʬʯʰʹ ʹʨʺʨˆʺʵ
ʽʨʲʨʽʰ ʨʴʰʹʰ.
ʯʨʳʨʸ ʳʬʼʬʳ, ʸʵʳʬʲʰ˂ ʹʭʨʴʬʯʰʹ ʳʬˆʹʰʬʸʬʩʨˀʰ ʹʰʲʨʳʨʮʰʹʨ
ʫʨ ʫʰʫʬʩʰʹ ˀʨʸʨʭʨʴʫʬʫʰʯ ʨʸʰʹ ˀʬʳʵʹʰʲʰ, ʹʭʨʴʬʯʹ ʫʰʫ
ʿʻʸʨʫʾʬʩʨʹ ʨʽ˂ʬʭʫʨ. ʳʨʴ ʩʬʭʸʰ ʺʨ˃ʸʬʩʰ ʨʨʪʵ ʹʭʨʴʬʯˀʰ ʫʨ
ʻʸʰ˂ˆʭʰ ˆʨʺ-ˇʭʨʸʰʯ ˀʬʨʳʱʵ ʰʹʰʴʰ. ʨʳʰʺʵʳʨ˂ ʪʰʵʸʪʰ ʸʻʹʰʹ
ˁʨʪʵʴʬʩʰ ʯʨʳʨʸʰʹ ʳʹʨˆʻʸʯ-ʻˆʻ˂ʬʹʰʹ ʭʨʸʫʨʴ ʫʨʫʰʨʴʰʹ ʳʰʬʸ
ʯʨʳʨʸʰʹ ʹʨ˄ʰʴʨʨʾʳʫʬʪʵʯ ʨʳˆʬʫʸʬʩʻʲʳʨ ʹʭʨʴʬʩʳʨ ʯʭʰʯ ʪʰʵʸʪʰ
ʸʻʹʰ ʫʨʰ˅ʰʸʬʹ ʫʨ ˆʬʲʼʬˆ ˀʬʱʸʻʲʰ ʯʨʳʨʸ ʳʬʼʬʹ ʳʰʻʿʭʨʴʬʹ.
ʳʬʬʽʭʹʬ ʹʨʻʱʻʴʬˀʰ ʱʵʲˆʬʩʰʹʨ ʫʨ ʹʭʨʴʬʩʰʹ ˀʬʬʸʯʬʩʻʲʰ ʲʨˀʽʨʸʰ
ʬʸʯʨʯ ʬʩʸ˃ʵʫʨ ʹʶʨʸʹʬʲʬʩʹ. ʨʰʾʵ ʽʨʲʨʽʰ ʶʨʺʸʨ ʫʨ ʫʨʨʴʪʸʰʨ
˂ʰˆʬ ʹʨ˃ʰʸʱʭʲʬʩʨʳʫʬ. ʨʳʰʹʯʨʴʨ ʹʨʨʸʨʱʵ ʰʬʸʰˀʬʩʰ ʹʭʨʴʬʩʹ ʳʺʸʰʹ
˄ʰʴʨʨʾʳʫʬʪ ʳʸʨʭʨʲˇʬʸ ʳʰʻʺʨʴʰʨʯ.
ʫʾʬʹ, ʸʵʫʬʹʨ˂ ʳʵʴʵʩʰʹ ʩʵʸʱʰʲʬʩʰ ʫʨʰʳʹˆʭʸʨ ʫʨ ʹʭʨʴʬʯʰʹ
ˈʵʸʰʮʵʴʺʰʫʪʨʴ ʯʨʭʹʻʼʲʬʩʰʹ ʳʮʬʳ ʹʭʨʴʬʯʹ ʻʼʸʵ
ʹˆʰʭʵʹʴʻʸʨʯ ʳʵˈʼʰʴʨ ʯʨʭʰʹʰ ʳʨʫʲʰʨʴʰ ʹˆʰʭʬʩʰ, ʴʻ ʯʻ ˁʭʬʴ ʨʹʬ
ʻʶʨʺʸʵʴʵʯ ʻʴʫʨ ʭʰʿʵʯ ʳʰʺʵʭʬʩʻʲʰ ʫʨ ʯʨʭʰʹʻʼʲʬʩʰʹ
ʹʨʫʨʸʨˇʵʮʬ ʳʺʸʰʹ ʺʿʭʰʰʹʨʯʭʰʹ ʳʱʬʸʫʰʹ ʪʳʰʸʻʲʨʯ ʳʰʪʬʩʬʩʰʹ
ʳʨʪʰʭʸʨʯ ʬʸʯʳʨʴʬʯʹ ʻʴʫʨ ʭʹʶʵʩʫʬʯ ʫʨ ʳʬʮʵʩʲʬʩʹ
ʭʨ˄ʻˆʬʩʫʬʯ? ʨʸʨ, ʬʹ ʫʨʻˀʭʬʩʬʲʰʨ, ʫʨ ʨʳʰʺʵʳ ʪʯˆʵʭʯ ˆʨʲˆʰʹ
ʹʨˆʬʲʰʯ, ʸʨʯʨ ʿʻʸʨʫʾʬʩʨ ʳʰʨʽ˂ʰʵʯ ˁʭʬʴʹ ʽʭʬʿʨʴʨʹ, ʫʨ ʫʾʬʰʫʪʨʴ
ʳʨʰʴ˂ ʪʨʸʱʭʬʻʲ ʳʫʪʵʳʨʸʬʵʩʨˀʰ ˁʨʭʨʿʬʴʵʯ ʫʨ ʹˆʭʨ 122)...
ʳʯʨʭʸʵʩʨʳʨ˂ ʳʨʯ ʻʶʨʹʻˆʨ: ,,ʳʨʸʯʨʲʰʨ ˁʭʬʴ ʹʭʨʴʬʯʹ ʨʨʹʬʯ
ʨʸʬʭ-ʫʨʸʬʭʰʹ ʫʸʵʹ ʿʻʸʨʫʾʬʩʨ ʭʬʸ ʳʰʭʨʽ˂ʰʬʯ ʹʰˀʵʸʰʹ ʪʨʳʵ.
ˁʭʬʴ ʨʽʨ˂ ʩʬʭʸʰ ʹʨʽʳʬʬʩʰ ʪʭʽʵʴʫʨ ʫʨ ʹʭʨʴʬʯʰʹʨʯʭʰʹ ʭʬʸ
ʳʵʭʰ˂ʨʲʬʯ, ʳʨʪʸʨʳ ʭʬ˂ʫʬʩʰʯ ˀʬʳʫʬʪˀʰ ʳʨʰʴ˂ ʪʰʶʨʺʸʵʴʵʯʵ³ʬʹ
197
ʳʨʯ ʨʾʨʸ ʫʨʹ˂ʨʲʫʨʯ. ʹʨʴʨʳ ʰʹʰʴʰ ʹʭʨʴʬʩʰʹʨʫʳʰ ʸʨʰʳʬ
ʳʮʸʻʴʭʬʲʵʩʨʹ ʪʨʳʵʰˁʬʴʫʴʬʴ, ʳʬʴˀʬʭʰʱʬʩʳʨ ˃ʨʲʨ-ʻʼʲʬʩʨ
ʫʨˈʱʨʸʪʬʹ ʫʨ ʹʨʽʨʸʯʭʬʲʵˀʰ ʹʨʩ˅ʵʯʨ ˆʬʲʰʹʻʼʲʬʩʨ ʫʨʳʿʨʸʫʨ.
ʪʨʫʨʭʨʭʲʵʯ ʬˆʲʨ ʯʭʨʲʰ ʳʬʴˀʬʭʰʱʬʩʰʹ ʫʸʵʰʹ ʹʭʨʴʬʯʰʹ
ʨʫʳʰʴʰʹʺʸʨ˂ʰʰʹ ˀʬʹʨˆʬʩ ˄ʲʰʻʸ ˆʨʸˇʬʩʹ. ʴʨʨʴʪʨʸʰˀʬʭʰʨ ʵʽʸʵʹ
ʱʻʸʹʰʹ ʱʭʨʲʵʩʨʮʬ.

ʱʵʳʰʹʸʰʹ ˇʨʳʨʪʰʸʰ . . . . . 600 ʳʨʴ.

ʳʰʹʰ ʯʨʴʨˀʬʳ˄ʬ . . . . . . . . . 450 ,,
ʹʨʽʳʰʹ ʳ˄ʨʸʳʵʬʩʬʲʰ . . . . . . 200 ,,
ʫʨʸʨˇʰ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 106 ,,
ʹʨʳʰ ʻʼʸ. ʳʰʲʰ˂ . . . . . . . . . 648 ,,
30 ʳʰʲʰ˂ʰʵʴʬʸʰ . . . . . . . . 3 600 ,,
ʹʨʱʨʴ˂ʬʲʨʸʰʵ ˆʨʸˇ . . . . . . 100 ,,
ʪʨʯʩʵʩʨ±ʪʨʴʨʯʬʩʨ . . . . . . . . .70 ,,

ʹʻʲ 5.718 ʳʨʴ.

ʹʨʩ˅ʵʯʨ ˆʬʲʰʹʻʼʲʬʩʰʹ ʫʨʳʿʨʸʬʩʰʹ ˀʬʳʫʬʪ ʨˆʨʲʰ

ʰʹʺʵʸʰʻʲʰ ˆʨʴʨ ʫʪʬʩʨ ʹʭʨʴʬʯʰʹʨʯʭʰʹ. ʹʭʨʴʬʯʰ ˂ʨʲʱʬ ʳʨʮʸʨʯ
ʰʽʴʨ ʫʨʳʺʱʰ˂ʬʩʻʲʰ. ʨʽʭʬ ʫʨʨʸʹʫʨ ʹʨʳʨʮʸʵ ʨʾʳʨʹʱʵʳʰ, ʹʨʳʨʮʸʵ
ʳʰʲʰ˂ʰʰʹ ʹʨʳʳʨʸʯʭʬʲʵ, 4 ʹʨʻʩʴʵ ʨʾʳʨʹʱʵʳʰ, 4 ʹʨʻʩʴʵ
ʹʨʨʫʳʰʴʰʹʺʸʨ˂ʰʵ ʴʨ˄ʰʲʰ ʯʨʭʰʹʰ ʳʵʹʨʳʹʨˆʻʸʬʬʩʰʯ.
ˇʬʸ ʱʰʫʬʭ ʯʬʩʬʸʭʲʰʹ ʸʬʭʵʲʻ˂ʰʰʹ ʶʰʸʭʬʲ ʫʾʬʬʩˀʰʭʬ
ʽʭʬʳʵ ʹʭʨʴʬʯˀʰ ʪʲʬˆʬʩʰ ʫʨʬʸʰʭʴʬʴ ʯʨʭʨʫʬʩʹ ʫʨ ʬʸʯʫʸʵʻʲʨʫ
ʿʭʬʲʪʨʴ 9 ʯʨʭʨʫʰ ʪʨʸʫʨʼˆʨ˃ʬʬʩʰ ʫʨˆʵ˂ʬʹ. ʮʬʳʵ ʹʭʨʴʬʯˀʰ
ʹʨʫʨʫʬˀʽʬʲʰʨʴʵ ʹʭʨʴʬʯʰʹ ʪʲʬˆʱʨ˂ʵʩʨʳ ʹʨ˃ʰʸʱʭʲʨʳʫʬ ʫʨʨʴʪʸʰʨ
ʫʨʫʬˀʽʬʲʰʨʴʬʩʰʹ ʹʨˆʲ-ʱʨʸʰ ʫʨ ʳʨʯʰ ʨʫʪʰʲʳʨʳʻʲʰ ʯʭʰʯʵʴ
ʪʨʰʴʨ˄ʰʲʨ. ʨʳʴʨʰʸʨʯ ʨʳʵʭʨʸʫʨ ˃ʰʸʰʨʴ-ʩʻʫʰʨʴʨʯ ʹʭʨʴʬʯʰʹ
˂ˆʵʭʸʬʩʰʫʪʨʴ 500 ˄ʲʰʹ ʪʨʴʳʨʭʲʵʩʨˀʰ ˀʬʻʸʿʬʭʲʨʯ ʫʨ˂ʻʲʰ
ʩʨʺʵʴʿʳʵʩʨ.
ʻʴʫʨ ʰʯʽʭʨʹ ʹʰʳʨʸʯʲʬ, ʸʵʳ ʼʻʲʰ, ʸʵʳʬʲʰ˂ ʨʳʷʨʳʨʫ
ʰˆʨʸˇʬʩʨ ʹʨʩ˅ʵʯʨ ˆʬʲʰʹʻʼʲʬʩʰʹ ʳʰʬʸ ʿʵʭʬʲ˄ʲʰʻʸʨʫ
ʹʭʨʴʬʯʮʬ, ʹʸʻʲʰʨʫ ʹʨʱʳʨʸʰʹʰʨ ʨʳ ʽʭʬʿʴʰʹ ʱʬʯʰʲʫʾʬʵʩʰʹʨʯʭʰʹ.
ʹʭʨʴʬʯʰʹ ʰʹʺʵʸʰʨʹ ʨʸ ʨˆʹʵʭʹ, ʸʵʳ ʸʵʳʬʲʰʳʬ ʳʯʨʭʸʵʩʨʹ ʰʳʫʬʴʰ
ʯʨʴˆʨ ʪʨʬʾʵʹ ʹʭʨʴʬʯʮʬ, ʸʨʳʫʬʴʹʨ˂ ʨʳʷʨʳʨʫ ʹʨʩ˅ʵʯʨ
198
ˆʬʲʰʹʻʼʲʬʩʨ ˆʨʸˇʨʭʹ ʨʳ ʱʻʯˆʰʹ ʳʵʹʨ˄ʬʹʸʰʪʬʩʲʨʯ. ʹʨ˅ʰʸʵʨ
ʳˆʵʲʵʫ ʨʳ ʯʨʴˆʬʩʰʹ ˄ʬʹʰʬʸʰ ʪʨʴʨ˄ʰʲʬʩʨ ʫʨ ʳʵʳ˅ʰʸʴʬʵʩʰʯ
ʫʨˆʨʸˇʭʨ. ʬʹ ʨʫʪʰʲʵʩʸʰʭʰ ˆʬʲʳ˃ʾʭʨʴʬʲʬʩʰʹ ʹʨʽʳʰʨʴʵʩʨʮʬʨ
ʫʨʳʵʱʰʫʬʩʻʲʰ. ʯʻ ʬʹ ʳʵˆʬʸˆʫʨ, ʳʨˀʰʴ ʹʭʨʴʬʯʰʹ ʫʨ˄ʰʴʨʻʸʬʩʨ
ʬ˅ʭʹ ʪʨʸʬˀʬ ʰʽʴʬʩʨ.
ʨʳʷʨʳʨʫ ʱʻʲʺʻʸʻʲʰ ʳʻˀʨʵʩʨ ʹʭʨʴʬʯˀʰ
ˀʬ˃ʲʬʩʰʹʫʨʪʭʨʸʨʫ ʭʰʯʨʸʫʬʩʨ. ʹʨ˅ʰʸʵʨ ʰʽ ʳʵʳʻˀʨʭʬʯ
ʱʻʲʺʻʸʻʲ ʳʻˀʨʵʩʨˀʰ ʫʨʬˆʳʨʸʵʴ ʿʵʭʬʲ ʳˆʸʰʭ ʨʸʨ ʳʨʸʺʵ
ˆʬʲʰʹʻʼʲʬʩʨ, ʨʸʨʳʬʫ ʿʭʬʲʨ ʰʹ ʨʫʪʰʲʵʩʸʰʭʰ ʳʱʭʰʫʸʴʰ,
ʸʵʳʲʬʯʨ˂ ʵʫʴʨʭ ʳʨʰʴ˂ ʨʰʴʺʬʸʬʹʬʩʯ ʯʨʭʰʹʰ ˁʨʳʵʸˁʬʴʰʲʰ
ʽʭʬʿʴʰʹ ʩʬʫ-ʰʾʩʨʲʰ ʫʨ ʳʨˀʰʴ ʨʸʹʬʩʻʲ ʶʰʸʵʩʬʩˀʰ ʹʭʨʴʬʯˀʰ
˄ʬʹʰʬʸʬʩʰʹ ʪʨʴʳʺʱʰ˂ʬʩʨʹ ʫʨ ˆʨʲˆʰʹ ʱʻʲʺʻʸʻʲʨʫ ʫʨ
ʬʱʵʴʵʳʰʻʸʨʫ ʨʾʵʸ˃ʰʴʬʩʨʹ ˄ʰʴ ʨʸʨʼʬʸʰ ʫʨʻʫʪʬʩʨ. ʹʨʩ˅ʵʯʨ
ˆʬʲʰʹʻʼʲʬʩʰʹ ʳˆʸʰʭ, ʭʰʳʬʵʸʬʩ, ʹʭʨʴʬʯʹ ʿʻʸʨʫʾʬʩʨ ʨʸ ʨʱʲʰʨ.
ʰʳʬʫʰʨ, ʸʵʳ ʳʯʨʭʸʵʩʰʹ ʳʻˀʨʵʩʨ ʯʭʰʯ ʹʭʨʴʬʯˀʰ ˀʬʳʫʬʪʰʹʯʭʰʹ
ʻʼʸʵ ʴʨʿʵʼʰʬʸʰ ʰʽʴʬʩʨ. ʿʵʭʬʲʰʭʬ ʬʹ ʪʭʨ˃ʲʬʭʹ ʻʸʿʬʭ ʰʳʬʫʹ
ʭʰʼʰʽʸʵʯ, ʸʵʳ ʹʻʲ ʳʵʱʲʬ ˆʨʴˀʰ ʨʳ ʽʭʬʿʨʴʨˀʰ ʹʸʻʲʰ
ʳˀʭʰʫʵʩʰʨʴʵʩʨ ʰʽʴʬʩʨ ʨʾʫʪʬʴʰʲʰ ʫʨ ʱʻʲʺʻʸʻʲʰ ʳʻˀʨʵʩʨ
ˁʽʨʸʰʹ ʺʬʳʶʰʯ ˄ʨʭʨ.
ʳʱʰʯˆʭʬʲʳʨ ʸʵʳ ˂ʨʸʰʬʲ ʻʹʨʩʻʯʵ ʹʰʺʿʭʬʩʨʯ ʨʸ
ˁʨʳʵʳʨʸʯʭʨʹ ʮʬʳʵʯ ʴʨʯʽʭʨʳʰ, ʳʰʹ ʫʨʹʨʳʺʱʰ˂ʬʩʲʨʫ ʳʬ ʳʵʭʰʿʭʨʴ
˂ʴʵʩʬʩʹ ʰʳʰʹ ˀʬʹʨˆʬʩ, ʯʻ ʸʨ ˆʨʸˇʰʨ ʪʨʾʬʩʻʲʰ ʹʭʨʴʬʯʮʬ
ʳʯʨʭʸʵʩʰʹ ʳʰʬʸ ʨʳ ʻʱʨʴʨʹʱʴʬʲ ˄ʲʬʩˀʰ.
1923 ˄.. 1 ʵʽʺʵʳʩʸʰʫʨʴ 1924 1 ʵʽʺʵʳʩʸʨʳʫʬ
1) ˀʰʴʨʪʨʴ ʹʨʽʳʬʯʨ ʱʵʳʰʹʨʸʰʨʺʰʹ ʳʰʬʸ ʮʬʳʵ ʹʭʨʴʬʯʰʹ ʳʨʮʸʰʹ ʳʰʲʰ˂ʰʰʹʨʯʭʰʹ (††
1. 1. 2. 2. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 12. 16; ʳʻˆ. 1. 2. 1. 2. 3. 1. 7. 2.) . . . . 20.907 ʳʨʴ. 67 ʱʨʶ.
2) ʹʨˆʬʲʳ˄ʰʼʵ ˆʨʸˇʯ ʨʾʸʰ˂ˆʭʰʫʨʴ (†† 1. 2. 5. 12. 16; ʳʻˆ. 2. 1. 2.) . . . . .
13.291 ʳʨʴ. 12 ʱʨʶ.
3) ʨʫʪʰʲʵʩʸʰʭʰ ˆʨʸˇʯ-ʨʾʸʰ˂ˆʭʰʫʨʴ . . 16.854 ,, 33 ,,
ʹʻʲ . . 51.053 ʳʨʴ. 12 ʱʨʶ.
1924 ˄.. 1 ʵʽʺʵʳʩʸʰʫʨʴ 1925 ˄. 1 ʵʽʺʵʳʩʸʨʳʫʬ.
1)ʨʫʪʰʲʵʩʸʰʭʰ ˆʨʸˇʯ±ʨʾʸʰ˂ˆʭʰʫʨʴ (†† 1. ʳʻˆ. 1. 2. 3. 4. 13. 14. 15. 19)
ʨ) ʹʨʬʸʯʵ ʨʫʳʰʴʰʹʺ. ʫʨ˄ʬʹʬʩ. ˀʬʴʨˆʭʨ . . . . . . . . . 44,906 ʳʨʴ. 58 ʱʨʶ.
ʩ) ʫʨ˂ʭʨ ʹʨʮʵʪʨʫʵʬʩʸʰʭʰ ˄ʬʹʸʰʪʰʹʨ
(† 1. ʳʻˆ. 2. 3. 4. 5. 7. 13. 15) . . . 12.001 ʳʨʴ. 20 ʱʨʶ.
2) ʹʨˆʬʲʳ˄ʰʼʵ ˆʨʸˇʯ±ʨʾʸʰ˂ˆʭʰʫʨʴ († 1. 16; ʳʻˆ. 2. 2) . . . 18.174. ʳʨʴ. 84 ʱʨʶ.
ʹʻʲ . . 75.082 ʳʨʴ. 62 ʱʨʶ.
122) ʰˆ. ʬʪʴʨʺʬ ʪʨʩʲʰʨʴʰʹ ʹʰʺʿʭʨ ʪʨʮ. ,,ʹʨʽʨʸʯʭʬʲʵʹ³˄. 15 ʯʬʩʬʸʭʲʰʹ ȹ36-
ˀʰ.

199
€š€Šš €€‹€ ‡Š

ʯʭʰʯʳʶʿʸʵʩʬʲʵʩʰʹ ʫʸʵʹ ʹʭʨʴʬʯˀʰ ʮʨʼˆʻʲʵʩʰʯ ʹʨʳʰ

ʯʭʰʯ ʳʵʫʰʵʫʨ ʪʨʳʵʳ˃ʰʬʩʬʲ±ʳʵʹʨʳʨʸʯʲʬ. ʰʹ ʨˆʫʬʴʫʨ ʱʭʲʬʭʨ
˃ʰʬʩʨʹ ʬʸʯʰ ˄ʲʰʹ ʪʨʴʳʨʭʲʵʩʨˀʰ ʳʵʳˆʫʨʸ ʫʨ ʫʨʪʸʵʭʰʲ
ʹʨʽʳʬʬʩʰʹ ˀʬʹʨˆʬʩ. ˂ˆʨʫʰʨ, ʨʳ ʳ˂ʰʸʬ ˆʴʰʹ ʪʨʴʳʨʭʲʵʩʨˀʰ ʰʹ
ʭʬʸʨʼʸʰʹ ʪʨʱʬʯʬʩʨʹ ʭʬʸ ʨʹ˄ʸʬʩʫʨ. ʹʭʨʴʬʩʹ ʳʰʹ ʳʵʹʭʲʰʯ ʨʸʨʼʬʸʰ
ʻʱʬʯʫʬʩʵʫʨʯ ʫʨ ʨʳʰʺʵʳʨ˂ ʰʹʰʴʰ ʰʹʬʭ ʫʨ ʰʹʬʭ ˃ʭʬʲʰ ˄ʬʹʰʯ ʫʨ
ʹʨʳʨʸʯʲʰʯ ʨʸʰʪʬʩʫʬʴ ʯʨʭʰʨʴʯ ʹʨʽʳʬʬʩʹ. ʫʰʨˆ, ʳʬʫʰʨʺʵʸʻʲʰ
˄ʬʹʰʯ ʿʵʭʬʲʪʭʨʸʰ ʹʨʽʳʬʬʩʰ ʨʽ ʰʸˁʬʵʫʨ ʨʫʪʰʲʵʩʸʰʭʰ ʮʴʬ±
ˁʭʬʻʲʬʩʬʩʰʹ ʫʨ ʳʸʨʭʨʲ ʹʨʻʱʻʴʬʯʨ ʪʨʴʳʨʭʲʵʩʨˀʰ ˀʬʳʻˀʨʭʬʩʻʲ
ʨʫʨʯʬʩʰʹ ʳʰˆʬʫʭʰʯ. ʨʳʴʨʰʸʨʫ, ʸʻʹʻʲʰ ʱʨʴʵʴʬʩʰ ʹʭʨʴʬʯʰʹ
˂ˆʵʭʸʬʩʨʹ ʯʰʯʽʳʰʹ ʹʸʻʲʬʩʰʯ ʨʸ ʳʰˈʱʨʸʬʩʰʨ ʫʨ ʹʭʨʴʻʸʳʨ
ʱʨʴʵʴʬʩʳʨ ˀʯʨʴʯʽʬʹ ʰʹʰʴʰ.
ʨʳ ʪʨʸʬʳʵʬʩʰʯ ʹʭʨʴʬʯˀʰ ʳʻˀʨʵʩʰʹ ʫʸʵʹ ʪʮʨ-ʱʭʨʲ ʨʸʬʻʲʳʨ
ʫʨ ˅ʱʻʨ ʫʨʱʨʸʪʻʲʳʨ ʬʸʯʳʨ ʳʵʹʨʳʨʸʯʲʬʳ ʹʯʽʭʨ: ,,ʹʭʨʴʬʩʰʹʨʯʭʰʹ
ʱʨʴʵʴʬʩʰ ʨʸ ʨʸʹʬʩʵʩʹ, ʮʬʫʳʬʺʰʨ ʨʽ ˁʬʳʰ ʳʻˀʨʵʩʨʵ³ ʳʨʴ ʬʸʯʨʯ
ʯʨʭʰ ʳʵʻʿʨʸʨ ʿʭʬʲʨ ʹʨʽʳʬʬʩʹ, ʪʨʫʨʨʹˆʨ ʴʨʭʯʰ, ˄ʨʻʱʰʫʨ ˂ʬ˂ˆʲʰ,
ʫʨʹ˄ʭʨ ʰʹʰʴʰ ʫʨ ʯʭʰʯʵʴ ʱʰ ʽʻʯʨʰʹʰʹʨʱʬʴ ʪʨʬʳʪʮʨʭʸʨ.
ʸʨʹ ʻʫʸʰʫʨ ʯʭʰʯʳʶʿʸʵʩʬʲʵʩʰʹ ʫʸʵʹ ʹʭʨʴʬʯʰʹ ʹʨˆʨʲˆʵ
ʹʨʹʨʳʨʸʯʲʵʹʯʭʰʹ ʪʨʫʨʫʬʩʻʲʰ ˄ʲʰʻʸʰ ˆʨʸˇʬʩʰ?

ʳʵʹʨʳʨʸʯʲʬ . . . . . . . 600 ʳʨʴ.

ʳʫʰʭʨʴʰ . . . . . . . . . . . 180 ,,
ʯʨʸˇʰʳʨʴʰ . . . . . . . . . 90 ,,
ʱʨʴ˂ʬʲ. ˆʨʸˇʬʩʰ . . . .120 ,,
ʫʨʸʨˇʰ . . . . . . . . . . . . 45 ,,

ʹʻʲ 1.035 ʳʨʴ.

ʳʬʴˀʬʭʰʱʻʸ ʳʯʨʭʸʵʩʰʹ ʫʸʵʹ ʹʭʨʴʬʯʹ ʳʵʹʨʳʨʸʯʲʬ ʨʸ

ʻʴʨˆʨʭʹ.
ʪʨʹʨʩ˅ʵʬʩʰʹ ˀʬʳʫʬʪ ʹʭʨʴʬʯˀʰ ʶʰʸʭʬʲʨʫ ʪʨʰˆʹʴʨ ʹʨˆʨʲˆʵ
ʹʨʹʨʳʨʸʯʲʵ 1923 ˄ʬʲʹ ʹ. ʩʬˁʵˀʰ. ˆʵʲʵ ˄ʨʸʹʻʲ 1924 ˄.
ˀʬʳʵʫʪʵʳʰʫʪʨʴ ʹʭʨʴʬʯˀʰ ʰʴʨˆʬʩʨ ʳʬʵʸʬ ʹʨˆʨʲˆʵ ʹʨʹʨʳʨʸʯʲʵ

200
ʹʵʼ. ʳʬʹʺʰʨˀʰ. ʨʳʷʨʳʨʫ ʹʭʨʴʬʯʹ ʿʨʭʹ ʵʸʰ ʳʵʹʨʳʨʸʯʲʬ, ʵʸʰ
ʪʨʳʵʳ˃ʰʬʩʬʲʰ ʫʨ ʳʨʯʰ ˀʬʴʨˆʭʨ ˇʫʬʩʨ:

1924 ˄.. ± 19255 ˄.. ʹʨʩʰʻˇʬʺʵ ʵ ˄ʬʲʰ:

2 ʳʵʹʨʳʨʸʯʲʰʹ ˆʬʲʼʨʹʰ . . . 5.919 ʳʨʴ. 36 ʱʨʶ.
ʵʸʰ ʳʫʰʭʨʴʰ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3.392 ,, 64 ,,
ʵʸʰ ʳʫʰʭʴʰʹ ʯʨʴʨˀʬʳ˄ʬ . . . . . . . 1.545 ,, 60 ,,
ʵʸʰ ʫʨʸʨˇʰ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 502 ,,
ʵʸʰ ʹʨˆʨʲˆʵ ʪʨʳʵʳ˃ʰʬʩʬʲʰ . . . 4.406 ,, 40 ,,
ʵʸʰ ʹʨʽʳʰʹ ʳ˄ʨʸʳʵʬʩʬʲʰ . . . . . . 2.083 ,, 20 ,,

ʹʻʲ 17.848 ʳʨʴ. 20 ʱʨʶ.

ʨʳʰʹ ʪʨʸʫʨ:

3 ʶʸʵ˂. ʮʬʫʳʬʺ ʳʻˀʨʵʩʰʹʨʯʭʰʹ . . . . . . . 92 ʳʨʴ. 64 ʱʨʶ.

4 ,, ˀʭʬʩʻʲʬʩʰʹʨ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .672 ,,
2 ,, ʨʫʪʰʲʱʵʳʰʹʨ ʫʨ ʱʻʲʺʼʵʴʫʰʹʨʯʭʰʹ . . . 336 ,,
8 ,, ʨʴʨʸʰ˂ˆʰ ʫʨ ʫʨʮʾʭ. ʹʨʲʨʸʵʹʨʯʭʰʹ . . . 1.134 ,,
ʹʻʲ 2.4444 ʳʨʴ. 64 ʱʨʶ.
ʹʨʳʬʻʸʴʬʵ ʫʨ ʹʨʱʨʴ˂ʬʲʨʸʰʵ ˆʨʸˇʬʩʰ:
(† 2. 3. 4. 5. 9; ʳʻˆ. 1. 2. 3. 2) . . . . . 1.380 ʳʨʴ.
ʹʻʲ 21.672 ʳʨʴ. 84 ʱʨʶ.

›€Œ‹ ‡„Šˆ €‰ˆ‡šˆ ƒ€ „“ˆ‹€ …€Œ„‡–ˆ

ʰˀʭʰʨʯ ʹʨʱʭʰʸʭʬʲ ʳʵʭʲʬʴʨʯ ʻʴʫʨ ˁʨʰʯʭʨʲʵʹ, ʸʵʳ

ʹʭʨʴʬʯʰʹ ˆʨʲˆʳʨ ʪʨʻ˃ʲʵ ʰʳ ʹʨˀʰʴʬʲ ʶʰʸʵʩʬʩʹ, ʸʵʳʬʲˀʰʨ˂ ʰʹ
ʹ˂ˆʵʭʸʵʩʫʨ ʫʨ ʳʯʲʨʯ ʨʸ ʨʳʵ˄ʿʫʨ. ʨʳʨʹ ʹʭʨʴʬʩʰ ʯʨʭʰʹ
ʳʵʳʨˇʨʫʵʭʬʩʬʲʰ ʩʻʴʬʩʰʹ ʳʨʫʲʰʨʴ ˈʨʬʸʹ ʻʴʫʨ ʻʳʨʫʲʵʫʬʴ.
ʿʭʬʲʨʮʬ ʻʼʸʵ ʳ˃ʰʳʬ ʲʵʫʨʯ ʹʭʨʴʬʯʰʹ ˂ˆʵʭʸʬʩʨʹ
ˇʨʴʳʸʯʬʲʵʩʰʹ ʳʵʻ˄ʬʹʸʰʪʬʩʬʲʰ ʹʨʱʰʯˆʰ ʨ˃ʬʭʹ. ʨʳʰʺʵʳ ʳʬ
ʹʨ˅ʰʸʵʯ ʳʰʳʨˁʴʰʨ ʸʨʳʵʫʬʴʰʳʬʯ ʳʨʰʴ˂ ʪʨʭʨ˂ʴʵ ʳʱʰʯˆʭʬʲʰ ʨʳ
ʳˆʸʰʭ ʹʭʨʴʬʯʰʹ ʳʫʪʵʳʨʸʬʵʩʨʹ.

201
 ʹʭʨʴʬʯˀʰ ʪʨʭʸ˂ʬʲʬʩʻʲʰʨ ʳʸʨʭʨʲʴʨʰʸʰ ʨʭʨʫʳʿʵʼʵʩʨ,
ʳʨʯ ˀʵʸʰʹ ʮʵʪʰʬʸʯ ʹʨʮʵʪʨʫʵʬʩʬʩˀʰ (ʳʨʪʨʲʰʯʨʫ, ʳʻʲʨˆʰ ʫʨ
ʩʬˁʵ) ˁʰʿʭʰ ʫʨ ʹʰʲʬʴˁʬ.
ˁʰʿʭʰʹ ʪʨʭʸ˂ʬʲʬʩʰʹ ʳʰʮʬʮʰ ʫʾʬʳʫʬ ʨʸ ʨʸʰʹ
ʪʨʳʵʸʱʭʬʻʲʰ. ʺʬʶ˂ʵʭʰ ʨʳʩʵʩʹ: ,,ʰʽ, ʹʨʫʨ˂ ʳ˂ˆʵʭʸʬʩʴʰ ʹʭʨʳʬʴ
ʳʫʰʴʨʸʰʹ ˄ʿʨʲʹ, ʳʨʪʨʲʰʯʨʯ ʳʻʲʨˆˀʰ ʫʨ ʳʬʹʺʰʨˀʰ,
ʪʨʭʸ˂ʬʲʬʩʻʲʰʨ ˁʰʿʭʰ³-ʵ. ʬʹ ʨʮʸʰ ʹʰʳʨʸʯʲʬʹ ʳʵʱʲʬʩʻʲʰʨ,
ʳʬʹʺʰʨˀʰ, ʹʨʫʨ˂ ʳʨʸʯʲʨ˂ ʹʨʹʳʬʲʨʯ ʳʨʸʺʵ ʳʫʰʴʨʸʰʹ ˄ʿʨʲʹ
ʹʭʨʳʬʴʹ, ʬʸʯʹ ˁʰʿʭʰʨʴʹ ʭʬʸ ˀʬˆʭʫʬʩʰʯ, ˆʵʲʵ ʳʻʲʨˆʰ, ʹʨʫʨ˂
ʳʫʰʴʨʸʬ ˄ʿʨʲʹ ʹʸʻʲʬʩʰʯ ʨʸ ˆʳʨʸʵʩʬʴ ʹʨʹʳʬʲʨʯ, ˁʰʿʭʰʨʴʬʩʰʯ
ʨʸʰʹ ʹʨʭʹʬ.
ʻˀʪʻʲˀʰ ʫʨ ʱʨʲʨˀʰ, ʹʨʫʨ˂ ʳʫʰʴʨʸʬ ʬʴʪʻʸʰʹ ˄ʿʨʲʰʨ
ʳʻʫʳʰʭ ˆʳʨʸʬʩʨˀʰ, ˁʰʿʭʰʹ ʨʸʨʼʬʸʰ ʰ˂ʰʨʴ; ˆʵʲʵ ʳʨʮʬʸˀʰ (ʩʬˁʵʹ
ʹʨʮ.), ʹʨʫʨ˂ ʨʹʬʯ ˄ʿʨʲʹ ʨʸ ʹʭʨʳʬʴ, ʩʬʭʸ ˁʰʿʭʰʨʴʹ ˀʬˆʭʫʬʩʰʯ.
ʨʳ ʹʨʽʳʰʹ ʪʨʳʵʱʭʲʬʭʨˀʰ ʿʻʸʨʫʾʬʩʨʹ ʰʽ˂ʬʭʹ ˀʬʳʫʬʪʰ
ʪʨʸʬʳʵʬʩʨ: ʳʻʷʨʲʰ ʳʫʬʩʨʸʬʵʩʹ ʯʭʬʯʴʻʲʫʰʹ ʳʯʰʹ ˃ʰʸˀʰ,
ʳʨʮʬʸʰ ʱʰ ʻˀʩʰʹ ʳʯʰʹ ˃ʰʸˀʰ. ʹˆʭʨ ʹʵʼʲʬʩʯʨʴ ˀʬʫʨʸʬʩʰʯ ʵʸʰʭʬ
ʻʳʮʬʵ, ʴʵʺʰʵ, ˅ʨʵʩʰʨʴ ʨʫʪʰʲʬʩˀʰʨ ʳʵʯʭʹʬʩʻʲʰ. ʳʨʯʰ ʹʨʹʳʬʲʰ
˄ʿʨʲʰ ʪʨʳʵʳʫʰʴʨʸʬʵʩʹ ʴʬʹʺʰʨʴ, ʺʿʬʬʩʰʯ ʫʨʼʨʸʻʲ ˅ʨʵʩʰʨʴ
ʨʫʪʰʲʬʩʰʫʨʴ. ʯʭʰʯ ʹʭʨʴʬʩʰ ʹ˄ʵʸʬʯ ʨʳ ʪʨʸʬʳʵʬʩʰʯ ˆʹʴʰʨʴ ʨʳ
ʹʵʼʲʬʩˀʰ ˁʰʿʭʰʹ ʪʨʭʸ˂ʬʲʬʩʨʹ. ʽʨʲʬʩʹ, ʸʵʳʲʬʩʹʨ˂ ʹˆʭʨ
ʹʵʼʲʬʩʰʫʨʴ ʨʳ ʹʵʼʲʰʹ ʳʱʭʰʫʸʴʰ ʯˆʵʻʲʵʩʬʴ, ʸʨʳʵʫʬʴʰʳʬ
˄ʲʰʹ ˀʬʳʫʬʪ ʻˁʴʫʬʩʨʵ ˁʰʿʭʰ.
ʯʭʰʯʳʶʿʸʵʩʬʲʵʩʰʹ ʫʸʵʹ ʹʭʨʴʬʯʹ ʬʽʰʳʹ ʻʪʮʨʭʴʰʫʬʴ
ʮʨʼˆʻʲʵʩʰʯ ʹʨʳʰ ʯʭʰʹ ʭʨʫʰʯ, ˆʵʲʵ ʫʨʴʨʸˁʬʴ 9 ʯʭʰʹ
ʪʨʴʳʨʭʲʵʩʨˀʰ ʹʭʨʴʬʯʰ ʨʳ ʳˆʸʰʯʨ˂ ʻʿʻʸʨʫʾʬʩʵʯ ʰʿʵ
ʳʰʺʵʭʬʩʻʲʰ. ʸʨʳʵʫʬʴʰʳʬ ˄ʲʰʹ ˄ʰʴʬʯ ʩʬˁʵˀʰ ʪʨʰˆʹʴʨ ʹʨʼʬʸˀʲʵ
ʶʻʴʽʺʰ, ʸʵʳʬʲʰ˂, ʸʨʹʨʱʭʰʸʭʬʲʰʨ, ʿʭʬʲʨ ʳ˂ˆʵʭʸʬʩʲʬʩʹ ʭʬʸ
ʫʨʨʱʳʨʿʵʼʰʲʬʩʫʨ. 1908 ˄ʬʲʹ ʹʵʼʬʲ ʳʬʹʺʰʨˀʰ ʪʨʰˆʹʴʨ ʬʸʯʰ
ʹʨʨʭʨʫʳʿʵʼʵ ʫʨ ʫʨʰʴʰˀʴʨ ʬʸʯʰ ʬʽʰʳʰ, ʬʸʯʰ ʼʬʸˀʨʲʰ ʫʨ ʬʸʯʰ
ʩʬʩʰʨ ʽʨʲʰ.
ʿʭʬʲʨʮʬ ʳ˃ʰʳʬ ʫʨʾʹ ʹʭʨʴʬʯʰʹ ˂ˆʵʭʸʬʩʨʹ ʨˁʴʬʭʫʨ ʯʭʰʹʰ
ˀʬʫʬʪʬʩʰʯ ʻʬʽʰʳʵʩʨ. ʳʸʨʭʨʲ ʹʰ˂ʵ˂ˆʲʰʯ ʹʨʭʹʬ ʹʭʨʴʹ ʻʹʶʵʩʫʨ
ʻʫʸʵʵʯ ʹʰ˂ʵ˂ˆʲʬʹ ʬʹ ʪʨʸʬʳʵʬʩʨ. ʹʰʩʰʴ˃ʻʸʬ, ʻʹʻʼʯʨʵʩʨ ʫʨ
ʹʵʼʲʰʹ ʬʽʰʳʵʩʰʹ ʭʬʲʻʸʰ ˄ʬʹʬʩʰ ˆʬʲʹ ʻ˄ʿʵʩʫʬʴ ˆʨʲˆʰʹ
ˇʨʴʳʸʯʬʲʵʩʰʹ ʻʼʹʱʸʻʲʰʹʨʱʬʴ ʪʨʽʨʴʬʩʨʹ.
202
 ʴʨʯʽʭʨʳʰʨ, ˄ʿʨʲ˄ʨʾʬʩʻʲʰ ˆʨʭʹʹ ʬʱʰʫʬʩʵʫʨʵ ʻʬʽʰʳʵʩʰʹ
ʪʨʳʵ ʹʭʨʴʬʯˀʰ˂ ʹʵʼʲʰʹ ʬʽʰʳʬʩʳʨ ʼʨʸʯʵ ʨʹʶʨʸʬʮʰ ʳʵʰʶʵʭʬʹ.
ʰʹʰʴʰ ʬʽʰʳʵʩʫʬʴ ʳʬʺ ˄ʰʲʨʫ ʯʵʼʰʯ ʫʨ ˆʨʴˇʲʰʯ ʫʨ˅ʸʰʲʬʩʹ,
ʽʨʸʬʩʰʯ ʨʭʨʫʳʿʵʼʯ, ˃ʭʲʰʹ ˅ʲʬʽʰʯ ʨʭʨʫʳʿʵʼʯ,
˃ʭʨʲʪʨʺʬˆʰʲʬʩʹ ʫʨ ʹˆʭ...
ʨʳ ʬʽʰʳʬʩʰʹ ,,ʬʽʰʳʵʩʰʹ³ ʫʨʹʨˆʨʹʰʨʯʬʩʲʨʯ ʨʽʭʬ ʳʵʭʰʿʭʨʴ
ʵʸʰʵʫʬ ʳʨʪʨʲʰʯʹ: ʸʨʳʵʫʬʴʰʳʬ ˄ʲʰʹ ˄ʰʴʬʯ ʬʸʯʳʨ ʨʹʬʯʳʨ
ʹʵʼʲʰʹ ʬʽʰʳʳʨ ʻʸˁʰʨ ʽʨʸʬʩʰʯ ʫʨʹʴʬʻʲʬʩʻʲ ʯʨʭʰʹ ʳʬʮʵʩʬʲʹ:
,,ˁʨʨʹˆʰ ʫʰʫ ʽʭʨʩˀʰ ˄ʿʨʲʰ, ˁʨˈʿʨʸʬ ʨʴ˄ʲʰʹ ʼʵʯʵʲʰ, ˃ʨʲʰʨʴ
ʪʨʨʯʩʬ, ˀʬʳʫʬʪ ˀʰʪ ˁʨ˄ʬʽʰ, ʮʬʭʰʫʪʨʴ ʱʰ ʽʬˁʨ ʫʨ ʹʨʩʨʴʰ ʪʨʫʨʰˆʻʸʬ
ʫʨ ʸʨ˂ ʨʸ ʻʴʫʨ ʪʨʪʰ˅ʰʸʫʬʹ ʹʰ˂ˆʰʹʨʪʨʴ, ʽʭʨʩʰʫʪʨʴ ʱʨʸʪʨ ˆʨʴʹ ʴʻ
ʨʳʵˆʭʨʲʵ³
ʪʻʲʻʩʸʿʭʰʲʵ ʹʭʨʴʳʨ ʯʨʭʰʹ ,,ʬʽʰʳʰʹ³ ʫʨʸʰʪʬʩʨʹ ʭʬʸ
ʪʨʫʨʻˆʭʰʨ, ʳʨʪʸʨʳ ʸʨʳʵʫʬʴʰʳʬ ˄ʻʯʰʹ ˀʬʳʫʬʪ ʳʵˆʨʸˀʻʲʰ
ʨʳʵʨʯʸʰʬʹ ʽʭʨʩʰʫʨʴ.
ʵʸʰ ˄ʲʰʹ ˀʬʳʫʬʪ ʳʰʹʳʨ ˅ʰʸʰʹʻʼʨʲʳʨ ˀʻʸʰ ʰ˃ʰʨ ʫʨ ʬʽʰʳʹ
ˀʭʰʲʰ ʳʵʻʱʲʨ.
ʳʬʵʸʬ ʹʭʨʴʹ ʽʨʸʬʩʰʹʨʪʨʴ ʼʬˆʰ ʻʱʨʴ ˈʽʵʴʫʨ ʪʨʫʨʾʻʴʻʲʰ.
ʬʽʰʳʰ ʰʳ ʳʰʮʴʰʯ, ʸʵʳ ʨʭʨʫʳʿʵʼʰʹʨʯʭʰʹ ʼʬˆʰ ʪʨʬʹ˄ʵʸʬʩʰʴʨ,
ʳʺʱʰʭʨʴʰ ʫʨʨʱʸʨ ʼʰ˂ʨʸʮʬ, ʮʬʭʰʫʪʨʴ ʯʭʰʯʵʴ ʫʨʨˇʫʨ ʫʨ ʹʨʴʨʳ
ʼʬˆʰʹ ˃ʨʸʾʭʬʩʰ ʨʸ ʪʨ˄ʿʫʨ, ʳʨʴʨʳʫʬ ʨʸ ʳʵʬˀʭʨ ʨʭʨʫʳʿʵʼʹ.
ʼʰʲʺʭʬʩʰʹ ʨʴʯʬʩʰʨʴʹ, ʹʨˆʨʫʰʯ (ˆʻʸʭʬʩʨ) ʨʭʨʫʳʿʵʼʹ,
ʸʵ˂ʨ ʨʭʨʫʳʿʵʼʹ ʱʸʰʮʰʹʰ ʫʨʻʫʪʬʩʨ, ʳʿʸʨʲ ʨʸʨʿʹ ʨʹʳʬʭʬʴ, ˃ʨʲʰʯ
ʨ˅ʳʬʭʬʴ ʰʹʬʯ ʹʨ˅ʳʬʲʬʩʹ, ʸʵʳʲʰʹ ʳʵʴʬʲʬʩʨ ʨʭʨʫʳʿʵʼʰʹ ʱʻ˅ʹ ʨʸ
ˀʬʻ˃ʲʰʨ. ˆʵʲʵ ʸʵ˂ʨ ʨʭʨʫʳʿʵʼʰ ʹʰʱʭʫʰʲʰʹ ʶʰʸʮʬ ʳʰʫʪʬʩʨ,
ʳʨˀʰʴ ʰ˂ʰʨʴ ʳʹˆʭʬʸʶʲʰʹ ˀʬ˄ʰʸʭʨ: ˆʨʸʹ, ʯˆʨʹ ʫʨ ˂ˆʭʨʸʹ ʯʨʭʮʬ
ˀʬʳʵʨʭʲʬʩʬʴ, ʬʱʲʬʹʰʨˀʰ ʨʸʨʿʹ ʫʨ ʶʻʸʹ ʳʰʰʺʨʴʬʴ ʫʨ ˆˀʰʸʨʯ
ʹʨʳʹˆʭʬʸʶʲʵ ʹʨʱʲʨʭʹʨ˂ ʳʰʰʿʭʨʴʬʴ ˆʵʲʳʬ ʨʳʨʭʬ ʳʰʮʴʰʯ.
ʨˆʲʨʯ ʫʨ˅ʸʰʲʯ ʹʰʹˆʲʰʹ ʪʨʹʨˁʬʸʬʩʲʨʯ ˅ʸʰʲʵʩʨʮʬ
ʨʿʸʰʨʴ ʯʻʯʻʴʹ, ,,ʳʨʲʨ ʯʻʹ³ ʬʸʯʴʨʰʸʰ ʪʨʳˆʳʨʸʰ ʹʵʱʵʹ
ʼʬʸʼʲʰʨ) ʫʨ ʮʬʫʨʫʬʩʬʴ ʨʩʬʫʹ. ʹʰʹˆʲʰʹ ʫʬʴʰʹ ʪʨˁʬʸʬʩʰʹ ˀʬʳʫʬʪ
˅ʸʰʲʵʩʨˀʰ ˆˀʰʸʨʯ ʻʺʬʴʰʨʴ ʳʨʺʲʹ ʰʳ ʳʵʹʨʮʸʬʩʰʯ, ʯʰʯʽʵʹ ʳʨʹ
˅ʸʰʲʵʩʨ ʰʹʰʹˆʲˆʵʸ˂ʬʩʫʬʹ. ˅ʸʰʲʵʩʰʹ ʪʨʳʵʹʨˀʻˀʬʩʲʨʯ
ˆʳʨʸʵʩʬʴ ʻʹʻʼʯʨʵ, ˆʬʲʰʯ ʫʨʮʬʲʰʲ ʿʭʬʲʹ, ˆʵʲʵ ʸʵ˂ʨ
˅ʸʰʲʵʩʨ ʪʨʹʰʭʫʬʩʨ ʫʨ ʨʴʯʬʩʨ ʪʨʻˁʴʫʬʩʨ, ʾʵʸʰʹ ʽʵʴʹ ʨʴ

203
ʱʭʬʸ˂ˆʰʹ ˂ʰʲʨˀʰ ʪʨʽʴʰʲ ʸʨʾʨ˂ ʬʸʯʴʨʰʲ ʩʨʲʨˆʰʹ (ˀʭʨʸʨ ʷʨʪʨʸ)
ʼˆʭʴʰʲʹ ˄ʨʻʹʭʨʳʬʴ ˆʵʲʳʬ.
˃ʭʨʲʰ ʸʵʳ ʭʰʴʳʬʹ ʫʨʻʮʰʨʴʫʬʩʨ, ʳʨˀʰʴʨʯʭʬ ʳʵʴʨˆʨʭʬʴ
ʬʸʯʹ ʳ˂ʬʴʨʸʰʹ ˃ʰʸʹ, ʳʰʹ ʪʨʴʨʼˆʬʱ ˂ʰʲʹ ʺʰʲʵ ˄ʨʨ˂ˆʬʩʬʴ,
ˀʬʳʵʨˆʭʬʭʬʴ ʳʺʱʰʭʨʴ ʨʫʪʰʲʮʬ, ˀʬʳʫʬʪ ʪʨʸʬʫʪʨʴ ʿʨʭʸʰʹ ʶʨʺʨʸʨ
ʼʰ˂ʸʬʩʹ ʳʵʻ˅ʬʸʬʴ ʳʨʪʸʨʯ ʩʨ˄ʸʬʩʰʯ ʫʨ ʨʳ ʳʫʪʵʳʨʸʬʵʩʨˀʰ
ʺʵʭʬʩʬʴ ʸʨʳʵʫʬʴʰʳʬ ʫʾʰʯ.
ʽʨʸʬʩʰʨʴ ʨʭʨʫʳʿʵʼʹ ʨʴ˄ʲʰʹ ʼʵʯʲʰʹ ʴʨˆʨʸˀ ʯʩʰʲ
˄ʿʨʲˀʰ ʨʩʨʴʬʩʬʴ ˆʵʲʳʬ. ʯʻ ʨʭʨʫʳʿʵʼʹ ʳʻʫʳʰʭʰ ʯʨʭʰʹ ʺʱʰʭʰʲʰ
ʨʽʭʹ (,,ʯʨʭʰʹ ʽʨʸʰ³ ʹʵʼʲʰʹ ʬʽʰʳʰ ʶʨʺʨʸʨ ʫʨʴʰʯ ʯʨʭˀʰ ʫʨ
ʱʰʹʬʸˀʰ ʩʬʭʸ ʨʲʨʪʨʹ ˅ʸʰʲʵʩʨʹ ʨ˃ʲʬʭʹ ʨʭʨʫʳʿʵʼʹ, ʰʽʰʫʪʨʴ
,,ʪʲʨˆʨ ʹʰʹˆʲʹ³ʪʨʳʵʻˀʭʬʩʹ. ʼʬˆʰ ʯʻ ʻʹʰʭʫʬʩʨ ʨʭʨʫʳʿʵʼʹ, ʳʨˀʰʴ
ʬʹ ʬʽʰʳʰ ʼʬˆʬʩˀʰ ʨ˃ʲʬʭʹ ʨʹʬʯ ˅ʸʰʲʵʩʬʩʹ, ʮʬʭʰʫʪʨʴ ,,ʩʨʴʱʬʩʹ³
(ˆʨʸʰʹ ʸʽʨʨ) ʨʫʪʨʳʹ ʫʨ ʰʾʬʩʹ ,,ʪʲʨˆʨ ʹʰʹˆʲʹ³ ʨʳʴʨʰʸʨʫ
ʨʭʨʫʳʿʵʼʰ ʰ˄ʻʸʬʩʨ ʹʰʹˆʲʰʹʪʨʴ ʫʨ ʳʰʹ ʳʵʸˁʬʴʨʹ ˀʬʳʫʬʪˀʰ
ʨʸʨʼʬʸʰ ˀʭʬʲʰʹ. ʨʹʬʯ ˀʬʳʯˆʭʬʭʰʹ ʳʵ˄ʳʬʫ ʳʸʨʭʨʲˇʬʸ ʳʬ ʯʭʰʯʵʴ
ʪʨʭʳˆʫʨʸʭʨʸ ˆʵʲʳʬ.
ʱʻ˅ʰʹ ʺʱʰʭʰʲʰʹ ʹʨʻʱʬʯʬʹʵ ˄ʨʳʲʨʯ ʳʰʨˁʴʰʨʯ
,,ʴʨʯʨʭʬʫʰ³ʯʨʭʰ, ʳʨʪʨʸʰ) ʨʸʨʿʰ, ʶʰʲʶʰʲʰ, ʴʰʵʸʰ, ʨʫʪʰʲʵʩʸʰʭʰ
ˆʬʲʵʩʰʹ ʯʵʼʰʹ ˄ʨʳʨʲʰ ʫʨ ʹʨʱʭʬʯʰ (ʫʭʸʰʺʨ).
ʪʨ˂ʰʬʩʻʲʹ ʵʼʲʰʹ ʹʨʫʬʴʨʯ ʨ˃ʬʲʬʭʴ ʽʬʸʰʹ ʯˆʬʲʹ ʼʨʼʨʹ
(ʲʻ˂ʼʬʽ).
ʯʭʨʲʬʩʰʹ ˄ʨʳʲʨʯ ˆʳʨʸʵʩʬʴ ʽʨʲʰʹ ʸ˃ʬʹ, ʸʵʳʲʰʯʨ˂
ʯʭʨʲʬʩʹ ʰʸʬ˂ˆʨʭʬʴ.
ʳʻ˄ʻʱʬʩʰʹʨ ʫʨ ˃ʰʸʳʨʪʨʸʬʩʰʹ ˄ʨʳʲʨʯ ʨʸʰʹ ˀʬʳʵʾʬʩʻʲʰ
ʴʨ˃ʭʰʹ ʼʰʹʰ (ʴʬʮʭʰ ʳʨˀʨʴ) ʫʨ ʨʫʪʰʲʵʩʸʰʭʰ ˆʬʲʵʩʰʹ ˀʨʭʰ ʹʨʶʵʴʰ.
˄ʬʲʰʹ ʺʱʰʭʰʲʰʹ ʳʵʹʨʸˁʬʴʨʫ ˆʳʨʸʵʩʬʴ ʳʻˆʰʹ ˂ʰʲʰʹ
ʴʨˆʨʸˀ ˄ʿʨʲʰʹʨʪʨʴ ʪʨʱʬʯʬʩʻʲ ʼʨʼʨʹ, ʨʭʰ ʮʴʰʯ ʨʭʨʫʳʿʵʼʹ
ʻʴʯʬʩʬʴ ˄ʰʴ ʾʵʸʰʹ ˇʨʪʨʸʹ, ʪʵʪʰʸʫʹ, ʯʵʼʰʹ ˄ʨʳʨʲʹ, ʸʵʳ ʨʳʨʯʳʨ
ʳʿʸʨʲʳʨ ʹʻʴʳʨ ,,ʨʭʨʫʳʿʵʼʵʩʨ ˀʬʨˀʰʴʵʹ³
ˀʬʳʫʬʪ ʰ˂ʰʨʴ ˄ʳ. ʱʭʰʸʰʱʬʮʬ ʿʵʭʬʲ˄ʲʰʻʸʨʫ ʳʹˆʭʬʸʶʲʰʹ
ˀʬ˄ʰʸʭʨ: ʩʨʺʱʴʰʯ, ʯʰʱʴʰʯ, ʶʻʸʰʯʨ ʫʨ ʨʸʨʿʰʯ.
ʪʻʲʰʹ ʺʱʰʭʰʲʰʹ ˄ʨʳʨʲʰʨ ˀʬʲʵ˂ʭʨ.
ʻˀʭʰʲʵʩʰʹ ˄ʨʳʲʨʯ ˆʳʨʸʵʩʬʴ ʸʨʾʨ˂ ʩʨʲʨˆʰʹ ˃ʰʸʬʩʹ ʫʨ
ʪʨʸʫʨ ʨʳʰʹʨ ʩʬʭʸʰ ʿʵʭʬʲ˄ʲʰʻʸʨʫ ʨʫʰˀʰʹ ˄ʳ. ʪʰʵʸʪʰʹ ʬʱʲʬʹʰʨʹ
ʱʭʰʸʰʱʵʩʰʹ ʯʭʬˀʰ ʳʹˆʭʬʸʶʲʹ ʹ˄ʰʸʨʭʹ ˆʵʲʳʬ, ʸʵʳ ʭʨʷʰ ʬʿʵʲʵʹ.
204
 ʨʰ ʨʹʬʯ ʹʨˀʰʴʬʲ ʶʰʸʵʩʬʩˀʰ ʳʿʵʼ ʽʭʬʿʨʴʨʹ
ʯʭʰʯʳʶʿʸʵʩʬʲʵʩʰʹ ʫʸʵʹ ʳˆʵʲʵʯ ʹʨʳʰ ʯʭʰʯ ʫʨʬʴʨˆʭʬʩʵʫʨ
ʬʽʰʳʰ ʫʨ ʨʳʰʺʵʳʨ˂ ʹʨ˂ʵʫʨʭʳʨ ˆʨʲˆʳʨ ʨʽ ʪʨʴʨʭʰʯʨʸʨ ʯʨʭʰʹ
ʳʵʳʹʶʵʩʰ ,,ʹʵʼʲʰʹ ʬʽʰʳʵʩʨ³
ʳʬʴˀʬʭʰʱʬʩʰʹ ʫʸʵʹ ʹʭʨʴʬʯʹ ʬʽʰʳʰ ʨʸ ʻʴʨˆʨʭʹ. ʳʨʸʯʨʲʰʨ
ʳʨˀʰʴ ʹʨʳ ʨʫʪʰʲʨʹ ʪʨʰˆʹʴʨ ʹʨʼʬʸˀʲʵ ʶʻʴʽʺʬʩʰ, ʳʨʪʸʨʳ ʹʨ˅ʰʸʵ
˄ʨʳʲʬʩʰʹ ʻʽʵʴʲʵʩʰʹ ʪʨʳʵ ʰʹʰʴʰ ʪʻʲʮʬ ˆʬʲʫʨʱʸʬʼʰʲʰ ʰʹˆʫʬʴ
ʫʨ ˆʨʲˆʰʹ ˇʨʴʳʸʯʬʲʵʩʰʹʨʯʭʰʹ ʭʬʸʨʼʬʸʹ ʨʱʬʯʬʩʫʬʴ.
ʨʳʷʨʳʨʫ ʹʭʨʴʬʯˀʰ ʨʸʹʬʩʵʩʹ ʬʸʯʰ ʹʨʨʭʨʫʳʿʵʼʵ ʹ.
ʳʬʹʺʰʨˀʰ, ʸʵʳʬʲʹʨ˂ ˈʿʨʭʹ ʹʨʱʻʯʨʸʰ ʬʽʰʳʰ, ʼʬʸˀʨʲʰ ʫʨ ʩʬʩʰʨ
ʽʨʲʰ. ˆʵʲʵ ʹʨʳ ʨʫʪʰʲʨʹ: ʱʨʲʨˀʰ, ʩʬˁʵˀʰ ʫʨ ʲʨˆʨʳʻʲʨˀʰ
ʫʨʨʸʹʬʩʻʲʰʨ ʹʨʬʽʰʳʵ ʶʻʴʽʺʬʩʰ 5-5 ʹʨ˄ʵʲʰʯ, ʺʨʴʹʨ˂ʳʬʲʰʯ ʫʨ
ʹʨ˅ʰʸʵ ˄ʨʳʲʵʩʰʯ. ʹʻʲ ʹʭʨʴʬʯʹ ˈʿʨʭʹ 7 ʬʽʰʳʰ, 2 ʼʬʸˀʨʲʰ ʫʨ 2
ʩʬʩʰʨ ʽʨʲʰ.
ʫʰʫʰ ʫʨˆʳʨʸʬʩʨ ʨʾʳʵʻˁʰʴʨ ʹʭʨʴʬʯʹ ʨʪʸʬʯʭʬ ˄ʰʯʬʲʰ
ˇʭʸʰʹ ʳʰʬʸ ʪʨʳʵʪʮʨʭʴʰʲʳʨ ʪʨʫʨʳʫʬʩ ʨʭʨʫʳʿʵʼʵʩʬʩʯʨʴ
ʳʬʩʸ˃ʵʲʳʨ ʸʨʮʳʳʨ.
ʨʰ ʳʵʱʲʬʯ ʹʭʨʴʬʯʰʹ ˇʨʴʳʸʯʬʲʵʩʰʹ ʹʻʸʨʯʰ ʫʨ ʳʬ ʳʪʵʴʰʨ
ʿʭʬʲʨʹʨʯʭʰʹ ʪʨʹʨʵ˂ʨʸʰ ʫʨ ʪʨʹʨʱʭʰʸʰ ʻʴʫʨ ʰʿʵʹ ʮʬʳʵʯ
ʳʵʿʭʨʴʰʲʰ ˂ʴʵʩʬʩʰʹ ʫʨ ʳʨʪʨʲʰʯʬʩʰʹ ʳʰˆʬʫʭʰʯ, ʸʵʳ ʨʳ ʳʨʸʯʲʨ˂
ʻʿʻʸʨʫʾʬʩʵʩʰʯ ʫʨʾʻʶʭʰʹʨ ʫʨ ʳʵʹʶʵʩʰʹ ʪʮʨʮʬ ˀʬʳʫʪʨʸ
ʩʬʫʱʸʻʲ ʽʭʬʿʨʴʨʹ, ʫʾʬʳʫʰʹ ʰʹʬ ʻʶʨʺʸʵʴʵʯ ʳʰʺʵʭʬʩʻʲʹ,
ʸʵʪʵʸ˂ ʺʿʬˀʰ ʴʨʫʰʸʰ, ʱʰʫʬʭ ʹʻʲʰ ʻʫʪʰʨ ʫʨ ʯʨʭʰʹ ʨʸʹʬʩʵʩʨʹ
ˁʭʬʴ ʫʸʵʳʫʬ ʪʨʴʨʪʸ˃ʵʩʹ.
ʰʳʬʫʰʨ ʹʨʩ˅ʵʯʨ ˆʬʲʰʹʻʼʲʬʩʨ ʿʻʸʨʫʾʬʩʨʹ ʳʰʨʽ˂ʬʭʹ
ʹʭʨʴʬʯʰʹ ˆʨʲˆʰʹ ˇʨʴʳʸʯʬʲʵʩʰʹ ʹʨʱʰʯˆʹ ʫʨ ˀʬʹ˃ʲʬʩʹ
ʳʵʳʨʭʨʲˀʰ ʨʳ ˆʨʲˆʰʹ ʪʨˇʨʴʹʨʾʬʩʨʹ ʫʨ ʳʰʯ ʰˆʹʴʰʹ ʨʳ ʩʻʴʬʩʰʹ
ʪʻʲʻʩʸʿʭʰʲʵ ˀʭʰʲʬʩʹ ʳʵʹʶʵʩʰʹʨʪʨʴ. ʰʳʬʫʰʨ, ʸʵʳ ʳʵʳʨʭʨʲˀʰ
ʳʺʱʰ˂ʬ ʹʨʼʻ˃ʭʬʲʰ ˁʨʬʿʸʬʩʨ ˆʨʲˆʰʹ ˇʨʴʳʸʯʬʲʵʩʰʹ ʹʨʽʳʬʹ ʫʨ
ʹʨʹʻʸʭʬʲ ʫʵʴʬʮʬ ʫʨʫʪʬʩʨ ʨʳ ʳˆʸʰʭ ʹʭʨʴʬʯʰʹ ˂ˆʵʭʸʬʩʨ.
ʯʭʰʯʳʶʿʸʵʩʬʲʵʩʰʹ ʫʸʵʹ 1908 ˄ʲʨʳʫʬ ʹʭʨʴʬʯʰʹ
ˇʨʴʳʸʯʬʲʵʩʨʮʬ ʭʨʸʨʻʫʰʯ ʰˆʨʸˇʬʩʵʫʨ ˄ʲʰʻʸʨʫ:

ʬʽʰʳʰ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 600 ʳʨʴ.

1 ʼʬʸˀʨʲʰ±ʬʸʯʰ ˄ʬʲʰ . . 360 ,,
ʫʨʸʨˇʰ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 150 ,,
205
 ʳʬʫʰʱʨʳʬʴʺʬʩʰ . . . . . . . . . . 300 ,,

ʹʻʲ . . 1.410 ʳʨʴ.

1908 ˄.. ± 1917 ˄ʲʨʳʫʬ ʴʨʭʨʸʨʻʫʬʭʰ ˆʨʸˇʯʨʾʸʰ˂ˆʭʨ

ʹʭʨʴʬʯʰʹʨʯʭʰʹ:
ʬʽʰʳʰʹ ˇʨʳʨʪʰʸʰ . . . . . . . 1.400 ʳʨʴ.
ʩʬʩʰʨ ʽʨʲʰ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 400 ,,
ʵʸʰ ʼʬʸˀʨʲʰ . . . . . . . . . . . . 800 ,,
ʵʸʰ ʫʨʸʨˇʰ . . . . . . . . . . . . . 300 ,,
˄ʨʳʲʬʩʰ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.500 ,,
ʹʨʳʬʻʸʴʬʵ ˆʨʸˇʬʩʰ . . . . . 1.000 ,,

ʹʻʲ . . 6.320 ʳʨʴ.

ʳʬʴˀʬʭʰʱʬʩʰʹ ʫʸʵʹ ʹʭʨʴʬʯʰʹʯʭʰʹ ʪʨʫʨʫʬʩʻʲʰ

ˇʨʴʳʸʯʬʲʵʩʰʹ ˆʨʸˇʬʩʰ ʱʰʫʬʭ ʻʼʸʵ ˀʬʳ˂ʰʸʫʨ (ʴʨʨʴʪʨʸʰˀʬʭʰʨ
ʵʽʸʵʹ ʳʨʴʬʯʬʩʰʯ).

ʹʨʳʰ ʼʬʸˀʨʲʰ . . . . . . . . . . 1.080 ʳʨʴ.

ʹʨʳʰ ʫʨʸʨˇʰ . . . . . . . . . . . . . 300 ,,
ʪʨʯʩʵʩʨ±ʪʨʴʨʯʬʩʨ ʫʨ ʹʨʳ. ˆʨʸˇʬʩʰ . . 250 ,,
ʳʬʫʰʱʨʳʬʴʺʬʩʰ . . . . . . . . . . . 400 ,,
ʹʻʲ . . 2.030 ʳʨʴ.
ʪʨʹʨʩ˅ʵʬʩʰʹ ˀʬʳʫʬʪ ʮʬʳʵ ʹʭʨʴʬʯʰʹ ˇʨʴʳʸʯʬʲʵʩʰʹ ˆʨʸˇʬʩʰ
± ʻʱʨʴʨʹʱʴʬʲʰ ˄ʲʬʩʰʹʨ:

1925 ˄ʬʲʰ.

(† 1. ʳʻˆ. 1, 2, 3; † 2. ʳʻˆ. 1, 2, 3, 4, 6, 7, 10, 11, 12, 13)

1. ˆʬʲʼʨʹʰ . . . . . . . . . . . 26.083 ʳʨʴ. 20 ʱʨʶ.
2. ʹʨʱʨʴ˂ʬʲʨʸʰʵ . . . . . . . . . . . 200 ,, ± ,,
3. ʹʨʳʬʻʸʴʬʵ . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3.111 ,, ± ,,
4. ʱʨʶʰʺʨʲʻʸʰ ʸʬʳʵʴʺʰ . . 5.000 ,, ± ,,
6. ʹʻʸʹʨʯʰ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4.161 ,, ± ,,
7. ʩʬʩʰʨ ʽʨʲʰʹ ʹʶʬ˂. ʺʨʴʰʹʨʳʵʹʰ . . . 800 ,, ± ,,
206
 10. ʳʬʫʰʱʨʳʬʴʺʬʩʰ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6.487 ,, ± ,,
11. ˆʬʲʹʨ˄ʿʵ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 700 ,, ± ,,
12. ˂ˆʬʴʬʩʰʹ ˀʬʴʨˆʭʨ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 280 ,, ± ,,
13. ʰʴʭʬʴʺ. ˀʬʴʨˆʭʨ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 200 ,, ± ,,

ʹʻʲ . 64. 855 ʳʨʴ.

¡€…Š€-‚€Œ€‡Š„ˆ €“‹„ …€Œ„‡–ˆ

ʹʭʨʴʬʯʰ ʸʵʳ ʸʻʹʬʯʹ ˀʬʻʬʸʯʫʨ (1853 ˄.), ʨʳ ʽʭʬʿʨʴʨˀʰ ʨʸ

ʰʿʵ ˄ʬʸʨ-ʱʰʯˆʭʰʹ ʨʸ˂ ʬʸʯʰ ʳ˂ʵʫʴʬ ʹʭʨʴʰ. ˀʬʳʫʬʪ ʹʨˆʬʲʳ˄ʰʼʵ
ˆʨʸˇʮʬ ʰʮʸʫʬʩʨ ʸʨʳʫʬʴʰʳʬ ʹʭʨʴʰ. ʳʬ˂ˆʸʨʳʬʺʬ ʹʨʻʱʻʴʰʹ ʩʵʲʵ
ˆʨʴʬʩˀʰ ʽʨʸʯʭʬʲʯʨ ˀʵʸʰʹ ˄ʬʸʨ-ʱʰʯˆʭʰʹ ʪʨʳʨʭʸ˂ʬʲʬʩʬʲʳʨ
ʹʨʮʵʪʨʫʵʬʩʨʳ ʨʽ ʪʨˆʹʴʨ 6 ʹʨʹ˄ʨʭʲʬʩʬʲʰ. ʬʹ ʹʨʹ˄ʨʭʲʬʩʲʬʩʰ
ˀʬʳʫʬʪˀʰ ʳʯʨʭʸʵʩʰʹ ˆʬʲˀʰ ʪʨʫʨʭʰʫʨ. ʨʳʰʹ ˀʬʳʫʬʪ ʳʯʨʭʸʵʩʨ
ʰ˄ʿʬʩʹ ʹʱʵʲʬʩʰʹ ʪʨˆʹʴʨʹ ʫʨ ʳʰʹ ʨʸʹʬʩʵʩʰʹ ʻʱʨʴʨʹʱʴʬʲ ʫʾʬʳʫʬ
ʪʨˆʹʴʨ ʹʻʲ 15 ʹʨʹ˄ʨʭʲʬʩʬʲʰ.
ʽʨʸʯʻʲ ʬʴʨʹ ʹʨˀʰʴʲʨʫ ʹʫʬʭʴʰʫʬʴ ʨʳ ʹʱʵʲʬʩʰʫʨʴ.
ʳʰʻˆʬʫʨʭʨʯ ʰʳʰʹʨ, ʸʵʳ ʹ˄ʨʭʲʰʹ ʼʻʲʹ ʨʸ ʨˆʫʬʭʰʴʬʩʫʬʴ,
ʹʨʳʵʹ˄ʨʭʲʵ ʴʰʭʯʬʩʹʨ˂ ʻʼʨʹʵʫ ʰ˃ʲʬʵʫʬʴ, ʹ˄ʨʭʲʨ-ʪʨʴʨʯʲʬʩʰʹ
ʹʨʽʳʬ ʹʭʨʴʬʯˀʰ ˄ʰʴ ʭʬʸ ˄ʨʭʰʫʨ, ʨʳʰʹ ʻʳʯʨʭʸʬʹʰ ʳʰʮʬʮʰ ʱʰ ʰʹ ʰʿʵ,
ʸʵʳ ʨʫʪʰʲʵʩʸʰʭʨʯ ʹ˄ʨʭʲʰʹ ʪʨʯʨʭʬʩʰʹ ˀʬʳʫʬʪ ʩʨʭˀʭʰʹ
ʳˀʵʩʲʬʩʹ ʹʰʾʨʸʰʩʰʹ ʪʨʳʵ ʹʨˀʻʨʲʬʩʨ ʨʸ ˈʽʵʴʫʨʯ, ʸʵʳ ʯʨʭʰʹʰ
ˀʭʰʲʰ ʹʭʨʴʬʯʹ ʪʨʸʬʯ, ʹʨʫʳʬ ʹ˄ʨʭʲʰʹ ʪʨʹʨʪʸ˃ʬʲʬʩʲʨʯ ʫʨ
ʫʨʹʨʳʯʨʭʸʬʩʲʨʯ ʪʨʬʪʮʨʭʴʨʯ. ʳʵ˄ʨʼʬ ʹ˄ʨʭʲʰʹ ˀʬʳʫʬʪ ʰʹʬʭ
ʻʩʸʻʴʫʬʩʵʫʨ ˃ʭʬʲ ˄ʬʹʹʨ ʫʨ ʶʰʸʵʩʬʩʹ. ʳ˄ʿʬʳʹʵʩʨˀʰ ʳʨʹ
ʸʨʳʵʫʬʴʰʳʬ ˄ʲʰʹ ʪʨʴʳʨʭʲʵʩʨˀʰ ʨʭʰ˄ʿʫʬʩʵʫʨ ˄ʬʸʨ-ʱʰʯˆʭʨ.
ʳʻˀʨʵʩʨʹ ʪʨʫʨˁʭʬʻʲʰ, ʳʬʻʸʴʬʵʩʨʮʬ ʪʻʲʨ˂ʸʻʬʩʻʲʰ
ʨˆʨʲʪʨʮʸʫʨ ʹʰʮʨʸʳʨ˂ʬʹ ʬˁʭʬʵʫʨ ʫʨ ʨʳʴʨʰʸʨʫ ʹʱʵʲʨ
ʹʭʨʴʰʹʨʯʭʰʹ ʯʨʭʰʹʰ ʻˀʬʫʬʪʵʩʰʯ ʫʨ ʻʴʨʿʵʼʰʬʸʬʩʰʯ ˆʫʬʩʵʫʨ
ʮʬʫʳʬʺ ʩʨʸʪʨʫ ʫʨ ʨʳʰʺʵʳʨ˂ ʳˀʵʩʲʬʩʰ ʩʨʭˀʭʬʩʹ ʹʨʹ˄ʨʭʲʬʩʬʲˀʰ
ʨʸ ʻˀʭʬʩʫʬʴ. ʫʰʫʰ ʫʸʵ ʫʨ ʬʴʬʸʪʰʨ ʬˆʨʸˇʬʩʵʫʨ ʳʨʹ˄ʨʭʲʬʩʬʲʹ
ʰʳʰʹʯʭʰʹ, ʸʵʳ ˁʨʳʵʬʨʸʨ ʹʵʼʲʬʩʰ, ʸʨʳʵʫʬʴʰʳʬ ʳʵ˄ʨʼʰʹʯʭʰʹ
ʯʨʭʰ ʳʵʬʿʨʸʨ ʫʨ ʳʯʬʲʰ ˄ʲʰʹ ʪʨʴʳʨʭʲʵʩʨˀʰ ʻʹʨʽʳʵʫ ʨʸ
ʫʨʳˇʫʨʸʰʿʵ.
207
 ʸʬʭʵʲʻ˂ʰʰʹ ˀʬʳʫʬʪ ʹʭʨʴʬʯʰʹ ʹʨʹ˄ʨʭʲʬʩʲʬʩʰ ˇʬʸ
ʳʯʲʨʯ ʻʶʨʺʸʵʴʵʯ ʫʨʸˁʨ, ʩʬʭʸʰ ʹʨʹ˄ʨʭʲʬʩʬʲʰ ʱʰʫʬ˂ ʫʨʰʴʪʸʨ,
ʮʵʪʰ ʰʹʬ ʫʨʰʱʬʸʨ ʫʨ ʹ˄ʨʭʲʰʹ ʹʨʽʳʬ ʳʯʲʨʯ ʪʨʰʿʰʴʨ.
ʳʬʴˀʬʭʰʱʻʸʳʨ ʳʯʨʭʸʵʩʨʳ ʹʭʨʴʬʯʰʹ ʹʱʵʲʬʩʹ ʭʬʸ ʳʰʨʽ˂ʰʨ
ˀʬʹʨʼʬʸʰʹʰ ʿʻʸʨʫʾʬʩʨ ʫʨ ʪʨʶʨʸʺʨˆʬʩʻʲʰ ˀʬʴʵʩʬʩʰ ʭʬʸ
ʪʨʴʨʨˆʲʨ.
ʹʨʩ˅ʵʯʨ ˆʬʲʰʹʻʼʲʬʩʨ ʨʳ ʹʨʽʳʬʹʨ˂ ʿʻʸʨʫʾʬʩʰʯ ʳʵʬʱʰʫʨ.
ʳʯʨʭʸʵʩʨʳ ʪʨʰʾʵ ˀʬʹʨʼʬʸʰʹʰ ʯʨʴˆʨ ʫʨʴʪʸʬʻʲ, ʪʨʶʨʸʺʨˆʬʩʻʲ
ʹʱʵʲʬʩʰʹ ˀʬʹʨʱʬʯʬʩʲʨʫ ʫʨ ʪʨʴʨʨˆʲʨ ʰʹʰʴʰ, ʪʨˆʹʴʨ ʸʨʳʵʫʬʴʰʳʬ
ʨˆʨʲʰ ʹʱʵʲʨ, ʪʨˆʹʴʨ ʩʨʭˀʭʯʨ ʯʭˀʬʹʨʼʨʸʰ, ʹʨʰʫʨʴʨ˂ ʯʩʰʲʰʹˀʰ
ʨʳʷʨʳʨʫ ˁʨʳʵʿʭʨʴʰʲʲʰʨ 40-ʫʬ ʵʩʵʲʰ ʩʨʭˀʭʰ. ʹʭʨʴʬʯʰʹ ʰʹ
ʨˆʨʲʪʨʮʸʫʵʩʨ, ʸʵʳʲʬʩʹʨ˂ ʹʭʨʴʬʯʰʹ ʹʱʵʲʬʩˀʰ ʹ˄ʨʭʲʰʹ
ʪʨʯʨʭʬʩʰʹ ˀʬʳʫʬʪ ʨʸ ˈʽʵʴʫʨʯ ʹʰʾʨʸʰʩʰʹ ʪʨʳʵ ʹˆʭʨʪʨʴ ʹ˄ʨʭʲʰʹ
ʫʨʹʨʳʯʨʭʸʬʩʲʨʫ ˄ʨʹʭʲʰʹ ʹʨˀʻʨʲʬʩʨ, ʫʾʬʹ ʯʩʰʲʰʹˀʰ ʫʨ ʹˆʭʨ
ʽʨʲʨʽʬʩˀʰ ʰʮʸʫʬʩʰʨʴ ʳʯʨʭʸʵʩʰʹ ˆʨʸˇʮʬ. ʨʹʬʯʬʩʰʹ ʸʰ˂ˆʭʰ 50-ʮʬ
ʳʬʺʰʨ. ʼʨʸʯʵ ˆʨʹʰʨʯʰ ʳʰʰʾʵ ʻʹ˄ʨʭʲʬʲʵʩʰʹ ʹʨʲʰʱʭʰʫʨ˂ʰʵ
ʳʻˀʨʵʩʨʳ.
˄ʬʸʨ-ʱʰʯˆʭʰʹ ʳ˂ʵʫʴʬ ʹʭʨʴʬʯˀʰ ʨʳʷʨʳʨʫ 20%-ʹ ʨʸ
ʨʾʬʳʨʺʬʩʨ, ˆʵʲʵ ʹʨʹ˄ʨʭʲʬʩʲʬʩʰʹ ʸʰ˂ˆʭʰ 24 ʨʾ˄ʬʭʹ. ʨʳ ʩʵʲʵ
ˆʨʴʬʩˀʰ ʪʨʰˆʹʴʨ ʹʨʮʬʰʴʱʲʵ ʫʨ ʹʨʫʻʸʪʲʵ ʹʨˆʬʲʵʹʴʬʩʵ ʫʨ
ʯʰˆʰʹ ˅ʻʸ˅ʲʬʻʲʵʩʰʹ ʫʨʹʨʳʮʨʫʬʩʬʲʰ ʶʨʺʨʸʨ ʽʨʸˆʨʴʨ.

ʯʭʰʯʳʶʿʸʵʩʬʲʵʩʰʹ ʫʸʵʹ ʴʨʭʨʸʨʻʫʬʭʰ ʰ ˄ʲʰʻʸʰ ˆʨʸˇʬʩʰ

ʹʭʨʴʬʯʰʹ ʹ˄ʨʭʲʨ-ʪ
ʪʨʴʨʯʲʬʩʰʹ ʹʨʽʳʰʹʨʯʭʰʹ:

1) ʶʬʫʨʪʵʪʰʻʸʰ ʶʬʸʹʵʴʨʲʰʹ ˇʨʳʨʪʰʸʰ . . . 11.520 ʳʨʴ.

2) ʹʨʳʵʹ˄ʨʭʲʵ ʴʰʭʯʬʩʰ ʫʨ ʹʨʱʨʴ. ˆʨʸˇʬʩʰ . . . 2.600 ,,

ʹʻʲ 14.120 ʳʨʴ.

ʳʬʴˀʬʭʰʱʬʩʰʹ ʫʸʵʹ ʴʨʭʨʸʨʻʫʬʭʰ ˄ʲʰʻʸʰ ˆʨʸˇʬʩʰ ʹʭʨʴʬʯʰʹ

ʹʱʵʲʬʩʰʹʯʭʰʹ (ʵʵʽʸ. ʳʨʴ. ʱʻʸʹʰʯ):

1) ʶʬʫʨʪʵʪʰʻʸʰ ʶʬʸʹʵʴʨʲʰʹ ˀʬʴʨˆʭʨ . . 4.320 ʳʨʴ.

2) ʹʨʳʵʹ˄ʨʭʲʵ ʴʰʭʯʬʩʰ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 890 ,,
3) ʹʨʱʨʴ˂ʬʲʨʸʰʵ ˆʨʸˇʬʩʰ ʫʨ ʪʨʴʨʯʬʩʨ . . 720 ,,
208
 ʹʻʲ 5.830 ʳʨʴ.

ʹʨˆʨʲˆʵ ʪʨʴʨʯʲʬʩʰʹʨʯʭʰʹ 1925 ˄.. ʮʬʳʵ ʹʭʨʴʬʯʰʹʨʯʭʰʹʹ

ʫʨʳʺʱʰ˂ʬʩʻʲʰ ʱʸʬʫʰʺʰ.

1) ʨʫʪʰʲʵʩʸʰʭʰ ʩʰʻˇʬʺʰʫʪʨʴ († 1. ʳʻˆ. 1. 2. 3. 4. 5: † 8 ʳʻˆ.

1. 3. 9) . . . 19.469 ʳ. 85 ʱ.
2) ʹʨˆʬʲʳ˄ʰʼʵ ʩʰʻˇʬʺʰʫʪʨʴ († 1. ʳʻˆʲʰ 2; † 18 ʳʻˆ. 2.) . . . . .
. . . . . . . . 13.860 ʳ.
3) ʹʨʽʨʸʯʭʬʲʵʹ ʹʨˆʨʲˆʵ ʱʵʳʰʹʨʸʯʨ ʹʨʩ˅ʵʹ ʯʨʴˆʬʩʰʫʪʨʴ 17
ʵʽʺʵʳʩʬʸʹ . . . 30.000 ʳ.

ʹʻʲ . 63.329 ʳ. 85 ʱ.

4) ʳʰʹʪʨʴʭʬ ʹʭʨʴʬʯˀʰ ʹʨʨʾʳˀʬʴʬʩʲʵ ʹʨ˅ʰʸʵʬʩʰʹʨʯʭʰʹ: 14

ʴʵʬʳʩʬʸʹ; 30 ʵʽʺʵʳʩʬʸʹ; 4. 5. ʫʨ 18 ʫʬʱʬʳʩʬʸʹ . . . . . 39.193 ʳ. 43 ʱ.

209
 ‹‡€… „ˆ •…„Š¡Šˆ‘ ˆ š€ ›„ˆ …€Œ„‡†„

ȹȹ ʸʨ ʹʨʪʴʬʩʮʬ ʯʭʰʯʳʶʿʸ. ʳʬʴˀʬʭʰʱʬʩʰʹ ʩʵʲˀʬʭʰʱʬʩʰʹ

ʸʰʪ. ʰˆʨʸˇʬʩʵʫʨ ʫʸʵʹ ʫʸʵʹ ʫʸʵʹ
(ʨʾʬʩʻʲʰʨ
ʻʱʨʴʨʹʱʴ. ˄ʬʲʰ)
1925 ˄.
1 ʨʫʳʰʴʰʹʺʸʨ˂ʰʨʮʬ 5.664 ʳ. 5.718 ʳ. 75.082 ʳ. 62 ʱ.
..
2 14.120 ʳ. 5.830 ʳ. 63.329 ʳ. 85 ʱ.
ʹ˄ʨʭʲʨ±
3 ʪʨʴʨʯʲʬʩʨʮʬ 6.320 ʳ. 2.030 ʳ. 64.856 ʳ. ±

4 ˆʨʲˆʰʹ
ˇʨʴʳʸʯʬʲʵʩʨʮʬ . 1.035 ʳ. ± 21.672 ʳ. 84 ʱ.
5 .

ʹʨˆʨʲˆʵ ± ± 39.193 ʳ. 43 ʱ.
ʹʨʹʨʳʨʸʯʲʵʬʩʮʬ

ʨʾʳˀʬʴʬʩʲʵʩʰʹ
ʹʨ˅ʰʸʵʬʩʰʹʨʯʭʰʹ
... 27.139 ʳ. 13.578 ʳ. 264.134 ʳ. 74 ʱ.

ʨʳʴʨʰʸʨʫ ʹʨʽʳʰʹ ʫʨʱʭʰʸʭʬʩʨ, ʹʨʾʰ ʨʮʸʵʭʴʬʩʨ

ʳ˅ʬʭʸʳʬʺʿʭʬʲʻʸʨʯ ʾʨʾʨʫʬʩʹ ʫʨ ʰʳ ʼʨʽʺʰʹ ˄ʰʴʨˀʬ ʪʭʨʿʬʴʬʩʹ,
ʸʵʳ, ʸʨ˂ ʩʵʲˀʬʭʰʱʬʩʰʹ ʳʰʬʸ ʨʹʬʯ ʳ˃ʰʳʬ, ʸʬʭʵʲʻ˂ʰʵʴʻʸ
ʶʰʸʵʩʬʩˀʰ ʨʳ ʳʵʱʲʬ ˆʴʰʹ ʪʨʴʳʨʭʲʵʩʨˀʰ ʪʨʱʬʯʬʩʻʲʨ ʫʨ ʱʬʯʫʬʩʨ
ʹʭʨʴʬʯˀʰ, ʳʨʹ ʵʫʴʨʭʨ˂ ʭʬʸ ˀʬʬʫʸʬʩʨ ˄ʰʴʨʴʫʬʲʰ ʳʯʨʭʸʵʩʬʩʰʹ
ʳʸʨʭʨʲ ˄ʲʬʩʰʹ ʴʵʸʳʨʲʻʸ ʶʰʸʵʩʬʩˀʰ ʳʻˀʨʵʩʨ. ʳʨʪʨʲʰʯʨʫ,
˄ʬʲʰ˄ʨʫˀʰ (ʯʭʰʯʳʶʿʸʵʩʬʲʵʩʰʹ ʫʸʵʹ) ʹʨʳʰ ʯʭʰʯ ʬʸʯʰ ʬʽʰʳʰʹ
ʫʨ ʬʸʯʰ ʼʬʸˀʲʰʹ ʫʨ ʬʸʯ ʹʨʨʭʨʫʳʿʵʼʵʹ ʫʨ ʬʸʯʰ ʩʬʩʰʨ ʽʨʲʰʹ
ʳʨʪʰʭʸʨʯ ʫʾʬʹ ʨʸʰʹ 7 ʬʽʰʳʰ, 2 ʼʬʸˀʨʲʰ, 2 ʩʬʩʰʨ ʽʨʲʰ, 4
ʹʨʨʭʨʫʳʿʵʼʵ ʶʻʴʽʺʰ ˆʻʯ-ˆʻʯʰ ʹʨ˄ʵʲʰʯ, ˀʬʹʨʼʬʸʰʹʰ ˄ʨʳʲʬʩʰʯ
ʫʨ ʺʨʴʹʨ˂ʳʲʰʯ; ʹʨʳʰ ʯʭʰʯ ʪʨʳʵʳ˃ʰʬʩʲʰʹ ʳʵʹʭʲʰʹ ʴʨ˂ʭʲʨʯ,
ʵʸʰ ʹʨˆʨʲˆʵ ʹʨʹʨʳʨʸʯʲʵ, ʵʸʰ ʪʨʳʵʳ˃ʰʬʩʬʲʰ; ʹʭʨʴʬʯʰʹ
ʹʨʩʵʽʨʻʲʵʹ ʹʭʨʴʬʯʰʹ ʳʨʮʸʨʯ ʪʨʫʨʽ˂ʬʭʨ; ʬʸʯʰ ʹʨʳʨʮʸʵ
ʹʨʸʨʰʵʴʵ ʨʾʳʨʹʱʵʳʰ; 4 ʹʨʻʩʴʵ ʨʫʳʰʴʰʹʺʸʨʺʰʻʲʰ ʶʻʴʽʺʰ; ʬʸʯʰ
210
ʹʨʳʨʮʸʵ ʳʰʲʰ˂ʰʰʹ ʹʨʳʳʨʸʯʭʬʲʵ. ʿʭʬʲʨ ʨʳʨʬʩʰʹʨʯʭʰʹ ʹʨ˅ʰʸʵ
ˀʬʴʵʩʬʩʰʹ ʨʪʬʩʨ; ʩʨʭˀʭʯʨ ʯʨʭˀʬʹʨʼʨʸʰ ʫʨ ʳʸʨʭʨʲʸʰ˂ˆʵʭʨʴʰ
ʹʭʨʴʬʩʰʹ ˀʭʰʲʬʩʰʹ ʹʨˆʬʲʳ˄ʰʼʵ ˆʨʸˇʮʬ ʳʰʾʬʩʨ ʹˆʭʨʫʨʹˆʭʨ
ʽʨʲʨʽʬʩˀʰ (ʳʨʸʺʵ ʽ. ʯʩʰʲʰʹˀʰ ʰʮʸʫʬʩʨ ʳʯʨʭʸʵʩʰʹ ˆʨʸˇʮʬ 70
ʹʭʨʴʰ). ʹʱʵʲʬʩʰʹ ʫʨʴʪʸʬʻʲ, ʪʨʶʨʸʺʨˆʬʩʻʲ ˀʬʴʵʩʬʩʰʹ ˀʬʱʬʯʬʩʨ,
ʪʨʴʨˆʲʬʩʨ ʫʨ ʨʾʫʪʬʴʨ, ʸʨʳʵʫʬʴʰʳʬ ʨˆʨʲʰ ʹʱʵʲʰʹ ʪʨˆʹʴʨ, 4 ʨˆʨʲʰ
ˀʬʴʵʩʰʹ ʨʪʬʩʨ ʩʬˁʵˀʰ, ʹʨˆʬʲʳ˄ʰʼʵ ʹʨʭʨ˅ʸʵʬʩʰʹʨ ʫʨ
ʱʵʵʶʬʸʨʺʰʭʰʹ ʪʨˆʹʴʨ, ʹʨʳʱʰʯˆʭʬʲʵʬʩʰʹ ʫʨʨʸʹʬʩʨ, ʼʵʹʺʨ-
ʺʬʲʬʪʸʨʼʰʹ ʪʨʿʭʨʴʨ; ʳʬʹʺʰʨˀʰ 20 ʵʯʨˆʰʹʨʪʨʴ ˀʬʳʫʪʨʸʰ
ʵʸʹʨʸʯʻʲʰʨʴʰ ʽʭʰʹ ʹʨˆʲʰʹ ʨˀʬʴʬʩʰʹ ʫʨ˄ʿʬʩʨ, ʹʭʨʴʬʯʰʹ
ʨʾʳʨʹʱʵʳʰʹ ʿʭʬʲʨ ʫʨ˄ʬʹʬʩʻʲʬʩʨʯʨ ʳʵʹʨʯʨʭʹʬʩʲʨʯ.
ʰʽʭʬ ʳʬʵʸʬ ʵʸʹʨʸʯʻʲʰʨʴ 20 ʵʯʨˆʰʨʴ ʽʭʰʹ ʹʨˆʲʰʹ
ʨˀʬʴʬʩʰʹ ʫʨ˄ʿʬʩʨ ˂ʬʴʺʸʨʲʻʸ ʹʨʨʭʨʫʳʿʵʼʵʹʯʭʰʹ.
ʨʩʨʴʵʹʨʯʭʰʹ ʽʭʰʹ ˀʬʴʵʩʰʹ ʨʪʬʩʰʹ ʫʨ˄ʿʬʩʨ ʳʬʹʺʰʨˀʰ.
ʩʬˁʵˀʰ ʹʨʳʬʻʸʴʬʵ ʹʨʹ˄ʨʭʲʬʩʲʰʹ ʪʨˆʹʴʨ.
ʳʬʼʻʺʱʸʬʵʩʰʹ ʫʨ ʳʬʸ˃ʬʭʬʵʩʰʹ ʯʨʴʨʳʬʫʸʵʭʬ ˄ʬʹʬʩʰʹ
ˆʨʲˆʰʹʨʯʭʰʹ ʪʨʹʨ˂ʴʵʩʨʯ ʹʶʬ˂ʰʨʲʰʹʺʬʩʰʹ ʳʰ˄ʭʬʭʨ.
ʶʻʸʰʹ ʹʨʲʬ˄ʰ ʫʨ ʪʨʹʨʴʰʨʭʬʩʬʲʰ ʳʨʴʽʨʴʬʩʰʹ ˀʬ˃ʬʴʨ;
ʱʲʻʩʰʹ ʫʨʨʸʹʬʩʨ ʫʨ ʹʨʹʨʫʰʲʵʹ ʪʨˆʹʴʨ ʳʬʹʺʰʨˀʰ. ʵʸ ʨʫʪʰʲʨʹ
ʸʨʫʰʵ ʹʨʫʪʻʸʰʹ ʳʵ˄ʿʵʩʰʹ ʪʨʴʮʸʨˆʭʨ. ʹʨʱʸʬʫʰʺʵ ʨʳˆʨʴʨʪʵʩʰʹ
ʫʨʨʸʹʬʩʨ.
˄ʬʸʨ-ʱʰʯˆʭʰʹ ʻ˄ʵʫʰʴʨʸʯʨ ʹʨʲʰʱʭʰʫʨ˂ʰʵ ʳʻˀʨʵʩʨ.
ʱʰʴʵʹ ˀʬ˃ʬʴʨ.
ʹʨʮʬʰʴʱʲʵ ʫʨ ʹʨʫʻʸʪʲʵ ʹʨˆʬʲʵʹʴʵʬʩʰʹ ʪʨˆʹʴʨ; ʯʰˆʰʹ
˅ʻʸ˅ʲʬʻʲʵʩʰʹ ˆʨʲˆʰʹʨʯʭʰʹ ʳʰʹʨ˄ʭʫʬʴʨʯ ʯʰˆʰʹ ʶʨʺʨʸʨ
ʽʨʸˆʴʰʹ ʪʨˆʹʴʨ. ʫʨ, ʸʨ˂ ʻʳʯʨʭʸʬʹʰʨ, ʼʬʵʫʨʲʻʸʰ ʻʾʲʰʹ
ʹʰʳ˃ʰʳʰʹʨʪʨʴ ˆʹʴʨ ʫʨ ʪʲʬˆʱʨ˂ʵʩʰʹ ʳ˃ʰʳʬ ʪʨʫʨʹʨˆʨʫʬʩʰʹʨʪʨʴ
ʪʨʴʯʨʭʰʹʻʼʲʬʩʨ ʫʨ ʹˆʭʨ...

…€Œ„‡ˆ „‰Œ‹ˆ‘ ˆ ‹ƒ‚‹€ „€

ʹʭʨʴʰ ˂ˆʵʭʸʵʩʹ ʵʸʹʨʸʯʻʲʰʨʴ ʽʭʰʹ ʹʨˆʲˀʰ. ʯʰʯʽʳʰʹ

ʿʵʭʬʲ ʳʵʹʨˆʲʬʹ ʨʽʭʹ ʳʨʾʨʲʰ 4-5 ʹʨʸʯʻʲʰʨʴʰ ˂ʰˆʬ ʯʨʭʰʹ
ʹʨˆʲʮʬʫ ʳʰˀʬʴʬʩʻʲʰ. ʪʨʸˀʬʳʵ ʹʭʨʴʻʸ ʹʨˆʲʬʩʹ ʮʾʻʫʬ-
ʪʨʲʨʭʴʬʩʰ ʨʸʺʿʰʨ. ʹʨˆʲʰʹ ʮʬʫʨ ʹʨʸʯʻʲˀʰ ʹʭʨʴʰ ʰʴʨˆʨʭʹ ʯʰʭʨʹ,
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ʩʮʬʹ, ˁʨʲʨʹ ʫʨ ʹˆʭ... ʽʭʬʫʨ ʹʨʸʯʻʲˀʰ ʮʨʳʯʸʵʩʰʯ ʯʭʰʯʵʴ
˂ˆʵʭʸʵʩʬʴ. ˀʻʨˀʰ ʻʴʯʰʨʯ ʫʰʫʰ ˂ʬ˂ˆʲʰ, ʻʫʪʰʨʯ ʨʳ ˂ʬ˂ˆʲʯʨʴ
ʱʬʸʨ, ʸʵʳʬʲʰ˂ ʫʨˆʻʸʻʲʰʨ ʯˆʬʲʰ ʽʭʰʹ ʼʰ˂ʸʰʯ, ʨʳʨʮʬʫ
ʨ˂ˆʵʩʬʴ ʶʻʸʹ ʫʰʲʨʹ, ʹʨʫʰʲʨʯ, ʹʨʾʨʳʵʹ ± ʭʨˆˀʳʨʯ. ˂ʬ˂ˆʲʰʹʨ ʫʨ
ʱʬʸʰʹ ʪʨʸˀʬʳʵ ˆʰʹ ʼʰ˂ʸʰʹ ʹʱʨʳʬʩʮʬ ʹˆʬʫʨʴ ʵˇʨˆʰʹ ˄ʬʭʸʬʩʰ,
ˆʵʲʵ ʵˇʨˆʰʹ ʻʼʸʵʹʰʹʨʯʭʰʹ ʪʨʴʹʨʱʻʯʸʬʩʻʲʰ ʶʨʺʰʭʰʹ˂ʬʳʰʹ
ʴʰˀʴʨʯ ʻʫʪʰʨʯ ʪʨʴʹʨʱʻʯʸʬʩʻʲʰ ʹʱʨʳʰ (ʹʨʱʨʸ˂ˆʭʰʲ). ˆʵʲʵ
ʹʺʻʳʸʬʩʰʹʨʯʭʰʹ ʰʽʭʬ ʻʫʪʰʨʯ ʹʨʭʨʸ˃ʲʰʹʬʩʻʸʰ ʹʨˇʫʵʳʰ±
ʲʻʸʪʳʨʲ; ʪʨʸˀʬʳʵ ʻʩʰʨʯ ˆʨʸʰ, ˃ʸʵˆʨ, ˂ˆʬʴʰ, ˂ˆʭʨʸʰ, ʾʵʸʰ, ʯˆʨ
ʫʨ ʹˆʭ.... ˆʵʲʵ ʮʨʼˆʻʲʵʩʰʯ ʯʭʰʯʵʴʨ˂ ʪʨʫʨʫʰʨʴ ʹʨʮʨʼˆʻʲʵʯ
ʨʪʬʩʻʲ ʹʨˆʲʬʩˀʰ ʫʨ ʶʰʸʻʺʿʭʬʩʹʨ˂ ʨʯʨʭʹʬʩʬʴ ˂ʨʲʱʬ ʩʨʪʬʩˀʰ.
ʹʭʨʴʻʸ ʹʨˆʲʹ ???????? ʼʨʴˇʨʸʨ. ʨʳʰʺʵʳ ʹʰʴʨʯʲʬʹʨ ʫʨ ʳʮʰʹ
ʹˆʰʭʬʩʹ ʹʸʻʲʰʨʯ ʳʵʱʲʬʩʻʲʰʨ. ʨʳʰʹ ʨˆʹʴʨ ʨʹʬ ˀʬʰ˃ʲʬʩʨ: ʬʸʯʰ
ʱʨʸʰ ʫʨ ʹʨʳʰ ʼʨʴˇʨʸʨ ˆʬʲʹʨʿʸʬʲʰʨ ʹʭʨʴʰʹʨʯʭʰʹ, ʸʵʳ ʳʺʬʸʰ
ʻʼʸʵ ʨʫʭʰʲʨʯ ʳʵʰʪʬʸʰʵʹ ʫʨ ʹʨˆʲˀʰ ʨʸ ˀʬʻˀʭʨʹ ʫʨ ʯʨʴ
ʹʰ˂ʰʭʰʹʨʪʨʴʨ˂ ʻʼʸʵ ʫʨʰ˂ʭʨʹ ʯʨʭʰ. ˀʻʨˀʰ ʫʨʴʯʬʩʻʲ ʫʰʫʰ
˂ʬ˂ˆʲʰʹʨʪʨʴ ˆˀʰʸʨʯ ʰʹʬʯʰ ʱʭʨʳʲʰ ʫʪʬʩʨ ʹʨˆʲˀʰ, ʸʵʳ
ʬʸʯʳʨʴʬʯʹ ʭʬʾʨʸ ˆʬʫʨʭʬʴ ʫʨ ʹʻʴʯʽʭʨʹ ʻˀʲʰʹ ʱʨ˂ʹ. ʱʭʨʳʲʰʹ
ʪʨʹʨʭʨʲʰ ʹʭʨʴʻʸ ʹʨˆʲʹ ʨʸʹʨʰʯʱʬʴ ʨʸ ʳʵʬʶʵʭʬʩʨ ʫʨ ʰʹʬʯ
ʳ˅ʭʨʸʺʲʹ ʰʱʰʫʬʩʹ ˀʰʪʴʰʯ, ʸʵʳ ʨʩʰʴ˃ʻʸʬʩʹ ʿʭʬʲʨʼʬʸʹ. ʬʸʯʨʯ-
ʬʸʯʰ ʱʭʨʳʲʰʹ ʪʨʹʨʭʨʲʰ ʨʸʰʹ ʱʨʸʬʩʰ, ʳʨʪʸʨʳ ʯʻ ʱʨʸʬʩʰ ʪʨʨʾʬʹ,
ʹʰ˂ʰʭʰʯ ʨʱʨʴʱʨʲʫʬʩʰʨʴ ˆʵʲʳʬ, ʯʻ ʨʸʨ ± ʱʭʨʳʲʰʹʨʪʨʴ ʰˆʸˁʵʩʰʨʴ.
ʴʨʭʯʰʹ ʳʨʪʰʬʸʵʩʨʹ ʹʭʨʴʬʯˀʰ ʹ˄ʬʭʹ ʱʭʨʸʰ ʫʨ ʨʸʿʰʹ ˆʰʹ
ʪʨʳˆʳʨʸʰ ʽʬʸʽʰ ʹʨˆʲʰʹ ʪʨʹʨʴʨʯʬʩʲʨʯ. ʹʭʨʴʬʯˀʰ ˃ʬʩʹ ʪʨʿʵʼʨ
˃ʨʲʰʨʴ ʬʮʨʸʬʩʨʯ, ʻʳʬʺʬʹ ˀʬʳʯˆʭʬʭʨˀʰ ʬʸʯʨʯ ˂ˆʵʭʸʵʩʬʴ ʫʨ
ʨʳʰʺʵʳ ˆˀʰʸʨʯ ʹʭʨʴʰʹ ʵˇʨˆʰʹ ˀʬʳʨʫʪʬʴʲʵʩʨ 20-30 ʱʨ˂ʨʳʫʰʹ
ʨʾ˄ʬʭʹ. ˂ʵʲ-ʽʳʨʸʰ ˀʭʰʲʬʩʰʯʻʸʯ ʬʸʯʨʯ ˄ʭʬʩʰʨʴ, ʽʭʬˀ ʻʪʰʨʯ
ˁʨʲʨ, ʯʰʭʨ ʨʴ ʽʬˁʨ; ʮʬʭʰʫʪʨʴ ʰˆʻʸʨʭʬʴ ʨʫʪʰʲʵʩʸʰʭʰ ˀʨʲʬʩʰʹ ʫʨ
ʩʨʳʩʰʹ ʹʨʩʴʬʩʹ.
ʮʨʳʯʸʵʩʰʯ ʹʭʨʴʬʩʰ ʰʱʭʬʩʬʩʰʨʴ ʻʳʯʨʭʸʬʹʨʫ ʽʬʸʰʹ
ʶʻʸʰʯ ʫʨ ʳʵˆʨʸˀʻʲʰ ˂ʬʸ˂ʭʰʯ. ʶʻʸʹʨ ʫʨ ˆʵʸ˂ʹ ˆʳʨʸʵʩʬʴ
ʳˆʵʲʵʫ ʫʾʬʹʨʹ˄ʨʻʲʬʩʮʬ, ʸʨʰʳʬ ˄ʭʬʻʲʬʩʨʮʬ; ʮʨʼˆʻʲʵʩʰʯ
ʳʨʯ ʹʨ˅ʳʬʲʹ ˀʬʨʫʪʬʴʹ: ʶʻʸʰ, ʳʨ˄ʵʴʰ ʫʨ ʿʭʬʲʰ. ʻʳʸʨʭʲʬʹʵʩʨʹ
ʹʨʸˁʵ-ʹʨʴʵʭʨʪʬ ʬʲʬʭʨ ʪʨʮʨʼˆʻʲʮʬ ʫʨ ʨʳʰʺʵʳ ʰ˃ʻʲʬʩʻʲʴʰ
ʨʸʰʨʴ ˆˀʰʸʨʯ ʹʨʳʬʪʸʬʲʵʫʨʴ, ʲʬˁˆʻʳʰʫʨʴ ʫʨ ʹˆʭʨ ʳʬʮʵʩʬʲ

212
ʱʻʯˆʬʬʩʰʫʨʴ ʮʻʸʪʰʯ 2-3 ʼʻʯʰ ʹʰʳʰʴʫʰ ʪʨʫʳʵʰʺʨʴʵʴ ʹʭʨʴʬʯʰʹ
ʳʰʻʭʨʲ ʳʯʬʩʮʬ, ˆʵʲʵ ʭʰʹʨ˂ ˂ˆʬʴʰ ʿʨʭʹ, ʳʨʹ ʳʰʨʽʭʹ ˂ˆʬʴʰʯ.
ʻʳʯʨʭʸʬʹʰ ʨʫʪʰʲʰ ʹʭʨʴʬʩʰʹ ʬʱʵʴʵʳʰʻʸ ˂ˆʵʭʸʬʩʨˀʰ
ʻ˅ʰʸʨʭʯ: ʳʰ˄ʰʹ ʫʨʳʻˀʨʭʬʩʨʹ, ʳʬʹʨʽʵʴʲʬʵʩʨʹ, ʳʬʼʻʺʱʸʬʵʩʨʹ,
ʳʨʪʸʨʳ, ʹʨʳ˄ʻˆʨʸʵʯ, ʶʸʰʳʰʺʰʻʲʰ ˄ʬʹʬʩʰʯ ˄ʨʸʳʵʬʩʰʹ ʪʨʳʵ
ʳʬʻʸʴʬʵʩʰʹ ʨʸ˂ʬʸʯʰ ʫʨʸʪʰ ʨʸ ʨʸʰʹ ʰʳʫʬʴʨʯ ʪʨʴʭʰʯʨʸʬʩʻʲʰ ʫʨ
ʹʨʹʻʸʭʬʲ ʴʰʨʫʨʪʮʬ ʫʨʿʬʴʬʩʻʲʰ, ʸʵʳ ʯʨʭʰʹʰ ʴʨʿʵʼʰʬʸʬʩʰʯ
ʸʨʳʵʫʬʴʰʳʬʯ ʳʨʰʴ˂ ʻʮʸʻʴʭʬʲʿʵʹ ʹʭʨʴʬʩʰʹ ˂ˆʵʭʸʬʩʨ. ʳʰ˄ʰʹ ˆʭʴʨ
ʹʭʨʴʬʯˀʰ ʻʴʫʨ ʰ˄ʿʬʩʵʫʬʹ ʨʶʸʰʲʰʹ ʶʰʸʭʬʲ ʸʰ˂ˆʭʬʩˀʰ, ʳʨʪʸʨʳ
ʸʨʫʪʨʴʨ˂ ʳʨˀʰʴ ʿʨʴʬʩʰ ʱʰʫʬʭ ʫʰʫʰ ʯʵʭʲʰʯ ʨʸʰʹ ʫʨʼʨʸʻʲʰ,
ʨʳʰʺʵʳ ʯʵʭʲʮʬ ʨʿʸʰʨʴ ʳʰ˄ʨʹ, ʸʵʳʬʲʰ˂ ʯʵʭʲʹ ʳʨʲʬ ʨʫʴʵʩʹ ʫʨ
ʹʭʨʴʰ˂ ʨʾʴʰˀʴʻʲ ʫʸʵʰʫʪʨʴ ˆʴʨʭʹ ʳʰ˄ʨʹ ʹʨˆʴʰʹʰʯ 3-4 ʭʬʸˀʵʱʰʹ
ʹʰʾʸʳʬʮʬ. ʶʰʸʭʬʲʨʫ ʹʯʬʹʬʴ ʶʻʸʹ, ˂ʬʸ˂ʭʹ, ʳʻˆʻʫʵʹ, ʽʻʩʨʹ,
ˀʬʳʫʬʪ ʽʬʸʹ, ʮʵʪʰʬʸʯ ʨʫʪʰʲʨʹ ʹʰʳʰʴʫʹ, ʼʬʺʭʹ, ˀʭʸʰʨʹ, ʱʨʴʨʼʹ
ʫʨ ʵʹʶʹ. ʮʵʪʨʴ ʶʻʸʹ ʹʯʬʹʬʴ ʨʪʸʬʯʭʬ ????????
ʳʰ˄ʰʹ ʪʨʹʨʴʵʿʰʬʸʬʩʲʨʫ ʹʭʨʴʬʩʰ ˆʳʨʸʵʩʬʴ ʴʨʱʬʲʹ. ʿʨʴʬʩʰʹ
ʳʵ˄ʿʭʨ ʨʸ ʨʸʰʹ ˀʬʳʵʾʬʩʻʲʰ. ʸ˄ʿʨʭʬʴ ʳˆʵʲʵʯ ʹʨʯʰʩʬʩʹ. ʹʨˆʴʨʭ-
ʹʨʯʬʹʰ ʨʫʪʰʲʰ ʾʨʸʰʩ ʪʲʬˆʹ ʨʽʭʹ 5-6 ʫʾʰʻʸʰ, ʹʨˀʻʨʲʵʹ ± 10-12,
ʳʫʰʫʨʸʹ ± 15-20 ʫʾʰʻʸʨʳʫʬ.
ʯʰʯʽʳʰʹ ʴʨˆʬʭʨʸʮʬ ʳʬʺʰ ʰʯʬʹʬʩʨ ʽʬʸʰ, ʸʨʫʪʨʴʨ˂ ʿʭʬʲʨʮʬ
ʱʨʸʪ ʳʵʹʨʭʨʲʹ ʽʬʸʰ ʰ˃ʲʬʭʨ ʫʨ, ʪʨʸʫʨ ʨʳʰʹʨ, ʽʬʸʰʹʨʪʨʴ ʨʱʬʯʬʩʬʴ
ʨʸʨʿʹ, ʸʵʳʬʲʰ˂ ʹʭʨʴʬʯˀʰ ʾʭʰʴʰʹ ʳʨʪʰʬʸʵʩʨʹ ʹ˄ʬʭʹ. ʨʸʨʿʹ ʨʪʸʬʯʭʬ
ˈʿʰʫʰʨʴ ʼʨʸʯʨʲʮʬ, ʼʻʲʮʬ ʫʨ ʹʨʽʵʴʬʲʮʬ. ʽʬʸʰʹ ˀʬʳʫʬʪ ʴʨˆʬʭʨʸ
ʨʫʪʰʲʮʬ ʹʯʬʹʬʴ ʶʻʸʹ, ʳʬʵʸʬ ʴʨˆʬʭʨʸʮʬ±˂ʬʸ˂ʭʹ, ʳʻˆʻʫʵʹ,
ʼʬʺʭʹ, ʹʰʳʰʴʫʹ, ʱʨʴʨʼʹ, ʱʨʸʺʵʼʰʲʹʨ ʫʨ ʹˆʭ...
ʨʸʰʹ ʰʹʬʯʰ ʨʫʪʰʲʬʩʰ, ʹʨʫʨ˂ ʽʬʸʰʹ ʳʬʺʰ ʳʵʹʨʭʨʲʰ
ʨʸʨʼʬʸʰ ʳʵʫʰʹ, ʳʨʪʨʲʰʯʨʫ, ʻˀʪʻʲʰʹ ʹʨʮʵʪʨʫʵʬʩʨ (ʳʫʬʩ.
ʬʴʪʻʸʰʹ ʹʨʯʨʭʬˀʰ), ʳʨʪʸʨʳ, ʹʨʳ˄ʻˆʨʸʵʯ, ʨʽ ˆˀʰʸʨʯ ʨʸ˂ ʬʹ ʽʬʸʰ
ˀʬʳʵʫʰʹ ʫʨ ʨʳ ʽʭʬʿʴʰʹ ʳʱʭʰʫʸʴʰ ʴʰʨʫʨʪ ˀʰʳˀʲʵʩʨʹ ʪʨʴʰ˂ʫʰʨʴ.
ʩʵʹʺʴʬʻʲʵʩʨ ʨʽ ʱʨʸʪʨʫ ˆʨʸʵʩʹ. ʫʨʹʨʭʲʬʯʰʹ
ʹʨʮʵʪʨʫʵʬʩʬʩˀʰ ʱʨʸʺʵʼʰʲʰ ʫʰʫ ʳʵʹʨʭʨʲʹ ʰ˃ʲʬʭʨ. ʹʰʳʰʴʫʰ
ʰʯʬʹʬʩʵʫʨ ʻ˄ʰʴ ʳʨʸʺʵ ʹʨʫʨʫʬˀʽʬʲʰʨʴʵ ʹʭʨʴʬʯˀʰ. ʨʳʷʨʳʨʫ ʳʨʹ
ʹʯʬʹʬʴ ʯʨʭʰʹʻʼʨʲ ʹʭʨʴʬʯʰʹ ʫʨʹʨʭʲʬʯʰʹ ʹʨʮʵʪʨʫʵʬʩʬʩʬˀʰ˂.
ʨʪʸʵʴʵʳʰʻʲʰ ʫʨˆʳʨʸʬʩʨ ʹʭʨʴʬʩʰʹʨʯʨʭʰʹ ʨʳʷʨʳʨʫ
ˀʬʰ˃ʲʬʩʨ ʳʰ˄ʰʹ ʫʨʳʻˀʨʭʬʩʰʹ ʱʻʲʺʻʸʻʲʰ ˄ʬʹʰʹ ˀʬʳʵʾʬʩʰʯ,

213
ʪʨʻʳˇʵʩʬʹʬʩʻʲʰ ʰʨʸʨʾʬʩʰʹ ʪʨʭʸ˂ʬʲʬʩʰʯ, ʳʬʺʳʵʹʨʭʲʰʨʴ
ʯʬʹʲʬʻʲʵʩʰʹ ʳʰ˄ʵʫʬʩʰʯ ʫʨ ʹˆʭ...

‹„’‘¢‰ „€ …€Œ„‡–ˆ

ʯʨʳʨʳʨʫ ˀʬʰ˃ʲʬʩʨ ʰʯʽʭʨʹ, ʸʵʳ ʹʭʨʴʬʯʰ ʨʸʰʹ ˀʬʽʳʴʰʲʰ

ʳʬʼʻʺʱʸʬʵʩʰʹʨʯʭʰʹ. ʯʨʴʫʨʯʨʴʵʩʰʯ ʨʴʻ ʶʬʸʰʵʫʻʲʰ ʨʿʭʨʭʬʩʨ
ʯʨʼʲʵʭʨʴʰ ʳ˂ʬʴʨʸʬʬʩʰʹʨ ʨʽ ʪʸ˃ʬʲʫʬʩʨ ʨˆʨʲ ʪʨʮʨʼˆʻʲʰʫʪʨʴ
ˀʬʳʵʫʪʵʳʨʳʫʬ. ʯʨʼʲʵʭʨʴʰ ʿʭʨʭʰʲʬʩʰʯ ʳʫʰʫʨʸʰ ʺʿʬʬʩʰʹʨ,
ʳʰʴʫʭʸʬʩʰʹʨ ʫʨ ʳʯʬʩʰʹ ʹʰʨˆʲʵʭʬ ʼʻʺʱʨʸʹ ʻʨʫʭʰʲʬʩʹ ʯʨʭʰʹ
ʵˇʨˆʰʹ ʪʨʳʫʰʫʸʬʩʨʹ. ʹʭʨʴʻʸʰ ʼʻʺʱʨʸʰ ˂ʴʵʩʰʲʰʨ ʹʨʻʱʬʯʬʹʵ
ʼʻʺʱʸʨʯ, ʯʨʼʲʰ ± ʻʳʨʾʲʬʹ ˆʨʸʰʹˆʵʭʴʨʯ. ʪʨʳʵ˂ʫʰʲʬʩʨʳ
ʫʨʳʨʴʨˆʭʨ, ʸʵʳ ʫʨʫʨʴʰʹ ʹʰʹʺʬʳʰʹ ʹʱʨ ʰ˃ʲʬʭʨ ˄ʬʲʰ˄ʨʫˀʰ ʹʻʲ
˂ʵʺʨ 20 ʪʰʸʭʨʴʽʰʫʨʴ 1 ʼʻʯʨʳʫʬ ʳʵʹʨʭʨʲʹ. ʩʬʭʸʰʨ ʹʭʨʴʬʯˀʰ
ʰʹʬʯʰ ʳʵʹʨˆʲʬ, ʸʵʳʬʲʹʨ˂ 100-ʮʬ ʳʬʺʰ ˃ʰʸʰ ʹʱʨ ˈʿʨʭʹ, ʳʨʪʸʨʳ
ʯʭʨʲʹʨˁʰʴʵ ʹʨʸʪʬʩʲʵʩʨʹ ʭʬʸ ʾʬʩʻʲʵʩʹ ʶʰʸʭʬʲʿʵʼʰʲʰ ˄ʬʹʰʯ
˄ʨʸʳʵʬʩʰʹ ˄ʿʨʲʵʩʰʯ. ʯʨʼʲʰʹ ʪʨʳʵʾʬʩʰʹ ʫʸʵʹ ʹʭʨʴʰ ± ʸʵʳ
ʼʻʺʱʨʸʳʨ ʨʸ ʻʱʩʰʴʵʹ ʫʨ ʯʨʼʲʰʹ ʪʨʳʵʾʬʩʨ ʪʨʰʨʫʭʰʲʵʹ ± ʰʸˁʬʭʹ
ʯʨʼʲʰʯ ʿʭʬʲʨʮʬ ʳʫʰʫʨʸ ʹʱʨʹ, ʨʹˆʨʳʹ ˄ʿʨʲʹ ʼʻʺʱʨʸʹ ʫʨ
ʨˆʸˁʵʩʹ. ʨʹʬʯʰ ʩʨʸʩʨʸʵʹʻʲʰ ˄ʬʹʰʯ ʫʨ ʳʵʽʳʬʫʬʩʰʯ ʰʹ ʹʶʵʩʹ
ʿʵʭʬʲ˄ʲʰʻʸʨʯ ʸʨʳʵʫʬʴʰʳʬ ʹʱʨʹ.
ʹʭʨʴʳʨ ʸʵʳ ˀʬʹʨʼʬʸʰʹʰ ˂ʵʫʴʨ ʳʰʰʾʵʹ ʳʬʼʻʺʱʸʬʵʩʰʹ
˄ʨʸʳʵʬʩʰʹ ʹʨʽʳʬˀʰ ʫʨ ʬʹ ʹʨʽʳʬ ʯʨʴʨʳʬʫʸʵʭʬ ʱʻʲʺʻʸʻʲʰ ˄ʬʹʰʯ
ʨ˄ʨʸʳʵʭʵʹ, ʭʰʳʬʵʸʬʩ, ± ʯʭʰʯʬʻʲʰ ʹʱʰʫʪʨʴ ˀʬʻ˃ʲʰʨ ˄ʬʲʰ˄ʨʫˀʰ
ʪʨʳʵʰʾʵʹ 1 ʼʻʯʰ ʯʨʼʲʰ. ʹʭʨʴʻʸʰ ʯʨʼʲʰ ʪʰʸʭʨʴʽʨ ʾʰʸʹ
ʻʱʨʴʨʹʱʴʬʲʰ 30 ʱ., ʨʹʬ ʸʵʳ ʯʭʰʯʬʻʲʰ ʹʱʰʹ ʳʵʹʨʭʨʲʰ ʼʻʲʮʬ ʸʵʳ
ʪʨʭʿʰʫʵʯ, ʳʰʭʰʾʬʩʯ 12 ʳ., ˆʵʲʵ 100 ʹʱʰʫʨʴ ± 1200ʳ., ʨʳʨʹ
ʳʰʬʳʨʺʬʩʨ ʴʨʿʨʸʰ, ʹʨʴʯʬʲʰ ʫʨ ʹˆʭ... ʨʹʬʯʹ ʪʲʬˆʹ ʹʨˆʴʨʭ-ʹʨʯʬʹʰ
ʨʫʪʰʲʰ˂ ʸʵʳ ʨʸ ˈʽʵʴʫʬʹ, ʸʵʪʵʸ˂ ʭˆʬʫʨʭʯ, ˀʬʻ˃ʲʰʨ 1200 ʳʨʴ.
˄ʲʰʻʸʨʯ ʳʰʰʾʵʹ ʫʨ ʳˀʭʬʴʰʭʸʨʯ ʰ˂ˆʵʭʸʵʹ.
ˆʬ-ʺʿʬ ʹʭʨʴʬʯˀʰ ʩʲʵʳʨʯ ʨʸʰʹ. ʳʨʹʨʲʰʹ ʫʨʳʮʨʫʬʩʨ ʹʭʨʴʹ
ʹʨʱʻʯʨʸʰ ˆʬʲʰʯ ˀʬʻ˃ʰʨ. ʼʻʺʱʨʸʰ ʯʰʯʽʳʰʹ ʻʳʸʨʭʲʬʹʵʩʨʹ ˈʿʨʭʹ.
ʹʨ˅ʰʸʵʨ ʳˆʵʲʵʫ ˆʨʲˆʹ ʳʰʬ˂ʬʹ ʹʨˀʻʨʲʬʩʨ ˀʬʰʹ˄ʨʭʲʵʹ
ʳʬʼʻʺʱʸʬʵʩʰʹ ʯʨʴʨʳʬʫʸʵʭʬ ˄ʬʹʬʩʰ, ʸʨ˂ ˀʬʰ˃ʲʬʩʨ ʹʭʨʴʬʯˀʰ
ʹʨʳʬʻʸʴʬʵ ʹʱʵʲʰʹ ʪʨˆʹʴʰʯ, ʳʵʮʸʫʰʲʯʨʯʭʰʹ ʿʵʭʬʲ˄ʲʰʻʸʨʯ
214
ʱʻʸʹʬʩʰʹ ʳʵ˄ʿʵʩʰʯ, ʹʱʬʩʰʹ ʫʨʹʨʳʮʨʫʬʩʲʨʫ ʫʨ
ʪʨʹʨʭʸ˂ʬʲʬʩʲʨʫ ʹʨˆʬʲʵʹʴʵʹ ʪʨˆʹʴʰʯ ʫʨ ʹˆʭ.

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ʳʬʹʨʽʵʴʲʬʵʩʨʹ ˀʬʻ˃ʲʰʨ ʫʨʰ˅ʰʸʵʹ ʹʭʨʴʬʯʰʹ ˂ˆʵʭʸʬʩʨˀʰ

ʳʴʰˀʭʴʬʲʵʭʨʴʰ ʨʫʪʰʲʰ, ʳʨʪʸʨʳ ˆʨʴʪʸ˃ʲʰʭʰ ± 7-8 ʯʭʰʨʴʰ
ʹʻʹˆʰʨʴʰ ʮʨʳʯʨʸʰ, ʹʨʯʰʩʬʩʰʹ ʹʰʭʰ˄ʸʵʭʬ, ʩʬʭʸʹ ʨʫʪʰʲʨʹ ʳʯʬʩʰʹ
ʹʰˀʵʸʬ ʫʨ ʻʪʮʵʵʩʨ ˆʬʲʹ ʻˀʲʰʨʴ ʨʳ ʹʨʽʳʰʹ ʹʨʹʻʸʭʬʲ ʴʰʨʫʨʪʮʬ
ʫʨʿʬʴʬʩʨʹ. ʪʨʸʫʨ ʨʳʰʹʨ ʿʨʴʬʩʰʹ ʫʨʳʻˀʨʭʬʩʨ, ʹʨʮʨʳʯʸʵ ˀʬˀʰʹ
ʫʨʳʮʨʫʬʩʨ, ʳʯʬʲʰ ˄ʲʰʹ ʹʨʸˁʵʹ ʳʵʳʨʸʨʪʬʩʨ ʹʭʨʴʬʯˀʰ ˆʫʬʩʨ 3-4
ʯʭʰʹ ʪʨʴʳʨʭʲʵʩʨˀ ʫʨ ʨʳʰʺʵʳ ʯʰʭʰʹ ʫʰʫʰ ʳʨʸʨʪʰʹ ʫʨʳʮʨʫʬʩʨʹ
ʭʬʸ ʨʹ˄ʸʬʩʬʴ ʫʨ ʨʳʰʺʵʳ ʩʬʭʸʰ ʹʨʽʵʴʲʰʹ ˀʬʴʨˆʭʨ ʨʸ ˆʬʸˆʫʬʩʨ, ʯʻ
ʪʨʴʹʨʱʻʯʸʬʩʰʯ ʨʳ ʬʸʯ ʫʨʸʪʹ ʨʸ ʳʵˈʱʰʫʨ ˆʬʲʰ ʱʨ˂ʳʨ.
ʳʰʻˆʬʫʨʭʨʯ ʨʳʰʹʨ, ʾʨʸʰʩ ʪʲʬˆʹ ˈʿʨʭʹ 1-2 ˆʨʸʰ, ʵʸʰʵʫʬ ˃ʸʵˆʨ,
ʹʨˀʻʨʲʵʹ ± 2-4 ˆʨʸʰ, 4-5 ˃ʸʵˆʨ ʫʨ ʳʫʰʫʨʸʹ ± 4-8 ˆʨʸʰ ʫʨ 7-9
˃ʸʵˆʨ. ʹʨʽʵʴʬʲʰ ʹʭʨʴʬʯˀʰ ʵʸʰ ˇʰˀʰʹʨʨ: ʬʸʯʰ ʨʫʪʰʲʵʩʸʰʭʰ,
ʳʬʺʨʯ ʪʨʳ˃ʲʬ ʫʨ ʪʨʳʵʹʨʫʬʪʰ, ʳʬʵʸʬ ± ˁʬʸʽʬʮʻʲʰ, ˃ʨʲʰʨʴ
ʲʨʳʨʮʰ, ʺʨʴʨʫʰ ʫʨ ʾʵʴʰʬʸʰ.
ʸ˃ʰʫʪʨʴ ʯʻ ʱʨʸʨʽʰ ʱʬʯʫʬʩʨ, ʨʳʨʮʬ ˄ʨʸʳʵʫʪʬʴʨ ʹʭʨʴʹ ʨʸʨ
ʨʽʭʹ, ʳʨˀʰʴ ʸʵʫʬʹʨ˂ ʨʽʨʻʸʰ ʸ˃ʰʫʨʴ ˀʬʰ˃ʲʬʩʨ ʪʨʱʬʯʫʬʹ
ʶʰʸʭʬʲˆʨʸʰʹˆʵʭʨʴʰ ʱʨʸʨʽʰ ʫʨ ʿʭʬʲʰ. ʨʳʷʨʳʨʫ ʸ˃ʰʫʪʨʴ ʨʱʬʯʬʩʬʴ
ʳˆʵʲʵʯ ʿʭʬʲʹʨ ʫʨ ʳʨ˄ʵʴʹ, ʸʨ˂ ʮʨʼˆʻʲʵʩʰʯ ʹʭʨʴʬʯʰʹʨʯʭʰʹ
ʻʳʯʨʭʸʬʹ ʹʨ˅ʳʬʲʹ ˀʬʨʫʪʬʴʹ. ʳʬʹʨʽʵʴʲʬʵʩʰʹ ʪʨʹʨʻʳˇʵʩʬʹʬʩʲʨʫ
ʹʨ˅ʰʸʵʨ: ʱʨʸʪʰ ˇʰˀʰʹ ˃ʸʵˆʬʩʰʹ ʪʨʭʸ˂ʬʲʬʩʨ ʫʨ ʻʳʯʨʭʸʬʹʨʫ
ʩʻʾʬʩʰʹ ʳʰ˄ʵʫʬʩʨ.

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ʹʭʨʴʬʯʰ ʻˆʭʨʯ ʨʸʰʹ ʫʨˇʰʲʫʵʭʬʩʻʲʰ ʿʵʭʬʲʪʭʨʸʰ

ʩʻʴʬʩʸʰʭʰ ʹʰʳʫʰʫʸʰʯ: ˆʬ-ʺʿʰʯ, ʵʽʸʵ-ʭʬʸ˂ˆʲʰʯ, ʹʨʳʱʻʸʴʨʲʵ
˄ʿʲʬʩʰʯ. ʳʨʯ ʫʨʳʻˀʨʭʬʩʨʹ ʫʨ ʹʨʽʳʰʹʨʯʭʰʹ ʪʨʳʵʿʬʴʬʩʨʹ
ʳʵʳʨʭʨʲˀʰ ʳʴʰˀʭʴʬʲʵʩʨ ʬʽʴʬʩʨ ʨʸʨ ʳʨʸʺʵ ʹʭʨʴʬʯʰʹ, ʨʸʨʳʬʫ
ʹʨʽʨʸʯʭʬʲʵʹ ʬʱʵʴʵʳʰʻʸʰ ʨʾʵʸ˃ʰʴʬʩʰʹʯʭʰʹʨ˂. ʹʭʨʴʬʯʰʹ ʺʿʬʬʩʰ
215
ˀʬʹʫʪʬʩʨ ʻʳʯʨʭʸʬʹʨʯ: ʼʰ˅ʭʰʹʨ, ʴʨ˃ʭʰʹʨ, ˄ʰʼʲʰʹʨ, ʯʬʲʰʹʨ,
ʳʻˆʰʹʨ ʫʨ ʨʸʿʰʹ ˆʰʹʪʨʴ. ʨʸʰʹ ʰʹʬʯʰ ʹʵʼʲʬʩʰ, ʳʨʪʨʲʰʯʨʯ
ʻˀʪʻʲʰ ʫʨ ˆʨʲʫʬ, ʹʨʫʨ˂ ʨʸʿʰʹ ˆʰʹ ʪʨʸʫʨ ʯʰʯʽʳʰʹ ʨʸʨʼʬʸʰ
ʳʵʰʶʵʭʬʩʨ. ʨʳʷʨʳʨʫ ʫʨ˄ʿʬʩʻʲʰʨ ʨʳ ʺʿʬʬʩʰʯ ʹʨʸʪʬʩʲʵʩʨ ʨʴʻ
ʬʽʹʶʲʵʨʺʨ˂ʰʨ ʫʨ ˆʬ-ʺʿʰʹ ʪʨʺʨʴʰʹ ʹʨʽʳʬ ʬʴʪʻʸʰʹʨ ʫʨ ˂ˆʬʴʰʹ
˄ʿʲʰʯ ʼʨʸʯʵ ˆʨʹʰʨʯʹ ʾʬʩʻʲʵʩʹ.

…€™ €-‹ „¡…„Š€

ʹʭʨʴʬʯʰʹ ʻʫʨʩʻʸ ʺʿʬʬʩˀʰ ʩʬʭʸʰʨ ʫʨʯʭʰ, ʱʭʬʸʴʨ, ʳʬʲʨ ʫʨ

ʹˆʭʨ ʴʨʫʰʸʰ. ʹʭʨʴʬʩʰ ʳʯʨʮʬʫ ʴʨʫʰʸʵʩʬʴ ʫʨ ʳʵʨʽʭʯ
ʿʵʭʬʲ˄ʲʰʻʸʨʯ ʩʨʮʨʸʮʬ ʪʨʹʨʿʰʫʨʯ 500 ʳʬʺʰ ʱʭʬʸʴʨ, ʳʬʲʨ,
ʳʪʬʲʰ ʫʨ ʫʨʯʭʰ, ʸʵʳʲʬʩʹʨ˂ ʹ˂ʭʲʰʨʴ ʨʴ ʶʰʸʫʨʶʰʸ ʼʨʸʯʨʲʮʬ ʨʴ
ˈʿʰʫʰʨʴ ʼʻʲʮʬ ʫʨ ʨʳ ʼʻʲʰʯ ʿʰʫʻʲʵʩʬʴ ˂ˆʵʭʸʬʩʰʹʨʯʭʰʹ
ʶʰʸʭʬʲ ʹʨ˅ʰʸʵʬʩʰʹ ʹʨʪʴʬʩʹ. ʴʨʫʰʸʵʩʬʴ ʨʪʸʬʯʭʬ ˇʰˆʭ-ʨʸˁʭʮʬ˂,
ʸʵʳʲʬʩʰ˂ ʹʭʨʴʬʯʰʹ ʳʯʬʩˀʰ ʫʨ ʱʲʫʬʬʩˀʰ ˇʵʪʵʩʰʯ ʨʸʰʨʴ. ˃ʭʬʲ
ʫʸʵˀʰ ʳʯʨʮʬ ʴʨʫʰʸʵʩʨʹ ʹʭʨʴʬʯʰʹ ˂ˆʵʭʸʬʩʨˀʰ ʯʰʯʽʳʰʹ
ʻʳʯʨʭʸʬʹʰ ʳʴʰˀʭʴʬʲʵʩʨ ˈʽʵʴʫʨ. ʨʳʨʹ, ʹˆʭʨʯʨ ˀʵʸʰʹ, ʸʵʪʵʸ˂
ʨʸʰʹ ʮʬʳʵʯ ʴʨʯʽʭʨʳʰ, ʪʭʰʳʺʱʰ˂ʬʩʹ ʹʭʨʴʬʯˀʰ ʨʸʹʬʩʻʲʰ ʳʸʨʭʨʲʰ
ʪʨʫʳʵ˂ʬʳʨ ʫʨ ʨʪʸʬʯʭʬ ʹʺʸʨʩʵʴʰʹ ˂ʴʵʩʬʩʰ, ʸʵʳʬʲʰ˂, ʹˆʭʨʯʨ
ˀʵʸʰʹ, ʹ˄ʬʸʹ: ,,ʹʭʨʴʬʩʰ ʳʨʸʺʵ ʴʨʴʨʫʰʸʬʭʰʹ ˆʵʸ˂ʰʯ, ʸ˃ʰʯ ʫʨ
ʺʿʰʹ ˆʰʲʬʻʲʵʩʰʯ ʰʱʭʬʩʬʩʰʨʴʵ³
ˇʰˆʭ-ʨʸˁʭʰʹ ʺʿʨʭʬʩʰʹʨʪʨʴ ʹʭʨʴʬʩʰ ʰʱʬʸʨʭʬʴ ʽʻʸʽʬʩʹ,
ˆʵʸ˂ʹ ʹ˅ʨʳʬʴ ʫʨ ʸʽʬʩʹ ʨʴ ʬʱʲʬʹʰʨʹ ˀʬ˄ʰʸʨʭʬʴ ʨʴ ˈʿʰʫʰʨʴ.
ʻʳʸʨʭʲʬʹʵʩʨ ʱʰ ʳʨʯ ʨʪʸʵʭʬʩʹ, ʰʴʨˆʨʭʹ, ʸʵʪʵʸ˂ ˃ʭʰʸʼʨʹ ʪʨʴ˃ʹ ʫʨ
ʯʨʭʰʹ ʵˇʨˆʰʹ ʳˀʭʬʴʬʩʨʯ ʹʯʭʲʰʹ.

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ʪʨʸʫʨ ʳʰ˄ʰʹ ʫʨʳʻˀʨʭʬʩʰʹʨ, ʳʬʼʻʺʱʸʬʵʩʰʹʨ,

ʳʬʹʨʽʵʴʲʬʵʩʰʹʨ ʫʨ ʴʨʫʰʸʵʩʰʹʨ, ʹʭʨʴʬʩʰ ʨ˄ʨʸʳʵʬʩʬʴ ʪʨ˂ʭʲʨ-
ʪʨʳʵ˂ʭʲʰʯʰ ʳʸʬ˄ʭʬʲʵʩʨʹ. ʳʰʨʽʭʯ ʯʬʸʪʰʹʨ ʫʨ ʿʻʩʨʴʰʹ ʵʲʽʬʩˀʰ
ʮʨʼˆʻʲʵʩʰʯ ʮʻʸʪʰʯ: ʨʸʨʿʰ, ˁʰʸʰ, ʫʨʼʽʻʲʰ ʳʹˆʨʲʰ, ʯʨʼʲʰ
ʫʨ ʹˆʭʨ ˆʰʲʬʻʲʵʩʨ, ʨʫʪʰʲʵʩʸʰʭʰ ˆʬʲʵʩʰʹ ʱʨʲʨʯʬʩʰ ʫʨ
216
ʹ˂ʭʲʰʨʴ ʳʨʺʿʲʮʬ, ʽʬˁʬʩʮʬ, ˀʨʲʬʩʮʬ ʫʨ ʹˆʭʨ. ʨʳ ʳʨʺʿʲʰʹʨʪʨʴ
ʹʭʨʴʰʹ ʽʨʲʬʩʰ ʨʱʬʯʬʩʬʴ ʳˀʭʬʴʰʬʸ ˀʨʲʬʩʹ, ʽʻʫʬʩʹ. ˀʨʲʬʩʰʹʨʪʨʴ
ʳʨʳʨʱʨ˂ʬʩʰ ʰʱʬʸʨʭʬʴ ˁʵˆʬʩʹ, ˆʨʲʨʯ-ˀʨʸʭʨʲʹ ʫʨ ʺʵʳʸʬʩʹ. ʰʿʵ
ʫʸʵ, ʸʵ˂ʨ ʼʨʸʯʲʰʹ ʳʨʪʰʬʸʵʩʨʹ ʿʭʬʲʨ ʹʭʨʴʬʩʰʹʨʯʭʰʹ ʬ˄ʬʵʫʨ ʬʹ
ʨʫʪʰʲʵʩʸʰʭʰ ˆʬʲʵʩʰʹ ʺʰʲʵ ʫʨ ʼʨʸʯʲʰʹ ʺʨʴʰʹʨʳʵʹʰ
ʯʭʨʫʬʩʰʹ ʪʨʸʫʨ ʨʸʨʭʰʹ ʬ˂ʭʨ. ʱʨʴʨʼʰʹʨʪʨʴ ʹʭʨʴʬʩʰ ʨʱʬʯʬʩʬʴ
ʨʪʸʬʯʭʬ ʳˀʭʬʴʰʬʸ ʹʨʳʨʸˆʵ ʹʨ˅ʳʬʲʬʩʹ, ˆʨ˅ʨʶʻʸʬʩʹ ʫʨ ʨʪʸʬʯʭʬ
ʮʬʯʹ, ʸʵʳʬʲʹʨ˂ ˆˀʰʸʨʫ ˄ʨʳʲʨʯ ˆʳʨʸʵʩʬʴ.
ʹʨʶʵʴʹ ʹʭʨʴʬʩʰ ʯʭʰʯʵʴ ʨʱʬʯʬʩʬʴ. ʴʵʬʳʩʸʰʹ ʶʰʸʭʬʲ
ʸʰ˂ˆʭʬʩˀʰ ʹʭʨʴʬʩʰ ± 15-50 ˄ʲʨʳʫʬ ʳʨʳʨʱʨ˂ʬʩʰ ± ʸʨʳʵʫʬʴʰʳʬ ʯʭʰʯ
ʺʵʭʬʩʬʴ ʯʨʭʰʨʴʯ ʱʬʸʨʹ ʫʨ ʳʰʫʰʨʴ ʹʨʳʻˀʨʵʯ ʹʨʽʨʸʯʭʬʲʵʹ
ʹˆʭʨʫʨʹˆʭʨ ʱʻʯˆʬʬʩˀʰ. ʰʹʰʴʰ ʰ˂ˆʵʩʬʴ ʵʸʰ ʱʭʰʸʰʹ ʹʨ˃ʪʨʲʹ,
ʰʱʰʫʬʩʬʴ ʨʳʨʹ ʪʻʫʬʩʰʯ ʮʻʸʪʮʬ ʫʨ ʹʺʵʭʬʩʬʴ ʵˇʨˆʹ, ˂ʵʲ±ˀʭʰʲʹ
ʫʨ ʳʰʬʳʪʮʨʭʸʬʩʰʨʴ ˀʵʸʬʻʲ ʽʭʬʿʴʬʩˀʰ, ʳʨʪʸʨʳ ʳʸʨʭʨʲʰ ʹʭʨʴʰ
ˆʫʬʩʨ ʨʳ ʳʵʪʮʨʻʸʵʩʰʹ ʳʹˆʭʬʸʶʲʰ ʨʴ ʪʨ˂ʰʭʬʩʰʹʨʪʨʴ ʨʴ ʳʯʨʮʬ
ʨʺʬˆʰʲ ʽʨʸʩʻʽʰʹʨ ʫʨ ʮʭʨʭʰʹʨʪʨʴ. ʪʨʮʨʼˆʻʲʮʬ, ʨʶʸʰʲʰʹ ˀʻʨ
ʸʰ˂ˆʭʬʩˀʰ, ʹʭʨʴʬʩʰ ʩʸʻʴʫʬʩʰʨʴ ʯʨʭʰʨʴʯ ʵˇʨˆʬʩˀʰ. ʨʳ ˆʴʰʹ
ʪʨʴʳʨʭʲʵʩʨˀʰ ʰʹʰʴʰ ʬ˄ʬʭʰʨʴ ʫʨʽʰʸʨʭʬʩʻʲ ˀʸʵʳʨʹ. ʽʰʸʨʯ
ʾʬʩʻʲʵʩʬʴ ʼʨʸʯʨʲʹ ʨʴ ʼʻʲʹ ʫʨ ˂ˆʬʴʬʩʹ. ʨʳ ʼʻʲʰʯ ʰ˃ʬʴʬʴ
ʵˇʨˆʰʹʨʯʭʰʹ ʹʨ˅ʰʸʵ ʹʨʪʴʬʩʹ, ˆʵʲʵ ʭʰʹʨ˂ ʹʨʳʻˀʨʵʯ ˄ʨʹʭʲʨ ʨʸ
ˀʬʻ˃ʲʰʨʴ, ʳʨʹ ʳʰˈʿʨʭʹ ʬʴʱʬʴʰʹʯʭʬˀʰ ˂ʨʪʬʸˀʰ ʪʨˆʹʴʰʲ
,,ʭʨ˅ʸʵʩʨʮʬ³ ʨʴ ʽʻʯʨʰʹˀʰ: ˆʨʸʰ, ˃ʸʵˆʨ, ˂ˆʬʴʰ, ʯˆʨ ʫʨ ʹˆʭʨ... ʫʨ
ʹ˂ʭʲʰʨʴ ʨʳʨʬʩʹ ʨʴ ʶʰʸʫʨʶʰʸ ʼʨʸʯʨʲʮʬ ʨʴ ʼʻʲʮʬ ʫʨ ʨʳ ʼʻʲʰʯ
ʰ˃ʬʴʬʴ, ʸʨ˂ ʬʹʨ˅ʰʸʵʬʩʨʯ.
ʭʰʹʨ˂ ˂ˆʬʴʰ ˈʿʨʭʹ, ʰʹʰʴʰ ʳʨʸʰʲʹ ˀʬʳʵʫʪʵʳʨʮʬ ʰ˃ʬʴʬʴ,
ʳʨʪʸʨʳ ʨʹʬʯʰ ʹʨˀʻʨʲʬʩʨ ʿʭʬʲʨʹ ʨʸ ʳʵʬʶʵʭʬʩʨ ʫʨ ʴʨˆʬʭʨʸʮʬ ʳʬʺʰ
ˆʨʲˆʰ ʳʯʬʲʰ ˄ʲʬʩʰʹ ʪʨʴʳʨʭʲʵʩʨˀʰ ʸˁʬʩʨ ʻʳʨʸʰʲʵʯ.
ʳʨʰʹˀʰ ʹʭʨʴʬʩʰ ʳʰʫʰʨʴ ʹʨʯʰʩʨʭʨʯ ʰʳʬʸʬʯʰʹʨ ʫʨ
ʹʨʳʬʪʸʬʲʵʹʨʱʬʴ, ˆʵʲʵ ʳʨʸʰʨʳʵʩʰʹʯʭʬˀʰ ʳʯʬʲʰ ʹʭʨʴʬʯʰʹ
ʭʨʷʱʨ˂ʵʩʨ ʯʬʸʪʰʹʨ ʫʨ ʿʻʩʨʴʰʹ ʵʲʽʬʩˀʰ ʳʰʫʰʹ ʹʨʯʰʩʨʭʨʯ ʫʨ
ˀʸʵʳʰʹ ʼʨʹʨʫ ʾʬʩʻʲʵʩʹ 3-4 ˄ʲʰʹ ʳʵʮʭʸʬʩʹ ʫʨ ˆ˂ʬʴʬʩʹ.
ʨʳʴʨʰʸʨʯ ʿʵʭʬʲ˄ʲʰʻʸʨʯ ˀʬʳʵʫʰʹ ʹʭʨʴʬʯˀʰ ʻ˂ˆʵ ʽʭʬʿʴʰʫʨʴ
ʱʨʸʪʰ ˇʰˀʰʹ ʹʨʽʵʴʬʲʰ 500±1.000 ʹʻʲʨʳʫʬ. ʮʨʳʯʸʵʩʰʯ ʹʨʳʻˀʨʵʯ
˄ʨʹʻʲʯʨ ʸʰ˂ˆʭʰ 2.000 ʱʨ˂ʹ ʨʾ˄ʬʭʹ, ʪʨʮʨʼˆʻʲʮʬ ʹʨʳʻˀʨʵʯ
˄ʨʹʻʲʯʨ ʸʰ˂ˆʭʰ 250 ʱʨ˂ʨʳʫʬ ʨʾ˄ʬʭʹ, ˆʵʲʵ ʳʨʸʰʨʳʵʩʰʹʯʭʬˀʰ

217
ˁʸʫʰʲʵ ʱʨʭʱʨʹʰʰʹʱʬʴ ʹʨʳʻˀʨʵʫ ˄ʨʹʻʲʯʨ ʸʰ˂ˆʭʰ 500±1.000 ʱʨ˂ʹ
ʨʾʬʳʨʺʬʩʨ.

Ž€¢€ € …€Œ„‡ˆ ƒ€ ‹ˆˆ „‰Œ‹ˆ‘ ˆ ‹Œˆ–…Œ„Š€

ʶʨʺʨʸʨ ʹʭʨʴʬʯʰ ˈʽʭʰʨ ʨʳ ʩʵʲʵ ˆʨʴʬʩˀʰ ʨʼˆʨʮʬʯˀʰ

ʪʨʫʨʹʨˆʲʬʩʻʲ ʹʭʨʴʯʨ ʨˆʨʲˀʬʴʹ. ʳʰ˄ʰʹ ʹʰʭʰ˄ʸʵʭʰʹʨ ʫʨ
ʻʴʨʿʵʼʵʩʰʹ ʪʨʳʵ ʹʭʨʴʰ ʿʵʭʬʲ˄ʲʰʻʸʨʯ ʰ˃ʻʲʬʩʻʲʰ ˆʫʬʩʵʫʨ
ʹʨʸˁʵ-ʹʨʴʵʭʨʪʬ ʹˆʭʨ ʽʭʬʿʴʰʫʨʴ ˀʬʳʵʬʺʨʴʨ. ʭʰʹʨ˂ ˂ˆʬʴʰ ˈʿʨʭʫʨ,
ʻʼʸʵ ʰʵʲʨʯ ʪʨʳʵʫʰʵʫʨ, ʳʨʪʸʨʳ ʹʨˀʰʴʬʲʬʩʨʹ ˄ʨʸʳʵʨʫʪʬʴʫʨ ʬʹ
ʹʨʽʳʬ ʰʳ ʹʭʨʴʰʹʨʯʭʰʹ, ʸʵʳʬʲʨ˂ ʮʻʸʪʰʯ ʻʴʫʨ ʪʨʫʳʵʬʺʨʴʨ 2-3
ʼʻʯʰ ʹʰʳʰʴʫʰ 70 ʭʬʸʹʰʹ ʳʨʴ˃ʰʲʮʬ.
ʲʬˁˆʻʳʰʫʨʴ ʹʭʨʴʬʯʰʹ ʹʨˀʰʴʬʲ ʳʯʰʹ ʳ˄ʭʬʸʭʨʲʬʩʮʬ
ʳʵʪʮʨʻʸʵʩʰʹ ʳ˃ʰʳʬ ʶʰʸʵʩʬʩˀʰ, ʿʭʬʲʨʹʨʯʭʰʹ ʨʫʭʰʲʰ
˄ʨʸʳʵʹʨʫʪʬʴʰ ʻʴʫʨ ʰʿʵʹ, ʯʻ ʸʨ ʺʸʨʾʰʱʻʲ ʳʫʪʵʳʨʸʬʵʩʨʹ
˄ʨʸʳʵʨʫʪʬʴʫʨ ʰʹ ʻʩʬʫʻʸʰ ʳʵʭʲʬʴʨ, ʸʵ˂ʨ ˀʰʳˀʰʲʰʹʨʪʨʴ
ʨʺʰʸʬʩʻʲʰ ʹʭʨʴʰʹ ˂ʵʲ-ˀʭʰʲʰ, ʮʻʸʪʰʯ ʳʵʺʨʴʰʲ ʲʻʱʳʰʹ
ʳʵʲʵʫʰʴˀʰ, ʳʰʹ ʴʨ˂ʭʲʨʯ ˆˀʰʸʨʫ ʾʬʩʻʲʵʩʫʨ ˂ʴʵʩʨʹ ʵˇʨˆʰʹ
ʨʹʬʯʰ ʺʭʰʸʯʰʯ ʳʨʸˁʬʴʨʲʰʹ ʳʯʨʮʬ ʮʭʨʭʰʹʨʪʨʴ ʫʨˆʸˁʵʩʰʹ
ˀʬʹʨˆʬʩ, ʨʴ ʳʰʹ ʪʨ˂ʰʭʬʩʻʲ ʪʭʨʳʹ ʰˆʰʲʨʭʫʨ ʹʨʱʨ˂ʰʯ. ʨʹʬʯʰ
ʻʴʻʪʬˀʵ ʳʫʪʵʳʨʸʬʵʩʰʹ ʪʨʳʵ ʹʭʨʴʬʩʳʨ ʫʨʰ˄ʿʬʹ ʹʭʨʴʬʯʹ ʪʨʸʬʯ ʨʳ
˂ˆʵʭʸʬʩʰʹ ʨʻʺʨʴʬʲ ʶʰʸʵʩʬʩʰʹʨʪʨʴ ʪʨʳʵʹʨʭʨʲ ʪʮʬʩʰʹ ˃ʬʩʴʨ ʫʨ
ʵ˂ʰ ˄ʲʰʹ ˄ʰʴʬʯ ʰ˄ʿʬʩʬʴ ʯʨʭʰʹ ʽʭʬʿʴʰʹ ʳʰʺʵʭʬʩʨʹ ʫʨ
ʨʼˆʨʮʬʯʰʹʱʬʴ ʪʨʫʨʹʨˆʲʬʩʨʹ, ʹʨˆʬʲʫʵʩʸ ,,ʫʨʲˀʰ³ʫʨʹʨˆʲʬʩʨʹ.
ʳʨʲʬ ʹʭʨʴʬʩʰ ʳʰ˄ʰʹ ʴʨʿʵʼʰʬʸʬʩʨʳ ʫʨʨʸ˄ʳʻʴʨ ʰʳʨˀʰ, ʸʵʳ ʰʽ
ʫʨʹʨˆʲʬʩʨ ʳʨʯʯʭʰʹ ˆʬʲʹʨʿʸʬʲʰ ʰʿʵ ʫʨ ʨʳʰʺʵʳ ʩʬʭʸʰ ʳʯʲʨʯ
ʹʺʵʭʬʩʫʨ ʹʭʨʴʬʯˀ ʫʨ ʹʨʳʻʫʨʳʵʯ ʰʽ ʳʰʫʰʵʫʨ ʹʨ˂ˆʵʭʸʬʩʲʨʯ.
ʨʳʴʨʰʸʨʯ, ʰʽ ʪʨʫʨʹʨˆʲʬʩʻʲʯʨ ʳʰ˄ʨ-˄ʿʨʲʰ, ʹʨʸˁʵ-ʹʨʴʵʭʨʪʬ
ʹʭʨʴʬʯˀʰ ʫʨʸˁʬʴʰʲʯʨ ˆʳʨʸʬʩʨˀʰ ʪʨʫʨʫʰʵʫʨ. ʨʳʨʴ ʫʰʫʰ
ʫʨʫʬʩʰʯʰ ʸʵʲʰ ʰʯʨʳʨˀʨ ʹʭʨʴʬʯʰʹ ʬʱʵʴʵʳʰʻʸ ˂ˆʵʭʸʬʩʨˀʰ ʫʨ ʰʹ
˂ʭʲʰʲʬʩʬʩʰ ˀʬʰʺʨʴʨ ʳʨʹˀʰ, ʸʵʳ ʯʻ ʫʾʬʳʫʬ ʹʭʨʴʰ ʹʻʸʹʨʯʹ
ʮʻʸʪʰʯ ʬʮʰʫʬʩʵʫʨ ʪʨʸʬˀʬ ʽʭʬʿʴʬʩʰʫʨʴ, ʫʾʬʹ ʰˀʭʰʨʯʨʫ ʨʽʭʹ
ʨʳʨʹ ʨʫʪʰʲʰ, ʫʨ ʭʰʹʨ˂ ʹ˅ʰʸʫʬʩʨ ± ʨʫʪʰʲʵʩʸʰʭʨʯ ˀʵʻʲʵʩʹ
ˀʬʨ˃ʬʴ ʹʻʸʹʨʯʹ. ʨʳʴʨʰʸʨʯ ʹʭʨʴʬʩʰ ˄ʲʰʻʸʰ ʹʨʸˁʵʹ ʳʬʹʨʳʬʫʰʹ ʹˆʭʨ
ʽʭʬʿʴʰʫʨʴ ˀʬ˃ʬʴʰʹ ʹʨˀʰʴʬʲʬʩʰʹʨʪʨʴ ʨʳ ʪʨʸʬʳʵʬʩʨʳ ʰˆʹʴʨ ʫʨ,
218
ʯʨʳʨʳʨʫ ˀʬʰ˃ʲʬʩʨ ʰʯʽʭʨʹ, ʸʵʳ ʮʬʳʵˆʹʬʴʬʩʻʲ ʹʭʨʴʯʨ ʨˆʨʲˀʬʴʰʹ
ʪʨʼʨʸʯʵʭʬʩʨʹ, ˂ˆʵʭʸʬʩʰʹ ˆʬʲʹʨʿʸʬʲ ʶʰʸʵʩʬʩʰʹ ˀʬʽʳʴʨʹ, ʳʰʹ
ʱʻʲʺʻʸʻʲʨʯ ʨʿʭʨʭʬʩʨʹ ʫʨ ʰʳ ʨʻʨʸʬʩʬʲ ʳʰ˄ʨ-˄ʿʲʰʹ
˂ˆʵʭʸʬʩʰʹʨʯʭʰʹ ʪʨʳʵʿʬʴʬʩʨʹ ʫʨ ʹʨʸʪʬʩʲʵʩʨʹ, ʸʵʳʲʬʩʰʯʨ˂
ʫʾʬʳʫʬ ʨʸ ʹʨʸʪʬʩʲʵʩʫʨ, ʨʳ ʽʭʬʿʨʴʨˀʰ ˀʬʻ˃ʲʰʨ ʹʨʳʻʫʨʳʵʯ
ʳʺʱʰ˂ʬ ʹʨʼʻ˃ʭʬʲʰ ˁʨʻʿʨʸʵʹ ʹʭʨʴʬʩʰʹ ʬʱʵʴʵʳʰʻʸ ʹʰʫʻˆ˅ʰʸʰʹʨ
ʫʨ ʿʵʭʬʲʪʭʨʸ ʳ˃ʰʳʬ ʶʰʸʵʩʬʩʰʹʨʪʨʴ ˆʹʴʨʹ, ʪʨʴʯʨʭʰʹʻʼʲʬʩʨʹ ʫʨ
ʽʵʴʬʩʸʰʭʨʯ ʹʨʹʻʸʭʬʲ ʫʵʴʬʮʬ ʫʨʿʬʴʬʩʨʹ ʳʵʳʨʭʨʲˀʰ. ʬʹ ʶʨʺʨʸʨ
ʹʭʨʴʬʯʰ ʨʳʷʨʳʨʯ ˀʬʹʫʪʬʩʨ 420 ʱʵʳʲʰʹʨʪʨʴ. ʳ˂ˆʵʭʸʬʩʯʨ
ʸʨʵʫʬʴʵʩʨ ʰʽ 4.500 ʱʨ˂ʹ ʨʾʬʳʨʺʬʩʨ. ʳʨʪʸʨʳ ʻʩʬʫʻʸʬʩʨ ʰʹ ʨʸʰʹ,
ʸʵʳ ʬʹ ʹʨʫʾʨ˂ ʻʫʨʩʻʸ ʺʿʬʬʩˀʰ ʫʨ ʾʸʬ-ʱʲʫʬʬʩˀʰ ʳʰʪʫʬʩʻʲʰ
ʱʻʯˆʬ ʹʸʻʲʰʨʫ ʳʵʱʲʬʩʻʲʰʨ ʿʵʭʬʲʪʭʨʸ ʱʻʲʺʻʸʻʲ
ʹʨʮʸʫʵʹ ʫʨ ʹ˄ʨʭʲʨ-ʪʨʴʨʯʲʬʩʨʹ. ˆʨʲˆʹ ʹ˄ʿʻʸʰʨ ʹ˄ʨʭʲʨ, ʳʨʪʸʨʳ
ʳʨʹ˄ʨʭʲʬʩʬʲʰ ʨʸʨ ˈʿʨʭʹ. ʬʱʵʴʵʳʰʻʸʰ ʶʰʸʵʩʬʩʰ ˆʬʲʹ ʻ˄ʿʵʩʬʴ,
ʳʨʪʸʨʳ ʱʻʲʺʻʸʻʲʨʯ ʪʨˇʨʴʹʨʾʬʩʨ ʨʸ ʬʺʿʵʩʨ. ˆʨʲˆʰ ʯˆʵʻʲʵʩʹ
ʳʮʸʻʴʭʬʲʵʩʨʹ. ˄ʨʸʹʻʲ ˄ʲʰʹ ʰʨʴʭʸʰʹ ʩʵʲʵ ʸʰ˂ˆʭʬʩˀʰ
ʯʩʰʲʰʹˀʰ ʪʨʳʵʪʮʨʭʴʬʹ ʹʨʽʨʸʯ. ʹʨʩ˅ʵʯʨ ʳʯʨʭʸʵʩʨʹʯʨʴ
ˀʻʨʳʫʪʵʳʲʵʩʰʹ ʨʾʹʨ˃ʸʨʭʨʫ ʫʬʲʬʪʨ˂ʰʨ. ʳʨʯʰ ʹʰʺʿʭʬʩʰʫʨʴ
ʪʨʳʵʰʸʱʭʨ, ʸʵʳ ʨʸʨʭʰʯʨʸʰ ʱʻʲʺʻʸʻʲʰ ʫʨ˄ʬʹʬʩʻʲʬʩʨ ʨʳ
ʽʭʬʿʨʴʨˀʰ ʨʸ ʨʸʹʬʩʵʩʹ. ʬʸʯʨʫ ʬʸʯʰ ʹʨʹ˄ʨʭʲʬʩʬʲʰ, ʸʵʳʬʲʰ˂ ʨʽ
ʫʨʨʸʹʬʩʻʲʨ ʸʨʳʵʫʬʴʰʳʬ ˄ʲʰʹ ˄ʰʴʨʯ, ʳʨʹ˄ʨʭʲʬʩʲʰʹ ʹʰʱʭʫʰʲʰʹ
ˀʬʳʫʬʪ ʫʨʱʬʺʰʲʨ. ʯˆʵʻʲʵʩʬʴ 2 ʹʨʹ˄ʨʭʲʬʩʲʰʹʨ ʫʨ 2 ʹʨʼʬʸˀʲʵ
ʶʻʴʽʺʰʹ ʪʨˆʹʴʨʹ, ˆʨʲˆʰ˂ ʯʨʭʰʹ ʳˆʸʰʯ ʳʮʨʯʨʨ ʯʨʭʰʹʰ ˄ʭʲʰʲʰ
ʪʨʳʵʰʾʵʹ ʫʨ ʳʯʨʭʸʵʩʰʹ ʳʵʯˆʵʭʴʰʲʬʩʬʩʰ ʳʨʯ ʫʨʹʨʨʸʹʬʩʲʨʯ
ˀʬʨʹʸʻʲʵʹ. ʹʨʩ˅ʵʯʨ ʯʨʵʹʴʵʩʨ ʫʨ, ʰʳʬʫʰʨ, ʨʫʪʰʲʵʩʸʰʭʰ
ˆʬʲʰʹʻʼʲʬʩʨ ˁʭʬʻʲʬʩʸʰʭʨʯ ʿʻʸʨʫʾʬʩʨʹ ʳʰʨʽ˂ʬʭʹ ʹʭʨʴʯʨ
ʨˆʨʲˀʬʴʰʹ ʪʨʯʭʰʯ˂ʴʵʩʰʬʸʬʩʨʹ ʫʨ ʱʻʲʺʻʸʻʲʨʯ ʨʾʵʸ˃ʰʴʬʩʨʹ.

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ʻʪʮʵ-ʻʱʭʲʵʩʰʹ ʪʨʳʵ ʹʭʨʴʬʯʰ ʳʵ˄ʿʭʬʺʰʲʰʨ ʳʯʬʲʹ

ʽʭʬʿʴʰʬʸʬʩʨʹ, ʳʬʺʨʫʸʬ ʮʨʳʯʸʵʩʰʯ 7-8 ʯʭʰʹ ʪʨʴʳʨʭʲʵʩʨˀʰ, ʸʵ˂ʨ
ʯʵʭʲʰʹʨʪʨʴ ʰʱʬʺʬʩʨ ʰʹ ʳʯʬʩʮʬ ʫʨ ʳʨʾʨʲ ʱʲʫʬʬʩʮʬ ʳʰʳʨʭʨʲʰ
ʹʨ˂ʨʲʼʬˆʵ ʪʮʨ˂ ʱʰ ʸʵʳʬʲʮʬʫʨ˂ ʳʵʪʮʨʻʸʵʩʨ ʹʭʨʴʰʹʨ ʫʨ
ʪʨʳʵ˂ʫʰʲʰ ʺʻʸʰʹʺʰʹ ʳʬʺʹ ʨʸʨʭʰʹ ˀʬʻ˃ʲʰʨʴ. ʳʨʸʯʨʲʰʨ,
219
˂ˆʵʭʸʬʩʰʹ ʹʰʫʻˆ˅ʰʸʬ ʹʭʨʴʬʩʹ ʰ˃ʻʲʬʩʻʲʹ ˆʫʰʹ ʮʨʳʯʸʵʩʰʯ˂
ʼʬˆʮʬ ʯˆʰʲʨʳʻʸ ʨʱʸʻʲʴʰ ʪʨʫʨʭʰʫ-ʪʨʫʳʵʭʰʫʴʬʴ ʨʳ ʳʯʬʩʮʬ,
ʳʨʪʸʨʳ ʳʸʨʭʨʲʰ ʹʭʨʴʰ ʪʨʳˆʫʨʸʨ ʿʵʭʬʲ˄ʲʰʻʸʨʯ ʨʹʬʯʰ ʹʨˀʰʴʬʲʰ
ʳʵʪʮʨʻʸʵʩʰʹ ʳʹˆʭʬʸʶʲʰ. ˆˀʰʸʨʯ ʨʳ ʳʯʬʩʮʬ ʻ˂ʩʨʯ ʰ˂ʭʲʬʩʨ
ʨʳʰʴʫʰ ʫʨ ʳʯʰʹ ˃ʰʸˀʰ ʸʵʳ ʪʮʨʹ ʪʨʻʫʪʬʩʰʨʴ, ʱʨʸʪʰ ʨʳʰʴʫʰʯ
ʳʵʺʿʻʬʩʻʲʴʰ ʸˁʬʩʰʨʴ, ʸʨʫʪʨʴʨ˂ ʳʯʬʩʰʹ ʳ˄ʭʬʸʭʨʲʬʩʮʬ
ʨʹʭʲʨʳʫʬ ʨʳʰʴʫʰ ʰ˂ʭʲʬʩʨ ʫʨ ʰʹʬʯʰ ʽʨʸʩʻʽʰ ʨʹʺʿʫʬʩʨ ˆʵʲʳʬ,
ʸʵʳ ʬʸʯʰ ʱʨ˂ʰ ʳʬʵʸʬʹ ʭʬʾʨʸ ˆʬʫʨʭʹ, ʪʮʨʹ ʭʬʸ ʨʪʴʬʩʬʴ ʫʨ ʨʴ ʻʴʫʨ
ʫʨʹˆʫʴʬʴ ʫʨ ʰʽʭʬ ʹʻʲʰ ʫʨʲʰʵʴ ʨʴ ʻʴʫʨ ʪʨʫʨ˂ʭʰʭʫʴʬʴ ʹʨʫʾʨ˂
ˆʸʨʳˀʰ ʫʨ ˁʨʬˀʭʨʴ ʻʼʹʱʸʻʲˀʰ. ˆˀʰʸʨʯ, ʫʨ ʻʳʬʺʬʹ ˀʬʳʯˆʭʬʭʨˀʰ,
ʨʳ ʳʯʬʩʮʬ ʳʰʳʨʭʨʲʴʰ ˆʫʬʩʰʨʴ ʳʹˆʭʬʸʶʲʰ ʮʬʭʰʫʪʨʴ ˁʨʳʵʹʻʲʰ
ʫʰʫ ʯʵʭʲʰʹ ʮʭʨʭʬʩʰʹʨ. ʮʨʼˆʻʲʵʩʰʯ ʹʭʨʴʬʯʰ ʻʱʨʭˀʰʸʫʬʩʨ
ʲʬˁˆʻʳ±ʽʻʯʨʰʹʹ ʫʨ ʹʨʽʨʸʯʭʬʲʵʹ ʹˆʭʨ ʱʻʯˆʬʬʩʹ ʲʨʺʼʨʸʰʹ
ʳʯʨʮʬ (11.000 ʼ.) ʳʰʳʨʭʨʲʰ ʹʨ˂ˆʬʴʬ ʪʮʰʯ, ˆʵʲʵ ʹʨʳʬʪʸʬʲʵʹ ʫʨ
ʨʼˆʨʮʬʯʹ ʫʨ ʹˆʭʨ ʱʻʯˆʬʬʩʹʨ˂ ± ʲʬʴˆʬʸʰʹ ʪʮʰʯ. ʮʨʼˆʻʲʵʩʰʯ
ʼʬˆʰʯ ʳʰʳʵʹʭʲʨ ʨʳ ʽʭʬʿʴʬʩʰʹʨʱʬʴ ʨʸʰʹ ʨʪʸʬʯʭʬ ʲʨʹʰʲʰʹ,
ʻʹʱʭʰʸʰʹ (ʲʨˈʲʨ), ʭʨʴʰʹ ʫʨ ʨʴʫʸʰʨʴʰʹ ʳʯʬʩʰʯʨ˂. ʯʬʸʪʰʹʨ ʫʨ
ʿʻʩʨʴʰʹ ʵʲʽʬʩʹ ʻʱʨʭˀʰʸʫʬʩʨ ʹʭʨʴʬʯʰ ʳˆʵʲʵʯ ʮʨʼˆʻʲʵʩʰʯ 8
ʯʭʰʯ: ˁʻʩʬˆʬʭʰʹ (ʫʵʴʾʻʮʵʸʻʴʰ), ʩʬˁʵʹ, ʳʬʹʺʰʰʹ, ʳʻʲʨˆʰʹ
ʳʯʬʩʮʬ ʳʰʳʨʭʨʲʰ ʪʮʬʩʰʯ.
ʲʨʺʼʨʸʰʹ ʳʯʰʹ ʹʨ˂ˆʬʴʬ ʪʮʨ ʰˆʹʴʬʩʨ ʰʭʨʴʵʩʰʹʯʭʰʹ ˀʻʨ
ʸʰ˂ˆʭʬʩʰʫʪʨʴ ʫʨ ʰʱʬʺʬʩʨ ʵʽʺʵʳʩʸʰʹ ʶʰʸʭʬʲ ʸʰ˂ˆʭʬʩˀʰ.
ʳʸʨʭʨʲʰ ʹʭʨʴʰ, ʳʰʹʰ ʹʰʳʰʴʫʰʯʨ ʳʨʸʰʲʰʯ ʫʨʺʭʰʸʯʻʲʰ ˂ˆʬʴʰʯ,
ʪʨʳˆʫʨʸʨ ʨʳ ʪʮʰʹ ʳʹˆʭʬʸʶʲʰ, ʳʨʪʸʨʳ 1912 ˄ʬʲʹ ʯʭʰʯ ˆʨʲˆʳʨ
ʪʨʰʿʭʨʴʨ ʨʳ ʳʯʮʬ 20 ʭʬʸʹʰʹ ʳʨʴ˃ʰʲʮʬ ʳˀʭʬʴʰʬʸʰ ʪʮʨ ʫʨ ʳʰʯ
ʪʨʴʯʨʭʰʹʻʼʲʫʨ ʨʹʬʯʰ ʻʩʬʫʻʸʬʩʰʹʪʨʴ. ʲʬʴˆʬʸʰʹ ʪʮʰʹ
ʪʨʱʬʯʬʩʨʹ ʳʯʨʭʸʵʩʨ ˀʬʻʫʪʨ ˇʬʸ 1857 ˄ʬʲˀʰ, ʳʬʸʬ ± 1910 ˄., ʳʨʪʸʨʳ
ʳʻˀʨʵʩʨʳ ʻʴʨʿʵʼʵʯ ˁʨʰʨʸʨ.
ʨʳʷʨʳʨʫ ʹʨʩ˅ʵʯʨ ˆʬʲʰʹʻʼʲʬʩʨ ʬʳʮʨʫʬʩʨ ʹʭʨʴʬʯˀʰ
ʪʮʬʩʰʹ ʪʨʹʨʿʭʨʴʨʯ ʫʨ ʯʻ ʹʭʨʴʬʯʰʹ ʨʳ ʿʵʼʴʨ-ʨʸʿʵʼʴʰʹ ʹʨʱʰʯˆʰʹ
ʪʨʫʨ˅ʸʨˀʰ ʳʨʴ ʳʺʱʰ˂ʬ ʴʨʩʰˇʰ ʪʨʫʨʫʪʨ, ʰʳʬʫʰʨ, ʨˆʲʵ ʳʵʳʨʭʨʲˀʰ
ʹʭʨʴʬʯʰʹ ʳʸʨʭʨʲʺʨʴˇʻʲ ʪʲʬˆʱʨ˂ʵʩʨʹ ʪʨʬʾʬʩʨ ˅ʰˀʱʨʸʰ
ʪʨʴʨʯʲʬʩʰʹ ʹˆʰʭʬʩʰʯ ʨʳ ʽʭʬʿʴʰʹ ʳʵʹʨʼʬʴʨʯ ʫʨ ʰʽʴʬʩʨ ˂ˆʵʭʸʬʩʰʹ
ʿʵʭʬʲʪʭʨʸ ʳ˃ʰʳʬ ʶʰʸʵʩʬʩʰʹʨʪʨʴ ʪʨʴʯʨʭʰʹʻʼʲʬʩʻʲʰ. ʫʰʨˆ,
ʹʭʨʴʬʯʰ ʨʳʷʨʳʨʫ ʳʵ˄ʿʭʬʺʰʲʰʨ, ʻʪʮʵ-ʻʱʭʲʵʩʰʹ ʪʨʳʵ, ʳʰʹ
ʪʨʸˀʬʳʵ ʳʵʹʨˆʲʬ ʬʸʬʩʹ, ʱʻʲʺʻʸʻʲ ˂ʬʴʺʸʹ ʫʨ ʬʹ ʨʸʰʹ
220
ʻʳʯʨʭʸʬʹʰ ʳʰʮʬʮʰ ʹʭʨʴʬʯʰʹ ʹʰʩʴʬʲʰʹʨ, ʻʱʻʲʺʻʸʵʩʰʹʨ,
ʬʱʵʴʵʳʰʻʸʰ ʹʰʱʵʺʸʰʹʨ ʫʨ ʿʵʭʬʲʪʭʨʸ ʨʽ ʨʸʹʬʩʻʲ ˂ˆʵʭʸʬʩʰʹ
ʳ˃ʰʳʬ ʶʰʸʵʩʬʩʰʹʨ. ʨʳʰʺʵʳ ʻʳʯʨʭʸʬʹʰ ʿʻʸʨʫʾʬʩʨ ʳʯʨʭʸʵʩʨʳ
ʻʴʫʨ ʳʰʨʽ˂ʰʵʹ ʹʭʨʴʬʯˀʰ ʪʮʰʹ ʪʨʿʭʨʴʨʹ. ʪʮʰʹ ʪʨʿʭʨʴʨ ʹʭʨʴʬʯˀʰ
ˆʬʲʹ ˀʬʻ˄ʿʵʩʹ ʨʸʨ ʳʨʸʺʵ ʨʳ ʽʭʬʿʨʴʨˀʰ ʹʨʹʻʸʭʬʲ ʳʫʪʵʳʨʸʬʵʩʰʹ
ˀʬʽʳʴʨʹ ʫʨ ˆʨʲˆʰʹ ʪʨʩʬʫʴʰʬʸʬʩʨʹ, ʨʸʨʳʬʫ ʯʭʰʯ ʹʨʽʨʸʯʭʬʲʵʹ
ʬʱʵʴʵʳʰʻʸʨʯ ʨʿʭʨʭʬʩʨʹ ʫʨ ʶʵʲʰʺʰʱʻʸʨʯ ʹʭʨʴʬʯʯʨʴ ʳ˅ʰʫʸʵʯ
ʫʨʱʨʭˀʰʸʬʩʨʹ, ʭʰʴʨʰʫʪʨʴ ʪʮʰʹ ʪʨʿʭʨʴʨ ʪʨʨʨʫʭʰʲʬʩʹ ʹʭʨʴʬʯʰʫʪʨʴ
ʩʬʭʸ ʰʽ ʨʸʹʬʩʻʲ ʹʰʳʫʰʫʸʰʹ ʪʨʳʵʺʨʴʨʹ ʫʨ ˂ʬʴʺʸʯʨʴ
ʪʨʬʸʯʰʨʴʬʩʨʹ. ˆʵʲʵ ʹʨʴʨʳʫʬ ʹʭʨʴʬʯʹ ʨʳ ˇʻʸʾʳʻʲʰʫʪʨʴ ʫʨ ʾʸʬ-
ʱʲʫʬʬʩʰʫʪʨʴ ʪʨʳʵʹʨʭʨʲʰ, ʱʻʲʺʻʸʻʲ ˂ʬʴʺʸʬʩʯʨʴ
ʫʨʳʨʱʨʭˀʰʸʬʩʬʲʰ ʪʮʬʩʰ ʨʸ ʬʽʴʬʩʨ, ʳʨʴʨʳʫʬ ʼʻ˅ʰ ʰʽʴʬʩʨ
ʿʵʭʬʲʪʭʨʸʰ ʳʻˀʨʵʩʨ ʫʨ ʳʮʸʻʴʭʬʲʵʩʨ ʨʳ ʽʭʬʿʴʰʹ
ʱʬʯʰʲʫʾʬʵʩʰʹʨʯʭʰʹ. ʪʮʨ, ʪʮʨ ʫʨ ʳˆʵʲʵʫ ʪʮʨ ʰˆʹʴʰʹ ʹʭʨʴʬʯʹ
ʹʰʩʴʬʲʰʹʨ ʫʨ ʿʵʭʬʲʪʭʨʸ ʻʩʬʫʻʸʬʩʰʹʨʪʨʴ ʫʨ ʳʰʹ ʪʨʱʬʯʬʩʰʯ
ʪʨʫʨ˄ʿʫʬʩʨ ʹʭʨʴʬʯʰʹ ʩʬʫ-ʰʾʩʨʲʰ.

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ʹʭʨʴʬʯˀʰ ʫʾʬʳʫʰʹ ʨʸ ʿʵʼʰʲʨ ʨʸʨʭʰʯʨʸʰ

ʱʵʵʶʬʸʨʺʰʻʲʰ ʳʻˀʨʵʩʨ. ʱʬʸ˃ʵ ʭʨ˅ʸʵʩʨ˂ ʨʸ ʹ˄ʨʸʳʵʬʩʫʨ
ʨʫʪʰʲʵʩʸʰʭʨʯ. ʬʸʯ ʫʸʵʹ ʵʸʰʵʫʬ ʹʵʳʬˆʰ ʭʨ˅ʸʵʩʫʨ ʨʽ ʫʨ
ʳʨʴʻʼʨʽʺʻʸʰʹ ʫʻʽʴʬʩʰ ˈʽʵʴʫʨʯ ʪʨˆʹʴʰʲʰ ʩʬˁʵˀʰ. ʹʵʳˆʬʩʳʨ ʸʵʳ
ʨʽ ʭʨ˅ʸʵʩʨʹ ʯʨʭʰ ʫʨʨʴʬʩʬʹ, ʹʭʨʴʬʯˀʰ ʵʸʳʨ-ʹʨʳʳʨ ʹʭʨʴʳʨ ʫʨʰ˄ʿʵ
ʭʨ˅ʸʵʩʨ. ʬʸʯʳʨ ʱʨʲʨˀʰ ʪʨˆʹʴʨ ʹʨʭʨ˅ʸʵ, ʳʬʵʸʬʳ ʳʻʲʨˆˀʰ ʫʨ
ʳʬʹʨʳʬʳ ʲʨʺʨʲˀʰ, ʳʨʪʸʨʳ ʹʨ˅ʰʸʵ ʹʨʽʵʴʲʰʹ ʪʨʸʫʨ ʳʨʯ
ʹʨʭʨ˅ʸʵʬʩˀʰ ʿʭʬʲʨʼʬʸʹ ʴʨˆʨʭʫʰʯ. ʨʳ ʪʨʸʬʳʵʬʩʰʹ ˄ʿʨʲʵʩʰʯ
ʹʭʨʴʬʯˀʰ ʿʭʬʲʨ ʳ˂ˆʵʭʸʬʩʰ, ʪʨʴʹʨʱʻʯʸʬʩʰʯ ʳʵʹʨʳʹʨˆʻʸʬʬʩʰ,
ʪʨʴʰ˂ʫʰʨʴ ʫʰʫʹ ʪʨ˅ʰʸʭʬʩʨʹ. ʳʨˆʹʵʭʹ, ʳʨʪʨʲʰʯʨʯ, ʸʵʳ ˆˀʰʸʨʫ
ʹʵʼʲʰʹ ʳʨʹ˄ʨʭʲʬʩʲʬʩʹ ʲʨʳʶʰʹ ˀʻˀʨ ʸʵʳ ʪʨʻʺʿʫʬʩʵʫʨʯ,
ʸʨʳʵʫʬʴʰʳʬ ʯʭʬʬʩʰʹ ʪʨʴʳʨʭʲʵʩʨˀʰ ʨʴ ʻʴʫʨ ʫʨʳʹˆʫʨʸʰʿʭʴʬʴ
ʹʰʩʴʬʲʬˀʰ, ʨʴ ʰ˃ʻʲʬʩʻʲʰ ˆʫʬʩʵʫʬʴ ʬʽʰʸʨʭʬʩʰʴʨʯ ʱʨ˂ʰ,
ʪʨʬʪʮʨʭʴʨʯ ʰʹ 120 ʭʬʸʹʰʹ ʳʨʴ˃ʰʲʮʬ ˀʻˀʰʹ ˀʬʹʨ˃ʬʴʨʯ ˂ʨʪʬʸˀʰ ʨʴ
ˇʭʨʸˀʰ. ʫʨʽʰʸʨʭʬʩʻʲ ʱʨ˂ʹ ʫʾʰʻʸ ʽʰʸʨʯ ʨ˃ʲʬʭʫʬʴ 1 ʳ. ʫʨ ʬʸʯʰ
ʱʭʰʸʰʹ ʹʨʪ˃ʨʲʹ. ʯʻ ʳʨʹ ʱʨʸʪ ʶʰʸʵʩʬʩˀʰ ʻˆʫʬʩʵʫʨ ʳʪʮʨʭʸʵʩʨ,
221
ʬʸʯ ʱʭʰʸʨˀʰ ʻʱʨʴ ʩʸʻʴʫʬʩʵʫʨ ʫʨ ʲʨʳʶʰʹ ˀʻˀʨ ʳʵʹʨʳʹʨˆʻʸʬʹ
ʻˇʫʬʩʵʫʨ 7 ʳ. 20 ʱ. (ʬ. ʰ. ʬʸʯʰ ʳʬʹʨʳʬʫʰ ʯʭʰʻʸʰ ˇʨʳʨʪʰʸʰʹʨ),
ˆʵʲʵ ʯʻ ʳʬʺ ˆʨʴʹ ʫʨʨʪʭʰʨʴʫʬʩʵʫʨ ± ʳʬʺʰ˂. ʸʨʳʬ ʻʩʬʫʻʸʬʩʨ
ʸʵʳ ʬ˄ʬʵʫʨ ʨʹʬʯʹ ʫʨʽʰʸʨʭʬʩʻʲʹ, ʳʰʹʰ ˅ʰʸʰʹʻʼʨʲʴʰ
ʳʬʫʰʨʺʵʸʻʲ ʹʨʳʨʸʯʨʲˀʰ ʳʵʹʯˆʵʭʫʴʬʴ ˆʵʲʳʬ ʪʨʳʵʹʭʲʨʹ. ʳʰʹ
ʫʨʳʽʰʸʨʭʬʩʬʲʹ. ʨʹʬʯʰʭʬ ʰʹʺʵʸʰʨ ʨʽʭʹ ʴʨʭʯʰʹ, ʳʨʸʰʲʰʹ ʫʨ ʹˆʭʨ
ʹʨ˅ʰʸʵ ʹʨʪʴʬʩʰʹ ˀʬ˃ʬʴʨʹ.
˂ˆʵʭʸʬʩʰʹ ʨʹʬʯʰ ʶʰʸʵʩʬʩʰʹ ˄ʿʨʲʵʩʰʯ ʹʭʨʴʬʯˀʰ
ʹʨʳʹʨˆʻʸˀʰ ˄ʨʹʭʲʨʮʬ ˃ʨʲʰʨʴ ʻʨʸʹ ʨ˂ˆʨʫʬʩʫʨ ʿʭʬʲʨ. ˆˀʰʸʨʯ
ʯʭʰʯ ʹʭʨʴʬʯʰʹ ʰʴʺʬʲʰʪʬʴ˂ʰʨ˂ ʹʭʨʴʬʯʹ ʪʨʻʸʩʵʫʨ. ʻʳʨʾʲʬʹ
ʹ˄ʨʭʲʨ ʫʨʳʯʨʭʸʬʩʻʲʴʰ ʨʫʪʰʲʵʩʸʰʭʰ ʳʱʭʰʫʸʴʰ ʨʽ ˂ˆʵʭʸʬʩʨʹ
ˆʵʳ ʹʻʲ ʭʬʸ ʨˆʬʸˆʬʩʫʬʴ. ʨʳ ʳˆʸʰʭ ʶʰʸʭʬʲʰ ʳʨʪʨʲʰʯʰ ʳʨʯ ʻˁʭʬʴʨ
ʪʨʴʹʭʬʴʬʩʻʲʳʨ ʬʽʹʬʭʨʹʺʰ ʪʨʩʲʰʨʴʳʨ ʫʨ ʩʵʲʵ ʫʸʵʹ ʬʽʰʳʳʨ
ʪʰʵʸʪʰ ʴʰʷʨʸʨ˃ʬʳ. ʨʳʷʨʳʨʫ ʹʭʨʴʬʯˀʰ ʳʯʨʭʸʵʩʨʳ ʪʨˆʹʴʨ ʵʸʰ
ʹʨʭʨ˅ʸʵ ʫʨ ˀʬʳʫʬʪ ʬʸʯʰ ʱʵʵʶʬʸʨʺʰʭʰ ʳʬʹʺʰʨˀʰ. ʪʨʴʮʸʨˆʻʲʰʨ
ʪʨʰˆʹʴʨʹ ʱʵʵʶʬʸʨʺʰʻʲʰ ʪʨʴʿʵʼʰʲʬʩʨ ʩʬˁʵˀʰ ʫʨ ʲʨˆʨʳʻʲʨˀʰ.
ʳʵʹʨʳʹʨˆʻʸʬʬʩʹ ʫʾʬʹ ˀʬʻ˃ʲʰʨʯ ʨʫʪʰʲʵʩʸʰʭʨʯ ˀʬʰ˃ʰʴʵʴ
ʳʨʯʯʭʰʹ ʹʨ˅ʰʸʵ ʹʨʪʴʬʩʰ. ʬʹ ʹʭʨʴʬʯʰʹ ˂ˆʵʭʸʬʩʨˀʰ ʰˀʭʰʨʯ
ʳʵʭʲʬʴʨʯ ˁʨʰʯʭʲʬʩʨ ʫʨ, ʰʳʬʫʰʨ, ʳʵʳʨʭʨʲˀʰ ʹʨʯʨʴʨʫʵ
ʵʸʪʨʴʵʬʩʰ ʨʳ ʹʨʽʳʰʹ ʪʨʼʨʸʯʵʬʩʨʹ ʹʭʨʴʬʯˀʰ ˇʬʸʵʭʨʴ ʿʻʸʨʫʾʬʩʨʹ
ʳʰʨʽ˂ʬʭʬʴ.

€‹‰ˆ‡š…„Š„ˆ

ʹʨʳʱʰʯˆʭʬʲʵʬʩʰ ˃ʭʬʲ ʫʸʵˀʰ ʹʭʨʴʬʯˀʰ ʨʸ ʨʸʹʬʩʵʩʫʨ.

ʷʻʸʴʨʲ-ʪʨʮʬʯʬʩʰʹ ˄ʨʱʰʯˆʭʰʹ ʹʨˀʻʨʲʬʩʨ ʨʫʪʰʲʵʩʸʰʭ
ʳʵʹʨʳʹʨˆʻʸʬʬʩʹ ʨʸ ˈʽʵʴʫʨʯ. ʳʯʬʲʰ ˄ʲʬʩʰʹ ʪʨʴʳʨʭʲʵʩʨˀʰ ʨʸ
ʬʹʳʵʫʨʯ ʨʸʨʼʬʸʰ ʳʨʯ ʪʨʸˀʬʳʵ ʳʵʳˆʫʨʸ ʨʳʩʬʩʮʬ ʫʨ ʨʳʴʨʰʸʨʫ
ʳʵʱʲʬʩʻʲʴʰ ʰʿʭʴʬʴ ʿʵʭʬʲʪʭʨʸ ʹʻʲʰʬʸʹʨ ʫʨ ʪʵʴʬʩʸʰʭ
ʹʨʮʸʫʵʹ ʫʨ ʸʨʳʵʫʬʴʰʳʬ ˄ʲʰʹ ʪʨʴʳʨʭʲʵʩʨˀʰ ʬʹ ʪʨʸʬʳʵʬʩʨ
ʪʨʫʨʪʭʨʸʬʩʰʹ ʫʨʾʹ ʨˁʴʬʭʫʨ ʹʭʨʴ ʰʴʺʬʲʰʪʬʴʺʹ.
ˆˀʰʸʨʯ ʰʽʬʸʫʬʴ ʪʨʮʬʯʬʩʹ, ʳʨʪʸʨʳ ˂ʨʪʬʸʰʫʪʨʴ ʰʹʰʴʰ ʨʸ
ʳʵˈʽʵʴʫʨʯ ʼʵʹʺʰʹ ʮʻʸʪʰʯ ʳʵʹʨʺʨʴʨʯ ʪʨʪʮʨʭʴʰʲ ˁʨʼʸʬʩʹ.
ʹʭʨʴʹ ʸʵʳ ʸʻʹʬʯˀʰ ʹʨʲʫʨʯʨʯ ʳʿʵʼ ˀʭʰʲʰʹʨʯʭʰʹ ʼʻʲʰ
ʪʨʬʪʮʨʭʴʨ, ˆˀʰʸʨʯ ʰ˂ˆʵʩʫʨ ʬʸʯʰ ʱʭʰʸʰʹ ʹʨʪ˃ʨʲʹ, ʳʰʫʰʵʫʨ
222
ʳʯʬʩʰʯ ˂ʨʪʬʸʰʹʨʱʬʴ ʫʨ, ʯʻ ʨʸ ʰʾʻʶʬʩʵʫʨ ʳʯʮʬ ʮʭʨʭʰʹʨ ʫʨ ʽʨʸ-
ʩʻʽʰʹʨʪʨʴ ˆʸʨʳˀʰ ʨʴʻ ʻʼʹʱʸʻʲˀʰ ʪʨʫʨʭʨʸʫʴʰʯ ʫʨ
ʳˀʭʰʫʵʩʰʨʴʨʯ ʰʳʪʮʨʭʸʬʩʫʨ, ˁʨʫʰʵʫʨ ˂ʨʪʬʸˀʰ, ʪʮʨʭʴʰʫʨ ʼʻʲʹ
ʸʻʹʬʯˀʰ, ˆʵʲʵ ʯʭʰʯʵʴ ʻʱʨʴ ʩʸʻʴʫʬʩʵʫʨ ʫʨ ʨʳʴʨʰʸʨʫ 5-10 ʳ.
ʪʨʪʮʨʭʴʨ ʹʭʨʴʹ ʻˇʫʬʩʵʫʨ 7-10 ʳʨʴʬʯʨʳʫʬ. ʨʳʷʨʳʨʫ ʫʨ˄ʿʬʩʻʲʰʨ
ʳʻˀʨʵʩʨ ˇʭʨʸʰʫʪʨʴ ʹʭʨʴʬʯʨʳʫʬ ʺʬʲʬʪʸʨʼʰʹʨ ʫʨ ʺʬʲʬʼʵʴʰʹ
ʪʨʹʨʿʭʨʴʨʫ ʫʨ ʨˆʲʵ ʳʵʳʨʭʨʲˀʰ ʰʽʴʬʩʨ ʫʨʳʯʨʭʸʬʩʻʲʰ.
ʪʨˆʹʴʰʲʰʨ ʹʨʳʱʰʯˆʭʬʲʵʬʩʰ: ʳʬʹʺʰʨˀ, ʳʻʲʨˆˀʰ ʫʨ ʹˆʭ.

…€Œ„ˆ ƒ€ …€Œ‘ ˆ „Œ€

ʳʸʨʭʨʲʰ ʳʬ˂ʴʰʬʸʻʲʰ ʹʨʩʻʯʰ ʴʨʯʲʨʯ ʾʨʾʨʫʬʩʹ

ʹʭʨʴʬʩʰʹʨ ʫʨ ʫʨʴʨʸˁʬʴ ʳʰʹ ʳʵ˃ʳʬ ʽʨʸʯʭʬʲ ʺʵʳʬʩʰʹ ʬʸʯʰʨʴʵʩʨʮʬ
ʫʨ ʴʨʯʬʹʨʵʩʨʮʬ. ʳʨʪʸʨʳ, ʳʰʻˆʬʫʨʭʨʯ ʨʳʰʹʨ, ʨʳ ʹʨʱʰʯˆʮʬ ʫʾʬʳʫʬ
ʪʸ˃ʬʲʫʬʩʨ ʩʻʴʫʵʭʨʴʰ ʨʮʸʬʩʰʹ ʪʨʳʵʯʽʳʨ ʫʨ ʼʨʽʺʬʩʰʹ
ʫʨʳʨˆʰʴʬʩʨ ʰʳ ʶʰʸʬʩʰʹ ʳʰʬʸ, ʸʵʳʲʬʩʹʨ˂ ʹʨʽʨʸʯʭʬʲʵʹ ˄ʨʸʹʻʲʮʬ
ʯʰʯʽʳʰʹ ʨʸʨʼʬʸʰ ʪʨʬʪʬʩʨʯ ʫʨ ʳʨʯ ʳʰʬʸ ʨʹʬʯʰ ʨʮʸʬʩʰʹ ʪʨʳʵʯʮʳʨ
ʳˆʵʲʵʫ ˃ʭʬʲ ʫʸʵˀ ʹʨʽʨʸʯʭʬʲʵˀʰ ʪʨ˃ʲʰʬʸʬʩʻʲ ʪʨʳʨʸʻʹʬʩʬʲ
ʶʵʲʰʺʰʱʰʹ ʴʨʱʨʸʴʨˆʬʭʨʯ ʻʴʫʨ ˁʨʰʯʭʨʲʵʹ. ʮʵʪʰ ʳʨʯʪʨʴʰ ʨʳʩʵʩʹ,
ʸʵʳ ʹʭʨʴʬʩʰ ʹʻʲ ʹˆʭʨ ʺʵʳ-ʳʵʫʪʳʰʹ ˆʨʲˆʰʨ, ʨʸʨʭʰʯʨʸʰ ʹʨʬʸʯʵ
ʫʨ ʴʨʯʬʹʨʵʩʸʰʭʰ ʫʨʳʵʱʰʫʬʩʻʲʬʩʨ ʽʨʸʯʭʬʲʬʩʹʨ ʫʨ ʳʨʯ ˀʵʸʰʹ
ʨʸ ʨʸʹʬʩʵʩʹ. ʹʭʨʴʻʸ ʬʴʨʹ ʨʸʨʭʰʯʨʸʰ ʳʹʪʨʭʹʬʩʨ ʫʨ ʴʨʯʬʹʨʵʩʨ
ʽʨʸʯʻʲ ʬʴʨʹʯʨʴ ʨʸ ʨʽʭʹʵ ʫʨ ʹˆʭʨ...
ʨʰ, ʳʨʪʨʲʰʯʨʯ, ʸʨʹ ʹ˄ʬʸʬʴ ʨʳʨʮʬ ʩ.ʩ. ʺʬʶ˂ʵʭʰ ʫʨ
ʹʺʵʰʨʴʵʭʰ.
ʶʰʸʭʬʲʰ ʨʳʩʵʩʹ: ,,ʯʭʰʯʬʻʲ ʹʨʮʵʪʨʫʵʬʩʨʹ ʹʭʨʴʬʯˀʰ
ʨˁʴʬʭʰʨ ʯʨʭʰʹʬʩʻʸʰ ʫʨ ʪʨʴʹʨʱʻʯʸʬʩʻʲʰ ʺʰʶʰʻʸʰ ʫʨʾʰ.
ʹʭʨʴʬʯˀʰ ʳʿʵʼʹ ʨʫʭʰʲʨʯ ˀʬʻ˃ʲʰʨ ʪʨʨʸˁʰʵʹ ʻˀʪʻʲʬʲʰ
ʳʻʲʨˆʬʲʰʹʨʪʨʴ, ʲʨˆʨʳʻʲʬʲʰ ʳʬʹʺʰʬʲʰʹʨʪʨʴ ʫʨ ʹˆʭʨ...
ʻˀʻʲʬʲʰʨ ˄ʭʸʰʲʰ, ˀʨʭʪʭʸʬʳʨʴʰ ʫʨ ʹʻʲʰʯ ʳʪʵʹʨʴʰ. ʳʬʹʺʰʬʲʰ
ʴʨʳʫʭʰʲʰ ʳʱʭʰʫʸʰʨ ʰʨʸʵʹʲʨʭʰʹ ʪʻʩʬʸʴʰʰʹʨ: ʰʪʰʭʬ ʽʬʸʨ ˄ʭʬʸʰ,
ʳʻʫʨʳ ʳʵ˂ʰʴʨʸʬ ʳʵ˃ʸʨʭʰ ʯʭʨʲʬʩʰ. ʳʻʲʨˆʬʲʰ ˄ʨʸʳʵʨʫʪʬʴʹ
ʴʨʳʫʭʰʲ ʳʨʲʵʸʵʹʰʬʲʹ ʨʸʨ ʳʨʸʺʵ ˀʬˆʬʫʻʲʬʩʰʯ, ʨʸʨʳʬʫ
ˆʨʹʰʨʯʰʯ, ʿʵʼʨ±˂ˆʵʭʸʬʩʰʯ, ʰʪʰʭʬ ʮʨʶʵʸʵʷʬʲʰ ,,ʳʻʷʰʱʰʹ³
ʻʲʭʨˀʬʩʰ, ʳ˃ʰʳʬ ʹʰʨʸʻʲʰ, ʫʨʾʭʸʬʳʰʲʵʩʨ ʫʨ ʹˆʭʨ³123)...
223
 ʸʵʪʵʸ˂ ʫʨʰʴʨˆʨʭʹ ʳʱʰʯˆʭʬʲʰ ʨʳ ʨʳʵʴʨ˄ʬʸʰʫʨʴ, ʩ-ʴʰ
ʺʬʶ˂ʵʭʰ ʺʰʶʰʻʸ ʪʨʴʹˆʭʨʭʬʩʨʹ ʻʼʸʵ ʴʨˆʻʲʵʩʹ ʯʭʰʯ ʹʭʨʴʬʯʰʹ
ʨʳʨ ʯʻ ʰʳ ʹʨʮʵʪʨʫʵʬʩʨˀʰ ʳ˂ˆʵʭʸʬʩ ˃ʳʬʩʹ ˀʵʸʰʹ, ʭʰʫʸʬ ʹʭʨʴʬʩʹʨ,
ʭʬʲʰʱʵʸʵʹʬʩʹʨ ʫʨ ʳʵʲʵʹʵʸʬʩʹ ˀʵʸʰʹ ʫʨ ʨʳʴʨʰʸʨʫ ʹʭʨʴʬʩʰ ʳʨʴ
ʸʻʹʬʩʰʹ ʹʨˆʬʲʰʯ ʨʱʻʸʯˆʨ. ʮʬʫʳʬʺʨʯ ʳʰʳʨˁʴʰʨ ʨʳ ʹʨʪʨʴʮʬ ʩ.
ʺʬʶ˂ʵʭʰʹ ʹʨ˄ʰʴʨʨʾʳʫʬʪʵʯ ʨʴʻ ʹʨʶʨʹʻˆʵʯ ʹʬʸʰʵʮʻʲʨʯ
ʪʨʲʨˀʽʸʬʩʨ, ʭʰʴʨʰʫʪʨʴ ʾʸʳʨʫ ʫʨʸ˄ʳʻʴʬʩʻʲʰ ʭʨʸ ʰʳʨˀʰ, ʸʵʳ
ʿʵʭʬʲʰ, ˂ʵʺʨʯ ʯʻ ʩʬʭʸʨʯ ˀʬʪʴʬʩʻʲʰ ʨʫʨʳʰʨʴʰʹʯʭʰʹ,
ʸʵʳʬʲʹʨ˂ ʹʨʽʨʸʯʭʬʲʵʹ ˄ʨʸʹʻʲʮʬ ʸʨʰʳʬ ʪʨʬʪʬʩʨ, ʹʭʨʴʬʩʮʬ ʸʨʰʳʬ
ʹʳʬʴʰʨ, ʨʴʩʨʴʻʸ ˅ʬˀʳʨʸʰʺʬʩʨʹ ˀʬʨʫʪʬʴʹ, ʸʵʳ ʹʭʨʴʬʩʰ ʽʨʸʯʭʬʲʰ
ˆʨʲˆʰʹ ʳʵ˃ʳʬ ˀʺʵʹ ˀʬʨʫʪʬʴʬʴ ʫʨ ʨʸʨ ʳʨʲʵʸʵʹʬʩʹ ʫʨ
ʭʬʲʰʱʵʸʵʹʬʩʹ, ˆʵʲʵ ʹʭʨʴʻʸʰ ʬʴʨ ʰʨʼʬʺʻʸ ʬʴʨʯʨ ʬʸʯ ˇʪʻʼʨʯ
ˁʨʰʯʭʲʬʩʨ.
ʨʳʨʭʬ ʨʮʸʰʹ ʨʸʰʨʴ ʰʭ. ˇʨʭʨˆʰˀʭʰʲʰ, ʭʨˆʻˀʺʰ
ʩʨʺʵʴʰˀʭʰʲʰ, ʶʲʰʴʰʻʹʰ, ʰʬʸʻʹʨʲʰʳʬʲʰ ʶʨʺʸʰʨʸʽʰ
ʫʵʹʰʯʬʵʹʰ, ˀʨʸʫʬʴʰ, ʳʬ-XVIII ʹʨʻʱ. ʳ˄ʬʸʨʲʰ ˈʰʲʫʬʸˀʺʬʰʴʰ,
ʱʲʨʶʸʵʺʰ, ʫʰʻʩʻʨ-ʫʬ ʩʵʴʵʶʸʬ, ˆʨˆʨʴʨˀʭʰʲʰ, ʸʨʫʫʬ, ʳʨʽʹ
ʳʰʻʲʬʸʰ, ʴʨʫʬʷʫʰʴʰ, ʫʰʳʰʺʸʰ ʩʨʽʸʨ˃ʬ, ʪʵʸʪʨ˃ʬ, ʴ. ʳʨʸʰ ʫʨ
ʹˆʭʨ...
ʳʨʸʯʨʲʰʨ, ʶʰʸʭʬʲʰ ˀʬˆʬʫʭʰʯ ʱʨ˂ʰ ʫʨʰʴʨˆʨʭʹ ʸʨʾʨ˂
ʺʰʶʰʻʸ ʪʨʴʹˆʭʨʭʬʩʨʹ ʹʭʨʴʬʩʹʨ ʫʨ ʽʨʸʯʭʬʲʬʩʹ ˀʵʸʰʹ, ʳʨʪʸʨʳ ʬʹ
ʰʳʰʯ ʨʰˆʹʴʬʩʨ, ʸʵʳ ʽʨʸʯʭʬʲʰ ˆʨʲˆʰ ʯʨʭʰʹʰ ʶʰʸʭʨʴʫʬʲʰ
ʩʰʴʨʫʸʵʩʰʹ ʪʨʳʵ˂ʭʲʰʹ ˀʬʳʫʬʪ ʩʬʫʳʨ, ʨʴ ʻʱʬʯ ʸʵʳ ʭʯʽʭʨʯ,
ʬʺʴʵʪʸʨʼʰʻʲʳʨ ʶʰʸʵʩʬʩʳʨ ʫʨʨˀʵʸʨ ʬʸʯʳʨʴʬʯʹ. ʳʰʹ ˀʬʳʫʬʪ ʳʨʯ
ˀʬˆʭʫʨʯ ˂ʨʲ-˂ʨʲʱʬ ˂ˆʵʭʸʬʩʨ ʫʨ ʨʳ ʹˆʭʨʫʨʹˆʭʨ ʩʻʴʬʩʰʹʨ ʫʨ
ʪʬʵʪʸʨʼʰʻʲ ʶʰʸʵʩʬʩʰʹ ʪʨʭʲʬʴʨʳ ˀʬʽʳʴʨ ʳʨʯ ˀʵʸʰʹ ʰʹʬʯʰ
ʺʰʶʰʻʸʰ ʪʨʴʹˆʭʨʭʬʩʨ, ʸʵʪʵʸʰ˂ ʨʸʰʹ, ʳʨʪʨʲʰʯʨʫ, ˁʸʫʰʲʵʬʯʰʹʨ
ʫʨ ʹʨʳˆʸʬʯʰʹ ʼʸʨʴʪʬʩʹ, ˁʸʫʰʲʵʬʯʰʹʨ ʫʨ ʹʨʳˆʸʬʯʰʹ
ʪʬʸʳʨʴʬʲʬʩʹ ˀʵʸʰʹ, ʳʨʲʵʸʵʹʬʩʹʨ ʫʨ ʭʬʲʰʱʵʸʵʹʬʩʹ ˀʵʸʰʹ ʫʨ
ʹˆʭʨ.
ʳʨʸʯʨʲʰʨ, ʺʰʶʰʻʸʰ ʪʨʴʹˆʭʨʭʬʩʨ ʨʸʹʬʩʵʩʹ ʹʭʨʴʬʯˀʰ
ʲʨˆʨʳʻʲʬʲʬʩʹʨ ʫʨ ʫʨʴʨʸˁʬʴ ʹʭʨʴʬʩʹ ˀʵʸʰʹ, ʳʨʪʸʨʳ ʳʨʯ ʯʭʰʯ
ʹʭʨʴʬʩʰ˂ ʬʩʸʨʬʲʬʩʰʹ ˀʯʨʳʵʳʨʭʲʵʩʨʯ ʹʯʭʲʰʨʴ. ʬʩʸʨʬʲʯʨ ʺʰʶʰ
ʫʾʬʳʫʬ ˀʬʻʴʨˆʨʭʯ. ʹʭʨʴʬʩʰ ʨʳ ʲʨˆʨʳʻʲʬʲʬʩʹ ʨʳ ʩʵʲʵ ʫʸʵʳʫʬ
˂ʵʲʨʯ ʨʸ ʰʸʯʨʭʬʴ, ʳʨʪʸʨʳ ʫʨʴʨʸˁʬʴ ʹʭʨʴʬʩʹ ˀʵʸʰʹ ʨʸʨʭʰʯʨʸʰ

224
ʺʰʶʰʻʸʰ ʪʨʴʹˆʭʨʭʬʩʨ, ʸʵʪʵʸ˂ ʮʬʭʰʯ ʨʸʰʹ ʴʨʯʽʭʨʳʰ, ʫʨ ʸʻʹʬʩʰʹ
ʳʹʪʨʭʹʬʩʨ ʨʸ ʨʸʹʬʩʵʩʹ.
ʹʭʨʴʻʸʰ ʬʴʰʹ ˀʬʹ˄ʨʭʲʨˀʰ ʨʴʻ ʪʨʳʵʸʱʭʬʭʨˀʰ ʲʰʴʪʭʰʹʺʰʱʨʹ
ʫʾʬʳʫʬ ʭʬʸ ʳʰʻʾ˄ʬʭʰʨ ʳʰʮʴʰʹʨʯʭʰʹ. ʨʳ ʩʵʲʵ ˆʨʴʬʩˀʰ ʹʭʨʴʻʸʰ
ʬʴʰʹ ˀʬʹ˄ʨʭʲʨʹ ˀʬʻʫʪʬʴ ʶʸʵʼʬʹʵʸʬʩʰ ʴ. ʳʨʸʰ ʫʨ ʨʱ. ˀʨʴʰ˃ʬ ʫʨ,
ʰʳʬʫʰʨ, ʳʨʯʰ ˀʸʵʳʰʯ ʨˆʨʲʰ ʴʨʩʰˇʬʩʰ ʰʽʴʬʩʨ ʪʨʫʨʫʪʳʻʲʰ
ʳʬ˂ʴʰʬʸʬʩʨˀʰ ʹʭʨʴʻʸʰ ʬʴʰʹ ʪʨʳʵʸʱʭʬʭʰʹ ʹʨʽʳʬˀʰ.
ʨʳʷʨʳʨʫ ʯʨʳʨʳʨʫ ˀʬʰ˃ʲʬʩʨ ʰʯʽʭʨʹ, ʸʵʳ ʹʭʨʴʻʸʰ ʬʴʨ ʻʴʫʨ
˄ʨʸʳʵʨʫʪʬʴʫʬʹ ʻʻ˃ʭʬʲʬʹʰ ʽʨʸʯʻʲʰ ʬʴʰʹ ʴʨˀʯʹ ʫʨ ʫʾʬʹʨ˂ ʳʰʹ
ʬʸʯ ˀʺʵʯ ʰʴʫʨ ˁʨʰʯʭʨʲʵʹ. ʨʳ ʳʵʹʨʮʸʬʩʨʹ ʸʨʳʫʬʴʰʳʬʯ ʬʯʴˆʳʬʩʨ
ʴ. ʳʨʸʰ˂, ʸʵʳʬʲʰ˂ ʹ˄ʬʸʹ dzȐȠȤ ȚȖȓȤȒȖ ȎȈȓȒȈȧ ȋȖȘșȚȤ ȒȖȋȌȈ ȚȖ
ȔȕȖȋȖȓȦȌȕȖȋȖ ȕȈȘȖȌȈ șȊȈȕȖȊ ȏȈșȚȘȧȊȠȈȧ Ȋ ȗȘȍȌȍȓȈȝ ǹȊȈȕȐȐ
ȧȊȓȧȍȚșȧ ȕȣȕȍ ȖȌȕȖȑ Ȑȏ ȓțȟȠȐȝ ȝȘȈȕȐȚȍȓȤȕȐȞ ȐșȒȖȕȕȣȝ
ȧȜȍȚȐȟȍșȒȐȝ ȚȘȈȌȐȞȐȑ Ȑ ȥȌȐȕșȚȊȍȕȕȖȑ ȎȐȊȖȑ ȗȘȍȌșȚȈȊȐȚȍȓȤȕȐȞȍȑ
țșȚȘȈȟȍȕȕȖȋȖ ȕȈ Ȧȋȍ ȟȘȍȏȊȣȟȈȑȕȖ ȊȈȎȕȖȋȖ ȓȐȕȋȊȐșȚȐȟȍșȒȖȋȖ ȏȊȍȕȈ
124).

ʰʪʰʭʬ ʶʸʵʼʬʹʵʸʰ ʪʨʳʵʹʯʽʭʨʳʹ ʰʳ ʨʮʸʹ, ʸʵʳ ʹʭʨʴʬʩʰ

ʳ˂ʰʸʬ ʨʮʰʨˀʰ ˂ˆʵʭʸʬʩʰʹ ʫʸʵʹ ʶʰʸʭʬʲ ʸʵʲʹ ʯʨʳʨˀʵʩʫʴʬʴ
ʰʨʼʬʺʻʸʰ ʳʵʫʪʳʰʹ ʺʵʳʯʨ ˀʵʸʰʹ. ʶʰʸʭʬʲʨʫʭʬ ʻʴʫʨ ʬˁʰʴʨ ʯʨʭʰ
ʰʨʼʬʺʻʸ ʬʴʨʮʬ ʳ˄ʬʸʲʵʩʨʹ, ʰʳ ʹʨʾʳʯʵ ˄ʰʪʴʬʩʹ, ʸʵʳʲʬʩʰ˂ ʻʼʸʵ
˃ʭʬʲʴʰ ʨʸʰʨʴ, ʹʭʨʴʻʸʰ ʬʴʰʯ ʪʨʷʾʬʴʯʰʲʵʩʨ ʬʺʿʵʩʨʯʵ ʫʨ
ʨʳʰʺʵʳʨ˂ ʳʰʹʰ ʨʮʸʰʯ ʹʨʳʾʭʯʵ ˄ʰʪʴʬʩʰ ʶʰʸʭʬʲʨʫ ʹʭʨʴʻʸʰ
ʬʴʰʫʪʨʴ ʻʴʫʨ ʰʿʵʹ ʪʨʫʳʵʯʨʸʪʳʴʰʲʰ 125). ʸʨʳʫʬʴʨʯ ʳʨʸʯʨʲʰʨ
ʳʨʸʰʹ ʨʹʬʯʰ ʳʵʹʨʮʸʬʩʨʴʰ, ʳʬ ʭʬʸ ˀʬʭʬˆʬʩʰ, ʳʨʪʸʨʳ ʰʹ ʱʰ ʯʨʳʨʳʨʫ
ˀʬʰ˃ʲʬʩʨ ʰʯʽʭʨʹ, ʸʵʳ ʹʭʨʴʻʸ ʬʴʨˀʰ ʩʬʭʸʰ ʰʹʬʯʰ ʹʰʺʿʭʬʩʰ
ˀʬʴʨˆʻʲʨ, ʸʵʳʲʬʩʰ˂ ʽʨʸʯʻʲ ʲʰʺʬʸʨʺʻʸʨˀʰ ʬʸʯ ʫʸʵʹ
ˆʳʨʸʬʩʨˀʰ ʿʵʼʰʲʨʴ, ʳʨʪʸʨʳ ˀʬʳʫʬʪˀʰ ʳʨʹ ʬʹ ʹʰʺʿʭʬʩʰ ʫʨʻʱʨʸʪʨʭʹ
ʫʨ ʳʨʸʺʵ ʹʭʨʴʻʸʹ ˀʬʸˁʬʴʰʨ ʫʾʬʳʫʬ.
ʰʭ. ˇʨʭʨˆʰˀʭʰʲʰ ʹʭʨʴʻʸ ʬʴʨʹ ʽʨʸʯʻʲ ʬʴʰʹ ʳʬʹʨʳʬ ˀʺʵʯ
ʹʯʭʲʰʹ ʫʨ ʨʳʩʵʩʹ: ,,ˀʬʰ˃ʲʬʩʨ ʳʵʳʨʭʨʲˀʰ ʫʨʳʺʱʰ˂ʫʬʹ, ʸʵʳ
ʽʨʸʯʭʬʲʬʩʰʹ ˃ʭʬʲʰ ʲʰʺʬʸʨʺʻʸʻʲʰ ʬʴʨ ʰʿʵ ʽʨʸʯʻʲʰ, ʨʸʨʳʬʫ
ʹʭʨʴʻʸʰ ʨʴ ʳʬʪʸʻʲʰʵ 126).
ʨʹʬʨ ʯʻ ʰʹʬ ʨʫʪʰʲʵʩʸʰʭ ʪʬʵʪʸʨʼʰʻʲ ʶʰʸʵʩʬʩʰʹʨʪʨʴ
ʹʭʨʴʬʯˀʰ ˀʬʽʳʴʰʲ ʱʨʸˁʨʱʬʺʰʲ ˂ˆʵʭʸʬʩʰʹ ˄ʿʨʲʵʩʰʯ, ʹʭʨʴʻʸ
ʬʴʨʮʬ ʬʺʿʵʩʨ ʨʸ˂ ʬʸʯ ʬʴʨʹ, ʨʸ˂ ʬʸʯʰ ʬʸʰʹ ʳ˄ʬʸʲʵʩʨʹ ʫʨ
ʲʰʺʬʸʨʺʻʸʨʹ ʪʨʭʲʬʴʨ ʨʸ ʳʵʻˆʫʬʴʰʨ ʫʨ ʨʳʰʺʵʳ ʹʭʨʴʻʸʰ ʬʴʨ ʨʳ
225
ʱʻʯˆʬˀʰ ʫʾʬʳʫʬ ʰʳ ʹʨˆʰʯ ʨʸʰʹ ʫʨ˂ʻʲʰ ʫʨ ˀʬʴʨˆʻʲʰ, ʸʨ ʹʨˆʰʯ˂
ʰʹ ˀʬˈʿʨʭʯ ʳʨʯ ʹʨʳˆʸʬʯʰʫʪʨʴ ʹʭʨʴʬʯˀʰ ˀʬʹʭʲʰʹʨ ʫʨ
ʫʨʳʱʭʰʫʸʬʩʰʹ ʫʸʵʹ.
ʫʰʳʰʺʸʰ ʩʨʽʸʨ˃ʬ ʹʭʨʴʻʸ ʬʴʨʮʬ ʹˆʭʨʯʨ ˀʵʸʰʹ ʹ˄ʬʸʹ, ʸʵʳ
ʰʹ ʹʨʭʹʬʨ ʽʨʸʯʻʲʰ ʹʰʺʿʭʬʩʰʯ. ʪʬʴʬʸʨʲʳʨ ʬʸʱʬʺʳʨ ʹʭʨʴʻʸʰ ʬʴʨ
˄ʨʸʳʵʨʫʪʰʴʨ ʽʨʸʯʻʲʰ ʬʴʰʹ ʳʬʹʨʳʬ ˀʺʵʯ 127), ʳʨʪʸʨʳ, ʳʰʻˆʬʫʨʭʨʯ
ʿʵʭʬʲʰʭʬ ʮʬʳʵʯ ʴʨʯʽʭʨʳʰʹʨ, ʨˆʨʲʳʨ ,,ʳʬ˂ʴʰʬʸʳʨ³ ʩ. ʹʺʵʰʨʴʵʭʳʨ
ʪʨʴʰʮʸʨˆʨ ʨʳ ˅ʬˀʳʨʸʰʺʬʩʰʹ ʫʨˁʸʫʰʲʭʨ, ʼʬˆʽʭʬˀ ʪʨʯʬʲʭʨ ʫʨ 1882
˄ʬʲʹ ˀʬʳʫʬʪʰ ʳʵʹʨʮʸʬʩʨ ʪʨʳʵʨʽʭʬʿʴʨ: ,,ʬʸʯʴʰ ʨʳʺʱʰ˂ʬʩʬʴ, ʸʵʳ
ʹʭʨʴʻʸʰ ʬʴʨ ʽʨʸʯʻʲʰ ʬʴʰʹ ʳʵʴʨʯʬʹʨʭʬʨ. ʳʬʵʸʬʴʰ ʨʳʩʵʩʬʴ, ʸʵʳ ʬʹ
ʬʴʨ ʨʸʰʹ ʪʨʴʹʨʱʻʯʸʬʩʻʲʰ ʬʴʨ. ʳʬʹʨʳʬʴʰ ʳʨʹ ˄ʨʸʳʵʪʭʰʫʪʬʴʬʴ
ʫʨʳʨˆʰʴˇʬʩʻʲ ʽʨʸʯʻʲ ʬʴʨʯ. ʳʨʪʸʨʳ ʭʬʸ˂ ʬʸʯʰ ʳʨʯʪʨʴʰ
ʭʬʸʨʼʸʰʯ ʯʨʭʰʹ ʨʳʨ ʯʻ ʰʳ ˀʬˆʬʫʻʲʬʩʨʹ ʭʬʸ ʨʳʺʱʰ˂ʬʩʹ, ʰʳ
ʻʩʸʨʲʵ ʳʰʮʬʮʰʯ, ʸʵʳ ʹʭʨʴʻʸʰ ʬʴʨ ʨʸ ʰ˂ʰʨʴ. ʳʬ ʱʰ ˃ʨʲʰʨʴ
ʳʨʱʭʰʸʭʬʩʹ, ʸʵʳ ʹʭʨʴʻʸ ʬʴʨˀʰ ʬʸʯʰ ʽʨʸʯʻʲʰ ʹʰʺʿʭʨ˂ ʨʸ ʻʸʬʭʰʨ
ʫʨ ʹˆʭʨ... ʩʨʽʸʨ˃ʬ ʨʳʺʱʰ˂ʬʩʹ, ʸʵʳ ʯʨʭʰʹʻʼʨʲ ʹʭʨʴʬʯʰʹ ʹʨʻʩʨʸˀʰ
ʻʳʸʨʭʲʬʹʵʩʨ ʽʨʸʯʻʲʰ ʹʰʺʿʭʬʩʰʨ, ˆʵʲʵ ʹʨʫʨʫʬˀʽʬʲʰʨʴʵˀʰ ±
ʳʬʪʸʻʲʰ. ʳʨʹ ʻʴʫʨ, ʸʵʳ ʨʳʨˀʰ ˁʭʬʴ ʫʨʪʭʨʸ˄ʳʻʴʵʹ, ʳʨˀʰʴ ʸʵʫʬʹʨ˂
ʳʨʹ ʯʨʭʰʹʰ ʳʵʹʨʮʸʬʩʰʹ ʫʨʹʨʳʺʱʰ˂ʬʩʲʨʯ ʭʬʸ ʻʶʵʭʴʰʨ
ʸʨʳʵʫʬʴʰʳʬ ʨʯʬʻʲʰ ʹʰʺʿʭʨ˂ ʱʰ. ʸʨʫʫʬ ʩʨʽʸʨ˃ʬʹ ʼʬˆʰʹ ˆʳʨʹ
ʨˈʿʵʲʰʨ ʫʨ ʨʳʨʹʭʬ ʰʳʬʵʸʬʩʹ. ʴʨʫʬʷʫʰʴʰ, ʳʨʽʹ ʳʰʻʲʬʸʰʹ
ʮʬʪʨʭʲʬʴʰʯ, ʨʳʺʱʰ˂ʬʩʹ ʹʭʨʴʻʸʰ ʬʴʰʹʨ ʫʨ ʽʨʸʯʻʲʰʹ
ʬʸʯ˃ʰʸʰʨʴʵʩʨʹ³128).
ʯʻ ʸʨʳʫʬʴʨʯ ʳʨʸʯʨʲʰʨ ʩ. ʹʺʨʰʨʴʵʭʰ ʰʳʨˀʰ, ʸʵʳ ʹʭʨʴʻʸ
ʬʴʨˀʰ ʬʸʯʰ ʽʨʸʯʻʲʰ ʹʰʺʿʭʨ˂ ʨʸ ʻʸʬʭʰʨʵ, ʨʳʨʹ ʳʱʰʯˆʭʬʲʰ
ʨʫʭʰʲʨʯ ʫʨʰʴʨˆʨʭʹ ˁʬʳ ʳʰʬʸ ʳʰʹʰ ʨʹʬʯʰ ʪʨʳʵʹʭʲʰʯ ʪʨʳʵ˄ʭʬʻʲ
ʫʨ ʨʳ ʵʸ ʬʴʨʯʨ ˀʬʹʨʫʨʸʬʩʲʨʯ ˀʬʫʪʬʴʰʲ ʲʬʽʹʰʱʵʴʰʫʪʨʴ. ʨʽ ʱʰ
ʳˆʵʲʵʯ ʰʳʨʹ ʭʰʺʿʭʰ, ʸʵʳ ʯʻ ʸʵʳʬʲʰʳʬ ʳʬ˂ʴʰʬʸʰ ʲʰʴʪʭʰʹʺʰ
ʨʳʨ ʯʻ ʰʳ ʬʴʰʹ ʪʨʳʵʸʱʭʬʭʨʹ ˀʬʻʫʪʬʩʨ, ʳʰʹʯʭʰʹ ʹʨ˅ʰʸʵʨ ʨʳ ʬʴʬʩʰʹ
ˀʬʹ˄ʨʭʲʨ ʫʨ ʳʬʸʬ ʨʳʨ ʯʻ ʰʳ ʫʨʹʱʭʴʰʹ ʪʨʳʵʺʨʴʨ ʳʨʯ ˀʬʹʨˆʬʩ. ʩ-ʴʰ
ʹʺʨʰʨʴʵʭʰ ʨʳ ʲʵʾʰʱʻʸ ʪʮʨʹ ʨʹ˂ʰʲʬʩʰʨ ʫʨ ʰʹʬ ʮʬʸʬʲʬʯ
ʪʨʻʲʨˀʽʸʰʨ ʳʨʹʮʬ ʻʱʬʯʬʹʨʯ ʹʭʨʴʻʸ-ʽʨʸʯʻʲ ʬʴʨʯʨ ʳ˂ʵʫʴʬ
ʳʬ˂ʴʰʬʸʬʩʨʯʨ ˄ʰʴʨʨʾʳʫʬʪ. ʳʨʸʯʨʲʰʨ ʳʨʹ ʹʭʨʴʻʸʰ ʬʴʰʹ ˀʬʹ˄ʨʭʲʨ
ʫʨʻ˄ʿʰʨ 1881 ˄. ʯʨʭʰʹ ʳʵ˄ʨʼʬ ʫʨʫʬˀʽʬʲʰʨʴʰʹʨʪʨʴ, ʳʨʪʸʨʳ ʳʨʴ
ʹʭʨʴʬʯˀʰ ʰʳʵʪʮʨʻʸʨ ˀʬʳʫʬʪ 1882 ˄. ʫʨ ʳʬ ʭʬʸ ʫʨʭʰˇʬʸʬʩ, ʸʵʳ
ʬʸʯʰ ˄ʲʰʹ ʪʨʴʳʨʭʲʵʩʨˀʰ ʳʨʹ ʹʭʨʴʻʸʰ ʬʴʨ ˀʬʬʹ˄ʨʭʲʨ ʫʨ ʯʻ ʱʰ ʰʹ
226
ʨʾʰʨʸʬʩʹ ʯʨʭʹ ʹʭʨʴʻʸʰ ʬʴʰʹ ʳ˂ʵʫʴʬʯ, ʹʨʱʳʨʸʰʹʰʨ ʳʰʭʻʯʰʯʵʯ
ʳʨʹ, ʳʰʹʰʭʬ ˆʬʲʰʯ, ʹʭʨʴʻʸʨʯ ʫʨ˄ʬʸʰʲ ʹʰʳʾʬʸʬʩʮʬ ʫʨ
ʲʬʪʬʴʫʬʩʮʬ: ʳʬʯʽʰ, ʩʰʳʻʸʮʵʲʨ, ʲʰʲʨ, ʭʵʹʨʩʸʨʲʬ ʻˀʪʭʲʨˀ
ʩʨʶʨʸ, ʩʨʸʩʵʲ, ʸʨʭʽʬʴ ʫʨ ʹˆʭʨ, ʸʵʳʲʬʩʰ˂ ʰʹʬʯʰ ʻʺʸʨʴʹʱʸʰʶ˂ʰʵ
ʫʨ ʫʨʳʨˆʰʴˇʬʩʻʲʰ ʹʭʨʴʻʸʰ ʬʴʰʯ ʨʸʰʹ ʫʨ˄ʬʸʰʲʰ, ʸʵʳ ʳʨʯ
ʱʰʯˆʭʰʹ ʫʸʵʹ ʹʭʨʴʻʸʰ ʬʴʰʹ ʳ˂ʵʫʴʬʹ ʶʰʸʰ ʻˀʸʬʩʨ. ˂ˆʨʫʰʨ ʩ.
ʹʺʵʰʨʴʵʭʹ ʯʭʰʯʵʴ ʨʸ ʹ˂ʵʫʴʰʨ ʸʨʳʫʬʴʰʳʬ ʨʯʬʻʲʰ ʹʰʺʿʭʨ ʨʸ˂
ʹʭʨʴʻʸʰ, ʨʸ˂ ʽʨʸʯʻʲʰ, ʯʵʸʬʳ ʳʨʹ ʨʸ ʪʨʻ˅ʰʸʫʬʩʵʫʨ ʹʭʨʴʻʸ
ʬʴʨˀʰ ʨʸʨʳ˂ ʯʻ ʬʸʯʰ ʽʨʸʯʻʲʰ ʹʰʺʿʭʰʹ ʴʨˆʭʨ, ʨʸʨʳʬʫ ʸʨʳʫʬʴʰʳʬ
ʨʹʬʻʲʰ ʹʰʺʿʭʰʹʨ˂, ʸʨʹʨ˂ ˁʭʬʴ ʫʨʭʰʴʨˆʨʭʯ ˁʬʳʹ ʳʰʬʸ ˀʬʫʪʬʴʰʲ
ʽʭʬʳʵʯ ʳʵʯʨʭʹʬʩʻʲ ʹʭʨʴʻʸ-ʽʨʸʯʻʲ ʹʨʹʨʻʩʸʵ ʼʸʨʮʬʩʹʨ ʫʨ
ʲʬʽʹʰʱʵʴʰʫʪʨʴ. ʳʨʪʨʲʰʯʨʯ:

1) ʹʭʨʴʻʸʨʫ: ˃ʰ˃ʨfʰ ʹʱʰʭʸʰʹʪʨ ʭʵʽʭʸ ʪʨʴʮ ʸ ʸʰˆ

ʽʨʸʯʻʲʨʫ: ˃ʰ˃ʨʹ ʹʱʰʭʸˀʰ ʵʽʸʵʹ ʪʨʴ˃ʬʩʰ ʨʸʰʹ.
2) ʹʭ.: ʨʳ ʹʵʼʲʰ ʳʨʳʨʹʨˆʲʰˀ ʿʭʰʲˋʬʸʰʹʪʨ ʫ˙ʳʪʮʨʭʸ ʴ
ʽʻʯ ˀʯʬ ʩ ʸʪʰ ʲ ʿʰʫ ʰ ʲʨʾʭ˅ʨʸʫ.
ʽʨʸʯ: ʨʳ ʹʵʼʲʰʹ ʳʨʳʨʹʨˆʲʰʹʰ ʿʭʬʲʰʬʸˀʰ ʪʨʬʳʪʮʨʭʸʨ ʽʻʯʨʰʹˀʰ
ʩʨʸʪʰʹ ʹʨʿʰʫʲʨʯ ʫʨ ʹʨʭʨ˅ʸʵʯ.
3) ʹʭ.: ʳʬʮʭʩʬʲ ʪʲʬˆʫ ʹʨʳ ʯʻʳʴʰ ʴ ʲ ʲʻʸʹ ʴ ʴʿʰʫ.
ʽʨʸʯ.: ʳʬʮʵʩʬʲʳʨ ʪʲʬˆʳʨ ʹʨʳʰ ʯʻʳʴʰʹ ʴʨʲ-ʲʻʸʹʳʨʴʰ ʰʿʰʫʨ.

4) ʹʭ.: ʫʬʫʬʹ ʨˀʰʸ ʩ ʺʰʲ ʽʨʯʨʲ ˆʨʿʨ ʽʵʸʹ ʹʨʳ ʯʻʳ ʴʫ

ʴ ʿʰʫʭ.
ʽʨʸʯ.: ʫʬʫʨʹ ʨʹʰ ʩʨʺʰ ʫʨ ʽʨʯʨʳʰ ʿʨʭʹ ʵˇʨˆˀʰ ʹʨʳ ʯʻʳʴʨʯ
ʴʨʿʰʫʰ.
5) ʹʭ.: ʯʭʬʼ, ˆʨʴˇ ʸ, ʫʨˀʴʨˋ ʹ ˅ʰʸʵ ˋʨʸ ʾ ʲʰˆ ˀʭ ʴʰʹʪʨ.
ʽʨʸʯ.: ʯʵʼʰ, ˆʨʴˇʨʲʰ ʫʨ ʫʨˀʴʨ ʹʨ˅ʰʸʵ ʰʨʸʨʾʰ ʨʸʰʨʴ
ʹʭʨʴʬʯˀʰ.
6) ʹʭ.: ʹʨʩʸʨʲ ʭʵʩʬʲ ʩʬʼˀʭʹ ʿʭʰʯʬʲ ʼ ʸʭ ˆʨʹˁʽʭ ʸʬ ʳʰˁ
ʩʰ˃ ˋʫ.
ʽʨʸʯ.: ʹʨʩʸʨʲʵ ʵʩʵʲ ʩʨʭˀʭʹ ʿʭʰʯʬʲʰ ʼʻʸʰ ʨˁʻʽʨ ʳʰʹʳʨ
ʩʰ˃ʨʳ.
7) ʹʭ.: ʫʰʫ ʸ ʪʲʬˆʫ ˅ ʪʸʬˀ ʰ ʫʬʱ ʭʲ ʸʬ ˇʭʬʪ ʴʿʰʫ ʹ ʳ ʯʨʹ
ʳʨʴ ʯʫ ʾʭʨ˅ʸ ʲˆ ʴʽʨ.
227
 ʽʨʸʯ.: ʳʫʰʫʨʸʳʨ ʪʲʬˆʳʨ ˅ʨʱʬʩʰʹʨ ʫʨ ʫʬʱʬʻʲʬʩʰʹ
ˇʵʪʰ ʰʿʰʫʨ ʹʨʳ ʨʯʨʹ ʳʨʴʬʯʨʫ ʭʨ˅ʸʬʩʰʹʨʪʨʴ.
8) ʹʭ.: ʿʭʰʲʯˋʬʸʬ ʨʾʨʩʹ ʺʨʼʬʲˀʭ ʵʯ˙ʲˆʰʴʬʫ ʹʨʩʸʨʲ
ʳʬʮʩʬʲ ʽʭʸʰʭ ʭʵʩʬʲ.
ʽʨʸʯ.: ʿʭʬʲʰʬʸʰʹ ʨʾʬʩʨʹ ʺʨʼʬʻʲʰʯ ʫʨʭʨʲˆʰʴʰʨʴʬʯ
ʹʨʩʸʨʲʵ ʳʬʮʵʩʬʲʰ ʽʭʸʰʭ-ʵʩʵʲʰ.
9) ʹʭ.: ʫʬʫʬ ʰʲ˂ʵʭ ʲ ʹʨʿʫ ʸʰʹʪʨ ʯʭʬʰʹʪʨ ʭ ˀʯˆʭʰʴ.
ʽʨʸʯ.: ʫʬʫʨ ʲʵ˂ʻʲʵʩʹ ʹʨʿʫʨʸˀʰ ʯʭʬˀʰ ʵʯˆˇʬʸ.
10) ʹʭ.: ʫ ʫʭ ʽʨʯʲ ʼ ʹ ʹʬʳʰ ʨʩ ʮʲʰ, ˄ʰʴ˄ʲʰˀ ʹʬʳʰ ˀʨʻʸ.
ʽʨʸʯ.: ʫʬʫʨʲʰ ʽʨʯʳʰʹ ʼʨʹʰ ʹʨʳʰ ʨʩʨʮʰʨ, ˄ʰ˄ʰʲʰʹʨ-ʹʨʳʰ
ˀʨʻʸʰ.
11) ʹʭ.: ʳʨʳʨʹʨˆʲʰʹʫ ʳʩʬ˅ʫʬ ʨʯ ʹ ʳʨʴʯʰ ʯʨʳʨʹʻʱʭ.
ʽʨʸʯ.: ʳʨʳʨʹʨˆʲʰʹʳʨ ʫʨʳʰʩʬ˅ʫʨ ʨʯʨʹʰ ʳʨʴ. ʯʨʳʨʹʻʽʰ.
12) ʹʭ.: ʭʰʫˋʬʸ ʯʬʳ ʹʨʸʪʬʩʲʰ ʴ ʯʰʭʵʩ ˀʫ.
ʽʨʸʯ.: ʻʫʰʬʸʰ ʯʬʳʰ ʹʨʹʨʸʪʬʩʲʵʨ ʴʨʯʬʹʨʵʩʰʹʨʯʭʰʹ.
13) ʹʭ.: ʾ ʸʰʩ ʪʲʬˆ ʪʭʰˋʨʴʫ ʨʫʭʵˆˀʳ ʴ ʺ ˆʰ ʲʬʸˀʭ.
ʽʨʸʯ.: ʾʨʸʰʩʳʨ ʪʲʬˆʳʨ ʪʭʰʨʴ ʰʭʨˆˀʳʨ ʺʨˆʰʹ ʲʵʸʰʯ.
14) ʹʭ.: ʴʬʮʭʰ ʼ ʲʰʱ ʲ˙ʶˆʰʲʫ ʵʯ ʿʫ ʪʮ ʭʸʹ ʯʻʳ ʴʫ.
ʽʨʸʯ.: ʴʬʮʭʰʹ ʼʵʲʰʱʰ ʶʵˆʰʯ ʳʰʭʿʰʫʬ ʳʪʮʨʭʸʹ ʯʻʳʴʨʫ.
15) ʹʭ.: ʨʼˆʴʬʪʫ ʨʳ˙ʳˇ ʭʸʬ ˀʻʱʭʷʰ ʻʮʫʬʲ ʨʴʩʨʭˀʭ.
ʽʨʸʯ.: ʨʳˆʨʴʨʪʳʨ ʪʨʳʨˇʨʭʸʨ ˀʻʱʨʮʬ ʻʮʸʫʬʲʰ ʨʳʩʰʯ.
16) ʹʭ.: ˄ʿ˙ʴ ʸ ʪʮ ʭʸ ʨʫʲ˙ʴ˃ʾʨʭʬ ʲʨʹʫʰʲ ʲʷʰ ʳʰˁʨ
ʳʰʳʯʰʲʫ.
ʽʨʸʯ.: ˄ʿʴʨʸʰ ʳʪʮʨʭʸʰ ʪʨʲʨʴ˃ʾʨ ʹʨʫʰʲʵʩʨʮʬ ʳʰʹʳʨ
ʹʰʳʨʳʸʳʨ.
17) ʹʭ.: ʯʭʬʼʰ ʭʨʸˁˆʲʰ ʹ ʲʺ ʰ ˁ ˆʳ ˆ ˁˆʨʸʨ ˀʨʻʸʫ ˆʭʰʿʫ.
ʽʨʸʯ.: ʯʵʼʰʹ ʭʬʸ˂ˆʲʰʹ ʹʨʲʺʬ ʫʨ ˁʨˆʳʨˆʰ ˂ˆʸʨ ˀʨʻʸʨʫ
ʭʰʿʰʫʬ.
18) ʹʭ.: ʩʵʺ ʽʭʰʸʽʭ, ʩʨʳʩʰ ʲʬʩʰ ʰ ʹʨʩ ʴ ʳʿʰʫ ʳʬʮʭʩʬʲʫ.
ʽʨʸʯ.: ʩʵʺʰʹ ʽʻʸʽʰ, ʩʨʳʩʰʹ ʲʬʰʩʰ ʫʨ ʹʨʩʨʴʰ ʳʵʳʿʰʫʨ
ʳʬʮʵʩʬʲʳʨ.
19) ʹʭ.: ˇʰʩʰʹʪʨ ʳʰʮ ʭʨʸˁˆʲʰ ʪʨʴʮ ʸ ʼʨʸʹ ʪʫ.
ʽʨʸʯ.: ˇʰʩʬˀʰ ʳʰʹʫʬʭʹ ʭʬʸ˂ˆʲʰʹ ʪʨʴ˃ʬʩʰ ʼʨʸʹʨʪʨʫ.
20) ʹʭ.: ʼʰ˂ʸʰ ʫʬʼ ʴ ʳʪʬ ʭʵʹʺ ʺʫ.
ʽʨʸʯ.: ʼʰ˂ʸʰʹ ʫʬʸʬʼʨʴʰ ʨʳʰʪʵ ʵʹʺʨʺʳʨ.
228
 21) ʹʭ.: ˃ʻʾʭ ʶʰʲʹ ʳ˙ˀʰˋ ʸ ʫʾʭ ʶʭ ʴˆ.
ʨʸʯ.: ʮʾʭʰʹ ʶʰʸʨʹ ʳʻˀʬʩʰ ʫʨʰʾʻʶʴʬʴ.
22) ʹʭ.: ʫʰʫ ʩ ʰ ʳ ʫʲ ʽʭʬʿʴʰ ʪʨʳˁʬʴ ʾ ʸʩ ʯʭ.
ʽʨʸʯ.: ʫʰʫʬʩʨ ʫʨ ʳʨʫʲʰ ʽʭʬʿʴʰʹ ʪʨʳˁʬʴ ʾʳʬʸʯʹ.
23) ʹʭ.: ʳʰ ˋʬʸʻ ʻʾʭʨ ʳ˙ˍʴʰ ʳʨʿʨ, ˁˆʨʸʨ ʼʻʸ ʲ, ʹʬʳʰ ˅˙ʸʬʲ
ʫʬʱʨʭʲ ʸ.
ʽʨʸʯ.: ʳʬ ʵʸʰ ʻʾʬʲʰ (ˆʨʸʰ) ʳˆʭʴʬʲʰ ʳʿʨʭʹ, ʹʨʳʰ ˅ʸʬʲʰ
ʫʬʱʬʻʲʰ.
24) ʹʭ.: ʹʨʿʫ ʸʰʹʪʨ ʨʯ ʹ ʭʵʽʭʸ ˆ ʺ-ˇʭ ʸ ʸʰˆ ʹʬʳʰ ʨˀʰʸ
ʭʨʸˁˆʲʰ ʯʨʹ ʸ.
ʽʨʸʯ.: ʹʨʿʫʨʸˀʰ ʨʯʨʹʰ ʵʽʸʵʹ ˆʨʺ-ˇʭʨʸʰ ʨʸʰʹ ʫʨ ʹʨʳʨʹʰ
ʭʬʸ˂ˆʲʰʹ ʯʨʹʰ.
25) ʹʭ.: ʱʭʨʳ ʸ, ˅ʿʭʨʸʺ ʲ ʹʬʳʰ ʼ ʲʰʱ ʯʭʰʯ ʯʻʳ ʴʫ ˆʭʰʿʫ,
ʪʭʬ˅ʰ ʱ ʲʭʬʸ ʰ ʮʻʸʪʭʬʭʰʲ ʯʭʰʯ ʳʨʴ ʯʫ.
ʽʨʸʯ.: ʪʨʱʭʨʳʲʻʲʰ, ʪʨ˅ʭʨʸʺʲʻʲʰ ʺʨˆʰʹ ʲʵʸʰʹ ʹʨʳʰ
ʼʵʲʰʱʰ ʯʰʯʵ ʯʻʳʴʨʯ ʭʰʿʰʫʬ, ʪʵ˅ʰʹ ʱʨʲʰʭʬʸʰ ʫʨ ʮʻʸʪʰʬʲʰ
ʯʰʯʵ ʳʨʴʬʯʨʫ ʫʨ ʹˆʭʨ.
ʨʹʬʯ ʳʨʪʨʲʰʯʬʩʹ ʩ. ʹʺʵʰʨʴʵʭʹ ʻʯʭʨʲʨʭʹ ʳʵʭʻʿʭʨʴ
ʹʭʨʴʻʸ ʬʴʨʮʬ ʳʰʹ ʿʨʲʩ ˀʬˆʬʫʻʲʬʩʰʹ ʪʨʹʨˀʻʽʬʩʲʨʯ, ʳʨʪʸʨʳ ʳʬ
ʳʪʵʴʰʨ ʳʱʰʯˆʭʬʲʰ ʨʳʰʯʨ˂ ʫʨʱʳʨʿʵʼʰʲʫʬʩʨ ʫʨ ʨˆʲʨ ʱʰ
ˁʨʳʵʭʯʭʲʰ ʰʳ ʹʰʺʿʭʬʩʹ, ʸʵʳʲʬʩʰ˂ ʬʸʯʹʨ ʫʨ ʰʳʨʭʬ
ʳʴʰˀʭʴʬʲʵʩʰʯ ʨʸʰʨʴ ˆʳʨʸʬʩʨˀʰ ʹʭʨʴʻʸˀʰ ʫʨ ʽʨʸʯʻʲˀʰ.
ʳʨʪʨʲʰʯʨʫ:

€.

ʹʭ. ʽʨʸʯ.
ʨʴʩ ʭ ± ʨʳʩʨʭʰ
ʨʹ ʪ ± ʨʹʨʱʰ
ʨʴʪʸʰˀ ± ʨʴʪʨʸʰˀʰ ʨʳʲ ʱ ± ʨʳʲʨʱʰ
ʨʮʸ ± ʨʮʸʰ ʨʳ ʫʪʰʲʹ ± ʨʳ ʨʫʪʰʲʨʹ
ʨʫʪʰʲ ± ʨʫʪʰʲʰ ʨʳ ʮʻʳ ± ʨʳ ʮʵʳʰʹ
ʨʼˆʴʬʪ ± ʨʳˆʨʴʨʪʰ ʨʴʪʻʸ ± ʨʪʻʸʰ
ʨʫʭʰʲ ± ʨʫʭʰʲʰ ʫʭʰʲ ± ʨʫʭʰʲʰ
ʸʰ ± ʨʸʰʹ ʨʯʬˀ ʱ ± ʨʯʨˀʨʴʪʰ

229
ʨʳʪʭ ˋ ± ʨʳʪʭʨʸʰ ʨʳʴ ʳ ± ʨʳʨʴ
ʨʮʳʨ ± ʰʨʮʳʨ ʨʳʰʯ ʴ ± ʨʳʰʹʯʨʴʨ
ʨʹʭ ± ʨʹʵ ʨʳʰˀ ± ʨʳʰʹʰ
ʨʸʺ ˆ ± ʨʸʺʨˆʰ ʨʳˋʺʭʬʲ ± ʨʳʰʹ ʺʵʲʰ
ʨʲʰʵʴ ± ʨʲʰʵʴʰ ˂ʽʬ ± ʨ˂ʨ
ˇʰʲʾ ± ʨˇʰʲʾʨ ʨʸʺʨʭʨʮ ± ʨʸʺʨʭʨʮʰ
ʨʭˀʨʸ ˋ ± ʨʭˀʨʸʨ ʨʹʺʨʳ ± ʨʹʺʨʳʰ
ʨʯ ʹ ± ʨʯʨʹʰ ʨʾʨʩ ± ʨʾʬʩʨ
ʨʺʲ ʹ ± ʨʺʲʨʹʰ ʸʯʽʭʰʲ ± ʬʸʯʪʻʲʰ
ʨʾʨ ± ʨʾʨ (ʮʬʫʨʳˆʬʫʭʬʲʰ)

.

ʩʨʸʨʽ ± ʩʨʸʨʽʨ ʩʬʮʭ ± ʩʵʮʰ

ʩʵʲʬʱ ± ʩʵʲʵʱʰ ʩʬʾʬʲ ± ʩʬʾʬʲʰ
ʩʬˇʰʯ ± ʩʬˇʰʯʰ ʩʵʫʰˀ ± ʩʵʫʰˀʰ
ʩ ʸ ± ʩʨʸʰ ʩʬʫ±ʩʬʫʰ
ʩʵʪ±ʩʵʪʰʸʰ ʩʵʸʬʺ±ʩʵʸʵʺʰ
ʩʨʪ±ʩʨʪʨ ʩʬʫʨʭʰʸ±ʩʬʫʨʻʸʰ
ʩʰʴ˃ʭʰʸ±ʩʰʴ˃ʻʸʰ ʩ ʸʪ±ʩʨʸʪʰ
ʩ ʺ±ʩʨʺʰ ʩʨʴʩʨˋ±ʩʨʳʩʨ
ʩʵʲ±ʩʵʲʵ ʩʬʪ ʸ±ʩʬʪʨʸʨ
ʩʬʼˀʭ±ʩʨʭˀʭʰ ʩʨʲʯʨ±ʩʨʲʯʨ
ʩʵʽʲʵʳ±ʩʵʽʲʵʴʰ ʩʸʰʿʭ±ʩʸʰʿʭʰ
ʩʻʮ ʲ±ʩʻʮʰ ʩʬ˄ʭ±ʩʬ˄ʭʰ
ʩʰʮʰʱ±ʩʮʰʱʰ ʩʬʸʱʰʲ±ʩʵʸʱʰʲʰ
ʩʻʾʭʨ±ʩʻʾʨ ʩʮ ʲʰ±ʩʮʻʰʹ
ʩʨʲ ˆ±ʩʨʲʨˆʰ ʩʵʺʨ±ʩʵʺʰ
ʩʮʨʴ ʩ±ʩʸ˃ʨʴʬʩʨ ʩʨʫʸ ʪ±ʩʨʫʸʨʪʨ
ʩʸʨʮ±ʩʸʨʮʰ ʩʬʿʭ±ʩʵʿʭʰ
ʩʸʨʮʰ ʴ±ʩʸʨʮʰʨʴʰ ʩʨʫʸʰʱʭ±ʶʨʺʸʻʽʰ
ʩ ʽ±ʩʨʽʰ (ʩʨʽʰ±ʩʻʽʰ) ʩʲʰʭ±ʩʲʻ
ʩ ʴ±ʩʨʴʰ ʩʨˁ ±ʩʨˁʨ (˂ˆʬʴʰ)
ʩʬʫʴʰˋʬʸ±ʩʬʫʴʰʬʸʰ ʩʬʲ±ʩʬʲʰ (ʫʨʯʭʰʹ ʩʬʲʰ)
ʩʰʴʩʰʲ±ʩʰʩʰʲʵ ʩ ʸʪ±ʩʨʸʪʰ
230
ʩʨʲʰˀ±ʩʨʲʰˀʰ ʩʨʸʽ ˀ±ʩʨʸʽʨˀʰ
ʩʻʴʩʰʲ±ʩʻʳʩʻʲ ʩ ˇʪ±ʩʨˇʪʰ
ʩʬʴʫʭ±ʩʵʴʫʰ ʩfʨʺʱ±ʩʨʺʱʰ
ʩʴʬʲ±ʩʴʬʲʰ ʩʨʩ ʲ±ʩʨʩʨ(ʩʨʭˀʭʰʹ ʶʻʸʰʹ
ʹʨˆʬʲʰ)
ʩʰʽʭ±ʩʻʽʰ ʩʻʩ ±ʩʨʩʻʨ
ʩʻʸʾʭʰ±ʩʻʸʾʭʨ ʩʬʾ ʲʰ±ʩʾʨʭʰʹ
ʩʨʲʾ ʳ±ʩʨʲʾʨʳʰ ʩʸ ʲ±ʩʸʨʲʰ

‚.

ʪʭ ʳ±ʪʭʨʳʰ ʪʨ˅ʰʸʭʬʩʨ(˅ʰʸʰ)±
ʪʨ˅ʰʸʭʬʩʨ
ʪʭ ʸ±ʪʭʨʸʰ ʪʭʬʳ±ʪʵʳʰ
ʪʻʸʪʭʰʴ±ʪʭʰʸʪʭʰʴʰ ʪʸʰʲ±ʪʸʰʲʰ
ʪʭ ʲʰ±ʪʭʨʲʭʨ ʪʭ ʸˇʰʲ ˋ±ʪʭʨʸˇʰʲʨ
ʪʭ ʲ±ʪʭʨʲʬ (˄ʨʫʰ, ʪʨʹ˄ʰ) ʪʵ˄ˆʰʸ±ʱʵ˄ʨˆʻʸʰ
ʪʨʸʬʭʰʲ±ʪʨʸʬʻʲʰ ʪʨʳʵ˂ʫʰʲ±ʪʨʳʵ˂ʫʰʲʰ
ʪʰʷ±ʪʰʷʰ ʪʭʰʸʰˀʺ±ʪʭʰʸʰʹʺʰ
ʪʭʬ˅±ʪʵ˅ʰ ʪʪfʸʮʴʬʭʰʲ±ʪʸ˃ʴʬʻʲʰ
ʪ ʳ±ʪʬʳʵ ʪʨʳˁʬʴ±ʪʨʳˁʬʴʰ
ʪʬʳ ˀ±ʪʬʳʵʹʰ ʪʭʰ ʴ±ʪʭʰʨʴʰ
ʪʻʫʸʨ±ʪʻʫʨ ʪʨʭ ʸ±ʪʨʭʨ
ʪʲʬˆ±ʪʲʬˆʰ ʪʨʸʿʭʴʰʲ±ʪʨʸʿʭʴʰʲʰ
ʪ ʴ±ʪʨʴʰ ʪʨʾʨʴ±ʪʨʾʨʴʨʳ˂ʨ
ʪ ʴʰˋʬʸ±ʪʨʴʰʬʸʰ ʪʨʲʭ ʴ±ʪʨʲʨʭʨʴʰ
ʪʮ ʭʸ±ʳʪʮʨʭʸʰ ʪ ˄ʩʰʲʭ±ʪʨ˄ʩʰʲʬʩʨ
ʪʵʪʰʸ±ʪʵʪʰʸʫʰ ʪʻʸʰʮ±ʪʸʻʮʭʰʲʰ
ʪ ʴʮ±ʪʨʴ˃ʰ ʪʨʸˇ±ʪʨʸˇʨ
ʪʳʰʸ±ʪʳʰʸʰ

ƒ.
ʫʬʫʬ±ʫʬʫʨ ʫʬʫʼ ʲ±ʫʬʫʵʼʨʲʰ
ʫ ˀʫʭ±ʫʨʯʭʰ ʫ ʼ ʴ±ʫʬʸʬʼʨʴʰ
ʫʬʱ ʭʰʲ±ʫʬʱʬʻʲʰ ʫʨʸʩ ʮ±ʫʨʸʩʨʮʰ
231
ʫˋʸ±ʫʰʸʬ ʫʨʴʨˀʨʻʸ±ʫʨʳʴʨˀʨʭʬ
ʫ ʭ±ʳʫʬʭʰ ʫʰʴˇ±ʫʰʴˇʰ
ʫʰʫ ʸ±ʳʫʰʫʨʸʰ ʫ ʸ±ʫʨʸʰ
ʫʰʳʯʰʲ±ʫʬʫʨʳʯʰʲʰ ʫʰʫ ʩ±ʫʰʫʬʩʨ
ʫʨʸ ˇ±ʫʨʸʨˇʰ ʫʻˆ˅ʰʸ±ʫʻˆ˅ʰʸʰ
ʫʻʳʨˋ±ʫʻʳʨ ʫ ʾ±ʫʨʾʰ
ʫʸʬʭ±ʫʸʵ ʫʰʴʫʪʰʲ±ʫʰʴʫʪʰʲʨ
ʫʬʫʩʬʸ±ʫʬʫʨʩʬʸʰ ʫʨʴʩʨʲ±ʫʨʩʨʲʰ
ʫ ʰ˅±ʺʨʰ˅ʰ ʫʰʲʬʪ±ʫʰʲʬʪʰ
ʫʨˀʴ ˋ±ʫʨˀʴʨ ʫʵʸ ˋ±ʫʵʸʨ
ʫʪfʯˆʬʲ±ʯˆʬʲʰ

„.

ʬˀʳ ʱ±ʬˀʳʨʱʰ ˋʬʸʻ±ʵʸʰ

ˋʬ˅ʭ±ʬ˅ʭʰ ˋʬʼʫ±ʰʨʼʨʫ
ʬʪʬʩʨʹ±ʬʪʬʩʰʹ ˋʬ˅ʭˋ ʴ±ʬ˅ʭʰʨʴʰ

….

ʭ ʲʰʸʭ±ʭʬʲʻʸʰ ʭʬʼ±ʵʼʲʰ
ʭ ʮʰʸ±ʭʬʮʰʸʰ ʭʬʼˆ±ʭʬʼˆʭʰ
ʭʬʲ±ʭʬʲʰ ʭ ʸʪ (ʨʮʴʨʻʸʰ)±ʭʨʸʪʨ
ʭʬʸʩ±ʵʸʩʰ ʭʰʽʳ±ʻʽʳʬ
ʭʵˆˀ ʳ±ʭʨˆˀʨʳʰ ʭʰʫˋ ʸ±ʻʫʰʬʸʰ
ʭ ʸ±ʻʨʸʰ ʭʬʸʯʽʲ±ʵʸʯʽʲʰ
ʭʵʲ±ʭʵʲʵ ʭʵʹʺ ʺ±ʵʹʺʨʺʰ
ʭ ʲ±ʭʨʲʰ ʭ ʮʰʴʨˋ±ʭʨʮʴʨ
ʭʵʸʪʭʰʲ±ʵʸʪʻʲʰ

†.

ʮ ʸ±ʮʨʸʰ ʮʭʰʴ±ʮʭʰʴʰ
ʮʨʭ±ʮʨʭʰ ʮˋ ʸʬʩʨ±ʮʰʨʸʬʩʨ

232
ʮʨʸ ʲ±ʮʨʸʨʲʰ ʮʻʳʩ ˋ±ʮʻʳʩʨ
ʮ ʸʰʲʭ±ʳʮʨʸʬʻʲʰ ʮʬʯ±ʮʬʯʰ
ʮʾʭʰʫ±ʮʾʻʫʬ ʮʨʸʳ ˂±ʮʨʸʳʨ˂ʰ
ʮ˙ʴʬ±ʮʴʬ ʮʰʹˆ±ʹʰʹˆʲʰ (ʳʬʪʸ. ʮʰʹˆʰʸʰ)
ʮ˙ʳʨ±ʮʵʳʨ ʮʵʸ ʱ±ʮʭʨʸʨʱʰ
ʮʻʸʪʭʬʭʰʲ±ʮʻʸʪʰʬʲʰ

‡.

ʯʭʬʼ±ʯʵʼʰ ʯ ʭʴ±ʯʨʭʴʰ
ʯʭʰʯ±ʯʭʰʯʵ ʯʬʳ±ʯʬʳʰ
ʯʭʬ±ʯʭʬ ʯʬʯʭʴʬ±ʯʬʯʸʰ
ʯʬ±ʯʭʨʲʰ ʯˆʰʲʳ ʸ±ʯˆʰʲʨʳʻʸʰ
ʯ ʹʳʨ±ʯʨʹʳʨ ʯʨʸʪʳ ʴ±ʯʨʸʪʳʨʴʰ
ʯʬʯʸ±ʯʬʯʸʰ (ʼʻʲʰ) ʯ ʭʩʵʲ±ʯʨʭʰ ʫʨ ʩʵʲʵ
ʯ ʱʭ±ʯʵʱʰ ʯˆʸʰʲ±ʯˆʸʰʲʰ
ʯ ʹ±ʯʨʹʰ ʯʰʨʽ ʸ±ʯʰʨʽʨʸʰ
ʯʻʯʰʴ±ʯʻʯʻʴʰ ʯʨʳʨʹʻʱʭ±ʯʨʳʨʹʻʽʰ
ʯʵʯ±ʯʵʯʵ ʯ ʭʫʬʩ±ʯʨʭʫʬʩʰ
ʯʻʳ ʴ±ʯʻʳʨʴʰ ʯʵˆʸʰʱ±ʯʵˆʨʸʰʱʰ
ʯʨʴʨˆʳʨ±ʯʨʴʨˆʳʨ ʯʨʭʫʨʴʩʨʲ±ʯʨʭʫʨʩʨʲʰ
ʯʨʭʹʻʼ ʲ±ʯʨʭʰʹʻʼʨʲʰ ʯʬʼˀ±ʯʬʼˀʰ
ʯʭʨʲʨˀ±ʯʭʨʲʨʫʰ ʯʭʰʯʷʰ±ʯʭʰʯʬʻʲʨʫ
ʯʭʰʴʪ±ʯʻʴʪʰ ʯʻʸʽʻʲ±ʯʻʸʽʻʲʰ

ˆ.

ʰʳʬʫ±ʰʳʬʫʰ ʰʾʩ ʲ±ʰʾʩʨʲʰ

ʰʳʪʭ ˋ±ʰʳʪʭʨʸʰ

‰.

ʱʭʰʫʸ±ʳʱʭʰʫʸʰ ʱʨʶ ʹ±ʱʨʶʨʹʰ

ʱʨˆʩʨ±ʱʨˆʶʨ ʱ ʭ±ʱʨʭʰ
ʱʰʴˁˆ±ʱʰʴˁˆʰ ʱʨʱ ʲ±ʱʨʱʨʲʰ
233
ʱʰʩʫʬʴ±ʱʰʫʵʩʨʴʰ ʱʨʲʬʴ±ʱʨʴʵʴʰ
ʱʨʲʭ±ʱʨʲʵ ʱʨʲʶʬʺʭ±ʱʨʲʨʶʵʺʰ
ʱʨʯˆ±ʱʨʯˆʨ ʱʨʲʳʨˆ±ʱʨʲʳʨˆʰ
ʱʭʬʴ±ʱʭʬʸʴʨ ʱ ˅±ʱʨʷʰ
ʱ ʴ±ʱʨʴʰ ʱʬʴ˅±ʱʬʴ˅ʰ
ʱʬʳʻˆ±ʱʬʳʻˆʺʰ ʱʻʯˆʭ±ʱʻʯˆʵʭʨʴʰ
ʱʰʩ±ʱʰʩʬ ʱʭ ʯˆ±ʱʭʨʯˆʰ (ʱʭʬʸʯˆʰ)
ʱʭʨʴˁˆʭ±ʱʭʨʴˁˆʭʨ ʱʰʸ±ʱʰʸʰ
ʱʭʨˆʴʬʹʪ±ʱʭʨˆʰ ʱʬˆ±ʱʬˆʰ
ʱʬʸʨˋ±ʱʬʸʨ ʱʬʯʰʲ±ʱʬʯʰʲʰ
ʱʻʾʻʴ±ʱʵʾʵ ʱʭʰ˅±ʱʻ˅ʰ
ʱʭ ʳ±ʱʭʨʳʲʰ ʱʨʲʯ ˋ±ʱʨʲʯʨ
ʱʵʲʬʼ±ʱʵʲʵʼʰ ʱʵʱʵʸʨˋ±ʱʵʱʵʸʨ
ʱʻʩ±ʱʻʩʵ ʱʵʱʨ±ʱʵʱʨ
ʱʬʺ±ʱʬʺʰ ʱʨʸʱ ˂ʬ±ʱʨʱʨʴʵʩʹ
ʱʻʶʸ±ʱʻʶʸʰ ʱ ʶ±ʱʨʶʰ
ʱʻʩʫ ʸ±ʱʻʶʨʺʰ ʱʨʸʫʨʲ±ʱʨʸʫʨʲʨ
ʱʵʺʸ±ʱʵʺʸʰ ʱ ʭʰʸ±ʱʬʭʸʰ
ʱʬʯʲʵʩ±ʱʬʯʰʲʵʩʨ ʱʰʸʭʬʴ±ʱʰʸʵʭʨʴʰ
ʱʨʩ±ʱʨʩʨ ʱʬʲʶ±ʱʬʸʶʰ
ʱʨʸʨʭ±ʱʨʸʨʭʰ ʱʭʬʸ ʲ±ʱʭʬʸʰ(ʶʨʺʨʸʨ ʹʨʩʨʭˀʭʵ
ʶʻʸʰ).
ʱʬʸʱ ʷ±ʱʰʸʱʨʷʰ ʱʭʨʩʨʲ±ʱʵʳʩʨʲʰ
ʱʭʰʸʺ±ʱʭʰʸʺʰ ʱʭʨˁˆʨˋ±ʱʵ˅ʲʰ
ʱʭʰʸ˄±ʿʻʸ˄ʰ ʱʻʫʨˋ±ʱʻʫʨ
ʱʨʲʺʭʬʮ±ʱʨʲʨʺʵʮʰ ʱʻʯʭ±ʱʻʯʰ (ʩʨʸʱʨʲʰ)
ʱ ʴʱʭ±ʱʨʱʭʰ ʱʨʯˆ±ʺʨʩʨʪ ± ʱʨʯˆʨ±ʺʨʩʨʱʰ
ʱʨʲʫʨʳ±ʨʱʲʫʨʳʨ ʱˋʲ±ʱʰʭʰʲʰ

Š.

ʲʨˁ ʽ±ʲʬˁʨʽʰ ʲʻ˄ˆʭ ʭʬ±ʳ˄ʻˆʨʸʬ

ʲ ʸʺʿ±ʹʨʸʺʿʬʲʰ ʲ ʸ±ʲʨʸʰ
ʲʨʳʶ ʸ±ʲʨʳʶʨʸʰ ʲʰʳˇ ʸʭʬ±ʪʨˇʨʭʸʬʩʨ
ʲʬʸʭ±ʲʵʸʰ ʲʨˆʻʹʫ ʪ±ʲʨˆʵʹʺʨʱʰ
234
ʲʰˀʴ ʭʰ±ʨˀʬʴʬʩʨ ʲ˙ʰˁ˙ʪʸʨʭʬ±ʫʨˁʨʪʸʻʲʰ
ʲʰʸʾʭʬ±ʫʨʸʾʭʬʭʨ ʲʨˍʳ ʸ±ʹʨˆʳʨʸʰ
ʲʨʳʯʰʲ ʸ±ʹʨʳʨʳʨʳʯʰʲʵ ʲʻʾʶ ʭʬ±ʫʨʾʻʶʻʲʰ
ʲʵ˂ʭ±ʲʵ˂ʭʨ ʲʰʪʭʴʬʭʰ±ʳʵʪʵʴʬʩʨ
ʲʬʯʭ±ʲʵʯʰ ʲ ʫ±ʲʵʫʰ
ʲʻʹʭʬʳ±ʲʻʸʹʳʨʴʰ ʲʨʪ ʳ±ʲʨʪʨʳʰ
ʲ ʱʰʸ±ʹʨʱʰʸʬ ʲ˙ʩʫʰʯʬ±ʩʬʫʰʯʵʩʨ
ʲʵʩʰʵ±ʲʵʩʰʵ ʲʰʹʸʻʲʬ±ʫʨʹʸʻʲʬʩʨ
ʲ ʳ±ʲʵʳʰ ʲʰʸʾʭʬ±ʫʨʸʾʭʬʭʨ
ʲʨˀʪ ʸ±ʲʨˀʽʨʸʰ ʲʨʭ ˀ±ʲʨʭʨˀʰ
ʲʨʿ ʼ±ʲʨʿʨʼʰ ʲʰ˂±ʲʰ˂ʲʰ˂ʰ
ʲʰ˄ˆʭʨʭ ʲ±ʳ˄ʻˆʨʸʬʩʨ ʲʬʳʮʰʸ±ʹʨʳʮʬʸʰ
(ˀʬʹʨ˄ʰʸʨʭʰ)
ʲʰʩ ʴʫʬ±ʫʨʩʨʴʫʭʨ ʲ˙ʲ˙ʴ˃ʾʨʭʬ±
ʪʨʲʨʴ˃ʾʻʲʰ
ʲʰʩʬʳ±ʫʨʩʳʨ ʲ ʴ˃ʾ±ʲʨʴ˃ʾʭʨ
ʲʰʩ˃ʾ˙ʴʬ±ʫʨʩʻʸ˃ʪʭʴʨ ʲʨʩ ʳ±ʹʨʩʨʳʰ
ʲʰʮ ʲʬ±ʮʻʮʻʴʰ ʲ˙ʩ˙ʸ˂ ʴ (ʲʰʩ˙˂ʨʴˋ ʲ)±
ʩʨʸʩʨ˂ʰ
ʲʰʩ˙ʸʪʬʴʰ±ʨʩʨʸʪʭʨ ʲʰʩ˙ʲʩ˙ʴʬ±ʩʰʩʰʴʰ
ʲ˙ʩ ʸʪ±ʨʩʨʸʪʻʲʰ ʲʰʩ ʴʫʬ±ʩʨʴʫʭʨ
ʲʰʩʸ ʭʰ±ʨʩʨʸʭʨ ʲʰʩʸʨˋʬ±ʳʰʩʨʸʬʩʨ
ʲʰʩ˙ʸʱʰʲʬ±ʫʨʩʵʸʱʭʨ ʲ˙˃ ʴ˃ʬ±ʫʨ˃ʵʴ˃ʰʲʰ
ʲʰʪˇʬ±ʨʪʲʬˇʨ ʲʰ˅ ˅ʬ±˅ʳʻ˅ʴʭʨ
ʲʰʪʭʸʨʴ ʲ±ʪʵʸʭʨ ʲʰʯ ʭʸ ʲʰ±
ʫʨʯʭʨʲʰʬʸʬʩʨ
ʲʰˈ ʲʭʬ±ʨʬʲʭʬʩʨ ʲʰˀʫʵʩˋʴʬ±ʫʨʳˀʭʰʫʬʩʨ
ʲ˙ˈ ʲʭʬ±ʨʬʲʭʬʩʻʲʰ ʲʰʳʻʸʪʭ ʲʰ±
ʫʨʳʸʪʭʨʲʬʩʨ
ʲʰʹ ʮʸʬ±ʳʵʹʨʮʸʬʩʨ ʲʰʸˆʻʴ ʲ±ʽʻˆʰʲʰ
ʲʰʯʳˋʴʬ±ʳʵʯʳʰʴʬʩʨ ʲʨʼʸʰ±ʹʨʼʨʸʰ
ʲʰʯʸʰʴʬ±ʯʸʬʭʨ ʲʨʹʼʲʨʭ±ʹʨʹʨʼʲʨʵ
ʲʰʲʼ ʸʰ±ʼʨʸʭʨ ʲʰʿʭʫʸʬʭ±ʿʭʬʫʸʬʩʨ
ʲʰʼʯʽʬ±ʨʼʬʯʽʬʩʨ ʲʰˁ˙ʪʸ ʭʰ±ʫʨˁʨʪʭʸʨ

235
ʲʰʩʭʸʬ±ʫʨʩʻʸʭʨ
ʲʰʮʭʰ±ʪʨʮʨʭʬʩʨ
ʲʰʱ ʮʳʬ±ˀʬʱʨʮʳʭʨ
ʲʰʳʺʬ±ʨʾʳʨʺʬʩʨ
ʲʰʾʭʬʾˋʬʲ±ʾʵʾʰʨʲʰ
ʲʰʹʸʻʲʬ±ʨʾʹʸʻʲʬʩʨ
ʲʨˆʵʳʨ±ʨˆʻʳʨ (ʳʰʬ˂ʰ ʯʻ ʨʸʨ)
ʲʰˁʰʭʲʬ±ˁʰʭʰʲʰ
ʲʰ˃ʪʸ˙ʴʬ±˃ʪʬʸʬʩʨ
ʲʻʩʻʸ˃ʪʭʰʲ±ʩʻʸ˃ʪʨʲʰ
ʲʰʩʾ ʲʰ±ʩʾʨʭʰʲʰ
ʲ˙ʪ˙ʲˇ˙ʸʬ±ʫʨʪʲʬˇʰʲʰ
ʲʻʪ ʩʬ±ʫʨʪʻʩʬʩʻʲʰ
ʲʰʱ ʼʰ±ʫʨʱʨʼʭʨ
ʲʰʱʶ˙ʴʬ±ʫʨʱʬʶʭʨ
ʲʰʱˋʲʰ±ʱʰʭʰʲʰ
ʲʰʯ ʫʨʸʰ±ʯʬʫʵʸʵʩʨ
ʲʨʿ ʼ±ʲʨʿʨʼʰ
ʲʰʲˆ ʭʰ±ʪʨʲʨˆʭʨ
ʲʬʩ±ʲʬʰʩʰ
ʲʰʺʱ˂ʬ±ʳʺʰʱ˂ʬʩʨ
ʲʰʲ ʱʬ±ʲʵʱʭʨ
‹.
ʳ˙ʽʨʼ±ʳʻʽʨʼʨ
ʳ˙ʱʬʯ±ʳʵʱʬʯʬ
ʳʻʸʫ ʲ±ʳʻʸʺʨʲʰ
ʳʬʴʫʭʸʬʭ±ʳʬʳʫʻʸʰʹ
ʳʨʫʭʸʬʭ±ʳʨʫʸʵʭʬ
ʳ ʸ˂ˆ±ʳʨʸ˂ˆʰ
ʳʬʳ ʸˇʭ±ʳʬʳʨʸˇʭʬʩʨ
ʳʨʱʲʰ±ʳʨʱʲʰʨ
ʳʻʩʰʸʭ±ʫʨʩʻʸʻʲʰ
ʳʻʿʭʲʰʺ±ʳʻʿʻʸʺʰ
236
ʲʰʹʸ ʭʰ±ʫʨʹʬʸʭʨ
ʲʰʹ˙ʴˇʨʭʰ±ʪʨʹʰʴˇʭʨ
ʲʰʹ˄ʭʸʬ±ʪʨʹ˄ʵʸʬʩʨ
ʲʰʴʺʿʵʭˋʴʬ±ʫʨʺʿʭʬʭʬʩʨ
ʲʰʽ˙ʸʫ ʭ±ʫʨʽʰʸʨʭʬʩʨ
ʲʰʾʸ ʭʰ±ʫʨʾʨʸʭʨ
ʲʰʿʭʸʬʭʰ±ʫʨʿʭʬʸʭʨ
ʲʰʿʫʰ±ʿʰʫʭʨ
ʲʰˁʽʭʬʭʰ±ʫʨˁʵʽʬʩʨ
ʲʰʼʻʴˁʻʲ ʲ±ˁʻʸˁʻʲʰ
ʲʰˁˆʸʰʱʰ±ˁˆʸʬʱʨ
ʲʰˆʴʰ±ˆʭʴʨ
ʲʰˁˋʴˁʽʭʰ±ʳʵˁʰˁʽʭʴʨ
ʲʰʪʸʻʮʰ±ʫʨʪʸʻʮʬʩʨ
ʲʰʮ ʩ ʪʰ±ʫʨʮʵʪʬʩʨ
ʲʨˈʸ ʱ±ʹʨʨʸʨʱʵ
ʲʨˈʸ ʿ±ʹʨʨʸʨʿʬ
ʲʬʳʯ ʭʴʬ±ʹʨʳʯʨʭʴʰ
ʲʰʹʳʨʸʯʲʬ±ʹʨʳʨʸʯʲʵʩʨ
ʲʰʹʳˋʴʬ±ʹʳʬʴʨ
ʲʰʪ ˄ʩʻʲʬ±ʪʨ˄ʩʰʲʬʩʨ
ʲʰʾʸ ʲ±ʳʾʬʸʨ
ʳʰʸˈʬʴ±ʳʰʸʵʴʰ
ʳ ʸʪʰʳʰˀʭ±ʳʨʸʪʰʳʻˀʰ
ʳ ʪʰ ʸ±ʳʨʪʰʬʸʰ
ʳʨʳ˃ ʪ±ʳ˃ʨʪʹ
ʳ ʸ˂ˆ±ʳʨʸ˂ˆʰ
ʳ˙ʯˆʸʰʲ ʭʰ±ʳʯˆʸʬʲʰ
ʳ˙ʸʫ ʩ±ʳʵʸʰʫʬʩʨ
ʳʵʮʭʬʸ±ʳʵʮʭʬʸʰ
ʳʰʴʫʭʬʸ±ʳʰʴʫʵʸʰ
ʳ ʫʲ±ʳʨʫʲʰ
ʳʰʮʬʮ±ʳʰʮʬʮʰ ʳ ʫʲʰ ʸ±ʳʨʫʲʰʬʸʰ
ʳʵˋ ˆ±ʳʵʨˆʲʬ ʳʻ, ʳʨʳʨ±ʳʨʳʨ
ʳʬˆ±ʳʬˆʰ ʳʨʸ˄ʭʬʴ±ʳʨ˄ʵʴʰ
ʳʬˇʭʬʪ±ʳʬˇʵʪʬ ʳ ʲ±ʳʬʲʨ
ʳ˙ʫʸʨˇʰ±ʳʵʫʨʸʨˇʬ ʳʨʸʯ ʲ±ʳʨʸʯʨʲʰ
ʳ ʸˇʭ±ʳʨʸˇʭʬ ʳʬʮʭʩʬʲ±ʳʬʮʵʩʬʲʰ
ʳ˙ʽʨʸ±ʳʻʽʨʸʨ ʳ˙ˀʨˋ±ʳʻˀʨ
ʳʬʲ ʴʫ±ʳʬʲʨʴʫʬʩʨ ʳʨʸˆʭ±ʳʨʸˆʭʨ
ʳʵʲ±ʳʵʲʰ ʳʨˆ ʯ±ʳʨˆʨʯʰ
ʳʨʸ˄ʭʰˆʭ±ʳʨʸ˄ʻˆʰ ʳʬʺ±ʳʬʺʰ
ʳʻʸʪʭ ʲ±ʳʸʪʭʨʲʰ ʳʬ˂ʽʭʰʲ±ʳʵ˂ʰʽʻʲʰ
ʳ˙ʹʨʮʸʬ±ʳʵʹʨʮʸʬ ʳʵʳʸ ʭ±ʳʵʻʸʨʭʰ
ʳʬʹʬʸ±ʳʬʹʬʸʰ ʳ ˆʭʰʲ±ʳʨˆʭʰʲʰ
ʳʰʲ±ʳʰʲʰ ʳ ˅ʰʱ±ʳʨ˅ʰʱʰ
ʳ ˅ʰ˅±ʳʬ˅ʬ˅ʰ ʳ˙ʾʨʭ±ʳʵʾʨʭʰ
ʳ ʩʸ ˋʨ±ʳʨʩʨʸʰʨ ʳʨʸʽʨʼ±ʳʨʸʽʨʼʨ
ʳʨʩʸ ʲʰ±ʳʨʩʸʨʲʬʩʹ ʳʨˁˆ ʼ±ʳˁʽʬʼʨʸʬ
ʳʨʩʸʨʲʨ±ʳʩʸʨʲʫʬʩʨ ʳʨʩʸʨʲ±ʳʬʩʸʨʲʬʩʨ
ʳ˙ʹ˙ʸʯ ʭ±ʳʵʹʨʸʯʨʭʰ ʳʨ˂ʻʴʬ±ʳʨ˂ʰʴʬʩʹ
ʳʰ±ʳʬ ʳʨ˂ˆʭ ʸ±ʳʨ˂ˆʵʭʨʸʰ
ʳ ʺʿ±ʳʨʺʿʲʰ ʳʪfʯʳˋʴʬ±ʳʯʳʬʴʬʲʰ
ʳʨʸʽʭ±ʳʨʸʽʭʨ ʳʯˆʸʵʩʬʲ±ʳʯˆʸʵʩʬʲʰ
ʳʬ˄ʭʳ±ʳʵ˄ʳʬ ʳ˙ʹ˙ʸˁʬʲʰ±ʳʵʹʨʸˁʲʬ
ʳʨʪʨʲʰʯ±ʳʨʪʨʲʰʯʰ ʳʵʳˁʰʭ ʸ±ʳʵʳˁʰʭʨʴʰ
ʳʨʹˆʨʸʨˋ±ʳʨʹˆʨʸʨ ʳ˙ʾ˙ʲʰ±ʳʾʸʰʴʨʭʰ
ʳ˙˄˙ˆ±ʳʻ˄ʻˆʰ ʳ˙ˍʴʰ±ʳˆʭʴʬʲʰ
ʳʵʾʲ ʺ±ʳʵʾʲʨʺʰ ʳ ʴʱ±ʳʨʴʱʰ
ʳʰʴˇʭ±ʳʻʴˇʰ ˍ ʴ±ˆʨʸʰ

Œ.

ʴ ʫʰʸ±ʴʨʫʰʸʰ ʴ ʫ±ʴʨʫʰ
ʴʨʳʻʹʭ±ʴʨʳʻʹʰ ʴʨʴʾʭʬʲ±ʴʨʾʭʬʲʨ
ʴʬʸʪ±ʴʬʸʪʰ ʴʨʩ ʫ±ʴʨʩʨʫʰ
ʴʰʭʸʨ±ʴʰʵʸʰ ʴʰˀ ʫʭʰʸ±ʴʰˀʨʫʻʸʰ
237
ʴʬʱʼʨ±ʴʰʱʨʶʰ ʴʨʭʵʼ±ʴʨʵʼʲʨʸʰ
ʴ ʩ±ʴʬʩʨ ʴʨʸʫ ʯ±ʴʨʸʫʨʯ
ʴʨʳʬʺ ʴ±ʴʨʳʬʺʨʴʰ ʴ ʪˇʻʲ±ʴʨʪʲʬˇʰ
ʴʨʱʲʬʩ±ʴʨʱʲʬʩʰ ʴ ʾʫ±ʴʨʾʫʰ
ʴʰˀʨʴ±ʴʰˀʨʴʰ ʴʰʱʸ ʺ±ʴʰʹʱʨʸʺʰ
ʴʰ˅±ʴʰ˅ʰ ʴ ʲ±ʴʨʲʰ
ʴʰʹʲ±ʴʰʹʲʰ ʴʬʮʭ±ʴʬʮʭʰ
ʴʰʨʭ±ʴʰʨʭʰ ʴ ʿʰʫʵʩ±ʴʨʹʿʰʫʵʩʨ
ʴ ʯʲ±ʴʨʯʬʲʰ ʴʰʴ±ʬʴʨ
ʴʨʾʬʩ±ʴʨʾʬʩʰ ʴʨˆʨʸˇʭ±ʴʨˆʨʸˇʰ
ʴʨˆʨʺ±ʴʨˆʨʺʰ ʴ ʩʰʽʭ±ʴʨʩʻʽʨʸʰ
ʴ ˄ʭ±ʴʬʸ˄ʿʭʰ ʴʨʩ ʳ±ʴʨʩʨʳʰ
ʴ ʯʳˋʴ±ʴʨʯʳʬʴʰ ʴʨʹʼʲʨʭ±ʴʨʹʨʼʲʨʭʨʸʰ
ʴʨʳʹʨˆʻʸ±ʴʨʳʹʨˆʻʸʰ ʴʨʺˋʨʲʭ±ʴʬʺʨʸʰ
ʴ ʸʰʿʭ±ʴʨʸʰʿʰ ʴʨ˂ ʫʭ±ʴʨ˂ʭʲʨʫ
ʴʨʹʫʪʵʳ±ʴʨʹʨʫʪʵʳʰ ʴ ʿʰʫʭ±ʴʨʿʰʫʰ
ʴʨʹʳ˙ʸʯʨʲʭ±ʴʨʹʨʳʨʸʯʲʬʭʰ ʴ ˄ʰʲ±ʴʨ˄ʰʲʰ

Ž.

ʶ ʳ ʴ±ʶʨʬʳʨʴʰ ʶʨʹʭʰˆʭ±ʶʨʹʻˆʰ
ʶʬˆʰʲ±ʶʵˆʰʬʸʰ ʶʰʲ±ʶʰʸʰ
ʶʰʸʰʺʿʭ±ʶʰʸʻʺʿʭʰ ʶʰʸʵʩ±ʶʰʸʵʩʨ
ʶʰʲ˄±ʩʰʲ˄ʰ ʶʨʾʭʰʸ±ʶʨʴʾʻʸʰ
ʶʨʺʰʭ±ʶʨʺʰʭʰ ʶʰʺʴʨ±ʶʰʺʴʨ
ʶʨʺʸʵʴ±ʶʨʺʸʵʴʰ
.

ʷʰʴʷʾʰʲ±ʷʰʴʷʾʲʰ ʷ ʳ±ʷʨʳʰ
ʷʾ˙ʲ±ʷʾʰʭʰʲʰ ʷ ʴʪ±ʷʨʴʪʰ

 .

ʸʰʹˆʭ±ʸʰʹˆʭʨ ʸʰʭʬʴ±ʸʰʵʴʰ
ʸʰʿ±ʸʰʿʬ ʸʰʪ ʩ±ʸʰʪʬʩʨ

238
ʸʰʪ±ʸʰʪʰ ʸ ˀ±ʸʨˀʰ
ʸʰʪˋ ʴ±ʸʰʪʰʨʴʰ

.

ʹʶʰʲʬʴˇ±ʹʶʰʲʬʴ˃ʰ ʹʨʴʫʸʬʭ±ʹʨʴʫʻʸʨʭʰ
ʹʨʹʫʰʱ±ʹʨʹʺʰʱʰ ʹʨʫʪʭʬʳ±ʹʨʫʪʵʳʰ
ʹʭʰʴ ˋ±ʹʭʰʴʨ ʹʻʫ ʸ±ʹʻʫʨʸʰ
ʹʰʪʬʲ±ʹʰʪʬʲʰ ʹʭʰʹʺ±ʹʻʹʺʰ
ʹʨʱʳʬʭʰʲ±ʹʨʱʳʬʭʬʲʰ ʹʨʳʬʯˆʭ±ʹʨʳʵʯˆʬ
ʹ ˆ±ʹʨˆʬ ʹʭʰʴʰʫʰʹ±ʹʰʴʫʰʹʰ
ʹ ˃ʪʬʲ±ʹʨ˃ʨʪʬʲʰ ʹʨʶʬʴ±ʹʨʶʵʴʰ
ʹʨˍʹ ʸ±ʹʨˆʹʨʸʰ ʹʵʼʬʲ±ʹʵʼʬʲʰ
ʹʨʱʻʯ ʸ±ʹʨʱʻʯʨʸʰ ʹʨʼʲ ʭ±ʹʨʼʲʨʭʰ
ʹ ʿʭʫʰʸ±ʹʨʿʭʬʫʻʸʰ ʹʨʸʨˇ±ʹʨʸʨˇʰ
ʹʨʼʭ ʸ±ʹʨʼʻʨʸʰ ʹʨ˄˙ʴʫ ʸ±ʹʨ˄ʰʴʫʨʸʰ
ʹʨʩʸʨʲ±ʹʨʩʸʨʲʵ ʹʬʼʹʱʭʬʸ±ʹʬʼʰʹʱʭʬʸʰ
ʹʨʼ ʸ±ʹʨʼʨʸʰ ʹʨʸˁʬʲ±ʹʨʸˁʬʲʰ
ʹʨʫʰʲ±ʹʨʫʰʲʰ ʹʺʭˋʸ±ʹʺʭʰʸʰ
ʹ ʫʲʵʩ±ʹʨʫʰʲʵʩʨ ʹʨˇʲʨʩ±ʹʨˇʨʲʨʩʵ
ʹ ʸʪʬʩ±ʹʨʸʪʬʩʬʲʰ ʹʨʲˆʰʴʭ±ʹʨʲˆʰʴʵ
ʹʨʳ˙ʸʯ ʲ±ʹʨʳʨʸʯʨʲʰ ʹʨˁʽʭ ʸ±ʹʨˁʻʽʨʸʰ
ʹʨˁʰʭ ʸ±ʹʨˁʰʭʨʸʰ ʹʨʯ ʲ±ʹʨʯʭʨʲʬ
ʹʨʱʻʯ ʸ±ʹʨʱʻʯʸʰ ʹ ʮʸ±ʹʨʮʸʰ
ʹʨʿʫ ʸ±ʹʨʿʫʨʸʰ ʹʨʯʳ±ʹʨʯʴʵ
ʹʨʩʻʯ±ʹʨʩʻʯʰ ʹʨʱ˙ʸ˂ˆʭʰʲ±ʹʱʨʳʰ (ʹʨʱʨ˂ʻʸʰ)
ʹʭʬʺ±ʹʭʬʺʰ ʹʨʱ ˂ˆ±ʹʨʱʨ˂ʬ
ʹˆʰʭ±ʹˆʰʭʰ ʹ ʱʭʨʳ±ʹʨʱʭʨʳʲʬ
ʹʱʰʭʸ±ʹʱʰʭʸʰ ʹʨʩʬʪʭ±ʹʨʩʬʪʭʰ
ʹʨʴʿʭʰʸ±ʹʨʿʭʰʸʰ ʹʭʬʭ±ʹʭʬ
ʹʨʩ ʴ±ʹʨʩʨʴʰ ʹʭʬʭʰ ʴ±ʹʭʰʨʴʰ
ʹʨʲ ʳ±ʹʨʲʨʳʰ ʹʭʸʰʲ±ʹʸʻʲʰ
ʹʪʬʲ±ʹʽʬʲʰ ʹʭʰʱʭ±ʹʻʱʰ
ʹʨʱʭʸʬʲ±ʹʨʱʭʰʸʭʬʲʰ

239
¢.

ʺʨʼ ʲ±ʺʨʼʬʻʲʰ ʺ ʲ±ʺʨʲʰ

ʺʭʬʸ±ʳʺʭʬʸʰ ʺʸʨʩ ˆ±ʺʸʨʩʨˆʰ
ʺʨʲ ˆ±ʺʨʲʨˆʰ ʺ ʳʩ±ʺʵʳʩʵ (ʺʩʨ)
ʺʭʬʺ±ʺʵʺʰ ʺʿʭʬ±ʺʿʭʬ
ʺʭʰʺʬʲ±ʺʰʺʭʬʲʰ ʺʬʭʨʴ±ʳʺʬʭʨʴʰ
ʺ ˆʫ±ʺʨˆʺʰ ʺʿʭʰʩ±ʺʿʻʩʰ
ʺʨˆ±ʺʨˆʰ ʺ ʭʸ±ʺʬʭʸʰ
ʺʨʸʬʹʭ±ʺʨʸʵʹʰ ʺʿʭʰ±ʺʿʭʰʨ
ʺʻʺ±ʺʻʺʨ ʺʨʴˇʭʨ±ʺʨʴˇʭʨ
ʺʭʬʲ±ʺʵʲʰ ʺʵʳ ʸ±ʺʵʳʨʸʨ
ʺ ʴ±ʺʨʴʰ ʺʨʩ˙ʲ±ʺʨʩʲʨ
ʺʭʰʴ±ʺʭʰʴʰ ʺʱʰ˂±ʳʺʱʰ˂ʬ
ʺʰˀ±ʺʰʲʰ

‘.

ʻʸˇʻʲ±ʻʸˇʻʲʵ ʻʹ˙ʸʪʬʩʰʲ±ʻʹʨʸʪʬʩʲʵ
ʻʫʻʴʩʰʸ±ʻʫʨʩʻʸʰ ʻʪʻʲʳʨˀʨ±ʻʻʲʭʨˀʵ
ʻʲʳ ˀ±ʻʲʭʨˀʰ ʻʲˆʰʴʭʫ±ʻʲˆʰʴʵʫ
ʻʾʭʨ±ʻʾʬʲʰ ʻʪʭ ʸ±ʻʪʭʨʸʵ
ʻʴʩʰʲʫ±ʻʴʬʩʻʸʨʫ ʻʩʨʷʭʫ±ʻʩʨʷʵʫ
ʻʩʸʨʲʭ±ʻʩʸʨʲʵ ʻʳʮ ʮʭʫ±ʻʳʰʮʬʮʵʫ
ʻʮʫʬʲ±ʻʮʸʫʬʲʰ ʻʲ ʿ±ʻʲʨʿʰ
ʻʼʲʵʩ±ʻʼʲʬʩʨ ʻʸʵ±ʻʸʵ
ʻʱʨʲʵʴ±ʻʱʨʴʵʴʵ ʻʳ ʫʭʰʸ±ʻʳʨʫʻʸʰ
ʻʱʨʫʸʰʹ±ʻʱʨʫʸʰʹʰ ʻʾʰʸʹ±ʻʾʰʸʹʵ
ʻʱʨʴʨʹʱʴʬʲ±ʻʱʨʴʨʹʱʴʬʲʰ ʻʴʪʸʰˀʫʭ±ʻʨʴʪʨʸʰˀʵʫ
ʻʩ ʫʭ±ʻʩʬʫʻʸʰ ʻ˄ʳʰʴʫʭʰʸ±ʻ˄ʳʰʴʫʻʸʰ
ʻʫʸʵʭʫ±ʻʫʸʵʭʵʫ ʻʲʻʼ±ʻʲʻʼʨ
ʻʳʪfʴʱʨ±ʻʳʨʴʱʵ ʻʱʲˋʴʫʭ±ʻʱʲʬʩʲʨʫ
ʻ˂ˆʭ±ʻ˂ˆʵ ʻ˅ʰʸʫʭ±ʻ˅ʰʸʭʬʲʨʫ
ʻʹʭʰʴʫʰʹ±ʻʹʰʴʫʰʹʵ ʻʽʻʸ˄ʭʰʲʫ±ʻʽʵʸ˄ʰʴʵʯ
ʻʱ˂ʸ ʭʫ±ʻʱʨ˂ʸʨʭʨʫ ʻˇʸʨʭ±ʻˇʬʸʵ

240
ʻʼʨʹʭʫ±ʻʼʨʹʵʫ ʻʩʸʨʽʭ±ʻʩʨʸʨʽʵ
ʻʸʰʪʭʸ±ʻʸʰʪʵʫ ʻʳʨʫʭʰʸ±ʻʳʨʫʻʸʰ
ʻʺʵʲ±ʻʺʵʲʵ ʻʼʨʹʭʫ±ʻʼʨʹʵʯ

’.

ʼ ʯʸʨʱ±ʼʨʯʬʸʨʱʰ ʼʰ˅±ʼʰ˅ʨ
ʼʨʸʹʨʪʫ±ʼʨʸʹʨʪʨʫ ʼʬʸ ʩ±ʶʰʸʼʬʸʵʩʨ
ʼʰʸʯˆʰʲ±ʼʸʯˆʰʲʰ ʼ ʺʭ±ʼʬʺʭʰ
ʼʨʼʨʲ±ʼʨʼʨʸʰ ʼʬʸ±ʼʬʸʰ
ʼ ʸʭ±ʼʻʸʰ ʼʰʽʸ±ʼʰʽʸʰ
ʼʰʴʯ±ʼʰʴʯʰ ʼˆʨ±ʼˆʨ
ʼ ʹ±ʼʨʹʰ ʼ ˀ±ʼʨˀʭʰ
ʼʰ˂ ʸ±ʼʰ˂ʨʸʰ ʼʨʴʫʭʰʸ±ʼʨʴʫʻʸʰ
ʼʰ˂ʭʸʰʲ±ʼʰ˂ʸʻʲʰ ʼʲʰʫ±ʼʲʰʫʰ
ʼʰʹʬ±ʼʰʹʰ ʼʬʲʰʱ±ʼʵʲʰʱʰ
ʼʰ˄ ʲ±ʼʰ˄ʨʲʰ ʼʨʿʭ±ʼʨʼʨʴʨʱʰ
ʼʨ˂ ʸ±ʼʨ˂ʬʸʰ ʼʨˀ ʺ±ʼʨˀʨʺʰ
ʼʰʸ˄ʨʳ ʲ±ʹʨʶʰʸʰʹ˄ʨʳʲʬ ʼʬʸʼʲ±ʼʬʸʼʲʰ
ʼ ʸˀʳ ʪ±ʼʨʸˀʨʭʨʴʪʰ ʼʰʴʫʰˆ±ʼʰʴʯʰˆʰ
ʼʵʲʬʫ±ʼʵʲʨʫʰ ʼ ʴˁˆ±ʼʰˁˆʰ
ʼʬʸ˂ʭʲ ʩ±ʼʬʸʰʹ˂ʭʨʲʬʩʨ ʼʵʸʬ˂ˆ±ʼʵ˂ˆʭʬʸʰ
ʼʬʴ±ʼʵʴʰ ʼʻʸ˂ʬʲ±ʼʻʸ˂ʬʲʰ
ʼʨʯʸ ʱ±ʼʨʯʬʸʨʱʰ ʼʬʽ±ʼʽʭʰʲʰ

“.

ʽʵʴ ʩ±ʽʵʴʬʩʨ ʽʨʻʩʫʨʭʨ±ʪʨʻʩʬʫʨʭʰ

ʽ ˇ±ʽʨˇʰ ʽʰʸʫʨʭ±ʽʰʸʫʭʨ
ʽʵʸ±ʽʵʸʰ ʽʭʰʸʰʯ±ʽʭʰʸʰʯʰ
ʽʨʯ ʲ±ʽʨʯʨʳʰ ʽʭʰʺʱʰʸ±ʽʭʰʺʱʰʸʰ
ʽʭʬʸ˄ʰʲ±ʽʵʸ˄ʰʲʰ ʽʬʸʽ±ʽʬʸʽʰ
ʽʨʫ ʸ±ʽʨʫʨ ʽʭʨʹʨ±ʽʵʹʨ
ʽʭʰʸʽʭ±ʽʻʸʽʰ ʽʻʲʨ±ʽʻʲʨ
241
ʽʭʰˀʬ±ʽʭʰˀʨ ʽʨʸʽ ˀ±ʽʨʸʽʨˀʰ
ʽʭʬʿʨʴʨ±ʽʭʬʿʨʴʨ ʽʨʩ ʩ±ʽʨʩʨʩʰ
ʽʭʸʰʭ±ʽʭʸʰʭʰ ʽʨʲ ʽ±ʽʨʲʨʽʰ
ʽʨʸʭ ʴ±ʽʨʸʨʭʨʴʰ ʽʨʸ ˆʹ±ʽʨʸʨˆʹʨ
ʽʰʴʮ±ʽʰʴ˃ʰ ʽʰʲʭ ʸʫ±ʽʲʰʨʭʰ
ʽʰʸʨˋ±ʽʰʸʨ ʽʵʽʵˁ ˋ±ʽʵˁʵʸʰ
ʽʵʩʨˋ±ʽʵʩʨ ʽʸʰʹʫʰ ʴ±ʽʸʰʹʺʰʨʴʰ

”.

ʾ ʸʩʬʯ±ʾʳʬʸʯʰ ʾʭʨ˅ ʸ±ʭʨ˅ʨʸʰ

ʾʭʬʴ±ʾʵʴʬ ʾʬʸ±ʾʬʸʵ
ʾʭʬʴʰ ʸ±ʾʵʴʰʬʸʰ ʾ ʸʯ±ʾʨʸʯʰ
ʾ ʸ±ʾʨʸʰ ʾʰʲʨʸ±ʾʰʲʬʩʰ
ʾʨʲ ʺ±ʾʨʲʨʺʰ ʾʬʸʾʰʲ±ʾʬʸʾʰʲʰ
ʾʬʸ˃±ʾʬʸ˃ʰ ʾ˙ʸ˅˙ʴ±ʾʸʨ˅ʻʴʰ
ʾ ʸʰʩ±ʾʨʸʰʩʰ ʾʭʬʲ±ʾʭʬʲʼʰ
ʾʰʸʹʬʩʨ±ʾʰʸʹʬʩʨ ʾʻʴʮʬʲ±ʾʭʬʮʬʲʰ

•.

ʿ ʸʰʲʭ±ʿʨʸʨʻʲʰ ʿʲ ʶ±ʿʲʨʶʰ
ʿʰʨ±ʿʬʲʰ ʿʭʰʲˋ ʸ±ʿʭʬʲʰʬʸʰ
ʿʭʰˁ±ʿʭʰʴˁʰʲʨ ʿʭʰʯʬʲ±ʿʭʰʯʬʲʰ
ʿ ʲʩ±ʿʨʲʩʰ ʿʨʻʸˇʬʲ±ʿʨʭʨʸˇʬʴʰ
ʿ˙ʸʿ˙ʴˇ±ʿʨʴʿʸʨʺʵ ʿ ʴˇʭ±ʿʨʴˁʰ
ʿʻʸʩʬʭʰʲ±ʿʻʸʩʬʻʲʰ ʿʰʿʭ±ʿʰʿʭʰ

–.

ˀʵʩ±ˀʵʩʨ ˀʭʬʴʫʩʨ±ˀʬʴʫʵʩʨ
ˀʨʲʩ ʸ±ˀʨʸʭʨʲʰ ˀʨʪʻʸʳ ʴ±ˀʨʭʪʭʸʬʳʨʴʰ
ˀʰˀʭʬʲ±ˀʰˀʭʬʲʰ ˀ ʴʯ±ˀʨʴʯʰ
ˀʨʸʩ ʯ±ˀʨʸʩʨʯʰ ˀʨʻʸʫʬʴ±ˀʨʭʨʸʫʬʴʰ
ˀʨʳʼʰʸʭ±ˀʨʳʼʻʸʰ ˀʨʸʯʽʭʰʴ±ˀʨʸʯʽʭʰʴʰ
242
ˀʨʻʸ±ˀʨʻʸʰ ˀ ˀʰʱ±ˀʨˀʰʱʰ
ˀʭʰʫʩʨ±ʳˀʭʰʫʵʩʨ ˀʪ ʸʰ±ˀʽʬʸʰ
ˀʭʰʫʩʰ ʴ±ʳˀʭʰʫʵʩʰʨʴʨʫ ˀʨʲˀʭʬʳ±ˀʨʲʨˀʰʴʰ
ˀʰʴ ʭʰʸ±ˀʰʴʨʻʸʰ ˀʨʽ ʸ±ˀʨʽʨʸʰ
ˀˆ ʳ±ˀˆʨʳʰʨʴʰ ˀʭʬʯ±ˀʵʯʰ
ˀ ʰʸ±ˀʨʰʸʰ ˀʻʱʭ±ˀʻʱʨ
ˀʭʬʲʺ±ˀʵʲʺʰ ˀʻˀʶ ʸ±ˀʻˀʶʨʸʰ

—.

ˁ ʴʪ±ˁʨʴʪʰ ˁʭʰʳʫ±ˁʻʳʨʫ
ˁʨʲ±ˁʨʲʨ ˁˆʰʸ±ˁˆʰʸʰ
ˁ ˆʳ ˆ±ˁʨˆʳʨˆʰ ˁʰʸʽ±ˁʰʸʽʰ
ˁʰʸʯ±ˁʰʸʯʰ ˁʵʪ ʴ±ˁʵʪʨʴʰ
ˁʵʭʲʵʩ±ˁʭʬʻʲʬʩʨ ˁʭʬʴˁˆ±ˁʵʴˁˆʰ
ˁʽ ʸʫ±ˁʽʨʸʨʫ

£.

˂ʵʫ±˂ʵʫʭʨ ˂ ʲ±˂ʨʲʰ
˂ʵʫˊʲ±˂ʵʫʭʰʲʰ ˂ʨʲʱʬ±˂ʨʲʱʬ
˂ʬʸ±˂ʬʸʰ ˂ʭʨʸ±˂ʭʨʸʰ
˂ ˂ˆʭ±˂ʨ˂ˆʭʰ ˂ˆ˙ʸʰʲ±˂ˆʸʰʲʰ
˂ʬʲʽ±˂ʬʲʽʰ ˂ʰ˂ ʩ±˂ʰ˂ʨʩʵ
˂ʽʭʰʺ±˂ʽʭʰʺʰ

˜.

˃ʻʾʭʨ±ʮʾʭʨ ˃ʨʲʨ±˃ʨʲʨ
˃ʸ ˆʭ±˃ʸʨˆʭʨ ˃ʾʭʬʴ±˃ʾʭʬʲʰ
˃ʰʸ±˃ʰʸʰ ˃ʨ˃±˃ʨ˃ʨ
˃ʻʨ±˃ʻʨ ˃ʭʰʸ±˃ʭʰʸʰ
˃ʰ˃ ˋ±˃ʰ˃ʨ ˃ʬʭ ʲ±ʳ˃ʬʭʨʲʰ
˃ʬʴ˃ʭ±˃ʵʴ˃ʰ ˃ʪʰʫ±˃ʪʰʫʬ

243
¡.

˄ʭʰʸ±˄ʭʰʸʬ ˄ʭʨʲ ʩ±˄ʭʨʲʬʩʨ

˄ʰʩ ʸ±˄ʸʰʨʶʰ ˄˙ʴ ʭ±˄ʻʴʰ
˄ʰʼ±ʳ˄ʰʼʬ ˄ʰʲ±˄ʰʲʰ
˄ʳʰʴʫ±˄ʳʰʴʫʨ ˄ ʯˆ±˄ʨʯˆʰ
˄ ʭʸ±˄ʬʸʵ ˄ʿʨʲʵʩ±˄ʿʨʲʵʩʨ
˄ʰʴ˄ʰʲ±˄ʰ˄ʰʲʨ ˄ʰʴʫ±ʹʨ˄ʰʴʫʨʸʰ
˄ʨʪ ʩ±˄ʨʪʬʩʨ ˄ʿʨʮ ʸ±˄ʿʨʮʨʸʰ
˄ʭ ʫ±ʳ˄ʭʨʫʰ ˄ʨʲ±˄ʨʲʨ
˄ ʲʫ±˄ʨʲʫʰ ˄ ʳʹ(ʨˀˆʭ ˄ ʳʹ)±ʬʸʯ ˄ʨʳʹ
˄ʬʹ±˄ʬʹʰ ˄ʻʾʭʮʨʸ ʲ±˄ʨʾʬʩʰ
˄ʰʸʭ±˄ʰʸʭʨ ˄ʬʸ ʽʭ±˄ʬʸʨʽʵ (ʩʨʲʨˆʰ)
˄ʵʸ±ʹ˄ʵʸʰ ˄ʰʫ±˄ʰʫʨ
˄ʰʼʸʨ±˄ʰʼʬʲʨ ˄ʰʫ ʸ±˄ʰʫʰʨʴʰ
˄ʿ˙ʴ ʸ±˄ʿʴʨʸʰ ˄ʱʰʴʺʰʲ±ʹʱʰʴʺʰʲʰ
˄ʨʱ ʺ±˄ʨʲʱʨʺʰ ˄ʰʴʫ ʸ±˄ʰʴʫʨ
˄ʵʴʨ±˄ʵʴʨ ˄ʱʰʶ ʸʺ±˄ʱʰʶʨʸʺʰ
˄ʿʭʰʲ±˄ʿʭʰʲʰ

™.

˅ʨʲʨˋ±˅ʨʲʨ ˅ʻʴˋʸʰ±˅ʰʨʴʻʸʰ
˅ʨʩʰʪʭ±˅ʨʩʻʱʰ ˅ʰʸ±˅ʰʸʰ
˅ʭ ʲ±˅ʭʨʲʰ ˅ʬʸ±˅ʬʸʰ
˅ʿʭ ʸʺ±˅ʭʨʸʺʲʰ ˅ʰʸʰʹʻʼʨʲ±˅ʰʸʰʹʻʼʨʲʰ
˅ʱʻʨ±˅ʱʻʨ ˅ʨ±˅ʨ
˅˙ʸʬʲ±˅ʸʬʲʰ ˅ʭʬʱ±˅ʵʱʰ
˅ ʪ±˅ʨʱʰ ˅ʰʶ±˅ʰʶʰ
˅ʨˆʸ ʪ±˅ʨˆʸʨʱʰ ˅ʵʲʬʱ±˅ʵʲʵʱʰ
˅ʨʸˆʨʲ±˅ʨʸˆʨʲʰ ˅˙ʸ˅˙ʴ±˅ʸʰ˅ʰʴʰ

š.

ˆ ʺ±ˆʨʺʰ ˆˀʰʸʫ±ˆˀʰʸʨʫ
244
ˆʰʲ±ˆʰʲʰ ˆʨʸ ʩ±ˆʨʸʬʩʨ
ˆʰʴ±ʲˆʰʴʰ ˆ ʸʩ±ˆʨʸʩʰ
ˆ ʲˆ±ˆʨʲˆʰ ˆ ʴ±ˆʨʴʰ
ˆʨʴˇ ʸ±ˆʨʴˇʨʲʰ ˆʴʰˋ ʸ±ˆʴʰʬʸʰ
ˆ ʸˇ±ˆʨʸˇʰ ˆʸ ʳ±ˆʸʨʳʰ
ˆʬʸʪʬʩʨ±ʬʸʪʬʩʨ ˆˋʸʰʲʭ±ʳˆʰʨʸʻʲʰ
ˆʬʱʻʯʭʴʰ±ʬʱʻʯʭʴʰʹ ˆʨʮ±ˆʨʮʰ
ˆʭ ˀʰʴ±ˆʭʨˀʰʴʰ ˆʨʭʰʹ±ˆʨʭʹʰ
ˆʹʴʰʲ±ˆʹʴʰʲʰ ˆ ʳ±ˆʨʳʰ
ˍʬ˂±ʳˆʬ˂ʰ ˆʵʸʬʭ±ˆʵʸʨʭʰ (ˆʸʵʭʨ)
ˍʬʭ±ˆʬʭʰ ˍʨʸˍ±ˆʨˆʨ
ˍʵˍʭʬʩ±ˆʵˆʵʩʰ ˆ ˀʳ±ˆʨˀʳʰ
ˍʬʸˍ±ˆʬʸˆʰ ˆ ˀʳʰʸʰ ʴ±ˆʨˀʳʰʨʴʰ
ˆʭʨʸʹ±ˆʭʨʸʹʨ (ʽʬ˂ʰ) ˆʬʸʹʺ ʭ±ˆʬʭʰʹʯʨʭʰ
ˆʬʸˆ±ˆʬʸˆʰ ˆʬʲ˄ʰʼ±ˆʬʲʳ˄ʰʼʬ
ˆʬʰʸ±ˆʬʰʸʰ ˍʳʬʲʬʯ±ˆʳʬʲʬʯʰ

›.

ˇʵˁˆ ʯ±ˇʵˇʵˆʬʯʰ ˇʭʬʪ±ˇʵʪʰ

ˇ ʭʸ±ˇʨʭʸʰ ˇ ʸʾʭ±˃ʨʸʾʭʰ
ˇʰʩ±ˇʰʩʬ ˇʨʲ ʩ±ˇʨʲʨʩʰ
ˇ ʸ±ˇʨʸʰ ˇ ʳ ʪˋʸ±ˇʨʳʨʪʰʸʰ
ˇʭ ʸ±ˇʭʨʸʰ ˇʨʴ±ˇʨʴʰ
ˇʰʲʫʵ±ˇʰʲʫʵ ˇʰʴ±ʷʰʴʰ
ˇʨʴʫʨʩʨʹ±ˇʨʴʫʨʩʨʹ ˇʨʴˇʨʲ±ˇʨʴˇʨʲʰ
œ.

ˈʨʸ ʿ±ʨʸʨʿʰ ˈʨʩ ʸ±ʨʩʨʸʨ

ˈʨʿʩʨ±ʿʩʨ ˈʨʸ ʱ±ʨʸʨʱʰ
ˈ ʾʭʰʸ±ʨʾʭʰʸʰ ˈʨʲ ʲ±ʨʲʨʲʰ
ˈʨʱʭ ʴ±ʨʱʭʨʴʰ ˈʨʲ ʪ±ʨʲʨʪʰ
ˈʨʩˇ ʸ±ʨʩˇʨʸʰ ˈʨˀʱ±ʨˀʱʰ
ˈ ʭʫ ʸ±ʨʭʫʨʸʰ ˈʨˇ±ʨˇʨ
ˈʨʩʬʫʭ±ʨʩʬʫʰ ˈʨʬʸ±ˈʨʬʸʰ
245
 ˈʨʸ ʳ±ʨʸʨʳʰ

123) ʺʬʶ˂ʵʭʰ ǹȉȖȘȕȐȒ ȔȈȚȍȘȐȈȓȖȊ Ȍȓȧ ȖȗȐș ǴȍșȚȕȖșȚȍȑ Ȑ ȗȓȍȔȍȕ DzȈȊȒȈȏȈ

Ǫȣȗ. 10. ʪʭ. 42.
124) ǴȈȘȘ. ǰȏ. ǷȖȍȏȌ. ȊǹȊȈȕȐȦ. ǹȚȘ. 34.
125ǴȈȘȘ. ȇȜȍȚȐȟȍșȒȐȍȕȈȏȊȈȕȐȧȌȍȘȍȊȍȕȤȐȘȈșȚ. ǹȚȘ. 9-45.
126) ˇʨ˂ʨˆʰˀʭʰʲʰ. ʽʨʸʯ. ʬʸ. ʰʹʺ. ˄. 1. ʪʭ. 19. 20.
127) ʶʸʵʼ. ʼʰʻʪʵ ˀʻˆʨʸʺʰ. ʪʬʵʪʸ. ʫʨ ʹʺʨʺʰʹʺ. ʽʨʸʯ. ʬʴʬʩʰʹʨ ʪʭ. 287.
128) ǹȚȖȧȕȖȊ. ǹȉȖȘ. ȔȈȚ. Ȍȓȧ. ȖȗȐș. ȔȍșȚ. ȐȗȓȍȔ. DzȈȊȒȈȏȈ. Ȋȣȗ. ǽ.
ǹȚȘȐ.

…€Œ‘ ˆ ‚…€ „ˆ

ʻˀʪʻʲʰ. ˁʨʸʱʹʬʲʨʴ, ʾʭʨˁʲʨʴ, ʸʨʺʰʨʴ, ˁʨʸʱʭʰʨʴ,

ʫʨʭʰʯʻʲʰʨʴ, ˅ʬʲʰ˃ʬ, ʱʵʱʸʰʨˀʭʰʲ, ʴʰʷʨʸʨ˃ʬ, ʨʹʨʯʰʨʴ.
ʱʨʲʨ. ʳʨʸʪʭʬʲʨʴ, ˆʨʸʮʰʨʴ, ʫʵʫʭʨʴ, ʼʨʴʪʨʴ, ʪʨʹʭʰʨʴ,
ˁʼʲʰʨʴ, ʪʻʲʩʨʴ, ˇʵˆʨ˃ʬ.
ʰʼʨʸʰ. ʶʰʸʭʬʲ, ˆʭʰʹʺʨʴ, ʪʻʲʩʨʴ, ʽʻʸʫʨʴ, ʱʵʸʮʨʰʨ,
ʨʭʨʲʰʨʴ, ʽʨʲʫʨʴ, ʪʰʪʲʬʳʰʨʴ, ʯʨʳʲʰʨʴ, ʼʨʴʪʨʴ, ˆʭʰʩʲʨʴ, ʨʴʹʰʨʴ,
ʱʭʬʩʲʰʨʴ, ˆʵʸʪʻʨʴ, ʹʻʲʨ˃ʬ, ʲʬʱˁʰʿʰʼʰʨʴ, ʼʰʸ˂ˆʬʲʨʴ.
ʳʻʲʨˆʰ. ʪʻˇʨˇʰʨʴ, ʳʨʸʪʰʨʴ, ʴʨʭʬʸʰʨʴ, ʮʻʸʬʩʰʨʴ, ʱʨˆʰʨʴ,
ʽʵˁʪʰʨʴ, ˇʨ˅ʭʲʰʨʴ, ʪʰʪʨʴ, ˀʬʸʭʨˀʰ˃ʬ, ʫʬʭʫʬʸʰʨʴ, ʰʵʹʬʲʰʨʴ,
ʷʵʸʷʵʲʰʨʴ, ʽʻʸʫʰʨʴ, ʪʭʰʫʨʴ, ʽʨʲʫʨʴ, ʪʨʩʲʰʨʴ, ʲʻˆʭʰʺʨˀʭʰʲ,
˄ʰʼʰʨʴ, ʩʬʸʰʨʴ, ʫʨʫʭʨʴ, ʳʰʩˁʻʨʴ, ʳʰʺʻʲʰʨʴ.
ʳʬʹʺʰʨ. ˇʨʼʨʸʰ˃ʬ (ˇʨʼʸʨʴ), ʪʵˀʺʬʲʨʴ, ˆʬʸʪʰʨʴ, ʳʨʸʪʰʨʴ,
ˁʨʸʯʵʲʨʴ, ʴʨʱʨʴ, ʳʻˀʱʭʫʰʨʴ, ʼʨʲʰʨʴ, ˅ʬʫʲʲʰʨʴ, ˆʵˇʬʲʨʴ,
ʪʭʨʸʲʰʨʴ, ʸʨʺʰʨʴ.
ʲʬʴˇʬʸʰ. ʪʻʲʬʫʨʴ, ʼʰʲʼʨʴ. ʻʫʬʹʰʨʴ, ʳʬʸʲʰʨʴ, ˀʻʱʭʨʴ,
ˆʨʼʯʨʴ, ˆʵʸʪʭʨʴ, ˄ʰʼʰʨʴ.
ʲʨʺʨʲʰ. ʼʨʸˇʰʨʴ, ʪʰʸʪʭʲʰʨʴ, ˄ʬʸʬʫʰʨʴ, ʱʭʨʴ˅ʰʨʴ,
ʪʭʰ˅ʰʨʴ, ʴʨʴʹʿʨʴ, ʨʩʫʬʲʨʴ, ʹʰʫʰʨʴ, ʰʭʬˁʰʨʴ, ʨʹʻʳʩʨʴ, ʼʰʸ˂ˆʬʲʨʴ,
ʴʰʱʲʬʮʰʨʴ, ˁʵʸʪʵʲʰʨʴ, ʯʨʳʲʰʨʴ.
ʩʬˁʵ. ʱʭʰ˂ʰʨʴ, ʪʵˀʭʨʴ, ˀʵʳʶʸʰʨʴ, ʻˀˆʭʨʴ, ˂ʰʴʫʬʲʨʴ,
ʱʨʩʵʲʨʴ, ˂ʨʲʨʴ, ʭʬʮʫʬʴ, ʭʬʸ˂ʱʰʨʴ, ʨʼʸʨʹʰ˃ʬ, ʭʰʩʲʰʨʴ,
ʪʨʩʻʲʫʨʴ, ʫʨˁʽʬʲʨʴ.

246
 ʬ˂ʬʸʰ. ʪʬʸʲʰʨʴ, ʶʨʱʬʲʨʴ, ʪʻʸˁʰʨʴ, ˆʵʸʪʻʨʴ, ʨʼʸʨʹʰ˃ʬ,
ʪʨʮʫʬʲʨʴ, ˂ʨʲʨʴ, ʻʳʼʸʰʨʴ, ˁʨʸʱʭʰʨʴ, ʳʻʸʾʭʲʰʨʴ, ʨʸʾʭʲʰʨʴ,
ʽʨʲʫʨʴ, ʳʰʲʫʨʴ, ˇʨ˅ʭʲʰʨʴ, ˀʵʳʶʸʰʨʴ, ʪʻʪʻʹʰʨʴ.
ʼʨʨʸʰ. ʸʬʮʬʹʰ˃ʬ, ʴʨʸʹʨʭʰ˃ʬ, ʪʨʫʸʨʴ, ʨʼʸʨʹʰ˃ʬ, ˁˆʬʺʰʨʴ,
ˁˆʭʰʳʰʨʴ, ʳʰʽʰʨʴ, ʫʬʭʫʬʸʰʨʴ, ˄ʻʲʱʰʨʴ, ʭʰʩʲʰʨʴ.
ˁʻʩʬˆʬʭʰ. ˂ʰʴʫʬʲʨʴ , ʨʴʹʰʨʴ, ʹʻʩʨʸ, ʭʰʩʲʰʨʴ, ʽʨʲʫʨʴ,
ˁˆʬʺʰʨʴ, ʪʨʫʸʨʴ, ˁˆʭʰʳʰʨʴ.
ʲʨˆʨʳʻʲʰ. ˅ʱʨʫʻʨ, ʫʨʭʰʯʰʨʴ, ʱʭʨʴ˅ʰʨʴ.

…€Œ‘ ˆ š€Šš‘ ˆ ’„ š‘Šˆ ˆ‹”„ „ˆ.

…ˆ£ˆŠ-‹€£ˆŠ (€š„Š„ˆ)

ʹʨʩʸʨʲ ʫʵʲʨʸʬ ʲʬʷʸʰ ʫʵʲʨʸʬ

ʺʬʼʴʨʳʹ ʫʻ ʨʲ ʬ˂ʬʸʨʲʬ.
ʨʳʷʰ ʬ˂ʸ ʲʹ ʫʬˀʲʵʪ˅ʬʴʰʫ
ʩʵʼˀ ʸʹ ˈʨʱʭʴ ʸˀʭ ʪʭʬʾʬˀʪ ʲʬˆ
ʲʨˆˆʭʨʹ ʪʻˀʪʭʬˋ ˆʬʲʬʿʻʸʬˆ
ʼʰʹʬʭ ˆʨʩʨˆ ʹʵʸʯʳʨʴˀʬʸ ʲʹ
ʲʰʼʻʹʺ ˆʵʲʨ ʳʰʴʹ ˆʵˆʨʲʬˆ.
ʨʳʷʰ ʴʨˋ ʳʰʴʹ ʫʬˀʲʵʪ˅ʬʴʰʫ
ʲʰʴʮ ʸ ʲʬʫ ʩʬˁʭʰ ʲʬˁʿ ʴ
ˁʻ ʲʻʮʬʸʲʰʫ ʫ ʲ ʹʻʼ ʹ
ˋʬʸʻ ʳ ʸʬ ʽʨ ʪʭʰʯʰˀʨˆ
ʷʨˆʨʫ ˆʨʷˆ ˆ ʭʰ˂ʩˋʲ ʳ ˂ʩʰʲ,
ʹʬʳʰ ʮ ʰʲʫ ʪʭʨʸʬʴʨ
ʷ ʪʰˀ ʼʰʴʫˆʰˀ ʲʨʳʨʸʨʹʨ
ʹʨʳ ʮʨʻʴʾʵ ʹʪ ʭ ʲʨʩʬʱʰʫ
ʪʻˀʪʭʬˋ ʼʻʹʺ ʸʹ ʹʵʸʯʳ ʴˀʬʸ ʲʹ
ʲʨʫʸʬʲ ˈʵʱʬʸ ʳʻʸʿʭʨʳ ʲ˙ʪ ʴ
ʹʪ ʭ ʪʭʰʹʱʰʴʨ ʨʲ ʳʻʸʿʭʨʳʰʯʬ
ʹʵʼʲʰˀ ʳ˙ʽʨʼ ʴʨʭʸʰʲ ʸʬʫ
ʹʬʳʰ ʮʨʰʲʫ ʳʻʸʿʭʨʳʹ ʲʵʪʭ ʫ
ʬ˂ʬʸ ˂ˆʻʳ ʸ ˈʨʿʸʹ ʪʭʰʪʬʴʨˆ
ʫ ʩʯʬ ˈ ʴ˄ʭʰˀ ʫʬˀʨˀʫ ʪʭʰʪʳʻʴʨ
247
ʻˍʴʨ ʻʲʨˀʭʰʴʫ ˁʻʭ ʪʭʰ˂ʭˋʸ ˆ.
ˆʰʴʮʵʸʨʲʬʫ ʬ˂ʬʸʨʲʬ
ʲʨˀʪʨʸʰʹ ˆʰʲʨˀʪʨʸʬʫ, ʬ˂ʸʰˀ ʲʨˀʪʨʸʰ ʪʭʨʲʨˀʪʨʸʬ
ʲʨˀʪʸʰˀ ʳʨˆʭˀʰ ʲ˙ʽ ʫ ʨʭʲ ʿ.
ʳʲʬʯ ʲʨˀʪ ʸ ʹʪ ʭ ʪʭʨʪʬʴʰˆ,
ʲ˙ʽ ʫ ʨʭʲ ʿ ʹʪʭʬʩʰʴ ˆʵʷʭʬʾˆ.
ʺʨʴʰʹ ˆʨʽʻʫ ʯʭʬʯʴʬ ʲʬʸʬʽʭ
ʬˀ ʨʯˆʶʪʴʨ ʳʻʩʰʸʰʹʪʨ.
ʲ˙ʽ ʫ ʨʭʲ ʿʹ ˆʵˁʨˇ ʫʨ
ʲ˙ʰʸ ʲ˙ʴʽʬ˅ ˆʬˆʭʳʰˀ ʲʰʲʿʻʸ.
ʰʾʬˀʪ ʲʭʴʰˆ ʬ˂ʸʰˀ ʩʻˀʭ ʸ.
ˆʵ˂ ʫʻʴʬˆ ʳʻʸʿʭʨʳˆ ʴʽʨ.
ʨˀˆʭ ʳ ˆʨˍʰʫˆ ʳʻʸʹʪʭʬʴ ʩʨʸˇʨʹ
ʯʭʬʯʴʬ ʲʬʸʬʽ ˄˙ʸʴʰʫ ʬʹʾʭ ʼˆ
˄˙ʸʴʰʫ ʬʹʾʭʨʼˆ ʲ˙ʽ ʫ ʨʭʲ ʿʹ.
ʨʳʲ ʯ ʲʨˀʪ ʸ ʽʨ ˆʨʿʬˁʰˆ
ʳʬʸʳʨ ʲ ʯʰʹ ʹʪ ʭ ˆʨʪʬʴʰˆ
ʹʪ ʭ ˆʨʪʬʴʰˆ ˂ˆʻʸʳʰˀ ʲʨˀʪ ʸ
ʳʨʸʯ ʲ ʪʨʪ ʲ ʲʨˀʪʸʰˀ ʳʻʯˆʭʳʰ.
ʪʨʪ ʲʹ ʴʨʳ˙ʸʯʨʲʵˀ ˇ ʸʰ ʳ ʰ ˇʬʿʸʬʴʰ
ʲʨʸʺʿʨʴ ʷʰʩʨʭ ʫʬʳʰʹ ˇʨˍʫʬʫ
ʨˀˆʭʨʴʰˀ ʼʵʿʹ ʲʨ˂ˆʻʭʹ ʲ ˇʹʿʰʫ
ʳ ʸʳʨ ʼʵʿʨʹ ʲʨʿʸ ʲʹ ʲ ˇʹʿʰʫ
ˆʵ˂ ʫʻʴʬˆ ʳʻʸʿʭʨʳˆ ʴʽʨ ʲʻʴʽʸʵʭʨ ʳʰʴʬʯʵʼʨʸʬʹ
ʳʰʸʯʭʬʴ ʼʵʿʨʹ ʲʨʺʿʻʭ ʲʵˆʹʿʬˆ
ʳʰʸʹʪʭʬʴ ʼʵʿʷʰ, ˁʻ ʲʨˋʿʭʰʴʬˆ
ʨʳʲ ʯ ʲʨˀʪ ʸ ʽ ʫ ˆʵʿˋˁʨˆ
ʳ ʹʳʨ ʲʬʯʰʹ ʹʪ ʫ ˆʨʪʬʴʨˆ
ʩ ʲʨˀ ʲʬʱʬʫ ʸʰˁʱʭʰ ʴ ʸ
ʰˀʪʭʰʫ ʱʬʸʨˋ ʸʰˁʱʭʰʨʴʨʸ
ʲ ˀʯˆʨ ʹʪ ˋ ʳ ʫ ˇʨʸ ʴʨˆ
ʼʰʴˆʰˀ ʹʨʼ ʸʫ ʱ ʭʸ ʲ ˆ ˂ʻʫʨˆ
ʳʻʸʿʭʳʰ ˃ʰʸʨʫ ʹʪʨ ˆʨˍʭʬʹʪʨˆ
ʨʲ ʳʻʸʿʭʨʳʹ ʲʰʩˋʴˇʭʰ ʲʵˆʭʩʰʴʬˆ

248
ʳʻʸʿʭʨʳʫ ʲʰˇˇʪ˙ʴʬ ʲʵˆʭʩʰʴʬˆ
ʳʻʪʲʰ ʩʰʱ ʸʹ ˁʻʽʭʨʴʰʹʪʨ ˆʵ˂ ʫʬˆ
ʹʨʩʸʨʲ ʲʨˆʭʩʨ ʲʬʷʸʰ ʲʨˆʭʩʨ.
ʯˆʻʳʨʹ ʰʹʪʭʬˋ ʫʵ ˆʰʲʬ˅ʬʫ
ʹʬʳʰ ʮ ʰʲʫ ʷ ʪʹ ʲʰʳ ʸ ʫ
ʹʬʳʰ ʮ ʰʲʫ ʳʻʸʿʭ ʳʹ ʵʪʭ ʫʫʨ
ʽʵʸ ˀ ʲʰʸʫ ˀ ʳ ʳ ʪʭʬˀ ʪʭʰˆʨ
ˆʬˆʭʰ ʪʬʮʨʲ ʫ ʹʨ ʪʭʰ˄ʭʨ
ʬ˂ʬʸ ˂ˆʻʳ ʸ ˈʨʿʸʹ ʪʭʰʪʬʴʨˆ
ʳʰʴʬ ʳʻʯˆʭʳʨ ˁʻ ʪʭʰʫʪʨʸʨˆ
ʻˆʴʨ ʻʲ ˀʭʰʴʫ ʪʭʰ˂ʭˋʸʨˆ
ʵʺ ʹʨʩʸʨʲʬ ʭʰ˂ʩˋʲ ʳʨ˂ʩˋʲ
ʲʬʮʭʬʩ ʲʬʯʸʬ ʳ ʲʰʫ ʪʭʨ˂ʭʰʸ
ʷʨʪʰ ʼʰʴʫʰˆ ʹʪʨ ʪʭʨˀʫʬˆʰ
ʬˀˆʻ ʺʻʴʻʲ ʾʬʫʸʰʲ ʪʭʨ˂ʭʰʸ
ʭʵˀʯˆʭ ʲʨʮʳ ʸ ʷ ʪʰʲʫ ʪʭʨ˂ʭʰʸ
ʯʭʰʯ ˋʬʸʻ ˂ˆʻʭ ʸ ʪʭʨʹʰʫˆ
ʹʨʩʸʨʲ ʲʨˆʭʩʨ ʲʬʷʸʰ ʲʨˆʭʩʨ
˃ʰʸʰˀ ʳ˙ʲ ʳ ʲ ˀʫʭʸʨʹ ˇʨʺʿ˂ʰˆ
ˆʵˀʨ ʲʻʯˆʭʰʳ ʳʨˆʭˀʰ ʹʵʯʳʨʴ
ʹʵʸʯʳʨʴ ʼʨʲʯʨˋ ˁʨʲʫ ʿʷʰ ʹʪʻʸ
ʳʨʹ ʸʫ ˆ ˆˋʨʫ ʾʨʲʨʺ ʪʭʰˀʪʭʬˋ
ʽʨ ʪʭʨʹʳˋʴʬ ʲʰ˂ʭʳʰˀ ʪ˙ʸˈ˙ʴʹ.
ʹʨʩʸʨ ʲʨˆʭʩʨ ʲʬʷʸʰ ʲʨˆʭʩʨ
ʯ ʼ ʸʹ ʪʻˀʪʭʬˋ ʫ ʫ ʲʨʱˈ ʸʬʫ
ʴʨˋʯʵˀ, ʲ ʼʫ ʲ ʳ ʫʳʨ ˆ ʫʨˆ
ʲ˙ʽ˙ʴʯʰʸʴʬ ʲʨʹˆʭ ʴʨˀˋʨʲʬ.
ʲʵ˂ʨʫʻʴʬʫ ʳʻʸʿʭʨʳˆʨʴʽʨ
ʨˀˆʭ ʳ ʯ ʳʰˀ ʪʰʸʪʭʬʲʫʹ ʲʨˍʰʫ
ʳʬʸʳʬʳ ʳʻ˅ʵʫʰʹʪʨ ʲʨˍʰʫ.
˄˙ʸʴʰ ʮʰʹˆʰʲʫʹ ʬˁʨʭ ʲʬ˄ ʫ
ʨʺ ʲʪʱˁʬʭʲʰ ʩʬʫʰ ʪʭʰˀʪʭʬˋ
ˈ ʫʻʸʫ ʻ˄ʭʸʨ ʳ ʫʳʨ ʲˋʸʨʫ
ˆʵˀʨ ʹʵʸʯʳʨʴ ˁ ʫ ʪʭʰʫʪʨʸʨ
ʴ ˋ ʲʰʸʫʬ ʳ ʫʲʳʨ ʪʭʬʸʰ
249
ʹʵʸʯʳʨʴʹ ʲʰʼʻʹʺ ʳʨʫʲʳʨ ˆ ʸʰ
ʹʨʩʸʨʲ ʲʨˆʭʩʨ, ʲʬʷʸʰ ʲʨˆʭʩʨ
ʲʨˆʭʩʨʹ ʳʻʸʿʭ ʳ ˆʬʪʰ˄ ʲʬˆ
ʹʵʸʯʳʨʴʹ ʽʭʰʴʰʲʫ ˆʬʫʻ˄ ʲʬ
ʲʨˆʭʩʨʹ ʳʻʸʿʭʨʳ ˁʻ ˆʨʱ ʼʨˆ
ʹʵʸʯʳʨʴʹ ʽʴʰʴʰʲʫ ʷʰʭˆʨˁʬʫʨ.

‡€ ‚‹€Œˆ
…ˆ£ˆŠ-‹€£ˆŠ ( ˆ ˜‹ˆ €š„Šˆ).

ʹʨʩʸʨʲʵ ʫʵʲʬʲʬʩʵ, ʹʨ˂ʵʫʨʭʵ ʫʵʲʬʲʬʩʵ, 129)

ʶʻʸʰʹ ʽʬʸʽʰ ʬ˂ʬʸʲʬʩʰ,
ʨʹʬ ʬ˂ʬʸʲʬʩʹ ʭʬʸ ʪʨʭʻ˃ʲʬʩʯ,
ʩʨʭˀʭʬʩʹ ʨʱʭʴʬʩʰʯ ʪʭʨʸʯʳʬʭʬʴ,
ˁʭʬʴ ˂ʵʲʬʩʯʨʴ ʰʹʰʴʰ ˄ʭʬʩʰʨʴ,
ʼʰʹʰ ʫʨʬʹˆʨʯ ʹʵʸʯʳʨʴˀʬʸʲʬʩʹ (ʫʨʫʬˀʽʬʲʰʨʴʬʩʹ):
ʳʨʯ ʩʨʺʵʴʵʩʨ ʪʲʨˆʨ ʰ˂ʰʨʴ.
ʨʹʬ ˁʭʬʴ ʳʨʯ ʭʬʸ ʪʨʭʻ˃ʲʬʩʯ.
ˀʬʭʰʱʸʰʩʬʴʰʯ ʩʬˁʵʹ ˆʬʭʰ,
ʯʨʭʰ ˀʬʭʰʿʨʸʬʯ ʫʵʲʨʹʻʼʨʹ (ʹ. ʫʵʲˀʰ ʳʫʬʩʨʸʬ ʳʰʴʫʵʸʰ),
ʵʸʰ ʱʨ˂ʰ ʨʭʰʸˁʰʬʯ,
ʹʨˆʬʲʨʯ ʬʸʽʭʨʯ ʭʰ˂ʩʰʲ ʫʨ ʳʨ˂ʩʰʲ.
ʹʨʳ ˄ʬʲʰ˄ʨʫʹ ʺʿʭʰʨ-˄ʨʳʨʲʹ ʰʳʮʨʫʬʩʫʴʬʴ,
ʹʨʳʰ ˄ʲʰʹ ˀʬʳʫʬʪ ˄ʰʴ ʨʾʻʫʬʽʰʯ
ˁʭʬʴʹ ʩʨʺʵʴʬʩʹ ʹʵʸʯʳʨʴˀʬʸʲʬʩʹ 130).
ʲʨʫʸʬʲʰʹ ˃ʰʸˀʰ ˂ʰˆʬ ʰʫʪʨ.
ˀʰʪ ˀʬʭʬʫʰʯ ʨʳ ˂ʰˆʬˀʰ.
ʹʵʼʲʰʹ ʹʨʳʻʽʨʼʵʯ ʭʰʿʵʯ ˁʭʬʴʨ.
ʹʨʳʰ ˄ʬʲʰ ˂ʰˆʬˀʰ ʫʨʭʸˁʰʯ.
ʬ˂ʬʸ-˂ˆʻʳʨʸʲʬʩʰ ˀʬʭʨ˄ʻˆʬʯ (ʨʭʰʱʬʲʰʯ),
ʿʨʴʨˀʰ ʪʻʯʨʴʰ ʨʸ ʪʨʳʵʭʨʺʨʰʴʬʯ,
ˆʭʴʨ-ʯʬʹʭʨ ʨʸ ʫʨʭʨʴʬʩʬʯ.
ʯʨʭʹ ʰʿʸʰʨʴ ʬ˂ʬʸʲʬʩʰ...
ʬ˂ʬʸʰʹ ʲʨˀʽʨʸʰ ʳʵʪʭʨʫʪʨ.

250
ʲʨˀʽʸʰʹ ʻʼʸʵʹʰ ʳʬʫʰʫʻʸʰ ʨʭʲʨʿʰ.
ʨʳ ʾʨʳʬʹ ˇʨʸʰ ʳʵʪʭʨʫʪʨ.
ʯʨʭˆʬʫʰ ʨʭʲʨʿʰ ˄ʰʴ ʻ˃ʾʵʫʨ,
ʺʨʴʮʬʫ ʬ˂ʭʨ ʯʬʯʸʰ ˁʵˆʨ,
ʩʴʬʲʹ ʾʨʳʬˀʰ ʨʴʨʯʬʩʫʨ.
ʨʭʲʨʿ, ˀʬʴ ʪʬʸˁʰʨ
˄ʨʸʩˀʬʾʬʩʰʲ ˂ʵʲʯʨʴ ˄ʵʲʨ.
ʳʨʹ ʫʨʰʺʨ˂ʬʩʬʴ ʬ˂ʬʸʬʲʰ ʩʻˀʬʩʰ...
ʬʹʸʵʲʬʹ ˂ʰˆʰʫʨʴ ʯʵʼʬʩʰ.
ʬʸʯʳʨ ʪʻʲˀʰ ʳʵʨʸʺʿʨ,
ʳʬʵʸʬʳ ʳʵʨˆʭʬʫʸʨ ʳʨʸˇʭʬʴʨ ʩʬ˅ˀʰ,
ʯʬʯʸʰ ʺʨʴʰʹʨʳʵʹʰ ˄ʰʯʲʨʯ ˀʬʻʾʬʩʬʹ,
˄ʰʯʲʨʯ ˀʬʻʾʬʩʬʹ ʳʬʫʰʫʻʸ ʨʭʲʨʿʹ.
ʨʳ ʾʨʳʬʹ ˇʨʸʰ ʻʱʨʴ ʪʨʩʸʻʴʫʨ,
ʳʬʵʸʬ ʾʨʳʬʹ ʰʹʬʭ ʳʵʪʭʨʫʪʨ,
ʰʹʬʭ ʳʵʪʭʨʫʪʨ ˂ˆʻʳʨʸʰʹ ˇʨʸʰ,
ʳʨʸʯʨʲʰ ʪʨʪʻʲʰ ˇʨʸʰʹʯʨʭʰ,
ʪʨʪʻʲ, ʹʰʳʨʸʯʲʰʯ ʳʵʪʰʭʨ, ʸʨ˂ ʳʵʪʰʭʨ,
˄ʬʲʹ ʮʬʭʰʯ ʨʸ ʳʵʪʨʸʺʿʨʳʯ,
ʬʸʯʹ ʯʬ˃ʵˀʰ ʺʿʭʰʨʹ ʳʵʪ˂ʬʳʯ,
ʳʬʵʸʬ ʯʬ˃ʵʹ ʹʨ˄ʵʲʨʯ ʳʵʪ˂ʬʳʯ
ʬʹʸʵʲʬʹ ˂ʰˆʰʫʨʴ ʯʵʼʬʩʰ.
ʳʨʸ˂ˆʬʴʨ ʯʬ˃ʵˀʰ ʺʿʭʰʨ ʳʵʨʸʺʿʬʹ,
ʳʨʸˇʭʬʴʨ ʯʬ˃ʵʮʬ ˄ʨʳʵʨ˄ʭʰʴʬʹ.
ʨʳ ʾʨʳʬʹ ʲʨˀʽʨʸʰ ʱʰʫʬʭ ʪʨʩʸʻʴʫʨ,
ʳʬʹʨʳʬ ʾʨʳʬʹ ʰʹʬʭ ʳʵʪʭʨʫʪʨ.
˃ʰʸʨʳʵʹʨʪʫʬʩʰ ʸʰˁʪʭʰʨʴʬʩʰ
ˀʭʰʫʰ ʱʬʸʨ (ʱʵʳʲʰ) ʸʰˁʪʭʰʨʴʬʩʰ,
ʨʸ ʰʲʬʭʨ ʪʭʨʸʰ ʳʨʯʰ.
ʺʿʭʰʰʹ ʹʨʼʸʨʫ ʱʬʭʸʬʩʰ (ʱʨʭʸʨʲ) ʫʨʰʱʨʭʬʹ,
˂ʰˆʰʹ ˃ʰʸʨʳʫʬ ʰʹʬ ʳʵʪʭʬʶʨʸʬʴ,
ʨʳ ˂ʰˆʬʹ ʫʨʻ˄ʿʬʹ ˃ʰʸʰʹ ʪʨʳʵʯˆʸʨ,
ʱʭʨʸʰʹ ˇʰʸʱʬʩʹ ʽʭʬˀ ʻ˄ʿʵʩʫʬʴ.
ʹʨʩʸʨʲʵ ˃ʳʬʩʵ, ʹʨ˂ʵʫʨʭʵ ˃ʳʬʩʵ,
ˁʭʬʴʰ ʯʨʭʰ ʫʨʭʰʺʰʸʵʯ.
ʹʨʳ ˄ʬʲʹ ˄ʨʳʨʲʹ ʭʰʳʮʨʫʬʩʫʰʯ,
251
 ʹʨʳʰ ˄ʬʲʰ ˂ʰˆʬˀʰ ʭʰʿʨʭʰʯ,
ʵˇʨˆʰʹ ʫʨ ˂ˆʵʭʸʬʩʰʹ ʨʸʨʼʬʸʰ ʭʰ˂ʰʯ,
˂ʵʲʰ ʫʨ ˀʭʰʲʰ ʨʸ ʪʭʰʴʨˆʨʭʹ,
ʬ˂ʬʸʰ ʫʨ ˂ˆʻʳʨʸʰ ʨʭʰʱʬʲʰʯ,
ʳʨʯʰ ˄ʰʴʨʳ˃ʾʵʲʬʩʰ ˁʬʴ ʳʵʭʱʨʲʰʯ,
ʵˆ, ʹʨʩʸʨʲʵ ʭʰ˂ʩʰʲ ʳʨ˂ʩʰʲ,
ʹʨ˅ʳʬʲ-ʹʨʹʳʬʲʰ ˂ʵʺʨ ʫʨʪʭʸˁʨ,
ʺʿʭʰʨ-˄ʨʳʨʲʰ ˀʬʳʵʪʭʬʲʰʨ,
ʬʸʯʰ ʽʵʯʨʴʰ ˂ʬʸ˂ʭʰ ʫʨʪʭʸˁʨ,
ʵʯˆʰ ʹʨʮʵʳʰ ˄ʨʳʨʲʰ ʫʨ ʵʸ-ʵʸʰ ʺʿʭʰʨ.
ʹʨʩʸʨʲʵ ˃ʳʬʩʵ, ʹʨ˂ʵʫʨʭʵ ˃ʳʬʩʵ,
˃ʰʸʰʫʪʨʴ (˂ʰˆʰʹ ʹʨ˃ʰʸʱʭʲʰʫʨʴ) ʨʲʰ ʮʬʭʰʯ ʪʭ˄ʭʫʬʩʨ.
ʫʰʫʯʨʭʰʨʴʰ ʩʨʺʵʴʰ ʹʵʸʯʳʨʴʰ ʨʰʭʨʴʮʬ ʮʰʹ,
˃ʨʲʰʨʴ ʻˆʨʸʰʨ ˁʭʬʴʰ ʫʨʾʻʶʭʨ,
ʹʰ˂ʰʲʰʹ ʪʸʪʭʰʴʭʨʹ ˁʭʬʴ ʪʭʨʪʵʴʬʩʹ.
ʹʨʩʸʨʲʵ ˃ʳʬʩʵ, ʹʨ˂ʵʫʨʭʵ ˃ʳʬʩʵ,
ʳʵʫʰ ˁʭʬʴʰ ʯʵʼʬʩʰ ʪʨʳʵʭ˂ʨʫʵʯ.
ʪʨˆʻʸʬʩʻʲʰ ʰʿʭʴʬʴ ʴʨʵʳʨʸʰ, ʭʰʯ ʴʨʱʭʬʸ˂ˆʨʲʰ,
ˆʬʲʰʹ ʳʵʱʰʫʬʩʨ ˃ʨʲʰʨʴ ʪʭʰ˅ʰʸʫʨ.
ʭʰʹʸʵʲʬʯ ˂ʰˆʰʫʨʴ ʯʵʼʬʩʰ,
ʬʸʯʳʨ ʳʵʭʨʸʺʿʰʯ ʹʵʸʯʳʨʴʹʨ ˄ʨʸʩˀʰ,
ʳʬʵʸʬʳ ˀʰʪ ʪʻʲˀʰ ʳʵʭʨˆʭʬʫʸʬʯ,
˄ʰʯʬʲʰ ʹʰʹˆʲʰ ʰʽ ʫʨʭʰʴʨˆʬʯ.
ʵˈ, ʴʬʺʨʭʰ ˁʭʬʴ, ʹʰʹˆʲ-ʨʻʾʬʩʬʲʰ ʨʾʨʸ ʫʨʭʸˁʰʯ,
ʯʨʭʰ ˁʭʬʴʰ ʱʰ ʭʰʹʰʹˆʲʬʯ,
ʫʰʫʰ ʹʵʸʯʳʨʴʰ ʳʵʪʭʰʱʲʨʭʹ.
ˁʭʬʴ ˂ˆʵʭʸʬʩʨ ʨʾʨʸ ʪʭʬʽʴʬʩʨ,
ʹʵʸʯʳʨʴʹ ʱʰ ʩʨʺʵʴʵʩʨ ʨʸ ʬʽʴʬʩʨ.
ʹʨʩʸʨʲʵ ˃ʳʬʩʵ, ʹʨ˂ʵʫʨʭʵ ˃ʳʬʩʵ,
˃ʳʬʩʹ ˂ʰˆʬ ʬʴʪʸʬʭʨʯ,
ʹʵʸʯʳʨʴʰ˂ ʨʳ ʫʸʵʹ ʹʻʲʹ ʾʨʼʨʭʹ...
˃ʳʬʩʹ ˂ʰˆʬ ˄ʨʬʽ˂ʨʯ,
ʹʵʸʯʳʨʴʹ ʹʻʲʰ ʨʳʵʹ˃ʭʸʨ.

129) ʨʽ ʲʨʶʨʸʨʱʰʨ ʩʬˁʵʹ ʹʨʮ. ʹʵʼ. ʫʵʲˀʰ ʳ˂ˆʵʭʸʬʩ ʹʭʨʴʬʩʮʬ, ʸʵʳʲʬʩʰ˂

ʰʿʭʴʬʴ ʯ-ʫ ʫʨʫʬˀʽʬʲʰʨʴʬʩʰʹ ʿʳʬʩʰ. ʬʹ ʹʰʳʾʬʸʨ ʨʪʭʰ˄ʸʬʹ ʰʳ ʪʨʸʬʳʵʬʩʨʹ, ʯʻ

252
ʸʵʪʵʸʰ ˀʬʭʰ˄ʸʵʬʩʻʲʰ ˈʿʵʲʰʨʯ ʰʹʰʴʰ ʯʨʭʨʫʬʩʹ ʫʨ ʸʵʪʵʸ ʳʵʻʱʲʨʭʯ ʯʨʭʰʹʰ
ʩʨʺʵʴʰ ʹʵʸʯʳʨʴʰ. ʬʹ ʹʵʸʯʳʨʴʰ ʻʴʫʨ ʿʵʼʰʲʰʿʵ ʳʬ-XVI ʹʨʻʱʻʴʬˀʰ.
130) ʨʽ ʨʸʰʹ ʲʨʶʨʸʨʱʰ ʹʵʸʯʳʨʴ ʫʨʫʬˀʽʬʲʰʨʴʰʹ ˀʺʵʰʹ ʫʨʫʬˀʽʬʲʰʨʴʬʩʮʬ,
ʸʵʳʲʬʩʰ˂ ʰʿʭʴʬʴ ʬ˂ʬʸʰʹ ʳʼʲʵʩʬʲʬʩʰ.

“€Š€ …ˆ‹€

ʽʨʲʹʨ ʭʰʹʳʨ ʬʸʽʭʨ ˀʸʻˀʨʴʨ

ʯʰʯʹʨ ˆʻʯʹʨ ʬ˂ʭʨ ʩʬ˅ʬʫʰ
ʩʬ˅ʫʰʹ ʯʨʭʹʨ ʰʫʪʨ ʩʵʹʺʨʴʰ
ʩʵʹʺʨʴ ˀʻʨ ʳʵʲʰ ʳʵʹʻʲʨ
ʳʵʲʯ ˀʻʨ ʴʨ˃ʭʰ ʨʹʻʲʨ
ʴʨ˃ʭʰʹ ˄ʭʬʸʹʨ ʽʵʸʹ ʩʻʫʬ ʬʫʪʨ
ʩʻʫʬ ʬʫʪʨ ʨʩʸʬˀʻʳʰʹʨ
ʱʭʬʸ˂ˆʰ˂ ʽʵʴʫʨ ʳʨʸʪʨʲʰʺʰʹʨ
ʭˁˆʬʱʬ ʭʱʬʱʬ ʱʭʬʸ˂ˆʰ˂ ʪʨʭʹʺʬˆʬ
ˀʭʰʲʰ ˈʿʨʭʫʨ ʰʨʪʻʴʫʰʹʨ
ʾʳʬʸʯʵ ʬʸʯʰ ˁʬʳʯʭʰʹ ʪʨʮʨʸʫʬ
ʹˆʭʨ ʨʯʨʹʰ ʹˆʭʰʹʯʭʰʹ ʪʨʮʨʸʫʬ
ʹʨʴʨʫʰʸʵʹ ʪʮʨ ʪʨʻ˄ʨʼʬ
˄ʿʨʸʵʹ ʯʨʭʹʨ ʰʹʨʫʰʲʬʹʵ
ʴʨʹʨʫʰʲʬʭʹ ʳʵˈʱʲʬʹ ʰʸʬʳʰ
ʳʨʪ ʰʸʬʳʹʨ ʽʻʲʨ ʫʨʭʪʲʰˇʬʯ
ˁʬʳʵ ˂ʵʲʵ ˆʭʨˆʭʨ ʳʵ˅ʸʰʲʵ
ˀʬʴ ʳʨʪʰʹʰ ˁʵˆʨ ˀʬʪʭʰʸʯʬ
ʸʨ˂ ʪʨʫʨʪʸˁʬʹ ˄ʰʴʫʨ±ʶʨʰ˅ʰ
ʲʰʩʴʰ ˆʬʹʨ ʽʭʬˀ ʻʪʫʰʭʨʸʯ
ʳʵʭʱʨʸʯ ˆʬʲʴʰ ˀʺʵʴʰ ʫʨʭʪʲʰˇʬʯ
ˁʬʳʵ ʽʳʨʸʵ ʲʵʳʵ ʫʨ ʪʳʰʸʵ
ˀʬʴ ʳʨʪʰʹʰ ʹʨˆʲʰ ʫʨʳʰʫʪʰ
ʸʨ˂ ʪʨʫʨʪʸˁʬʹ ˄ʰʹʽʭʰʲ±ʩʬʾʬʲʰ
˄ʰʹʽʭʰʲ ˄ʰʹʽʭʰʲʹʨ ʫʨ ˇʨʸʨʹʨ
ʽʨʲʰ ʨʩʸʻʴʬʩʫʨ ˇʨʸʨʹʨ
ʽʨʲʵ ʴʻ ʨʩʸʻʴʬʩ ˇʨʸʨʹʨ (ʲʨʯʨʹ)
ʳʬ ʳʵʪʰʺʨʴ ˆʨʯʨʰʨʹʨ (ʼʨʸʯʨʲʹʨ)
˄ʰʯʬʲ ʿʭʰʯʬʲ ʫʨʸʨʰʨʹʨ.
253
€Œ€ƒˆ 

ʹʨʴʨʫʰʸʵʹ ʳʰʭʫʰʵʫʰʯ
ʨʳʰʸʨʴʰ ʫʨ ʿʳʨʴʰ ʳʰʹʰ
˄ʰʴ ʰʸʬʳʰ ˀʬʪʭʬʿʨʸʨ
ʫʨʭʰˁʵʽʬʯ ʫʨ ʭʬʹʸʵʲʬʯ
ʩʬ˅ˀʰ ʰʹʨʸʰ ˀʨʳʵʭʺʿʵʸ˂ʴʬʯ
ʨʸ ʪʨʹʫʰʴʫʨ ˂ʭʨʸʰ ʹʰʹˆʲʰ
ʫʾʰʹʰʯ ʭʹʫʰʬʯ ʾʨʳʬ ʭʰʫʬʽʰʯ
ʨʸ ʫʨʭʱʨʸʪʬʯ ʱʭʨʲʰ ʳʰʹʰ
ʨʪʭʰ˃ʾʭʨ ʫʨ ʽʭʬ ˁʨʪʭʰ˃ʾʭʨ
ʩʨʲˆʬʯ ʳʰʴʫʵʸʰʯ ˁʨʪʭʰ˃ʾʭʨ
ʩʨʲˆʬʯ ʳʰʴʫʵʸʹ ʱʵˀʱʰ ʰʫʪʨ
ʱʵˀʱʰ ʰʫʪʨ ʨʪʬʩʻʲʰ
ʨʪʬʩʻʲʰ ʨʯʷʨʳʰʹʨ
ʹʨʳˇʬʸ ʰʸʪʭʲʰʭ ʳʵʻʨʸʬ
ʭʬʸʹʨʫ ʭʴʨˆʬ ʱʨʸʰ ʳʰʹʰ
ʨʳʰʸʨʴʳʨ ʽʻʹʲʰ ˁʨˈʱʸʨ
ˀʰʪ ˁʨʹʺʬˆʨ ʱʨʸʰ ʳʰʹʰ
ʱʨʸʬʩʹ ʻʱʨʴ ʱʻʩʵ ʰʫʪʨ
ʱʻʩʵ ʰʫʪʨ ʳʰʯʨ ʷʳʰʹʨ
ʹʨʼʬʸˆʻʲʹʨ ʸʨˀʰ ʬʩʨ
ʹʨʹʯʻʳʨʲʹʨ ˆʳʨʲʰ ʬʫʭʨ
ʵʸ ʯʰʯʹ ˀʻʨ ˄ʰʪʴʰ ʽʵʴʫʨ
˄ʰʪʴʰ ʽʵʴʫʨ ʫʨ˄ʬʸʰʲʰ
ʫʨ˄ʬʸʰʲʰ ʽʨʾʨʲʫʮʬʫʨ
ʭʰʴ˂ ʨʳ ˄ʰʪʴʹʨ ˄ʨʰʱʰʯˆʨʭʹ
ʳʨʹʨ ʽʵʴʫʬʹ ˂ˆʬʴ-ʰʨʸʨʾʰ
ʰʨʸʨʾʰ ʫʨ ʸʨˀʰ ˁʬʳʰ
ʫʨʭ-ʩʨʿʩʨʿʰ ˁʨʳʬʳʺʬʸʨ
ʪʻʲʹʨ ˁʨʳʿʭʨ ˇʨʭʸʰ ʳʰʹʰ
ʭʰʴ˂ ʨʳ ʩʨʿʩʨʿʹ ʳʬ ʳʵʳʰʱʲʨʭʹ
ʳʨʹ ʿʨʭʫʬʹ ˁʬʳʰ ʸʨˀʰ
ˁʬʳʰ ʸʨˀʰ ʫʨ ʰʨʸʨʾʰ.

254
‹€…Šˆ€ (‹…Š„Œ)
(ˁʨʳʨ˄ʬʸʰʴʨ ʪʰʵʸʪʰ ˆʨʽʸʮʰʨʴʳʨ ʹ. ʱʨʲʨˀʰ).

ʳʨʭʲʰʵʹ ʾʳʬʸʯʳʨʴʰ ʳʨʭʲʰʵʹ

(ʻʴʫʨ ʰʿʵʹ: ʳʵʭʲʬʴ, ʾʳʬʸʯʳʨʴʰ, ʳʵʭʲʬʴ).
ʽʨʸʯʲʰ ʱʨˆʬʯʰ ʯʻ ʨʸʬ
ʹʻʲʨ ʸʨ˅ʨ ʫʨ ʲʬˁˆʻʳʰ
ʳʬʭʰʫʨ ʲʨˀˆʬʯʹ ʲʨˀʽʨʸʰ
ˁʵʲʻʸʰ ˁʭʬʴʯʭʰʹ ʭʰʨʸʬʫ
ʰ˄ʨʰ˄ʨ ʰʾʻʳʯʰʨʴ
ʫʨʭʰʫʪʰ ʻˀʪʻʲʹ ʱʨʸʨʭʰ
ʪʰʵʸʪʰ ˂ʬ˂ˆʲʰʹ ʻʲʨˀʰ
ʳʻʲʨˆˀʰ ʱʨ˂ʰ ʪʨʪʮʨʭʴʬʹ
ʳʻʲʨˆʰ ʫʰʫʰ ʩʨʺʵʴʰ
ʽʭʬʰʯʰ ʳʬʹʬʺʻʨʸʬ
ʩʨʾʫʰ ʽʨʲʨʽ ʹʵʲʨ ʲʬʴˇʨʸ
ʬ˂ʬʸˀʰ ʱʨ˂ʰ ʪʨʪʮʨʭʴʬʹ
ʬʹ ʬ˂ʬʸʰ ʫʨ ʻˀʪʻʲʰ
ʳʵʱʲʬʹ ʽʬʽʨʭʵʮ ʽʨʰˆʵʹʸʵ
ʱʨʲʨʹ ʳʵˆʳʨʸʰ ˇʨˆʳʨʸʬˆ
ˇʨˆʳʨʸʬˆ ʫʰʫʰ ˃ʨʲʰʨ
ʳʰˇʭʸʰˀ ʪʰ˄ʰʸʬʹ ʭʨʮʰʸʰ.

Š‹Œ
(ˁʨʳʨ˄ʬʸʰʴʨ ʪʵʪʨ ʸʨʺʰʨʴʳʨ ʹ. ʻˀʪʻʲˀʰ)

ʨʾʹʫʪʨ ʹʵʲʵʳʵʴ, ˄ʨʩʸ˃ʨʴʫʨ,

ˀʬʹʫʪʨ ʹʺʨʳʩʵʲʰʹ ʪʮʨʮʬʫʨ,
ˀʭʰʫʰ ʫʾʬ-ʾʨʳʬ ʰʨʸʨ,
ʳʰʩʸ˃ʨʴʫʨ ˆʭʨʴʯʽʸʰʹ ʱʨʸʮʬʫʨ.
ʭʬʮʰʸʰ ʫʨʻˆʭʫʨ ʱʨʸʮʬʫʨ,
ˆʬʲʰ ʫʨʨʫʭʨ ʳˆʨʸʮʬʫʨ:
ʹʵʲʵʳʵʴ, ʸʨʮʬʫ ʪʨʸˇʰʲˆʨʸ, ʸʨʮʬʫʨ?
ʳʵʪʬˆʹʬʴʬʩʨʯ, ʩʨʺʵʴʵ, ˂ʻʫʹ ʫʸʵʹ ˀʬʭʬʿʨʸʬʯ, ʳʨʮʬʫʨ.
ˀʬʰʶʨʺʰʷʨ ʹʵʲʵʳʵʴ, ʫʨʹʭʬʹ ˆʨʲʰˁʰʹ ʯʨʭʮʬʫʨ.
255
ʹʵʲʵʳʵʴ, ˇʰʸʯʰʹ ʪʰʽʬʩʬʴ, ʪʨʴʯʽʳʻʲʰ ʪʻʸˇʰʹʺʨʴʮʬʫʨ.
ʳʬ ˇʰʸʰʯʰʹʨ ʸʨ ʭʰ˂ʰ, ʸʨ ʫʨʭʰʽʨʫʴʵ ʸʨʮʬʫʨ.
ʪʨʭʮʸʫʰʲʭʨʸ ʪʨʻˁʨʸˆʭʬʲʨʫ ʹʨˆʲˀʰ ʫʨ ʳʵʬʫʨʴʮʬʫʨ.
ʹʵʲʵʳʵʴ, ʨʸ ʳʵʪʬˀʭʬʩʰʯ, ʪʨʪʰʿʭʨʴʯ ʳʵʬʫʨʴʮʬʫʨ;
ʬʸʯʰ ˁʭʬʴ˂ʨ ʪʭʿʨʭʹ ʨʸʨʩʰ, ʪʨʴʯʽʳʻʲʰ ʽʭʬʿʨʴʨʮʬʫʨ;
ʯʻʳ˂ ʬˇʰʩʸʬʩʰ, ˆʭʨʴʯʽʨʸʰʹ ˄ʿʨʲʵʩʨʹ ʳʰʰʾʬʩ ʳʨʮʬʫʨ.
ʬˆ, ʩʨʺʵʴʵ, ʸʨ ʪʨʳʬ˄ʿʵʩʨ ʯʽʭʬʴʮʬʫʨ,
˂ˆʬʴʰ˂ ʰʹʬʯʰ ʳʰˀʵʭʴʬʯ, ʺʵʲʰ ʨʸ ʿʨʭʫʬʹ ʽʭʬʿʨʴʨʮʬʫʨ;
ˀʬʭʰʫʴʬʴ, ʪʨʳʵʰʿʭʨʴʬʹ ʴʨʩʨʳʰ ʵʯˆʱʬ˂ ˇʨ˅ʭʮʬʫʨ,
ˀʭʰʫʹʨ ʳʬˇʰʴʰʩʬʹ ʳʵˈʿʨʭʹ, ʭʬʸ ʨʳʨʪʸʬʩʬʴ ʪʮʨʮʬʫʨ;
ʵʽʸʵʹ ʰʨʸʨʾʰ ʬʫʪʨ, ʨʲʳʨʹʰ ʬʸ˅ʵ ʯʨʭʮʬʫʨ.
ʵʸˀʨʩʨʯ ʫʰʲʨ ʪʨʯʬʴʫʨ, ʹʵʲʵʳʵʴ ˀʬˆʺʨ ˂ˆʬʴʮʬʫʨ,
˂ˆʬʴʰ ʫʪʬʩʵʫʨ ʿʨʲʿʮʬʫʨ,
ʭʵʫʬʩʹ ʪʨʫʬʭʲʬʩʨ ʯʨʭʮʬʫʨ.
ʨʽ ʳʵˈʽʸʰʹ, ʳʵˀˆʻʰʹ ʨʸʨʩʰ ʭʰʯ ˀʨʭʨʸʫʬʴʰ ʳʯʨʮʬʫʨ,
ʹʨʳʰ ˇʰʸʰʯʰ ʻ˄ʿʭʰʨ ʰʳ ʪʨˀʨʭʬʩʻʲ ʳʱʲʨʭʮʬʫʨ;
ʹʨʳʹʨ ʹʵʲʵʳʵʴʹ ʬʽʨʫʭʰʹ, ʸʨ ʪʨʫʨˆʫʬʩʨ ʯʨʭʮʬʫʨ.
ʹʵʲʵʳʵʴ ʹʨʲʨʳʹ ʳʰʨʸʯʳʬʭʹ, ʨʸ˂ ˆʨʸʵʩʹ ʨʸʨʼʬʸʮʬʫʨ.
ʳʬ ʹʨʲʨʳʰ ʨʸ ʭʰ˂ʰ, ʭˆʬʫʨʭ ʪʨʳʬʽʬ˂ ʪʨʴʮʬʫʨ,
˄ʿʨʲʰʭʰʯ ʵʼʲˀʰ ʪʨʪ˄ʻʸʵ, ʪʨʪʹʰʴˇʵ ʱʨ˂ʵʩʨʮʬʫʨ,
ʹʵʲʵʳʵʴ ˄ʰʴʨ ʪʨʬʽ˂ʨ, ʨʸʨʩʰ ʪʨʿʭʨ ʱʭʨʲʮʬʫʨ;
ʬʸʯʰ ʬʹʸʵʲʨ ˇʰʸʰʯʰ, ʪʨʫʨʨ˂ʰʲʨ ʯʨʭʮʬʫʨ,
ʳʬʵʸʬ ˇʰʸʰʯʰ ʬʹʸʵʲʨ, ʨʸ ˄ʨʰʱʨʸʨ ʺʨʴʮʬʫʨ,
ʳʬʹʨʳʬ ˇʰʸʰʯʰ ʬʹʸʵʲʨ, ˂ˆʬʴʹ ʳʵʨʸʺʿʨ ʺʨʴʮʬʫʨ.
ʹʵʲʵʳʵʴ ʳʬʺʨʫ ˀʬʼʰʽʸʫʨ, ʪʨʫʨʬˆʭʰʨ ˂ˆʬʴʹʨ ʫʨ ʨʱʵ˂ʨ ʵʸʹʨ
ʯʭʨʲʮʬʫʨ.
ˀʬʴʰ ˅ʰʸʰʳʬ, ʲʻʸˇʨˇʨʴ, ʪʨʫʨʳʨʸˁʰʴʬ ˄ʨʳʮʬʫʨ,
ʨ˄ʰ ʳʵʩʸ˃ʨʴʫʰ, ʨʸʨʩʵ, ʳʬ ʬʸʯʰʹ ʳʬʺʹ ʨʸ ʪʬʹʭʸʰ
ʫʨ ʳʨʹʨ˂ ʹʨʳʨʸʯʨʲʮʬʫʨ.
ʬʸʯʰ ʬʹʸʵʲʨ ˇʰʸʰʯʰ, ʫʨʨʹʭʨ ʩʬ˅ʰʹ ʯʨʭʮʬʫʨ.
ʰʱʰʭʲʨ ʫʨ ʪʨʫʳʵʭʨʸʫʨ, ˂ˆʬʴʰ ʫʨʸʩʵʫʨ ˄ʿʨʲʮʬʫʨ...
ˆʭʨʴʯʽʨʸʹ ʱʨ˂ʰ ʳʰʻʭʰʫʨ ʫʨ ʨ˂ʴʵʩʨ: ʳʵʪʰʱʲʬʹ ˀʬʴʰ ʨʸʨʩʰʵ.
ˆʭʨʴʯʽʨʸʳʨ ʱʰʯˆʭʨ ʫʨʻʹʭʨ ± ʭʰʴ ʨʸʰʹ ʨʸʨʩʰʹ ʳʱʭʲʬʲʰʵ?
˄ʨʫʰʯ ʳʵʳʪʭʨʸʬʯ ʹʵʲʵʳʵʴ. ˀʬʰʶʨʺʰʷʬʹ ʹʵʲʵʳʵʴ,
ʫʨʹʭʬʹ ˆʨʲʰˁʰʹ ʯʨʭʮʬʫʨ,
ʵʸʯʻʾʭʰʨʴʰʹ ʼʨˀʵʩʨ ʼʰ˂ˆʲʨʯ ʫʨʹ˄ʬʸʬʹ ʺʨʴʮʬʫʨ.
256
ˆʳʨʲʹ ʰˆʳʨʸʹ ʨʲʳʨʹʰʹʨʹʨ,
ʹʨʳʨʸʯʨʲʰ ʰʹʬʯʰ ʨʽʭʹ, ˀʻʨʯ ˈʿʵʼʹ ʩʬ˄ʭʹʨ ʯʳʰʹʨʹʨ.

‚ˆ…„ ‚ˆŠ€

ʭʵˋʫʨ ʲʬʳˁʰʲ ʰˋʨʭʵʫʨ ˋʨʽ ˀ

ʭʵˋʫʨ ʪʰʭʬʸ ʰˋʨʭʵʫʨ ʪʰʲʨ
ˆʰʯˆʭʰ ˋʨʸʬ ˅ʨʴʪʻʲʰʹʪʨ
ʱʵˇʨʹ ʼʰʭʬʸʹ ʫ ʳ ˆʨ˂ʻʸʰ
˃ʻʾʭ ˀ ˈʵʱʬʸ ˂ʻʮʭʨʸʹ ˆʰʺˆʬ
˃ʻʾʭʨʹ ˂ʻʮʭʨʸʹ ʫ ʳˆʨ˂ʻʸʰ
ˁʰ ˀ ʳʬʯˆʭʰˋ ʸʹ ʬˇʴʵˀ ˆʨʹʸʬ
ʽʵʸʻʲʫ ˇˋʪ ʴ ʹʵʼʲʰˀ ʯˆʻʳʨʹ
ʲ˙ʲˀʪʰʲʫ ˇ ʫʨ ʾʭʨˀʨˀ ˂ʰʲʰʲʫˀ
ˆʵʸʬʭ ˇˋʪ ʴ ʾʭʨʩʨ ˇʰˇʭʳʰˀ...

‡€ ‚‹€Œˆ

ʪʨʹʨʮʸʫʬʲʵ ʫʨ ʫʨʹʨʩʬʸʬʩʬʲʵ ʪʰʭʬʸʪʰʲʨ (ʪʰʵʸʪʰ),

ʴʨʫʰʸʵʩʫʰ ˅ʨʴʪʻʲˀʰ,
ʱʲʫʬˀʰ ˇʰˆʭ±ʨʸˁʭʹ ʨʸ ʺʵʭʬʩʫʰ,
ʺʿʬˀʰ ʴʨʫʰʸʹ ʨʸ ʺʵʭʬʩʫʰ,
ʮʾʭʰʹ ʹʰʾʸʳʬʬʩʰʫʪʨʴ ʯʬʭʮʰ (˂ʻʮʨʹ) ʨʳʵʪʿʨʭʫʨ,
ʮʾʭʨʹ ʯʬʭʮʬʩʹ ʨʸ ʨʸˁʬʴʫʰ,
ʿʭʬʲʨ ʳʵʴʨʫʰʸʬʹ ʨʳʰʯʰ ʹˇʵʩʴʰʫʰ.
ʹʨˆʲʰ ʪʬʫʪʨ ʹʵʼʲʰʹ ʯʨʭˀʰ,
ʫʨˆʻʸʻʲʰ ˇʰˆʭʰʹ ʺʿʨʭʰʯ,
ˆʸʵʭʨ ʪʬʫʪʨ ˇʰˆʭʰʹ ˃ʭʲʰʹʨ,
ʫʨʹʨʩʬʸʬʩʬʲʵ ʪʰʭʬʸʪʰʲʨ...

257
ƒ€Šˆ ‰›€ š„Š”…€€Š„

ʫʬʫʬ ˆʰˋʨʫ ʲʬʮʰʮ ʳʴʨʿ

ʬʸʹʱ ʴ ʱʭʰ˂ʸ ʹʨʻʫ ʲʨʳ ʫ
ʽʨ ʲʵˆʭʴʨʿʬ ʫʬʫʬʫ ʲʬʮʰʮ
ʳʬʯˆʭʰˋʨʸ ʳʰˁʨ ʲʬʲʨʺ ʪʬʮʨʲʹ
ʫʵʹʫʨ ˃ʰʴ ʸʹ ʷʰ ˆʭʰʪʴʨʲʬ
ʷˋʭ ʨʳˁʬʫˆʭʰ ʯʨʴ ʾʯʬʷʰ
ˆʬʭʹʰ ʲʰʱʬʫʹ ˆʭʬʳʻʸˇ ʲʬ
ʬˀˆʻ ʯ˙ʳˋ ʱˋʲ ʲʨʳʹ˙ʳʫʨ
ʨʳʾʨ ʳʰʨ ʳʨʫʳʨ ʵʴʼʬˀʰ
ʳʬʸʳʬ ʱˋʲ ʨˇʨʾʫ ʳʨʹ˙ʳʫʨ
ʳʰʭ ʲ˙˅ ʯ ˆʭʰ ʳ ʫ ʨˆʭʬʳˍʸʨ
ʨʲʰ ʱʰʲʰ ʳ ʭ ˋʸ ʲʬ
ʲʬʷ ʭ ʲʨˆʭʹʪʰ ʯʬʯʭʴʬ ʱʵˇʲʰ
ʱʵˇ ʹ ʫ ʲʰ ˆʬʲʾʭʨʷ ʲʬ
ˁʻʽʭ ʴ ʯˆʬʸ ʲ ˆʵʿ˙ʲʶ˙ʴʬ
ʫ ʲʰʹ ʪʬʮʨʲ ʱʵˇʹ ˆʨˀʿʬʫʨ
ʬˇʰ ʯˆʬʸ ʲʹ ʬˀʲʵˆʽʨʸʭʨ
ʳʬʯˆʭʰˋʨʸ ʱʵˇʨ ˃ʰʸʫ ʨʳˁʬʫʲʰ

–„£ƒ‹„ˆ ‚€¡ „€

ʪʭ. ʹʺʸ. ʫʨʩʬ˅ʫʰʲʰʨ: ʻʴʫʨ ʰʿʵʹ:

23 8 ʮʬʭ. ,,ʲʲʨ³ ʫʨ ,,ʲ
ʲʨ³
41 9 ʽʭ. ˀʬʴʵʩʬʩʰʹ ˀʬʴʵʩʰʹ
42 12 ʮʬʭ. ʹʵʼ. ˅ʬʸˀʰ ʹʵʼ. ʿʨʸˀʰ
48 10 ʮʬʭ. ˆʳʰʯ ʳʰʯ
65 9 ʽʭ. ʽʨʲʬʩʹ ʽʨʲʬʩʰ
76 13 ʮʬʭ. ʳʯʨʭʸʵʩʰʹ ʳʯʨʭʸʬʩʰʹ
108 4 ʽʭ. ʩʰʳʻʸʮʨ ʨʯʳʻʸʮʨ
124 8 ʮʬʭ. ʳʨʾʲʵʩʮʬ ʳʨʾʲʵʩʬʩʮʬ
136 10 ,, ʪʨʳʵʨʩʨʳʫʨ ʪʨʳʵʰʩʨʳʫʨ
141 ʹʨʯ. ʯˆʵʭʴʨ ʯˆʵʭʨ
µ¶ 2 ʽʭ. ʵʪʬʲʰʹ ʫʵʪʬʲʰʹ
154 18 ,, ʵʸʰ ʵ˂ʰ
165 16 ,, ʳʯʨʮʬʫ ʳʨʯʮʬ

258
259
€…¢ ˆ€‚€Œ

ʹʭʨʴʬʯʰʹ ʿʵʼʨ-˂ˆʵʭʸʬʩʰʹʨ ʫʨ ʨʫʨʯ-ˁʭʬʻʲʬʩʬʩʰʹ ʪʨˀʻʽʬʩʨ

ʯʨʭʰʹʰ ʵʸʰʪʰʴʨʲʻʸʵʩʰʯ ʯʨʴʨʳʬʫʸʵʭʬ ʳʱʰʯˆʭʬʲ
ʹʨʮʵʪʨʫʵʬʩʰʹʨʯʭʰʹ ʨʸ ʻʴʫʨ ʰʿʵʹ ʰʴʺʬʸʬʹʹ ʳʵʱʲʬʩʻʲʰ, ˆʵʲʵ
ʳʬ˂ʴʰʬʸʬʩʰʹʨ ʫʨ ʰʹʺʵʸʰʰʹʨʯʭʰʹ ʰʹ ʰ˃ʲʬʭʨ ʼʨʹʫʨʻʫʬʩʬʲ
ʳʨʹʨʲʨʹ ʳʸʨʭʨʲʴʨʰʸ ʹʨʱʰʯˆʬʩʰʹ ʪʨʫʨ˅ʸʨ-ʪʨʳʵʸʱʭʬʭʨˀʰ. ʨʳ
ʪʨʸʬʳʵʬʩʨʹ ʫʾʬʳʫʬ ʨʸ ʽʵʴʫʨ ʳʰʽ˂ʬʻʲʰ ʹʨʯʨʴʨʫʵ ʿʻʸʨʫʾʬʩʨ.
ʳʨʸʯʨʲʰʨ, ʹʭʨʴʬʯʮʬ ʩʬʭʸʰ ʸʨʳ ʫʨ˄ʬʸʰʲʨ ʳʬ-19 ʹʨʻʱʻʴʬˀʰ
ʻ˂ˆʵʬʲʬʩʰʹ ʳʰʬʸ, ʳʨʪʸʨʳ ʳʨʯ ʳʰʬʸ ʹʭʨʴʬʯʰʹ ˂ˆʵʭʸʬʩʰʹ
ʹʰʴʨʳʫʭʰʲʬ ʻʼʸʵ ʫʨʳʨˆʰʴˇʬʩʻʲʰʨ, ʭʰʫʸʬ ʴʨʯʬʲʿʵʼʰʲʰ. ʨʳʰʹ
ʫʨʹʨʳʺʱʰ˂ʬʩʲʨʫ ʳʬ ʳʵʭʰʿʭʨʴ, ʹˆʭʨʯʨ ˀʵʸʰʹ, ʵʸʰʵʫʬ ʻʩʸʨʲʵ
ʳʨʪʨʲʰʯʹ: ʩʨʸʯʵʲʵʳʬʰʹ, ʸʵʳʬʲʹʨ˂ ʯʨʭʰʹʻʼʨʲʰ ʹʭʨʴʰ ʫʨ
ʬʸʰʹʯʨʭʰ ʨʹʨˆʬʲʬʩʬʴ ʹʭʨʴʬʯʰʹ ʴʻʳʰʮʳʨʺʨʯ, ʭʬʸ ʪʨʻʸˁʬʭʰʨ ʯˆʨ
ʩʨʿʩʨʿ ʫʬʭʰʹʨʪʨʴ. ʲʨˀʯˆʭʬʸʰʹ ʬʱʲʬʹʰʰʹ ˁʸʫʰʲʵʬʯʰʹ ʱʬʫʬʲʮʬ
ʫʨˆʨʺʻʲʰʨ ʨʳʰʸʨʴʰʹ ʩʸ˃ʵʲʨ ʩʨʿʩʨʿ ʫʬʭʯʨʴ. ʩʨʸʯʵʲʵʳʬʰʹ
ʸʽʵʹʨʴ, ʩʨʲʴʰʨʴ ˂ʨʲ-ʯʭʨʲʨ ʭʬʬʩʬʸʯʬʲʨ ʫʬʭʰʹ ʨʫʪʰʲʨʹ ʯʨʭʰʹ
˄ʰʪʴʨʱˀʰ ʯˆʨ ʫʨʻˆʨʺʰʨ. ʳʨʹ ʭʬʸ ʪʨʻʸˁʬʭʰʨ ʨʪʸʬʯʭʬ ʰʨʲʩʻʮʰ
ʯʭʬʯʴʻʲʫʰʹʨʪʨʴ ʫʨ ʯʭʬʯʴʻʲʫʰ ʰʳ ʰʨʲʩʻʮʰʹ ʹʨˆʬʲʰʯ
ʳʵʻʴʨʯʲʨʭʹ, ʸʵʳʲʬʹʨ˂ ʹʸʻʲʰʨʫ ʭʬʸ ˀʬʨʳˁʴʬʭʯ ʹʭʨʴʬʯʰʫʨʴ.
ʹʺʵʰʨʴʵʭʹʨ ʫʨ ʺʬʶ˂ʵʭʹ ʹʭʨʴʬʩʰ ʻ˂ʭʴʰʨʯ ˄ʳʰʴʫʨ ʻʱʸʨʰʴʬʲʬʩʨʫ
ʫʨ ʭʬʲʰʱʵʸʵʹʬʩʨʫ ʫʨ ʳʨʯʰ ʬʴʨ ʨʸʨ ʽʨʸʯʻʲʰ ʬʴʰʹ ʳʵʴʨʯʬʹʨʭʬʫ.
ʩʵʸʵʮʫʰʴʨ ʯʨʭʰʹʻʼʨʲʰ ʹʭʨʴʬʯʰʹ ʹʨˆʬʲ˄ʵʫʬʩʨʹ ʨʹʬ
ʪʭʰˆʹʴʰʹ: ,,ʯʨʭʰʹʻʼʨʲʰ ʹʭʨʴʬʯʰ ʨʳ ʽʭʬʿʨʴʨʹ ʫʨʬʸʽʭʨ ʰʳʰʹʯʭʰʹ,
ʸʵʳ ʬʸʯˆʬʲ ʳʰʹ ʳʱʭʰʫʸʯ ˀʬʳʵʨʱʭʫʨʯ ʯ. ʫʨʫʬˀʽʬʲʰʨʴʰʵ,
ʸʰʹʯʭʰʹʨ˂ ʳʯʬʲʰ ʹʭʨʴʬʯʰ, ʫʰʫʰ ʫʨ ʶʨʺʨʸʨ, ʽʨʲʰ ʫʨ ʱʨ˂ʰ,
ʪʨ˄ʿʭʬʺʰʲ ʰʽʴʬʴ ʫʨʫʬˀʽʬʲʰʨʴʬʩʰʹ ʳʰʬʸ ʫʨ, ʸʨʫʪʨʴʨ˂ ʬʹ ʽʭʬʿʨʴʨ
ʹʸʻʲʰʨʫ ʪʨʰ˄ʳʰʴʫʨ ʫʨ ʪʨʴʯʨʭʰʹʻʼʲʫʨ ʳʵʹʨˆʲʬʵʩʰʹʨʪʨʴ,
ʨʳʰʺʵʳ ʫʨʬʸʽʭʨ ʯʨʭʰʹʻʼʨʲʰ ʹʭʨʴʬʯʰʵ³ ʳʬ ʨʸ ˀʬʭˁʬʸʫʬʩʰ ʨʳ
ʹʨʹʨ˂ʰʲʵ ʳʵʹʨʮʸʬʩʰʹ ʪʨʽʨʸ˄ʿʲʬʩʨʮʬ ʫʨ ʭʰʺʿʭʰ ʳˆʵʲʵʫ ʰʳʨʹ,
ʸʵʳ ʨʹʬʯʰ ,,ʳʬ˂ʴʰʬʸʬʩʰʹ³ ʪʨʳʵʱʭʲʬʭʬʩʰʯ ʹʭʨʴʬʯʮʬ ʹ˄ʵʸʰ
ˀʬˆʬʫʻʲʬʩʨ ˀʬʻ˃ʲʬʩʬʲʰʨ ʭʰʽʵʴʰʵʯ. ʨʹʬ˂ ʸʵʳ ʨʸ ʰʿʭʬʹ, ʳʨʯʰ
ʴʨ˄ʨʸʳʵʬʩʰ ʨʸ ʹ˂ʰʲʫʬʩʵʫʨ ʭʰ˄ʸʵ ˄ʸʬʹʨ ʫʨ ʹʶʬ˂ʰʨʲʵʩʨʹ.
ʹʨʳʨʸʯʲʰʨʴʵʩʨ ʳʵʰʯˆʵʭʹ ʨʾʭʴʰˀʴʵʯ, ʸʵʳ ʨʳ ʳˆʸʰʭ
ʶʰʸʭʬʲʰ ʨʫʪʰʲʰ ʻ˅ʰʸʨʭʹ ʹʭʨʴʬʯʰʹ ˀʬʹʨˆʬʩ ʲʰʺʬʸʨʺʻʸʨˀʰ
ʯʨʭʰʹʻʼʨʲʰ ʹʭʨʴʰʹ ʬʺʴʵʪʸʨʼʰʻʲ ˄ʬʸʰʲʬʩʹ, ˀʬʳʫʬʪ ʸ.
260
ʬʸʰʹʯʨʭʰʹ ˄ʰʪʴʨʱʹ ǯȈȔȍȚȒȐȖǹȊȈȕȍȚȐȐ³˂ˆʨʫʰʨ ʳˆʵʲʵʫ ʰʹ ʸʵʳ
ʨʴ ʬʸʰʹʯʨʭʰʹ ˄ʰʪʴʰ ʻʴʫʨ ʰʿʵʹ ʹʰʺʿʭʨ ʹʰʺʿʭʰʯ ʪʨʫʳʵʯʨʸʪʳʴʰʲʰ
ʯʨʭʰʹʻʼʨʲ ʹʭʨʴʰʹ ˄ʬʸʰʲʬʩʰʫʨʴ, ʨʴ ʻʱʨʴʨʹʱʴʬʲʹ ʻʴʫʨ ʽʵʴʫʬʹ
ʳʰʹ ˄ʰʪʴʨʱʰʫʨʴ ʴʨʯʨʸʪʳʴʰ. ˁʬʳʰ ʾʸʳʨ ʸ˄ʳʬʴʰʯ, ʶʰʸʭʬʲʰ
ʳʵʹʨʮʸʬʩʨ ʻʼʸʵ ʨˆʲʵʹ ʻʴʫʨ ʰʿʵʹ ʹʰʳʨʸʯʲʬʹʯʨʴ, ʭʰʫʸʬ ʳʬʵʸʬ,
ʭʰʴʨʰʫʨʴ ʯʨʭʰʹʻʼʨʲʰ ʹʭʨʴʰʹ ˄ʬʸʰʲʬʩʰ ʳʵʯʨʭʹʬʩʻʲʰ ʰʿʵ ʪʨʮ.
,,ʰʭʬʸʰʰʹ³-67, 68 ʫʨ 69 ˄ʲʬʩʰʹ ʴʵʳʸʬʩˀʰ, ˆʵʲʵ ʸ. ʬʸʰʹʯʨʭʰʹ
˄ʰʪʴʰ ʪʨʳʵ˂ʬʳʻʲʰʨ 1897 ˄ʬʲʹ. ʻʴʫʨ ʨʾʰʴʰˀʴʵʹ ʰʹʰ˂, ʸʵʳ ʬʸʯʹʨ˂
ʫʨ ʳʬʵʸʬʹʨ˂ ʩʬʭʸʰ ʸʨʳ ʾʰʸʹʨʾʹʨʴʰˀʴʨʭʰ ʫʨ ʹʨʰʴʺʬʸʬʹʵ ʳʨʹʨʲʬʩʰ
ʫʨʸˁʬʴʰʨʯ ˆʬʲˀʬʻˆʲʬʩʲʨʯ, ʳʨʪʸʨʳ ʯʨʭʰʹʻʼʨʲʰ ʹʭʨʴʰʹ
˄ʬʸʰʲʬʩʰ ʹʭʨʴʻʸ ʨʫʨʯ-ˁʭʬʻʲʬʩʬʩʮʬ ʰʳ ʳˆʸʰʭ ʨʸʰʨʴ
ʹʨʹʨʸʪʬʩʲʵ, ʸʵʳ ʳʨʯˀʰ ʳʵʰʶʵʭʬʩʨ ˂ʴʵʩʬʩʰ ʮʵʪʰʬʸʯʰ ʨʫʨʯʰʹ
ˀʬʹʨˆʬʩ, ʸʵʳʲʬʩʰ˂ ˁʭʬʴ ʫʸʵʳʫʬ ʪʨʳʽʸʨʲʨʴ, ʫʨ ʸʵʪʵʸ˂ ʳʬ, ʰʹʬ
ʹʭʨʴʬʯʰʹ ʹˆʭʨ ʳʱʭʲʬʭʨʸʯ ˀʬʻ˃ʲʰʨʯ ʮʵʪʰʬʸʯ ˀʬʳʯˆʭʬʭʨˀʰ ʳʨʯʰ
ʪʨʳʵʿʬʴʬʩʨ.
ʯʽʭʬʴʹ ˄ʰʴ ʳʫʬʩʨʸʬ ˄ʰʪʴʰʹ ʨʭʺʵʸʹ, ʯʨʭʰʹʻʼʨʲ ʹʭʨʴʬʯʰʹ
ˀʭʰʲʹ, ʩʬʫʳʨ ʫʨʳʨʱʰʹʸʨ ʳʸʨʭʨʲʰ ˄ʲʰʹ ʪʨʴʳʨʭʲʵʩʨˀʰ
ʭʿʵʼʰʲʰʿʨʭʰ ʹʭʨʴʬʯʰʹ ʳʨʸʯʭʨ-ʪʨʳʪʬʵʩʰʹ ʳʻˀʨʱʰ. ʨʳʰʺʵʳ
ʹʨˀʻʨʲʬʩʨ ʳʵʳʬ˂ʨ ʹʨʼʻ˃ʭʲʰʨʴʨʫ ʪʨʭʹ˂ʴʵʩʵʫʰ ʳʰʹ ʿʵʼʨ-
˂ˆʵʭʸʬʩʨʹ ʫʨ ʰʳ ʨʫʨʯ-ˁʭʬʻʲʬʩʬʩʹʨ ʫʨ ʰʻʸʰʫʰʻʲ ʼʵʸʳʬʩʹ,
ʸʵʳʬʲʯʨ ˆʬʲʳ˃ʾʭʨʴʬʲʵʩʰʯʨ˂ ʳʰˆʫʬʩʵʫʨ ʻʳʯʨʭʸʬʹʨʫ ʳʻˀʨʵʩʨ
ʨʳ ʽʭʬʿʨʴʨˀʰ. ʨʳʷʨʳʨʫ ʹʻʸʭʰʲʰ ʳʨʽʭʹ ʬʹ ˁʬʳʰ ˀʸʵʳʨ ʭʻ˃ʾʭʴʨ
ʳʱʰʯˆʭʬʲ ʹʨʮʵʪʨʫʵʬʩʨʹ ʹʭʨʴʬʯʰʹ ʯʨʭ-ʪʨʫʨʹʨʭʲʰʹʨ ʫʨ ʿʵʼʨ-
˂ˆʵʭʸʬʩʰʹ ʨˆʲʵ ʪʨʹʨ˂ʴʵʩʨʯ.
ʫʨʹʨʹʸʻʲʹ ʳʨʫʲʵʩʨʹ ʭʻ˃ʾʭʴʰ ʹ. ʬʹʨ˃ʬʹ. ʹ. ʪʵʸʪʨ˃ʬʹ ʫʨ ʹ.
ʱʨʱʨʩʨ˃ʬʹ, ʸʵʳʲʬʩʳʨ˂ ʨʳ ˀʸʵʳʰʹʨʯʭʰʹ ʮʵʪʰʬʸʯʰ ˂ʴʵʩʬʩʰ
ʳʵʳʨ˄ʵʫʬʹ.

ʨʭʺʵʸʰ

261
I
…€Œ„ˆ ƒ€‹‰ˆƒ„‘Š„€ ’„ƒ€Šˆ†‹ˆ€ ƒ€
€¢Œ-•‹ˆ€ƒ‹ˆ

ˁʬʳʹ ʶʰʸʭʬʲ ˄ʰʪʴˀʰ, ,,˃ʭʬʲʰ ʫʨ ʨˆʨʲʰ ʹʭʨʴʬʯʰ³ʳʵʯʨʭʹʬʩʻʲ

ʹʭʨʴʬʯʰʹ ʰʹʺʵʸʰʻʲʰ ʳʰʳʵˆʰʲʭʰʫʨʴ ˁʨʴʹ, ʸʵʳ ʹʭʨʴʬʯʰ ʶʰʸʭʬʲ
ʹʨʻʱʻʴʬˀʰ ʽ. ʫʨ ˀ., ʹʺʸʨʩʵʴʰʹʨ ʫʨ ʹˆʭʨ ʩʰʮʨʴʺʰʬʲʳ˄ʬʸʲʬʩʰʹ
ʨʾ˄ʬʸʰʲʵʩʰʯ, ˄ʨʸʳʵʨʫʪʬʴʫʨ ˃ʲʬʭʨʳʵʹʰʲ ʫʨʳʵʻʱʰʫʬʩʬʲ
ʹʨˆʬʲʳ˄ʰʼʵʹ, ʳʰʹ ʳʵʹʨʮʾʭʸʬ ʳʬʮʵʩʬʲ ʬʸʬʩʮʬ ʪʨʩʨʺʵʴʬʩʻʲʹ,
ʸʵʳʬʲʹʨ˂, ʸʵʪʵʸ˂ ʴʨʯʽʭʨʳʰ ʰʿʵ, ʨʳ ʫʸʵʹ ʪʨʴʨʪʬʩʫʨ ˆʨʲˆʰʹ
ʳʰʬʸ, ʨʳʵʸˁʬʻʲʰ 300 ˁʬʴʰʲʰʹʨʪʨʴ ˀʬʳʫʪʨʸʰ ʹʨʩ˅ʵ. ʳʬ-VI
ʹʨʻʱʻʴʰʹ ʰʹʺʵʸʰʱʵʹʰ ʶʸʵʱʵʼʰ ʱʬʹʨʸʰʬʲʰ ʹʭʨʴʬʩʮʬ ʨʳʩʵʩʹ, ʸʵʳ
,,ʻ˃ʭʬʲʬʹ ʫʸʵʰʫʨʴ ʬʹ ˆʨʲˆʰ ʹʨʱʻʯʨʸʰ ʱʨʴʵʴʬʩʰʯ ʪʨʴʨʪʬʩʹ
ʯʨʭʰʹ ʽʭʬʿʨʴʨʹʨʵ³1) ʹʭʨʴʬʯʰʹ ʺʬʸʰʺʵʸʰʰʹ ʳʨˀʰʴʫʬʲʰ
ʹʨʮʾʭʸʬʩʰ ʰʿʵ: ʫʨʹʨʭʲʬʯʰʯ ʫʰʵʹʱʻʸʰʨ (ʹʵˆʻʳʰʹ ʳʨˆʲʵʩʲʨʫ)
ʫʨ ˄ʬʩʬʲʫʨ, ʹʨʳˆʸʬʯʰʯ ʳʨʹ ʬʱʻʯʭʴʵʫʨ ʴʨ˄ʰʲʰ ʹʨʳʬʪʸʬʲʵʹʰ ʫʨ
ʫʾʬʭʨʴʫʬʲʰ ʲʬˁˆʻʳʰʹʨ, ʨʾʳʵʹʨʭʲ. ʳʰʹʰ ʹʨʮʾʭʨʸʰ ʰʿʵ ʳʬ-15 ʹ.
˅ʰʫʸʵʯʹʨ ʫʨ ʪʲʵʲʨʹ ʮʬʳʵ ˁʸʫʰʲʵ ʫʨ ʹʨʳˆʸʬʯʰ ʵʹʬʯʰ.
ʸʰʵʴʰʹ ʹʨʯʨʭʬʬʩˀʰ ʳʫʬʩʨʸʬ ʮʬʳʵ ʸʨ˅ʨ ʨʴʻ ʳʯʰʻʲʬʯʰ˂ ʹʭʨʴʬʯʹ
ʬʱʻʯʭʴʵʫʨ. ˃ʭʬʲʰ ʴʨˀʯʬʩʰ ʫʨ ʹʨʩʻʯʬʩʰ ˁʭʬʴ ʪʭʨʸ˄ʳʻʴʬʩʬʴ, ʸʵʳ
ˁʸʫʰʲʵʬʯʰʯ ʨʴʻ ʿʨʩʨʸʫʵʹʨ ʫʨ ʿʨʸʨˁʹ ʳˆʸʰʯ ʶʰʸʭʬʲʨʫ ʹʭʨʴʬʩʹ
ʬʶʿʸʨʯ ʫʰʫʰ ʺʬʸʰʺʵʸʰʨ, ʸʵʳʬʲʰ˂ ʪʨʫʨʭʰʫʨ ʹˆʭʰʹ ˆʬʲˀʰ ʫʨ
ˀʬʳʫʬʪˀʰ ʨʳ ʳˆʸʰʯ ʳʨʹ ʹʨʮʾʭʸʬʩʨʫ ʫʨʸˁʨ ʳˆʵʲʵʫ ˁʬʪʬʳʰ ʫʨ
ʩʨˆʹʨʴʨʹ ʫʨʩʲʨ ˆʻʯʰ ʭʬʸʹʰʹ ʳʨʴ˃ʰʲʮʬ ʳʫʬʩʨʸʬ ʴʨʽʳʻʱʭʨʸʰ ʫʨ
ʲʨʩʪʭʰʨʸʰ2).
ʫʸʵʯʨ ʭʰʯʨʸʬʩʰʯ ʹʭʨʴʬʯʰʹ ʰʹ ʴʨ˄ʰʲʬʩʰ, ʸʵʳʲʬʩʰ˂ ʨʳʨ ʯʻ
ʰʳ ʳˆʸʰʯ ʫʾʬʭʨʴʫʬʲ ʹʭʨʴʬʯʯʨʴ ʪʬʵʪʸʨʼʰʻʲ ʶʰʸʵʩʬʩʰʯ ʰʿʭʴʬʴ
ʳʵ˄ʿʭʬʺʰʲʰ, ± ʳʨʪʨʲʰʯʨʫ, ʲʬˁˆʻʳˀʰ, ʹʭʨʴʵ-ʱʵʲˆʬʩʰ ʨʴʻ
ʫʾʬʭʨʴʫʬʲ ʹʨʳʬʪʸʬʲʵˀʰ ʫʨʳʱʭʰʫʸʬʩʻʲʰ ʹʭʨʴʬʩʰ, ʨʼˆʨʮʬʯʰʹ
ʨʾʳʵʹʨʭʲʬʯʰʯ ʳʵʩʰʴʨʫʸʬ ʹʭʨʴʬʩʰ ʫʨ ʮʬʳʵ ʸʨ˅ʨ, ±
ʯʨʴʫʨʯʨʴʵʩʰʯ ʳʵ˄ʿʫʬʴ ʹʭʨʴʬʯʰʹ ʬʸʵʭʴʻʲ ʹˆʬʻʲʹ, ʹˆʭʨʫʨʹˆʭʨ
ʹʨʳʬʼʵʬʩʰʹ ʨʴʻ ʹʨʳʯʨʭʸʵʬʩʰʹ ʳʼʲʵʩʬʲʵʩʨˀʰ ʪʨʫʨʫʰʵʫʬʴ ʫʨ
ʳʨʯ ʺʬʸʰʺʵʸʰʨʫ ʰʽ˂ʬʵʫʬʴ. ʨʳʴʨʰʸʨʫ, ʫʾʬʭʨʴʫʬʲʰ ʹʭʨʴʬʯʰ
˄ʨʸʳʵʨʫʪʬʴʹ ʹʭʨʴʬʯʰʹ ʳˆʵʲʵʫ ˃ʭʬʲʰ ʹʨʳʱʭʰʫʸʬʩʬʲʰ
ʺʬʸʰʺʵʸʰʰʹ ʴʨ˄ʰʲʹ, ʸʵʳʲʰʹ ʳʱʭʰʫʸʴʰ ˀʬʳʫʬʪˀʰ
˄ʨʸʳʵʨʫʪʬʴʫʬʴ ˆʨʴ ʫʨʳʵʻʱʰʫʬʩʬʲ ʬʸʹ, ˆʨʴ ʹʨʬʸʰʹʯʨʵʹ, ˆʨʴ ʨʳʨ
262
ʯʻ ʰʳ ʹʨʳʬʼʵʹʨ ʨʴʻ ʹʨʳʯʨʭʸʵʹ ʴʵʳʰʴʨʲʻʸ ʫʨʳʵʱʰʫʬʩʻʲʬʩʨˀʰ
ʳʿʵʼ ʽʭʬʿʨʴʨʹ. ʳʨʪʨʲʰʯʨʫ: ʹʺʸʨʩʵʴʰʹ ˂ʴʵʩʬʩʰʯ, ʸʵʪʵʸ˂ ʨʸʰʹ
ʮʬʳʵʯ ʴʨʯʽʭʨʳʰ, ʳʰʹ ʫʸʵʹ ʹʭʨʴʬʯʰ ˄ʨʸʳʵʨʫʪʬʴʫʨ ˃ʲʬʭʨʳʵʹʰʲ
ʫʨʳʵʻʱʰʫʬʩʬʲ ʹʨˆʬʲʳ˄ʰʼʵʹ.
ʶʸʵʱʵʼʰ ʱʬʹʨʸʰʬʲʰʹ ˂ʴʵʩʰʯʨ˂ ʹʭʨʴʬʩʰ ʻˆʹʵʭʨʸ ʫʸʵʰʫʪʨʴ
ʨʸʨʭʰʹ ʳʵʸˁʰʲʬʩʨˀʰ ʨʸ ʰʿʭʴʬʴ ʫʨ ʹʨʱʻʯʨʸʰ ʱʨʴʵʴʬʩʰʯ
ʪʨʴʨʪʬʩʫʬʴ ʯʨʭʰʹ ʽʭʬʿʨʴʨʹ. ʰʹʰʴʰ ʬ˂ʬʳʵʫʬʴ ʹʵʳˆʬʯʰʹʨ ʫʨ
ʸʵʳʨʬʲʬʩʰʹ ʵʲʽʬʩʹ ʮʾʭʨʳʫʬ, ˃ʨʸ˂ʨʭʫʬʴ ʫʨ ʨʴʨʫʪʻʸʬʩʫʬʴ ʳʨʯ.
ʹʭʨʴʬʩʰʹ ʨʳʴʨʰʸʰ ʪʨʳʵʹʭʲʬʩʰʹʨʪʨʴ ʸʵʳ ʯʨʭʰʹʰ ʹʨʳʼʲʵʩʬʲʵ
ʽʭʬʿʨʴʨ ʬˆʹʴʨ, ʸʵʳʰʹ ʳʬʼʬ ʳʨʯ ʿʵʭʬʲ˄ʲʰʻʸʨʫ ʻʪʮʨʭʴʰʫʨ ʵʽʸʵʹ,
ʳʨʪʸʨʳ ʹʭʨʴʬʩʰ ʳʨʰʴ˂ ʯʨʭʰʹʨʹ ʨʸ ʰˀʲʰʫʬʴ ʫʨ ʪʨʴʨʪʸ˃ʵʩʫʬʴ
ʮʬʳʵˆʹʬʴʬʩʻʲ ʽʭʬʿʴʬʩʰʹ ʨʵˆʸʬʩʨʹ. ʯʨʭʰʹ ʹʨʳʱʭʰʫʸʬʩʬʲʰ
ʽʭʬʿʴʰʹ ʳʰʻʫʪʵʳʲʵʩʰʯ ʰʹʰʴʰ ʿʵʭʬʲʯʭʰʹ ʫʨʻʹˇʬʲʴʰ
ʸˁʬʩʵʫʬʴ. ʩʵʲʵʹ ʳʵʼʬʸʬʩʰʯʨ ʫʨ ʺʱʩʰʲʰ ʹʰʺʿʭʬʩʰʯ ʰʹʰʴʰ
ʫʨʳʵʸˁʰʲʬʩʻʲʰ ʰʽʴʬʴ ʰʻʹʺʰʴʰʨʴʬʹ ʳʯʨʭ. ʹʨʸʫʲʰʹ ʹʨʺʺʵʹ
ʳʰʬʸ3). ʳʬʵʸʬ ʩʰʮʨʴʺʰʬʲʰ ʰʹʺʵʸʰʱʵʹʰʹ ʳʬʴʵʰʫʸʵʹ ˂ʴʵʩʬʩʰʯ
ʹʭʨʴʬʩʰ ʳʬʼʬ ʯʬʵʫʵʸʬʹ ʫʸʵʹ ʸʵʳʹ ʳʰʬʳˆʸʬʴ ʫʨ ʳʬʼʬ ʲʬʭʰʹ (408-
474 ˄.) ʪʨʳʬʼʬʩʨʳʫʬ ʳʰʹ ʳʵʱʨʭˀʰʸʬʫ ʰʯʭʲʬʩʵʫʬʴ. ʸʵʳʰʹ
ʳʵʸˁʰʲʬʩʨˀʰ ʳʿʵʼ ʲʨʮʬʩʰʹ ʳʬʼʬʹ ʹʭʨʴʬʩʰ ʨ˃ʲʬʭʬʴ ʩʬ˄ʭʬʻʲʹ,
ʯʨʼʲʹ ʫʨ ʹˆʭ... ʯʰʯʵʴ ʹʭʨʴʬʩʰ ʱʰ ʨʳʰʹ ʴʨ˂ʭʲʨʫ ʲʨʮʰʱʰʫʨʴ
ʾʬʩʻʲʵʩʫʬʴ ʶʻʸʹ. ʸʵ˂ʨ ʹʭʨʴʬʯʰʹ ʻʼʸʵʹ ʪʨʸʫʨʰ˂ʭʲʬʩʵʫʨ,
ʳʰʹʰ ʳʵʨʫʪʰʲʬ ʲʨʮʰʱʰʹ ʳʬʼʰʹ ˄ʨʸʫʪʬʴʰʯ ʻʴʫʨ ʫʨʬʳʺʱʰ˂ʬʩʰʴʨ
ʸʵʳʰʹ ʳʬʼʬʹ, ʳˆʵʲʵʫ ʳʨˀʰʴ, ʯʻ ʰʹ ʹʭʨʴʰ ʰʽʴʬʩʵʫʨ.
ʬʸʯ ʫʸʵʹ, ʸʵʫʬʹʨ˂ ʹʭʨʴʬʯʹ ʪʨʴʨʪʬʩʫʨ ˂ʨʼʰ, ʰʽ ʳʿʵʼ
ʸʵʳʨʬʲʬʩʰʹ ˇʨʸʬʩʰʹ ʳʯʨʭʨʸʹʨʸʫʲʨʫ ʰʯʭʲʬʩʵʫʨ ʫʨʺʨʺʰ.
ʸʵʫʬʹʨ˂ ʲʨʮʰʱʨˀʰ ʳʿʵʼ ʸʵʳʨʬʲʬʩʰʹ ˇʨʸʬʩʰʹ
ʳʯʨʭʨʸʹʨʸʫʨʲʹʨ ʫʨ ʲʨʮʰʱʰʹ ʳʬʼʰʹ ˀʵʸʰʹ ʪʨʴˆʬʯʽʰʲʬʩʨ
ˁʨʳʵʭʨʸʫʨ, ʱʵʲˆʰʫʰʫʨʴ ˀʬʹ˄ʿʭʰʺʬʹ ʹʭʨʴʬʩʰʹʨʯʭʰʹ ʶʻʸʰʹ
ʪʨʪʮʨʭʴʨ ʫʨ ʨʳʰʺʵʳʨ˂ ʹʭʨʴʬʩʰ ʳʰʬʳˆʸʴʬʴ ʹʶʨʸʹʬʲʬʩʹ.
ʸʵʫʬʹʨ˂ ʰʭʬʸʰʨ ʪʨʫʨʰʨʸʨ ʹʶʨʸʹʬʯʰʹ ʩʨʺʵʴʳʨ ˆʬʹʸʵʰʳ ʫʨ
ʩʰʮʨʴʺʰʬʲʬʩʯʨʴ ʱʨʭˀʰʸʰʹ ʫʨʳʿʨʸʬʩʰʹʨʯʭʰʹ ʨʴʨʫʪʻʸʬʩʫʨ ʨʳ
ʽʭʬʿʴʰʹ ʽʨʲʨʽʬʩʹ, ʸʵʳʰʹ ʳʬʼʬʳ ʪʻʩʨʮʹ ʳʰʹ˂ʨ ʫʨʹʨˆʳʨʸʬʩʲʨʯ 1000
ʹʭʨʴʰ ʫʨ 7000 ʸʵʳʨʬʲʰ ʫʵʹʰʼʬʻʹʰʹ ʳʬʯʨʻʸʵʩʰʯ, ʳʨʪʸʨʳ
ʸʵʫʬʹʨ˂ ʽ. ʶʬʺʸʨʹ ʨʲʿʨ ˀʬʳʵʨʸʺʿʬʹ ʫʨ ʪʨʳʨʸˇʭʬʩʨ ˆʬʲʯ ʻʴʫʨ
ʬʪʫʵ, ʸʨʫʪʨʴʨ˂ ʹʶʨʸʹʬʲʬʩʹ ʳʰʹʰ ʫʨ˂ʭʰʹ ʻʴʨʸʰ ʫʨʱʨʸʪʻʲʰ
ˈʽʵʴʫʨʯ, ʫʵʹʰʼʻʬʹʰʹ ʲʨˁʸʵʩʰʯ ʨʲʿʨ
263
 ʳʵˆʹʴʰʲ ʰʽʴʨ ʫʨ ʰʹ ʯʨʭʰʹ ˇʨʸʰʯ ʳʫ. ʼʵʹʵʹʰʯ ʯʨʭʰʹ
ʽʭʬʿʨʴʨˀʰ ʪʨʬʳʪʮʨʭʸʨ. ʹʭʨʴʬʩʰ ʸʵʳ ʳʨʹ ʫʨˀʵʸʫʬʴ, ʫʨʬ˂ʬʴ
ʹʶʨʸʹʬʲʬʩʹ, ʫʨʨʳʨʸ˂ˆʬʹ ʰʹʰʴʰ ʫʨ ʫʨʨʴʪʸʰʬʹ ˂ʰˆʬ ʹʨ˃ʰʸʱʭʲʨʳʫʬ.
ʸʵʫʬʹʨ˂ 562 ˄. ʸʵʳʨʬʲʬʩʹʨ ʫʨ ʹʶʨʸʹʬʲʬʩʹ ˀʵʸʰʹ ʮʨʭʰʹ
ˀʬʹʨˆʬʩ ˆʬʲˀʬʱʸʻʲʬʩʨ ʫʨʰʫʭʨ, ʹʭʨʴʬʩʰ ʨʸ ʰʿʭʴʬʴ ʳʨʹˀʰ ʴʨˆʹʬʴʬʩʰ.
ʨʳʰʺʵʳ ˀʬʳʫʬʪ ˄ʬʲʹ ʸʵʳʨʬʲʬʩʳʨ ʹʨʪʨʴʪʬʩʵ ʫʬʹʶʨʴʰ ʶʬʺʸʬ
ʪʨʪʮʨʭʴʬʹ ʼʨʸʳʨʰʹˀʰ ʹʶʨʸʹʬʯʰʹ ʶʨʺʵʴʯʨʴ ʹʭʨʴʬʩʰʹ ˀʬʹʨˆʬʩ
ʳʵʹʨʲʨʶʨʸʨʱʬʩʲʨʫ, ʳʨʪʸʨʳ ˆʬʹʸʵʰʳ ʹʭʨʴʬʯʰʹ ʫʨʯʳʵʩʨʮʬ ʻʨʸʰ
ʪʨʴʨ˂ˆʨʫʨ. ʶʬʺʸʬ ʩʰʮʨʴʺʰʨˀʰ ʫʨʩʸʻʴʫʨ ʫʨ ʳʨʲʬ ʪʨʸʫʨʰ˂ʭʨʲʨ.
ʨʳʰʹ ˀʬʳʫʬʪ ʰʻʹʺʰʴʰʨʴʬ II ʪʮʨʭʴʰʹ ʹʶʨʸʹʬʯˀʰ ʰʵʨʴʴʬ
ʱʵʳʳʬʴʯʰʬʲʹ ʨʳʨʭʬ ʫʨʭʨʲʬʩʰʯ, ʳʨʪʸʨʳ ʨʳʷʨʳʨʫʨ˂ ˂ʫʨʳ
ʻʴʨʿʵʼʵʫ ˁʨʰʨʸʨ. ʨʳʰʹ ˀʬʳʫʬʪ ʩʰʮʨʴʺʰʬʲʬʩʹʨ ʫʨ ʹʶʨʸʹʬʲʬʩʹ
ˀʵʸʰʹ ʰʳʨʸʯʬʩʨ ʹʭʨʴʬʯʮʬ ʭʨ˅ʸʵʩʨ. ʰʻʹʺʰʴʰʨʴʬʳ ʰʳʨʭʬ ʰʵʨʴʴʬʹ
ʶʰʸʰʯ ˀʬʻʯʭʨʲʨ ˆʬʹʸʵʰʹ, ʹʭʨʴʬʯʰ ʳʵʳʿʰʫʬʵ. ˆʬʹʸʵʰʳ ʬʹ ʹʨʽʳʬ
ʪʨʫʨʹ˂ʨ ʪʨʫʨʹʨ˄ʿʭʬʺʨʫ ʮʰˆʹ, ʸʵʳʬʲʰ˂ ʫʨʯʨʴˆʳʫʨ ʹʭʨʴʬʯʰʹ
ʼʻʲʨʫ ʪʨʿʰʫʭʨʮʬ, ʳʨʪʸʨʳ ʮʰˆʰ ʳʨʲʬ ʳʵʱʭʫʨ ʫʨ ʹʭʨʴʬʯʰ ʫʨʸˁʨ
ʯʨʭʰʹʯʭʰʹ. ʺʰʩʬʸʰʹ ʱʬʰʹʨʸʳʨ ʹʭʨʴʬʯʮʬ ˆʬʲʰ ʨʰʾʵ, ˆʬʹʸʵʰʳ 573
˄. ʨʰʾʵ ʫʨʸʰ ʫʨ ʳʰʹ ʫʨʩʸʻʴʬʩʨʹ ʳʰʨʽ˂ʰʨ ʳʯʬʲʰ ʯʨʭʰʹʰ
ʿʻʸʨʫʾʬʩʨ.
ˆʬʹʸʵʰʹ ˀʬʳʫʬʪ ʪʨʳʬʼʬʩʻʲʰ ʵʸʳʻʮʫʰ ʹʭʨʴʬʯʹ ʨʸʨʭʰʹ
ʻʯʳʵʩʫʨ ʫʨ ʳʰʹ ʳʵʱʭʲʰʹ ˀʬʳʫʬʪ ʪʨʳʬʼʬʩʻʲʰ ˆʬʹʸʵʰʹ
ʳʬʳʱʭʰʫʸʬ ʩʬˆʸʨ ˁʻʩʰʴʰ ʨʳ ʵʸʳʻʮʫʰʹ ʹʰ˂ʵ˂ˆʲʬˀʰʭʬ ˀʬʭʰʫʨ
ʹʭʨʴʬʯˀʰ 4).
ʹʨʽʨʸʯʭʬʲʵʹ ʳʨʺʰʨʴʬʹ ˂ʴʵʩʬʩʰʯ, ʹˆʭʨʯʨ ˀʵʸʰʹ, ʪʰʵʸʪʰ II
ʫʸʵʹ ʹʭʨʴʬʯʳʨ ʪʨʰʲʨˀʽʸʨ ʳʰʹ ˄ʰʴʨʨʾʳʫʬʪ ʫʨ ʳʯʬʲʰ ʹʨʬʪʸʵ
ʪʨʨʴʨʫʪʻʸʨ, ʳʨʪʸʨʳ ʫʨʭʰʯ ʨʾʳʨˀʬʴʬʩʬʲʳʨ ˀʬʳʵʰʳʺʱʰ˂ʨ ʬʹ ʽʭʬʿʨʴʨ
ʫʨ ʹʭʨʴʬʩʰ ʳʰʹ ʨʭʨʴʪʨʸʫʹ ˀʬʨʫʪʬʴʫʬʴ 5).
ʯʨʳʨʸ ʳʬʼʰʹ ʫʸʵʹ ʹʭʨʴʬʯʰ ʳ˅ʰʫʸʵʫ ʻʱʨʭˀʰʸʫʬʩʨ
ʹʨʽʨʸʯʭʬʲʵʹ.
ʸʻʹʻʫʨʴ ʫʬʫʵʼʲʰʹ ʫʸʵʹ ˇʬʲʨʲ-ʬʫʰʴʰʹ
ʹʨ˄ʰʴʨʨʾʳʫʬʪʵʫ ʰʭʨʴʬ ʳˆʨʸʪʸ˃ʬʲʰʹ ˇʨʸˀʰ 40.000 ʲʬʱʰ ʫʨ ʹʭʨʴʰ
ʰʿʵ, 6) ˆʵʲʵ ʳʵʴʪʵʲʬʩʰʹ ˀʬʳʵʹʬʭʰʹʨ ʫʨ ʹʨʽʨʸʯʭʬʲʵˀʰ
ʳ˃ʭʰʴʭʨʸʬʩʰʹ ʫʸʵʹ ʸʻʹʻʫʨʴʰ ʯʨʭʰʹʰ ˀʭʰʲʰʯʻʸʯ ʳʰʫʰʹ
ʹʭʨʴʬʯˀʰ ʰʳ ʹʨʻʸʳʬ ʪʮʰʯ, ʸʵʳʬʲʰ˂ ʳʨˀʰʴ ʳʰʫʰʵʫʨ
ʹʨʽʨʸʯʭʬʲʵʫʨʴ ʫʭʨʲʬʯ ʮʬʳʵ±ʸʨ˅ʰʯ ʫʨ ʻʸʨʭʰʹ ʳʯʰʯ ʹʭʨʴʬʯˀʰ
ʫʨ ʯʨʯʸʰʹ ʳʵ˂ʰʽʻʲʬʩʰ˂ ʰʽ ʳʰʰʾʵ ʳʵʹʨʲʨʶʨʸʨʱʬʩʲʨʯ. 7) ʫ.
264
ʩʨʽʸʨ˃ʰʹ ˂ʴʵʩʬʩʰʯ, ʹʭʨʴʬʩʰ ʮʬʰʳʵʩʬʴ ʰʳ ʫʨʭʰʯ ʴʨʸʰʴʰʹ ʹʨʳʬʼʵ
ʺʨˆʺʮʬ ʨʹʭʲʨʹ, ʸʵʳʬʲʹʨ˂ ʬʸʯ ʫʸʵʹ ʸʬʮʰʫʬʴ˂ʰʨ ʹʭʨʴʬʯˀʰ
ˈʽʵʴʫʨ. ʳˆʰʯʨʸ ʨʰʸʨʭʨʴʹʱʰʹ ˂ʴʵʩʬʩʰʯ, 1251 ˄, ʵʸʰʭʬ
ʹʨʽʨʸʯʭʬʲʵʹ ʳʬʼʬʬʩʰ ʫʨʭʰʯʬʩʰ ʪʨʰʽ˂ʬʴ ʫʨ ʯʨʭʰ ʹʭʨʴʬʯʹ
ˀʬʨʼʨʸʬʹ, ˆʵʲʵ ʫʵʱʻʫʨʸʰ 1261 ˄. ʪʨʰˆʰʮʴʨ ʨʳ ʽʭʬʿʨʴʨˀʰ 8).
ʩʨʼʸʨʺ ʳʬʼʰʹ ʫʸʵʹ ʹʭʨʴʬʩʰ 1361 ˄. ʯʨʭʹ ʫʨʬʹˆʬʴ ʽ. ʽʻʯʨʰʹʹ
ʫʨ ˂ʬ˂ˆʲʰʯʨ ʫʨ ʳʨˆʭʰʲʰʯ ʪʨʨʴʨʫʪʻʸʬʹ ʰʹ.
ʩʨʪʸʨʺʰ ʸʨ˅ʰʫʨʴ ʮʬʳʵˆʹʬʴʬʩʻʲʰ ʪʮʰʯ ʫʰʫʰ ˇʨʸʰʯ
ˀʬʭʰʫʨ ʹʭʨʴʬʯˀʰ ʬ˂ʬʸʨʳʫʬ, ʫʨʰʳʵʸˁʰʲʨ ʬʹ ʽʭʬʿʨʴʨ, ʪʨʳʵʹ˂ʭʨʲʨ
ʹʭʨʴʬʯʰʹ ʬʸʰʹʯʨʭʰ ʭʨʸʫʨʴʰ˃ʬ ʫʨ ʳʰʹ ʳʨʪʰʬʸʨʯ ʬʸʰʹʯʨʭʨʫ ʫʨʹʭʨ
ʪʬʲʵʭʨʴʰ 9).
ʳʨʪʸʨʳ, ʭʰʳʬʵʸʬʩ, ʬʹ ʫʨʳʵʱʰʫʬʩʻʲʬʩʨ ʿʵʭʬʲʯʭʰʹ ʰʳʫʬʴʨʯ
ʴʵʳʰʴʨʲʻʸʰ ʰʿʵ, ʸʵʳ ʹʭʨʴʬʯʰʹ ʮʬʳʵʯʨʾʴʰˀʴʻʲ
˄ʬʹ˄ʿʵʩʰʲʬʩʨˀʰ ʫʨ ˀʰʴʨʻʸ ʳʫʪʵʳʨʸʬʵʩʨˀʰ ʨʸʨ ʫʸʵʹ ʨʸʨʭʰʴ ʨʸ
ʬʸʬʵʫʨ ʫʨ ʬʹ ˆʨʲˆʰ ʯʨʭʰʹ ʹʨʽʳʬʬʩʹ ʯʨʭʰʹʰ ˁʭʬʻʲʬʩʰʯʰ
ʻʼʲʬʩʬʩʰʯ ʫʨ ʨʫʨʯʬʩʰʯ ʪʨʴʨʪʬʩʫʨ.
ʹʭʨʴʬʯʰʹ ʨʹʬʯʰ ʳʫʪʵʳʨʸʬʵʩʨ ʪʸ˃ʬʲʫʬʩʨ ʳʬ-XIV
ʹʨʻʱʻʴʬʳʫʬ, ˆʵʲʵ ʨʾʴʰˀʴʻʲʰ ʬʶʵʽʰʹ ˀʬʳʫʬʪ ʰ˄ʿʬʩʨ ʳʰʹ
ʶʵʲʰʺʰʱʻʸ ʫʨ ʬʱʵʴʵʳʰʱʻʸ ˂ˆʵʭʸʬʩʨˀʰ ʨˆʨʲʰ ˆʨʴʨ, ˆʨʴʨ ʳʬʺʨʫ
ʺʸʨʾʰʱʻʲʰ ʸʵʳʬʲʳʨ˂ ʲʨˆʭʨʸʰ ˁʨʹ˂ʨ ʪʻʲˀʰ ʳʰʹ ʶʵʲʰʺʰʱʻʸ
ʳʯʲʰʨʴʵʩʨʹ ʫʨ ʬʱʵʴʵʳʰʱʻʸ ʳʫʪʵʳʨʸʬʵʩʨʹ. ʫʨʽʹʨʽʹʨ, ʫʨʨʴʨ˄ʰʲʨ
ʬʹ ʽʭʬʿʨʴʨ ʸʨʳʵʫʬʴʰʳʬ ʹˆʭʨʫʨʹˆʭʨ ʶʵʲʰʺʰʱʻʸ ʫʨ ʬʱʵʴʵʳʰʱʻʸ
ʶʰʸʵʩʬʩˀʰ ʳʿʵʼ ʱʻʯˆʬʬʩʨʯ ʫʨ ʰʽ ʼʬʵʫʨʲʰʮʳʰ ʫʨʨʳʱʭʰʫʸʨ.
ʨʳʴʨʰʸʨʫ ʳʬ-15 ʹʨʻʱʻʴʬˀʰ ʹʭʨʴʬʯʰʹ ʶʵʲʰʺʰʱʻʸ ʫʨ ʬʱʵʴʵʳʰʱʻʸ
˂ˆʵʭʸʬʩʨˀʰ ˆʫʬʩʨ ʫʰʫʰ ˂ʭʲʰʲʬʩʬʩʰ: ʹʨʽʨʸʯʭʬʲʵʹ ʳʨʺʰʨʴʬʹ
˂ʴʵʩʬʩʰʯ, 1442 ˄., ʨʲʬʽʹʨʴʫʸʬʹ ʳʬʼʵʩʰʹ ʫʸʵʹ ʹʨʽʨʸʯʭʬʲʵʹ
ʹʨʳʬʼʵ, ʪʨʿʵʼʰʹ ˀʬʳʫʬʪ, ʹʭʨʴʬʯʰ ʰʳʬʸʬʯʰʹ ʹʨʳʬʼʵʹ ʬʱʻʯʭʴʵʫʨ,
ʳʨʪʸʨʳ ʳʬ-XV ʹ. ʳʬʵʸʬ ʴʨˆʬʭʨʸˀʰ ʮʬʳʵ ʹʭʨʴʬʯʰ ʳʨʹ ʪʨʳʵʬʿʵ ʫʨ,
ʩʨʪʸʨʺ ʳʬʼʰʹ ʯʨʴˆʳʵʩʰʯ, ʯʨʭʰ ʫʨʳʵʻʱʰʫʬʩʬʲ ʬʸʨʫ ʪʨʳʵʨ˂ˆʨʫʨ
10), ˆʵʲʵ ʽʭʬʳʵ ʹʭʨʴʬʯʰ ˇʬʸ ʰʹʬʭ ʰʳʬʸʬʯʰʹ ʹʨʳʬʼʵʹ ʫʨʸˁʨ ʫʨ

ˀʬʳʫʬʪ ʲʬˁˆʻʳʯʨʴ ʬʸʯʨʫ ʹʨʳʬʪʸʬʲʵʹ ʹʨʳʯʨʭʸʵʹ ˀʬʻʬʸʯʫʨ.

ʨʳ ʫʸʵʹ ʭʨʸʫʨʴʰ˃ʬʬʩʰʹ ˀʬʳʫʬʪ ʩʨʪʸʨʺʰʹ ʳʰʬʸ ʹʭʨʴʬʯʰʹ
ʬʸʰʹʯʨʭʨʫ ʫʨʴʰˀʴʻʲʰ ʪʬʲʵʭʨʴʰʹ ʪʭʨʸʬʻʲʵʩʰʹ
˄ʨʸʳʵʳʨʫʪʬʴʬʲʰ ʹʭʨʴʬʯʰʹ ʻʱʨʴʨʹʱʴʬʲʰ ʬʸʰʹʯʨʭʰ ʨʩʬʹʨʲʵʳ
ʪʬʲʵʭʨʴʰ ʱʨʸʪʨʭʹ ʹʭʨʴʬʯʯʨʴ ʰʳ ʴʵʸʳʨʲʻʸ ʻʸʯʰʬʸʯʵʩʨʹʨ˂ ʱʰ,

265
ʸʵʳʲʰʯʨ˂ ʳʨʴʨʳʫʬ ʹʨʸʪʬʩʲʵʩʫʬʴ ʬʹʨ ʯʻ ʰʹ ʳʬʼʬʬʩʰ ʨʴ ʹʨʬʸʯʵʫ
ʹʭʨʴʬʯʰʹ ʬʸʰʹʯʨʭʬʩʰ. 11)
,,ˁʭʨʩʬ-ˆʬʭˀʰ³ ʨʴʻ ʹʭʨʴʬʯʰʹ ʫʨʹʨʭʲʬʯ ʴʨ˄ʰʲˀʰ ʳʬ-15 ʹ.
ʫʨʹʨ˄ʿʰʹˀʰ ʯʨʭʰ ʰˁʰʴʬʹ ʯʨʭʨʫʳʨ ʫʨʫʬˀʽʬʲʰʨʴʬʩʳʨ, ʸʵʳʲʬʩʳʨ˂
ʳʨʲʬ ʫʨʹ˂ʬʹ ʳʨʯ ʫʸʵʳʫʬ ʰʽ ʪʨ˃ʲʰʬʸʬʩʻʲʰ ʸʰˁʻʪʰʨʴʬʩʰʹ
˃ʲʰʬʸʬʩʨ.
ʻʱʨʴʨʹʱʴʬʲʬʩʰ ˆʨʴʪʸ˃ʲʰʭʰ ʩʸ˃ʵʲʰʹ ˀʬʳʫʬʪ ʪʨ˃ʬʭʬʩʻʲ
ʰʽʴʬʴ ʹʭʨʴʬʯʰʫʨʴ ʫʨ ʫʨʫʬˀʽʬʲʰʨʴʬʩʳʨ ˆʬʲˀʰ ˁʨʰʪʫʬʹ ʶʰʸʭʬʲʨʫ
ʬ˂ʬʸʰ, ˀʬʳʫʬʪ ʼʨʸ±ˁʻʩʬˆʬʭʰ ʫʨ ʩʵʲʵʹ ʩʬˁʭʰ, ʸʵʳʬʲʯʨ˂ ʳ˃ʰʳʬ
ʳʵʴʵʩʰʹ ʻʾʬʲʰ ʫʨʨʫʪʬʹ ʱʰʹʬʸʮʬ, ʩʨʺʵʴ±ʿʳʻʸʰ ˄ʬʹ˄ʿʵʩʰʲʬʩʨ
ʫʨʨʳʿʨʸʬʹ ʨʳ ʳˆʨʸʬˀʰ, ʨʳʴʨʰʸʨʯ, ʹʭʨʴʬʯʰʹ ʬʸʯʹ ʳʯʲʰʨʴ,
ʫʨʳʵʻʱʰʫʬʩʬʲ ʶʵʲʰʺʰʱʻʸ ʹˆʬʻʲʹ ʳʵ˄ʿʫʨ ʳʰʹʰ ʫʨʹʨʭʲʬʯʰʹ
ʴʨ˄ʰʲʰ ʫʨ ʫʨʫʬˀʽʬʲʰʨʴʬʩʰʹ ʹʨʿʳʵʫ ʪʨʫʨʰʽ˂ʨ.
ʽʭʬʳʵ ʨʴʻ ˂ˆʬʴʰʹ ˄ʿʨʲʰʹ ˆʬʵʩʰʹ ʹʭʨʴʬʯʰ, ʸʵʪʵʸ˂ ʮʬʳʵʯ
ʨʸʰʹ ʴʨʯʽʭʨʳʰ, ʱʨʸʪʨ ˆʨʴʹ ʱʰʫʬʭ ʰʳʬʸʬʯʰʹ ʹʨʳʬʼʵʹ ʬʱʻʯʭʴʵʫʨ. ʨʳ
ʽʭʬʿʨʴʨˀʰ ʲʨˀˆʬʯʰʹ ʯʬʳˀʰ ʪʨʩʨʺʵʴʫʴʬʴ: ˇʬʸ ʲʨˀˆʰˀʭʰʲʬʩʰ,
ˀʬʳʫʬʪ ʿʰʼʰʨʴʬʩʰ ʫʨ ʩʵʲʵʹ ʪʬʲʵʭʨʴʬʩʰ.
ˁʵʲʻʸʰʹ ʹʨʮʵʪʨʫʵʬʩʰʹ ʪʲʬˆʱʨ˂ʵʩʨ ˀʬʰʽʴʨ ʪʨʸʫʨʼˆʨ˃ʬʬʩʰʹ
ʹʨʳʼʲʵʩʬʲʵ ʱʻʯˆʬʫ, ʲʬʴʺʬˆʰʹ ʯʬʳʰ ʱʰ ˇʬʸ ˁʨʸʱʭʰʨʴʬʩʰʹ,
ˀʬʳʫʬʪ ʫʨʫʰʨʴʰʹ ʹʨʿʳʵʫ. ʩʵʲʵʹ ʳʯʬʲʰ ʽʭʬʳʵ ʹʭʨʴʬʯʰ
ʲʬˁˆʻʳʯʨʴ ʬʸʯʨʫ ˀʬʻʬʸʯʫʨ ʹʨʳʬʪʸʬʲʵʹ ʹʨʳʬʼʵʹ ʫʨ ʨʳ ʽʭʬʿʴʰʹ
ʯʨʭʨʫʬʩʰ˂ ʫʨʫʰʨʴʰʹ ʭʨʹʲʬʩʨʫ ʪʨˆʫʬʴ, ʸʰʹ ʪʨʳʵ ʫʨʬʸʽʭʨ
ʹʨʫʨʫʰʨʴʵ ʹʭʨʴʬʯʰ. ʨʳʴʨʰʸʨʫ, ʹʭʨʴʬʯʹ ʶʵʲʰʺʰʱʻʸʨʫ ʳʵ˄ʿʫʨ
ʳʰʹʰ ʹʨʳˆʸʬʯʰʹ ʴʨ˄ʰʲʰ ʽʭʬʳʵ ʹʭʨʴʬʯʰ˂.
ˁʭʬʴ ˆʬʲʯ ʨʸʰʹ ʹʨʩʻʯʬʩʰ, ʸʵʳʬʲʯʨ˂ ʳʺʱʰ˂ʬʩʨ, ʸʵʳ ʳʬ-XVII
ʹ. ʶʰʸʭʬʲ ʴʨˆʬʭʨʸˀʰ ʹʭʨʴʬʯʰʹ ʬʹ ʴʨ˄ʰʲʰ ʱʰʫʬʭ ʨʸ ʰʿʵ ʫʨʫʰʨʴʰʹ
ʹʨʳʬʼʵʹʯʨʴ ˀʬʬʸʯʬʩʻʲʰ. ʬʹ ʨʸʰʹ ʼˆʵʺʸʬʸʰʹ 12) ʺʨ˃ʨʸˀʰ ˁʭʬʴ
ʫʸʵʳʫʬ ˀʬʴʨˆʻʲʰ ʳʯʨʭʨʸ ʨʴʪʬʲʵʮʰʹ ˆʨʺʰʹ ˀʬʳʫʬʪʰ ˄ʨʸ˄ʬʸʨ:
..ʨ. ʬʺʲʴʵ ʾʯʰʹʨʴʵ. ʹʨʿʫʨʸʴʵ ʹʨˀʰʴʬʲʴʵ. ˂ʬ˂ˆʲʴʵ ʹʻʲʨʯ
ʹʰʺʿʭʰʯʨ: ʳ˄ʸʨʼʲʨʯ: ˀʬʽʳʴʰʲʴʵ ʩʸ˃ʨʴʬʩʰʯʨ: ʹʨʾʭʯʵ ʨʳʰʹ
ʿʵʼʯʨ ʨʳʵʸʺʿʳʻʲʴʵ: ʳʰˆʬʰʲ ˃ʨʲʰʯʨ ʳʯʨʭʨʸʴʵ ʪʨʩʸʰʬʲ
ʽʨʲ˄ʻʲʹʨ ˆʨʸʬʩʰʯʨ ʱʨ˂ʯʨ ʾʭʯʰʹʨ: ʯʽʭʬʴ ʸʵʳʬʲʴʰ ˄ʨʳʰʹ
ʿʵʭʬʲʯʨ ʾʳʸʯʰʹʨ ʩʸ˃ʨʴʬʩʰʹʨ ʻˆʰʲʨʭʯ ˃ʲʰʬʸʬʩʰʯʨ ʻʳˇʵʩʬʹʹʨ
ʪʨʴʨʪʬʩʯ ʸʵʳʬʲʴʰ, ʹ˂ʨʭʯ ˂ʨʹ ʫʨ ʽʭʬʿʨʴʨʹʨ ʼʸʯʰʯʨ ʯʽʭʬʴʰʯʨ
ˆʵʲʵ ˄. ʳʬ˂ʨ ʳʰˁʸʫʰʲʬʯ ʳʬʵˆʬʩʨ ʯʽʭʬʴʰ ʳʬ ʫʨʫʰʨʴʹ ʲʬʭʨʴʹ,
ʳʯʨʭʨʸ ʨʴʪʬʲʵʮʵ ʳʰʽʬʲ ʪʨʩʸʰʬʲ ʹʨˆʬʲʰʯʨ ʾʭʯʰʹʨʯʨ ʫʨ
266
˃ʨʲʰʯʨ ʫʨ ˀʬ˄ʬʭʴʰʯʨ ˀʬʴʰʯʨ ˁʭʬʴ ˆʬʲʳ˄ʰʼʬʳʨʴ ʫʨʫʰʨʴʳʨ
ʶʨʺʸʵʴʳʨ ʲʬʭʨʴ ʪʨʭʰʲʨˀʽʸʬʴʰʯ ʳʬʼʬʹʨ ʨʲʬʽʹʨʴʫʸʬʹʨ ʫʨ ʳʰʹ ˃ʳʨʹ
ʳʨʳʻʱʨʮʬ ʫʨ ʳʰʭʬʫʰʯ ʽʻʯʨʰʹʰʹ ˂ʰˆʰʹ ʹʨʩʸ˃ʵʲʨʯ ʯʨʭʮʬ ʳʬʼʬ
ʹʸʻʲʴʰ ʰʳʬʸʬʲʴʰ, ʫʨ ʹʭʨʴʴʰ ʲʬʴʺʬˆʬʲʴʰ ʫʨ ʹʨʼʨʸ ʼʨˀʨ
ʳʬʯʵʼʬʬʩʰ, ʩʬʭʸʰ ʨˆʲʫʨ ʫʨ ˂ʰˆʬʹʨ ˇʰʩʰʸˀʰ ʰʫʪʬʴ, ˁʭʬʴ
ʳʰʭʬʫʰʯ ʫʨ ʹʵʼʨ ˄ʳʰʫʰʹ ʹʨʿʫʨʸʰ ʳʬʯʵʼʬʬʩʰʯ ʨʬʭʹʵ ʫʨ
ʪʨʬʳʨʪʸʬʩʰʴʨ. ʻʿʨʭʰ ʾʨʳʰʯ ʰʬʸʰˀʰ ʫʨʽ ʹʨʿʫʨʸʰ ˄ʨʭʨʸʯʭʰʯ. ʹʨ˂ʨ
ʳʬʵʳʨʸʰ ʳʬʯʵʼʬʬʩʰ ʰʫʪʨ ʿʭʬʲʨ ʪʨʳʵʭʨʹˆʰʯ ˇʬʩʰʸʹʨ ʪʨʸʬʯ ʵʸʰ
ʫʰʫʰ ʽʭʰʹ ʶʨʲʨʺʰ ʰʿʵ ˃ʭʬʲʯʨʪʨʴ ʴʨˀʬʴʬʩʰ ʫʨ ʰʹ ʳʬʯʵʼʬʯʨ ʫʨ
ʳʬʵʳʨʸʰʹ ʱʨ˂ʰʯ ʨʬʭʹʵ ʫʨ ʪʨʬʳʨʪʸʬʩʰʴʨ, ʹʵʼʨ ˄ʳʰʴʫʰʹ ʹʨʿʫʨʸʯʨʴʨ
ʫʰʫʰ ʮʨʸʩʨʮʨʴʰ ʳʰʭʰʺʨʴʬʯ ʫʨ ʰʽʰʫʨʳʨ ʫʨʻ˄ʿʬʯ ʹʸʵʲʨ ˂ʬʳʨ
ʽʭʰʹ ʹʨˆʲʬʩˀʰ ʫʨ ʫʨʭʨʳʺʭʸʰʬʯ ʮʨʸʩʨʮʴʬʩʰʯʨ ʫʨ ʳʸʨʭʨʲʰ ʱʨ˂ʰ
ʰʳʨˀʰʫ ʳʫʪʵʳʰ ʫʨʭˆʵ˂ʬʴʰʯ: ʳʬʸʳʬ ʰʬʸʰˀʰ ʻʿʨʭʰʯ ʫʨ ʰʽʰʯ ʳʬʼʬʳ
ʳʵʨˀʭʬʲʨ ʲʨˀʽʨʸʰ: ʫʨʻˀʰʴʬʹ ʬʸʯʳʨʴʬʯʹʨ ʯʵʼʰʯʨ ʹʸʵʲʨ
ʹʨʱʭʰʸʭʬʲʰ ʵʳʰ ˀʬʰʽʴʨ ʳʸʨʭʨʲʰ ʱʨ˂ʰ ʫʨʰˆʵ˂ʨ ʰʽʰʯʨ˂ ʫʨ ʨʽʬʯʨ˂,
ʳʵʱʭʫʨ ʯʨʭʨʫʰ ʫʨ ʨʮʴʨʻʸʰˀʭʰʲʰ: ʪʰʵʸʪʰ ʲʵʸʯʽʰʼʨʴʰ˃ʬ,
ʬʲʰʮʩ. ʲʵʲʨ˃ʬ, ʵʸʰ ˃ʳʨʴʰ ʨˆʭʲʬʫʰʨʴʰ ʫʨ ʱʭʰʸʰʱʬ, ʹˆʭʨ ʮʵʪʰ
ʫʨʰˆʵ˂ʨ ʫʨ ʮʵʪʰ ʫʨʰʱʵʫʨ ʫʨ ˄ʨʭʨʸʯʭʰʯ ʰʹ ʽʭʰʹ ʶʨʲʨʺʬʩʰ.
˂ʰˆʬʮʬʫʨʴ ʮʨʸʩʨʮʴʬʩʰ ʭʬʸ ʳʰʭʰʺʨʴʬʯ ʳʰʹʨʺʨʴʰ ʨʲʨʪʰ ʨʸ
ʪʭʽʵʴʫʨ ˁʨʳʵʭˇʬʫʰʯ ʫʨʩʲʨ ʸʰʵʴʹ. ʫʨʭʫʬʽʰʯ... ʳʵʹʨˆʲʰʹ ʽʭʰʹ
ʹʨˆʲʬʩʹ ʫʨʻ˄ʿʬʯ ʮʨʸʩʨʮʴʬʩʰʹ ʹʸʵʲʨ ʫʨ ˂ʬʳʨ ʫʨʭʨʳʺʭʸʰʬʯ ʰʹ
ʨˆʨʲʰ ʽʭʰʹ ʶʨʲʨʺʨ ʯʭʰʯ ʨʲʬʽʹʨʴʫʸʬ ʳʬʼʰʹʨʪʨʴ ʨˀʬʴʬʩʻʲʰ
ʪʨʭʻʹʰʭʬʯ ʲʨˀʽʨʸʰ ʪʨʾʳʨ ʽʻʯʨʰʹ ʽʨʲʨʽʹ. ʫʨʭʹ˄ʭʰʯ ʨʾʻʨʵˆʸʬʯ.
ʳʸʨʭʨʲʰ ʭʰˀʵʭʬʯ ʫʨ ˄ʨʳʵʭʬʫʰʯ ʪʨʳʨʸˇʭʬʩʻʲʰ, ʳʵʭʬʫʰʯ ʵʫʰˀʹ
˃ʰʪʻʸʹ ʫʨ ʬʸʯʰ ʱʭʰʸʬ ʨʸ ʪʨʹʻʲʨ... ʭʽʬʴʰʯ ʵʲʾʨʸʰ ˂ˆʬʴʰʹ ˄ʿʨʲʹ
ˀʬʳʵʭʰʾʨʳʬʯ ʰʹ ʾʨʳʬ ʭʰʨʸʬʯ ʫʨ ʪʨʯʬʴʬʩʰʹ ʫʸʵʹ ʫʨʭʰˆʰʬʯ...
ʹʨʹʨˆʲʬʹʨ ʫʨ ʽʨʲʨʽʰʹ ʻ˄ʰʴʫʬʲʰʹʨʪʨʴ ʵʯˆʰ ʫʨ ˆʻʯʰ ʮʵʳʨ
ʹʨˀʵʭʨʸʰ ʨʲʨʼʰ ʫʨ ʺʿʬʬʩʰ ʭʰˀʵʭʬʯ, ʸʵʳ ʲʨˀʽʨʸʰ ˃ʲʰʭʹ ʫʨʬʸʰʭʨ
ʫʨ ˄ʨʳʵʭʬʫʰʯ ʪʨʳʨʸˇʭʬʩʻʲʴʰ. ˀʬʭʨʹʭʬʴʬʯ ʲʨˀʽʨʸʰ ʫʨ ˂ˆʬʴʰ.
ʫʨʭʫʬʽʰʯ ʫʨ ʪʨʭʬʲʨˀʽʸʬʴʰʯ ʰʳʬʸʬʯʮʬ ʯʭʬʹʨ ʯʬʩʬʸʭʨʲʹʨ ʫʨ
ʳʰʭʬʫʰʯ... ʻʸʰʨʹ ʨˇʨʳʬʯʹ ʫʨ ʫʨʭʹ˄ʭʰʯ ʨʭʨʵˆʸʬʯ. ʳʰʭʬʫʰʯ
ˁˆʨʸʰʹ ʽʨʲʨʽʹʨ ʫʨ ʰʽ ʫʨʭʫʬʽʰʯ ʫʨ ʹʵʼʲʬʩʰ ʫʨ ʴʨˀʬʴʬʩʰ
ʫʨʭ˄ʭʰʯ ʨʨʵˆʸʬʯ, ʫʨʭʹ˄ʭʰʯ ʭʨʸʫʰʹ ʪʵʸʨ ʫʨ ˁʰˆʵʸʰ ʽʨʲʨʽʰ...
ʫʨʭʬ˂ʰʯ ʨʸʪʭʬʯʰʹ ʸʻʯʵʹ... ʨˆʲʵʹ ʫʨʭʫʬʽʰʯ ʫʨ ʰʽʰʫʨʾʳʨ
ˁʭʬʴʳʨʴ ʲʨˀʽʨʸʳʨʴ ʹʸʻʲ ʨʸʭʬʯʰ ʫʨ ˅ʨʲʨ ʺʿʬʹʨ ʰʽʬʯ ʸʨ˂ ʹʨˆʲʬʩʰ
ʫʨ ʹʵʼʲʬʩʰ ʰʿʵ ʫʨʻ˄ʭʨʭʰ ʨʻʵˆʸʬʩʬʲʰ ʨʸʨ ʫʨʨʪʫʬʹ ʸʨ. ʰʽʰʫʨʴ
267
ʨʭʰʿʨʸʬʴʰʯ ʫʨ ʯʬʸʷʨʲʨʹ ʫʨ ʪʵʼʨʴʵʹ ʳˆʬʰ˃ʰʹ ʹʨʹʨˆʲʬˀʰ
ʫʨʭʫʬʽʰʯ ʫʨ ʰʽʰʫʨʾʳʨ ʹʨʫʨ˂ ʲʨˀʽʨʸʰ ʳʵʻ˄ʬʭʫʨ ʨʻʵˆʸʬʩʬʲʰ
ʨʸʨ ʫʨʨʪʫʬʹ. ˄ʨʳʵʭʬʫʰʯ ʪʨʳʨʸˇʭʬʩʻʲʰ ʫʨ ʴʨˀʵʭʨʸʰʯ ʹʨʭʹʬ, ʸʵʳ
ʲʨˀʽʨʸʰ ˇʬʸ ʫʨʬʸʰʭʴʬʹ ʩʨʲʨˆʭʨʴʮʬ ʸʰʵʴʹ ʪʨʳʵʭʬʫʰʯ ʽʻʯʨʰʹ
˂ʰˆʰʹʪʨʾʳʨ ʫʨ ʹʸʻʲ ʰʳʬʸʬʲ ʲʨˀʽʨʸʰ ˀʬʿʸʰʲʰ ʯʭʨʲʰʯ
ʪʭʰʳʮʬʸʫʬʴ ʳʰʹʰ ʯʬʳʰʹ ʫʨ ʽʭʬʿʴʰʹ ʨʳʵ˄ʿʭʬʺʨʹ ˆʬʫʨʭʫʨ ʫʨ
ʰʳʫʬʴʰ ʴʨˀʵʭʨʸʰʹ ʺʿʭʬʬʩʰʹ ʷʾʰʭʰʲʰ ʿʻʸʰʯ ʬʹʳʵʫʨ, ʳʨʪʸʨʳ
˂ʰˆʰʫʨʾʳʨ ʯʨʭʰ ʭʬʸ ʪʨʳʵʿʭʬʹ ʫʨ ʭʬʸ˂ ʸʨ ʫʨʪʭʨʱʲʬʹ ʨʹʸʬ
ˀʬʭʨʸ˂ˆʭʰʴʬʯ ʫʨ ˄ʨʳʵʭʬʫʰʯ ʵʫʰˀʹ ʪʨʳʨʸˇʭʬʩʻʲʰ ʳʨʹ ʷʨʳʹʨ
ʵʫʬʹ ʳʵʭʨ˅ʬʫʰʴʬʯ ˆʨʺʰ ʬʹʬ, ʵʫʬʹ ʰʳʬʸʬʯʰʫʨʾʳʨ ʳʵʭʬʫʰʯ
ʪʨʳʨʸˇʭʬʩʻʲʰ ʪʨʳʵʻʪʮʨʭʴʬʯ ʫʨ ʫʨʭʨʹʭʬʴʬʯ ʺʨ˃ʨʸʹʨ ˀʬʴʹʨ
ʼˆʻʺʬʸʹʨ ʫʨ ʨʲʨʪʹʨ ʫʨ ʯʬʳʹʨ ʬ˂ʬʸʹʨ ˆʨʺʰ ʬʹʬ ʳʯʨʭʨʸ
ʨʴʪʬʲʵʮʰʹʨ ʽʵʸʵʴʰʱʵʴʹʨ ʹʨʳʨʹ ʵ˂ʫʨ ʨʯʵʯˆʳʬʺʹʨ³
ʬʹ ʹʨʩʻʯʰ ʹʨʰʴʺʬʸʬʹʵʨ, ʹˆʭʨʯʨ ˀʵʸʰʹ, ʰʳ ʳˆʸʰʭ, ʸʵʳ
ʲʬʴʺʬˆʬʲʰ ʹʭʨʴʬʩʰ ʨʳ ʫʸʵʹ ʿʵʼʰʲʨʴ ʰʳʬʸʬʯʰʹ ʳʬʼʰʹ
ʨʲʬʽʹʨʴʫʸʬʹ ˇʨʸˀʰ ʫʨʫʰʨʴʰʹ ʹʨ˄ʰʴʨʨʾʳʫʬʪʵʯ ʫʨ ʳʨˀʨʹʨʫʨʳʬ ʨʸ
ʿʵʼʰʲʨʴ ʫʨʫʰʨʴʯʨʴ ˀʬʬʸʯʬʩʻʲʰ.
ʹʭʨʴʬʯʰʹ ʰʹ ʴʨ˄ʰʲʰ, ʸʵʲʳʬʲʰ˂ ʫʾʬʳʫʬ ʯʨʭʰʹʻʼʨʲ
ʹʭʨʴʬʯʰʹ ʹʨˆʬʲʹ ʨʺʨʸʬʩʹ, ʳʨʹ ˀʬʳʫʬʪ, ʸʨ˂ ʳʬʼʬ ʨʲʬʽʹʨʴʫʸʬ I-ʲʰʹ
ʳʬʼʵʩʰʹ ʫʸʵʹ, ʹʨʽʨʸʯʭʬʲʵʹ ʹʨʳʬʼʵʹ ʪʨʿʵʼʰʹ ʳʬʸʬ ʰʳʬʸʬʯʰʹ
ʹʨʳʬʼʵʹ ˆʭʫʨ ˄ʰʲʨʫ, ʪʨʳʵʬʿʵ ʳʨʹ. ʨʽʨʻʸʳʨ ʪʲʬˆʵʩʨʳ ʫʨʰ˄ʿʵ
ʳʬʫʪʨʸʰ ʩʸ˃ʵʲʨ ʸʵʪʵʸ˂ ʿʵʭʬʲ ʳˆʸʰʫʨʴ ʳʵʮʾʭʨʭʬʩʻʲ ʫʨ ʳʨʯ
ʫʨʳʵʴʨʭʬʩʰʹ ʳʹʻʸʭʬʲ ʳʺʨʸʭʨʲʬʩʯʨʴ, ʨʪʸʬʯʭʬ ʹʨʽʨʸʯʭʬʲʵʹ
ʳʬʼʬʬʩʰʹ ʫʸʵʹ ʹʭʨʴʬʯˀʰ ʪʨˁʬʴʰʲ ʰʳ ʯʨʭʨʫʨʮʴʨʻʸʵʩʨʹʯʨʴʨ˂,
ʸʵʳʲʬʩʹʨ˂ ʻʴʫʵʫʨʯ ʰʹʰʴʰ ʯʨʭʰʹ ʿʳʬʩʨʫ ʪʨʬˆʨʫʨʯ, ʳʨʪʸʨʳ
ʯʨʭʰʹʻʼʲʬʩʰʹ ʳʵʿʭʨʸʻʲʰ ˆʨʲˆʰ ʳʨʯ ʨʸʨ ʯʻ ʭʬʸ ʫʨʰʳʵʸˁʰʲʬʹ,
ʨʸʨʳʬʫ ʨʳ ˆʨʲˆʳʨ ʰʹʰʴʰ ʪʨʨʴʨʫʪʻʸʨ ʫʨ ˀʬʰʴʨʸˁʻʴʨ ʯʨʭʰʹʻʼʲʬʩʨ,
ʸʰʹ ˀʬʳʫʬʪʨ˂ ʪʨʨʳʨʪʸʨ ʯʨʭʰʹʰ ʨʾʳʵʹʨʭʲʬʯʰʹʨ ʫʨ ʫʨʹʨʭʲʬʯʰʹ
ʹʨʮʾʭʸʬʩʰ. ʻʳʯʨʭʸʬʹ ʸʵʲʹ ʨʳ ʹʨʽʳʬˀʰ ʯʨʳʨˀʵʩʫʨ ʲʨʺʨʲʰʹ
ʯʬʳʰ, ʸʵʳʬʲʹʨ˂ ʫʨʱʰʹʸʬʩʻʲʰ ˈʽʵʴʫʨ ʫʨʹʨʭʲʬʯʰʹ ʹʨʮʾʭʸʬʩʰʹ
ʫʨ˂ʭʨ ʫʨʫʬˀʽʬʲʰʨʴʬʩʰʹ ˀʬʳʵʹʬʭʰʹʨʪʨʴ, ʸʨʰ˂ ʳʨʴ ʾʰʸʹʬʻʲʨʫ
ˀʬʨʹʸʻʲʨ, ʯʻ ʻˀʪʻʲʰʹ ʹʨʮʵʪʨʫʵʬʩʨ, ʸʵʳʬʲʰ˂ ʫʨʸʨˇʨʫ ʻʫʪʨ
ʹʭʨʴʬʯʰʹ ʨʾʳʵʹʨʭʲʬʯ ʹʨʮʾʭʸʬʩʹ. ʻʱʨʴʨʹʱʴʬʲʹ ʿʭʬʲʨʮʬ ʳʬʺʰ
ʾʭʨ˄ʲʰ ʳʰʻ˃ʾʭʰʹ ʨʳ ʽʭʬʿʴʰʹ ʯʨʭʰʹʻʼʲʬʩʰʹ ʳʵʶʵʭʬʩʨ±ʫʨ˂ʭʨ±
ʪʨʴʳʺʱʰ˂ʬʩʨˀʰ. ʨʳ ʹʨʩʬʫʰʹ˄ʬʸʵ ʩʸ˃ʵʲʨˀʰ ʹʭʨʴʬʩʰ ˀʬʳʫʬʪˀʰ
ʻʼʸʵ ʰʳ ʪʨʸʬʳʵʬʩʨʳ ʪʨʨʼʵʲʨʫʨ, ʸʵʳ ʫʨʹʨʭʲʬʯʰʯ ʰʹʰʴʰ
268
ˆʬʫʨʭʫʬʴ ʫʨʫʬˀʽʬʲʰʨʴʬʩʰʹ ʼʬʵʫʨʲʻʸ ʻʾʲʰʹ ʹʰʳ˃ʰʳʰʹʨʪʨʴ
ʫʨ˃ʨʩʻʴʬʩʻʲ, ʨʸʨʨʫʨʳʰʨʴʻʸ ʶʰʸʵʩʬʩˀʰ ˁʨʿʬʴʬʩʻʲ ʪʲʬˆʱʨ˂ʵʩʨʹ
ʫʨ ʳʰʹ ʹʨˀʰʴʬʲ ʺʨʴˇʭʨʹ. ʶʰʸʹ ʰʩʸʻʴʬʩʫʬʴ ʹʨʳˆʸʬʯʰʹʨʱʬʴ, ʰʽ ʳʨʯ
ʬʹʳʵʫʨʯ ʰʽʨʻʸʰ ʩʨʺʵʴʬʩʰʹ ʳʰʬʸ ʫʨˁʨʪʸʻʲʰ ʯʨʭʰʹ ʳʵ˃ʳʬ ʽʭʬʳʵ
ʹʭʨʴʬʯʰʹ ʩʬˁʨʭʰ ˆʨʲˆʰʹ ʱʭʴʬʹʨ. ʨʳʨʴ ʰʹʰʴʰ, ʭʰʳʬʵʸʬʩʯ,
ʪʨʨʼʵʲʨʫʨ, ʯʨʭʰʹʻʼʲʬʩʰʹ ʼʨʴʨʺʰʱʵʹʬʩʨʫ ʪʨʫʨʨʽ˂ʰʨ ʫʨ ʰʳ
ˀʬʪʴʬʩʨʳʫʬ ʳʰʰʿʭʨʴʨ, ʸʵʳ ʿʭʬʲʨʴʰ ˀʬʱʨʭˀʰʸʬʩʻʲʰ ʰʿʭʴʬʴ ʳʺʸʰʹ
ʳʵʹʨʪʬʸʰʬʩʲʨʫ ʫʨ ʨʳʰʺʵʳ ʸʨʳʵʫʬʴʰʳʬ ʹʨʻʱʻʴʰʹ ʪʨʴʳʨʭʲʵʩʨˀʰ
ʳʨʯ ʨʸ ˁʨʻʪʰʨʯ ʽʨʸʽʨˀˀʰ ʯʨʭʰʹʰ ˆʳʨʲʰ, ʹʰʹˆʲʰʯ ʳʵʶʵʬʩʻʲʰ
ʯʨʭʰʹʻʼʲʬʩʰʹ ʫʸʵˀʨ ˃ʰʸʹ ʨʸ ʫʨʻˆʸʰʨʯ ʫʨ ʾʰʸʹʬʻʲʨʫ
ʫʨʻ˂ʨʭʯ, ʨʳʨˀʰ ʳʨʯ ˆʬʲʹ ʻ˄ʿʵʩʫʨ ʯʭʰʹʰ ʩʻʴʬʩʸʰʭʰ
ʹʰʳʨʪʸʬʬʩʰ˂. ʨʳʴʨʰʸʨʫ, ʹʭʨʴʬʯʳʨ ʯʨʭʰʹʰ ʪʳʰʸʻʲʰ ʳʵʽʳʬʫʬʩʰʯ
ˁʰʴʬʩʻʲʨʫ ˀʬʨʹʸʻʲʨ ʬʹ ʫʰʨʫʰ ʹʨʽʳʬ ʫʨ ˁʭʬʴ ʫʸʵʳʫʬ
ʯʨʭʰʹʻʼʨʲʰ ʹʭʨʴʬʯʰʹ ʹʨˆʬʲʰ ʨʸ ʫʨˈʱʨʸʪʨ ʫʨ ʾʰʸʹʬʻʲʨʫ
ʫʨʰ˂ʭʨ.
ʳʨʪʸʨʳ ˆˀʰʸʨʫ ʰʳʫʬʴʨʫ ˃ʭʰʸʨʫ ʻˇʫʬʩʵʫʨ ʹʭʨʴʬʯʰʹ
ʯʨʭʰʹʻʼʲʬʩʰʹʨʯʭʰʹ ʳʺʸʬʩʯʨʴ ʩʸ˃ʵʲʨ, ʸʵʳ ʹʨʱʭʰʸʭʬʲ
ʳʵʭʲʬʴʨʫ ʻʴʫʨ ˁʨʰʯʭʨʲʵʹ. ʨʳ ˆʨʲˆʳʨ ʨʳʰʹ ˀʬʳʫʬʪ ʱʰʫʬʭ, ʸʵʳ
ˀʬʹ˃ʲʵ ʨʸʹʬʩʵʩʨ.

ǷȘȖȒȖȗȐȑDzȍșȈȘȐȑșȒȐȑǰșȚȖȘȐȧȊȖȑȕȘȐȔȓȧȕșȗȍȘșȈȔȐȒȕȋȓȈȊȈǽ9
 ǸȈȗȖȘȚ ȀȈȝȖȊșȒȖȋȖ ǩ ǸȖȏȍȕț ȖȚ  ȈȊȋțșȚȈ  ȋ ȹ  ʫʨ ʫʰʪʵʸˆʨʴʰʹ
ʳʵˆʹʬʴʬʩʨ ʩʨʸʵʴ ʸʵʮʬʴʰʹʨʫʳʰ 1835 ˄. ʯʭʰʯ ʹʰʺʿʭʨ ʲʨʩʪʭʰʨʸʰ ʹʭʨʴʻʸʰ ʹʰʺʿʭʨʨ
ʫʨ ʴʰˀʴʨʭʹ ʹʨˆʰʫʬ ʨʫʪʰʲʬʩʰʹ ʹʨˆʬʲ˄ʵʫʬʩʨʹ; ʩʨˆʹʨʴʨʹ ʳʮʸʰʯ ʯʨʭʰʹ ʹʨʮʾʭʸʨʯ
ʹʭʨʴʬʩʰ ʫʾʬʳʫʬ ʨʹʨˆʬʲʬʩʬʴ ʿʨʴʾʻʯʰ ʽʬˀʬʴʰʨʸʹ.
ǷȘȖȒȖȗȐȑDzȍșȈȘȐȑșȒȐȑǰșȚȖȘȐȧȊȖȑȕǸȐȔȓȧȕșȗȍȘșȈȔȐȒȕȋȓǽ9
4) ʩʨʸʨʯʨˀʭʰʲʰʹ ʹʨʽʨʸʯʭ. ʰʹʺʵʸʰʨ. ʸʭʬʻʲʰ II ʫʨ III, ʪʭ. 65.
ǮțȘȕȈȓǹȊȍȚȖȟ³ȋșȚ
ǰșȚȖȘȐȧȔȖȕȋȖȓȖȊǪȣȗ,,șȚȘ-ȐȏȌȈȕȐȍǷȈȚȒȈȕȖȊȈ
7) ʭʨˆʻˀʺʰʹ ʰʹʺʵʸʰʨ, ʫʰʳ. ʩʨʽʸʨ˃ʰʹ ʪʨʳʵ˂ʬʳʨ, ʪʭ. 281, ʫ. ʩʨʽʸʨ˃ʬ ,,ʹʭʨʴʬʯʰ³
ʪʭ. 31.
ǴȝȐȚȈȘǨȑȘȈȊȈȕșȒȐȑșȚȘ
ǩȈȒȘȈȌȏȍǹȊȈȕȍȚȐȧ!!șȚȘ
ǬǩȈȒȘȈȌȏȍǹȊȈȕȍȚȐȧ!!șȚȘ
11) ʶʸʵʼʬʹʵʸʰ ʱʵʭʨʲʬʭʹʱʰ ʨʳʩʵʩʹ, ʸʵʳ ʳʬ-XV ʹʨʻʱʻʴʬʳʫʬ ʫʾʬʭʨʴʫʬʲʰ
ʹʨʫʨʫʬˀʽʬʲʰʨʴʵ ʫʨ ʯʨʭʰʹʻʼʨʲʰ ʹʭʨʴʬʯʰ ʬʸʯʴʨʰʸ ʶʰʸʵʩʬʩˀʰ ʰʳʿʵʼʬʩʵʫʬʴ. ʨʳ
ʫʸʵʳʫʬ ʳʨʯ ʪʨʴʨʪʬʩʫʬʴ ʹʨʽʨʸʯʭʬʲʵʹ ʳʬʼʬʬʩʰʹ ʳʰʬʸ ʫʨʴʰˀʴʻʲʰ ʬʸʰʹʯʨʭʬʩʰ,
ʸʵʳʲʬʩʹʨ˂ ʴʵʳʰʴʨʲʻʸʰ ʫʨʳʵʱʰʫʬʩʻʲʬʩʨ ˈʽʵʴʫʨʯ ʹʭʨʴʬʩʯʨʴʵ DzȖȊȈȓȍȊșȐȐȑ
ǯȈȒȖȕȣȐȖȉȣȟȈȐȕȈDzȈȊȒȈȏȍȚ,,șȚȘ
12) ʬ˂ʬʸʰʹ ʯʬʳˀʰʨ.
269
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…€Œ„ˆ ‹ˆ„  ‹„-XV €‘‰‘Œ„–ˆ

ʨʳ ʷʨʳʨʫ ˁʭʬʴʹ ˆʬʲʯ ʨʸʰʹ ʼʸʰʨʫ ʹʨʰʴʺʬʸʬʹʵ ʹʨʩʻʯʰ ʳʬ-

XV ʹʨʻʱ. ʹʭʨʴʯʨ ʿʵʼʨ±˂ˆʵʭʸʬʩʰʹ ʪʨʹʨˀʻʽʬʩʲʨʫ. ʬʹ ʨʸʰʹ ˀʬʳʫʬʪʰ
ˀʰʴʨʨʸʹʰʹ ʹʨʹʰʹˆʲʬ ʹʰʪʬʲʰ, ʩʵ˃ʬʩʻʲʰ ʨʲʬʽʹʨʴʫʸʬ ʳʬʼʰʹ ʳʰʬʸ
ʹʭʨʴʬʩʰʹʨʫʳʰ ʳʬ-XV ʹʨʻʱ. ʶʰʸʭʬʲ ʴʨˆʬʭʨʸˀʰ:
... . . ʳʰʻˆʫʬʯ 12) ʫʨ ʯʽʭʬʴʰ ʩʰ˃ʨʴʬʩʰ ʯʭʨʲʰʨ ʫʨ ʰʭʨʴʬ.
ʳʵʪʭʬ˄ʰʭʴʬʹ ʫʨ ˀʬʪʭʬʩʴʬʹ. ʳʵʪʭʬʸʰʨ ˂ʵʫʭʨ ʬˀʳʨʱʰʹ ʳʨʴʽʨʴʬʩʰʯʨ
ˀʬʳʵʪʭʬʸʰʭʴʬʹ, ʳʬʸʳʬ ʫʨʪʭʰ˄ʿʬʯ ʳʺʸʵʩʨ ʯʽʭʬʴ ˇʨʼʨʸʰ˃ʬʳʨʴ
ʹʨʸʪʰʹ ʫʨ ʨʾʨʸ˂ ʪʨʪʭʰˀʭʰʯ ʹʨˇʨʳʨʪʰʸʵʯ ʨʾʨʸ˂ ʸʨ˅ʹ ʫʨ ʲʬˁˆʻʳʹ
ʹʨʳʻˀʨʵʯ ʪʨʳʵʪʭʰˀʭʰʯ, ˀʭʰʫʹ ˄ʬʲʰ˄ʨʫʹʨ ʨʹʬ ʭʰʿʭʬʴʰʯ ʸʵʳ
ʹʸʻʲʰʨʫ ʹʭʨʴʬʯʰʹʨ ʽʭʬʿʨʴʨʹʨ ʹʨʮʰʨʸʬʩʬʲʹ ʭʬʾʨʸ ʭʰˀʵʭʴʬʩʫʰʯ
ʫʨ ʨʸ˂ ʨʸʨʭʰʹ ʳʨʸʰʲʰʹ ʪʬʳʵ ʪʭʰʴʨˆʨʭʹ.ʳʬʸʳʬ ʳʵʪʭ˅ʰʸʫʨ ʫʨ ʨʾʨʸʨ
ʾʵʴʬ ʪʭʽʵʴʫʨ. ˀʬʭʰʿʨʸʬʴʰʯ ʫʨ ʵʯˆʨʹʰ ʹʨʶʨʲʴʬ ˂ˆʬʴʰ
˄ʨʳʵʭʰʺʨʴʬʯ. ʯʭʰʯʵʹ ˂ˆʬʴʹʨ ʵʸ-ʵʸʰ ʱʨ˂ʰ ˄ʨʳʵʭʿʬʭʰʯ.
ˁʨʳʵʭʬʲʰʯ ʲʬˁˆʻʳʹ ʫʨ ʸʨ˂ ʹʨʭʨ˅ʸʵ ʪʭʨˆʲʫʨ ʪʨʭʿʰʫʬʯ ʫʨ
ʭʰʹʨʽʳʬʯ. ʨʭʱʰʫʬʯ ʾʭʰʴʵ ʫʨ ˄ʨʳʵʭʬʫʰʯ. ʯʨʭʰ ʳʵʸ˅ʳʻʲʰ
ʪʭʽʵʴʫʨ, ʨʾʨʸʨʹ ʳʵʭʬʲʵʫʰʯ, ʯʻʸʳʬ ʱʻ˅ʨʰ˃ʬ ʫʨ ʲʨˀˆʰˀʭʰʲʰ
ˀʬʳʵˁʬʴʰʲʰ ʪʭʿʻʨ ʸʵʪʵʸ˂ ˁʭʬʴ ʹʨʭʨ˅ʸʵʫ ˁʨʳʵʭʬʫʰʯ, ʱʻ˅ʨʰ˃ʬʹʨ
ʫʨ ʲʨˀˆʰˀʭʰʲʹ ʯʽʭʬʴʯʭʰʹ ʱʨ˂ʰ ʪʨʳʵʬʪʮʨʭʴʨ. ʯʽʭʬʴ ʹʸʻʲʰʨʫ
ʸʨ˅ʭʬʲʴʰ ˀʬʪʬʿʨʸʨ ʫʨ ʨʹʸʬ ʳʵʹʻʲʰʿʭʬʴʰʯ ʸʬˆʺʨˀʰʪʨ, ʸʵʳ ˁʭʬʴ
ʯʽʭʬʴʰ ʳʵʹʭʲʨ ʭʬʸʨ ʹʨʽʳʰʯ ʭʬʸ ˀʬʭʰʺʿʬʴʰʯ. ˄ʰʴʨʯ ʯʽʭʬʴ
ʫʨʪʻˆʫʰʯ, ʻʱʨʴʰʯ ʱʻ˅ʨʰ˃ʬ, ʲʨˀˆʰˀʭʰʲʰ, ʰʴʨʹʨʸʰ˃ʬ, ʫʨ
ʪʨʸʬʿʨʴʰ˃ʬ ʳʵʪʭʬ˄ʰʭʴʬʯ, ʪʨʭʰʿʨʭʰʯ ˄ʰʴʨʻʱʨʴʨ ʫʨ ʫʨʪʭˆʵ˂ʬʯ ʫʨ
ʨʳʵʪʭ˄ʿʭʰʺʬʯ ʸʭʨʨʹʰ ʱʨ˂ʰʹʨʪʨʴ ʵʯˆʨʹʰ ʳʬʺʰ ʨʾʨʸ ʳʵʭʸˁʰʯ, ʬʹ
ʿʭʬʲʨʴʰ ʱʨ˂ʴʰ ʫʨʪʭˆʵ˂ʬʯ ʫʨ ʵʯˆʨʹʰ ˂ˆʬʴʰ, ʿʭʬʲʨʹ ʾʭʰʴʵ ʬʱʰʫʨ
ʳʰʹʰ ʹʨʶʨʲʴʰʯ ˄ʨʪʭʨʸʯʭʰʯ. ʨʳʨʹ ʪʨʸʬʯ ʹˆʭʨ ʳʸʨʭʨʲʰ ʳʺʸʵʩʨ
ʪʭʰʿʨʭʰʯ ʫʨ ʭʬʸʹʨʰʯ ʹʨˇʨʳʨʪʰʸʵʯ ʭʬʸ ʪʨʪʬʶʨʸʬʴʰʯ ʨʳʰʹʰ ʾʵʴʬ
ʭʬʸ ʫʨʭʫʬʭʰʯ ʸʵʳ ʪʮʨ ʪʭʬˀʵʭʴʨ. ʨʹʰ ʹʭʨʴʰ ʫʭʨʲʬʯʰʹʨʱʬʴ
ʪʨʭʰʶʨʸʬʴʰʯ ʱʨˆʬʯʹ ʹʨˇʨʳʨʪʰʸʵʯ ˄ʨʭʬʫʰʯ, ʳʰʹ ˄ʨʹʭʲʨ ʭʬʸ
ˀʬʪʭʰʺʿʬʭʰʯ ʫʨ ʳʬʸʳʬʯ ˀʰʴʰʹʨʱʬʴ ʸʵʳ ˀʬʳʵʭʰʽʬ˂ʰʯ, ʰʳʨʭʬ
ʫʭʨʲʬʯʮʬ ˄ʨʳʵʭʬʫʰʯ, ʫʨʪʭˆʫʰʯ, ʪʲʵʲʨʹ ʫʨ ˅ʰʵʸʹʨ
ˀʻʨʮʬʫʨʴ ʫʨʳʵʪʭʰ˅ʰʸʬʯ ˆʬʲʯʨ ʫʨʪʭ˂ʨʸ˂ʭʬʯ, ʨʹʰʹ ʱʨ˂ʰʹʨʪʨʴ
ʵʸʰ ʳʵʨʳʩʬʯ ʪʨʻˀʭʰʯ, ʹˆʭʨ ʿʭʬʲʨ ʺʿʭʬʯ ˄ʨʭʨʹˆʰʯ, ˁʭʬʴʰʹ
ʳʵʴʨʪʬʩʰʨʴʨʯ ʵʴʹ ʳʰʪʭʨʹˆʰʯ, ʹʨʽʵʴʬʲʰ ʹʨʲʨʸʵˀʰ ˀʬʰʺʨʴʬʯ ʫʨ
270
ˁʭʬʴ ʫʨʸˇʰʲʴʰ, ʹʨʩʸʨʲʵʴʰ ʹʨʾʵʸʬʹʨ ʫʨ ʹʨʩʨʺʬˀʰ ˀʬʪʭʿʨʸʬʯ.
ʴʨʨʾʫʪʵʳʬʭʰ ʫʨʾʳʨ ʬʴʱʬʴʰʹʯʭʬʳʫʰʹ ʰʳʨˀʰ ʺʿʻʬʫ ʭʰʿʭʬʴʰʯ. ʾʵʴʬ
ʨʾʨʸ ʪʻʽʵʴʫʨ, ʫʨʭʰˆʵ˂ʬʴʰʯ ʯʨʭʰ ʫʨ ʯʭʰʯʵ ʱʨʸʪʰ ʨʩˇʨʸʰ ˁʭʬʴʰ
ʯʨʭʰʹ ʹʨˆʹʸʨʫ ʪʨʳʵʭʰʾʬʯ ʫʨ ʪʨʸˇʰʲʰ ʹʻʲʰ ʨʳʰʯ ˀʬʭʰʸˁʰʴʬʯ.
ʹˆʻʨ ʸʨʳʫʬʴʰ ˅ʰʸʰ ʫʨ ʳʺʸʵʩʨ ʪʨʸʫʨʪʭʬʱʰʫʨ, ʱʨ˂ʰʹ ʬʴʨ ʸʵʪʵʸ
ʰʺʿʭʰʹ, ʭʰʿʭʬʴʰʯ ʹʸʻʲʰʨʫ ʬ˂ʬʸʹ ʨʽʬʯ, ʸʨ˂ ʹʭʨʴʬʯʰ ʨʸʹ,
ʯʵʸʳʬʺʰ ˄ʬʲʰ˄ʨʫʹʨ ʨʹʸʬ ˀʬʳ˄ʿʫʬʻʲʴʰ ʸʵʳ ʭʬʸ˂ ʱʨˆʬʯʰʹʱʬʴ
ʭʰˀʵʭʬʯ ʹʨˇʨʳʨʪʰʸʵ ʪʮʨ, ʭʬʸ˂ ʹʨʳ˂ˆʰʹʨʱʬʴ ʫʨ ʭʬʸ˂ʨ ʪʻʸʰʰʹʨʱʬʴ,
ʭʬʸ˂ ʳʰʳ˅ʰʸʬʯ, ʫʨ ʳʬʸʳʬ ˀʬʭʰʿʨʸʬʴʰʯ ʹʸʻʲʰʨʫ ʹʭʨʴʬʯʰʹ
ˁʬʴʰʲʬʩʰ. ʫʨ ʭʽʬʴʰʯ ʭʨʮʰʸʵʩʨ. ʳʰʭʬʫʰʯ ʬ˂ʬʸʹ, ʸʰˁʻʪʰʨʴʹʨ ʫʨ
ʫʨʫʬˀʽʬʲʰʨʴʹʨ ˀʬʭʬˆʭʬ˄ʬʴʰʯ ʫʨ ʫʨʫʰʨʴʯʨʴ ʪʨʭʪʮʨʭʴʬʯ,
ˀʬʭʬˆʭʬ˄ʬʴʰʯ ʫʨʫʰʨʴʹʨ ʳʨʳʰʨʹʨ ʫʨ ˂ˆʸʨ ˇʵʸʰ ʪʨʻʪʮʨʭʴʬʯ. ʨʳʰʹ
ʨˇʨ 15) ʭʹʯˆʵʭʬʯ, ʸʵʳ ʳʬʼʬʯ ʳʬʼʬʹ ʶʨʺʸʵʴʹ ʨʲʬʽʹʨʴʫʸʬʹʯʨʴ ʨˇʨ
ʬˀʵʭʴʨ. ʾʳʬʸʯʳʨʴ ʪʨʻʳʨʸˇʵʹ ʶʨʺʸʵʴʹʨ ʫʨʫʰʨʴʹʨ.˅ʿʵʴʫʰʫʬʲʰ
ʪʨʬʪʮʨʭʴʨ ʫʨ ˀʬˆʭʬ˄ʵʫʨ ʨʲʬʽʹʨʴʫʸʬ ʳʬʼʬʹʨ ʬʨˇʬʩʰʴʨ 16) ʫʨ
ʬʶʨʺʰʭʬʩʰʴʨ ʩʨʺʵʴʰʹ ʫʨʫʰʨʴʰʹʨʯʻʰʹ ʫʨ ʨʹʸʬ ʬʩʸ˃ʨʴʨ ʳʬʼʬʯ
ʳʬʼʬʹʨ ʶʨʺʸʵʴʹʨ ʨʲʬʽʹʨʴʫʸʬʹ ʯʻ ˇʨʼʨʸʰ˃ʰʹʯʨʴʨ ʯʨʭʨʫʰ ʸʨ˅ʨʹ
ʨʸʨ ʳʿʨʭʹʵ ʯʻ ˇʨʼʨʸʰ˃ʰʹ ʹʰʹˆʲʹ ʪʨʫʰˆʫʰʨʴʵ, ʹʭʨʴʯ ʪʮʨʹ
ʳʰʭʹ˂ʬʳʵ ʫʨ ˇʨʼʨʸʰ˃ʬʹʨ˂ ˁʨʳʵʭˆʹʴʰʯʵ, ʯʻ ʨʸʨ ʫʨ ˇʨʼʨʸʰ˃ʰʹ
ʹʨʽʳʬʹ ʨʸ ʪʨʫʨʭʹ˄ʿʭʬʺʯʵ, ˇʨʼʨʸʰ˃ʬʴʰ ʻʩʸʨʲʵʯ ʫʨˆʵ˂ʬʹʵ,
ʳ˄ʭʬʫ ʳ˃ʲʨʭʸʴʰ ʱʨ˂ʴʰ ʨʸʰʨʴʵ ʫʨ ʹʸʻʲʰʨʫ ʸʨ˅ʭʬʲʴʰ ʫʨ
ʲʬˁˆʻʳʬʲʴʰ ʫʨʳʬʱʨʸʪʭʰʨʴʵ ʫʨ ʯʻ ʨʳ ˇʨʼʨʸʰ˃ʰʹ ʹʨʽʳʬʹ
ʪʨʫʨʹ˄ʿʭʬʺʬʴʵ, ʳʵʰʿʬʴʬ ʱʨʸʹʨ ʫʨ ʸʨʸʰʪʨʫʨ˂ ʹˇʵʩʫʬʹ ʫʨ
ʬʳʨʸʯʬʩʵʫʴʬʴ, ˇʨʼʨʸʰ˃ʬʹʨ˂ ʪʨʫʨʻ˄ʿʭʰʺʵʴ ʫʨ ˀʬʳʵʭʰ˄ʿʵʩʯʵ.
ʨʳʨˀʰ ʪʨʳʵˆʫʨ ˆʨʴʰ ʫʨ ʳʰʭʬʫʰʯ ʫʨʫʰʨʴʯʨʴ ʹʸʻʲʰʨʫ ˁʬʴʰʲʬʩʰ.
˄ʨʳʵʪʭʰ˃ʾʻʨ ʯʭʰʯʵʴ ʩʨʺʵʴʰ ʫʨʫʰʨʴʰ ʫʨ ʪʬʪʻʯʹ ʳʰʭʬʫʰʯ
ˀʬʰʽʴʨ ʹʨʽʳʵʩʨ ʫʨ ʹʨʴʨˆˀʰʸʬ 17) ʪʭʯˆʵʭʬʹ ˇʨʼʨʸʰ˃ʬʯʨ. ʫʨʹˆʫʬʹ
ʯʻʰʯʨʴ ʳʬʼʬʯ ʳʬʼʬ ʶʨʺʸʵʴʰ ʨʲʬʽʹʨʴʫʸʬ ʫʨ ʫʨʫʰʨʴʰ ʩʨʺʵʴʰ
ʳʨʳʰʨ. ʼʨʲʨʭʨʴʫʰˀʭʰʲʰ ʮʭʰʨʫʰ, ˅ʰʲʨ˃ʬ ʲʵʳʱʨ˂ʰ, ʬʸʰʹʯʨʭʰ
ʱʨˆʨʩʬʸʰ, ʨʳʰʸʨˇʰʩʰ ʸʨʳʰʴʨ ʫʨ ʼʨʲʨʭʨʴʫʰˀʭʰʲʰ ʼʨʲʨʭʨʴʫʰ.
ʽʴʬʹ ʳʵʱʰʯˆʻʲʰ ʫʨ ʹʰʪʬʲʰ˂ ʳʵʨʺʨʴʰʴʬʹ ˇʨʼʨʸʰ˃ʬʯʨ. ʫʨ ʳʬʺʨʯ
ʻʮʵʳʵʯ ʫʰʫʰ ʹʰʹˆʲʰ ʫʨ ʹʨʴʨˆˀʰʸʬ ʬ˄ʬʸʨ. ʨʳʨʮʬʫʨʴ ʰʨʴʪʨʸʰˀʬʹ
ʫʨ ʹʨʳʨʹʰ ʱʨ˂ʰ ʳʵʬʱʲʨ ˇʨʼʨʸʰ˃ʬʯʨ ʫʨ ʹˆʻʨ ʳʸʨʭʨʲʰ ʨʭʰ
ʫʨʳʨʸʯʬʩʵʫʨ ˇʨʼʨʸʰ˃ʬʯʨʪʨʴ ʹʭʨʴʯʨ. ʫʨʻʫʬʭʰʯ ʹʰʪʬʲʰ ʹʭʨʴʯʨ
ʫʨ ʪʨʸʫʨʰˆʨʫʬʹ ʫʨ ʳʵʭʨ˂ʬʳʰʴʬʯ ʲʨˀˆʬʯʹ: ʹʵʼʬʲʰ ʫʨ ˂ʰˆʬ
ʮʬʸʰʨʹ 18) ˂ˆʸʨ ʱʭʨʳʲʰ ʱʨ˂ʰ ʫʨ ʬʸʯʰ ʳʵʳ˂ʸʵ ʳʵʴʨʹʺʬʸʰ ˄ʳ.
271
ʪʰʵʸʪʰʹʨ ʯʬʽʭʹʳʬʺʰ ˇʭʨʸ±ˆʨʺʰʯ, ʵʯˆʯʨʭʰʯ,
ʹʨ˄ʰʴʨʹ˄ʨʸʳʬʺʿʭʬʲʵʯʨ ʹʨʳʵ˂ʰʽʻʲʵʯʨ, ʳʨʸˆʭʰʨʴʰʯʨ,
ʺʰʩʰʱʵʴʰʯʨ, ʹʺʵʫʰʬʲʰʯʨ, ʳʨʹ ʪʨʸʬʯ ʳʵʪʬ˂ʰʯ ʵʹʬʯʰʹ ʶʰʸʨʫ
ʳʯʰʻʲʬʯʹ, ˆʰʫʻʸʨʹ 19) ʵ˂ʰ ʪʲʬˆʰ, ʬʸʯʰ ʱʨʸʪʰ ˂ʰˆʬ, ʵʸʰ
ʳʵʴʨʹʺʬʸʰ, ʬʸʯʰ ʫʰʫʰ ʪʻʳʩʨʯʰʨʴʰ ʳʯʨʭʨʸ±ʨʴʪʬʲʵʮʰʹ
ʳʵʴʨʹʺʬʸʰ, ʵʸʰ ʫʰʫʰ ʵʽʸʵʹ ˆʨʺʰʯʨ, ʵʸʳʵ˂ʫʨʯʭʸʨʳʬʺʰ ʹˆʻʨ
ʫʰʫʰ ˆʨʺʰʯʨ, ʯʵʸʳʬʺʰʯ ʵʽʸʵʹ ʫʨ ʭʬʸ˂ˆʲʰʹ ʱʨʴʫʬʲʰʯʨ
ʳʰʹʰʯ ʹʨʳʵʴʨʹʺʸʵ ˄ʰʪʴʬʩʰʯʨ, ʫʰʫʰ ʪʻʲʨʴʰʯʨ ʵʯˆʯʨʭʰʯʨ,
ʹʨʳʵ˂ʰʽʻʲʵʯʨ, ʳʨʸˆʭʨʴʰʯʨ, ʳʬʺʨʼʸʨʹʰʯʨ ʫʨʭʰʯʰʯʨ, ʫʨʭʰʯʰʯ
ʯʨʸʪʳʨʴʰʯʨ, ʵʯˆʯʨʭʰʹ ʯʨʸʪʳʨʴʰʯʨ, ʬʴʽʬʸʵʹ ˄ʰʴʨʳ˃ʾʭʨʸʰʯʨ,
ʳʬʵʸʬ ˄ʳʰʴʫʰʹʨ ʪʰʵʸʪʰʹ ʹʨˇʨʴʰʹ ʫʰʫʰ ʹʰʵʴʰ ʳʵʴʨʹʺʬʸʰ
ʵ˂ʫʨʯʵʸʳʬʺʰ ˇʭʨʸʰ ˆʨʺʰʯʨ ʫʨ ʸʨ˂ ʹʨʳʵʴʨʹʺʸʵ ˄ʰʪʴʰ ʨʸʰʹ ʳʰʯ
ʹʸʻʲʰʨʯ ʪʨʯʨʭʬʩʻʲʰ ʫʨ ʹʨʩʨʺʵʴʵ ʫʬʱʨʴʵʮʹ ˄ʰʴʨʳ˃ʾʭʨʸʹ ʵ˂ʰ
ʱʻʨʳʲʰ ʱʨ˂ʰ, ʨʳʰʹ ʪʨʸʬʯ ʰʽʭʬ ˆʰʫʻʸʹ ʬʸʯʰ ʨʮʴʨʻʸʰˀʭʰʲʰ
ˆʵˆʨʪʰ˃ʬ, ʳʰʹʰ ˂ʰˆʰʯ ʯʵʸʳʬʺʰ ʱʻʨʳʲʰʯ ʱʨ˂ʰʯʨ. ʹˆʭʨ
ʳʯʰʻʲʬʯʹ ˂ʰˆʬ ʫʨ ʹʵʼʬʲʰ ˂ʸʰʲʰ 20) ʵ˂ʫʨ ʵʯˆʰ ʱʻʨʳʲʰ ʱʨ˂ʰ,
ʬʸʯʰ ʬʱʲʬʹʰʨ ʯˆʻʯʳʬʺʰ ʶʨʺʰʵʹʴʰʯ ˆʨʺʰʯʨ ʫʨ ʳʰʹʰʯ
˄ʰʪʴʬʩʰʯʨ ʹʸʻʲʬʩʰʯ ˀʬʳʱʵʩʰʲʰ, ʯʬʭʨʸʬˀʵʹ 21) ʯʬʽʭʹʳʬʺʰ
ʱʻʨʳʲʰ, ʱʨ˂ʰ ʫʨ ˂ʰˆʬ ʹˆʻʨ ʫʨ ʨʸʬˀʰ˃ʬ 22) ʲʵʳʰ ʳʰʹʰʯ ˂ʰˆʰʯʨ
ʵʸʳʵ˂ʰ ʱʻʨʳʲʰ ʱʨ˂ʰʹʨ ʮʬʫʨ ʽʨʲʨʽʹʨ 23) ʱʨʸʪʰ ʹʨʶʨʺʰʵ
ʪʻʳʩʨʯʰʨʴʰ ʹʨʿʫʨʸʰˇʭʨʸ˂ʳʰʹʨ ʹʨʬʼʰʹʱʵʼʵʹʵʹʨ ʳʰʹʰʯ
ʳʵʯʭʨʲʳʨʸʪʨʲʰʺʻʸʰ ʵʳʼʵʸʰʯʨ ˀʬʳʱʵʩʰʲʰ. ʸʨ˂ ʬʼʰʹʱʵʶʵʹʹʨ
ʫʨ ʰʳʰʹʯʨʴʨʹ ʹʨʿʫʨʸʹ ʬʱʨʫʸʬʩʰʹ ʰʳʰʹʯʨʴʨ ˄ʰʪʴʬʩʰʯʨ ʹʸʻʲʰʨʯ
ʪʨʯʨʭʬʩʻʲʰ ʨʹʰ ʱʭʨʳʲʰʯ ʱʨ˂ʰʯ ʫʨ ʾʬʩʹ ʵʸʰ ʨʮʴʨʻʸʰˀʭʰʲʰ
ʪʨʪʨˀʭʰʲʬʩʰ 24), ʳʰʹʰʯʨ ˂ʰˆʰʯʨ ʫʨ ʹʨʳʵ˂ʫʨ ʯʵʸʳʬʺʰ ʱʻʨʳʲʰ
ʱʨ˂ʰʯʨ. ˀʵʫʨʹ 25) ˄ʳ. ʪʰʵʸʪʰʹ ʬʱʲʬʹʰʨ ʫʨ ʹʵʼʬʲʰ ʵ˂ʫʨ ˆʻʯʰ
ʱʨ˂ʰ ʫʨ ˂ʰˆʬ, ˁʻʬˀʵʹ 26) ˂ʰˆʬ ʫʨ ˀʭʰʫʰ ʪʲʬˆʰ; ˅ʰʵʸʨʹ ˂ʰˆʬ ʫʨ
ʹʵʼʬʲʰ ʯʬʽʻʹʳʬʺʰ ʱʻʨʳʲʰ ʪʲʬˆʰ, ʩʻʩʨʹ 27) ʱʨʸʪʰ ʬʱʲʬʹʰʨ, ˂ʰˆʬ
ʫʨ ʹʵʼʬʲʰ, ʬʱʲʬʹʰʨ ˇʻʨʸ ˆʨʺʰʯʨ, ʵ˂ʫʨ ˆʻʯʰ ʪʲʬˆʰ. ʹˆʻʨ
ʾʬʩʰʹ ˀʬʹʨʭʨʲʰ ʹʵʼʲʬʩʰ ˇʻʳʲʨʫ 28) ʵʯˆʨʹʰ ʱʻʨʳʲʰ ʱʨ˂ʰ ʹʨʳʰ
ʹʨˀʨʭʨʸʫʴʬ ʹˆʻʨ, ʿʵʭʲʰʹ ʫʾʰʹ ʹʨʴʨʫʰʸʵʬʩʰ, ʹʨˇʰˆʭʬ,
ʮʵʼʨˆʰʯʵ 29), ʭʰʸʺʰˀʵ 30), ʬʫʬʴ 31), ʪʰʲʵʰʴʨ, ʸʰʵʴʰʹ ʹʨʯʨʭʬ, ʹˆʻʨ
ʹʨʴʨʫʰʸʵʬʩʰ ʨʸˁʬʭʰʹʨ. ʨʳ ʳʨʳʻʲʹ ʪʨʸʬʯ ʹʨʳʨʹʰ ʹʨʳʨʴʽʨʴʻʸʰ ʫʨ
ʮʬʫʨʻʸʰ ʨʩˇʨʸʰ. ʹʨʳʨʹʰ ʭʬʸ˂ˆʲʰʹ ˅ʻʸ˅ʬʲʰ: ʹʻʸʨ, ʯʬʼˀʰ,
ˁʵʲʨʯʵ, ʭʬʸ˂ˆʲʰʹ ʯʨʹʰ ʫʨ ˄ʻʸ˄ʻʳʨ, ʱʨˆʯ ʳʬʼʰʹ ʴʨʶʨʸʨʭʰ. ʨʳʨʹ
ʪʨʸʫʨ ʹʨʳʨʹʰ ʫʰʫʰ ʫʨ ʹʻʩʻʽʰ ʽʻʨʩʰ, ʹʨʳʨʹʰ ˇʵʸʰ, ʹʨʳʨʹʰ ʱʨʸʪʰ
272
ʻʲʨʿʰ, ʨʳʨʹ ʪʨʸʬʯ ʭʬʾʨʸ ʨʳʵʪʰʭʬʫʰʯ, ʨʸ ˀʬʪʭˇʬʸʫʰʯ
ʨʳʰʹʨʯʻʰʹ ʸʵʳʬ ʯʽʭʬʴʰ ʹ˄ʵʸʰ ʱʨ˂ʰ ʹʭʨʴʬʯʹ ʨʸ ʰʿʵ ʫʨ ʭʬʾʨʸʨ
ʾʵʴʬ ʭʽʬʴʰʯ ʹʸʻʲʰʨʫ ʹʭʨʴʯʨ ʬ˂ʬʸʹ ʨʽʬʯ ʿʭʬʲʨʳʨʴ ʯʽʭʬʴʰ ʩʨʷʰ
ʫʨʭʰʫʬʭʰʯ ʹʸʻʲʰʨʫ ʳʻʲʨˆʬʲʯʨ ʫʨ ʳʻʲʨˆʰʹ ˀʬʹʨʭʨʲʯʨ,
ʲʨʺʨʸʬʲʯʨ ʫʨ ʲʨʺʨʸʰʹ 32) ˀʬʹʨʭʨʲʯʨ ʻˀʪʻʲʬʲʯʨ ʫʨ
ʻˀʪʻʲʰʹ ˀʬʹʨʭʨʲʯʨ. ʨ˄ʰ ʳʵʪʭʰˆʹʬʴʬʩʰʨ ʪʲʵʲʨʹ ʮʬʫʨʯ, ˂ʬʴʨʹ
ʰʽʰʯ, ʵʹʬʯʹ ʨʽʨʯ ± ʹʸʻʲʰʨʯ ʳʯʰʻʲʬʯʰʹ ʯʬʳʰ ʳʨʯʰʯ
ʹʨʳʨʸʯʲʰʨʴʰʯʨ ʳʯʰʯʨ, ʩʨʸʰʯʨ, ʹʨʿʫʸʬʩʰʯʨ, ˄ʿʲʰʯʨ ʫʨ
˄ʰʹʽʭʰʲʰʯʨ ʹʨʮʭʬʸʰʯʨ, ʹʨʴʨʫʰʸʵʯʨ, ʭʬʲʰʯʨ, ʹʨʯʰʩʰʯʨ ʳʰʹʰʯʨ
ʳʰʳʫʪʵʳʰʯʨ ʳʨʸʯʲʰʯ ʹʨʳʨʸʯʲʰʨʴʰʯʨ ʹʨ˃ʬʩʸʰʯʨ ʫʨ ʻ˃ʬʩʸʰʯʨ
ʳʰʹʰʯʨ ʿʵʭʲʰʯʨ. ʪʽʵʴʫʬʹ ʳʱʭʰʫʸʨʯ ʫʨ ʹʨʳʨʳʻʲʵʫ ʯʽʭʬʴ
ˇʨʼʨʸʰ˃ʬʹʨ ʹʨʸʪʰʹʹ, ʨʩʬʹʨʲʵʳʹ ʫʨ ʭʨʳʰʿʹ, ʭʰʴ˂ ʬʹ ʳʵʪʰˀʨʲʵʹ ʫʨ
ˀʬʪʰ˂ʭʨʲʵʹ ˄ʿʬʻʲʰʳ˂ ʨʸʹ ʨʽʨ ʫʨ ʳʬʸʳʬʹʨ ʳʰʹ ʹʨʻʱʻʴʰʹʨ ʵʸʯʨʭʬ
˂ˆʵʭʸʬʩʨʹʨ ˀʰʪʨʴ, ʨʴ ʯʬʳʰʹʨʪʨʴ ʹʨʴʨʳʫʰʹ ʹʭʨʴʬʯʰ ʰˆʹʬʴʰʬʩʵʫʬʹ,
ʨʴ ˇʨʼʨʸʰ˃ʰʹ ʪʻʨʸʰ ʰʿʵʹ ʨʴ ʰˆʹʬʴʬʩʵʫʬʹ. ʭʰʴ˂ʨ ˀʬʪʰ˂ʭʨʲʵʹ ʫʨ
ʨʴ ʳʵʪʰˀʨʲʵʹ ˀʬʰ˂ʭʲʬʩʰʹ ʽʸʰʹʺʰʨʴʵʩʰʹ ʹˇʻʲʰʹʨʪʨʴ. ʸʰʹˆʭʨʳ˂ʨ
ʳʨʳʨ ˃ʬ ʫʨ ʹʻʲʰ ˄ʳʰʴʫʨ. ʨʹʬ ʪʽʵʴʫʬʹ ʳʱʭʰʫʸʨʫ ʫʨ ʹʨʳʨʳʻʲʵʯ
˅ʰʫʸʵʯʨʹ ʮʬʫʨʯʰ, ʪʲʵʲʨʹ ʮʬʫʨʯʰ, ˂ʬʴʨʹ ʰʽʰʯ ʵʹʬʯʹ ʨʽʬʯʰ
ʫʨ ʹʸʻʲʰʨʯ ʳʯʰʻʲʬʯʰ ʵʯˆʨʹʰ ʱʻʨʳʲʰ ʨʮʴʨʻʸʰˀʭʰʲʰʨʴʨʯ,
ʪʲʬˆʰʨʴʨʫ, ʹʸʻʲʰʨʫ ʬ˂ʬʸʹ ʨʽʨʯ ʸʨ˂ ʹʭʨʴʰ ʰʿʵʹ, ʿʭʬʲʨʳ ʩʨʷʰ
ʳʵʪʭ˂ʬʹ. ʪʰʩʬʫʴʰʬʸʵʹ ʾʳʬʸʯʳʨʴ ʸʵʪʵʸ˂ ʴʨʹʰʹˆʲʹʨ ʳʨʸʯʬʩʫʬʹ
ʭʰʴ˂ ʨʴ ʨʳ ʳʯʰʻʲʬʯʹ ʫʨʪʬ˂ʰʲʵʹ ʫʨ ʨʴ ʩʨʷʹʨ ʨʳʰʹʰ ʶʰʸʰʹʨ
ʶʨʹʻˆʰʹ ʪʨʳ˂ʬʳʴʰ ˁʻʬʴ ʹʸʻʲʰʨʫ ʹʻʨʴʴʰ ʭʰʿʭʴʬʯ. ʨʳʨʹ ʪʨʸʬʯ
ʹʨʨʾʨʶʵʯ ʳʵʪʨˆʹʬʴʬʯ ʹʨʳʨʹʰ ʴʬʩʰʬʸʰ; ʨʯʨʹʰ ˂ˆʭʨʸʰ ʫʨ ʹʨʳʨʹʰ
ʲʰʺʸʨ ʹʨʳʯʬʲʰ. ʫʨʰ˄ʬʸʨ ˄ʰʪʴʰ ʬʹʬ ʽʵʸʵʴʰʱʵʴʹʨ ,,ʸʱ³ʫʨ ʬʸʯʹʨ
ˆʬʲʰʯʨ ʼʸʰʨʫ ˂ʵʫʭʰʲʰʹʨ ʼʨʲʨʭʨʴʫʰˀʭʰʲʰʹ ʼʨʲʨʭʨʴʫʰʹʰʯʨ
ʳʵ˄ʨʳʬ˂ʨ ʭʨʸ ʨʳ ʹʨʽʳʰʹʨ³
ʨʲʬʽʹʨʴʫʸʬ ʳʬʼʰʹ ʳʰʬʸ ʩʵ˃ʬʩʻʲʰ 1432 ˄. ʹʰʪʬʲʰ ˁʭʬʴ
ʹʨˀʻʨʲʬʩʨʹ ʪʭʨ˃ʲʬʭʹ ʫʾʬʳʫʰʹ ʩʻʸʻʹˀʰ ʪʨˆʭʬʻʲ ʳʸʨʭʨʲ
ʰʹʺʵʸʰʻʲ ʳʵʭʲʬʴʬʩʹ ʴʨʯʬʲʰ ʳʵʭʼʰʴʬʯ:
1. ʿʭʬʲʨʮʬ ʻʼʸʵ ʹʨʿʻʸʨʫʾʬʩʵ ʰʹ ʨʸʰʹ, ʸʵʳ ʨʳ ʹʨʩʻʯʰʯ
ʳʺʱʰ˂ʫʬʩʨ, ʸʵʳ ʯʨʭʰʹʻʼʨʲ ʹʭʨʴʬʯʹ ʳʬ-XV ʹ. ʶʰʸʭʬʲ ʴʨˆʬʭʸʨʳʫʬ
ʬ˅ʰʸʨ ʬ˂ʬʸʹʨ ʫʨ ʵʹʬʯʹ ˀʻʨ ˅ʰʫʸʵʯʨʹʨ ʫʨ ʪʲʵʲʨʹ ʪʨʹ˄ʭʸʰʭ
ʳʫʬʩʨʸʬ ʺʬʸʰʺʵʸʰʨ, ʬ. ʰ. ʸʨ˅ʰʹ ʬʸʯʰ ʴʨ˄ʰʲʰ, ʳʵʯʨʭʹʬʩʻʲʰ
ʸʰʵʴʰʹ ʹʨʯʨʭʬˀʰ, ʹʸʻʲʰʨʫ ʳʯʰʻʲʬʯʰʹ, ʸʵʳʬʲʰ˂ ʨʳʰʹ ˀʬʳʫʬʪ
ˇʨʼʨʸʰ˃ʬʬʩʰʹ ˆʬʲˀʰ ʪʨʫʨʹʻʲʨ.
273
 2. ʹʭʨʴʬʯˀʰ ʨʳ ʫʸʵʹ ʪʨ˂ʭʲʨ-ʪʨʳʵ˂ʭʲʰʯʰ ʨʾʬʩ-ʳʰ˂ʬʳʵʩʨ
ʹ˄ʨʸʳʵʬʩʫʨ. ʨʫʪʰʲʵʩʸʰʭʰ ʴʨ˄ʨʸʳʵʬʩʰʯ ʫʨʺʭʰʸʯʻʲʰ 400
˂ˆʬʴʰ ʹʭʨʴʬʩʳʨ ʲʬˁˆʻʳˀʰ ˁʨʰʿʭʨʴʬʹ. ˂ʴʵʩʰʲʰʨ, ʸʵʳ ˃ʭʬʲ ʫʸʵˀʰ
ʹʭʨʴʬʩʹ ʪʨˈʽʵʴʫʨʯ ʩʨʮʨʸʮʬ: ʯʨʼʲʰ, ʹʨʴʯʲʬʩʰ, ˇʰˆʭʰʹ ʸʽʬʩʰ,
ʩʬ˄ʭʬʻʲʵʩʨ, ʪʭʨʸˇʰʲʨ, ʺʿʭʰʨ, ʯʵʼʰʹ ˄ʨʳʨʲʰ, ˆʰʹ
˅ʻʸ˅ʲʬʻʲʵʩʨ, ˀʨʲʬʻʲʵʩʨ, ʱʨʴʨʼʰʹʨʪʨʴ ʪʨʱʬʯʬʩʻʲʰ ʺʰʲʵʬʩʰ,
ʩʨ˄ʸʬʩʰ, ʸʵʳʲʬʩʹʨ˂ ˂ʭʲʰʫʬʴ ʳʨʯʯʭʰʹ ʹʨ˅ʰʸʵ ʹʨʪʴʬʩʮʬ.
3. ʹʭʨʴʬʩʰ ʨʳ ʫʸʵʹ ʳʰʫʰʵʫʬʴ ʹʨʳʻˀʨʵʫ ʫʭʨʲʬʯʰʯ
ʱʨˆʬʯʰʹʨʱʬʴ, ʸʨ˅ʨ-ʲʬˁˆʻʳˀʰ, ʪʻʸʰʨʹʨ ʫʨ ʹʨʳ˂ˆʬʹʨʱʬʴ.
4. ʬʸʯʨʫ ʬʸʯ ˄ʬʸʰʲʵʩʰʯ ʹʨʩʻʯʨʫ ʹʭʨʴʬʯˀʰ
ʫʨʫʬˀʽʬʲʰʨʴʬʩʰʹ ˀʬʳʵʹʭʲʰʹ ʫʸʵʰʹ ʪʨʳʵʹʨʸʱʭʬʭʨʯ ʬʹ ʹʰʪʬʲʰ
ˁʨʰʯʭʲʬʩʨ. ʬʺʿʵʩʨ, ʸʵʳ ʰʹʰʴʰ ʨʳ ʫʸʵʹ ʫʰʫʰ ˆʴʰʹ ˀʬʳʵʹʻʲʰ ʨʸ
ʿʵʼʰʲʨʴ, ʸʨʫʪʨʴʨ˂ ʩʬˁʭʰ-ʲʬˁʿʨʴʰ ʨʳ ʫʸʵʹ ʳʨʯ ˆʬʲˀʰ ʨʸ ʿʵʼʰʲʨ
ʫʨ ʯʨʭʰʹʻʼʨʲʰ ʹʭʨʴʬʯʰʹ ʴʨ˄ʰʲʹ ˀʬʨʫʪʬʴʫʨ.
5. ʨʳ ʹʰʪʬʲʰʹ ʳʰˆʬʫʭʰʯ ˁʭʬʴ ʭʨʸʱʭʬʭʯ, ʸʵʳ ˂ˆʬʴʰʹ ˄ʿʨʲʰʹ
ʹʨʯʨʭʬˀʰ ʿʵʼʰʲʨ ʫʨʹʨˆʲʬʩʻʲʰ 129 ʳʬʱʵʳʻʸʰ ʹʭʨʴʰ, ˆʵʲʵ
ʸʰʵʴʰʹ ʹʨʯʨʭʬˀʰ 271 ʱʵʳʲʰ.
6. ʹʰʪʬʲˀʰ ʳʵˆʹʬʴʬʩʻʲʰ ʬʱʲʬʹʰʬʩʰ ʫʨ ʹʨʬʱʲʬʹʰʵ
ʹʰʳʫʰʫʸʬ, ʸʵʳʬʲʰ˂ ʨʳ ʬʱʲʬʹʰʬʩˀʰ ʿʵʼʰʲʨ ˀʬʴʨˆʻʲʰ, ˁʭʬʴ
ʪʭʰʳʺʱʰ˂ʬʩʹ, ʯʻ ʸʨʳʫʬʴʨʯ ʳʵʾʵʴʰʬʸʬʩʻʲʰ ʿʵʼʰʲʨʴ ʨʳ ˆʬʵʩʨˀʰ
ʳ˂ˆʵʭʸʬʩʴʰ ˇʨʼʨʸʰ˃ʬʬʩʰʹ ˆʬʲˀʰ ʪʨʫʨʹʭʲʨʳʫʬ. ʭˆʬʫʨʭʯ ʰʳʨʹʨ˂,
ʸʵʳ ʨʳʰʹ ˀʬʳʫʬʪ ʩʵʲʵ ʬʾʬʩʨ ʳʨʯ ʨʸʹʬʩʵʩʨʹ ʫʨʹʨˆʲʬʩʻʲ
ʨʫʪʰʲʬʩˀʰ ʫʨ ʹˆʭ..
ʨʳʴʨʰʸʨʫ, ʸʵʪʵʸ˂ ʭˆʬʫʨʭʯ, ʳʬ-XV ʹʨʻʱ. ˆʫʬʩʨ ʹʭʨʴʬʯʰʹ
ʬʱʵʴʵʳʰʻʸʰ ʫʨ ʶʵʲʰʺʰʱʻʸʰ ʫʨ˂ʬʳʨ ʫʨ ʫʨʸʩʬʭʨ. ʨʳ ʫʸʵʰʫʨʴ
ʳʨʹ ʳʵ˄ʿʫʨ ʨʾʳʵʹʨʭʲʬʯʰ ʴʨ˄ʰʲʰ, ʫʨʬʱʨʸʪʨ ʺʬʸʰʺʵʸʰʨ ʹʰʪʸ˃ʰʯ
100 ʭʬʸʹʨʳʫʬ ʫʨ ʹʰʪʨʴʰʯ 50 ʭʬʸʹʨʳʫʬ, ʸʵʳʬʲʰ˂ ʨʳʰʹ ˀʬʳʫʬʪ
ˇʨʼʨʸʰ˃ʬʬʩʰʹ ˆʬʲˀʰ ʪʨʫʨʭʰʫʨ ʫʨ ʫʾʬʳʫʰʹ ʸʨ˅ʰʹ ʳʨʮʸʰʹ
ʴʨ˄ʰʲʹ ˀʬʨʫʪʬʴʹ. ʳʨʪʸʨʳ ʬʺʿʵʩʨ, ʮʬʳʵˁʨʳʵʯʭʲʰʲ ʮʵʪʰʬʸʯ
ʨʫʪʰʲʬʩʰʫʨʴ ˇʨʼʨʸʰ˃ʬʬʩʰʹ ʳʵʴʵʩʰʹ ʻʾʬʲʰʯ ʪʨʳ˄ʨʸʬʩʻʲʰ
ʪʲʬˆʵʩʨ ʨʿʸʰʲʨ ʳʰʹ ʯʨʭʰʫʨʴ ʨʹʨ˂ʰʲʬʩʲʨʫ ʫʨ ʨʳ ʨʫʪʰʲʬʩˀʰ
ʹʸʻʲʰʨʫ ʳʵˀʲʰʲʨ ʹʭʨʴʯʨ ʳʵʹʨˆʲʬʵʩʨ ʫʨ ʨʸʹʬʩʵʩʨ,
ʪʨʫʨʹʨˆʲʬʩʻʲʨʴ ʹˆʭʨʫʨʹˆʭʨ ʨʫʪʰʲʬʩˀʰ. ˁʭʬʴ ʪʭʰʳʺʱʰ˂ʬʩʬʴ, ʸʵʳ
˂ʬʴʨ±ʮʬʹˆʵʹ ʳʰʫʨʳʵʬʩʰʫʨʴ ʻʴʫʨ ʰʿʭʬʴ ʹʭʨʴʬʯˀʰ
ʪʨʫʳʵʹʨˆʲʬʩʻʲʰ: ʲʨʺʨʲˀʰ ʳ˂ˆʵʭʸʬʩʰ ʯʨʳʨʸˀʨ±ʰʭʬˁʰʨʴʬʩʰ,
ʲʬʴˇʬʸˀʰ ʪʨʳʰˀʨ, ʳʬʹʺʰʨˀʰ ˁʨʸʯʵʲʨʴʬʩʰ, ʻˀʪʻʲˀʰ ʹʻʳʨʰˀʨ,
274
ˁʨʸʱʭʰʨʴʬʩʰ (ˁʻʩʸʻʱʰʨʴʬʩʰ), ʫʵʾʭʨʴʬʩʰ, ʿʻʲʨʴ ʫʨ ʳʨʳʰʴʵˀʨ
ˇʨʴˆʵʯʬʲʰ ± ʲʨˀˆʬʯʰʹ ʹʨʮʵʪʨʫʵʬʩʨˀʰ 33), ˆʵʲʵ ˆʰʫʻʸʰʫʪʨʴ
(ʲʨʼʻʸʰʫʨʴ) ʪʨʫʳʵʹʨˆʲʬʩʻʲʨʯ ʰʯʭʲʬʩʰʨʴ ʲʨˀˆʬʯˀʰ
ʳ˂ˆʵʭʸʬʩʴʰ: ʪʨʪʴʰ˃ʬʬʩʰ ʫʨ ʸʨ˅ʨˀʰ ʫʾʬʳʫʬ ʳʿʵʼʴʰ
ʴʨʴʻʱʨˀʭʰʲʬʩʰ, ʲʵʳˇʨʴʰ˃ʬʬʩʰ ʫʨ ʪʵʪʸʰ˅ʰʨʴʬʩʰ 34).
ʮʬʳʵˆʹʬʴʬʩʻʲʰ ʼʸʰʨʫ ʹʨʿʻʸʨʫʾʬʩʵ ʫʨ ˃ʭʰʸʼʨʹʰ
ʹʨʩʻʯʰ ʿʵʼʰʲʨ ˀʬʴʨˆʻʲʰ ʻˀʪʻʲˀʰ, ʳʨʪʸʨʳ ʻˀʪʻʲʰʹ ʳʾʭʫʬʲʹ
ʹʰʳʵʴ ʪʨʩʰʨʴʹ ʰʹ ʩʸʵʹʬʹʨʯʭʰʹ ʪʨʫʨʻ˂ʰʨ, ʩʸʵʹʬʹ ʰʹ
ʪʨʫʨʻʯʨʸʪʳʴʰʨ ʼʸʨʴʪʻʲ ʬʴʨʮʬ 1838 ˄. ʰʽʰʫʨʴ ʪʨʫʳʵʯʨʸʪʳʴʰʲʰ
ʼʨʲʨʭʨʴʫʰˀʭʰʲʰʹ ʳʰʬʸ ʽʨʸʯʻʲʨʫ, ʳʵʯʨʭʹʬʩʻʲ ʰʽʳʴʨ ʷʻʸʴʨʲ
,,˂ʰʹʱʨʸˀʰ³  ˄ʬʲʹ, ˆʵʲʵ 1914 ˄ʬʲʹ ʰʹ ʱʨʱʨʩʨ˃ʰʹ ʳʰʬʸ ʰʽʴʨ
ˀʬʹ˄ʵʸʬʩʻʲʰ ʩʸʵʹʬʹ ʯʨʸʪʳʨʴʰʹ ʳʰˆʬʫʭʰʯ ʪʨʳʵʽʭʬʿʴʬʩʻʲʰ.

13) ʹʰ˃ʭʬʲʰʹ ʪʨʳʵ ʨʳ ʹʨʩʻʯʹ ʯʨʭʰ ʨʱʲʰʨ ʫʨ ʨʳ ʹʰʺʿʭʬʩʰʯ ʰ˄ʿʬʩʨ.

15) ˀʻʨʳʫʪʵʳʲʵʩʨ.
16) ʬˀʻʨʳʫʪʵʳʲʨ.
17) ʹʨʴʨˆˀʰʸʬ ± ʹʰʹˆʲʰʹ ʼʨʹʰ.
18) ʮʬʸʰʨ ʻʴʫʨ ʴʰˀʴʨʭʫʬʹ ʮʬʹˆʭʨʹ. ʨʳ ʨʫʪʰʲʨʹ ʫʾʬʳʫʬ ˀʬʴʨˆʻʲʰʨ
ʽʭʰʯʱʰʸʰʹ ʹʨˆʲʬʩʰʹ, ˂ʰˆʬʬʩʰʹ ʫʨ ʬʱʲʬʹʰʬʩʰʹ ʴʨʴʪʸʬʭʬʩʰ ʨʴʻ ʴʨʹʵʼʲʨʸʰ.
19) ˆʰʫʻʸʨ ʻʴʫʨ ʰʿʵʹ ʫʾʬʭʨʴʫʬʲʰ ʲʨʼʻʸʰ, ʴʨʹʵʼʲʨʸʰ ʳʫ. ˆʰʫʻʸʨʹ
ʹʨʯʨʭʬˀʰ.
20) ˂ʸʰʲʰ ± ʻʴʫʨ ʰʿʵʹ ʩʸʰʲʰ.
21) ʯʬʭʨʸʬˀʵ ± ʬˆʲʨʴʫʬʲʰ ʯʬʭʸʬˀʰ, ʸʵʳʬʲʰ˂ ʳʫʬʩʨʸʬʵʩʹ ʩʸʰʲʹʨ ʫʨ ʾʬʩʹ
ˀʻʨ. ʰʽ ʨʸʰʹ ʫʾʬʹʨ˂ ʴʨʹʵʼʲʨʸʰ, ʬʱʲʬʹʰʬʩʰʹ ʴʨʴʪʸʬʭʬʩʰ, ʹʨʹʨʼʲʨʵʬʩʰ, ʸʨ˂
ʨʸʽʬʵʲʵʪʰʻʸʰ ʳˆʸʰʯ ʳʬʺʨʫ ʹʨʰʴʺʬʸʬʹʵʨ.
22) ʨʸʬˀʰ˃ʬʬʩʰʹ ʹʨˆʲʰʹ ʴʨʴʪʸʬʭʬʩʹ, ʳ. ʪʨʭʨˀʬʲʰʹ ʹʰʺʿʭʰʯ, ʫʾʬʹʨ˂
ʪʭʰˁʭʬʴʬʩʬʴ ʾʬʩʬʲʬʩʰ, ʾʬʩʰʫʨʴ ʵʸʰ ʭʬʸʹʰʹ ʳʨʴ˃ʰʲʮʬ ʹʨʳˆʸʬʯ ʨʾʳʵʹʨʭʲʬʯʰʯ.
ʪʨʫʳʵ˂ʬʳʰʯ ˇʨʼʨʸʰ˃ʬʬʩʰʹ ʳʰʬʸ ʳʨʯ ʽʵʴʫʨʯ ʳʰʴʰ˅ʬʩʻʲʰ ʶʰʸʭʬʲʰ ʾʨʳʰʹ
ʻʼʲʬʩʨ, ʨʳʰʺʵʳ ʬʸʯʳʨ ʨˆʨʲʪʨʮʸʫʨ ʲʵʳˇʨʴʰ˃ʬʳ ˂ʵʲʰ ʨʸ ʰʯˆʵʭʨ, ˄ʨʻʿʨʸʨ
ʾʬʩʬʲ ʨˆʨʲʪʨʮʸʫʬʩʹ ʯʨʭʰ ʫʨ ʬʸʯˆʬʲ, ʸʵʫʬʹʨ˂ ʹʨʳʰ ˃ʳʬʩʰ ʨʸʬˀʰ˃ʬʬʩʰ
ʹʨʴʨʫʰʸʵʯ ʩʸʰʲʰʹ ˆʰʫʮʬ ʳʰʫʰʵʫʬʴ, ʬʹʸʵʲʬʹ ʰʹʸʬʩʰ. ʵʸʰ ˃ʳʨ ʳʵʱʲʬʹ, ʳʬʹʨʳʬ
˄ʿʨʲˀʰ ˁʨˆʺʨ ʫʨ ʹʰʱʭʫʰʲʹ ʪʨʫʨʸˁʨ. ʨʳʰʹ ˀʬʳʫʬʪ ʾʬʩʬʲʬʩʳʨ ʳʵʰʹʿʰʫʬʹ ʳʰʹʰ
ʳʵʹʨʳʹʨˆʻʸʬ ʽʨʲʰ, ʸʵʳʬʲʰ˂ ʫʨʰʯʨʴˆʳʬʹ ʳʰʹ ʳʵʱʭʲʨʮʬ ʰʳ ʶʰʸʵʩʰʯ, ʸʵʳ ʹʨʴʨʳʫʰ
ʾʬʩʰ ʰˆʹʬʴʰʬʩʵʫʨ, ʿʵʭʬʲ ʾʬʩʬʲʹ, ʸʵ˂ʨ ʯʨʭʰʨʴʯ ʳʰ˂ʭʨʲʬʩʻʲʬʩʹ ʺʨʩʲʨʹ
ʪʨʳʵʻ˂ˆʵʩʫʬʴ, ʬʸʯʰ ʺʨʩʲʨ ʳʰʹʯʭʰʹ ʪʨʳʵʬ˂ˆʵʯ. ʬʸˆʬʲ ʸʵ˂ʨ ʨʸʬˀʰ˃ʬ
ʫʨʹʨʳʨʲʨʭʨʫ ˅ʰʵʸʰʹʱʬʴ ʳʰʫʰʵʫʨ, ʬʹ ʽʨʲʰ ʳʨʹ ʪʨˈʿʭʨ, ʸʨʫʪʨʴʨ˂ ˆʰʫʮʬ ʪʨʹʭʲʨʹ
ʭʬʸ ʬʴʫʵʩʵʫʨ, ʰʹ ˀʬʳʵʻˇʫʨ ʻʱʨʴʰʫʨʴ ˂ˆʬʴʮʬ ʯʨʭʰʹ ʩʨʺʵʴʹ ʫʨ ʸʵʫʬʹʨ˂ ˀʻʨ
˄ʿʨʲˀʰ ˀʬʭʰʫʬʴ, ʽʨʲʳʨ ʪʨʫʳʵʨʯʸʰʨ ʰʪʰ ˂ˆʬʴʰʫʨʴ ʫʨ ʵʸʰʭʬʴʰ ˄ʿʨʲˀʰ
ʫʨʰˆʸˁʭʴʬʴ. ʾʬʩˀʰ ʫʾʬʳʫʬ ʹʨʭʨʲʫʬʩʻʲʵʨ ʿʭʬʲʨ ʵˇʨˆʰʹʨʯʭʰʹ ʵʯˆʰ ʺʨʩʲʰʹ
ʪʨʳʵ˂ˆʵʩʨ. ʹʨʳʰ ʯʨʭʰʨʴʯ ʨˆʨʲ ʪʨʸʫʨ˂ʭʨʲʬʩʻʲʯʨ ʹʻʲʰʹ ʹʨʹʨʸʪʬʩʲʵʯ, ʳʬʵʯˆʬ
ʱʰ ʩʬʩʰʰʹ ʹʻʲʰʹ ʳʵʹʨˆʹʬʴʬʩʲʨʫ.

275
 23) ʮʬʫʨʽʨʲʨʽʰ ± ʫʾʬʭʨʴʫʬʲʰ ʹ. ʾʬʩʰ. ʳʨʹ ʪʮʨ ʳˆʵʲʵʫ ʬʸʯʰ ʳˆʸʰʯ ʨʽʭʹ
ʫʨ ʨʳ ʪʮʨʹ ʻ˄ʵʫʬʩʬʴ ˂ʰˆʰʹ ʱʨʸʹ. ʰʹ ʪʨʴʯʽʳʻʲʰʨ ˂ʰˆʬ±ʱʵˀʱʬʩʰʯ ʫʨ ʩʻʴʬʩʸʰʭʰ
ʹʰʳʨʪʸʬʬʩʰʯ. ʪʨʫʳʵ˂ʬʳʰʯ ʨʽ ʰʿʵ ʹʨʱʨʯʬʫʸʵ ʳʵʴʨʹʺʬʸʰ ˇʭʨʸ˂ʳʰʹ ʬʱʲʬʹʰʨʯ
ʹʨˆʬʲ±˄ʵʫʬʩʻʲʰ. ʨʳ ʬʱʲʬʹʰʰʫʪʨʴ ʬʸʯʳʨ ʪʰʵʸʪʰ ʹʭʨʴʳʨ ʳʵʵʰʶʨʸʨ ˃ʭʰʸʼʨʹʰ
ʳʨ˂ˆʵʭʸʰʹ ˆʨʺʰ. ʨʳ ʫʸʵʹ ʬʸʯ ʾʬʩʬʲʹ ʾʨʳʬ ʺʿʬˀʰ ʫʨʸˁʬʴʰʲ ˃ʸʵˆʬʩʰʹ ˃ʬʩʴʰʹ
ʫʸʵʹ ʫʨʯʭʰʹ ʳʨʪʰʭʸʨʫ ˀʭʰʲʰ ˀʬʳʵʨʱʭʫʨ. ʨʳ ˂ʵʫʭʰʹ ʳʵʹʨʴʨʴʰʬʩʲʨʫ ʳʨʴ ʨʾʻʯʽʭʨ
ʾʬʩʬʲʬʩʹ ʳʵʶʨʸʻʲʰ ˆʨʺʰʹ ʫʨʩʸʻʴʬʩʨ. ʰʹ ˄ʨʭʰʫʨ ʹʭʨʴʬʯˀʰ ʫʨʫʪʨ ʰʽ
ʳʵˇʨʳʨʪʰʸʬʯ ʫʨ ʬʸʯʰ ˄ʲʰʹ ˀʬʳʫʬʪ ʳʵʰʵʶʨʸʨ ʬʱʲʬʹʰʰʫʨʴ ˆʨʺʰ ʫʨ ʾʬʩˀʰ
ˁʨʳʵʰʺʨʴʨ, ʨʭʰʫʨ ʮʬʫʨ ʽʨʲʨʽʹ, ʪʨʫʳʵʹ˃ʨˆʨ ʹʵʼʬʲʹ: ,,ʫʰʫʬʩʨ ʩʸ˃ʨʴʬʯ
ʳʨ˂ˆʵʭʸʰʹʨ, ˄ʳ. ʪʰʵʸʪʰʹʨ ʮʬʫʨ ʽʨʲʨʽʰʹʨ; ˀʬʪʬ˄ʰʵʹʯ ʰʳʰʹʰ ʳʨʫʲʰ³ ʾʬʩʬʲʬʩʰ
ʫʾʬʳʫʬ ʫʾʬʹʨʹ˄ʨʻʲʵʩʬʴ ʨʳ ˆʨʺʰʹ ʫʨʩʸʻʴʬʩʨʹ, ʿʭʬʲʰʬʸˀʰ ʰʹʰʴʰ ˀʬʰʱʸʰʩʬʩʰʨʴ
ʾʨʳʰʯ, ʨʭʲʰʨʴ ʮʬʫʨ ʽʨʲʨʽʹ ʫʨ ʪʨʳʵʹ˃ʨˆʬʩʬʴ ʹʵʼʬʲʹ: ,,ʫʬʫʨʩʨ ʩʸ˃ʨʴʬʯ
ʳʨ˂ˆʵʭʸʰʹʨ, ˄ʳ. ʪʰʵʸʪʰʹʨ ʮʬʫʨ ʽʨʲʨʽʰʹʨ; ˀʬʪʬ˄ʰʵʯ ʰʳʰʹ ʳʨʫʲʰ³ˀʬʳʫʬʪ ʱʨʸ ʫʨ
ʱʨʸ ˁʨʳʵʻʭʲʰʨʴ ʿʭʬʲʨʹ ʫʨ ʻʲʵ˂ʨʭʬʴ ˆʨʺʰʹ ʫʨʩʸʻʴʬʩʨʹ.
24) ʪʨʪʨˀʭʰʲʬʩʰ ˀʬʰ˃ʲʬʩʨ ʰʿʵʹ ʪʨʭʨˀʬʲʰˀʭʰʲʬʩʰ.
25) ˀʵʫʨ ʨʸʰʹ ʾʬʩʰʫʨʴ 3 ʭʬʸʹʰʹ ʳʨʴ˃ʰʲʮʬ ʹʨʳˆʸʬʯ ʨʾʳʵʹʨʭʲʬʯʰʯ. ʰʽ
ʫʾʬʳʫʬ ˀʬʴʨˆʻʲʰʨ ʹʨˆʲʬʩʰʹ, ˂ʰˆʬʬʩʰʹ ʫʨ ʬʱʲʬʹʰʬʩʰʹ ʴʨʴʪʸʬʭʬʩʰ. ʾʬʩʰʹ
ʬʱʲʬʹʰʨˀʰ, ʳ. ʪʨʭʨˀʬʲʰʹ ʹʰʺʿʭʰʯ, ˀʬʴʨˆʻʲʰʨ ˀʵʫʨʹ ʪʨʱʬʯʬʩʻʲʰ ˆʨʺʬʩʰ
ʽʨʸʯʻʲʰ ˄ʨʸ˄ʬʸʬʩʰʯ.
26) ˁʻʬˀʰ ʳʫʬʩʨʸʬʵʩʹ ʾʬʩʰʹ ˁʸʫʰʲʵ ʨʾʳʵʹʨʭʲʬʯʰʯ 4 ʭʬʸʹʰʹ ʳʨʴ˃ʰʲʮʬ,
ʨʽʨ˂ ʫʾʬʳʫʬ ˀʬʳʵʴʨˆʻʲʰʨ ʴʨʹʵʼʲʨʸʰ.
27) ʩʻʩʨ ʳʫʬʩʨʸʬʵʩʹ ʪʲʵʲʰʹ ˁʸʫʰʲʵʬʯʰʯ 3 ʭʬʸʹʰʹ ʳʨʴ˃ʰʲʮʬ, ʨʽ
ˀʬʴʨˆʻʲʰʨ ʴʨʹʵʼʲʨʸʰ, ʬʱʲʬʹʰʰʹ ʴʨʴʪʸʬʭʬʩʹ ʬ˃ʨˆʰʨʴ: ,,ʩʻʩʨʹ ˇʭʨʸʹ³
28) ˇʻʳʲʨʫ ± ˇʨʳʨʫ, ʹʻʲ.
29) ʮʵʼʨˆʰʯʵ ± ʳʯʰʹ ʹʨˆʬʲʰʨ. ʰʹ ʳʫʬʩʨʸʬʵʩʹ ʾʬʩʰʫʨʴ 10 ʭʬʸʹʰʹ ʳʨʴ˃ʰʲʮʬ
ˁʸʫʰʲʵʬʯʰʯ ʫʨ ʰʯʭʲʬʩʨ ʹʨʻʱʬʯʬʹʵ ʹʨˇʰˆʭʬʯ.
30) ʭʰʸʺʰˀʵ ± ʬʹ ʨʸʰʹ ʹʨʲʰ ʱʲʫʬ ʫʨ ʳʫʬʩʨʸʬʵʩʹ ʾʬʩʰʹ ˁʸʫʰʲʵ
ʨʾʳʵʹʨʭʲʬʯʰʯ 10 ʭʬʸʹʰʹʰ ʳʨʴ˃ʰʲʮʬ, ʳʫ. ˁʭʬʩʻʸʰʹ ʹʨʯʨʭʬˀʰ. ʨʳ ʱʲʫʰʫʨʴ
ʪʨʳʵʫʰʹ ʳʷʨʭʬ ˄ʿʨʲʰ, ʸʵʳʬʲʰ˂ ˇʰˆʭʬʩʹ ˃ʨʲʰʨʴ ʻʿʭʨʸʯ ʫʨ ʨʳʰʺʵʳ ˆˀʰʸʨʫ ʳʰʹʰ
ʳʹˆʭʬʸʶʲʰ˂ ˆʫʬʩʰʨʴ ˆʵʲʳʬ.
31) ʬʫʬʴ ± ʬʫʬʴʰ ʨʸʰʹ ʨʲʶʰʻʸʰ ˆʨʹʰʨʯʰʹ ʹʨʨʸˁʭʬ ʹʨʴʨʫʰʸʵ ʳʯʨ ʫʨ
ʳʫʬʩʨʸʬʵʩʹ ʾʬʩʰʹ ˁʸʫʰʲʵʬʯʰʯ 5 ʭʬʸʹʰʹ ʳʨʴ˃ʰʲʮʬ.
32) ʲʨʺʨʸʰʹ ± ʻʴʫʨ ʰʿʵʹ ʲʨʺʨʲʰʹ.
33) ,,ʰʭʬʸʰʨ³˄ȹ
34) ,,ʰʭʬʸʰʨ³˄ȹ

‡€…ˆ‘’€Šˆ …€Œ„‡ˆ ƒ€ ‡€…. ƒ€ƒ„–“„Šˆ€Œ„ˆ

ʯʨʭʰʹʻʼʨʲʰ ʹʭʨʴʬʯʰʹ ʫʨʶʿʸʵʩʨʹ ʫʨʷʰʴʬʩʰʯ ˂ʫʰʲʵʩʫʨ

ʳʰʹʰ ʫʨʻ˃ʰʴʬʩʬʲʰ ʳʺʬʸʰ, ʫʨʹʨʭʲʬʯʰʹ ʳʬʮʵʩʬʲʰ ʯʨʭ.
ʫʨʫʬˀʽʬʲʰʨʴʰ. ʳʨʪʸʨʳ ʳʨʹ ʯʵʼʰʯʨ ʫʨ ˆʨʴˇʲʰʯ ˆʭʫʬʩʵʫʬʴ ʫʨ
ʰʪʬʸʰʬʩʫʬʴ. ʫʨʹʨʭʲʬʯʰʯ, ʸʵʪʵʸ˂ ʮʬʳʵʯ ʨʸʰʹ ʴʨʯʽʭʨʳʰ,
276
ʹʭʨʴʬʯʹ ʳʻʫʨʳ ʼˆʰʮʲʨʫ ʫʨʸʨˇʵʩʫʨ ʲʨʺʨʲʰ.
ʫʨʫʬˀʽʬʲʰʨʴʬʩʳʨ ʳʨʯ ʭʬʸʨʼʬʸʰ ʳʵʻˆʬʸˆʬʹ, ʪʨʸʫʨ ʰʳʰʹʨ, ʸʵʳ
ʬʸʯˆʬʲ, ʸʵʪʵʸ˂ ʽʭʬʳʵʯ ʫʨʭʰʴʨˆʨʭʯ, ʫʾʬʵʩʨ ʪʨʳʨʸʯʬʹ ʫʨ
ʳʵʰ˄ʭʰʬʹ, ʹˆʭʨʯʨ ˀʵʸʰʹ, ʲʨʺʨʲʰʹ ʯʨʭʰ ʱʨ˂ʬʩʰ, ʸʵʳʬʲʴʰ˂
ʫʨʨʺʿʭʬʭʬʹ ʫʨ ʹʨʴʨʳʫʰ ʫʰʫʰ ʹʨˆʹʨʸʰ ʨʸ ʳʰʻʺʨʴʬʹ, ʨʸ
ʪʨʨʴʯʨʭʰʹʻʼʲʬʹ. ʨʳʰʹ ˀʬʳʫʬʪ ʳʨʯ ˀʵʸʰʹ ʳʫʪʵʳʨʸʬʵʩʨ ʰʳʫʬʴʨʫ
ʪʨʳ˄ʭʨʭʫʨ, ʸʵʳ ˂ˆʬʴʵʹʨʴ ʯʨʭʨʫʹʨ ʫʨ ʨʮʴʨʻʸʹʨ˂ ʨʸ ʻˀʭʬʩʫʬʴ
ʯʨʭʰʹ ʽʭʬʿʨʴʨˀʰ. ʶʰʸʭʬʲʰ ʯʵʼʰ ʯʨʭʰʹʻʼʨʲ ʹʭʨʴʬʯˀʰ
ʫʨʫʬˀʽʬʲʰʨʴʬʩʰʹ ˄ʰʴʨʨʾʳʫʬʪ ʻˀʪʻʲˀʰ ʪʨʭʨʸʫʨ ʫʨ ʳʰʹʰ ʺʿʭʰʰʯ
ʼʻʯʨ 35) ʰʽʴʨ ʪʨʴʪʳʰʸʻʲʰ. ʨʳʰʹ ˀʬʳʫʬʪ ʼʻʯʨʹ ˀʭʰʲʰ ʰʹʲʨʳ
ʩʬʸʲʨʴʰ ʰ˄ʿʬʩʹ ʳʮʨʫʬʩʨʹ ˀʻʸʰʹ ʹʨ˃ʰʬʩʲʨʫ. ʪʨʫʳʵ˂ʬʳʰʯ ʳʨʴ
ʻˀʪʻʲʬʲʬʩʰʹ ʹʨ˄ʰʴʨʨʾʳʫʬʪʵʯ ʳʵʰʿʭʨʴʨ ʫʰʫʰ ʲʨˀʽʨʸʰ
ʸʻˆʰʫʨʴ.36) ʨʳ ˇʨʸʰʯ ʰʹ ʰ˄ʿʬʩʹ ʻˀʪʻʲʬʲʬʩʯʨʴ ʵʳʹ ʫʨ ʳʰʫʰʹ
ʯʨʭʰʹʻʼʨʲ ʹʭʨʴʬʯˀʰ ˀʻʸʰʹ ʹʨ˃ʰʬʩʲʨʫ. ʪʮʨʮʬ ʳʨʹ ʶʰʸʭʬʲʨʫ
ˆʭʫʬʩʨ ʲʨʺʨʲ-ʲʬʴˇʬʸʰ, ˀʬʳʫʬʪʳʬʹʺʰʨ-ʳʻʲʨˆʰ, ʩʵʲʵʹ ʰʼʨʸ-
ʱʨʲʨ ʫʨ ʻˀʪʻʲˀʰ ʳʰʹʭʲʨʳʫʬ ʳʨʹ ʰʳʫʬʴʰ ˇʨʸʰ ʪʨʻ˄ʿʭʰʺʬʹ, ʸʵʳ
ʩʸ˃ʵʲʰʹ ʻʴʨʸʰ ʫʨʬʱʨʸʪʨ ʫʨ ˀʬʻʯʭʨʲʨ ʻˀʪʻʲʬʲʬʩʹ ±
ˀʬʳʰʸʰʪʫʰʯʵ. ʻˀʪʻʲʰ ʳʨʹ ʻʸʰʪʫʬʩʨ, ʨ˃ʲʬʭʬʴ ,,˄ʵʸʹ³ ʼʻʯʹ
ʹʰʹˆʲʰʹ ʹʨʼʨʹʻʸʹ. ʳʨʪʸʨʳ ʸʵ˂ʨ ʰʹ ʨʳ ˄ʵʸʰʯ ʻˀʪʻʲʰʫʨʴ
ʳʰʬʳʪʮʨʭʸʬʩʵʫʨ ʫʨ ʳʻʸʿʳʬʲʰʹ ˄ʳ. ʩʨʸʩʨʸʬʹ ʬʱʲʬʹʰʰʹ ˄ʰʴ
ʳʰʫʰʵʫʨ. ʻ˂ʩʨʫ ˂ˆʬʴʰ ʳʵʻʱʭʫʨ. ʰʹʲʨʳʳʨ ʬʹ ʯʨʭʰʹʬʩʻʸʨʫ ʨˆʹʴʨ,
ʻˀʪʻʲʰʫʨʴ ˄ʵʸʰʹ ˄ʨʾʬʩʰʹʨʯʭʰʹ ʳʾʭʯʰʹʨʪʨʴ ʳʵʭʲʰʴʬʩʻʲ
ʸʰʹˆʭʨʯ ˁʨʹʯʭʨʲʨ ʫʨ ʨʳʰʯ ˀʬˀʰʴʬʩʻʲʳʨ ʫʨʹʺʵʭʨ ,,˄ʵʸʰ³ ʨʳʰʹ
ˀʬʳʫʬʪ ʻˀʪʻʲʰʹ ʫʨʶʿʸʵʩʨ ʪʨʴʰʮʸʨˆʨ ʫʻʫʨʻˀʨ ʿʭʨʸʿʭʨʸʬʳ;
ʳʨʪʸʨʳ ʭʬʸʨʼʬʸʹ ʪʨˆʫʨ. ʬʸʯˆʬʲ, ʸʵʫʬʹʨ˂ ʳʵʹʨˆʲʬʵʩʨ ʹʨʳʻˀʨʵʫ
ʿʵʼʰʲʨ ˄ʨʹʻʲʰ, ʿʭʨʸʿʭʨʸʬ ˀʬʹʻʲʨ ʻˀʪʻʲˀʰ ʫʨ ˇʵʪʰ
˄ʨʻʸʯʳʬʭʰʨ. ʬʹ ʨʳʩʨʭʰ ʽʨʲʬʩʳʨ ˀʬʨʺʿʵʩʰʴʬʹ ʳʰʹ ˀʭʰʲʵʩʰʲ
ʻˀʪʻʲʬʲ ʩʬʽʨʹ, ʸʵʳʬʲʰ˂ ʫʨʬ˄ʰʨ, ʩʬʭʸʰ ʬˆʭʬ˄ʨ ˇʵʪʰ
ʫʨʬʺʵʭʬʩʰʴʨ, ʳʨʪʸʨʳ ʨʳʨʵʫ, ʨʳʰʺʵʳ ʬʹʸʵʲʨ ʰʹʨʸʰ ʫʨ ʰʽʭʬ
ʳʵˈʱʲʨ. ʳʰʹʰ ʺʨʴʰʹʨʳʵʹʰ ʻˀʪʻʲʬʲʬʩʳʨ ʲʨʳʻʸʰʨˀʰ ˀʬʰʴʨˆʬʹ 37).
ʨʳʰʹ ˀʬʳʫʬʪ, ʻˀʪʻʲʬʲʬʩʰʹ ʹʨʩʬʫʴʰʬʸʵʯ, ʰ˄ʿʬʩʨ ʹʨˀʰʴʬʲʰ
ʩʸ˃ʵʲʨ ʰʹʲʨʳʹʨ ʫʨ ʸʰˁʪʻʰʨʴʬʩʹ ˀʵʸʰʹ. ʰʹʲʨʳʳʨ ʳʵʰʿʭʨʴʨ
ˇʰʽʬʩʰʯ ˇʨʸʰ ʫʨ ʸʰˁʪʻʰʨʴʬʩʰ ʰʳʫʬʴʨʫ ˀʬʨʭʰ˄ʸʵʭʨ, ʸʵʳ ʳʨʸʺʵ
ʹʨʳʰ ʹʵʼʬʲʰ ˀʬʸˁʨʯ. ʰʹʲʨʳʰʹ ˀʭʰʲʰ ,,ˆʵˀʨ ʵʯʨʸʰ³ ± ʫʰʫʰ
ʵʯʨʸʰ ʪʨʴʨʪʸ˃ʵʩʹ ʸʰˁʻʪʰʨʴʬʩʯʨʴ ʩʸ˃ʵʲʨʹ. ʸʨʳʵʫʬʴʰʳʬ ˄ʲʰʹ
ʩʸ˃ʵʲʨʳ ʳʨʯ ˀʵʸʰʹ ʹʨʱʰʯˆʰ ʭʬʸ ʪʨʫʨʹ˅ʸʨ. ʩʵʲʵʹ ʵʯʨʸʳʨ ˆʬʲʰ
277
ʳʰˈʿʵ ʳʻˆʨʴʨʯʻʸ ʳʵʾʨʲʨʺʬʵʩʨʹ. ʬʸʯˆʬʲ, ʨʾʫʪʵʳʨ ʫʾʬʹ,
ˁʭʬʻʲʬʩʰʹʨʳʬʩʸ, ʲʨʫʸʬʸʰʹ ʸʰˁʻʪʰʨʴʬʩʳʨ ʳʰʰʶʨʺʰʷʬʹ 12 ʰʹʱʨʸʰʹ
ʸʰˁʻʪʰʨʴʬʩʰ, ˆʵʲʵ ʨʳ ʰʹʱʨʸʰʹ ʸʰˁʻʪʰʨʴʬʩʳʨ 12 ʲʨʫʸʬʸʰʹ
ʸʰˁʻʪʰʨʴʬʩʰ, ʫʨ ʸʵʫʬʹʨ˂ ʿʭʬʲʨʴʰ ʹʨˀʰʴʲʨʫ ˀʬʳʯʭʸʨʲʴʰ
ʰʿʭʴʬʴ, ʵʯʨʸʰʹ ʳʰʬʸ ʳʵʹʿʰʫʻʲʳʨ ʪʲʬˆʳʨ ˂ʰʽʭʲʰʫ ˂ʨʲʨʴʳʨ ʳʨʯ
ˀʵʸʰʹ ʹʨˀʰʴʬʲʬʩʨ ʫʨʨʺʸʰʨʲʨ. ʳʨʴ ʫʨʱʲʨ ˆʩʵ, ʳʰʹ ʹʰʹˆʲʰʯ
ʺʨʴʰʹʨʳʵʹʰ ˀʬʰʯʰʯˆʴʨ, ʳʰʭʨʸʫʨ ʫʨʼʬʯʬʩʻʲʰ ʲʨʫʸʬʸʰʹ
ʸʰˁʻʪʰʨʴʬʩʯʨʴ ʫʨ ʻʯˆʸʨ: ,,ʰʹʱʨʸʰʹ ʸʰˁʻʪʰʨʴʬʩʳʨ ʯʽʭʬʴʰ 12 ʱʨ˂ʰ
ʿʭʬʲʨʴʰ ʫʨʹ˄ʿʭʰʺʬʹ ʫʨ ʰʳʨʯʰ ʹʰʹˆʲʰʯ ʳʬ˂ ˀʬʭʰʯʰʯˆʴʬʵ³
ˀʬʳʫʬʪ ʪʨʰʽ˂ʨ ʰʹʱʨʸˀʰ ʫʨ ʰʽʨʻʸ ʸʰˁʻʪʰʨʴʬʩʹ ʪʨʫʨʹ˂ʨ:
,,ʲʨʫʸʬʲʬʩʳʨ ʯʽʭʬʴʬʩʰ ʫʨˆʵ˂ʬʹʵ³ ʫʨʰ˄ʿʵ ʵʸʰʭʬ ʨʫʪʰʲʨʹ
ʹʨˀʰʴʬʲʰ ʷʲʬʺʨ ʫʨ ʬʸʯ ʹʨʨʯˀʰ 24 ʸʰˁʻʪʰʨʴʰ ʫʨʰʾʻʶʨ, ˆʵʲʵ
ʳʵʾʨʲʨʺʬ ˂ʨʲʨʴʳʨ ʵʯʸʰʹʨʪʨʴ ʨʳʰʹʯʭʰʹ ʳʰʰʾʵ 27 ʱʵʳʲʰ ʪʲʬˆʰ
ʼʨʸʰʹ ʯʬʳˀʰ.
ʨʳ ʻʩʬʫʻʸʬʩʨʹ ʪʨʫʨʸˁʨ ʸʰˁʻʪʰʨʴʬʩʰʹ ʪʭʨʸʬʻʲʵʩʰʫʨʴ
ʳˆʵʲʵʫ ʬʸʯʰ ʻ˃ʲʬʭʬʲʰ ʪʳʰʸʰ ʵʯʨʸ ʸʰˁʻʪʰʨʴʰ, ʸʵʳʬʲʰ˂ 12
˄ʲʰʹ ʪʨʴʳʨʭʲʵʩʨˀʰ ʱʰʫʬ ʬʵʳʬʩʵʫʨ ʵʯʨʸ ʫʨʫʬˀʽʬʲʰʨʴʹ.
ʩʵʲʵʹ ʵʯʨʸ ʫʨʫʬˀʽʬʲʰʨʴʳʨ ʳʵʰʹʿʰʫʨ ʵʯʨʸ
ʸʰˁʻʪʰʨʴʰʹ ʪʨʳʮʸʫʬʲʰ ʨʮʴʨʪʬʩ ʪʬʸʲʰʨʴʰ, ʸʵʳʬʲʳʨ˂,
ʭʰʯʵʳ˂ʫʨ, ˀʬʨʸʰʪʨ ʳʵʹʰʹˆʲʬ ʳʺʸʬʩʰ ʫʨ ʳʰʹ˂ʨ ʵʯʨʸ
ʫʨʫʬˀʽʬʲʰʨʴʹ ˀʬʳʫʬʪʰ ʫʨʸʰʪʬʩʨ:
ʸʵʫʬʹʨ˂ ʸʰˁʻʪʰʨʴʹ ʫʨ ˀʬʴ ʬʸʯʳʨʴʬʯʹ ˀʬʪʨˆʭʬʫʸʬʩ,
ʪʨʳʵʨʸʯʭʰ ʳʨʹ ʯʵʼʰ ʫʨʹʨʯʭʨʲʰʬʸʬʩʲʨʫ ʫʨ ˀʬʴʰ ʯʵʼʰ ʱʰ ʳʨʹ
ʳʰʬ˂ʰ ʰʹʬ, ʪʨʺʬʴʰʲʰ ʨʸ ʰʿʵʹ. ʸʵʫʬʹʨ˂ ʬʹ ʵʸʰ ʳʺʬʸʰ ˀʬˆʭʫʬʴ
ʬʸʯʳʨʴʬʯʹ ʹ. ʩʨʸˀʹʨ ʫʨ ʰʹʱʨʸʹ ˀʻʨ ˀʬʹʨʸʰʪʬʩʲʨʫ, ʵʯʨʸ
ʸʰˁʻʪʰʨʴʰ ʻʴʫʨ ʳʵʬʱʲʨ ʵʯʨʸ ʫʨʫʬˀʽʬʲʰʨʴʰʹ ʳʰʬʸ ʹʨʱʨʴʨʼʬˀʰ
ʫʨʳʨʲʻʲ ʹʨʳ ʱʨ˂ʹ. ʳʨʪʸʨʳ ʰʹʰʴʰ ˀʰˀʳʨ ˀʬʰʶʿʸʵ, ʯʵʼʬʩʰ ʭʬʸ
ʪʨʰʹʸʵʲʬʹ. ʳʨˀʰʴ ʵʯʨʸʳʨ ʯʨʭʰʹʰ ˂ʨʸʰʬʲʰ ʯʵʼʰ ʳʰʹ˂ʨ
ʸʰˁʻʪʰʨʴʹ ʫʨ ʪʨʺʬʴʰʲʰ ʯʵʼʰ ʫʨʹʨʯʭʨʲʰʬʸʬʩʲʨʫ ʳʨʹ
ʪʨʳʵʨʸʯʭʨ. ʬʹ ʯʵʼʰ ʳʨʴ ʬʹʸʵʲʨ ʸʰˁʻʪʰʨʴʹ ʫʨ ʳʵʱʲʨ. ʨʳʴʨʰʸʨʫ
ʩʵʲʵ ʳʵʬʾʵ ʸʰˁʻʪʰʨʴʬʩʰʹ ˃ʲʰʬʸʬʩʨʹ ʹʭʨʴʬʯˀʰ ʫʨ ʫʨʰ˄ʿʵ
ʫʨʫʬˀʽʬʲʰʨʴʬʩʰʹ ʩʨʺʵʴʵʩʨ.
ʸʰˁʻʪʰʨʴʬʩʰʹ ʳʵʹʶʵʩʰʹ ˀʬʳʫʬʪ ʫʨʫʬˀʽʬʲʰʨʴʬʩʰ
ʳʰʻʩʸʻʴʫʬʴ ʬʸʯʳʨʴʬʯʹ ʫʨ ˀʬʻ˄ʿʭʬʺʬʲʰ ʩʸ˃ʵʲʨ ʫʨ ʹʰʹˆʲʰʹ
ʾʭʸʨ ʳʨʯ ˀʵʸʰʹ ʳʬ˂ˆʸʨʳʬʺʬ ʹʨʻʱʻʴʬʳʫʬ ʹʨˀʰʴʬʲ ˆʨʹʰʨʯʹ
ʾʬʩʻʲʵʩʫʨ. ʬʸʯʰ ʸʵʳʬʲʰʾʨ˂ ʬ˂ʬʸʰʹ ʳʼʲʵʩʬʲʰ ʰʹʲʨʳʰ
278
ʩʬˁʵˀʰ ʳ˂ˆʵʭʸʬʩ ʫʻʫʨʻˀʬʸʬʩʰʹ ʫʨʫʬˀʽʬʲʰʨʴʬʩʹ ʿʨʩʨʸʫʵˀʰ
ʪʨʻʽ˂ʬʭʰʨʯ, ʫʨ ʨʯʰ ˄ʲʰʹ ʪʨʴʳʨʭʲʵʩʨˀʰ ʰʽ ʩʬʸʰʨʴʬʯˀʰ
ʫʨʸˁʬʴʰʲʨ ʫʨ ʳʻˆʲ±ʳʵʫʸʬʱʰʲʰ ʬʭʬʫʸʬʩʵʫʨ ʽʨˀʪʰʹ ʩʨʺʵʴʬʩʹ
ʳʰʬ˂ʨʯ ʳʰʹʯʭʰʹ ˀʬʳ˄ʬʵʩʨ ʯʨʭʰʹ ʹʨʳˀʵʩʲʵˀʰ ʫʨʩʸʻʴʬʩʰʹʨʯʭʰʹ.
ʨʳʨʮʬ ʹʭʨʴʬʯˀʰ ʫʾʬʳʫʰ ˀʬʴʨˆʻʲʰʨ ˀʬʳʫʬʪʰ ˆʨʲˆʻʸʰ ʹʰʳʾʬʸʨ:

ʫʻʫʨʻˀʨ ʲʻʽʫʻʹʻʾʭʰ ˈʵ-ʰ

ʰʹʲʨʳ ʵʯʱʭʨʸʨˆ ʩʬʸʰʨʴʰʯʬ
ʬˀʫ ʾʬʯ ʮʨʰʲ ʩʬʸʰʨʴʬʯʹ ˇʨʫʨ
ʾʻʲʨʰ ʳʬʺʿʭʼʬ ʵʾʭˇʨʸʬʴʨ
ʴʨˆʻʸʨʲʬ ʽʨˀʽʨʸʬˀʰ
ʴʨˁʽʵʴʰʬʲʬ ʽʨˀʪʰʹ ʼʻʹʫʨʸʬˀʰ.

‡€ ‚‹€Œˆ:

ʫʻʫʨʻˀʨ ʳʬʫʰʫʻʸʬʩʳʨ
ʰʹʲʨʳʰ ʪʨʨʽ˂ʰʬʹ ʩʬʸʰʨʴʬʯˀʰ
ʨʯʰ ˄ʬʲʰ ʩʬʸʰʨʴʬʯʹ ʫʨˈʿʵ
ʳʻˆʲʬʩʰ ʫʨ˂ʭʬʯʰʲʰ ˈʽʵʴʫʨ
ˀʬʴʨˆʭʬ˄ʬʩʰ ʽʨˀʨʪʬʩʰʹʨ,
ʫʨʴʨˁʵʽʬʩʰ ʽʨˀʨʪʰʹ ʩʨʺʵʴʬʩʰʹʨ.

ʮʬʳʵˆʹʬʴʬʩʻʲʰ ʪʨʸʬʳʵʬʩʨʴʰ, ʸʨ ʯʽʳʨ ʻʴʫʨ, ˆʬʲʹ

ʻ˄ʿʵʩʫʨ ʯʨʭʰʹʻʼʨʲ ʹʭʨʴʬʯʹ ʫʨʫʬˀʽʬʲʰʨʴʬʩʰʹ ʩʨʺʵʴʵʩʰʹʨʪʨʴ
ʫʨ˂ʭʰʹ ʹʨʽʳʬˀʰ ʫʨ ʨʳʨʴʭʬ ʰˆʹʴʨ ʻˀʪʻʲʬʲʬʩʰ ʼʻʯʨ
ʫʨʫʬˀʽʬʲʰʨʴʰʹ ʳʵʱʭʲʰʹʯʭʰʹ ˀʻʸʰʹ ˃ʰʬʩʰʹ ʹʨˀʰʴʬʲʬʩʰʹʨʪʨʴ.

35) ʫʨ˄ʭʸʰʲʬʩʰʯ ˂ʴʵʩʬʩʰ ʼʻʯʨ ʫʨʫʬˀʽʬʲʰʨʴʰʹ ʳʵʱʭʲʰʹ ˀʬʹʨˆʬʩ ʰˆ. ˁʬʳʰ

˄ʰʪʴʰʹ ,,˃ʭʬʲʰ ʫʨ ʨˆʨʲʰ ʹʭʨʴʬʯʰʹ³ʪʭ. 65 ʫʨ 66.
36) ʸʻˆʰ ʹʨʳʻʸʮʨʿʨʴʵʹʨ ʫʨ ʹʨʳʬʪʸʵʲʵʹ ˀʻʨ ʳʫʬʩʨʸʬ ʽʭʬʿʨʴʨʹʨ ʽʭʰʨʴ.
37) ʻˀʪʻʲʰʹ ʾʭʯʰʹʳˀʵʩʲʰʹ ʬʱʲʬʹʰʨˀʰ ˀʬʴʨˆʻʲʰ ʺʨʴʰʹʨʳʵʹʰ ʹ˄ʵʸʬʫ
ʿʭʨʸʿʭʨʸʬʹ ʺʨʴʰʹʨʳʵʹʰ ʻʴʫʨ ʰʿʵʹ, ʫʨ ʨʸʨ ʼʻʯʨʹʰ.

279
ƒ€ƒ„–“„Šˆ€Œ„ˆ ‹ˆ„  86 Š€¢€Š„Šˆ ƒ€¢•…„…„€

ʲʨʺʨʲʰʹ ʯʬʳʰ, ʸʵʳʬʲʰ˂ ʳʫʬʩʨʸʬʵʩʹ ʹʨʫʨʫʬˀʽʬʲʰʨʴʵ

ʹʭʨʴʬʯʰʹ ʹʨʮʾʭʨʸʮʬ, ʸʵʪʵʸ˂ ʮʬʳʵʯ ʨʸʰʹ ʴʨʯʽʭʨʳʰ, ʫʨʸʨˇʨʫ
ʬʫʪʨ ʯʨʭʰʹʻʼʨʲʰ ʹʭʨʴʬʯʰʹ ʫʨʹʨʭʲʬʯʰʹ ʹʨʮʾʭʨʸʹ ʫʨ ʨʳʰʺʵʳ
ʫʨʫʬˀʽʬʲʰʨʴʬʩʯʨʴ ʩʸ˃ʵʲʰʹ ʹʰʳ˃ʰʳʬ ʻʳʯʨʭʸʬʹʨʫ ʳʨʯ
ʨ˄ʭʬʩʵʫʨʯ ʱʰʹʬʸʮʬ. ʹʨʳʨʸʯʲʰʨʴʵʩʨ ʳʵʰʯˆʵʭʹ ʨʾʭʴʰˀʴʵʯ, ʸʵʳ
ʲʨʺʨʲʰʹ ʪʲʬˆʱʨ˂ʵʩʨʳ ʰˀʭʰʨʯʰ ʸʵʲʰ ʰʯʨʳʨˀʨ ʯʨʭʰʹʻʼʨʲʰ
ʹʭʨʴʬʯʰʹ ʰʹʺʵʸʰʨˀʰ ʫʨ ʯʻ ʳʨʹ ʫʨʫʬˀʽʬʲʰʨʴʬʩʰʹ ʼʬʵʫʨʲʻʸʰ
ʸʬʷʰʳʰʹ ʳ˄ʨʸʬ ʳʻˆʸʻ˅ʬʩʰ ʨʸ ʳʵˆʭʫʨ ʫʨ ʯʨʭʰʹʻʼʨʲʰ ʹʭʨʴʬʯʰʹ
ʹʨˆʬʲʰ ʫʨʬʸʽʭʨ, ʨʳʨˀʰ ʹʭʨʴʬʯʰ ʻʳʯʨʭʸʬʹʨʫ ʲʨʺʨʲʰʹ
ʪʲʬˆʱʨ˂ʵʩʨʹ ʻʴʫʨ ʻʳʨʫʲʵʫʬʹ.
ʫʨʫʬˀʽʬʲʰʨʴʬʩʰ ʩʸ˃ʵʲʰʯ ʸʵʳ ʲʨʺʨʲʬʲʬʩʯʨʴ
ʭʬʸʨʼʬʸʹ ʪʨˆʫʬʴ, ʬʸʯ ʫʸʵʹ ʳʨʯʰ ʪʭʨʸʬʻʲʵʩʰʹ ʬʸʯʳʨ
˄ʨʸʳʵʳʨʫʪʬʴʬʲʳʨ, ʲʨʺʨʲʰʹ ʪʲʬˆʱʨ˂ʵʩʰʹ ʫʨʹʨʳʵʴʨʭʬʩʲʨʫ,
ʳʰʳʨʸʯʨ ʿʵʭʲʨʫ ʻʴʨʳʻʹʵ, ʨʸʨ ʨʫʨʳʰʨʴʻʸʹʨ ʫʨ ʲʨˁʸʻʲ ʪʮʨʹ. ʳʨʴ
ʪʨʳʨʸʯʨ ˄ʭʬʻʲʬʩʨ, ʸʵʳʬʲʮʬʫʨ˂ ʲʨʺʨʲʬʲʬʩʰʹ ʯʭʨʲʬʩʰʹ
ʨʹʨˆʭʬʭʨʫ ʳʰʰ˄ʭʰʨ ʿʭʬʲʨ ʯʬʳʬʩʰʫʨʴ ˆʨʲˆʰ. ʨʳ ˄ʭʬʻʲʬʩʨʮʬ
ʲʨʺʨʲʰʫʨʴʨ˂ ʳʰʰʶʨʺʰʷʨ ʯʭʰʯʬʻʲ ʳʵʹʨˆʲʬʫʨʴ ʯʰʯʵ ʱʨ˂ʰ,
ʹʻʲ 86 ʹʻʲʰ. ʳʨʴ ʻʾʨʲʨʺʨ ʯʨʭʰʹ ʹʺʻʳʸʬʩʹ ʫʨ ʴʨʹʨʫʰʲʬʭʹ
ʰʹʰʴʰ ʫʨʺʿʭʬʭʬʩʻʲʨʫ ʪʨʳʵʨ˂ˆʨʫʨ, ˆʻʴʫʬʩʰ ʫʨ ʩʵʸʱʰʲʬʩʰ
ʪʨʻʿʨʸʨ ˆʬʲ-ʼʬˆˀʰ, ʿʭʬʲʨʴʰ ˂ʰˆʬˀʰ ˀʬˈʿʨʸʨ 38) ʫʨ ʪʨʳʵʻ˂ˆʨʫʨ:
,,ʯʻ ʯʽʭʬʴʹ ʽʭʬʿʨʴʨʹ ˁʬʳʹ ʹʨʳʼʲʵʩʬʲʵʫ ʨʸ ʨʾʰʨʸʬʩʯ ʫʨ ʯʨʭʹ
ˁʬʳʹ ʿʳʨʫ ʨʸ ʪʨʳʵʨ˂ˆʨʫʬʩʯ: ʯʽʭʬʴ ʨʽʬʫʨʴ ˂ʵ˂ˆʨʲʰ ʭʬʾʨʸ
ʪʨˆʭʨʲʯʵ³ ʳʵʯˆʵʭʴʰʲʬʩʰʹ ʫʨʱʳʨʿʵʼʰʲʬʩʨʮʬ ʲʨʺʨʲʬʲʬʩʳʨ
ʪʨʫʨ˅ʸʰʯ ʻʨʸʰ ʪʨʴʨ˂ˆʨʫʬʹ, ʫʰʫ ˆʨʴʹ ʺʿʭʬʵʩʨˀʰ ʫʨʸˁʬʴ ʫʨ
ˀʬʳʫʬʪ, ʸʵʫʬʹʨ˂ ʳʯʬʲʰ ʹʭʨʴʬʯʰ ʪʨʳʵʬ˄ʿʵ ʫʨʫʬˀʽʬʲʰʨʴʬʩʯʨʴ
ʹʨʩʸ˃ʵʲʭʬʲʨʫ, ʰʹʰʴʰ ˄ʨʭʰʫʬʴ ʫʨʯʳʵʩʨʮʬ, ʫʨʯʨʴˆʳʫʴʬʴ
ʹʨˆʹʸʰʹ ʳʰʾʬʩʨʹ ʫʨ ʳʵʰʯˆʵʭʬʹ, ʪʨʸʫʨ ʰʳ ʫʰʫʰ ʽʵʴʬʩʰʹʨ, ʸʨ˂
ʯʭʰʯʬʻʲʹ ʪʨʫʨˆʫʨ, ʳʯʬʲʰ ʲʨʺʨʲʰʹ ʱʻʯʭʴʰʲʰ ˃ʭʰʸʼʨʹʰ
ʯʭʲʬʩʰʯ ˀʬʳʱʵʩʰʲʰ, ʳʬʼʬ ʭʨʳʬʿ ʫʨʫʰʨʴʰʹ ʳʰʬʸ ʹʨˁʻʽʸʨʫ
ʳʨʯʫʨʳʰ ʩʵ˃ʬʩʻʲʰ, ʫʰʫʰ ʭʬʸ˂ˆʲʰʹ ʯʨʹʰ ,,ˁʨʸʨ³ ˀʬʳʫʬʪʰ
˄ʨʸ˄ʬʸʰʯ: ,,ˈʬ ˂ʰʹʨ ʫʨ ʽʭʬʿʴʰʹ ʫʨʳʩʨʫʬʩʬʲʵ, ʳʨʳʰʹʨ ˁʭʬʴʰʹʨ
ʨʫʨʳʰʹʨ, ʳʨʳʨʵ ʲʨʺʨʲʰʹʨ ʳʨ˂ˆʵʭʨʸʵ ˁʭʬʴ ʳʵ˄ʨʳʬʳʨʴ ˆʳʨ ʴʬʩʰʯʨ
ˀʬʴʰʯʨ ʳʨʳʾʬʩʬʲʳʨʴ, ʳʬʼʬʳʨʴ ʫʨʫʰʨʴʳʨ, ʶʨʺʸʵʴʳʨ ʭʨʳʬʿ ʫʨ
ʫʬʫʵʼʨʲʳʨʴ ʶʨʺʸʵʴʳʨʴ ʬʲʬʴʬʳ ʵʫʬʹ ʰʳʬʸʬʯʰʹ ʳʬʼʬʴʰ
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ʪʨʸʫʨˀʬʴʫʬʴ ʫʨ ˃ʨʲʰʯʨ ˀʬ˄ʬʭʴʰʯʨ ˀʬʴʰʯʨ ʫʰʫʹʨ ʫʨ ˀʨʭ ˇʰʽʬʯʹ
ˀʻʨ ʳʬʼʵʩʨ ʫʨ ʫʨʫʰʨʴʵʩʨ ʫʨʭʰ˅ʰʸʬʯ ʫʨ ʳʰʴʫʵʩʰʲʳʨ ʯʽʭʬʴʳʨʴ,
ˀʬʳʵʪ˄ʰʸʬʯ ˁʨʸʨ ʬʹʬ ʯʭʨʲʬʩʰʨʴʰ ˁʻʬʴʹ ʹʨʫʾʬʪʸ˃ʬʲʵʯ ʫʨ
ʹʨʽʳʰʹʨ ˁʭʬʴʰʹʨ ˄ʨʸʹʨʳʨʸʯʬʩʲʨʫ ʫʨ ʪʨʹʨʳʨʸˇʭʬʩʲʨʯ ʹʻʲʰʹʨ
ˁʭʬʴʰʹʨ ʹʨˆʹʵʭʸʨʫ ʫʨ ʹʨʵˆʨʫ, ˀʭʰʲʬʩʰʹʨ ˁʭʬʴʰʹʨ ʪʰʵʸʪʰʹ
ʩʨʪʸʨʺʰʹ ʫʨ ʨʹʻʲʰʹʨ ˁʭʬʴʰʹʨ ʫʨʸʬˇʨʴʰʹ ʹʨʫʾʬʪʸ˃ʬʲʵʯ.
ʳʨ˂ˆʵʭʨʸʵ ʲʨʺʨʲʰʹʵ ˀʬʰ˄ʰʸʬ ˀʬʹʨ˄ʰʸʰ ʬʹʬ³39).

dzȖȉȈȕȖȊǸȖșȚȖȊșȒȐȑǫȈȏDzȈȊȒȈȏ³ȋȹ
39) ʬʹ ˁʨʸʨ, ʪʨʫʳʵ˂ʬʳʰʯ, ˃ʭʬʲ ʫʸʵˀʰ ʼʨʹʫʬʩʵʫʨ ʸʨʳʵʫʬʴʰʳʬ ʱʨ˂ʨʫ. ʨʳ
ʩʵʲʵ ʫʸʵʹ ʰʹ ʫʨʫʬˀʽʬʲʰʨʴʬʩʰʹ ʱʻʯʭʴʰʲʬʩʨʹ ˀʬʨʫʪʬʴʫʨ. ʰʹ ʻʴʫʨ ʰʿʵʹ
ˀʬʳʵ˄ʰʸʻʲʰ ʳʬ-XVII ʹʨʻʱʻʴʬˀʰ ʰʳ ʭʨʳʬʿ ʫʨʫʰʨʴʰʹ ʳʰʬʸ, ʸʵʳʬʲʹʨ˂ 1661 ˄. ʳʺʸʨʫ
ʪʨʫʨʬʱʰʫʨ ʽʨʸʯʲʰʹ ʳʬʼʬ ʭʨˆʺʨʴʪʰ ʫʨ ˆʵʹʰʨ ʨˆʭʲʬʫʰʨʴʰʹ ʳʰʬʸ ˀʬˁʬʴʰʲʰ ʱʨ˂ʬʩʰʯ
ʳʵʱʲʻʲʰ ʰʽʳʴʨ ʽʭʬʳʵ ʹʭʨʴʬʯˀʰ (ʳʨʸʰ ʸʵʹʬ. ʹʨʽ. ʰʹʺ. ʪʭ. 37, 38 ʫʨ 39).

Š€–š„‡ˆ €¢Œˆ „€Œ€ •ˆ’ˆ€Œˆ ‹‰…Š€

‘–‚‘Š„Š„ˆ ‹ˆ„ 

ʳʬ-16 ʹʨʻʱ-ˀʰ ʲʨˀˆʬʯˀʰ ʰʿʭʴʬʴ ʪʨ˃ʲʰʬʸʬʩʻʲʰ ʿʰʼʰʨʴʬʩʰ.

ʿʨʴʹʨʭ ʿʰʼʰʨʴʰʹ ʹʨˆʬʲʰ ʫʾʬʳʫʰ ˂ʵ˂ˆʨʲʰʨ ˆʨʲˆʰʹ ʳʬˆʹʰʬʸʬʩʨˀʰ,
ʭʰʯʨʸ˂ʨ ˆʨʲˆʻʸʰ ʪʳʰʸʰʹʨ. ʬʸʯ ʫʸʵʹ ʿʨʴʹʨʭʰ ʰʯʭʲʬʩʵʫʨ
ʶʰʸʭʬʲ ʱʨ˂ʨʫ ʽʭʬʳʵ ʹʭʨʴʬʯˀʰ ʫʨ ˀʬʬʸʯʬʩʻʲ ʮʬʳʵ ʫʨ ʽʭʬʳʵ
ʹʭʨʴʯʨ ʲʨˀʽʸʰʹ ʳʯʨʭʨʸʹʨʸʫʲʨʫ, ʸʵʳʬʲʹʨ˂, ʭʰʳʬʵʸʬʩ, ʫʰʫʰ
ʪʳʰʸʰʹ ʹʨˆʬʲʰ ˈʽʵʴʫʨ ʳʵˆʭʬ˅ʰʲʰ. ʪʨʫʳʵ˂ʬʳʰʯ, ʳʨʹ ʫʨʫʰʨˀʰʹ
ʳʯʰʫʨʴ ʯʨʭʰʹ ʹʨʳʱʭʰʫʸʬʩʬʲ ˁʰˆʨʸʬˀʨʳʫʬ ʻʴʫʨ ˄ʨʳʵʬʿʭʨʴʨ
˄ʿʨʲʰ ʨʸˆʰʯ, ʸʵʳʬʲʹʨ˂ ʫʾʬʳʫʬ ʲʨˀˆʬʯˀʰ ʬ˃ʨˆʰʨʴ ,,ʿʨʴʹʨʭʨ
ʲʻʲˈʴʨʸʹ³ ± ʿʨʴʹʨʭʰʹ ʨʸˆʹ. ʹʵʼ. ʫʨʩʰʩˀʰ ʳʰʹ ʹʨˆʬʲʮʬ ʨʸʰʹ
ʨʪʬʩʻʲʰ ʹʨʿʫʨʸʰ, ʸʵʳʲʰʹ ʱʬʫʲʬʩʮʬ ʫʾʬʳʫʬ ˀʬʴʨˆʻʲʰʨ
ʿʨʴʹʨʭʰʹʨ ʫʨ ʳʰʹʰ ʹʨˆʲʵʩʰʹ ʴʨˆʨʺʬʩʰ.
ʨʰ ʨʳ ʿʨʴʹʨʭ ʿʰʼʰʨʴʰʹ ˀʯʨʳʵʳʨʭʨʲʰ ʩʬʷʨʴʨ ʿʰʼʰʨʴʯʨʴ
ʻˆʫʬʩʨ ʻˀʪʻʲʹ ʵʳʰ. ʩʸ˃ʵʲʨ ʰʳʨʸʯʬʩʨ ʳʨʯ ˀʵʸʰʹ ˂ʬʴʨʹ ʮʬʳʵʯ
ʰʳ ʨʫʪʰʲʨʹ, ʸʵʳʬʲʹʨ˂ ʽʭʰʨ ,,ʴʨˀʰʨʲ ʲʨʸʬ³ ± ʴʨʵʳʨʸʰ ʹʨʯʰʩʰ.
ʪʨʫʳʵ˂ʬʳʰʯ, ʹʨʴʨʳ ʳʩʸ˃ʵʲʰʹ ʭʬʲʨʳʫʬ ʩʬʷʨʴʨ ʯʨʭʰʹ ˇʨʸʰʯ
ʳʰʨ˄ʬʭʫʨ, ʳʰʹʰ ʳʬʩʨʰʸʨˆʺʸʬ ˂ʬʴʨʹ ʽʭʬʳʵʫ ʳʵʱʲʨ ˂ʬʴʨˀʰ
ʳ˂ˆʵʭʸʬʩʳʨ ʬʸʯʳʨ ʾʸʳʨʫ ʳʵˆʻ˂ʬʩʻʲʳʨ ʪʰʬʸʪ ʯʵʫʸʻʨʴʳʨ
ʰʹʸʰʯ.
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 ʨʳʰʯ ʪʨʩʸʨʮʬʩʻʲʰ ʩʬʷʨʴʨ ʿʰʼʰʨʴʰ, ʸʵ˂ʨ ʫʨʬ˄ʰʨ
ʻˀʪʻʲʬʲʬʩʹ, ʳʨʹ ʳʰʬʪʬʩʨ ʻˀʪʻʲʰʹ ʳʨˆʭˀʰ ʩʬʪʨˀʰ ʫʨ ʹʯˆʵʭʨ
,,ʪʨʴʫʵʩ³ ± ʳˀʭʰʫʵʩʰʨʴʵʩʰʹ ˁʨʳʵʫʪʬʩʨ, ʳʨʪʸʨʳ ʩʬʷʨʴʨʳ ʻʨʸʰ
ʹʯʽʭʨ, ʬʹʸʵʲʨ ʰʹʨʸʰ ʩʬʪʨˀʹ, ʳʨʪʸʨʳ ʳʨʴ ʰʹʨʸʹ ˆʬʲʰ ˀʬʨʪʬʩʨ ʫʨ
ʫʨʰ˅ʰʸʨ. ʨʳʰʹ ˀʬʳʫʬʪ ʩʬʪʨˀʳʨ˂ ʬʹʸʵʲʨ ʿʰʼʰʨʴʹ ʰʹʨʸʰ, ʸʵʳʬʲʰ˂
ʳʨʹ ʳʵˆʭʫʨ ʳʨʸˇʭʬʴʨ ʰʾʲʰʨˀʰ ʫʨ ʳʨʸ˂ˆʬʴʨˀʰ ʪʨʭʰʫʨ. ʨʳʰʹ ˀʬʳʫʬʪ
ʳʰʹ ˇʨʸʹ ʻˀʪʻʲʬʲʬʩʳʨ ʳʻʹʸʰ ʪʨʨʭʲʬʹ.
ʬʸʯ ʱʨ˂ʹ ʱʰʹʬʸʮʬ ʩʬʷʨʴʨʹ ,,ʫʨʸʨʰʨʹ³ ʶʬʸʨʴʪʰ ˁʨʳʵʱʰʫʬʹ,
ˆʬʲʬʩʰ ʻʱʨʴ ˀʬʻʱʸʬʹ ʫʨ ʳʵʨʳʩʬʯ ʲʨˀˆʬʯʹ ʪʨʻˀʭʬʹ. ʩʬʷʨʴʨʹ ʿʨʭʫʨ
˂ʵʲʨʫ ʳʻʲʨˆʰʹ ʻʼʸʵʹʰʹ ʽʻʸʫʰʨʴʰʹ ʽʨʲʰˀʭʰʲʰ ʳʨʸʰˆʰ,
ʸʵʳʬʲʳʨ˂ ʫʨʰʴʨˆʨ ʯʻ ʨʸʨ ʱʰʹʬʸʮʬ ʩʬʷʨʴʨʹ ʶʬʸʨʴʪʰ
ˁʨʳʵʱʰʫʬʩʻʲʰ, ʰʪʸ˃ʴʵ ʸʨˀʰ˂ ʰʿʵ ʹʨʽʳʬ. ʪʻʲʰ ˀʬʻ˄ʻˆʫʨ,
ʪʨʫʰʽ˂ʨ, ʪʨʫʨʭʨʸʫʨ ʨʰʭʴʰʫʨʴ ʫʨ ʳʵʱʭʫʨ. ʳʰʹʳʨ ʹʰʱʭʫʰʲʳʨ ʫʰʫʰ
ʻʩʬʫʻʸʬʩʨ ʫʨʨʺʸʰʨʲʨ ʹʭʨʴʬʯˀʰ. ʽʻʸʫʰʨʴʬʩʰ ʨʳ ʫʸʵʹ ˃ʨʲʰʨʴ
ʪʨ˃ʲʰʬʸʬʩʻʲʰ ʰʿʭʴʬʴ ʳʻʲʨˆˀʰ. ʳʨʯ ʳʵʭʨʲʬʵʩʨʹ ˀʬʨʫʪʬʴʫʨ
ʳʨʯʰ ʨʹʻʲʰ ʳʨʸʰˆʰ ʬʹʰʹˆʲʬʩʰʴʨʯ ʻˀʪʻʲʬʲʬʩʯʨʴ. ʫʨʻ˄ʿʬʹ ʳʨʯ
ʳʺʸʵʩʨ. ʳʸʨʭʨʲʰ ʻʩʬʫʻʸʬʩʨ ʫʨʨʺʿʫʨʯ ʯʨʭʹ ʻˀʪʻʲʬʲʬʩʹ.
ʩʵʲʵʹ ʻˀʪʻʲʬʲʬʩʹ ʨʬʭʹʵʯ ʳʵʯʳʰʴʬʩʰʹ ʼʰʨʲʨ, ʳʵʰʶʨʺʰʷʬʹ
ˀʬʹʨʸʰʪʬʩʲʨʫ ʽʻʸʫʰʨʴʰ ʻˀʪʻʲˀʰ, ʳʵˈʱʲʬʹ ʰʹ ʫʨ ʫʨˆʵ˂ʬʹ ʳʰʹʰ
ʨʳʨʲʨ. ʨʳʨʴ, ʸʨ ʯʽʳʨ ʻʴʫʨ, ʻˀʪʻʲʹ ʪʨʫʨˈʱʰʫʨ ʳʺʸʨʫ ʳʯʬʲʰ
ʳʻʲʨˆʰ. ˃ʭʰʸʨʫ ʫʨʻˇʫʨ ʻˀʪʻʲʹ ʳʻʲʨˆʯʨʴ ʩʸ˃ʵʲʨ. ʩʵʲʵʹ,
ʸʵʫʬʹʨ˂ ʨʸʨʽʨʯʰ ʪʨʳʵʬʲʰʨʯ, ʳʰʳʨʸʯʬʹ ʲʨʺʨʲʹ ʯˆʵʭʴʰʯ, ʸʨʯʨ
ʳʵʸʰʪʬʩʨ ˁʨʳʬʪʫʵʯ ʳʨʯ ˀʵʸʰʹ. ʲʨʺʨʲʰʹ ʰʴʰ˂ʰʨʺʰʭʰʯ ʳʯʬʲʰ
ʯʨʭʰʹʻʼʨʲʰ ʹʭʨʴʬʯʰ ʹʯˆʵʭʹ ʳʻʲʨˆʹ ʻˀʪʻʲʬʲʬʩʯʨʴ
ʳʵʸʰʪʬʩʨʹ, ʳʨʪʸʨʳ ʨʳʨʵʫ. ʳʻʲʨˆʬʲʬʩʰʹ ʻʸˁʵʩʨ ʰ˄ʿʰʴʬʹ
ʲʨʺʨʲʳʨ ʫʨ ʳʬʹʺʰʨʳ. ʻˀʪʻʲʬʲʬʩʳʨ ʹʯˆʵʭʬʹ ʳʨʯ ʳʼʨʸʭʬʲʵʩʨ
ʫʨ ˀʬˈʶʰʸʫʬʴ ʿʵʭʬʲ-˄ʲʰʻʸʨʫ 12 ʸʱʰʴʰʹ ʴʨ˅ʬʸʰʹ ʩʬʪʨʸʨʯ
ʳʰ˂ʬʳʨʹ. ʵʸʰ ʯʬʳʰ˂ ˀʬʻʫʪʨ ʳʻʲʨˆʰʹ ʳʺʸʵʩʰʹʨʪʨʴ ʻˀʪʻʲʬʲʬʩʰʹ
ʫʨ˂ʭʨʹ ʫʨ ˀʬˈʼʰ˂ʨ ʳʨʯ ʬʸʯʪʻʲʵʩʨ. ,,ʻˀʪʻʲʰʹ ʪʻʲʨʴʰʹ³ ʬʸʯ
ʪʭʬʸʫʮʬ ʫʨʹ˄ʬʸʬʹ ˀʬʳʫʬʪʰ ˀʰʴʨʨʸʹʰʹ ʶʰʸʵʩʨ: ,,ʹʨˆʬʲʰʯʨ
ʾʭʯʰʹʨ, ʳʨʳʰʹʨ, ˃ʰʹʨ, ʹʻʲʰʹʨ ˄ʳʰʴʫʰʹʨʯʨ ʬʹʬ ˄ʰʪʴʰ ʫʨʭʹ˄ʬʸʬʯ
ʿʵʭʲʨʫ ˄ʳʰʴʫʰʹ ʳˀʵʩʬʲʰ ʻˀʪʻʲʰʹʨ ʳʯʨʭʨʸ ʳʵ˄ʨʳʬ ʪʰʵʸʪʰ
ʹʬʺʰʹʨ ʳʨ˂ˆʵʭʨʸʵ ʲʨʺʨʲʰʹʨ ʯʨʭʰʹʫʬʩʵʩʰʯʨ ʫʨ
ˀʻʨʳʫʪʵʳʬʲʵʩʰʯʨ ʬʸʰʹʨʯʨ ʬʸʯʪʻʲʬʩʨʹʨ ʮʬʫʨ ʳʵʿʭʨʸʰʹʨ
ʳʵʿʭʸʵʩʨ ʳʺʸʰʹʨ ʳʺʸʵʩʨ ʸʵʳʬʲʳʨʴ ʹʵʼʬʲʳʨʴ ʬʹ ˄ʰʪʴʰ
ˀʬʪʭʰˀʨʲʵʹ ʱʸʻʲʰʳ˂ ʨʸʹ ʽʸʰʹʺʬʹ ˇʭʨʸʰʯʨ 40).
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 ˆʨʴʼʸ˃ʲʰʭʰ ʩʸ˃ʵʲʰʹʨ ʫʨ ʫʰʫʰ ʵʳʬʩʰʹ ˀʬʳʫʬʪ
ʫʨʽʨʴ˂ʻʲʰ ʳʻʲʨˆʰ ʻʸʰʪʫʬʩʨ ʻˀʪʻʲʹ, ʲʨʺʨʲʹ ʫʨ ʳʬʹʺʰʨʹ. ʨʳ
ʫʨˆʳʨʸʬʩʰʹʨʯʭʰʹ 1854 ˄ʲʨʳʫʬ ʻˀʪʻʲʬʲʬʩʰ ʳʨʸʯʲʨ˂ ʨ˃ʲʬʭʫʬʴ
ʻʱʨʴʨʹʱʴʬʲʬʩʹ 12 ʴʨ˅ʬʸ ʸʱʰʴʨʹ, ʸʵʳʬʲʹʨ˂ ʰʹʰʴʰ ʯʨʴʨʹ˄ʵʸʨʫ
ʰʴʨ˄ʰʲʬʩʫʬʴ.

40) ʯʨʭʰʹ. ʹʭʨʴʰ. ʪʨʮ. ,,ʰʭʬʸʰʨ³˄.

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‹‰…Š€ ‘–‚‘Š–ˆ

ʨʾʳʵʹʨʭʲʬʯʰʯ ʹʭʨʴʬʯʰʹ ʫʨʻ˃ʰʴʬʩʬʲ ʳʺʸʬʩʹ

˄ʨʸʳʵʨʫʪʬʴʫʴʬʴ ʳʰʹʰ ʳʬʮʵʩʬʲʰ ʩʨʲʿʨʸʰʹ ʩʨʺʵʴʬʩʰ, ʸʵʳʬʲʯʨ˂
ʳʸʨʭʨʲˇʬʸ ʪʨʴʻ˃ʸʨˆʨʭʯ ʳʰʹʰ ʫʨʳʵʸˁʰʲʬʩʨ ʫʨ ʸʵʫʬʹʨ˂
ʭʬʸʨʼʬʸʹ ʪʨˆʫʬʴ, ʫʨʻ˄ʿʬʹ ʹʭʨʴʬʩʹ ʳʺʸʵʩʨ.
ʬʸʯˆʬʲ ʩʨʲʿʨʸʰʹ ʩʨʺʵʴʰ ʫʬʭʬʯʪʬʸʰ ʳʻʸʮʨʿʻʲʵʭʰ ʫʨ
ʳʰʹʰ ʩʰ˃ʨ ʽʻʸʫʻʲʨʫ ˀʬʰʶʨʸʬʴ ʹʭʨʴʬʯˀʰ ʫʨ ʪʨʴʰʮʸʨˆʬʹ
ʻˀʪʻʲʰʹ ˄ʳ. ʩʨʸʩʨʲʬʹ ʫʨ ʱʨʲʰʹ ˄ʳ. ʱʭʰʸʰʱʬʹ ʺʨ˃ʸʬʩʰʹ ʪʨ˃ʨʸ˂ʭʨ.
ʫʬʭʬʯʪʬʸʳʨ ʪʨʺʬˆʨ ʻˀʪʻʲʰʹ ˄ʳ. ʩʨʸʩʨʲʬʹ ʬʱʲʬʹʰʰʹ ʱʨʸʬʩʰ, ʸʨ˂
ʸʨʳ ʰʿʵ ʪʨʳʵʰʺʨʴʨ ʫʨ ˄ʨʰʾʵ. ˆʵʲʵ ʱʨʲʰʹ ʱʭʰʸʰʱʬʹ ʬʱʲʬʹʰʰʹ
ʪʨ˃ʨʸ˂ʭʨ ʳʰʹ ʩʰ˃ʨʹ ʭʬʸ ʳʵʻˆʬʸˆʬʩʰʨ. ʳʬʵʸʬ ʫʾʬʹ ʻˀʪʻʲʬʲʬʩʰ
ʫʬʭʬʯʪʬʸʹ ʫʨʬʫʬʭʴʬʴ; ʯʻʳ˂ʨ ʳʨʹ ʭʬʸ ʫʨʬ˄ʰʬʴ, ʳʨʪʸʨʳ ʳʨʯ
ˁʨʻʭʨʸʫʨʯ ˆʬʲˀʰ ʺʿʭʬʯ ʨʳʨʲʰʯʻʸʯ ʱʨʲʰʫʪʨʴ ʫʨʩʸʻʴʬʩʻʲʰ
ʩʰ˃ʨ ʳʰʹʰ. ʬʸʯʰ ʫʨ˅ʬʸʰʲʯʨʪʨʴʰ ʻˀʪʻʲʬʲʬʩʳʨ ʪʨʨʪʮʨʭʴʬʹ
ʩʨʲʿʨʸˀʰ ʫʨ ˀʬʻʯʭʨʲʬʹ ʫʬʭʬʯʪʬʸʹ: ,,ʯʻ ʳʵʱʲʬ ˆʨʴˀʰ ˁʭʬʴʹ
ʬʱʲʬʹʰʰʹ ʽʵʴʬʩʨʹ ʨʸ ʫʨʪʭʰʩʸʻʴʬʩʯ, ʩʰ˃ʨ ˀʬʴʹʨ ʫʨ ʳʰʹ ʳˆʲʬʩʲʬʩʹ
ʫʨʭˆʵ˂ʨʭʯʵ³ ʫʬʭʬʯʪʬʸʳʨ ʹʨʱʻʯʨʸʰ ˆʬʲʰʯ ʳʵʰʺʨʴʨ
ʬʱʲʬʹʰʰʫʨʴ ʳʵʶʨʸʻʲʰ ʴʰʭʯʬʩʰ, ʳʨʪʸʨʳ ʳʨʹ ʨʱʲʫʨ ʬʸʯʰ ʳ˃ʰʭʰ,
ʸʵʳʬʲʰ˂ ʯʨʭʰʹ ʹʨʿʭʨʸʬʲʰʹʨʯʭʰʹ ʬˁʻʽʬʩʰʴʨ, ʳʨʹ ʰʪʰ ʨʸ
ʫʨʻʩʸʻʴʬʩʰʨ ʫʨ ʨʳʰʺʵʳ ʻˀʪʻʲʬʲʬʩʹ ʫʬʭʬʯʪʬʸʰ ʳʵʻʱʲʨʭʯ.
ʬʱʲʬʹʰʰʹ ʪʨʲʨʭʨʴʯʨʴ ʰʳ ʽʭʬʩʮʬ, ʸʵʳʲʬʩʹʨ˂ ʫʾʬʳʫʬ ˀʬʸˁʬʴʰʨʯ
ʹʨˆʬʲʨʫ ,,ʫʬʭʬʯʪʬʸʰ ʴʨʫʪʨʸ ʩʨˁʨʸ³ ± ʫʬʭʬʯʪʬʸʰʹ ʫʨʴʨʱʲʨʭʰ
ʽʭʬʩʰ. ʫʰʫˆʨʴʹ ʩʨʲʿʨʸʰʹ ʩʨʺʵʴʬʩʰ ʨʸ ʻʸʰʪʫʬʩʵʫʬʴ ʻˀʪʻʲʹ,
ʳʨʪʸʨʳ ˀʬʳʫʬʪ ʫʨʿʨʩʻʲʫʬʴ ˀʬʸʰʪʬʩʨʮʬ. ʪʨʻˀʭʬʹ 12 ʱʨ˂ʰ ʳʹʨˇʻʲ-
ʳʬʫʰʨʺʵʸʬʯ. ʳʰʹʰ ˅ʰʸʰʹʻʼʨʲʰ ʹʰʹˆʲʰʹ ʹʨʼʨʹʻʸʨʯ
283
ʯˆʵʻʲʵʩʫʨ 15 ʪʲʬˆ-ʱʨ˂ʰʹ ,,˄ʵʸʹ³ ± ʹʰʹˆʲʰʹ ʼʨʹʹ, ʸʨʫʪʨʴʨ˂
ʩʨʲʿʨʸˀʰ ʳʨʯʰ ʳʵʱʭʲʨ ʨʳʫʬʴʨʫ ʼʨʹʫʬʩʵʫʨ ʯʻʸʳʬ.
ʳʬʫʰʨʺʵʸʬʬʩʳʨ ʳʨʯ ʳʰʻʹʨˇʬʹ 200 ˆʨʸʰ. ʨʳ 200 ˆʨʸʰʫʨʴ ʬʱʲʬʹʰʰʹ
ʪʨ˃ʨʸ˂ʭʨ-ʪʨʶʨʸʺʨˆʬʩʰʹʨʯʭʰʹ ʻˀʪʻʲʬʲʬʩʹ ʳʰʬʹʨˇʨʯ 100 ˆʨʸʰ,
ˆʵʲʵ ʫʨʴʨʸˁʬʴʰ 100 ˆʨʸʰ ʻʴʫʨ ʳʰʬ˂ʨʯ ʳʻʸʮʨʿʻʲʵʭʬʩʰʹʨʯʭʰʹ.
ʻˀʪʻʲʬʲʬʩʳʨ ʪʨˈʿʰʫʬʹ ʹʨʬʱʲʬʹʰʵ ʳʰ˄ʬʩʰ, 70 ˆʨʸʰ ʳʨˀʰʴʭʬ
ʳʰʹ˂ʬʹ, ˆʵʲʵ 30 ˆʨʸʰ ˀʬʳʫʬʪ.

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‹„¢ˆ€–ˆ

ʪʨʫʳʵ˂ʬʳʰʯ, ʬʸʯ ʫʸʵʹ ʳʬʹʺʰʰʹ ˆʬʭˀʰ ʪʨʩʨʺʵʴʫʨ ʭʰʾʨ˂

ʹʬʺʬʲʰ ʳʾʭʫʬʲʰ ʼʻʯʻ ʼʨʲʰʨʴʰ, ʸʵʳʬʲʰ˂ ʯʨʭʰʹ ʹʨˆʲʰʫʨʴ
ʳʬʹʺʰʰʹ ˄ʳ. ʪʰʵʸʪʰʹ ʬʱʲʬʹʰʨʳʫʬ ʼʬˆʰʯ ˄ʨʹʭʲʨʹʨ˂ ʱʰ ʨʸ
ʱʨʫʸʻʲʵʩʫʨ; ʯʨʭʰʹ ʹʨˆʲʰʫʨʴ ʬʱʲʬʹʰʨʳʫʬ ʪʭʰʸʨʩʰ ˈʽʵʴʫʨ
ʪʨʱʬʯʬʩʻʲʰ 41). ʨʻʺʨʴʬʲʰ ˀʬʰʽʴʨ ʳʬʹʺʰʰʹ ʪʲʬˆʱʨ˂ʵʩʰʹʯʭʰʹ
ʼʻʯʻʹ ʩʨʺʵʴʵʩʨ ʫʨ ʪʨʫʨ˄ʿʭʰʺʬʹ ʳʰʹʰ ʳʵʱʭʲʨ. ˆʬʭʰʹ ʨʹʬʯʰ
ʪʨʴʮʸʨˆʭʰʹ ʹʰʹʸʻʲʬˀʰ ʳʵʿʭʨʴʨ ʫʨʬʭʨʲʨ ʶʨʰʫʨʴˀʬʸʬʩʰʹ ʶʨʰʫʨʴʹ.
ʬʸʯ ʫʾʬʹ, ʸʵʫʬʹʨ˂ ʼʻʯʻ ,,ʲʨʪʭʴʰʨˀʰ³ ʲʨʹʪʭʸʨ ʩʨˁʨʸʷʰ³ ±
ʹʨˇʫʵʳ ʽʭʬʩʮʬ ʰˇʫʨ (ʫʾʬʹʨ˂ ʪʭʰˁʭʬʴʬʩʬʴ ʨʳ ʨʫʪʰʲʨʹ ʽʭʬʩʹ,
ʸʵʳʲʬʩʹʨ˂ ʼʻʯʻʹ ʫʨʴʨʱʲʨʭ ʽʭʬʩʹ ʬ˃ʨˆʰʨʴ), ʳʵʰˆʻʸʨ ʶʨʰʫʨʴʳʨ
ʴʨʩʨʫʰ, ʫʨʳʩʨˁʨ ˀʰʪ ʫʨʳʨʲʨ ʫʨ, ʸʵʫʬʹʨ˂ ʼʻʯʻʹʯʨʴ ʳʰʭʰʫʨ,
ʫʨʨˆʨʲʨ ʪʻʲˀʰ ʫʨ ʰʽʭʬ ʹʻʲʰ ʪʨʨ˂ˆʬʩʰʴʨ.
ʹʨʰʴʺʬʸʬʹʵ ʰʹ ʨʸʰʹ, ʸʵʳ 1918 ˄ʬʲʹ, ʳʬʹʺʰʰʹ ˄ʳ. ʪʰʵʸʪʰʹ
ʪʨʲʨʭʨʴˀʰ, ʹʨʼʲʨʭʰʹ ʨʳʵʯˆʸʰʹ ʫʸʵʹ, ʰʽʴʨ ʨʾʳʵˁʬʴʰʲʰ ʬʸʯʰ
ʨʱʲʫʨʳʨ, ʸʵʳʬʲˀʰ˂ ʰʫʪʨ ˃ʭʰʸʼʨʹʰ ʨʸʽʬʵʲʵʪʰʻʸʰ ʴʨˀʯʰ ±
ʹʶʰʲʬʴ˃ʰʹ ʱʻʩʵ ˀʬʳʫʬʪʰ ˄ʨʸ˄ʬʸʰʯ: ,,ʨʳʨʹ ˀʰʴʨ ʫʨʭʰʱʸ˃ʨʲʭʰ
ʹʬʺʰʬʲʰ ʳʾʭʫʬʲʰ ʵʯˆ ˃ʬʯʨ ˁʬʳʯʨ ʼʨʲʰ ʰʵʭʨʴʬ ʼʵʭʯʻ ʫʨ
ʼʨʲʰʨʴʰʯ³42).

41) 1925 ˄. ʳʬʹʺʰʨˀʰ ʰʽʳʴʨ ʨʾʳʵˁʬʴʰʲʰ ʬʹ ʪʭʰʸʨʩʰ.

42) ʨʳ ʱʻʩʵʹ ʴʨˆʭʨʳ ʱʰʴʨʾʨʳ ʻʩʬʫʻʸʬʩʨ ʫʨʨʺʸʰʨʲʨ ʳʬʹʺʰʨˀʰ, ʸʨʪʫʨʴʨ˂
ʰʹ ʰʿʵ ˁʨʸʯʵʲʨʴʬʩʰʹ ʫʨ ʼʨʲʰʨʴʬʩʰʹ ʹʨʹʨʼʲʨʵʹ ʹʨʮʾʭʨʸʮʬ. ˁʨʸʯʵʲʨʴʬʩʰ
ʨʳʩʵʩʫʬʴ, ʸʵʳ ʬʹ ʱʻʩʵ ˁʭʬʴʰ ˄ʰʴʨʶʸʬʩʰʹ ʻʴʫʨ ʰʿʵʹʵ, ʼʨʲʰʨʴʬʩʰ ʱʰ ʨʳʺʱʰ˂ʬʩʫʴʬʴ,
ʸʵʳ ʱʻʩʵ ˁʭʬʴʰ ˄ʰʴʨʶʸʰʹ ʼʨʲʰʨʴʰʹ ʨʸʰʹʵ. ʱʻʩʵ ʶʰʸʭʬʲʨʫ ʬʱʲʬʹʰʨˀʰ ˀʬʰʴʨˆʬʹ,
ʳʨʪʸʨʳ ˀʬʳʫʬʪ, ʸʵʫʬʹʨ˂ ʳʨʹʮʬ ʫʨʭʨ ˀʬʰʽʳʴʨ, ʼʨʲʰʨʴʬʩʳʨ ʪʨʳʵʰʺʨʴʬʹ ʰʹ ʫʨ ʯʨʭʰʹ

284
˂ʰˆʬˀʰ ˀʬʰʴʨˆʬʹ. ˀʬʰʽʳʴʨ ˂ʰˆʬʬʩʰʫʨʴ ʯʵʼʬʩʰʹ ʩʨʯʽʨ±ʩʻʯʽʰ, ʨʸˁʬʻʲ ʰʽʴʬʴ
ʳʹʨˇʻʲ±ʳʬʫʰʨʺʵʸʬʬʩʰ ʨʳ ʹʨʽʳʰʹ ʪʨʹʨʸˁʬʭʨʫ. ʳʬʫʰʨʺʵʸʬʬʩʳʨ ʪʨʳʵʨʸʱʭʰʬʹ, ʸʵʳ ʬʹ
ʱʻʩʵ ʼʻʯʻ ʼʨʲʰʨʴʰʹ ʰʿʵ, ʨʳʰʺʵʳ ʼʨʲʰʨʴʬʩʹ (ʹʬʺʬʲˀʬʬʸ) ʳʰʻʹʨˇʬʹ. 1918 ˄ʬʲʹ
ʼʨʲʰʨʴʬʩʰʹ ʪʭʨʸʬʻʲʵʩʰʫʨʴ ʳʵʱʭʫʨ ʳʾ. ʪʰʵ ʼʨʲʰʨʴʰ, ʸʵʳʬʲʰ˂ ʫʨʰʳʨʸˆʨ ʨʳ
ʱʻʩʵʯʰ.

›€’€ ˆ˜ˆ ‹‰…Š€ ‹„¢ˆ€–ˆ

ʶʸʵʼʬʹʵʸ ʱʵʭʨʲʬʭʹʱʰʹ ˂ʴʵʩʬʩʰʯ, ʳʬ-XVʹ. ˀʬʳʫʬʪ ʬʸʯ

ʫʸʵʹ ʳʬʹʺʰʨˀʰ ˃ʨʲʨʻʼʲʬʩʨʹ ʰˆʭʬ˅ʫʬʴ ˇʨʼʨʸʰ˃ʬʬʩʰ, ʸʵʳʲʬʩʳʨ˂
ʼʬʵʫʨʲʻʸʰ ʻʾʬʲʰ ʫʨʨʫʪʬʹ ʳʬʹʺʰʰʹ ʪʲʬˆʱʨ˂ʵʩʨʹ ʱʰʹʬʸʮʬ.
ʳʬʹʺʰʰʹ ʪʲʬˆʱʨ˂ʵʩʨ ʭʨʲʫʬʩʻʲʰ ʰʿʵ: ʬʳʻˀʨʭʴʨʯ
ˇʨʼʨʸʰ˃ʬʬʩʰʹʨʯʭʰʹ, ʸʵ˂ʨ ʳʨʯ ʫʨʹ˅ʰʸʫʬʩʵʫʨʯ, 1 ʱʭʰʫʵʲʨ
ʶʻʸʰ (3 ʼʻʯʰ) ʿʵʭʬʲ ˄ʲʰʻʸʨʯ ʩʬʪʨʸʨʫ ʳʰʬ˂ʨʯ, ʵʳˀʰ
ʪʨʿʵʲʵʫʬʴ ʳʨʯ ʫʨ ʹˆʭʨ ʿʵʭʬʲʪʭʨʸʰ ʹʨʳʹʨˆʻʸʰ ʪʨʬ˄ʰʨʯ. ʯʻ
ʸʵʳʬʲʰʳʬ ʪʲʬˆʹ ʳʬʳʱʭʰʫʸʬ ʨʸ ʬʿʵʲʬʩʵʫʨ, ʳʰʹʰ ʨʫʪʰʲ-ʳʨʳʻʲʰ
ˇʨʼʨʸʰ˃ʬʬʩʹ ʻʴʫʨ ʪʨʫʨʹ˂ʬʳʵʫʨʯ.
ʬʸʯ ʫʾʬʹ ʬʸʯʰ ˇʨʼʨʸʰ˃ʬ ʳʵʫʰʵʫʨ ʯʨʭʰʹ ʳʨʳʻʲʮʬ. ʳʨʴ
ʫʨʰʴʨˆʨ, ʸʵʳ ʬʸʯʰ ʪʲʬˆʰ ʯʨʭʰʹ ʿʨʴʨˀʰ ʳʻˀʨʵʩʫʨ. ʳʰʭʰʫʨ ʳʨʹʯʨʴ
ʫʨ ʻʯˆʸʨ: ,,ʸʵʪʵʸ ʯʻ ˀʬʴ ˁʬʳʹ ʿʨʴʨˀʰ ʨʸ ʳʻˀʨʵʩʵ³ ʫʨʻ˄ʿʵ
ʲʨʴ˃ʾʭʨ-ʪʰʴʬʩʨ ʫʨ ˂ʬʳʨ. ʳʵʯʳʰʴʬʩʰʫʨʴ ʪʨʳʵʹʻʲʳʨ ʪʲʬˆʳʨ
ʰˀʰˀʭʲʨ ˆʨʴˇʨʲʰ ʫʨ ʳʵʱʲʨ ˇʨʼʨʸʰ˃ʬ. ʳʰʹ ʳʵʱʭʲʨʮʬ ʫʰʫʰ
˄ʰʭʰʲ-ʱʰʭʰʲʰ ʫʨ ˆʳʨʻʸʵʩʨ ʨʹʺʿʫʨ ʫʨ ʨʳʰʺʵʳ ʹˆʭʨ ˇʨʼʨʸʰ˃ʬʬʩʳʨ
ʫʨ ʳʬʹʺʰʬʲʬʩʳʨ˂ ʨʳ ʨʫʪʰʲʹ ʳʵʰʿʨʸʬʹ ʯʨʭʰ. ʳʵˆʫʨ ʪʲʬˆʬʩʹʨ ʫʨ
ˇʨʼʨʸʰ˃ʬʬʩʹ ˀʵʸʰʹ ˀʬʺʨʱʬʩʨ, ʸʵʳʲʰʹ ʫʸʵʹʨ˂ ˇʨʼʨʸʰ˃ʬʬʩʰ ʰʽʴʬʴ
ʫʨˆʵ˂ʰʲʴʰ. ʨʳ ʻʩʬʫʻʸʬʩʨʹ ʪʨʫʨʸˁʨ ʳˆʵʲʵʫ ʬʸʯʰ ˇʨʼʨʸʰ˃ʬ.
ʳʰʹʪʨʴ ˀʬʳʫʬʪˀʰ ʪʨʳʸʨʭʲʬʩʻʲʰ ˇʨʼʨʸʰ˃ʬʬʩʰʹ ʪʭʨʸʬʻʲʵʩʨ
ʻʼʲʬʩʸʰʭʨʫ ʪʨʯʨʴʨʹ˄ʵʸʫʨ ʪʲʬˆʵʩʨʹʯʨʴ. ʨʳʰʬʸʰʫʨʴ ʳʬʹʺʰʰʹ
ˆʨʲˆʰ ʰʸˁʬʭʫʨ ʯʨʭʰʨʴʯ ˀʵʸʰʹ ,,ʳʨˆʭˀʰʹ³ ʻʼʸʵʹʹ) ʫʨ ʯʭʰʯʵʴ
ʪʨʴʨʪʬʩʫʨ 43) ʯʨʭʰʹ ʹʨʽʳʬʹ. ˇʨʼʨʸʰ˃ʬʬʩʹ ˀʬʸˁʨʯ ʳˆʵʲʵʫ ʰʹ
ʶʸʰʭʰʲʬʪʰʨ, ʸʵʳ ʳʨʯʰ ʹʰʹˆʲʰ ʼʨʹʫʬʩʵʫʨ ʵʸ ʪʲʬˆʰʹ ʹʰʹˆʲʨʫ
ʫʨ ʪʲʬˆʬʩʹ ʯʨʭʰʹ ʽʨʲʰˀʭʰʲʬʩʹ ʨʸ ʨ˃ʲʬʭʫʴʬʴ ˂ʵʲʨʫ.

DzȖȊȈȓȍȊșȒȐȑǯȈȒȐȖȉȣȟȕȈDzȈȊȒǹȚȘ-16.

285
Š€¢€Š„Š„ˆ ‚€‹…Š€ —€ ‰…ˆ€Œ„ˆ ¡ˆŒ€€”‹ƒ„‚

ʲʨʺʨʲˀʰ ʬʸʯ ʫʸʵʹ ʪʨ˃ʲʰʬʸʫʴʬʴ ˁʨʸʱʭʰʨʴʬʩʰ,

ʸʵʳʲʬʩʳʨ˂ ʨʳ ʯʬʳʮʬ ʪʨʩʨʺʵʴʬʩʨ ʪʨʴʰʮʸʨˆʬʹ. ʯʨʭʰʹ ˂ʰˆʬ-
ʹʰʳʨʪʸʬʬʩʰʯ, ʸʵʳʬʲʰ˂ ˈʽʵʴʫʨʯ ʮʨʸʪʨʲˀʰ, ʪʻʪʩʨˀʰ, ˁʨʸʻʲʫˀʰ,
ʲʨˆʻˀʺˀʰ ʫʨ ʪʰʲʰʨʴˀʰ, ʰʹʬʴʰ ʪʨʸˀʬʳʵ ʰʿʭʴʬʴ ˀʬʳʵʸʺʿʳʻʲʰ
ʲʨʺʨʲʰʹ ʯʬʳʹ. ˁʨʸʱʭʰʨʴʬʩʹ ʫʨʨʭʰ˄ʿʫʨʯ, ʸʵʳ ʹʨʽʳʬ
ʯʨʭʰʹʻʼʲʬʩʰʹ ʹʨʫʨʸʨˇʵʮʬ ʪʳʰʸʻʲ ʩʸ˃ʵʲʰʯ
ʹʨˆʲʬʪʨʴʯʽʳʻʲʰ ʲʨʺʨʲʰʹ ʪʲʬˆʱʨ˂ʵʩʨʹʯʨʴ ˈʽʵʴʫʨʯ ʫʨ ʩʬʭʸʹ
ʯʨʭˆʬʫʵʩʨʹ ˁʨʫʰʵʫʴʬʴ. ʲʨʺʨʲʰʹ ʪʲʬˆʱʨ˂ʵʩʨʳ ˀʬʯʽʳʻʲʬʩʨ
ʳʵʨˆʫʰʴʨ ʳʨʯ ʹʨʳʺʸʵʫ, ʬʸʯʫʸʵʻʲʨʯ ʯʨʭʹ ʫʨʬʹˆʨ ʿʭʬʲʪʨʴ
ˁʨʸʱʭʰʨʴʬʩʰʹ ʹʨʹʨˆʲʬʬʩʹ ʫʨ ʹʻʿʭʬʲʨʴʰ ʬʸʯ ʫʾʬʹ ʳʵʹʶʬʹ. ʳʯʬʲʰ
ʳʨʯʰ ʻ˃ʸʨʭʰ ʫʨ ʳʵ˃ʸʨʭʰ ʽʵʴʬʩʨ ʪʲʬˆʬʩʳʨ ʪʨʰʴʨ˄ʰʲʬʹ. ʨʳ
ʻʩʬʫʻʸʬʩʨʹ ˀʬʳʯˆʭʬʭʰʯ ʪʨʫʨʸˁʨ ʬʸʯʰ ˁʨʸʱʭʰʨʴʰʹ ʩʨʭˀʭʰ,
ʳʻʲʨˆˀʰ ʯʨʭʰʹ ʴʨʯʬʹʨʭʯʨʴ ʿʵʼʴʰʹ ˄ʿʨʲʵʩʰʯ. ʸʨʳʵʫʬʴʰʳʬ ˄ʲʰʹ
ˀʬʳʫʬʪ ʳʨʹ ˆʨʲˆʳʨ ʴʬʩʨ ʳʰʹ˂ʨ ʫʨʹʨˆʲʬʩʻʲʰʿʵ ʰʽ, ʹʨʫʨ˂ ʳʰʹʰ
˄ʰʴʨʶʸʬʩʰ ʰʿʭʴʬʴ ʫʨʹʨˆʲʬʩʻʲʰ. ʳʰʹʰ ˀʯʨʳʵʳʨʭʲʵʩʨ
ʻʼʲʬʩʸʰʭʨʫ ʪʲʬˆʬʩʯʨʴ ʰʽʴʨ ʪʨʯʨʴʨʹ˄ʵʸʬʩʻʲʰ ʫʨ ʫʾʬʳʫʬ
ʹʰʾʨʸʰʩʬˀʰ ʪʨʴʨʪʸ˃ʵʩʹ ʨʸʹʬʩʵʩʨʹ.

Š€¢€Šˆ ‚Š„š‰€£ˆ ƒ€ƒ„–“„Šˆ€Œ„ˆ

¡ˆŒ€€”‹ƒ„‚ ‚€Š€–“ „€ 1895 ¡.

ʲʨʺʨʲʰʹ ʯʬʳˀʰ ʳʫ. ʲʨˈʲʨʹ ˆʬʵʩʨˀʰ ʳʫʬʩʨʸʬ ʨʫʪʰʲʹ

ˈʽʭʰʨ ,,ʲʨˈʲʨ ˅ʨʲʨʰ³ ʬʹ ʨʫʪʰʲʰ ʳʫʬʩʨʸʬʵʩʹ ʹʨʫʨʫʬˀʽʬʲʰʨʴʵ
ʹʭʨʴʬʯʰʹ ʹʨʮʾʭʨʸʮʬ ʫʨ ʰʯʭʲʬʩʨ ʨʳ ʳˆʨʸʬˀʰ ˆʬ-ʺʿʰʯ,
ʹʨʩʨʲʨˆʵʬʩʰʯ ʳʫʰʫʨʸ ʨʫʪʰʲʨʫ. ʨʳʰʺʵʳ ʫʨʫʬˀʽʬʲʰʨʴʬʩʹ
ʳʻʫʨʳ ʯʭʨʲʰ ʬ˅ʰʸʨʯ ʨʳ ʨʫʪʰʲʬʩʰʹʨʱʬʴ. 1895 ˄. ʳʯʬʲʳʨ
ʫʨʫʬˀʽʬʲʰʨʴʬʩʰʹ ʪʭʨʸʬʻʲʵʩʨʳ (ʪʨʸʫʨ ʩʬˁʵʬʲʬʩʰʹʨ) ʯʨʭʰ
ʳʵʰʿʨʸʨ ʫʨ ʰʨʸʨʾʰʯ ˆʬʲˀʰ ʪʨʰʲʨˀʽʸʨ ʨʳ ʨʫʪʰʲʬʩʰʹ
ʫʨʹʨʶʿʸʵʩʨʯ. ʨʳʰʹ ʪʨʪʵʴʬʩʨʮʬ ʲʨʺʨʲʰʹ ʪʲʬˆʱʨ˂ʵʩʨ ʼʬˆʮʬ
ʫʨʫʪʨ. ˁʭʬʻʲʬʩʸʰʭʨʫ ʰʨʸʨʾʮʬ ˆʬʲʰ ʪʨʰʹʭʬʹ, ʬʲʭʰʹ ʹʰʹ˄ʸʨʼʰʯ
ʪʨʬˀʻʸʬʴ ʹʨʵʳʸʨʫ ʰʽʰʯʱʬʴ, ʹʨʰʫʨʴʨ˂ ʫʨʫʬˀʽʬʲʰʨʴʬʩʰ ʰʿʭʴʬʴ
ʳʵʳʫʪʨʸʰ. ʫʨʫʬˀʽʬʲʰʨʴʬʩʳʨ ʸʵʳ ʲʨʺʨʲʰʹ ˆʨʲˆʰʹ ʨʹʬʯʰ

286
ʬʸʯʹʻʲʵʭʴʻʸʨʯ ʪʨʳʵʹʭʲʨ ʫʨʰʴʨˆʬʹ, ʪʨʳʨʸˇʭʬʩʰʹ ʰʳʬʫʰ
ʫʨʱʨʸʪʬʹ, ʶʰʸʰ ʰʩʸʻʴʬʹ ʫʨ ʻʱʨʴ ʫʨʩʸʻʴʫʬʴ.
ʨʳʰʹ ˀʬʳʫʬʪ ʰʹʰʴʰ 1912 ˄ʬʲʹ ˀʬʳʵʰ˅ʸʬʴ ʹˆʭʨ ʨʫʪʰʲʬʩˀʰ,
ʹʨʫʨ˂ ʹʵʼ. ʽʨʸʯʭʨʴˀʰ ʳ˂ˆʵʭʸʬʩ ʯʨʭʰʹ ʿʳʬʩʹ ʪʨʨʱʬʯʬʩʰʴʬʹ ʿʨʴʬʩʰ,
ʫʨʨʳʮʨʫʬʩʰʴʬʹ ˀʬˀʨ, ʳʨʪʸʨʳ ʬʸʯ ʫʾʬʹ ʫʨʬ˂ʬʴ ʨʳ ʨʫʪʰʲʬʩʹ
ʲʨʺʨʲʬʲʬʩʰ, ˂ʬ˂ˆʲʰ ˄ʨʻʱʰʫʬʹ ʸʵʪʵʸ˂ ʫʨʯʬʹʰʲ ʿʨʴʬʩʹ,
ʨʪʸʬʯʭʬ ˀʬˀʨʹ ʫʨ ʪʨʨʴʨʫʪʻʸʬʹ.

‚€Šˆ’š€Œ„ˆ (‚€ ƒ€’š€˜„„ˆ) €‹¡•…„¢€

—Š‘ ˆ ‚Š„šˆ ‹ˆ„  ˜…„Š ƒ –ˆ

ʸʵʪʵʸ˂ ʮʬʳʵʯ ʫʨʭʰʴʨˆʬʯ, ʽʭʬʳʵ ʹʭʨʴʬʯˀʰ ˁʵʲʻʸʰʹ

ʹʨʮʵʪʨʫʵʬʩʨˀʰ ˃ʭʬʲ ʫʸʵˀʰ ʪʨʩʨʺʵʴʫʬʴ ʯ. ʪʨʲʰʼˆʨʴʬʩʰ
(ʪʨʸʫʨʼˆʨ˃ʬʬʩʰ), ʸʵʳʲʬʩʰ˂ ʯʨʭʹ ʿʨʩʨʸʫʵʫʨʴ ʳʵʹʻʲʨʫ
ʹʯʭʲʰʨʴ.
ʹʭʨʴʻʸʰ ʪʨʫʳʵ˂ʬʳʨ ʳʨʯ ʺʰʸʨʴʵʩʨʹ ʨʹʬ ʨˆʨʹʰʨʯʬʩʹ:
ʪʨʲʰʼˆʨʴʬʩʹ ʰʳʫʬʴʨʫ ʻʿʭʨʸʫʨʯ ʪʲʬˆʬʩʰʹ ʺʨʴˇʭʨ-˄ʨʳʬʩʨ, ʸʵʳ
ʼʬʸʫʵʬʩˀʰ ʨʴʻ ʨʾʳʨʸʯʬʩˀʰ ʿʨʴʬʩʰʹ ʪʨʯʵˆʴʰʹ ʫʸʵʹ ʳʻˀʬʩʹ ˄ʬʲʰ
ʫʨ ʳʻˆʲʬʩʰ ʸʵʳ ʻʼʸʵ ˃ʲʰʬʸ ʹʺʱʬʴʵʫʨʯ, ʨʰ˃ʻʲʬʩʫʬʴ
ʪʨʬʯʵˆʴʨʯ ʿʨʴʬʩʰ ʨʸʨ ʰʹʬ, ʸʵʪʵʸ˂ ʹʨʮʵʪʨʫʵʯ ʨʸʰʹ
ˀʬʳʵʾʬʩʻʲʰ ± ʽʭʬʭʰʫʨʴ ʮʬʭʰʯ, ʨʸʨʳʬʫ ʮʬʭʰʫʨʴ ʽʭʬʭʰʯ. ˆʵʲʵ
ʸʵ˂ʨ ʪʲʬˆʬʩʳʨ ʨʳ ʼʰʮʰʱʻʸʰ ʺʨʴˇʭʰʹʨʪʨʴ ʯʨʭʰʹ ʫʨʹʨʾ˄ʬʭʨʫ
ʳʰʳʨʸʯʬʹ ˆʸʰʱʬʩʹ ʫʨ ʯʨʭʰʹ ʩʨʺʵʴʹ ʳʨʫʲʵʩʨ ʻʯˆʸʬʹ ʿʨʴʬʩʰʹ ʨʳ
˄ʬʹʰʯ ʪʨʯʵˆʴʰʹʨʯʭʰʹ, ʸʨʫʪʨʴʨ˂ ʯʵˆʴʰʹ ʫʸʵʹ ʪʨʫʳʵ˂ʭʬʴʰʲʰ
ʽʭʬʩʰ ʼʬˆʬʩˀʰ ʨʸʨ ʪʭˆʭʫʬʩʨʵ, ʳʨˀʰʴ ʩʨʺʵʴʳʨ ʿʳʬʩʰʹ ʨʳ ˄ʬʹʰʯ
ʫʨʯʵˆʴʨ ˀʬʹ˂ʭʨʲʨ ʫʨ ʰʹʬ ʫʨʨ˄ʿʬʩʰʴʨ, ʸʵʪʵʸ˂ ʹʨʬʸʯʵ ˄ʬʹʰʨ ʫʨ
ʹˆʭ...
ʹʨʬʸʯʵʫ ʪʨʸʫʨʼˆʨ˃ʬʬʩʰʹ ʪʲʬˆʰʹʨʫʳʰ ʻˆʬˀʰ ʫʨ ʻʫʰʬʸʰ
ʳʵʶʿʸʵʩʨ ʰʳʫʬʴʨʫ ʳ˄ʨʸʬ ʫʨ ʨʻʺʨʴʬʲʰ ʰʿʵ, ʸʵʳ ˁʵʲʻʸʰʹ
ʪʲʬˆʵʩʨʳ ʨʳʨʹ ʭʬʾʨʸ ʪʨʻ˃ʲʵ ʫʨ ˀʬʯʽʳʻʲʬʩʨ ʳʵʨˆʫʰʴʨ, ʸʨʯʨ
ʪʨʸʫʨʼˆʨ˃ʬʬʩʰʹ ʬʸʯ ʫʸʵʻʲʨʫ ʨʳʵ˄ʿʭʬʺʰʯ ʬˆʹʴʨʯ ʯʨʭʰ ʳʨʯʰ
ʺʰʸʨʴʰʰʹʨʪʨʴ.
ʨʳ ˀʬʯʽʳʻʲʬʩʰʹ ʹʰʹʸʻʲʬˀʰ ʳʵʿʭʨʴʨ ˄ʰʲʨʫ ˆʭʫʨ
ʪʨʸʫʨʼˆʨ˃ʬʬʩʰʹ ʳʵʻʸʨʭʹ ʨʼʸʨʹˀʨ ʲʰʶʨʸʺʬʲʰʨʴʰʹ ʪʭʨʸʰʹ ʱʨ˂ʹ.

287
 ʪʨʸʫʨʼˆʨ˃ʬʬʩʰʹ ʪʭʨʸʬʻʲʵʩʨ ʰʳ ʫʸʵʹ ˀʬʹʫʪʬʩʵʫʨ ʵʸʰ
˃ʳʰʹʨʪʨʴ, ʸʵʳʲʬʩʹʨ˂ ʿʨʭʫʨʯ 8 ʭʨʷʰˀʭʰʲʰ. ʻʼʸʵʹʰ ˃ʳʨ ʪʰʬʸʪʰ
˂ˆʵʭʸʵʩʫʨ ʹʵʼ. ʩʻʲʬˀˀʰ, ʻʳ˂ʸʵʹʰ ʳʨʳˀʰ. ʿʭʬʲʨʴʰ ʸʵʳ ʬʸʯ
ʫʾʬʹ ʪʨʬ˄ʿʭʰʺʨʯ. ˆʨʲˆʳʨ ʹʨʻʱʬʯʬʹʵ ʫʸʵʫ ˁʨʹʯʭʨʲʨ ,,ʯʨʴʨʼ
ʹʨˆʸʨʩʰ³± ʨʾʫʪʵʳʰʹ ʪʨʴʯʰʨʫʰ, ʸʨʫʪʨʴʨ˂ ʿʭʬʲʨ ʪʨʲʰʼˆʨʴʬʩʰ ʰʳ
ʫʾʬʹ ˁʭʬʻʲʬʩʸʰʭʨʫ ʨʾʫʪʵʳʰʹ ˄ʰʸʭʨʮʬ ʻʴʫʨ ˄ʨʹʻʲʰʿʭʴʬʴ,
ˆʵʲʵ ʳʨʯ ,,ʳʨˆʭˀʰʹ³± ʪʭʨʸʬʻʲʵʩʰʹ ʻʼʸʵʹʹ ʪʰʬʸʪʰʹ ˄ʭʬʸʰ ʻʴʫʨ
ʳʵʬʶʨʸʹʨ ʰʳ ʯʨʭʰʹʰ ʳʵʻʸʨʭʰʹ ʲʰʶʨʸʺʬʲʰʨʴʰʹ ˆʬʲʰʯ, ʸʵʳʬʲʹʨ˂
ˆʨʲˆʰʹ ʳʰʬʸ ʫʨʬʱʰʹʸʨ ʳʰʹʰ ʳʵʱʭʲʨ...
ʭʰʴʨʰʫʨʴ ˁʵʲʻʸʰʹ ʳʨ˂ˆʵʭʸʰʹ ʬʱʲʬʹʰʨ ʹʵʼ ʩʻʲʬˀʰʫʨʴ
ˀʵʸʹ ʨʸʰʹ, ˆʵʲʵ ʹʵʼ. ʳʨʳʰʫʨʴ ʨˆʲʵʹ ± ʪʰʬʸʪ ʪʨʲʰʼˆʨʴʰʹ
ˀʭʰʲʬʩʰ ˀʨʼʨʯ ʹʨʾʨʳʵʹ ʿʭʬʲʨʴʰ ʹʵʼ. ʳʨʳˀʰ ʳ˂ˆʵʭʸʬʩ ʯʨʭʰʹ
ʩʰ˃ʨʹʯʨʴ ʨʭʰʫʬʴ ʫʨ ʴʨˀʻʨʾʨʳʬʭʹ ʰʽʰʫʪʨʴ ʿʭʬʲʨ ʪʨʸʫʨʼˆʨ˃ʬʬʩʰ
ʬʸʯʨʫ ʳʨ˂ˆʵʭʸʰʹ ʬʱʲʬʹʰʨˀʰ ˄ʰʸʭʨʮʬ ˄ʨʭʰʫʬʴ. ʪʨʯʬʴʬʩʰʹʨʹ,
ʨʾʫʪʵʳʰʹ ˄ʰʸʭʨ ʸʵʳ ʪʨʳʵʭʰʫʨ ʫʨ ʪʨʸʫʨʼˆʨ˃ʬʬʩʰ ˀʰʴʰʹʨʱʬʴ
ʳʰʫʰʵʫʴʬʴ, ʪʨʭʨʸʫʨ ʬʸʯʰʹ ʳˆʸʰʯ ʫʨʫʨʸʨˇʬʩʻʲ ˁʵʲʻʸʲʬʩʰʹ,
ˆʵʲʵ ʳʬʵʸʬ ʳˆʸʰʯ ʬʱʲʬʹʰʰʹ ʪʨʲʨʭʨʴˀʰ ʳʿʵʼʰ ˆʨʲˆʰʹ ʯʵʼʬʩʰ
ʫʨ 9 ʪʨʲʰʼˆʨʴʰ ʬʸʯʨʫ ʰʽʴʨ ʪʨ˄ʿʭʬʺʰʲʰ. ʪʰʬʸʪʰ ʨʳ ʫʸʵʹ ˄ʭʬʸʹ
ʰʶʨʸʹʨʭʫʨ ʰʳ ʯʨʭʰʹʰ ʮʬʳʵˆʹʬʴʬʩʻʲʰ ʳʵʻʸʨʭʰʹ ˆʬʲʰʯ,
ʸʵʳʲʰʹʯʭʰʹʨ˂ ʯʵʼʬʩʰʹ ʹʸʵʲʨ ʻʴʫʨ ʿʵʼʰʲʰʿʵ ʹʰʪʴʨʲʰ
ʯʨʭʰʹʰ ʪʨʴʮʸʨˆʭʰʹ ʹʰʹʸʻʲʬˀʰ ʳʵʿʭʨʴʰʹʨʯʭʰʹ. ʳʨʴ ʪʨʳʵʻʹʭʨ
ʯʨʭʰʹ ʩʨʺʵʴʹ ʪʰʸʪ ʪʨʲʰʼˆʨʴʹ ʿʬʲˀʰ ʹʨʳʨʸʯʬʩʬʲʰ ʫʨ ʯʭʨʲʰʹ
ʫʨˆʨʳˆʨʳʬʩʨˀʰ ʫʨʱʲʨ.
ʨʳʴʨʰʸʨʫ, ʿʭʬʲʨ ʪʨʲʰʼˆʨʴʬʩʹ ʬʸʯ ʫʾʬʹ ʪʨʨʭʲʵ ʳʻʹʸʰ
ˁʵʲʻʸʰʹ ʪʲʬˆʵʩʨʳ.
ʨʳ ʻʩʬʫʻʸʬʩʨʹ ˀʬʳʯˆʭʬʭʰʯ ʪʨʫʨʸˁʨ ʬʸʯʰ ˃ʻ˃ʻʳ˄ʵʭʨʸʰ
ʪʨʲʰʼˆʨʴʰʹ ˀʭʰʲʰ, ʸʵʳʬʲʰ˂ ʮʻʸʬʩʰʨʴʬʩʯʨʴ ʰʮʸʫʬʩʵʫʨ.
ʯʨʭʰʹʰ ˃ʰ˃ʰʹ ʽʳʨʸʳʨ ʰʹ ʪʻʫʨˀʰ ˁʨʹʭʨ ʫʨ ʿʨʩʨʸʫʵˀʰ ʪʨʫʨʳʨʲʨ. ʰʽ
ʰʹ ʪʨʰʮʨʸʫʨ, ʫʨ ʸʵ˂ʨ ʫʨʭʨʷʱʨ˂ʫʨ, ʳʵʰʿʭʨʴʨ ʿʨʩʨʸʫʵʹ ʲʨˀʽʨʸʰ,
ˁʵʲʻʸʰ ʱʭʲʨʭ ʫʨʰʶʿʸʵ ʫʨ ʩʨʺʵʴʿʳʻʸʰ ˄ʬʹʬʩʰ ʫʨʨʳʿʨʸʨ.
ʻʹʲʨʸʰʹ ʫʨ ʲʵʩʨʴʵʭ-ʸʵʹʺʵʭʹʱʰʹ ʯʽʳʰʯ, ʱʨʲʨ-ʻˀʪʻʲʰ 1852 ˄-
ʫʬ ʨ˃ʲʬʭʫʬʴ ʩʬʪʨʸʨʫ ʵʸ ʪʰʸʭʨʴʽʨ ʪʭʨʸˇʰʲʨʹ ʪʬʲʵʭʨʴʬʩʹ ʭʰʾʨ˂
ʳʨʯʰ ʴʨʯʬʹʨʭʰʹ ʳʵʱʭʲʰʹʨʯʭʰʹ.
ʨʳʴʨʰʸʨʫ, ʹʭʨʴʬʯʰʹ ʩʸ˃ʵʲʰʹ ʮʬʳʵʯ ʳʵʿʭʨʴʰʲʰ
ʹʻʸʨʯʬʩʰ ʴʨʯʲʨʫ ʳʵ˄ʳʵʩʬʴ, ʸʵʳ ʹʭʨʴʬʯʹ ʸʨʳʵʫʬʴʰʳʬ ʹʨʻʱʻʴʰʹ
ʪʨʴʳʨʭʲʵʩʨˀʰ ʻ˄ʨʸʳʵʬʩʰʨ ʹʨʹʺʰʱʰ ʩʸ˃ʵʲʨ ʯʨʭʰʹʻʼʲʬʩʰʹ
288
ʳʵʶʵʬʩʰʹ ʫʨ ʪʨʴʳʺʱʰ˂ʬʩʰʹʨʯʭʰʹ, ʳʵʴʵʩʨ ʯʨʭʰʫʪʨʴ ʨʻˀʵʸʬʩʰʨ ʫʨ
ʨʳʰʺʵʳʨ˂ ʫʨʸʽʳʬʭʰʨ ʳʨʹ ʯʨʭʰʹʻʼʨʲʰ ʹʭʨʴʬʯʰ.
ʩ. ʩʵʸʵʮʫʰʴʨ ʫʨ ʹʺʵʰʨʴʵʭʰ ʱʰ ʹʭʨʴʬʯʰʹ ʨʳ ʰʹʺʵʸʰʻʲ
ʹʨˆʬʲʰʹ ˀʬʹʨˆʬʩ ʯʨʭʰʹʬʩʻʸ ʩʨʭˀʭʻʸ ʨˆʹʴʨʹ ʰ˃ʲʬʭʰʨʴ:
,,ʫʾʬʭʨʴʫʬʲ ʯʨʭʰʹʻʼʨʲ ʹʭʨʴʬʯˀʰ ˄ʰʴʨʫ ˂ˆʵʭʸʵʩʫʬʴ
ʫʨʫʬˀʽʬʲʰʨʴʬʩʰʹ ʭʨʹʨʲʬʩʰʵ, ʳʨʪʸʨʳ ʬʸʯˆʬʲ ʰʹʰʴʰ ʨˇʨʴʿʫʬʴ ʫʨ
ʳʵʱʲʬʹ ʯʨʭʰʹʰ ʩʨʺʵʴʰ, ʸʰʹʯʭʰʹʨ˂ ʹʻʲ ʬʸʯʰʨʴʨʫ ʰʽʴʬʴ
ʫʨʫʬˀʽʬʲʰʨʴʬʩʰʹ ʳʰʬʸ ʳʵʹʶʵʩʰʲʰʵ (ʵʸʹʻʲ ʽʨʲʬʩʹʨ˂ ʳʻ˂ʲʬʩʰ
ʪʨʳʵʹ˅ʸʬʹ ʫʨ ˀʻʨʮʬ ʪʨˁʬˆʬʹʵ). ʸʨʫʪʨʴʨ˂ ʨʳʰʹ ˀʬʳʫʬʪ
ʳ˂ˆʵʭʸʬʩʲʬʩʰʹʨʪʨʴ ʬʹ ʱʻʯˆʬ ʪʨʰ˄ʳʰʴʫʨ ʨʴʻ ʪʨʴʯʨʭʰʹʻʼʲʫʨ,
ʨʳʰʺʵʳ ʫʨʬʸʽʭʨ ʯʨʭʰʹʻʼʨʲʰ ʹʭʨʴʬʯʰʵ³
ʯʨʭʰʹ ʯʨʭʨʫ ˂ˆʨʫʰʨ, ʳʱʰʯˆʭʬʲʰ ʨʳ ʹʨʹʨ˂ʰʲʵ ʳʵʹʨʮʸʬʩʨʹ
ˁʬʳ ʳʰʬʸ ʮʬʳʵʯ ʨʾ˄ʬʸʰʲ ʰʹʺʵʸʰʻʲ ˅ʬˀʳʨʸʰʺʬʩʨʹ ʸʵʳ
ʫʨʻʶʰʸʰʹʶʰʸʬʩʹ, ʫʨʸ˄ʳʻʴʫʬʩʨ, ʸʵʳ ʯʨʭʰʹʻʼʨʲʰ ʹʭʨʴʬʯʰʹ
ʹʨˆʬʲʰ ʨʸʰʹ ˆʨʴʪʸ˃ʲʰʭʰ ʩʸ˃ʵʲʰʯ ʳʵʶʵʭʬʩʻʲʰ ʫʨ ʹʰʹˆʲʰʯ
ʪʨʳʵʹʿʰʫʻʲʰ ʰʹʺʵʸʰʻʲʰ ʹʨˆʬʲʰ ʨʳ ʽʭʬʿʴʰʹʨ.

II
…€Œ„ˆ ƒ€ ‡…ˆ‡‹Ž• „Š‘   ‘„‡ˆ
ˆ‹Ž„ ˆ€Šˆ†‹ˆ

ʯʨʭʰʹʻʼʨʲ ʩʻʴʬʩʰʹ ˄ʰʨʾˀʰ ʨʾʮʸʫʰʲʳʨ ˆʨʲˆʳʨ ʳʯʬʩʰʯʨ

ʫʨ ʹʰʳʨʪʸʬʬʩʰʯ ʪʨʴʯʽʳʻʲ ʽʭʬʿʨʴʨˀʰ ʸʵʳ ʯʨʭʰʹʻʼʲʬʩʰʹʨʯʭʰʹ
ʯʨʭʪʨʴ˄ʰʸʻʲʰ ʩʸ˃ʵʲʨ ʨ˄ʨʸʳʵʭʨ ʸʨʳʵʫʬʴʰʳʬ ʹʨʻʱʻʴʰʹ
ʪʨʴʳʨʭʲʵʩʨˀʰ ʫʨ ʳʻʫʨʳ ʳʺʨʸʭʨʲʯʨ ʹʰʹˆʲʰʹ ʳʵʸʬʭˀʰ ˂ʻʸʨʵʩʫʨ,
ʬʹ ʹʸʻʲʰʨʫ ʩʻʴʬʩʸʰʭ ʳʵʭʲʬʴʨʫ ˁʨʰʯʭʲʬʩʨ, ʳʨʪʸʨʳ ʹʨʱʭʰʸʭʬʲʰ
ʰʹ ʨʸʰʹ, ʸʵʳ ʯʭʰʯʳʶʿʸʵʩʬʲ ʸʻʹʬʯʰʹ ʳʰʳʨʸʯ ʨʳ ʶʵʲʰʺʰʱʻʸʨʫ
ʪʨʻʯʭʰʯ˂ʴʵʩʰʬʸʬʩʻʲʳʨ ʫʨ ʻʱʻʲʺʻʸʵ ˆʨʲˆʳʨ ʰʳʫʬʴʰ
ʶʵʲʰʺʰʱʻʸʰ ʳʵʽʴʰʲʵʩʨ ʫʨ ʫʰʶʲʵʳʨʺʵʩʨ ʪʨʳʵʰˁʰʴʨ, ʸʵʳ
ʴʨˆʬʭʨʸʰ ʹʨʻʱʻʴʰʹ ʪʨʴʳʨʭʲʵʩʨˀʰ ʨʸ˂ ʪʨʨʳ˄ʭʨʭʨ ʳʨʹʯʨʴ
ʫʨʳʵʱʰʫʬʩʻʲʬʩʨ, ʨʸ˂ ˀʬʻʬʸʯʫʨ, ʫʨ, ʸʵʪʵʸ˂ ʽʭʬʳʵʯ
ʫʨʭʰʴʨˆʨʭʯ, ʱʵʳʰʱʻʸ ʳʫʪʵʳʨʸʬʵʩʨˀʰ ˁʨʨʿʬʴʨ ʳʬʼʰʹ ʳʯʨʭʸʵʩʨ.
ˇʬʸ ʱʰʫʬʭ ˂ʰ˂ʰʨʴʵʭʰʹ ʳʰʬʸ ʪʨʴʹʨʱʻʯʸʬʩʻʲʰ ʿʻʸʨʫʾʬʩʨ ʰʿʵ
ʳʰʽ˂ʬʻʲʰ ʹʭʨʴʬʯʮʬ, ˀʬʳʫʬʪ ʶʨʹʱʬʭʰˁ ʬʸʰʭʨʴʬʲʳʨ ʫʨʰ˄ʿʵ ʳʻˀʨʵʩʨ
ʨʳ ˆʨʲˆʰʹ ʫʨʳʵʸˁʰʲʬʩʰʹʨʯʭʰʹ 44).
289
 ʳʨʹ ˀʬʳʫʬʪ, ʸʨ˂ ʸʵʳ ʰʳʬʸʬʯʰʹ ʳʳʨʸʯʭʬʲʳʨ ʪʬʹʹʬʳ ʳʨʹ
ʳʰʳʨʸʯʨ ʹʨʰʫʻʳʲʵ ʳʵˆʹʬʴʬʩʰʯ ʰʳʰʹ ˀʬʹʨˆʬʩ, ʸʵʳ ʹʭʨʴʬʩʰʹ
ʫʨʳʵʸˁʰʲʬʩʨ ʰʨʸʨʾʰʯ ˃ʴʬʲʰʨ, ʳʨʪʸʨʳ ˀʬʰ˃ʲʬʩʨ ʬʹ ʳʵˆʬʸˆʫʬʹ
ʯʨʭʰ-ʱʨ˂ʬʩʰʹʨʯʭʰʹ ʫʰʫʰ ʹʨˁʻʽʸʰʹ ʳʰ˂ʬʳʰʯʵ 45), ʶʨʹʱʬʭʰˁ
ʬʸʰʭʨʴʬʲʳʨ ʵʼʰ˂ʰʨʲʻʸʨʫ ʻʩʸ˃ʨʴʨ ʳʨʹ, ʸʨʯʨ ʯʨʴʨˆʳʨʫ ʳʰʹʰ
ʳʵˆʹʬʴʬʩʰʹʨ, ʳʵʹʿʰʫʻʲʰ ʿʵʼʰʲʰʿʭʴʬʴ ʹʭʨʴʬʯʰʹ ,,ʳʨˆʭˀʰʬʩʰ³ ±
ʯʨʭʰʱʨ˂ʬʩʰ 46). ʪʬʹʹʬʳ ʬʹ ʹʨʽʳʬ ʫʨʨʭʨʲʨ ʹʨʳʬʪʸʬʲʵʹ ʳʯʨʭʨʸʹ
ʲʬʭʨʴ ʫʨʫʰʨʴʹ, ʸʵʳʬʲʳʨ˂ ʪʨʰʱʨʼʨ ʪʮʨ ʹʭʨʴʬʯʰʹʨʱʬʴ
ʫʨʫʬˀʽʬʲʰʨʴʬʩʰʹ ʫʨʳʵʿʭʸʬʩʰʯ ʫʨ ˁʻʩʬˆʬʭʰʹ ʳʯʨʭʨʸʰʹ ˂ʰʵʿʰʹ
ʫʰʹ ʫʨʸʬˇʨʴʰʹ ʯʨʭʰʹ ˃ʳʰʹ ʫʨʭʰʯʰʹʨʯʭʰʹ ˂ʵʲʨʫ ˀʬʸʯʭʰʯ. ʨʳʰʹ
ˀʬʳʫʬʪ, ʸʵʪʵʸ˂ ʹˁʨʴʹ ˁʬʳʹ ʳʰʬʸ ʬʸʯ ʵˇʨˆˀʰ ʴʨˆʻʲ ʬʸʯ
˄ʬʸʰʲʰʫʨʴ, ʫʨʫʰʨʴʳʨ ʪʨʪʮʨʭʴʨ ʹʭʨʴʬʩʯʨʴ ʳʵʹʨʲʨʶʨʸʨʱʬʩʲʨʫ
ʯʨʭʰʹʰ ʪʨʳʮʸʫʬʲʰ ˅ʿʵʴʫʰʫʬʲʰ ˂ʨʰˀʬʲʰ ˂ʨʪʬʸʬʲʰ ʪʰʵʸʪʰ,
ʸʵʳʲʰʹ ˆʬʲʰʯʨ˂ ʪʨʻʪʮʨʭʴʨ ʿʭʬʲʨʮʬ ʻʼʸʵ ʻʸˁ ʲʨʺʨʲʰʹ ʯʬʳʹ
ˀʬʳʫʬʪʰ ˀʰʴʨʨʸʹʰʹ ʳʵ˄ʵʫʬʩʨ: ,,ˁʬʳʪʨʴ ʶʨʺʰʭ˂ʬʳʻʲʴʵ ʬʸʯʵʩʰʯ
ʲʨʺʨʲʰʹ ʳ˂ˆʵʭʸʬʩʴʵ ʨʮʴʨʻʸʴʵ ʫʨ ʪʲʬˆʴʵ.. ʳʯʨʭʨʸʰ
ʳʰʴʪʸʬʲʰʰʹʨ ʲʬʭʨʴ ʫʨʫʰʨʴʰ ʹʰʿʭʨʸʻʲʰʯʨ ʫʨ ˀʬʹʨʼʬʸʰʹʰ
ʶʨʺʰʭʰʹ˂ʬʳʰʯ ʳʵʪʰʱʰʯˆʨʭʯ. ʳʬʸʳʬ ʨʳʰʹʨ ʯʽʭʬʴ˂ ʱʨʸʪʨʯ ʰ˂ʰʯ,
ʸʵʳ ʯʽʭʬʴʰ ʳʨʳʨ±ʶʨʶʨ ʿʵʭʬʲʯʭʰʹ ˁʬʳʰ ʳʨʳʨ-ʶʨʶʰʹ ʬʸʯʪʻʲʰ
ʿʵʼʰʲʨʴ ʫʨ ʯʽʭʬʴ ˁʬʳʰ ʵˇʨˆʰʹ ʬʸʯʪʻʲʰ ˆʨʸʯ ʫʨ ʨʳʰʹʯʭʰʹ ˁʭʬʴ
ʭʿʵʼʰʲʭʨʸʯ ʯʽʭʬʴʰ ʶʨʺʰʭʰʹʳ˂ʬʳʬʲʰ ʫʨ ʳ˄ʿʨʲʵʩʬʲʰ ʫʨ ʬˆʲʨ
ʻʼʸʵ ʳʹʻʸʹ ʯʽʭʬʴʰ ˄ʿʨʲʵʩʨ ʫʨ ʩʬʫʴʰʬʸʬʩʨ. ʫʨʳʰˇʬʸʬʯ ʳʬ,
ʯʽʭʬʴʹ ʹʨʳˇʵʩʰʴʵ ʹʨʽʳʬʹ ʪʰʸˁʬʭʯ, ʸʵʳʲʰʹʯʭʰʹʨ˂ ˄ʨʸʳʵʭʪʮʨʭʴʬ
ʯʽʭʬʴʯʨʴ ˁʬʳʰ ʪʨʳʮʫʬʲʰ ʫʨ ʳʵ˃ʾʭʨʸʰ, ˅ʿʵʴʫʰʫʬʲʰ ˂ʨʰˀʬʲʰ
˂ʨʪʨʸʬʲʰ ʪʰʵʸʪʰ, ʸʵʳʬʲʰ˂ ˁʬʳʹ ʯʽʭʬʴʯʨʴ ʫʨʩʨʸʬʩʻʲʹ
ʿʵʭʬʲʹʨʭʬ ʪʬʺʿʭʰʯ ʫʨ ʯʻʳ˂ʨ ʯʽʭʬʴʰ ʯʨʭʰʹ ʩʬʫʴʰʬʸʬʩʨ ʪʰʴʫʨʯ
ʨʴʻ ˁʭʬʴʪʨʴ ʶʨʺʰʭʰʹ˂ʬʳʨ, ʸʨ˂ ʳʨʴ ʪʰʯˆʸʨʯ, ʿʵʭʬʲʰʭʬ ʪʨʻʪʵʴʬʯ,
ʹʨʸ˄ʳʻʴʵ ʰʿʨʭʰʯ ʰʳʨʮʬ, ʸʵʳ ʸʨ˂ ʯʽʭʬʴʯʭʰʹ ʨʸ ʰʭʨʸʪʬʩʹ, ʰʹʬʯʹ
ʨʸʨʹ ʪʬʺʿʭʰʯ³47).
ʹˁʨʴʹ, ʬʹ ʳʵ˂ʰʽʻʲʵʩʨ ʫʨʳʨʱʳʨʿʵʼʰʲʬʩʬʲʰ ˀʬʫʬʪʬʩʰʯ ʨʸ
ʫʨʪʭʰʸʪʭʰʴʬʩʻʲʨ, ʸʨʫʪʨʴʨ˂ 1830 ˄ʬʲʹ ʲʬʭʨʴ ʫʨʫʰʨʴʰ ʱʭʲʨʭ
ʪʮʨʭʴʰʹ ʹʭʨʴʬʯˀʰ ʹʨʳʬʪʸʬʲʵʹ ʳʰʺʸʵʶʵʲʰʺʹ ʫʨʭʰʯʹ, ʸʵʳʲʰʹ
ʶʰʸʰʯʨ˂ ʹʯˆʵʭʹ ʹʭʨʴʬʩʹ ʳʨʹʯʨʴ ˁʨʳʵʹʭʲʨʹ ʫʨ ˈʶʰʸʫʬʩʨ ʫʰʫ
ʹʨˁʻʽʸʬʩʹ. ʨʳ ʫʸʵʹ ʯʨʭʰʹʻʼʨʲʰ ʹʭʨʴʬʯʰʹ ʨʮʴʨʻʸʬʩʰ: ˀʳʨʪʰ ʫʨ
ʳʻʸʮʨ ʽʻʸʫʰʨʴʬʩʰ, ʩʬʹʰ ʰʵʹʬʲʰʨʴʰ, ʹʵʸʯʳʨʴ ˇʨʼʸʨʴʰ ʳʰʫʰʨʴ
ʫʨʫʰʨʴʯʨʴ, ʸʵʳʬʲʳʨ˂ ʲʬˁˆʻʳʰʹ ʳʵʻʸʨʭ ʩʬʸ ʪʬʲʵʭʨʴʰʹ
290
ʯʨʴˆʲʬʩʰʯ, ʰʹʰʴʰ ˄ʨʸʻʫʪʰʴʨ ʶʨʹʱʬʭʰˁʹ, ʭʰʯʨʸ˂ʨ ʯʨʭʰʹʻʼʨʲʰ
ʹʭʨʴʬʩʰʹ ʳʵ˂ʰʽʻʲʬʩʰ 48). ʶʨʹʱʬʭʰˁʳʨ ʳʵʨˆʹʬʴʨ ʾʸʨʼ ˁʬʸʴʰˀʬʭʹ,
ʸʵʳ ʫʾʬʳʫʰʹ ʫʨʻʶʿʸʵʩʬʲʰ ʹʭʨʴʬʯʰ ʨ˂ˆʨʫʬʩʹ ʹʻʸʭʰʲʹ
ʸʻʹʬʯʯʨʴ ˀʬʬʸʯʬʩʰʹʨʵ. ʸʵʳ ʹʨʳʬʪʸʬʲʵʹ ʳʯʨʭʨʸʹ ʲʬʭʨʴ
ʫʨʫʰʨʴʹ ʳʰʻ˃ʾʭʰʹ ʨʳ ʹʨʽʳʬˀʰ ʻʳʯʨʭʸʬʹʰ ʾʭʨ˄ʲʰ, ʸʨʫʪʨʴʨ˂ ʳʨʴ
ʪʨʳʵʪʮʨʭʴʨ ʫʨʻʳʵʸˁʰʲʬʩʬʲʰ ˆʨʲˆʰʹ ˄ʨʸʳʵʳʨʫʪʬʴʲʬʩʰ
ˁʬʳʯʨʴʨʵ, ʫʨ ʸʵʳ ʬʹ ʹʭʨʴʬʩʰ ʫʰʫʰʹ ʹʨˁʻʽʸʬʩʰʯ ʫʨʺʭʰʸʯʻʲʴʰ
ʪʨʰʹʺʻʳʸʨ ʯʨʭʰʨʴʯ ʽʭʬʿʴʰʹʱʬʴ 49) ʫʨ ʹˆʭ.
ʸʵʪʵʸ˂ ʭˆʬʫʨʭʯ, ʨʳ ,,ʫʬʲʬʪʨ˂ʰʨˀʰ³ ʬʸʯʰ ʪʲʬˆʰ˂ ʨʸ
ʻʸʬʭʰʨ ʫʨ ʵʯˆʰʭʬ ʨʸʰʨʴ ʫʨʫʰʨʴʰʹ ʳʰʬʸ ʹʨˁʻʽʸʬʩʰʹ ˀʬʶʰʸʬʩʰʯ
ʳʵˆʰʩʲʻʲʰ ʵʸʰ ʯʬʳʰʹ ʳʻʲʨˆʰʹ ʫʨ ʳʬʹʺʰʰʹ ʨʮʴʨʻʸʬʩʰʹ ʵʸʰ
ʪʭʨʸʬʻʲʵʩʰʹ ± ʽʻʸʫʰʨʴʬʩʰʹ ʫʨ ˇʨʼʨʸʰ˃ʬʬʩʰʹ
˄ʨʸʳʵʳʨʫʪʬʴʲʬʩʰ ʫʨ ʨʸʨ ʯʨʭʰʹʻʼʨʲʰ ʹʭʨʴʬʯʰʹ ʪʨʪʮʨʭʴʰʲʰ
ʳʵ˂ʰʽʻʲʬʩʰ. ʨʳʰʺʵʳʨ˂ ʨʳ ʹʨʽʳʬʳ ʨʸʨʳ˂ ʯʻ ʸʨʰʳʬ ʹʨʹʻʸʭʬʲʰ
ʴʨʿʵʼʰ ʨʸ ʪʨʳʵʰʾʵ ʳʯʨʭʸʵʩʰʹʨʯʭʰʹ, ʨʸʨʳʬʫ ʯʨʭʰʹʻʼʨʲʰ
ʹʭʨʴʬʯʰʹ ʪʲʬˆʱʨ˂ʵʩʨ ʻʼʸʵ ʨʨʳˆʬʫʸʨ, ˀʬʨʱʨʭˀʰʸʨ ʫʨ ʫʨʸʨʮʳʨ ʳʰʹ
˄ʰʴʨʨʾʳʫʬʪ, ʸʨʫʪʨʴʨ˂ ʳʬʼʰʹ ʳʵʨʫʪʰʲʬʹʯʨʴ ˄ʨʹʭʲʨ ʳʨʯʯʨʴ
ʻʼʲʬʩʸʰʭʨʫ ʪʨʯʨʴʨʹ˄ʵʸʬʩʻʲ ʨʮʴʨʻʸʬʩʰʹʨ ʪʲʬˆʬʩʳʨ
ˁʨʹʯʭʨʲʬʹ ʳʨʯ ʳʰʬʸ ʫʨʱʨʸʪʻʲ ʶʸʰʭʰʲʬʪʰʬʩʰʹ ʨʾʫʪʬʴʰʹ
ʳʬ˂ʨʫʰʴʬʵʩʨʯ, ʫʨʱʨʸʪʬʹ ʳʨʯʫʨʳʰ ʴʫʵʩʨ ʫʨ ʹʰʨˆʲʵʭʬʹʨ˂ ʨʸ
ʰʱʨʸʬʩʫʬʴ ʳʨʯ.
ʨʳʰʹ ˀʬʳʫʬʪ, ʸʵʫʬʹʨ˂ 1833 ˄. ˁʻʩʬˆʬʭʰʹʨ ʫʨ ʬ˂ʬʸʰʹ
ʹʨʳʯʨʭʸʵʬʩʰ ʸʻʹʬʯʰʹ ʽʭʬˀʬʭʸʫʵʳʵʩʨˀʰ ˀʬʭʰʫʬʴ, ʫʰʪʵʸˆʨʴʰ 50)
ʫʨ ʳʰʹʰ ˀʭʰʲʰ ˂ʰʵʿʰ ʶʰʸʫʬʩʰʨʴ ʩʨʸʵʴ ʸʵʮʬʴʹ ʯʨʭʰʹʻʼʨʲ
ʹʭʨʴʬʯʰʹ ʯʭʰʯʳʶʿʸʵʩʬʲʻʸ ʸʻʹʬʯʰʹʨʫʳʰ ʫʨʳʵʸˁʰʲʬʩʨʹ.
ʹˁʨʴʹ, ʫʨʫʬˀʽʬʲʰʨʴʬʩʰʹ ʳʬʼʬʹʯʨʴ ʱʬʯʰʲʪʨʴ˄ʿʵʩʰʲʬʩʰʹ
ʫʨʳʿʨʸʬʩʨʹ ʹʭʨʴʬʩʰʹʨʯʭʰʹ ˃ʨʲʰʨʴ ʫʨʻʼʸʯˆʰʨ ˃ʰʲʰ, ʸʨʫʪʨʴʨ˂
ʻʼʰʽʸʰʨʯ, ʸʵʳ ʳʰʹʰ ʫʨˆʳʨʸʬʩʰʯ ʫʨʫʬˀʽʬʲʰʨʴʬʩʰ ˀʬʹ˃ʲʬʩʬʴ
ʫʨʻʶʿʸʵʩʬʲ ʯʨʭʰʹʻʼʨʲ ʹʭʨʴʬʯʰʹ ʫʨʳʵʴʨʭʬʩʨʹ ʫʨ ʨʳʰʺʵʳʨ˂ ʨʳ
ʫʸʵʹ ʯʨʭʰʹʻʼʨʲʰ ʹʭʨʴʬʩʰ ʱʬʺʨʭʬʴ ʿʵʭʬʲ ʳˆʸʰʫʨʴ ʯʨʭʰʹ
ʹʨʮʾʭʸʬʩʹ. ʰʹʰʴʰ ʳ˅ʰʫʸʵʫ ʻʱʨʭˀʰʸʫʬʩʰʨʴ ʬʸʯʳʨʴʬʯʹ ʫʨ ʼʰ˂ʹʨ
ʹʫʬʩʬʴ, ʸʵʳ ʨʸ˂ʬʸʯʰ ʫʨʫʬˀʽʬʲʰʨʴʰ ʫʨ ʳʯʨʭʸʵʩʰʹ ʱʨ˂ʰ ʯʨʭʰʹ
ʽʭʬʿʨʴʨˀʰ ʨʸ ˀʬʻˀʭʨʴ ʫʨ ʳʵ˂ʰʽʻʲʬʩʹ ʻʪʮʨʭʴʰʨʴ ʫʰʪʵʸˆʨʴʹ ʫʨ
ʳʰʹ ˀʭʰʲʹ ˂ʰʵʿ ʫʨʫʬˀʽʬʲʰʨʴʹ, ʸʵʳ ʯʭʰʯʳʶʿʸʵʩʬʲʵʩʨʹʯʨʴ
ˀʬʬʸʯʬʩʨʮʬ ʻʨʸʰ ʪʨʴʨ˂ˆʨʫʵʴ, ʸʨʹʨ˂ ˁʭʬʴ ʹˆʭʨʯ ˀʵʸʰʹ ʴʨʯʲʨʫ
ʪʭʰʳʺʱʰ˂ʬʩʬʴ ˀʬʳʫʬʪʰ ʹʨʩʻʯʬʩʰ:
291
 1833 ˄. ʹʬʽʺʬʳʩʬʸˀʰ ˂ʰʵʿʳʨ ʳʰʹ˄ʬʸʨ ʹˆʭʨʯʨ ˀʵʸʰʹ ʩʨʸʵʴ
ʸʵʮʬʴʹ ˀʬʳʫʬʪʰ: ,,ʯʻʳ˂ʨʾʨ ˀʬʰʿʨʸʴʬʴ ʳʬʮʵʩʬʲʴʰ ˁʬʳʴʰ ʹʭʨʴʴʰ ʫʨ
ʪʨʰʼʰ˂ʴʬʴ ˁʬʳʹ ʳʺʸʵʩʨʮʬ ʫʨ ʳʸʨʭʨʲʰ ʳʵ˂ʰʽʻʲʬʩʰ ʳʰʪʮʨʭʴʬʹ,
ʸʨʯʨ ʨʸ ʳʰʭʹ˂ʬ ʯʨʭʰ ˆʬʲʳ˄ʰʼʬʹʨ ʫʨ ˁʬʳʹʨ ʫʨʳˆʵʩʨʹ ʹ˂ʫʰʲʵʩʬʴ,
ʳʨʪʸʨʳ ʭʬʸʨ ʫʨʳʨʱʲʬʹ ʫʨ ʫʨʰˀʨʲʴʬʴ. ʪʨʳʵʪʭʰʪʮʨʭʴʬʯ ʸʻʹʬʯʰʹ
ʳˆʬʫʸʵʩʰʫʨʴ 200 ˇʨʸʰʹ ʱʨ˂ʰ, ʸʵʳ ʨʽʨʻʸʰ ˆʨʲˆʰ ˆʬʲʳ˄ʰʼʬʹ
ʫʨʭʨʳʵʴʵʯʵ³51)
ʨʳʨʭʬ ˄ʲʰʹ 31 ʵʽʺʵʳʩʬʸʹ ʫʻʪʵʸˆʨʴʰ ʹ˄ʬʸʫʨ ʩʨʸʵʴ
ʸʵʮʬʴʹ: ,,ʸʵʳʬʲʰ˂ʨ ʳʰʩʸ˃ʨʴʨ ʯʽʭʬʴʳʨ ʳʨʾʨʲ ʨʾʳʨʺʬʩʻʲʬʩʨʳ... ʳʬ
ʪʰʨˆʬʲʰ ˁʬʳʹ ˃ʳʬʩʯʨʴ 52) ʫʨ ʨʽʨ ʭʨʸ. ʫʰʨˆ ˁʽʨʸʨ ʫʨʩʸʻʴʬʩʨʹ
ʭʨʶʰʸʵʩ ʫʨ ʸʵʳʬʲʰ˂ ʻʩʨʺʵʴʵ ʹʭʨʴʬʯʰ ʮʬʳʵ ʹʭʨʴʬʯʰ ʨʸʰʹ, ʨʳʨʮʬ
ʻʴʫʨ ʪʰʨˆʲʵʯ ʫʨ ʯʽʭʬʴʰ ʴʬʩʨ˂ ʰʽʴʬʹ, ʰʳ ʫʸʵʰʹʯʭʰʹ ʬʸʯʰ ˀʬʴʰ
ʬʸʯʪʻʲʰ ʱʨ˂ʰ ʪʨʳʵʳʰʪʮʨʭʴʬ ʹʭʨʴʬʯˀʰ ʳʰʳʨʭʨʲʰ ʪʮʰʹ
ʪʨʹʨʹʰʴˇʨʭʨʯ, ʸʵʳ ʿʵʭʬʲʰ ʹʨ˅ʰʸʵ ʪʮʬʩʰ ʭʨˁʭʬʴʵ ʰʳʰʹʯʭʰʹ, ʸʵʳ
ˁʬʳʹʨʭʰʯ ʹˆʭʨʹ ʨʸ ˀʬʻ˃ʲʰʨ ˁʭʬʴʬʩʨ ʨʽʨʻʸʰ ʪʮʬʩʰʹʨ, ʰʳʰʹʯʭʰʹ ʸʵʳ
ʫʨʻʴʫʵʩʬʲʰ ˆʨʲˆʴʰ ʨʸʰʨʴ ʫʨ ˁʬʳʯʨʴ ʨʸʨʭʰʹ ʸʨʰʳʬ ʻʱʨʴʵʴʵʩʨ
ʳʰʨʫʪʬʩʨ³53).
ʬʹ ˄ʬʸʰʲʰ ʹˆʭʨʯ ˀʵʸʰʹ ˁʭʬʴ ʪʭʰʳʺʱʰ˂ʬʩʹ, ʯʻ ʸʨʳʫʬʴʨʯ
˃ʴʬʲʰ ʿʵʼʰʲʨ ʳʯʨʭʸʵʩʰʹ ʪʨʪʮʨʭʴʰʲ ʱʨ˂ʰʹʨʯʭʰʹ ʹʭʨʴʬʯˀʰ
ˀʬʹʭʲʨ ʫʨ ʸʨʳʫʬʴʨʫ ʼʸʯˆʰʲʨʫ ʫʨʸʨˇʵʩʫʬʴ ʹʭʨʴʬʩʰ ʯʨʭʰʹ
ʪʮʬʩʹʨ ʫʨ ʹʨʮʾʭʸʬʩʹ. ʸʨʫʪʨʴʨ˂ ʹʭʨʴʻʸʰ ˁʭʬʻʲʬʩʨ ʴʬʩʨʹ ʨʸʨʭʰʹ
ʨ˃ʲʬʭʫʨ ʽʨʲʰʹ ʳʼʨʸʭʬʲʵʩʨˀʰ ʳʿʵʼ ʳʺʸʰʹʨʯʭʰʹ ʸʨʰʳʬ ʬʭʴʵʯ,
ʳʯʨʭʸʵʩʰʹ ʱʨ˂ʰʹ ˀʬʹʭʲʨ ʹʭʨʴʬʯˀʰ ʳʨʸʺʵ ʫʰʪʵʸˆʨʴʯʨʴ ʬʸʯʨʫ
ʻ˂ʭʴʰʨʯ ˀʬʹʨ˃ʲʬʩʲʨʫ.
ʨʳʰʹ ˀʬʳʫʬʪ 1834 ˄ʬʲʹ 11 ʳʨʸʺʹ ˂ʰʵʿʰ ˄ʨʸʻʫʪʨ ʩʨʸʵʴ
ʸʵʮʬʴʹ ˄ʬʸʰʲʵʩʰʯʰ ʳʵˆʹʬʴʬʩʰʯ, ʸʵʳʬʲˀʰʨ˂ ʹˆʭʨʯʨ ˀʵʸʰʹ
˄ʬʸʫʨ: ,,ʹ˂ʴʬʹ ʸʨ ʳʬʮʵʩʬʲʯʨ ˁʬʳʰʹʨ ʽʭʬʿʴʰʹʨʯʨ, ʸʵʳʬʲ ʳʬ
ʽʭʬˀʬʭʸʫʵʳʰʲ ʫʰʫʰʹʨ ˆʬʲʳ˄ʰʼʰʹʨʫʳʰ, ʨʳʰʹ ʪʨʳʵ ʳʰʭʰʾʬ ʫʰʫʰ
ˀʰˀʴʬʻʲʵʩʨ. ʫʨʰ˄ʿʬʹ ʯʭʰʯ ˀʵʸʰʹ ʨʾˀʼʵʯʬʩʨ, ʸʨʫʪʨʴʨ˂
ʪʸ˃ʴʵʩʫʬʴ, ʸʵʳ ʳʬ ʳʰʶʿʸʰʨʴ ʪʮʨʴʰ ʫʨ ʹʰʳʨʪʸʬʴʰ, ʹʨʰʫʨʳʨ˂
ʻˇʨʼʵʯ ˀʬʳʰ˃ʲʰʨʴ ʸʻʹʬʯʰʹʨ ʳˆʬʫʸʵʩʰʹ ˀʬʿʭʨʴʨ ʳʨʯʮʬ ʫʨ
ʫʨʶʿʸʵʩʨ ʯʭʰʹʨ ʳʨʳʻʲʰʹʨ ˁʬʳʰʹʨʪʨʴ ʫʨ ʸʨʹʨʱʭʰʸʭʬʲʰ ʨʸʹ, ʸʵʳ
ʬʪʬʴʰ ʫʾʬʹ ʰʿʭʬʴ ˁʬʳʫʨ ʳʺʬʸʰ, ʹʨʫʨ˂ʨ ʱʰʫʬ˂ʨ ʳʨˁʭʬʴʬʹ ʳʨʪʨʲʰʯʴʰ
ʳʺʸʵʩʰʹʨʴʰ ʬʸʯʰ ʳʬʵʸʬʹʯʨʴ ˀʬʼʰ˂ʬʩʰʯ ʹʨʳʺʸʵʫ ˁʬʳʫʨ³54).
ʰʳʨʭʬ 1834 ˄. ʳʨʸʰʨʳʵʩʰʹ ʯʭʬˀʰ ʳʯʨʭʨʸ ʳʨʸʯʬʩʲʰʹ ʩ.
ʸʵʮʬʴʰʹ ʳʰʬʸ ʹʭʨʴʬʯˀʰ ʪʨʰʪʮʨʭʴʨ ʱʵʳʰʹʰʨ. ʬʹ ʱʵʳʰʹʰʨ ʬʹʺʻʳʸʨ
292
ˇʬʸ ˁʻʩʬˆʬʭʰʹ ʳʯʨʭʨʸʹ ˂ʰʵʿʹ, ˀʬʳʫʬʪ ʬ˂ʬʸʰʹʨʹ ± ʯʨʯʨʸˆʨʴʹ ʫʨ
ʳʬʸʬ ˄ʨʭʰʫʨ ʯʨʭʰʹʻʼʨʲ ʹʭʨʴʬʯˀʰ ʫʰʪʵʸˆʨʴʰʹ ʫʰʹ ʯʨʴˆʲʬʩʰʯ
ʯʭʰʯʳʶʿʸʵʩʬʲʵʩʨʹʯʨʴ ˀʬʬʸʯʬʩʰʹ ʳʽʨʫʨʪʬʩʲʨʫ. ʯʨʭʰʹʻʼʨʲʰ
ʹʭʨʴʬʩʰ ʳʨʹ ˀʬˆʭʫʬʴ ʰʨʸʨʾʰʯ ˆʬʲˀʰ, ʨʻʺʬˆʬʹ ʹʸʵʲʨ, ʸʵʳʲʰʹ
ʫʸʵʹʨ˂ ʹˆʭʨʯʨ ˀʵʸʹʰ ʰʽʴʨ ʳʵʱʲʻʲʰ ʫʰʪʵʸˆʨʴʰʹ ʫʨ˂ 55).
ʭʰʴʨʰʫʨʴ ʹʭʨʴʻʸʰ ʨʫʨʯʰʯ, ʸʵʪʵʸ˂ ʮʬʳʵʯ ʨʸʰʹ
ʴʨʯʽʭʨʳʰ, ʴʬʩʨ ʨʸʨʭʰʹ ʬ˃ʲʬʵʫʨ ʽʨʲʯʨʴ ʳʿʵʼ ʳʺʸʰʹʯʭʰʹ ʸʨʰʳʬ
ʬʭʴʵ, ʹˁʨʴʹ ʫʰʪʵʸˆʨʴʰʹ ʫʨ˂ ʰʳʰʺʵʳ ʪʨʻʿʵʲʬʩʰʨʯ
ʱʵʳʰʹʰʰʹʯʭʰʹ, ʳʨʪʸʨʳ ʨʳ ˀʬʳʯˆʭʬʭʨˀʰ ʹʭʨʴʬʩʰ ʰʹʬʯ
ʯʨʭʫʨʭʰ˄ʿʬʩʨʳʫʬ ʳʰʹʻʲʨʴ, ʸʵʳ ʬʹ ʽʨʲʩʨʺʵʴʰ˂ ʱʰ ʳʵʻʱʲʨʭʯ.
ʨʳʰʹ ˀʬʳʫʬʪ ʰʳʨʭʬ 1834 ˄ʬʲʹ ʹʬʽʺʬʳʩʸʰʹ 1-ʲ ʸʰ˂ˆʭʬʩˀʰ
ʩʨʸʵʴ ʸʵʮʬʴʰʹ ʩʸ˃ʨʴʬʩʰʯ ʹʭʨʴʬʯˀʰ ʰʪʮʨʭʴʬʩʨ ʪʬʴʬʸʨʲʻʸʰ
ˀʺʨʩʰʹ ˀʺʨʩʰʹ-ʱʨʶʰʺʨʴʰ ʯ. ˀʨˆʵʭʹʱʵʰ, ʸʵʳʬʲʰ˂ ʭʨʳʬʿ ʫʨʫʰʨʴʰʹ,
ʪʰʵʸʪʰ ʨʼʨʽʰ˃ʰʹ ʫʨ ʳʾ. ʫʨʭʰʯ ʽʵʩʻʲʵʭʰʹ ʯʨʴˆʲʬʩʰʯ ʳʰʭʰʫʨ
ʹʭʨʴʬʯˀʰ, ʬʹʺʻʳʸʨ ˂ʰʵʿʹʨ ʫʨ ʯʨʯʨʸˆʨʴ ʫʨʫʬˀʽʬʲʰʨʴʬʩʹ,
ʪʨʫʨʹ˂ʨ ʳʨʯ ʾʸʨʳʵʺʬʩʰ ʫʨ ʳʬʼʰʹʪʨʴ ʪʨʳʵʪʮʨʭʴʰʲʰ ˃ʭʰʸʼʨʹʰ
ʹʨˁʻʽʸʬʩʰ, ˀʬʨʸʰʪʨ ʬʹ ʵʸʰ ʳʵʹʰʹˆʲʬ ʳʺʬʸʰ ʬʸʯʳʨʴʬʯʯʨʴ ʫʨ
ˀʬʳʫʬʪ ʻʴʫʨ ʪʨʫʨʹʻʲʰʿʵ ʯʨʭʰʹʻʼʨʲ ʹʭʨʴʬʯˀʰ. ʳʨʪʸʨʳ
ʹʨʫʨʫʬˀʽʬʲʰʨʴʵ ʹʭʨʴʬʯʰʹ ʹʨʮʾʭʨʸʮʬ ʫʨʹʨˆʲʬʩʻʲʳʨ ʲʨʺʨʲʰʹ
ʪʲʬˆ±ʱʨ˂ʵʩʨʳ ˀʬʻʯʭʨʲʨ, ʸʵʳ ʯʨʭʰʹʻʼʨʲʰ ʹʭʨʴʬʯʰʹ
ʫʨʫʪʬʴʰʲʬʩʰʯ ʨʸ˂ ʯ. ʫʨʫʬˀʽʬʲʰʨʴʬʩʹ, ʨʸ˂ ʳʯʨʭʸʵʩʰʹʨʪʨʴ
ʪʨʳʵʪʮʨʭʴʰʲ ʶʰʸʬʩʹ ʴʬʩʨ ʨʸʨ ʨʽʭʯ ʳʨʯ ʽʭʬʿʨʴʨˀʰ ʪʨʰʨʸʵʴ. ʨʳʰʺʵʳ
ˀʨˆʵʭʹʱʵʰ ʰ˃ʻʲʬʩʻʲʰ ˀʬʰʽʴʨ ʻʱʨʴ ʫʨʩʸʻʴʬʩʻʲʰʿʵ ʫʨ 4
ʹʬʽʺʬʳʩʬʸʹ ʩʨʸʵʴ ʸʵʮʬʴʹ ʪʨʻʪʮʨʭʴʨ ʬ˂ʬʸʰʫʨʴ ˀʬʳʫʬʪʰ
ˀʰʴʨʨʸʹʰʹ ʳʵˆʹʬʴʬʩʨ: ,,ʶʰʸʭʬʲʰ ʯʬʳʰ ʯʨʭʰʹʻʼʨʲʰ ʹʭʨʴʬʯʰʹʨ
ʲʨʺʨʲʰ ʳʬ ʨʸʨʳ˂ ʯʻ ʨʸ ʳʾʬʩʻʲʵʩʹ, ʨʸʨʳʬʫ ʪʮʨʯʨ˂ ʨʸ ʳʰˀʭʬʩʹ
ʯʨʭʰʹ ʳʨʳʻʲʮʬ. ʨʳʰʹ ʳʰʮʬʮʰ ʰʹ ʨʸʰʹ, ʸʵʳ ʵʸʰ ʱʭʰʸʰʯ
ʫʨʫʬˀʽʬʲʰʨʴʬʩʰʹ ʹʺʻʳʨʸʰ ʭʰʿʨʭʰ. ʲʨʺʨʲʬʲʬʩʳʨ
ˀʬʳʵʳʰʯʭʨʲʬʹ, ʸʵʳ ʽʭʬʳʵ ʨʴʻ ʹʨʫʨʫʰʨʴʵ ʹʭʨʴʬʯʰʫʨʴ ˀʬʪʭʰ˃ʲʰʨ
ʯʽʭʬʴʯʨʴ ʳʵʲʨʶʨʸʨʱʬʩʰʹ ʫʨ˄ʿʬʩʨʵ. ʳ˃ʬʭʲʬʩʰʹ ʳʵʯˆʵʭʴʨ ʳʨʯʨʴ
ʫʨ ˁʭʬʴʰ ʩʵʽʨʻʲʰʹ ʫʨʴʰˀʭʴʨ ʰʽ ʴʨʨʫʸʬʭʨʯ ʻʴʫʨ ˁʨʰʯʭʨʲʵʹ. ʯʻ
ʳʨʯʯʨʴ ʳʰʹʨʹʭʲʬʲ ʪʮʰʹ ʪʨʱʨʼʭʨʹ ʫʨ ʯʨʭʰʹʻʼʲʨʫ ʳʰʳʵʹʭʲʨʹ
ˀʬʭ˃ʲʬʩʯ ʳʵʳʨʭʨʲˀʰ ʫʨ ʸʨ˅ʨ-ʲʬˁˆʻʳʰʹ ʿʵʭʬʲ˄ʲʰʻʸʨʫ ʳʨʯ
ʳʰʬʸ ʪʨʴʨʫʪʻʸʬʩʰʹʨʪʨʴ ʫʨ˂ʭʨʹ, ˁʭʬʴʯʭʰʹ ʰʹʰ˂ ʳʰʾ˄ʬʭʨʫ ʻʴʫʨ
ˁʨʰʯʭʨʲʵʹʵ³56).

293
 ʸʨʫʪʨʴʨ˂ ʹʨˀʻʨʲʬʩʨ ʨʸ ʽʵʴʫʨ ʯʨʭʰʹʻʼʨʲ ʹʭʨʴʬʯʮʬ ʪʨʬʨʸʨ
ʪʮʨʯ, ˀʨˆʵʭʹʱʵʰ ʻʹʱʭʰʸʰʹ ʳʯʰʯ ʪʨʫʨʭʰʫʨ ʲʬˁˆʻʳˀʰ ʫʨ ʰʽʰʫʨʴ
ʪʵʸʫˀʰ ʲʬʭʨʴ ʫʨʫʰʨʴʯʨʴ. ʪʵʸʫˀʰ ʳʨʹʯʨʴ ʳʰʭʰʫʴʬʴ ʵʯˆʰ
ʨʮʴʨʻʸʰ ± ˀʳʨʪʰ ʫʨ ʳʻʸʮʨ ʽʻʸʫʰʨʴʬʩʰ, ʹʵʸʯʳʨʴ ˇʨʼʨʸʰʨʴʰ, ʩʬʹʰ
ʰʵʹʬʲʰʨʴʰ ʫʨ ʭʰʾʨ˂ ʳʻʲʨˆʬʲʰ ʳʾʭʫʬʲʰ ʳʻʸʮʨʲʰ (ʭʼʰʽʸʵʩ,
ʷʵʸʷʵʲʰʨʴʰ ʻʴʫʨ ʿʵʼʰʲʰʿʵ), ʸʵʳʲʬʩʰ˂ 1830 ˄. ʲʬʭʨʴ
ʫʨʫʰʨʴʳʨ ˄ʨʸʻʫʪʰʴʨ ʶʨʹʱʬʭʰˁ ʬʸʰʭʨʴʬʲʹ.
ʫʰʫʰ ʳʬ˂ʨʫʰʴʬʵʩʰʹ ˀʬʳʫʬʪ ʲʬʭʨʴ ʫʨʫʰʨʴʳʨ ʫʨ ˀʨˆʵʭʹʱʵʰʳ
ʰʹʰʴʰ ʫʨʰʯʨʴˆʳʬʹ, ʸʨʯʨ ˀʨˆʵʭʹʱʵʰʹʯʨʴ ʬʸʯʨʫ ˄ʨʹʻʲʰʿʭʬʴ
ʺʼʰʲʰʹˀʰ ʩʨʸʵʴ ʸʵʮʬʴʯʨʴ, ʭʰʯʨʸ˂ʨ ʯʨʭʰʹʻʼʨʲ ʹʭʨʴʬʯʰʹ
ˆʻʯʰ ʯʬʳʰʹ: ʰʼʨʸʰʹ, ʳʻʲʨˆʰʹ, ʳʬʹʺʰʰʹ, ʱʨʲʰʹ ʫʨ ʻˀʪʻʲʰʹ
˄ʨʸʳʵʳʨʫʪʬʴʲʬʩʰ ʯʭʰʯʳʶʿʸʵʩʬʲʵʩʨʹʯʨʴ ˀʬʬʸʯʬʩʰʹ
ʹʨʯˆʵʭʸʨʫ.
ʪʵʸʫʰʫʨʴ ˀʨˆʵʭʹʱʵʰ ʹ˄ʬʸʫʨ ʩʨʸʵʴ ʸʵʮʬʴʹ: ,,ʭʰʴʨʰʫʨʴ
ʯʽʭʬʴ ʫʰʫʰ ʹʻʸʭʰʲʰ ʪʨʽʭʯ ʹʭʨʴʬʯʰ ʸʻʹʬʯʰʹ ʳʳʨʸʯʭʬʲʵʩʨʹ
ʫʨʻʨˆʲʵʭʵʯ, ʳʬ ʩʬʭʸʰ ʭʬ˂ʨʫʬ ʫʨʳʬʯʨʴˆʳʬʩʰʴʨ ˁʬʳʯʨʴ
ʯʨʭʰʹʻʼʨʲ ʹʭʨʴʬʯʰʫʨʴ ʳʵʹʻʲʰ ʵʯˆʰ ʱʨ˂ʰ, ʸʵʳ ˄ʨʳʵʳʿʵʲʵʫʬʴ
ʯʽʭʬʴʯʨʴ ʺʼʰʲʰʹˀʰ. ʰʳʬʫʰ ʳʨʽʭʹ 1-ʲ ʵʽʺʵʳʩʬʸʹ ʯʽʭʬʴʯʨʴ
ʭʰʽʴʬʩʰʯ ʫʨ ʪʯˆʵʭʯ ʩʸ˃ʨʴʬʩʨ ʪʨʹ˂ʬʯ, ʸʵʳ ʰʳ ʫʸʵʰʹʯʭʰʹ
ʳʨʯʯʭʰʹ ʩʰʴʨ ʳʮʨʯ ʰʿʵʹʵ³57).
ʨʳʴʨʰʸʨʫ, ʸʵʪʵʸ˂ ʭˆʬʫʨʭʯ, ʹʨˁʻʽʸʬʩʮʬ ʳʰˁʭʬʻʲ
ʮʬʳʵˆʹʬʴʬʩʻʲ ʨʮʴʨʻʸʬʩʹ ˀʨˆʵʭʹʱʵʰ ʻʫʪʬʴʹ ʩʨʸʵʴ ʸʵʮʬʴʹ
ʯʨʭʰʹʻʼʨʲʰ ʹʭʨʴʬʯʰʹ ʹʨˆʬʲʰʯ ʯʭʰʯʳʶʿʸʵʩʬʲʵʩʰʹ
ʽʭʬˀʬʭʸʫʵʳʵʩʨˀʰ ˀʬʹʭʲʰʹ ˀʬʹʨˆʬʩ, ʳʨˀʰʴ ʸʵʫʬʹʨ˂, ʸʵʪʵʸ˂ ʹˁʨʴʹ
ʯʭʰʯ ˀʨˆʵʭʹʱʵʰʹ ʳʵˆʹʬʴʬʩʰʫʨʴ ʫʨ ʨʪʸʬʯʭʬ ʩʨʸʵʴ ʸʵʮʬʴʰʹ
ʹʭʨʴʬʯʰʹ ˆʨʲˆʰʹʨʫʳʰ ʽʭʬʳʵʯ ʳʵʯʨʭʹʬʩʻʲ ʳʵ˄ʵʫʬʩʰʫʨʴ, ʰʹʰʴʰ
ʿʵʼʰʲʨʴ ˀʨˆʵʭʹʱʵʰʹʯʨʴ ʳʰʹʻʲʰ ʰʳ ʳʵʹʨʮʸʬʩʰʯ, ʸʵʳ ʪʨʬʪʵʯ
ʳʰʹʰ ʨʮʸʰ ʫʨ, ʯʻ ʳʵʬ˄ʵʴʬʩʵʫʨʯ, ˄ʨʬʿʭʨʴʨʯ ʰʹ ʹʭʨʴʬʯˀʰ ʰʳ
ˆʨʲˆʯʨʴ ʳʵʹʨʲʨʶʨʸʨʱʬʩʲʨʫ, ʸʵʳʬʲʳʨ˂ ʰʹ ʨʸʨʳ˂ ʯʻ ʨʸ ʳʰʰʾʵ,
ʨʸʨʳʬʫ ʯʨʭʰʹ ʨʫʪʰʲʮʬ ʪʮʨ˂ ʱʰ ʨʸ ʳʰʹ˂ʨ. ʩʨʸʵʴ ʸʵʮʬʴʳʨ ʨʳ ʵʯˆ
,,ʫʬʲʬʪʨʺʹ³ ˁʨʳʵʨʸʯʭʨ ˀʬʳʫʬʪʰ ˀʰʴʨʨʸʹʰʹ ˆʬʲ˄ʬʸʰʲʰ 58):
,,ˆʬʵʩʰʹ ʹʵʼʬʲʯʨ ʪʰʶʨʸʹ (ʰʼʨʸʹ), ʳʻʲʨˆʹ, ʳʬʹʺʰʨʹ, ʳʻʷʨʲʹ,
ʱʨʲʨʹ ʫʨ ʻˀʪʻʲ ʪʨʬʪʮʨʭʴʨʯ ʯʨʭʰʨʴʯʨʪʨʴ ʨʾʳʵʸˁʬʻʲʴʰ ʱʨ˂ʴʰ
ʲʬˁˆʻʳʹ, ʻʼʸʵʹ ʨʫʰʻʺʨʴʺʹ ˀʺʨʩʹ-ʱʨʶʰʺʨʴ ʱʴʰʨʮ
ˀʨˆʵʭʹʱʵʰʹʯʨʴ ʫʨ ʬʯˆʵʭʴʨʯ ʳʰʹʯʭʰʹ, ʸʨʯʨ ʰʪʰ ʳʰʹʻʲʰʿʵ
ʹʭʨʴʬʯˀʰ, ʳʵʬʹʳʰʴʨ ʨʮʸʰ ʳʨʯʰ ˀʬʹʭʲʰʹʨ ʮʬʫʨ ʹʨʸ˄ʳʻʴʵ
294
ʽʭʬˀʬʭʸʫʵʳʰʹʨ ˀʰʴʨ ˆʬʲʳ˄ʰʼʬ ʰʳʶʬʸʨʺʵʸʰʹʨ, ʪʨʸʴʨ ʱʴʰʨʮ
ˀʨˆʵʭʹʱʵʰʹ ʸʨʫʪʨʴʨ˂ ʨʸʨ ʽʵʴʫʨ ʨʳ ʹʨʽʳʬʮʬ ʫʨʸʰʪʬʩʨ ˁʬʳʪʨʴ ʫʨ
ʸʨʫʪʨʴʨ˂ ʮʨʳʯʨʸʰ ʳʵʨˆʲʵʭʬʩʻʲʰ ʰʿʵ, ʳʰʹʨʯʭʰʹ ʬʸˁʰʭʨ
ʯʨʭʰʹʻʼʨʲʯʨ ʨʮʴʨʻʸʯʨʯʭʰʹ, ʸʵʳʬʲʴʰ˂ʨ ʳʨʹʯʨʴ ʳʵʹʻʲʨʴ,
ʸʨʯʨ ʰʹʰʴʰ ˄ʨʳʵʿʵʲʵʫʬʴ ʺʼʰʲʰʹˀʰ ˁʬʳʯʨʴ ʶʰʸʫʨʶʰʸʰ ˁʬʳʰʹʨ
ʩʸ˃ʨʴʬʩʰʹʨ ʳʰʹʨʾʬʩʨʯ. ˄ʨʸʳʵʫʪʴʬʴ ˁʬʳʯʨʴ ʨʮʴʨʻʸʴʰ: ˀʳʨʪʰ
ʽʻʸʫʰʨʴʰ, ʩʬʹʰ ʰʵʹʬʲʰʨʴʰ, ʹʵʸʯʳʨʴ ˇʨʼʸʨʴʰ, ʳʻʸʮʨ ʽʻʸʫʰʨʴʰ
ʫʨ ʳʾʭʫʬʲʰ ʳʻʸʮʨʲʰ, ʳʰʯˆʸʬʹ ʳʬ ʹʵʼʬʲʯʨ ʹʻʸʭʰʲʰ, ʸʨʯʨ
ʳʰʰʾʵʴ ʯʨʭʨʫʰ ˀʨˆʵʭʹʱʵʰ ʫʨ ʳʯʬʲʰ ˆʨʲˆʰ ʨʯʨʴʨˆʳʵʴ ʬʹʬ
ʭʰʯʨʸʰ ʹʨʽʳʰʹ ʪʨʴʮʸʨˆʭʰʹ ʨʾʹʸʻʲʬʩʨʮʬʫʨ ʫʨ ʳʨʹʯʨʴʭʬ ʳʯˆʵʭʬʹ
ʳʬ, ʸʨʯʨ ʪʨʳʵʭʪʮʨʭʴʵ ʰʪʰ ʳʨʯʯʨʴ ʳʰʹʨʾʬʩʨʫ ʼʰ˂ʰʹʨ ʿʵʭʬʲʯʨ
ʹʭʨʴʬʯʰʹʨ ʹʵʼʬʲʯʨʪʨʴ ʫʨ ʨʾʳʰʯʽʭʬʹ ʳʬ, ʸʵʳʬʲ ʰʹʰʴʰ ʯʭʰʹ
ʳˆʸʰʫʨʴ ʳʵʰˆʳʨʸʬʩʬʴ ʿʵʭʬʲʹʨʭʬ ʾʵʴʬʹ, ʸʨʯʨ ʨʾʹʸʻʲʫʬʹ
ʬʹʵʫʬʴ ʱʬʯʰʲʰ ʪʨʴʮʸʨˆʭʨ ʳʰʹʰ ʰʳʶʬʸʨʺʵʸʵʩʰʯʰ
ʻʫʰʫʬʩʻʲʬʹʵʩʰʹ ʪʨʴʻʮʵʳʲʰʹʨ ʳʵ˄ʿʨʲʬʩʰʹʨ ʪʨʳʵ ʯʭʰʹʰʹʨ.
ʳʰʹ˂ʬʳ ʸʨ ʿʻʸʨʫʾʬʩʨʹ ʳˀʭʰʫʵʩʰʨʴʵʩʰʹʨ ʮʵʳʰʬʸʵʩʨʹ, ʸʵʳ
ʳʰʯ ʳʵʰʿʭʨʴʬʩʫʬʹ ʽʭʬˀʬʭʸʫʵʳʵʩʨˀʰ ʹˆʭʨʫʨʹˆʭʨ ʱʨʭʱʨʹʰʰʹ ʳʯʰʹ
ʬʸʴʰ ʯʨʭʰʹʻʼʲʬʩʰʹ ʱʬʯʰʲ ʳʵʽʳʬʫʬʩʰʯ ʳʰʰʾʬʩʹ ˁʬʳʪʨʴ
ʪʨʳʵ˂ˆʨʫʬʩʻʲʹʨ ʳʵʸˁʰʲʬʩʨʹʨ ʫʨ ʪʨʳʵʪʰʪʮʨʭʴʰʯ ʳʵʳʨʭʲʰʹ
ʮʨʼˆʻʲʰʹ ʯʨʭˀʰ ʯ. ˀʨˆʵʭʹʱʵʰʹ, ʳʨʪʸʨʳ ʰʳ ʶʰʸʵʩʰʯ, ʸʵʳ
ʿʵʭʬʲʰʭʬ ʹʵʼʬʲʴʰ ʮʬʳʵʸʬ ʯʽʳʻʲʰʹʨ ˆʬʵʩʰʹʨ ʬʸʯʹʻʲʵʩʰʯ
ʳʬ˂ʨʫʰʴʬʵʩʫʬʴ ʨʾʳʵʱʭʬʯʨʹʨ ʬʸʯʳʨʴʬʯˀʰ ˀʼʵʯʰʹʨ ʫʨ ʹʰʹˆʲʰʹ
ʾʭʸʬʲʵʩʰʹʨ, ʫʨ ʨʪʸʬʯʭʬ ʨʸʨʹ ʪʮʰʯ ʨʸ ʪʨʩʬʫʵʴ ʳʵˆʫʬʴʨ
ʨʭʨʮʨʱʵʩʰʹʨ ʫʨ ʳʺʨ˂ʬʩʲʵʩʰʹʨʫʳʰ ʬʸʯʨ ˀʰʴʨ ʫʨ ʿʵʭʬʲʹʨʭʬ, ʸʨʹʨ˂
ʳʬ ʭʻʩʸ˃ʨʴʬʩ, ʨʾʨʹʸʻʲʵʴ ʻʹʰʺʿʭʵʫ ʫʨ ʪʨʸʫʨ ʨʳʰʹʨ, ʸʨʫʪʨʴʨ˂
ʽʸʰʹʺʰʨʴʬʯ ʰ˄ʵʫʬʩʰʨʴ, ʰʩʬˇʰʯʵʴ, ʸʵʳ ˀʬʻʫʪʴʬʴ ʰʳʰʹ ʹ˄ʵʸʬʹʨ
ʫʨ ʳʨʸʯʨʲʹʨ ʾʭʯʰʹ ʳʨʫʰʫʬʩʲʵʩʨʹ, ʸʵʳʬʲʰ˂ ʳʨʯ ʫʰʫʰʹ
ʫʸʵʰʫʨʴ ʫʨʻʭʰ˄ʿʬʩʰʨʯ. ʿʵʭʬʲʰʭʬ ʯʽʳʻʲʰ ˄ʬʸʰʲʹʨ ˀʰʪʨ
ʯʨʭʰʹʻʼʨʲʯʨ ˁʭʬʴʯʨ ʹʵʼʬʲʯʨʫʳʰ ˁʭʬʴ ʻʴʫʨ ʨʾʭʨʹʸʻʲʵʯ
ˁʭʬʴʰʹ ʳˆʸʰʯ ˄ʳʰʴʫʨʯʨ ʫʨ ʫʨʻʸʾʭʬʭʲʨʫ.
ʳʾʭʫ. ʳʻʸʮʨʲʰ (ʳʻʲʨˆʰʫʨʴ)
ʨʮʴ. ˀʳʨʪʰ ʽʻʸʫʰʨʴʰ (ʰʼʨʸʰʫʨʴ)
ʩʬʹʰ ʰʵʹʬʲʰʨʴʰ (ʳʻʲʨˆʰʫʨʴ)
ʳʻʸʮʨ ʽʻʸʫʰʨʴʰ (ʳʻʲʨˆʰʫʨʴ)
ʹʵʸʯʳʨʴ ˇʨʼʸʨʴʰ (ʳʬʹʺʰʰʫʨʴ)

295
 ʸʵʪʵʸ˂ ʭˆʬʫʨʭʯ, ʬʹ ˆʻʯʰ ʨʮʴʨʻʸʰ ʨʸ ʿʵʼʰʲʨ ʯʨʭʰʹʻʼʨʲʰ
ʹʭʨʴʬʯʰʹ ʳʰʬʸ ʪʨʪʮʨʭʴʰʲʰ ʯʭʰʯʳʶʿʸʵʩʬʲʵʩʰʹ
ʽʭʬˀʬʭʸʫʵʳʵʩʨˀʰ ˀʬʹʭʲʰʹ ʹʨʯˆʵʭʸʨʫ, ʨʸʨʳʬʫ ˆʨʲˆʰʹ
ʫʨʻʱʰʯˆʨʭʨʫ, ʹʨʱʻʯʨʸʰ ʹʻʸʭʰʲʰʯ ˀʨˆʵʭʹʱʵʰʹʯʨʴ ˄ʨʹʻʲʰ
ʳʵʹʨʲʨʶʨʸʨʱʬʩʲʨʫ ʫʨ ʯʻ ʳʰʹʰ ʨʮʸʬʩʰ ʳʵʬ˄ʵʴʬʩʵʫʨʯ, ʳʬʸʬ
ʹʭʨʴʬʯˀʰ ʳʰʹ ʳʰʾʬʩʰʹ ʴʬʩʨʸʯʭʰʹ ʪʨʳʵʹʨ˂ˆʨʫʬʩʲʨʫ ʯʨʭʰʹʰ
ʳˆʸʰʯ. ʨʳʨʹ ʫʨʬʸʽʭʨ ʹʭʨʴʬʯʰʹ ,,ʫʬʲʬʪʨ˂ʰʨ³ʯʭʰʯʳʶʿʸʵʩʬʲʵʩʰʹ
ʳʵʸˁʰʲʬʩʰʹ ʪʨʳʵʹʨ˂ˆʨʫʬʩʲʨʫ ʫʨ ʩʨʸʵʴ ʸʵʮʬʴʳʨ˂ ʨ˂ʴʵʩʨ
ʶʬʺʬʸʩʻʸʪʹ: ,,ʫʨʻʳʵʸˁʰʲʬʩʬʲʰ ʹʭʨʴʬʯʰ ʫʨʶʿʸʵʩʰʲʰʨʵ³
ʨʳʨʭʬ 1834 ˄. 24 ʴʵʬʳʩʬʸʹ ˀʨˆʵʭʹʱʵʰʳ ˄ʨʸʻʫʪʰʴʨ ʩʨʸʵʴ
ʸʵʮʬʴʹ ˄ʬʸʰʲʵʩʰʯʰ ʳʵˆʹʬʴʬʩʨ, ʸʵʳʬʲˀʰʨ˂ ʹˆʭʨʯʨ ˀʵʸʰʹ
ʹʭʨʴʬʯʰʹ ʳʵ˄ʬʹʸʰʪʬʩʰʹ ˀʬʹʨˆʬʩ ʪʨʳʵʹʯʽʭʨʳʫʨ ˀʬʳʫʬʪ
ʳʵʹʨʮʸʬʩʬʩʹ:
1) ʯʨʭʰʹʻʼʨʲʳʨ ʹʭʨʴʬʯʳʨ ʳʰʰʾʵ ʼʰ˂ʰ ʯʭʰʯʳʶʿʸʵʩʬʲʵʩʰʹ
ʳʼʲʵʩʬʲʵʩʨˀʰ ˀʬʹʭʲʰʹ ˀʬʹʨˆʬʩ, ʰʹʬ ʸʵʳ ʨʸ˂ ʫʨʫʬˀʽʬʲʰʨʴʬʩʳʨ,
ʨʸ˂ ʫʨʫʰʨʴʬʩʳʨ ʨʳʨˀʰ ʳʵʴʨ˄ʰʲʬʵʩʨ ʨʸ ʳʰʰʾʵʴ.
2) ʪʨ˃ʲʰʬʸʫʬʹ ʫʨʫʬˀʽʬʲʰʨʴʬʩʰʹ ˃ʨʲʨ-ʻʼʲʬʩʨ ʳʨʯ
ʹʨʳʼʲʵʩʬʲʵ ʱʻʯˆʬˀʰ ʬʸʯʱʵʳʶʲʬʽʺʰʨʴ ʸʵʺʰʹ ˁʨʿʬʴʬʩʰʯ, ʸʵʳ
ʰʹʰʴʰ ʫʨ˂ʻʲ ʰʽʴʬʴ ʪʲʬˆʱʨ˂ʵʩʰʹ ʯʭʰʯʴʬʩʵʩʰʹʨʪʨʴ.
3) ʯʨʭʰʹʻʼʨʲʰ ʹʭʨʴʬʯʰʹ ˀʭʰʫ ʹʨʮʵʪʨʫʵʬʩʨˀʰ ʨʸʰʨʴ
ʨʮʴʨʻʸʬʩʰ ʫʨ ˀʨʭʰ ˆʨʲˆʰ ȟȍȘȕȣȑȕȈȘȖȌʨʳ ʵʸ ˄ʵʫʬʩʨʯʨ ˀʵʸʰʹ
ʨʳ ʷʨʳʨʫ ʻʯʨʴˆʳʵʬʩʨʨ, 59) ʳʨʪʸʨʳ ʹʨ˅ʰʸʵʬʩʰʹ ʫʸʵʹ ʰʹʰʴʰ ʳʨʰʴ˂
ʹʨʬʸʯʵ ʳʺʸʰʹ ˄ʰʴʨʨʾʳʫʬʪ ˁʭʬʻʲʬʩʸʰʭʨʫ ˀʬʱʨʭˀʰʸʫʬʩʰʨʴ ʫʨ
ʬʸʯʹʻʲʵʭʴʨʫ ʰʳʵ˄ʳʬʫʬʩʬʴ. ʨʳʰʺʵʳ ʹʨ˅ʰʸʵʨ ʯʨʭʰʹʻʼʨʲʰ
ʹʭʨʴʬʯʰʹ ʫʨʽʹʨʽʹʭʨ, ʳʰʹʪʨʴ ʲʨʺʨʲʰʹʨ ʫʨ ʲʬʴˇʬʸʰʹ ʯʬʳʬʩʰʹ
ˁʨʳʵˀʵʸʬʩʨ ʫʨ ʹʨʫʨʫʰʨʴʵ ʹʭʨʴʬʯʮʬ ʳʰ˄ʬʸʨ. ʯʻ ʫʨʫʰʨʴʰ ʰʳʨʯʨ˂
ʰʹʬ ʫʨʰʳʵʸˁʰʲʬʩʹ, ʸʵʪʵʸ˂ ʽʭʬʳʵ ʹʭʨʴʬʯʰʹ ʲʬʴʺʬˆʰʹ,
ʲʨˀˆʬʯʰʹ ʫʨ ˁʵʲʻʸʰʹ ʯʬʳʬʩʰ ʫʨʰʳʵʸˁʰʲʨ, ˁʭʬʴʯʭʰʹ ˃ʨʲʰʨʴ
ˆʬʲʹʨʿʸʬʲʰ ʰʽʴʬʩʨ, ˆʵʲʵ ʯʻ ʫʨʫʰʨʴʹ ʸʨʰʳʬ ʻʸˁʵʩʨ ʪʨʻ˄ʰʵʴ,
ʹʨʹʺʰʱʨʫ ʻʴʫʨ ʰʽʴʬʴ ʰʨʸʨʾʰʯ ʫʨʹˇʰʲʴʰ, ʸʨʯʨ ʨʳ ʳʨʪʨʲʰʯʰʯ
ʫʨˀʰʴʫʬʴ ʫʨʴʨʸˁʬʴʰ ʯʨʭʰʹʻʼʨʲ ʹʭʨʴʬʯʰʹ ʰʹ ʯʬʳʬʩʰ˂,
ʸʵʳʲʬʩʳʨ˂ ʫʾʬʳʫʰʹ ˀʰˀʰʹ ʨʸʨʼʬʸʰ ʰ˂ʰʨʴʵ.
4) ʯʨʭʰʹʻʼʨʲ ʹʭʨʴʬʯˀʰ ʻʴʫʨ ʰʽʴʬʹ ˀʬʳʵʾʬʩʻʲʰ ˆʨʲˆʰʹ
ʯʭʰʯʳʳʨʸʯʭʬʲʵʩʨ. ʳʹʨˇʻʲʬʩʨʫ ʻʴʫʨ ʰʴʰˀʴʬʩʵʫʬʹ ʪʨʭʲʬʴʰʨʴʰ
ʶʰʸʬʩʰ ʫʨ ʰʹʰʴʰ, ʭʰʹʨ˂ ʩʬʭʸʰ ʴʨʯʬʹʨʵʩʨ ʿʨʭʯ. ˇʨʳʨʪʰʸʰ ʳʨʯ ʻʴʫʨ
ʫʨʬʴʰˀʴʵʹ ʳʯʨʭʸʵʩʰʫʪʨʴ. ʹʨʹʻʸʭʬʲʰʨ ʳʨʯʰ ˀʭʰʲʬʩʰʹ
296
ʳ˃ʬʭʲʬʩʨʯ ˄ʨʳʵʿʭʨʴʨ ʰʳ ʹʨˆʰʯ, ʯʰʯʽʵʹ ʳʨʯʰ ʹʨʹ˄ʨʭʲʬʩʬʲˀʰ
ˀʬʿʭʨʴʨ ʨʴʻ ʹʨʳʹʨˆʻʸˀʰ ʳʰʾʬʩʨ ʪʭʰʴʫʵʫʬʹʵ³ʫʨ ʹˆʭ. 60).
ʻʴʫʨ ʨʾʭʴʰˀʴʵʯ, ʸʵʳ ˀʨˆʵʭʹʱʵʰʹ ʹʭʨʴʬʯˀʰ ʳʻˀʨʵʩʨʳ
ʻʴʨʿʵʼʵʯ ˁʨʰʨʸʨ ʫʨ ʹʭʨʴʬʯʹʨ ʫʨ ʳʯʭʸʵʩʨʹ ˀʵʸʰʹ ʿʨʲʩʰ
ʻʸʯʰʬʸʯʵʩʨ ʱʰʫʬʭ ʫʰʫˆʨʴʹ ʪʨʪʸ˃ʬʲʫʨ, ʸʨʹʨ˂, ʹˆʭʨʯʨ ˀʵʸʰʹ,
ˁʭʬʴ ʴʨʯʲʨʫ ʪʭʰʳʺʱʰ˂ʬʩʹ ˀʬʳʫʬʪʰ ʹʨʩʻʯʰ:
ʨʸʽʬʵʲʵʪʰʻʸ ʱʵʳʰʹʰʰʹ ʨʽʺʬʩʰʹ ʳʬ-XI ʺʵʳˀʰ ʨʳʰʹ ˀʬʹʨˆʬʩ
ʫʨʩʬ˅ʫʰʲʰʨ ʼʸʰʨʫ ʹʨʰʴʺʬʸʬʹʵ ʹʨʩʻʯʰ. ʬʹ ʨʸʰʹ ʳʵˆʹʬʴʬʩʨ,
ʪʨʱʬʯʬʩʻʲʰ 6 ʰʭʲʰʹʹ 1843 ˄., ʪʬʴʬʸʨʲʻʸ ˀʺʨʩʰʹ ʳʬʹʨʳʬ
ʪʨʴʿʵʼʰʲʬʩʰʹʨ ʯʨʭʰʹʻʼʨʲʰ ʹʭʨʴʬʯʰʹ ʯʭʰʯʳʶʿʸʵʩʬʲʵʩʨʹʯʨʴ
ˀʬʬʸʯʬʩʰʹ ˀʬʹʨˆʬʩ, ʸʵʳʬʲʰ˂ ˀʬʳʫʬʪʹ ʳʵʪʭʰʯˆʸʵʩʹ:
,,ʯʨʭʰʹʻʼʨʲʳʨ ʹʭʨʴʬʩʳʨ, ʸʵʪʵʸ˂ ʹˁʨʴʹ ˄ʰʴʨ ˄ʲʬʩʰʹ
ʹʨʽʳʬʬʩʰʫʨʴ, ʳʸʨʭʨʲˇʬʸ ʪʨʴʨ˂ˆʨʫʬʹ ʳʯʨʭʸʵʩʰʹʨʫʳʰ ʳʵʸˁʰʲʬʩʨ.
ʰʹʰʴʰ ʿʵʭʬʲʯʭʰʹ ʪʭʶʰʸʫʬʩʵʫʬʴ ˃ʬʭʲʬʩʰʹ ʪʨʳʵʪʮʨʭʴʨʹ, ˁʭʬʴʰ
ˁʰʴʵʭʴʰʱʬʩʰʹʨ ʫʨ ʹʨʳʾʭʫʬʲʵʬʩʰʹ ʳʰʾʬʩʨʹ. ʯʨʭʰʹʻʼʨʲʰ
ʹʭʨʴʬʯʰʹ ʪʨʳʵʪʮʨʭʴʰʲʰ ʸ˄ʳʻʴʬʩʻʲʬʩʰ ʳʵʫʰʵʫʬʴ
ʳʯʨʭʨʸʳʨʸʯʬʩʬʲʯʨʴ, ʾʬʩʻʲʵʩʫʬʴ ʫʰʫ ʹʨˁʻʽʸʬʩʹ ʫʨ ʨʳʰʯ
ʯʨʭʫʬʩʵʫʨ ʹʭʨʴʬʯʰʹ ˀʬʹʭʲʨ ʳʬʼʰʹ ʽʭʬˀʬʭʸʫʵʳʵʩʨˀʰ.
ʳʸʨʭʨʲˇʬʸ ʪʨʭʪʮʨʭʴʬʯ ʳʨʯʯʨʴ ˁʭʬʴʰ ˁʰʴʵʭʴʰʱʬʩʰ ʫʨ ʳʾʭʫʲʬʩʰ,
ʳʨʪʸʨʳ ʹʭʨʴʬʩʹ ʰʹʰʴʰ ʬʸʯˆʬʲʨ˂ ʨʸ ʳʰʻʾʰʨʯ. ʶʰʸʭʬʲʨʫ
ʳʵʸˁʰʲʬʩʨ ʯʨʭʰʹʻʼʨʲʳʨ ʹʭʨʴʬʯʳʨ ʾʸ. ʶʨʹʱʬʭʰˁʹ ʬʸʰʭʨʴʬʲʹ
ʪʨʴʻ˂ˆʨʫʨ, ʳʨʹ ˀʬʳʫʬʪ ʯʨʭ. ʭʨʸˀʨʭʹʱʰʹ ʫʸʵʹ ʫʨ ʳʬʹʨʳʬʫ 1834
˄ʬʲʹ ʩʨʸʵʴ ʸʵʮʬʴʹ, ʳʨʪʸʨʳ ʸʵʫʬʹʨ˂ ʩʨʸʵʴ ʸʵʮʬʴʰʹ ʳʰʬʸ
ʹʭʨʴʬʩʯʨʴ ʪʬʴʬʸʨʲʻʸ ˀʺʨʩʰʹ ʱʨʶʰʺʨʴʰ ʯ. ˀʨˆʵʭʹʱʵʰ ʪʨʰʪʮʨʭʴʨ,
ʨʸʨʳ˂ ʯʻ ʨʸ ʳʰʰʾʬʹ ʰʹ, ʨʸʨʳʬʫ ʪʮʨʫʨ˂ ʨʸ ʪʨʨʺʨʸʬʹ ʯʨʭʰʹ
ʳʨʳʻʲʮʬ.
ʪʵʲʵʭʰʴʰʹ ʫʸʵʹ ʹʭʨʴʬʩʳʨ ʪʨʴʨ˂ˆʨʫʬʹ ʳʵʸˁʰʲʬʩʨ
ʯʭʰʯʳʶʿʸʵʩʬʲʵʩʰʹʨʫʳʰ 1840 ˄ʬʲʹ. ʳʨˀʰʴ ʳʵʪʭ˂ʬʹ ʬʸʯʰ
ʳ˃ʬʭʨʲʰ, ʸʵʳʲʰʹ ʫʸʵʬʩʰʯ ʪʨˀʭʬʩʨ ʹʯˆʵʭʬʹ ʰʳʬʸʬʯʰʹ ʳʨʸʯʭʬʲʹ
ʬʹʶʬˆʵʹ ʫʨ ˀʬʳʫʬʪ ʨʸ˂ ʱʰ ʫʨʻʩʸʻʴʬʩʰʨʯ ʳʨʹʯʨʴ.
ʨʳʰʹ ˀʬʳʫʬʪ ʯʨʭʰʹʻʼʨʲʰ ʹʭʨʴʬʩʰ ʨʴ, ʻʱʬʯ ʸʵʳ ʭʹʯʽʭʨʯ,
ʮʵʪʰʬʸʯʰ ,,ʳʨˆʭʰˀʬʩʰ³ ʨʴʻ ʳʨʳʨʹʨˆʲʰʹʬʩʰ ʹʨˁʻʽʸʬʩʰʹ ʳʰʾʬʩʰʹ
ʹʻʸʭʰʲʰʯ ʹʯˆʵʭʫʬʴ ʰʳʬʸʬʯʰʹ ʹʨʳˆʬʫʸʵ ʴʨ˄ʰʲʰʹ ʳʳʨʸʯʭʬʲʹ
ʶʵʲ. ʩʸʻʹʰʲʵʭʹ, ʸʵʳ ʰʹ ˄ʨʹʻʲʰʿʵ ʳʨʯ ʽʭʬʿʨʴʨˀʰ ʼʰ˂ʰʹ
ˁʨʳʵʹʨʸʯʳʬʭʨʯ ʯʭʰʯʳʶʿʸʵʩʬʲʵʩʰʹ ʽʭʬˀʬʭʸʫʵʳʵʩʨˀʰ ˀʬʹʭʲʰʹ
ˀʬʹʨˆʬʩ.
297
 1842 ˄ʬʲʹ ʩʸʻʹʰʲʵʭʰ ʪʨʬʳʪʮʨʭʸʨ ʹʭʨʴʬʯˀʰ. ʹʨʮʾʭʨʸʮʬ ʳʨʹ
ˀʬˆʭʫʬʴ ʹʭʨʴʬʯʰʹ ˄ʨʸʳʵʳʨʫʪʬʴʲʬʩʰ ʫʨ ʪʨʳʵʻ˂ˆʨʫʬʹ, ʸʵʳ ʳʨʹ
ʳʰʰʾʬʩʬʴ ʰʳ ˀʬʳʯˆʭʬʭʨˀʰ, ʯʻ ʳʨʹʯʨʴ ʨʸ ʰʽʴʬʩʰʨʴ ʨʸ˂ ʯʨʭ.
ʫʨʫʰʨʴʰ, ʨʸ˂ ʯ. ʫʨʫʬˀʽʬʲʰʨʴʬʩʰ, ʨʸ˂ ʶʸʵʺʵʸʰʬʸʬʰ
ʽʻʯʨʯʬʲʨ˃ʬ ʫʨ ʨʸ˂ ʬʸʯʰ ʰʳʬʸʬʲʰ; ʸʵʳ ʩʸʻʹʰʲʵʭʰ ʻʴʫʨ
˄ʨʹʻʲʰʿʵ ʳˆʵʲʵʫ ʳʨʸʺʵ, ʨʸ ʪʨˁʬʸʬʩʻʲʰʿʵ ʹʭʨʴʬʯˀʰ ʵʸ
ʫʾʬʮʬ ʳʬʺʰ ʰʹʰ˂ ʳˆʵʲʵʫ ʰʳʰʹʯʭʰʹ, ʸʵʳ ʪʨʹ˂ʴʵʩʵʫʨ ʳʨʯ ʿʵʼʨ-
˂ˆʵʭʸʬʩʨʹ; ʸʵʳ ʳʻʫʳʰʭʨʫ ʳ˃ʬʭʨʲʹ ʨʸ ʳʰʹ˂ʬʳʬʴ, ʸʻʹʰʹ ʶʸʰʹʺʨʭʹ
ʨʸ ʳʰʰʾʬʩʬʴ ʫʨ ʹʨʴʨʳ ʰʹ ʹʭʨʴʬʯˀʰ ʰʽʴʬʩʵʫʨ, ʳʨʴʨʳʫʰ ʳ˃ʬʭʲʬʩʹ
ʽʭʬʳʵ ʹʭʨʴʬʯˀʰ ʲʨˀˆʬʯʰʹ ʯʬʳˀʰ ʫʨʺʵʭʬʩʫʬʴ. ˆʵʲʵ ʰʽʰʫʪʨʴ ʳʰʹ
ʫʨʩʸʻʴʬʩʰʹ ˀʬʳʫʬʪ ʳ˃ʬʭʲʬʩʰ ʻʴʫʨ ʫʨʩʸʻʴʬʩʻʲʰʿʭʴʬʴ ʯʨʭʰʹ
ʽʭʬʿʨʴʨˀʰ. ʫʨ ʯʻ ʸʵʳʬʲʰʳʬ ʯʬʳʰ ʫʨʹʯʨʴˆʳʫʬʩʵʫʨ
ʯʭʰʯʳʶʿʸʵʩʬʲʵʩʰʹ ʽʭʬˀʬʭʸʫʵʳʵʩʨˀʰ ˀʬʹʭʲʨʮʬ, ʳʨʯʰ ʫʨʼʰ˂ʬʩʨ
ˀʬʬʹʸʻʲʬʩʰʴʨ ʳˆʵʲʵʫ ʿʰʼʰʨʴʬʩʰʹ ʳʾʭʫʬʲʹ.
ʸʨ ʯʽʳʨ ʻʴʫʨ, ʩʸʻʹʰʲʵʭʰʹʨʯʭʰʹ ʬʹ ʶʰʸʵʩʬʩʰ ʰʳʫʬʴʨʯ
ʳʰʻʾʬʩʬʲʰ ʫʨ ʫʨʳʨʳ˂ʰʸʬʩʬʲʰ ʰʿʵ, ʸʵʳ ʳʨʴ ʻʨʸʰ ʪʨʴʨ˂ˆʨʫʨ
ʹʭʨʴʬʯˀʰ ˄ʨʹʭʲʨʮʬ ʫʨ ʻʱʨʴ ʫʨʩʸʻʴʫʨ ʪʵʲʵʭʰʴʯʨʴ. ʨʳʰʹ ˀʬʳʫʬʪ
ʹʭʨʴʬʩʰ ˄ʨʭʰʫʬʴ ʶʰʸʫʨʶʰʸ ʪʬʴ. ʪʵʲʵʭʰʴʯʨʴ ʫʨ ʳʵʨˆʹʬʴʬʹ ʳʨʹ,
ʸʵʳ ʩʸʻʹʰʲʵʭʰ ʳʨʯ ʽʭʬʿʨʴʨˀʰ ʨʸ ʳʰʭʰʫʨ ʳʰʹ ʳˆʲʬʩʬʲ-ʳʾʭʫʲʰʹ
ˁʨʪʵʴʬʩʰʯ ʫʨ ʹʯˆʵʭʫʬʴ ʽʻʯʨʰʹʰʹ ʳʨʮʸʰʹ ʻʼʸʵʹʰʹ ʶʵʲ.
ʩʰʱʵʭʰʹ ʪʨʪʮʨʭʴʨ ʹʭʨʴʬʯˀʰ ˆʨʲˆʰʹ ʼʰ˂ʰʹ ʳʵʹʨʹʳʬʴʲʨʫ
ʯʭʰʯʳʶʿʸʵʩʬʲʵʩʰʹ ʽʭʬˀʬʭʸʫʵʳʵʩʨˀʰ ˀʬʹʭʲʰʹ ˀʬʹʨˆʬʩʵ³61).
1847 ˄ʬʲʹ ʭʵʸʵʴ˂ʵʭʰʹ ʫʸʵʹ ʹʭʨʴʬʯˀʰ ʪʨʰʪʮʨʭʴʨ ʽʻʯʨʰʹʰʹ
ʭʰ˂ʬ-ʪʻʩʬʸʴʨʺʵʸʰ ʱʵʲʻʩʰʨʱʰʴʰ. ʹʭʨʴʬʩʹ ʳʨʴ ˄ʰʴʫʨ˄ʰʴ
ˀʬʨʺʿʵʩʰʴʨ ʯʨʭʰʹʰ ʰʽ ˄ʨʹʭʲʰʹ ʳʰʮʨʴʰ. ʨʳʰʺʵʳ ˁʭʬʻʲʬʩʰʹʨʳʬʩʸ
ʳʨʹ ʹʨʮʾʭʨʸʮʬ ʫʨˆʭʫʬʴ ʯʨʭʰʹʻʼʨʲʰ ʹʭʨʴʬʯʰʹ ʯʬʳʯʨ
,,ʳʨˆʭˀʰʬʩʰ³ʨʴʻ ˄ʨʸʳʵʳʨʫʪʬʴʲʬʩʰ, ʫʨ ʸʵ˂ʨ ʴʬʩʨ ʳʰʹ˂ʬʹ ʹʭʨʴʬʯˀʰ
ˀʬʹʭʲʰʹʨ, ʳʨʯʰ ʯʨʴˆʲʬʩʰʯ ˀʬʭʰʫʨ ʹʭʨʴʬʯˀʰ. ʰʼʨʸʰʹʨ ʫʨ
ʳʻʲʨˆʰʹ ʯʬʳʬʩʳʨ ʰʹ ʳʰʰʾʬʹ ʫʨ ʯʨʴˆʳʵʩʨ ʪʨʳʵʻ˂ˆʨʫʬʹ
ʯʭʰʯʳʶʿʸʵʩʬʲʵʩʰʹ ʽʭʬˀʬʭʸʫʵʳʵʩʨˀʰ ˀʬʹʭʲʨʮʬ 62), ˆʵʲʵ ʸʵ˂ʨ
ʳʬʹʺʰʰʹ ʯʬʳˀʰ ʪʨʫʨʭʰʫʨ, ʰʽ ʳʨʹ ˆʨʲˆʳʨ ʨʻʺʬˆʨ ʹʸʵʲʨ, ʸʵʳʲʰʹ
ʫʸʵʹʨ˂ ʹˆʭʨʯʨ ˀʵʸʰʹ ʫʨʰ˅ʸʨ ʰʹ ʿʨʹʩʻʲʨʯ ˀʨʸʭʨˀʰ˃ʬ,
ʸʵʳʬʲʮʬʫʨ˂ ʽʭʬʳʵʯ ʪʭʬʽʴʬʩʨ ʲʨʶʨʸʨʱʰ 63). ʲʨʺʨʲʰʹʨ ʫʨ
ʲʬʴˇʬʸʰʹ ʯʬʳʬʩʳʨ ʱʰ ʻʨʸʰ ʪʨʴʨ˂ˆʨʫʬʹ ʳʰʹ ʳʰʾʬʩʨʮʬ.
ʱʵʲʻʩʰʨʱʰʴʳʨ ʫʨʨʨʸʹʨ ʸʨ˅ʰʹ ʳʨʮʸʨʮʬ ʳʰ˄ʬʸʰʲʰ ʰʼʨʸ-
ʳʻʲʨˆʰʹ ʹʨʩʵʽʨʻʲʵ, ʬ.ʰ. ʰʳ ʵʸʰ ʯʬʳʰʹ, ʸʵʳʲʬʩʳʨ˂ ,,ʳʵʸˁʰʲʬʩʨ³
298
ʪʨʳʵʻ˂ˆʨʫʬʹ ʫʨ ʩʵʽʨʻʲʨʫ ʫʨʴʰˀʴʨ ʯ. ʨʲ. ʳʰʽʬʲʨ˃ʬ, ʸʵʳʲʰʹ
ʸʬʮʰʫʬʴ˂ʰʨ ʰʼʨʸˀʰ ʰʿʵ.
ʨʳʰʹ ˀʬʳʫʬʪ ʰʳʨʭʬ ˄ʲʰʹ 31 ʵʽʺʵʳʩʬʸʹ ʭʵʸʵʴ˂ʵʭʳʨ
ʪʨʳʵʨʽʭʬʿʴʨ ˀʬʳʫʬʪʰ ʩʸ˃ʨʴʬʩʨ: ,,ʫʾʬʳʫʰʹ ʫʨʻʶʿʸʵʩʬʲʰ
ʯʨʭʰʹʻʼʨʲʰ ʹʭʨʴʬʯʰ ʨʳʷʨʳʨʫ ʴʬʩʨʿʵʼʲʵʩʰʯʨ ʫʨ ʹʨʱʻʯʨʸʰ
ʹʻʸʭʰʲʰʯ ˀʬʭʰʫʨ ʯʭʰʯʳʶʿʸʵʩʬʲʵʩʰʹ ʽʭʬˀʬʭʸʫʵʳʵʩʨˀʰ.
ʹʭʨʴʬʯʰʹ ʳʳʨʸʯʭʬʲʨʫ ʫʨʴʰˀʴʻʲʰʨ ʶʸʨʶ. ʨʲ. ʳʰʽʬʲʨ˃ʬ. ʭʨ˂ˆʨʫʬʩ
ʸʨ ʨʳʨʹ, ʭʨʭʨʲʬʩ ʳʯʨʭʸʵʩʰʹ ʿʭʬʲʨ ʫʨ˄ʬʹʬʩʻʲʬʩʬʩʹ ʫʨ ʹʭʨʴʬʯʰʹ
ʳʬʮʵʩʬʲ ʹʨʳʯʨʭʸʵʬʩʹ, ʸʵʳ ʹʭʨʴʬʩʹ ʿʭʬʲʪʨʴ ʫʨ ʿʭʬʲʨʴʰ
ʿʻʸʨʫʾʬʩʰʯʨ ʫʨ ʶʨʺʰʭʰʹ˂ʬʳʰʯ ʬʶʿʸʵʩʵʫʬʴ ʭʰʯʨʸ˂ʨ ʳʬʼʰʹ
ʨˆʨʲ ʽʭʬˀʬʭʸʫʵʳʯ³65).
ʹʭʨʴʬʯʰʹ ˀʬʬʸʯʬʩʨ ʭʵʸʵʴ˂ʵʭʳʨ ʳʵʨˆʹʬʴʨ ˁʬʸʴʰˀʬʭʹ,
ʸʵʳʬʲʳʨ˂ 22 ʴʵʬʳʩʬʸʹ 1847 ˄. ʨ˂ʴʵʩʨ ʳʨʹ, ʸʵʳ ʬʹ ʹʨʹʰˆʨʸʻʲʵ
ʨʳʩʨʭʰ ʳʨʴ ʳʵʨˆʹʬʴʨ ʳʬʼʬʹ 66).
ʵʸʰ ˄ʲʰʹ ˀʬʳʫʬʪ ʹʭʨʴʬʩʰ ʨʻˇʨʴʿʫʬʴ ʩʵʽ. ʳʰʽʬʲʨ˃ʬʹ,
ʸʵʳʬʲʰ˂ ʰ˃ʻʲʬʩʻʲʰ ˀʬʰʽʴʨ ʯʨʭʰʹʻʼʨʲ ʹʭʨʴʬʯʰʫʨʴ
ʪʨʽ˂ʬʻʲʰʿʵ ʫʨ ʨʳʰʺʵʳʨ˂ 23 ʯʬʩʬʸʭʨʲʹ 1849 ˄. ʭʵʸʵʴ˂ʵʭʰʹ
ʪʨʴʱʨʸʪʻʲʬʩʰʯ ʹʭʨʴʬʯʰʹ ʹʨʩʵʽʨʻʲʵ ʪʨʻʽʳʬʩʻʲ ʰʽʴʨ 67) ʫʨ
ʹʭʨʴʬʯʰ˂ ˆʻʯʰ ˄ʲʰʹ ʪʨʴʳʨʭʲʵʩʨˀʰ ʪʨʴʨʪʸ˃ʵʩʫʨ ʯʨʭʰʹ
ˁʭʬʻʲʬʩʰʯʰ ʱʨʴʵʴʬʩʰʯ ʳʨʸʯʭʨ-ʪʨʳʪʬʵʩʨʹ.
1853 ˄. ʸʨ˅ʰʹ ʯʨʭʨʫʳʨ ʪʰʵʸʪʰ ˄ʬʸʬʯʬʲʳʨ ʪʨʪʮʨʭʴʨ ʹʭʨʴʬʯˀʰ
ʳʾʭʫʬʲʰ ʹʶʰʸʰʫʵʴ ʪʨʭʨˀʬʲʰˀʭʰʲʰ ʬʸʯʰ ʸʨ˅ʭʬʲʰʹ ʯʨʴˆʲʬʩʰʯ
ʫʨ ʫʨʨʭʨʲʨ ʳʨʯ ʻˀʪʻʲʰʫʨʴ ʸʨʳʵʫʬʴʰʳʬ ʱʨ˂ʰʹ ʳʨʹʯʨʴ ˄ʨʿʭʨʴʨ.
ʻˀʪʻʲˀʰ ʳʰʹʰ ʪʨʪʮʨʭʴʰʲʰ ʱʨ˂ʬʩʰ ʬʹʺʻʳʸʬʴ ʪʬʪʰ ʸʨʺʰʨʴʹ. ʳʨʴ
ʱʨʸ ʫʨ ʱʨʸ ˁʨʳʵʻʨʸʨ ʻˀʪʻʲʬʲʬʩʹ ʫʨ ˀʬʨʺʿʵʩʰʴʨ ʹʺʻʳʸʬʩʰʹ
ʳʵʹʭʲʰʹ ʳʰʮʨʴʰ. ʻˀʪʻʲʬʲʬʩʳʨ ʯʨʭʰ ʳʵʰʿʨʸʬʹ ʫʨ ʪʨʳʵʰʺʨʴʬʹ
ʫʨʫʪʬʴʰʲʬʩʨ, ʸʵʳ ʨʳʰʹʯʨʴʨ ʳʵ˂ʰʽʻʲʬʩʰ ʫʨʬ˅ʰʸʨʯ. ʪʬʪʰ
ʸʨʺʰʨʴʳʨ ʸʵʳ ʬʹ ˀʬʰʺʿʵ, ʰʹʰʴʰ ʻʱʨ˂ʻʸ ʹʨˆʲˀʰ ʪʨʫʨʳʨʲʨ, ʳʨʪʸʨʳ
ʹʨʳʰ ʫʾʬ ʫʨ ʾʨʳʬ ʨʲʿʨ ˀʬʳʵʸʺʿʳʻʲʰ ʪʬʪʰ ʰ˃ʻʲʬʩʻʲʰ ʪʨˆʫʨ
ʫʨʬˁʵʽʬʩʰʴʨ ˆʨʲˆʰʹ ˄ʰʴʨˀʬ ʫʨ ʬʯˆʵʭʨ ʹʺʻʳʸʬʩʰʹ ʻˀʪʻʲʰʫʨʴ
˄ʨʿʭʨʴʰʹ ʴʬʩʨʸʯʭʨ. ʻˀʪʻʲʬʲʬʩʳʨ ʰʹʳʰʴʬʹ ʳʰʹʰ ʭʬʫʸʬʩʨ ʫʨ ʴʬʩʨ
ʳʰʹ˂ʬʹ, ʸʨʯʨ ʫʨʻʿʵʭʴʬʩʲʰʭ ʪʨʬʿʭʨʴʨ ʳʨʹ ʹʺʻʳʸʬʩʰ ʻˀʪʻʲʰʫʨʴ
ʫʨ ʪʨʬʳʪʮʨʭʸʬʩʰʴʨ ʰʽʰʯ, ʹʨʰʫʨʴʨ˂ ʰʿʭʴʬʴ ʳʵʹʻʲʰ.
ʪʬʪʰ ʸʨʺʰʨʴʳʨ ʰʹʰʴʰ ˆʨʲˆʰʹ ˀʬʹʨˆʬʫʨʭʨʫ ʻˀʪʻʲʰʫʨʴ
ʯʻʳ˂ʨʾʨ ʪʨʰʿʭʨʴʨ ʫʨ ʸʨ˅ʰʹʱʬʴ ʪʨʨʳʪʮʨʭʸʨ, ʳʨʪʸʨʳ ʾʨʳʰʯ ʰʹʬʭ ʻʱʨʴ
ʫʨʨʩʸʻʴʨ ʫʨ ʳʻʲʨˆˀʰ ʫʨ ʰʼʨʸˀʰ ˄ʨʰʿʭʨʴʨ. ʻˀʪʻʲʬʲʬʩʳʨ ʬʹ ʸʵʳ
299
ˀʰʬʺʿʭʬʹ, ʪʬʪʰʹ ʵˇʨˆʰʫʨʴ ʪʨʳʵʰʿʭʨʴʬʹ ʬʸʯʰ ʻʾʬʲʰ ˆʨʸʰ ʫʨ
ˀʬ˅ʨʳʬʹ. ʪʬʪʰ ʫʨ ʳʰʹʰ ʨʳˆʨʴʨʪʬʩʰ ʰʽ ˀʬˈʶʰʸʫʬʴ ʫʰʫ ʹʨˁʻʽʸʬʩʹ
ʮʵʪʰʬʸʯ ʯʨʭ-ʱʨ˂ʬʩʹ, ʰˀʵʭʬʹ 5 ʱʨ˂ʰ ʫʨ ʪʨʻʫʪʬʴ ʪʮʨʹ ʸʨ˅ʰʹʨʱʬʴ.
ʻˀʪʻʲʬʲʬʩʰʹ ʳʰʬʸ ʫʨʿʬʴʬʩʻʲʳʨ ʿʨʸʨʻʲʬʩʳʨ ʿʭʬʲʨʴʰ ˀʬʰʶʿʸʬʹ,
ˀʬʳʫʬʪ ʹʭʨʴʬʩʰ ʪʨʻˀʭʬʹ, ˆʵʲʵ ʪʨʭʨˀʬʲʰˀʭʰʲʰ ʫʨ ʳʰʹʰ ʨʳˆʨʴʨʪʰ
ʫʨʨʺʿʭʬʭʬʹ. ʬʸʯ ʱʭʰʸʨ ʫʾʬʹ ʪʨʭʨˀʬʲʰˀʭʰʲʳʨ ʹʯˆʵʭʨ ʻˀʪʻʲʹ:
,,ʳʾʭʫʬʲʰ ʭʨʸ, ʨʳʫʬʴʰ ˆʨʴʰʨ ʾʳʬʸʯʰ ʨʸ ʳʰˆʹʬʴʬʩʰʨ ʫʨ ʴʬʩʨ
ʳʵʳʬ˂ʰʯ ʭʹ˄ʰʸʵʭʵ³ ʻˀʪʻʲʬʲʬʩʳʨ ʴʬʩʨ ʳʰʹ˂ʬʹ.ʸʵ˂ʨ ˄ʰʸʭʨ
ʪʨʯʨʭʫʨ, ʳʾʭʫʬʲʳʨ ˆʨʺʰ ʫʨʰʱʨʭʨ ˆʬʲˀʰ, ʫʨʻˁʵʽʨ ʻˀʪʻʲʬʲʬʩʹ
ʫʨ ʻʯˆʸʨ: ,,ʨʳ ˆʨʺʹ ʨʶʨʺʰʭʬʯ ˁʬʳʰ ʯʨʭʰ ʫʨ ˁʬʳʹ ʽʭʬʿʨʴʨˀʰ
ʪʨʳʰˀʭʰʯʵ³ ˆʨʺʰʹʨ ʫʨ ʬʱʲʬʹʰʰʹ ʶʨʺʰʭʰʹ˂ʬʳʰʯ ʰʹʰʴʰ ʰʽʴʬʴ
ʪʨʴʯʨʭʰʹʻʼʲʬʩʻʲʰ. ʳʨʪʸʨʳ ʰʹʬʭ ʳʻʲʨˆ-ʰʼʨʸˀʰ ʪʨʰʶʨʸʴʬʴ ʫʨ
ʳʰʭʰʫʬʴ ʰʳ ʱʨ˂ʬʩʯʨʴ, ʸʵʳʲʬʩʰ˂ ʳʨʯ ʳʰʿʭʬʩʵʫʨʯ ˄ʬʸʬʯʬʲʯʨʴ
ʸʨ˅ʨˀʰ. ʰʳʨʯ ˀʬʰʬʸʯʬʹ ʱʰʫʬʭ ʬʸʯʰ ʰʼʨʸʬʲʰ ʫʨ ʬʸʯʰ ʳʬʹʺʰʬʲʰ
ʨʮʴʨʻʸʬʩʰ ʫʨ ʿʭʬʲʨʴʰ ʬʸʯʨʫ ˄ʨʭʰʫʬʴ ʸʨ˅ʨˀʰ ˄ʬʸʬʯʬʲʯʨʴ.
˄ʬʸʬʯʬʲʳʨ ʰʹʰʴʰ ʫʰʫʰʹ ʨʳʩʰʯ ʳʰʰʾʵ, ʸʨʳʫʬʴʰʳʬ ʳʨʯʪʨʴʰ
ʰˀʭʰʲʨ, ʫʨʨʹʨˁʻʽʸʨ ʫʨ ʫʨʰʯʨʴˆʳʨ ʿʭʬʲʨʴʰ ʳʨʹʯʨʴ ʬʸʯʨʫ
˄ʨʹʻʲʰʿʭʴʬʴ ʽʻʯʨʰʹˀʰ ʪʻʩʬʸʴʨʺʵʸʯʨʴ. ʻʱʨʴʨʹʱʴʬʲʳʨ ʰʹʰʴʰ
ʫʨʰʯʨʴˆʳʨ ʩʵʸˇʵʳˀʰ ʭʵʸʵʴ˂ʵʭʯʨʴ ˄ʨʹʭʲʨʮʬ.
ʭʵʸʵʴ˂ʵʭʳʨ ʰʹʰʴʰ ʫʰʫʰ ʮʬʰʳʰʯ ʳʰʰʾʵ. ʸʨʳʫʬʴʰʳʬ ʫʾʬ
ʨʸʹʨʫ ʨʸ ʪʨʻˀʭʨ, ʫʰʫ ʶʨʺʰʭʰʹ˂ʬʳʨˀʰ ʿʨʭʫʨ, ˀʬʳʫʬʪ ʳʵʴʨʯʲʨ.
ʴʨʯʲʰʨʫ ʰʹ ʫʨ ʳʰʹʰ ʳʬʻʾʲʬ ʫʨʻʫʪʬʴ, ʸʨʯʨ ʴʨʯʬʹʨʻʸʰ ʱʨʭˀʰʸʰ
ʫʨʬʳʿʨʸʬʩʰʴʨʯ ʳʯʰʻʲʬʩʯʨʴ. ˀʬʳʫʬʪ ʫʰʫʨʾ ʫʨʹʨˁʻʽʸʬʩʻʲʴʰ
ʯʵʼʬʩʰʯʨ ʫʨ ʼʻʲʬʩʰʯ ˄ʨʭʰʫʴʬʴ ʯʨʭʰʹ ʽʭʬʿʨʴʨˀʰ.
ʩʨʸʯʵʲʵʳʬʰ, ʸʵʪʵʸ˂ ʫʨʳʹ˄ʸʬ ʨʳ ʰʹʺʵʸʰʻʲ ʳʵʭʲʬʴʰʹʨ,
ˀʬʳʫʬʪʹ ʳʵʪʭʰʯˆʸʵʩʹ ǷȘȖȠȍȌȠȍȍ ȓȍȚȖ  ȋ Ȋ ǩȖȘȎȖȔȍ
ȖȏȕȈȔȍȕȖȊȈȓȖșȤ ȖȌȕȐȔ Ȑȏ Țȍȝ ȘȍȌȒȐȝ șȖȉȣȚȐȑ ȒȖȚȖȘȣȍ ȔȖȋțȚ
șȓțȟȐȚȤșȧ ȚȖȓȤȒȖ ȕȈ DzȈȊȒȈȏȍ Ǫ ȏȌȈȕȐȐ ǴȐȕȍȘȈȓȤȕȣȝȊȖȌ ȕȈ ȉȍȘȍȋț
ȀȖȊȐș-ȞȒȈȓȐ șȖȊȍȘȠȐȓșȧ ȖȉȘȧȌ ȚȈȐȕșȚȊȈ ǹȊ. DzȘȍȠȍȕȐȧ ȕȈȌ șȍȔȤȦ
ȌȐȒȈȘȧȔȐ ǪȖȓȤȕȖȑ ǹȊȈȕȍȚȐȐ ȌȖșȍȓȍ Ȍȍ ȗȘȐȏȕȈȊȈȊȠȍȑ ȕȈȌ șȖȉȖȑ
ȕȐȒȈȒȖȑȊȓȈșȚȐ. ǹȈȔȕȈȔȍșȚȕȐȒȒȕ. ǪȖȘȖȕȞȖȊȐșțȗȘțȋȈȍȋȖȊȒȘțȋț
șȈȕȖȊȕȐȒȖȊ Ȑ ȗȘȐȉȓȐȎȍȕȕȣȝ ȉȣȓȐ Ȋ ȟȐșȓȍ ȊȖșȗȘȐȍȔȕȐȒȖȊ.
ǶȉȘȈȌȖȊȈȕȕȣȍȖȉȓȈșȒȈȕȕȣȍȐȗȘȐȓȐȟȕȖȖȌȈȘȍȕȕȣȍșȊȈȕȣȊȍȘȕțȓȐșȤ
ȊșȊȖȐȋȖȘȣ³68).

300
 ʨʳʰʹ ˀʬʳʫʬʪ ʭʵʸʵʴ˂ʵʭʰʹ ʳʰʬʸ ʰʳʨʭʬ 1853 ˄. ʹʭʨʴʬʯˀʰ
ʪʨʰʪʮʨʭʴʨ ʶʵʲʱ. ʩʨʸʯʵʲʵʳʬʰ ʹʭʨʴʬʯʰʹ ʿʵʼʰʲ ʩʵʽʨʻʲʰʹ ʨʲ.
ʳʰʽʬʲʨ˃ʰʹ ʯʨʴˆʲʬʩʰʯ.
26 ʰʭʲʰʹʹ ʰʹʰʴʰ ʳʰʭʰʫʬʴ ˁʵʲʻʸˀʰ ʫʨ ʬʹʺʻʳʸʬʴ ʯ.
ʪʨʸʫʨʼˆʨ˃ʬʹ, ʹʨʫʨ˂ ʳʨʯ ʫʨˆʭʫʨʯ ʨʮʴʨʻʸʰ ʹʵʸʯʳʨʴ ʽʻʸʫʰʨʴʰ,
ʸʵʳʬʲʰ˂ ʳʬʵʸʬ ʫʾʬʹʭʬ ʪʨʪʮʨʭʴʬʹ ʮʬʳʵ ʹʭʨʴʬʯˀʰ, ʸʵʳ ʳʨʹ
ˆʨʲˆʰʹʨʯʭʰʹ ʬ˂ʴʵʩʬʩʰʴʨ ʩʨʸʯʲʵʳʬʰʹ ʹʭʨʴʬʯˀʰ ʳʵʹʭʲʰʹ ʳʰʮʨʴʰ
ʫʨ, ʸʵʫʬʹʨ˂ ʩʨʸʯʵʲʵʳʬʰʹ ʬ˂ʴʵʩʨ, ʸʵʳ ʹʭʨʴʬʯʰ ʨʸ ʰʿʵ ʳʰʹʰ
ʳʰʾʬʩʰʹ ˄ʰʴʨʨʾʳʫʬʪʰ, ʪʨʫʨʭʰʫʨ ʲʨʺʼʨʸʰʹ ʳʯʨʮʬ. ʱʨʲʨˀʰ ʳʨʹ
ˀʬˆʭʫʬʴ ʩʵʸˇʵʳˀʰ ʭʵʸʵʴ˂ʵʭʰʹ ʳʰʬʸ ʳʵʴʨʯʲʻʲʰ ʹʭʨʴʬʩʰ:
ʫʨʫʨˀʰ ʽʻʸʫʰʨʴʰ, ʪʬʲʨ ʰʵʹʬʲʰʨʴʰ, ʹʰʳʵʴ ʫʬʭʫʨʸʰʨʴʰ, ʹʵʸʯʳʨʴ
ʽʻʸʫʰʨʴʰ, ʿʨʹʩʻʲʨʯ ˀʬʸʭʨˀʰ˃ʬ, ʴʬˀʸʬʭʨʴ ʿʰʼʰʨʴʰ ʫʨ ʹˆʭʬʩʰ.
ʰʹʰʴʰ ʿʭʬʲʨ ʬʸʯʨʫ ʪʨʫʨʭʰʫʬʴ ʰʼʨʸˀʰ, ʳʨʪʸʨʳ ʳʨʯ ʰʽ, ʽʨʲʬʩʰʹʨ
ʫʨ ʩʬʩʸʬʩʰʹ ʪʨʸʫʨ, ʨʸʨʭʰʴ ʫʨˆʭʫʨ. ʨʽʬʫʨʴ ʰʹ ʨʭʰʫʨ ʹʵʼʬʲ
˄ʭʰʸʳʰˀʰ ʫʨ ʬʹʺʻʳʸʨ ʮʬʳʵˆʹʬʴʬʩʻʲ ʿʰʼʰʨʴʹ.
˄ʭʰʸʳʰʫʨʴ ʳʨʴ ʯʨʭʰʹʰ ʳʨʹʶʰʴ˃ʬʲʰ ʿʰʼʰʨʴʰ ʫʨ ʿʨʹʩʻʲʨʯ
ˀʬʸʭʨˀʰ˃ʬ ʪʨʪʮʨʭʴʨ ʳʵ˂ʰʽʻʲʬʩʨʫ ʲʨʺʨʲʰʹ ʯʬʳˀʰ, ʸʵʳʬʲʰ˂ ˇʬʸ
ʱʰʫʬʭ ʳʵʹʨʲʨʶʨʸʨʱʬʩʲʨʫʨ˂ ʨʸ ʳʰˈʱʨʸʬʩʰʨ ʳʯʨʭʸʵʩʨʹ ʫʨ ʳʨʯʰ
ʶʰʸʰʯ ʹʯˆʵʭʨ ʳʰʬ˂ʨʯ ʴʬʩʨ ʲʨʺʨʲˀʰ ˀʬʹʭʲʰʹʨ, ʬʱʲʬʹʰʬʩʰʹ
ʹʰ˃ʭʬʲʬʬʩʰʹ ʫʨʹʨʯʭʨʲʰʬʸʬʩʲʨʫ.
ʲʨʺʨʲʰʫʨʴ ʫʨʩʸʻʴʬʩʻʲ ʳʵ˂ʰʽʻʲʬʩʯʨʴ ʬʸʯʨʫ
ʩʨʸʯʵʲʵʳʬʰʹʯʨʴ ʳʵʭʰʫʬʴ ʲʨʺʨʲʰʹ ʨʮʴʨʻʸʬʩʰ ˁʨʸʱʭʰʨʴʬʩʰ ʫʨ
ʨ˂ʴʵʩʬʹ ʲʨʺʨʲʰʹ ʯʨʴˆʳʵʩʨ ʳʰʹʰ ʳʰʾʬʩʰʹ ˀʬʹʨˆʬʩ.
ʨʳ ʹʨʹʰʨʳʵʭʴʵ ˂ʴʵʩʰʯ ʪʨˆʨʸʬʩʻʲʰ ʩʨʸʯʵʲʵʳʬʰ ʹʨʹ˄ʸʨʼʵʫ
˄ʨʭʰʫʨ ʲʨʿʨʸʰʹ ʪʮʰʯ ʲʨʺʨʲʰʹʱʬʴ. ʲʨʺʨʲˀʰ ʬʸʯ ʨʫʪʰʲʨʹ ʳʨʹ
ʫʨˆʭʫʨ ʯʨʭʳʵʿʸʰʲʰ 600 ʱʨ˂ʰ ʲʨʺʨʲʰʹ ʳʨˆʭˀʰʹ ʨʩʰ ʼʨʸˇʰʨʴʰʹ
ʯʨʵʹʴʵʩʰʯ, ʸʵʳʬʲʳʨ˂ ʯʵʼʰ ˁʨʳʵʰˆʹʴʨ, ˄ʰʴ ʫʨʨʩˇʰʴʨ ʫʨ
ʲʨʺʨʲʰʹ ˆʨʲˆʰʹ ʹʨˆʬʲʰʯ ʳʰʳʨʸʯʨ ʩʨʸʯʵʲʵʳʬʰʹ ˀʬʳʫʬʪʰ
ʹʰʺʿʭʬʩʰʯ: ,,ʳʸʨʭʨʲ ʹʨʻʱʻʴʬʯʨ ʪʨʴʳʨʭʲʵʩʨˀʰ ʲʨʺʨʲʰʹ ˆʨʲˆʰ
ʭʬʸʨʭʰʹ ʭʬʸ ʫʨʻʳʵʸˁʰʲʬʩʰʨ. ʺʿʻʰʲʨ ˂ʫʰʲʵʩʬʴ ˁʭʬʴʰ
ʳʬʮʵʩʲʬʩʰ (ʳʯʨʭʸʬʩʰ) ˆʨʴ ˃ʨʲʰʯ, ˆʨʴ ˆʬʸˆʰʯ ʫʨ ʬˀʳʨʱʵʩʰʯ
ˁʭʬʴʹ ʫʨʶʿʸʵʩʨʹ. ʳʺʨʸʭʨʲʯʨ ʳʵ˃ʨʲʨʫʬʵʩʨʹ ˁʭʬʴ ʻʶʨʹʻˆʬʩʫʰʯ
ʿʵʭʬʲʯʭʰʹ ʰʨʸʨʾʰʯ, ˆʵʲʵ ʳʨʯ ˆʸʰʱʬʩʹʨ ʫʨ ʬˀʳʨʱʵʩʨʹ ʫʰʫʰ
ˇʰʻʺʵʩʰʯʨ ʫʨ ʹʰʳʱʨ˂ʸʰʯ. ʩʬʭʸʰ ʹʰʹˆʲʰʨ ʨʳ ʩʸ˃ʵʲʨˀʰ ˁʭʬʴʰ
ʳʨʳʨ-ʶʨʶʰʹ ʳʰʬʸ ʫʨʾʭʸʰʲʰ ʫʨ ʨʳʰʺʵʳʨ˂ ʲʨʺʨʲʰʹ ˆʨʲˆʳʨ
ʫʾʬʳʫʬ ˀʬʹ˃ʲʵ ʨʹʬ ʩʸ˄ʿʰʴʭʨʲʬʫ ʯʨʭʰʹʰ ˄ʰʴʨʶʸʬʩʰʹ ʳʰʬʸ
301
ʴʨʨʴʫʬʸ˃ʬʭʰ ʯʨʭʰʹʻʼʲʬʩʰʹʨ ʫʨ ʫʨʳʵʻʱʰʫʬʩʲʵʩʰʹ ʫʨ˂ʭʨ-
ˀʬʴʨʸˁʻʴʬʩʨ.
ʨʳʷʨʳʨʫ ˁʭʬʴʰ ʹʨʱʻʯʨʸʰ ʹʻʸʭʰʲʰʯʨ ʫʨ ʴʬʩʰʯ,
˃ʨʲʫʨʻʺʨʴʬʩʲʨʫ, ʿʵʭʬʲʪʭʨʸ ʪʨʭʲʬʴʰʹ ʪʨʸʬˀʬ, ˁʭʬʴ ʪʭʹʻʸʹ
ʸʻʹʬʯʰʹ ʹʨˆʬʲʳ˄ʰʼʵʹ ˀʬʭʻʬʸʯʫʬʯ, ʳʰʹ ʳʯʨʭʸʵʩʨʹ
ʫʨʭʬʳʵʸˁʰʲʵʯ ʫʨ ʳʯʨʭʸʵʩʰʹ ʳʰʬʸ ʪʨʳʵʪʮʨʭʴʰʲʰ ʶʰʸʬʩʰ
ʳʰʭʰʾʵʯ. ʲʨʺʨʲʬʲʬʩʰ ʳʨʫʲʵʩʬʲʰ ʭʨʸʯ ʯʽʭʬʴʰ ʰʳʰʹʨʯʭʰʹ,
ʸʵʳ ˁʭʬʴʯʨʴ ʯʽʭʬʴ ʬʸʯʨʫʬʸʯʰ ʳʵˆʭʬʫʰʯ. ʸʨʫʪʨʴʨ˂ ʬˆʲʨ
ʭʬʸʨʭʰʴ ʭʬʸ ʰʺʿʭʰʹ ʫʨ ʪʭʰʹʨʿʭʬʫʻʸʬʩʹ, ʯʰʯʽʵʹ ˁʭʬʴ ˃ʨʲʰʯ
ʫʨʶʿʸʵʩʰʲʰ ʭʰʿʵʯ ʫʨ ʿʭʬʲʨʹ ʬ˂ʵʫʰʴʬʩʨ, ʸʵʳ ˁʭʬʴ ʹʨʱʻʯʨʸʰ
ʹʻʸʭʰʲʰʯʨ ʫʨ ʴʬʩʰʯ ʪʨʴʭʨ˂ˆʨʫʬʯ ʳʯʨʭʸʵʩʰʹʨʫʳʰ ʳʵʸˁʰʲʬʩʨ
ʫʨ ʨʸʨ ʰ˃ʻʲʬʩʰʯ³ ǰ ȋȖȘȌȖ Ȑ ȊȍșȍȓȖ șȊȍȘȒȈȓȐ ȊȏȖȘȣ ȕȖȊȣȝ
ȗȖȌȌȈȕȕȣȝȅȚȖȑȔȐȕțȚȣȕȍȗȖȏȈȉțȌțȕȐȒȖȋȌȈʨʳʩʵʩʹ ʩʨʸʯʵʲʵʳʬʰ
ʨʽ ʳʰʾʬʩʻʲ ˀʯʨʩʬ˅ʫʰʲʬʩʨʮʬ. ʰʳ ʾʨʳʬʹ ʰʹ ʬʹʺʻʳʸʨ ˁʨʸʱʭʰʨʴʬʩʹ,
ˆʵʲʵ ʳʬʵʸʬ ʫʾʬʹ ʼʰ˂ʰ ʳʰʨʾʬʩʰʴʨ ʲʨʺʨʲʬʲʬʩʹ ʸʻʹʬʩʰʹ
ʽʭʬˀʬʭʸʫʵʳʵʩʨˀʰ ˀʬʹʭʲʰʹ ˀʬʹʨˆʬʩ ʫʨ ʼʰ˂ʰʹ ʼʻʸ˂ʬʲʮʬ ˆʬʲʰ
ʳʵʨ˄ʬʸʰʴʨ ʹʵʼʲʰʹ 13 ,,ʳʨˆʭˀʰʹ³± ʳʨʳʨʹʨˆʲʰʹʹ 70).
10 ʨʪʭʰʹʺʵʹ ʨʽʬʫʨʴ ʪʨˆʨʸʬʩʻʲʰ ʩʨʸʯʵʲʵʳʬʰ ʳʰʫʰʹ
ʲʬʴˇʬʸʰʹ ʯʬʳˀʰ, ʸʵʳʬʲʳʨ˂ ʲʨʺʨʲʰʹ ʳʨʪʨʲʰʯʹ ˄ʨʩʨ˃ʨ ʫʨ ʼʰ˂ʰ
ʳʰʰʾʵ ʸʻʹʬʯʯʨʴ ˀʬʬʸʯʬʩʨʮʬ. ʨʳʴʨʰʸʨʫ 10 ʨʪʭʰʹʺʵʹ 1853 ˄.
ʫʨʳʯʨʭʸʫʨ ʰʳ ʲʨʺʨʲʰʹʨ ʫʨ ʲʬʴˇʬʸʰʹ ʯʬʳʬʩʰʹ ʸʻʹʬʯʯʨʴ
ʴʬʩʨʿʵʼʲʵʩʰʯ ˀʬʬʸʯʬʩʰʹ ʨʽʺʰ, ʸʵʳʬʲʯʨ˂ ʨʸ˂ ʬʸʯʰ ʯʨʭʨʫʰ ʫʨ
ʳʵˆʬʲʬ ʨʳ ʹʨʪʨʴʮʬ ʳʵʹʨʲʨʶʨʸʨʱʬʩʲʨʫ ʹʰʨˆʲʵʭʬʹ ʨʸ
ʳʰʻʱʨʸʬʩʰʨʯ ʫʨ ʨʳʰʺʵʳʨ˂ ʨʳ ʫʾʬʹ ʹʭʨʴʬʯʰʹ ʳʱʭʲʬʭʨʸʴʰ
ʹʭʨʴʬʯʰʹ ʸʬʹʶʻʩʲʰʱʨʴʻʸ ˄ʬʹ˄ʿʵʩʰʲʬʩʰʹ ʳʵʹʶʵʩʰʹ ʫʾʬʫ
ʹʯʭʲʰʨʴ.
ʲʬʴˇʬʸʰʫʨʴ ʩʨʸʯʵʲʵʳʬʰ ʪʨʫʨʭʰʫʨ ʳʬʹʺʰʨˀʰ, ʹʨʫʨ˂ ʰʹ
ʬʹʺʻʳʸʨ ʫʨʫʨˀʰ ˇʨʼʨʸʰ˃ʬʹ, ʸʵʳʬʲʳʨ˂ ʻ˂ˆʵ ʹʺʻʳʨʸʰ ʪʨʨʵ˂ʨ
ʸʵʪʵʸ˂ ʳʨʹʶʰʴ˃ʲʵʩʰʯ, ʨʪʸʬʯʭʬ ʰʳ ʪʨʸʬʳʵʬʩʰʯ, ʸʵʳ ʨʳ ʻ˂ˆʵ
ʹʺʻʳʸʰʹ ʹʨʫʰʲʵʩʰʹ ʫʸʵʹ ʹʻʼʸʨʮʬ ʨʸʨʭʰʹ ʴʬʩʨ ʨʸ ʳʰʹ˂ʨ
ˁʭʬʻʲʬʩʸʰʭʨʫ ʹʰʳʾʬʸʬʩʰ ʫʨ ˂ʬʱʭʨ-ʯʨʳʨˀʰ ʪʨʬʳʨʸʯʨʯ ʰʳ
ʳʰʮʬʮʰʯ, ʸʵʳ ʸʨʳʵʫʬʴʰʳʬ ʯʭʰʹ ˄ʰʴʨʯ ʳʰʹʰ ˀʭʰʲʰʹ ˂ʵʲʰ,
ʪʨʸʫʨʼˆʨ˃ʰʹ ʽʨʲʰ, ʬʸʯ ʲʬˁˆʻʳʬʲ ʨʮʴʨʻʸʹ ˄ʨʻʿʭʨʴʰʨ ˂ʵʲʨʫ ʫʨ
ʨʳʰʹ ʪʨʳʵ ʳʰʹʰ ʵˇʨˆʰ ʿʵʼʰʲʨ ʫʨʳʪʲʵʭʰʨʸʬʩʻʲʰ. ʩʨʸʯʵʲʵʳʬʰ
ʸʵʳ ʳʰʹʰ ʪʻʲʰʹ ʺʱʰʭʰʲʬʩʰʹ ˀʬʳʹʻʩʻʽʬʩʨʹ ʨʯʨʹʴʨʰʸʰ ʴʻʪʬˀʰʹ
˂ʬʳʰʯ ˀʬʻʫʪʨ, ʫʨʫʨˀʰʳ ʨʹʬ ʻʶʨʹʻˆʨ ʯʻʸʳʬ: ,,ʳʯʬʲʰ ʹʭʨʴʬʯʰʹ
302
ʩʻʳʩʬʸʨʮʰ ʳʯʬʩʰ ʸʵʳ ʵʽʸʵʫ ʰʽ˂ʬʴ ʫʨ ʨʳ ˀʬʻʸʨ˂ʿʵʼʰʹ
ʨʹʨʴʨʮʾʨʻʸʬʩʲʨʫ ʳʬ ʳʵʳ˂ʬʴ, ʳʨʰʴ˂ ʭʬʸ ʫʨʭʱʳʨʿʵʼʰʲʫʬʩʰ, ʹʨʴʨʳ
ˀʻʸʹ ʨʸ ʭʰ˃ʰʬʩʵ³
ʳʬʹʺʰʰʫʨʴ ʩʨʸʯʵʲʵʳʬʰ ˄ʨʭʰʫʨ ʳʻʲʨˆˀʰ, ʹʨʫʨ˂ ʰʹ ʬʹʺʻʳʸʨ
ʰʳ ʫʨʫʨˀʰ ʽʻʸʫʰʨʴʹ, ʸʵʳʬʲʰ˂ ʯʨʭʰʹʻʼʨʲ ʹʭʨʴʬʯʰʹ ʹʨˆʬʲʰʯ
˄ʨʸʻʫʪʨ 1834 ˄. ʩʨʸʵʴ ʸʵʮʬʴʹ ʫʨ ˀʬʳʫʬʪ 1853 ˄. ʭʵʸʵʴ˂ʵʭʹ, ʫʨ
ʬʸʯ ʫʸʵʹ ʳ˃ʬʭʲʨʫ ʳʰʹ˂ʨ ʳʯʨʭʸʵʩʨʹ ʯʨʭʰʹ ˀʭʰʲʰʹ ʴʨ˂ʭʲʨʫ
ʰʼʨʸˀʰ ʳˀʵʩʲʬʩʰʹ ʹʰʱʭʫʰʲʰʹ ʪʨʳʵ ʫʨʵʩʲʬʩʻʲʰ ʫʨ
ʻʶʨʺʸʵʴʵʫ ʫʨʸˁʬʴʰʲʰ, ʳʰʹ ʴʨʯʬʹʨʭʬʩʰʹʨʪʨʴ ʫʨʫʨˀʰʹ ʳʰʬʸ
ʴʨʿʰʫʰ ʪʰʵʸʪʰ ʪʻʲʳʨʴʰ. ʸʵʳʬʲʰ˂ ʳʾʭʫʬʲʳʵʽʳʬʫʬʩʰʹ
ˀʬʹ˄ʨʭʲʰʹ ˀʬʳʫʬʪ ʻʱʨʴ ʪʨʳʵʰʯˆʵʭʨ ʫʨ ʳʰʹ ʳʰʬʸ ʨˀʬʴʬʩʻʲ
ʳʻʸˀʱʰʬʸʰʹ ʬʱʲʬʹʰʨˀʰ ʳʾʭʫʲʨʫ ʫʨʨʿʬʴʨ. ʳʨʹ, ʹˆʭʨʯʨ ˀʵʸʰʹ,
ʱʵʲʻʩʰʨʱʰʴʰʹ ʳʰʬʸ ʴʨˁʻʽʨʸʰ ˆʳʨʲʰ ʩʨʸʯʵʲʵʳʬʰʹ ʹʰʺʿʭʰʯ ʫʾʬ
ʫʨ ʾʨʳʬ ʮʬʫ ˈʽʵʴʫʨ ˁʨʳʵʱʰʫʬʩʻʲʰ. ʳʻʲʨˆʰʫʨʴ ʰʹʬ ʪʨʬʳʪʮʨʭʸʨ
ʨʫʰˀˀʰ, ˀʬʳʫʬʪ ˆʨʲˆʫʬˀʰ ʫʨ ʻˀʪʻʲˀʰ, ʳʨʪʸʨʳ ʨʸʹʨʫ ʰʹ
ʬʱʲʬʹʰʬʩˀʰ ʨʸ ˀʬʻˀʭʬʹ. ʨʽʬʫʨʴ ʩʨʸʯʵʲʵʳʬʰ ʽʻʯʨʰʹˀʰ
ʫʨʩʸʻʴʫʨ.
ʽʻʯʨʰʹʰʹ ʪʻʩʬʸʴʨʺʵʸʳʨ ʭʵʸʵʴ˂ʵʭʹ ʳʵʨˆʹʬʴʨ: ,,ʨʳ
ʮʨʼˆʻʲˀʰ ˁʭʬʴ ˀʬʪʭʰʬʸʯʫʬʴ ʴʬʩʨʿʵʼʲʵʩʰʯ ʫʾʬʳʫʬ
ʫʨʻʳʵʸˁʰʲʬʩʬʲʰ ʲʨʺʨʲʰʹʨ ʫʨ ʲʬʴˇʬʸʰʹ ʯʬʳʬʩʰ, ʸʵʳʲʬʩʰ˂
360 ʱʵʳʲʰʹʨʪʨʴ ˀʬʹʫʪʬʩʰʨʴ ʫʨ ʳ˂ˆʵʭʸʬʩʯʨ ʸʨʵʫʬʴʵʩʨ 2,000
ʨʾʬʳʨʺʬʩʨʵ. ʹʭʨʴʬʯʰʹ ʰʳ ʴʨ˄ʰʲʰʹ ʴʬʩʨʿʵʼʲʵʩʰʯ ˀʬʬʸʯʬʩʨ,
ʸʵʳʬʲʰ˂ ʻˆʹʵʭʨʸ ʫʸʵʰʫʨʴ ʫʾʬʳʫʬ ʨʸʨʭʰʹ ʳʵʸˁʰʲʬʩʨˀʰ ʨʸ
ʿʵʼʰʲʨ ʫʨ ʰʨʸʨʾʰʯ ˆʬʲˀʰ ʳʻʫʨʳ ʯʨʭʰʹ ʫʨʳʵʻʱʰʫʬʩʲʵʩʨʹ
ʰ˂ʨʭʫʨ, ˁʭʬʴʯʭʰʹ ʫʰʫ ʳʰʾ˄ʬʭʨʫ ʫʨ ʩʬʫʴʰʬʸʬʩʨʫ ˁʨʰʯʭʲʬʩʨ ʫʨ
ʨʳʰʺʵʳ ʭʯˆʵʭʯ ʬʹ ʨʳʩʨʭʰ ˆʬʲʳ˄ʰʼʬʹ ʳʵʨˆʹʬʴʵʯʵ³71).
ʨʳʨʭʬ ʳʵˆʹʬʴʬʩʨˀʰ ʰʹ ʹʯˆʵʭʫʨ ʨʳ ʹʨʽʳʬˀʰ ʳˆʻʸʭʨʲʬ
ʳʵʴʨ˄ʰʲʬʵʩʰʹ ʳʰʾʬʩʰʹʨʯʭʰʹ ʨʲ. ʳʰʽʬʲʨ˃ʰʹ ʫʨˇʰʲʫʵʭʬʩʨʹ,
ʳʾʭʫʬʲʰ ʪ. ʪʻʲʩʨʴʰʹ ʹʭʨʴʬʯˀʰ ʽʸʰʹʺʰʨʴʵʩʰʹ ʪʨʭʸ˂ʬʲʬʩʰʹʨ ʫʨ
ʳʯʨʭʸʵʩʰʹ ʬʸʯʪʻʲʬʩʰʹʨʯʭʰʹ ʬʸʯʫʸʵʻʲʨʫ 200 ʳʨʴ.
ʫʨʹʨˁʻʽʸʬʩʨʹ, ʳʵˆʻ˂ ʨʮʴʨʻʸ ʫʨʫʨˀʰ ʽʻʸʫʰʨʴʰʹ ʳʬ-3 ˆʨʸʰʹˆʰʹ
ʨʴʴʨʹ ʵʸʫʬʴʰʯʨ ʫʨ 100 ʳʨʴ. ʶʬʴʹʰʰʹ ʫʨʴʰˀʭʴʰʯ ʫʨˇʰʲʫʵʭʬʩʨʹ
ʹʭʨʴʬʯˀʰ ʳʯʨʭʸʵʩʰʹ ʹʨʹʨʸʪʬʩʲʵʫ ʳʵʾʭʨ˄ʬʵʩʰʹʨ ʫʨ
ʽʸʰʹʺʰʨʴʵʩʰʹ ʪʨʭʸ˂ʬʲʬʩʰʹʨʯʭʰʹ. ʬʹ ˀʻʨʳʫʪʵʳʲʵʩʨ
ʫʨʱʳʨʿʵʼʰʲʬʩʻʲʰ ʰʽʴʨ.

303
 ʨʳʰʹ ˀʬʳʫʬʪ ʰʳʨʭʬ 1853 ˄. 24 ʰʭʲʰʹʹ ʽʻʯ. ʪʬʴ-ʪʻʩʬʸʴʨʺʵʸʳʨ
ʪʨʪʨʸʰʴʳʨ ˄ʨʸʻʫʪʰʴʨ ʭʵʸʵʴ˂ʵʭʰʹ ʳʵˆʹʬʴʬʩʨ, ʸʵʳʬʲˀʰ˂ ʹˆʭʨʯʨ
ˀʵʸʰʹ ʹ˄ʬʸʫʨ ʹʭʨʴʬʯʮʬ: ʳʨʸʯʨʲʰʨ 1849 ˄. ʯʨʭʰʹʻʼʨʲʳʨ ʹʭʨʴʬʯʳʨ
˄ʰʴʨʨʾʳʫʬʪʵʩʨ ʪʨʻ˄ʰʨ ʩʵʽʨʻʲ ʳʰʽʬʲʨ˃ʬʹ, ʸʵʳʬʲʰ˂ ʨʳʰʹ ˀʬʳʫʬʪ
ʪʨʰʽ˂ʨ ʹʭʨʴʬʯʰʫʨʴ ʫʨ ʯʨʭʰʹʰ ʸʬʮʰʫʬʴ˂ʰʨ ʲʨˀˆʬʯˀʰ (ʽʭʬʳʵ
ʹʭʨʴʬʯˀʰʨ) ʪʨʫʨʰʺʨʴʨ, ʸʰʹ ʪʨʳʵ ʹʭʨʴʬʯʰʹ ʹʨʩʵʽʨʻʲʵ ʪʨʻʽʳʬʩʻʲ
ʰʽʴʨ, ʳʨʪʸʨʳ ʭʰʴʨʰʫʨʴ ʨʳʰʹ ˀʬʳʫʬʪ ʹʭʨʴʬʩʳʨ ʳʵʸˁʰʲʬʩʨ ʪʨʴʨ˂ˆʨʫʬʹ
ʫʨ ʳʯʨʭʸʵʩʰʹ ʬʸʯʪʻʲʬʩʰʹ ʫʨʹʨʳʺʱʰ˂ʬʩʲʨʫ ˄ʨʸʹʻʲʰ ˄ʲʰʹ
ʮʨʼˆʻʲˀʰ ʨʸ ʳʰʰʾʬʹ ʳʻˈʨʳʬʫ ʬʳʰʴʰʹ ʨʪʬʴʺʬʩʰ, ˆʨʲˆʰʹ
ʨʹʨˇʨʴʿʬʩʲʨʫ ʳʨʯʯʨʴ ʪʨʪʮʨʭʴʰʲʴʰ, ʨʳʰʺʵʳ, ʯʻʳ˂ʨʾʨ,
ʳʨʸʯʨʲʰʨ, ʰʽ ʼʵʸʳʨʲʻʸ ʳʳʨʸʯʭʬʲʵʩʰʹ ʫʨʨʸʹʬʩʨ ʴʨʨʫʸʬʭʨʫ
ʻʴʫʨ ˁʨʰʯʭʨʲʵʹ, ʸʨʫʪʨʴʨ˂ ʹʭʨʴʬʩʹ ʯʨʭʰʹ ʭʬʲʻʸʵʩʰʹʨ ʫʨ
ˆʨʹʰʨʯʰʹ ʹʰʳʺʱʰ˂ʰʹ ʪʨʳʵ ʨʸ ˀʬʻ˃ʲʰʨʯ ʫʨʬʳʵʸˁʰʲʵʴ ʸʵʳʬʲʰʳʬ
ʳʯʨʭʸʵʩʨʹ ʫʨ ʯʨʭʰʹʰ ʯʭʰʯʴʬʩʵʩʰʯ ˀʬʻ˃ʲʰʨʯ ʳʯʨʭʸʵʩʨ ʱʭʲʨʭ
ʰʳ ʻʹʰʨʳʵʭʴʵ ʳʫʪʵʳʨʸʬʵʩʨˀʰ ˁʨʨʿʬʴʵʴ, ʸʵʪʵʸ˂ 1849 ˄., ʳʨʪʸʨʳ
ˆʬʲʰʹ ʨʾʬʩʨ ʨʳ ˆʨʲˆʮʬ ʫʨ ʻʿʻʸʨʫʾʬʩʵʯ ʳʰʺʵʭʬʩʨ ʬʸʯʰʹ ʳˆʸʰʯ
ʻʹʨʳʨʸʯʲʵʩʨ ʰʽʴʬʩʨ. ʸʨʫʪʨʴʨ˂ ʯʻ ʮʵʪʰʬʸʯʳʨ ʹʭʨʴʳʨ ʩʵʽʨʻʲʹ
˄ʰʴʨʨʾʳʫʬʪʵʩʨ ʪʨʻ˄ʰʨ, ʳʯʬʲ ʹʭʨʴʬʯʹ ʨʳʨˀʰ ʳʵʴʨ˄ʰʲʬʵʩʨ ʨʸ
ʳʰʻʾʰʨ, ˆʵʲʵ ʳʬʵʸʬ ʳˆʸʰʯ ʬʹ ʨʸ ʰʽʴʬʩʨ ˁʭʬʴʯʭʰʹ
ʳʰʮʨʴˀʬ˄ʵʴʰʲʰ ʰʳʰʺʵʳ, ʸʵʳ ʹʭʨʴʬʩʹ ˀʬʻ˃ʲʰʨʯ ˁʭʬʴ
ʳʵ˄ʰʴʨʨʾʳʫʬʪʬʬʩʹ ʳʰʬʳˆʸʵʴ ʫʨ ʪʨʨ˃ʲʰʬʸʵʴ ʰʹʰʴʰ.
ʨʫʪʰʲʵʩʸʰʭʰ ʳʯʨʭʸʵʩʨ ʸʵʳ ʻˆʬʸˆʻʲ ʳʫʪʵʳʨʸʬʵʩʨˀʰ ʨʸ
ˁʨʭʨʸʫʴʰʲʰʿʵ ʫʨ ˆʨʮʰʴʨ ʻʴʨʿʵʼʵ ˆʨʸˇʬʩˀʰ, ʪʨʪʨʸʰʴʹ ʹʨ˅ʰʸʵʫ
ʳʰʨˁʴʫʨ ˀʬʳʫʬʪʰ:
1) ʸʵʳ ʹʭʨʴʬʯʰʹ ʳʳʨʸʯʭʬʲʰ ʳʰʽʬʲʨ˃ʬ ʿʵʼʰʲʰʿʵ ʹʭʨʴʬʯʰʹ
ʫʨʳ˂ʭʬʲʰ ʿʵʭʬʲʪʭʨʸ ʹʨʽʳʬˀʰ, ʸʵʪʵʸ˂ ʹʨʳʬʪʸʬʲʵˀʰ, ʰʹʬ
ʽʻʯʨʰʹʰʹ ʪʻʩʬʸʴʰʰʹ ʹˆʭʨʫʨʹˆʭʨ ʱʻʯˆʬʬʩˀʰ, ʸʨʯʨ ʻʹʨʳʨʸʯʲʵʩʨʹ
ʹʭʨʴʬʩʰʹʨʫʳʰ ʨʫʪʰʲʰ ʨʸʹʨʫ ʨʸ ˈʽʵʴʵʫʨ.
2) ʸʵʳ ʳʨʹ ʬʩʸ˃ʵʲʨ ʳˆʵʲʵʫ ʮʵʪʰʬʸʯʰ ʨʫʪʰʲʵʩʸʰʭʰ
ˁʭʬʻʲʬʩʰʹ ˄ʰʴʨʨʾʳʫʬʪ, ʸʵʳʲʬʩʰ˂ ʨʳ ˆʨʲˆʹ ʨʴʨʫʪʻʸʬʩʫʨ
ʮʴʬʵʩʸʰʭʨʫ ʫʨ ʼʰʮʰʱʻʸʨʫ.
3) ʸʵʳ ʿʵʭʬʲʪʭʨʸʰ ʹʨʽʳʬʬʩʰ ʫʨ ʹʨʫʨʵ ʹʨʱʰʯˆʬʩʰ ʬ˄ʨʸʳʵʬʩʰʴʨ
ʳˆʨʸʬʬʩʰʹ ʯʨʴˆʳʵʩʰʯ ʨʫʪʰʲʵʩʸʰʭʰ ʨʫʨʯʬʩʰʹʨ ʫʨ ˁʭʬʻʲʬʩʰʯʰ
ʻʼʲʬʩʬʩʰʹ ʳʰˆʬʫʭʰʯ, ʸʵʳʲʬʩʰ˂ ʻʴʫʨ ˁʨ˄ʬʸʰʲʰʿʵ ʷʻʸʴʨʲˀʰ
ʫʨ ʿʵʭʬʲ ʴʨˆʬʭʨʸʰ ˄ʲʰʹ ʩʵʲʵʹ ˄ʨʸʫʪʬʴʵʫʨ ʽʻʯʨʰʹʰʹ
ʪʻʩʬʸʴʨʺʵʸʹ.
304
 4) ʸʵʳ ˆʬʲʰ ˀʬʬ˄ʿʵ ʹʭʨʴʬʯˀʰ ʽʸʰʹʺʰʨʴʵʩʰʹ ʪʨʭʸ˂ʬʲʬʩʨʹʨ ʫʨ
ʹʱʵʲʬʩʰʹ ʪʨˆʹʴʰʹʨʯʭʰʹ ʹʨʽʨʸʯʭ. ʬʽʮʨʸˆʵʹʰʹ ʳʰʬʸ ˀʬʹʨʼʬʸʰ
ʳʾʭʫʲʬʩʰʹ ʪʨʪʮʨʭʴʰʯ.
5) ʸʵʳ ˆʨʲˆʰʹʨʯ ʪʨʬʱʬʯʬʩʰʴʬʩʰʴʨ ʪʮʨ ʹʭʨʴʬʯˀʰ ʹʨ˅ʰʸʵʬʩʰʹ
ʫʸʵʹ ˇʨʸʬʩʰʹ ˀʬʹʨʿʭʨʴʨʫ.
6) ʸʵʳ ʹʭʨʴʬʯʰʹ ʳʳʨʸʯʭʬʲʰ ʳʰʽʬʲʨ˃ʬ ʹʭʨʴʬʯˀʰ ʿʵʼʰʲʰʿʵ
ʮʨʼˆʻʲʵʩʰʯ 3 ʯʭʰʯ, ˆʵʲʵ ʫʨʴʨʸˁʬʴ ʫʸʵʹ ʰʳʬʸʬʯˀʰ ʫʨ ʪʮʰʹ
ˆʨʸˇʬʩʰ ʳʨʹ ˈʽʵʴʫʨ ˄ʲʰʻʸʨʫ 100 ʳʨʴ. ˆʵʲʵ ʹʭʨʴʬʩʰʹ ʽʻʯʨʰʹˀʰ
ˆˀʰʸʰ ˁʨʳʵʹʭʲʰʯ ʳʯʨʭʸʵʩʨʹʯʨʴ ʳ˅ʰʫʸʵʯ ʫʨʱʨʭˀʰʸʬʩʨ ʸʵʳ
ʳʵʬ˄ʿʵ ʫʨ ʳʰʬʳˆʸʵ ʪʨʭʲʬʴʰʨʴʰ ʱʨ˂ʬʩʰ, ʨʳʰʹʨʯʭʰʹ ʳʨʹ ʻʴʫʨ
ʳʰ˂ʬʳʵʫʨ 300 ʳʨʴ. ˄ʲʰʻʸʨʫ.
ʨʳʴʨʰʸʨʫ ʪʻʩʬʸʴʨʺʵʸʰʹ ʳʵˆʹʬʴʬʩʰʯ ʹʭʨʴʬʯʮʬ ʻʴʫʨ
ʫʨˆʨʸˇʻʲʰʿʵ ʿʵʭʬʲ˄ʲʰʻʸʨʫ 400 ʳʨʴʬʯʰ, ˆʵʲʵ ʸʵ˂ʨ
ʫʨʸ˄ʳʻʴʫʬʩʵʫʬʴ ʰʳʨˀʰ, ʸʵʳ ʰʽ ʴʨʿʵʼʰʬʸʰ ʳʻˀʨʵʩʰʹ ˄ʨʸʳʵʬʩʨ
ˀʬʰ˃ʲʬʩʵʫʨ, ʳʨˀʰʴ ʻʴʫʨ ʫʨʨʸʹʬʩʻʲʰʿʵ ʹʭʨʴʬʯʰʹ ʹʨʩʵʽʨʻʲʵ ʰʳ
ˀʺʨʺʰʯ, ʸʵʳʬʲʰ˂ ʫʨʨʸʹʫʨ 1847 ˄. ʱʵʲʻʩʰʨʱʰʴʰʹ ʳʰʬʸ ʫʨ
ʪʨʻʽʳʫʨ 1849 ˄. ʭʵʸʵʴ˂ʵʭʰʹ ʪʨʴʱʨʸʪʻʲʬʩʰʯ ʳʰʽʬʲʨ˃ʰʹʨʯʭʰʹ
˄ʰʴʨʨʾʳʫʬʪʵʩʰʹ ʪʨ˄ʬʭʰʹ ʪʨʳʵ 73) ʭʵʸʵʴ˂ʵʭʳʨ 15 ʵʽʺʵʳʩʬʸʹ 1853
˄. ʨ˂ʴʵʩʨ ʪʨʪʨʸʰʴʹ, ʸʵʳ ʮʬʳʵˆʹʬʴʬʩʻʲ ʳʰʹ ʳʵʹʨʮʸʬʩʬʩʹ ʰʹ
ʹʨʭʹʬʩʰʯ ʬʯʨʴˆʳʬʩʵʫʨ, ʫʨ ʯʨʴ ʨʭʨʲʬʩʫʨ ʳʨʯ ʪʨʺʨʸʬʩʨʹ
˂ˆʵʭʸʬʩʨˀʰ ˀʬʻ˂ʭʲʬʲʨʫ 74). ˆʵʲʵ ʪʬʴʬʸʨʲʳʨ ʸʬʨʫʬʳ ʱʨʭʱʨʹʰʰʹ
ʱʵʳʰʺʬʺʰʹ ˄ʰʴʨˀʬ ʨʾ˃ʸʨ ˀʻʨʳʫʪʵʳʲʵʩʨ ʰʳʰʹ ˀʬʹʨˆʬʩ, ʸʵʳ
ʹʭʨʴʬʯˀʰ ʿʵʼʰʲʰʿʵ ʫʨʨʸʹʬʩʻʲʰ ʹʭʨʴʬʯʰʹ ʹʨʩʵʽʨʻʲʵ ʰʹʬ,
ʸʵʪʵʸ˂ ʹʨʳʻʸʮʨʿʨʴʵˀʰ, ʳʨʪʸʨʳ ʰʳ ʪʨʴʹˆʭʨʭʬʩʰʯ, ʸʵʳ
ʳʱʭʲʬʲʵʩʬʩʰʹ ʪʨʸʫʨ ʿʵʭʬʲʪʭʨʸʰ ʹʨʽʳʬʬʩʰ ʨʫʪʰʲʵʩʸʰʭʰ
ˁʭʬʻʲʬʩʰʯʰ ʻʼʲʬʩʬʩʰʯ ʿʵʼʰʲʰʿʵ ˄ʨʸʳʵʬʩʻʲʰ, ʫʨ ʰʳ 400
ʳʨʴʬʯʰʹ ʪʨʸʫʨ, ʸʵʳʬʲʰ˂ ʹʭʨʴʬʯʰʹ ʳʳʨʸʯʭʬʲʹ ʳʰʽʬʲʨ˃ʬʹ
ʬ˃ʲʬʵʫʨ ʳʯʨʭʸʵʩʨʹʯʨʴ ʫʨʱʨʭˀʰʸʬʩʰʹ ʳʰʮʴʰʯ ʹʭʨʴʬʩʰʹ
ʽʻʯʨʰʹˀʰ ʳʵʪʮʨʻʸʵʩʰʹ ʪʮʰʹ ˆʨʸˇʬʩʨʫ, ʳʰʹ˂ʬʳʵʫʨ ʹʭʨʴʬʯʹ ʵʯˆ
ʹʨʳʸʬʭʲʵʹ ʫʨʹʨʨʸʹʬʩʲʨʫ 2000 ʳʨʴ. ʳʨʪʸʨʳ ʸʨʫʪʨʴʨ˂ ʼʰʴʨʴʹʯʨ
ʹʨʳʰʴʰʹʺʸʵʳ ʨʳʨʮʬ ʻʨʸʰ ʪʨʴʨ˂ˆʨʫʨ, ʳʻʸʨʭʰʵʭʳʨ ʳʵʨˆʫʰʴʨ
ʪʨʴʱʨʸʪʻʲʬʩʨ, ʸʵʳ 570 ʳ. ʳʰʹ ʬʽʹʺʸʨ-ʵʸʫʰʴʨʸʻʲˀʬʯʨʴˆʳʬʩʰʫʨʴ
ʿʵʼʰʲʰʿʵ ʪʨ˂ʬʳʻʲʰ ʹʭʨʴʬʯʮʬ 75). ʨʳʰʹ ˀʬʳʫʬʪ ʪʬʴ. ʴʬʴʻʯʵʭʰ
ʳʵʨˆʹʬʴʬʩʫʨ ʳʻʸʨʭʰʵʭʹ, ʸʵʳ ʰʹ 570 ʳʨʴʬʯʰ, ʸʵʳʬʲʰ˂ ʳʰʹ
ʯʨʴˆʬʩʰʫʨʴ ʬ˃ʲʬʵʫʨ ʹʭʨʴʬʯʰʹ ʩʵʽʨʻʲʰʹ, ʵʯˆʰ ʰʨʹʨʻʲʰʹʨ ʫʨ
ʳʾʭʫʲʰʹ ˀʬʹʨʴʨˆʨʭʨʫ, ʨʸ ʰʿʵ ʹʨʱʳʨʸʰʹʰ; ʸʵʳ ʹʭʨʴʬʩʳʨ ʳʵʻˆˀʰʸʬʹ
305
ʽʻʯʨʰʹˀʰ ˁʨʳʵʹʭʲʨʹ, ʹʨʫʨ˂ ʳʨʯ ʨʸ ʿʨʭʹ ʴʨ˂ʴʵʩʬʩʰ, ʳʬʪʵʩʸʬʩʰ,
ʴʨʯʬʹʨʭʬʩʰ ʫʨ ʪʨʴʰ˂ʫʰʨʴ ʰʽ ʿʵʼʴʰʹ ʫʸʵʹ ʫʰʫ ʪʨ˅ʰʸʭʬʩʨʹ ʫʨ
ʨʳʰʺʵʳ ʹʨ˅ʰʸʵʨ ʳʨʯʯʭʰʹ ʴʰʭʯʰʬʸʰ ʫʨˆʳʨʸʬʩʰʹ ʨʾʳʵˁʬʴʨ,
ʻʸʵʳʲʰʹʵʫʨ˂ ʹʭʨʴʬʩʹ ˀʬʻ˃ʲʰʨʯ ˀʬʹ˄ʿʭʰʺʵʴ ʽʻʯʨʰʹˀʰ
ˁʨʳʵʹʭʲʨ ʫʨ ʬʹ ʪʨʸʬʳʵʬʩʨ ʳʵʻʹʶʵʩʹ ʳʯʨʭʸʵʩʨʹ ʨʳ ˆʨʲˆʯʨʴ
ʫʨʨˆʲʵʭʬʩʰʹ ʹʨˀʻʨʲʬʩʨʹʵ ʫʨ ʹˆʭʨ... ʨʳʰʺʵʳ ʩʬʩʻʯʵʭʰ
ˀʻʨʳʫʪʵʳʲʵʩʨ ʨʳ ʹʨ˅ʰʸʵʬʩʰʹʨʯʭʰʹ ʹʶʬ˂ʰʨʲʻʸʰ ʯʨʴˆʬʩʰʹ
ʪʨʫʨʫʬʩʨʹ, ʸʨ˂ 7 ʳʨʸʺʹ 1855 ˄. ʳʻʸʨʭʰʵʭʰʹ ʳʰʬʸ
ʫʨʱʳʨʿʵʼʰʲʬʩʻʲʰ ʰʽʴʨ 76).
ʨʳʰʹ ˀʬʳʫʬʪ ʰʳʨʭʬ 1855 ˄. 22 ʳʨʸʰʨʳʵʩʰʹʯʭʬʹ ʩʬʩʻʯʵʭʰ
ʳʵʨˆʹʬʴʬʩʫʨ ʫʵʲʪʵʸʻʱʵʭʹ, ʯʨʭʰʹʻʼʨʲʰ ʹʭʨʴʬʯʰʹ ʰʼʨʸʰʹ
ʯʬʳʰʹ ʳ˂ˆʵʭʸʬʩʴʰ ʯʭʰʯʴʬʩʵʩʨʹ ʰˁʬʴʬʴʵ. ʳʨʯ, ʹˆʭʨʯʨ ˀʵʸʰʹ,
ʫʨʰ˅ʰʸʬʹ ʹʨʫʨʫʬˀʽʬʲʰʨʴʵ ʹʭʨʴʬʯʰʫʨʴ ʸʨ˅ʨˀʰ ʳʰʳʨʭʨʲʰ
ʳʾʭʫʲʬʩʰ ʫʨ ʹʨʴʨʳʫʬ 300 ʳʨʴ. ʹʨˆʹʸʨʫ ʨʸ ʳʰʰʾʬʹ, ʨʸ ʪʨʻˀʭʬʹ.
ʪʨʸʫʨ ʨʳʰʹʨ, ʰʳʨʭʬ ˄ʲʰʹ ʰʭʲʰʹˀʰ ʰʼʨʸʬʲʬʩʳʨ ʳʰʰʾʬʹ ʯʨʯʸʰʹ
ʳʵʲʨ ʫʨ ʳʰʹʰ ʨʳˆʨʴʨʪʬʩʰ, ʸʵʳʬʲʯʨ ʳʰʮʨʴʹʨ˂ ʹʭʨʴʬʯʰʹ ʨˇʨʴʿʬʩʨ
ˀʬʨʫʪʬʴʫʨ ʫʨ ʰʼʨʸʲʬʩʰ˂ ʨʳ ʹʨʽʳʬˀʰ ʳʨʯ ˆʬʲʹ ʻ˄ʿʵʫʩʬʴ.
ʭʰʴʨʰʫʨʴ ʹʭʨʴʬʯʰʹ ʳʳʨʸʯʭʬʲ ʳʰʽʬʲʨ˃ʬʹ ʳʨʯ ʹʨ˄ʰʴʨʨʾʳʫʬʪʵʫ
ʮʵʳʬʩʰ ʭʬʸ ʳʰʬʾʵ, ʨʳʰʺʵʳ ʩʨʪʸʨʺʰʵʴ ʳʻˆʸʨʴʹʱʰʹ
ʪʨʴʱʨʸʪʻʲʬʩʰʯ ʹʭʨʴʬʯˀʰ ʪʨʪʮʨʭʴʰʲʰ ʰʽʴʨ ʸʨ˅ʰʹ ʳʨʮʸʰʹ
ʻʼʸʵʹʰ ʳʨʰʵʸʰ ʭʨʹʰʲʰʬʭʰ 200 ʱʨ˂ʰʯ. ʬʹ ʭʨʹʰʲʰʬʭʰ ʸʨ˅ʰʫʨʴ
ʽʭʬʳʵ ʹʭʨʴʬʯˀʰ ʪʨʫʨʭʰʫʨ ʫʨ ʹ. ʲʻˇʰˀʰ ʫʨʩʨʴʨʱʫʨ. ʨʽ ʳʨʹʯʨʴ
ʪʨʳʵ˂ˆʨʫʫʬʴ ʯʨʭʰʹʻʼʨʲ ʹʭʨʴʬʯʰʫʨʴ ʱʵʳʲʰʹ ʯʨʭʮʬ ʯʰʯʵ ʱʨ˂ʰ.
ʫʨʳʴʨˀʨʭʬ ʰʼʨʸʲʬʩʰ ʸʵʳ ʫʨʬ˅ʰʸʨʯ, ʳʰʽʬʲʨ˃ʬʳ ʰʹʰʴʰ
˄ʨʰʿʭʨʴʨ ʹʵʼ. ʷʨˆʻʴʫʬʸˀʰ ʬʱʲʬʹʰʨʮʬ ʭʰʯʵʳʫʨ ʼʰ˂ʰʹ
ˁʨʳʵʹʨʸʯʳʬʭʨʫ ʳʯʨʭʸʵʩʰʹ ʳʵʸˁʰʲʬʩʨʮʬ. ʳʨʪʸʨʳ ʫʨʼʰ˂ʬʩʰʹ
ˀʬʳʫʬʪ ʳʰʽʬʲʨ˃ʬʳ ʪʨʳʵʻ˂ˆʨʫʨ ʳʨʯ, ʸʵʳ ʳʯʨʭʨʸʰ ʫʨʳʴʨˀʨʭʬʴʰ
ʻʴʫʨ ʫʨʬ˅ʰʸʨ ʫʨ ʽʻʯʨʰʹˀʰ ˄ʨʬʿʭʨʴʨ. ʨʳʰʹ ʪʨʪʵʴʬʩʨʮʬ ʰʼʨʸʬʲʬʩʳʨ
ʰʨʸʨʾʮʬ ʪʨʰʹʭʬʹ ˆʬʲʰ. ʨʳʵʬʼʨʸʬʴ ʬʱʲʬʹʰʰʹ ʪʨʲʨʭʨʴʹ ʫʨ
ʪʨʳʵʻ˂ˆʨʫʬʹ ʳʰʽʬʲʨ˃ʬʹ ± ,,ʨʸ ʫʨʪʴʬʩʫʬʩʰʯʵ³ʳʨʪʸʨʳ ˀʬʺʨʱʬʩʨʹ
ʨʫʪʰʲʰ ʨʸ ˈʽʵʴʰʨ ʫʨ ʹʨʽʳʬ ʳˀʭʰʫʵʩʰʨʴʨʫ ʫʨʳʯʨʭʸʫʨ 77).
1855-1857 ˄ʲʬʩˀʰ ˁʻʩʬˆʬʭʰʹʨ ʫʨ ʬ˂ʬʸʰʹ ʳʯʨʭʸʬʩʹ ˀʵʸʰʹ
ˀʻʸʰʹ ˃ʰʬʩʰʹ ʴʰʨʫʨʪʮʬ ʳʵʳˆʫʨʸʳʨ ʹʰʹˆʲʰʹ ʾʭʸʨʳ ʫʨ ʨʳʰʹ ʪʨʳʵ
ʹʨʫʨʫʬˀʽʬʲʰʨʴʵ ʹʭʨʴʬʯˀʰ ʪʨʳʬʼʬʩʻʲʳʨ ʨʴʨʸʽʰʻʲʳʨ
ʳʫʪʵʳʨʸʬʵʩʨʳ ʳʯʨʭʸʵʩʨ ʰ˃ʻʲʬʩʻʲʰ ˈʿʵ 1857 ˄. ʹʨʳˆʬʫʸʵ
ˀʺʨʩʰʹ ʻʼʸʵʹʰʹ ʻʹʲʨʸʰʹ ʳʯʨʭʨʸʹʨʸʫʲʵʩʰʯ ʹʭʨʴʬʯˀʰ ˇʨʸʰ
306
ʪʨʬʪʮʨʭʴʨ 78). ˇʨʸʰ ʹʭʨʴʬʯʰʹʨʱʬʴ ʪʨʬʳʪʮʨʭʸʨ ʬʸʯʰ ʴʨ˄ʰʲʰ
ʿʨʩʨʸʫʵʫʨʴ, ʳʬʵʸʬ ˄ʬʩʬʲʫʰʫʨʴ ʫʨ ʳʬʹʨʳʬ ʲʬˁˆʻʳʰʫʨʴ.
ʸʵʫʬʹʨ˂ ʻʹʲʨʸʳʨ ʲʨʺʼʨʸʰʹ ʳʯʨ ʪʨʫʨʰʨʸʨ ʫʨ ʱʨʲʰʹ ʯʬʳˀʰ
ʫʨʩʨʴʨʱʫʨ, ʰʽ ʳʨʹʯʨʴ ʳʰʭʰʫʨ ʳʻʸʮʨʿʨʴ (ʱʵʴʹʺʨʴʺʰʴʬ)
ʫʨʫʬˀʽʬʲʰʨʴʰ ʫʨ ʪʨʴʻ˂ˆʨʫʨ, ʸʵʳ ʰʹ ʳʰʫʰʹ ʶʰʸʫʨʶʰʸ ʽʻʯʨʰʹˀʰ
ʪʨʪʨʸʰʴʯʨʴ. ʨʳʰʹ ˀʬʳʫʬʪ ˇʨʸʰʹ ʹʭʨʴʬʯˀʰ ˀʬʿʭʨʴʨʹ ʨʮʸʰ ʫʨʬʱʨʸʪʨ
ʫʨ ʻʹʲʨʸʰ ʻʱʨʴ ʫʨʩʸʻʴʫʨ.
ʹʨʴʨʳ ʹʭʨʴʬʯʰʫʨʴ ˄ʨʭʰʫʵʫʨ, ʻʹʲʨʸʳʨ ʪʨʳʵʨʸʱʭʰʨ, ʸʵʳ
ʻˀʪʻʲʰʹ ʯʬʳʹ ʯʻʸʳʬ ʨʸʨʭʰʯʸʰ ʳʵʴʨ˄ʰʲʬʵʩʨ ʨʸ ʳʰʻʾʰʨ
ʯʨʭʰʹʻʼʨʲʰ ʹʭʨʴʬʯʰʹ ʸʻʹʬʯʯʨʴ ˀʬʬʸʯʬʩʰʹ ʫʸʵʹ,
ʪʨʴʫʪʵʳʰʲʨʫ ʫʨ ʫʨʻʳʵʸˁʰʲʬʩʲʨʫ ʿʵʼʰʲʨ ʫʨ, ʸʵʫʬʹʨ˂ 1853
˄. ʪʰʵʸʪʰ ˄ʬʸʬʯʲʰʹ ʳʬ˂ʨʫʰʴʬʵʩʰʯ 7 ʹʭʨʴʰʹ ʭʵʸʵʴ˂ʵʭʯʨʴ
˄ʨʹʭʲʨ ʳʵʬ˄ʿʵ, ʸʵʪʵʸ˂ ʮʬʳʵʫ ʨʸʰʹ ʴʨʯʽʭʨʳʰ, ʨʳ ʫʸʵʹ ʻˀʪʻʲˀʰ
ˀʬʳʵʹʻʲʨ ˂ʰʵʿ ʪʨʸʫʨʼˆʨ˃ʬ, ʸʵʳʬʲʰ˂ ʹʭʨʴʬʯˀʰ ʪʨʴʯʽʳʻʲʰ ʰʿʵ
ʯʻʸʳʬ ʰʳʰʯ, ʸʵʳ ,,ʰʹʬ ˀʵʸʹ ʻʭʲʰʨ, ˀʨʭʰ ʮʾʭʨ˂ ʱʰ ʫʨʻʴʨˆʨʭʹʵ³
79). ʻˀʪʻʲˀʰ ˂ʰʵʿʰ ʬʹʺʻʳʸʨ ʮʬʳʵˆʹʬʴʬʩʻʲ ʿʨˁʨʾʹ ˇʨʳʨʯʨ

˅ʬʲʰ˃ʬʹ, ʸʵʳʬʲʰ˂, ʸʵʪʵʸ˂ ʨʾʭʴʰˀʴʬʯ, ˀʬʳʫʬʪˀʰ ʾʬʩˀʰ ʰʽʳʴʨ

ʳʵʱʲʻʲʰ ʫʨ ʹʯˆʵʭʨ ʳʨʹ, ʬˀʵʭʨ ʵʸʰ ʻˀʪʻʲʬʲʰ, ʸʵʳʲʬʩʰ˂ ʻʴʫʨ
˄ʨʿʵʲʵʫʬʴ ʴʨʲˁʰʱˀʰ, ʹʨʫʨ˂ ʰʳ ʫʸʵʹ ʰʳʿʵʼʬʩʵʫʨ ʱʨʭʱʨʹʰʰʹ
ʳʯʨʭʨʸʳʨʸʯʬʩʬʲʰ. ˇʨʳʨʯʨʹ ʻˀʵʭʰʨ ʨʳˆʨʴʨʪʬʩʰ. ˂ʰʵʿʰ ˀʬʶʰʸʬʩʰʨ
ʳʨʯ ʫʰʫ ʹʨˁʻʽʸʬʩʹ ʫʨ ʿʭʬʲʨʴʰ ʬʸʯʨʫ ʴʨʲˁʰʱˀʰ ʸʨ˅ʰʹ ʪʮʰʯ
ʪʨʹʻʲʨʴ. ʴʨʲˁʰʱʰʫʨʴ ʳʯʭʨʸʳʨʸʯʬʩʬʲʰ ʶʰʨʺʰʪʵʸʹʱˀʰ
˄ʨʹʻʲʰʿʵ ʫʨ ʨʳʰʺʵʳ ˂ʰʵʿʰ ʯʨʭʰʹ ,,ʫʬʲʬʪʨ˂ʰʰʯ³ ʰʽʰʯʱʬʴ
ʪʨʬˀʻʸʨ. ʳʨʴ ʬʹ ʹʨʳʰ ʻˀʪʻʲʬʲʰ ʳʯʨʭʨʸʳʨʸʯʬʩʬʲʹ ˄ʨʸʻʫʪʰʴʨ,
ʭʰʯʨʸ˂ʨ ʻˀʪʻʲʰʹ ʯʬʳʰʹ ʪʨʳʵʪʮʨʭʴʰʲʴʰ ʯʭʰʯʳʶʿʸʵʩʬʲʵʩʰʹ
ʽʭʬˀʬʭʸʫʵʳʵʩʨˀʰ ʳʰʾʬʩʰʹ ʹʨʯˆʵʭʨʫ. ʳʨʹ ˃ʨʲʰʨʴ ʹʨʹʰʨʳʵʭʴʵʫ
ʫʨʸˁʨ ʯʻʸʳʬ ʬʹ. ʳʯʨʭʨʸʳʨʸʯʬʩʬʲʳʨ ʹʭʨʴʬʩʹ ʫʰʫʰ ʶʨʺʰʭʰ ʹ˂ʨ,
ʨˁʻʽʨ ʯʰʯʵʹ 50 ʳʨʴʬʯʰ ʫʨ ʰʹʬ ʪʨʰʹʺʻʳʸʨ ʯʨʭʰʹ ʽʭʬʿʴʰʹʨʱʬʴ.
ʻˀʪʻʲʰʹ ʪʲʬˆʵʩʨʹ ʸʵʳ ʬʹ ʨʳʩʨʭʰ ʪʨʻʪʰʨ, ʫʰʫʨʫ
ʨʾˀʼʵʯʬʩʻʲʨ ʫʨ ˂ʰʵʿʰʹ ʳʰʬʸ ˄ʨʿʭʨʴʰʲ ʹʨʳ ʻˀʪʻʲʬʲʰʹ
ʹʨʹʺʰʱʨʫ ʫʨʹˇʨ ʫʨʻʫʪʬʴʰʨ. ˇʨʳʨʯʨʹ ʫʨ ʳʰʹ ʨʳˆʨʴʨʪʬʩʹ ʸʵʳ ʬʹ
ʨʳʩʨʭʰ ʪʨʻʪʰʨʯ, ˁʻʳʨʫ ˀʬʹʻʲʨʴ ʻˀʪʻʲˀʰ, ʯʰʯʵ ʱʨʸʪʰ ʴʬʩʰʬʸʰ
ʪʨʯʬʴʬʩʨʳʫʬ ʯʨʭʰʨʴʯ ʹʨˆʲʬʩʰʫʨʴ ʪʨʻʿʭʨʴʰʨʯ ʫʨ ʻˀʪʻʲʰʹ
ʾʭʯʰʹ ʳˀʵʩʲʰʹ ʬʱʲʬʹʰʰʹ ʱʨʸʬʩʰʹʯʭʰʹ ʳʰʻʩʨʳʹʯ. ʳʬʵʸʬ ʫʾʬʹ ʬʹ
ʸʵʳ ˆʨʲˆʳʨ ˀʬʰʺʿʵ, ʳʯʬʲʳʨ ʻˀʪʻʲʳʨ ʬʱʲʬʹʰʰʹ ʪʨʲʨʭʨʴˀʰ
ʳʵʰʿʨʸʨ ʯʨʭʰ. ˇʨʳʨʯʨ ʫʨ ʳʰʹʰ ʨʳˆʨʴʨʪʬʩʰ ˄ʨʸʹʫʪʬʴ ʫʨˁʵʽʰʲʰ
307
ˆʨʲˆʰʹ ˄ʰʴʨˀʬ ʫʨ ʹʯˆʵʭʬʹ ʶʨʺʰʬʩʨ. ʸʨʫʪʨʴʨ˂ ʳʨʯ ʬʱʲʬʹʰʰʹ
ʱʨʸʬʩʮʬ ˆʨʸʬʩʰ ʳʰʨʩʬʹ, ʨʳʰʹ ˀʬʳʫʬʪ ʹʭʨʴʻʸʰ ˁʭʬʻʲʬʩʨ
ʻˀʪʻʲʬʲʬʩʹ ʴʬʩʨʹ ʨʸ ʨ˃ʲʬʭʫʨ ʫʨʳʴʨˀʨʭʬʴʰ ʫʨʬʹʨˇʨʯ ʫʨ ʨʳʰʺʵʳ
ʨʶʨʺʰʬʹ ʫʨʴʨˀʨʻʲʰ ʫʨ ʹʨʳʰ ˆʨʸʰ ʰʽʭʬ ʫʨʱʲʬʹ ʫʨ ˀʬʹ˅ʨʳʬʹ.
ʨʳʴʨʰʸʨʫ, ʸʵʪʵʸ˂ ʮʬʳʵʯ ʨʸʰʹ ʴʨʯʽʭʨʳʰ, ʻˀʪʻʲʰʹ ˆʨʲˆʰ
ʻʹʲʨʸʰʹ ʹʭʨʴʬʯˀʰ ʳʵʹʭʲʨʳʫʬ ʿʵʼʰʲʨ ʫʨʻʳʵʸˁʰʲʬʩʬʲʰ.
ˆʵʲʵ ʻˀʪʻʲʰʹ ʳʾʭʫʲʰʹ ʹʰʳʵʴ ʪʨʩʰʨʴʰʹ ˁʨʪʵʴʬʩʰʯʨ ʫʨ
ʳʬ˂ʨʫʰʴʬʵʩʰʯ ʻˀʪʻʲʰʹ ʪʲʬˆʵʩʨ ʳʨˀʰʴ ʪʨʳʵ˂ˆʨʫʫʨ ʻʹʲʨʸʯʨʴ
ʫʨ ʳʰʰʾʵ ʼʰ˂ʰ ʸʻʹʬʯʰʹ ʽʭʬˀʬʭʸʫʵʳʵʩʨˀʰ ˀʬʹʭʲʰʹ ˀʬʹʨˆʬʩ 81).
1834 ˄. ʩʨʸʵʴ ʸʵʮʬʴʰʹ ʳʰʬʸ ʹʭʨʴʬʯˀʰ ʪʨʪʮʨʭʴʰʲʳʨ
ˀʨˆʵʭʹʱʵʰʳ ʸʵʳ ʹʭʨʴʬʯʰʹ ʳʨʳʻʲʬʩʰʹ ʨʾ˄ʬʸʨ ʫʨ ʹʨʮʾʭʸʬʩʰʹ
ʪʨʳʰˇʭʴʨ ʳʵʨˆʫʰʴʨ, ʳʨʴ ʹʭʨʴʬʯʹ ˁʨʳʵʹ˅ʸʨ ʿʵʭʬʲ ʳˆʸʰʫʨʴ ʫʰʫʰ
ʺʬʸʰʺʵʸʰʨ.
ʫʨʹʨʭʲʬʯʰʯ ʹʨʫʨʫʬˀʽʬʲʰʨʴʵ ʹʭʨʴʬʯʰʹ ʹʨʮʾʭʨʸʰ,
ʹʨʳʬʪʸʬʲʵʹ ʳˆʸʰʯ, ʳʨʴʨʳʫʬ ʰʿʵ ʹ. ˇʭʨʸʯʨʴ ʨˆʲʵʹ
ʨʾʳʵʹʨʭʲʬʯʰʯ ʳʫʬʩʨʸʬ ʽʬʫʰ ,,˂ˆʭʰʳʮʨʪʬʲʰ³ ʸʵʳʬʲʰ˂
ˀʬʰ˂ʭʨʲʨ ʳʫ. ʬ˂ʰʯ, ʺʿʨʩʬʫʴʰʬʸʰʯ ʫʨ ʩʵʪʻʸˇʬʲʰʯ 82).
ˁʸʫʰʲʵʬʯʰʯ ʹʭʨʴʬʯʰʹ ʹʨʮʾʭʨʸʰ ʰʳ ʫʸʵʹ ʰʿʵ ʿʨʸʨˁʨʹ ʳˆʸʰʯ
,,ʲʨʩʪʭʰʨʸʰ³ ʿʨʩʨʸʫʵʹ ʳˆʸʰʯ ʴʨʽʨʳʻʱʭʨʸʰ, ʯʬʪʬʴʬʱʰʹ ʳʯʨ ʫʨ
ˁʬʪʬʳʰ, ʸʵʳʲʬʩʰ˂ ʱʨʭʱʨʹʰʵʴʰʹ ʻʳʯʨʭʸʬʹ ʽʬʫʰʯ ˀʬʰ˂ʭʨʲʬʴ. ʨʳʨʹ
ʨʳʺʱʰ˂ʬʩʹ ʨʳ ʷʨʳʨʫ ˁʬʳ ʳʰʬʸ ʨʾʳʵˁʬʴʰʲʰ ʼʸʰʨʫ ʹʨʰʴʺʬʸʬʹʵ
ʹʨʩʻʯʰ. ʬʹ ʨʸʰʹ ʳʵˆʹʬʴʬʩʨ ˁʻʩʬˆʬʭʰʹ ,,ʳʯʨʭʸʰʴʰʹ³ 83)
ʫʰʪʵʸˆʨʴʰʹʨ ʩʨʸʵʴ ʸʵʮʬʴʰʹʨʫʳʰ 1835 ˄. 14 ʰʭʲʰʹʹ, ʸʵʳʬʲˀʰ˂
ʴʨʯʽʭʨʳʰʨ 84):
,,ʹʭʨʴʬʯʰʹ ʳʨʳʻʲʰ ʫʾʬʳʫʰʹ ʿʵʼʰʲʨ ʽʻʬˀʬ ˁʭʬʴʹʨ ʫʨ ʨʸʰʹ˂ʨ.
ʳʨʯ ʳʨʳʻʲʯʨ ʹʨʮʾʭʸʨʭʹ ˁʬʸʽʬʮʬʩʰʹʨ ʳˆʸʰʫʨʴ ʳʯʨ ʯʬʪʬʴʰʱʰ ʫʨ
ʿʨʸʨˁʬʩʰʹʨ ʳˆʸʰʯ ʨʸʰʹ ʹʨʮʾʻʨʸʰ ʹʨʫʨ˂ ʫʨʹʸʻʲʫʬʩʨ ʭʨʱʬ ʨʲʨʪʰ,
ʸʵʳʬʲʹʨ˂ ʬ˄ʵʫʬʩʰʹ ,,ʲʨʩʪʭʰʨʸʰ³ʫʨ ʬʹ ʲʨʩʪʭʰʨʸʰ ʨʸʰʹ ˁʭʬʴʰ ʫʨ
ʰʳʨʹ ʰʽʬʯ ʿʨʸʨˁʬʲʯʨ, ˆʵʲʵ ʹʨʳʬʪʸʬʲʵʹ ʳʮʸʰʭ ʹʨʮʾʭʸʨʭʹ ˁʭʬʴʹʨ
ʳʨʳʻʲʹʨ ʳʯʨ, ˄ʵʫʬʩʻʲʰ ˂ˆʭʰʳʮʨʪʬʲʨʫ.
ˁʬʸʽʬʮʬʩʰʹ ʳˆʸʰʭ, ʸʵʳʬʲʴʰ˂ʨ ʹʨˆʲʵʩʬʴ ˁʬʸʽʬʮʰʫʨʳ,
ʪʨʫʨʹʨˆʲʬʩʻʲʴʰ ʳ˂ˆʵʭʸʬʩʴʰ ʹʵʼʬʲʹʨ ʩʨˆʹʨʴʨʹʨ, ʰʪʰ ʩʨˆʹʨʴʨ
ʨʸʰʹ ʹʨʱʻʯʨʸʰ ˁʻʬʴʰ. ʨʳʰʹ ʪʨʳʵ ʸʵʳʬʲ ʰʽ ʳ˂ˆʵʭʸʬʩʴʰ, ʸʵʳʲʬʩʰ˂
ʫʾʬʹʨ ʹ˂ˆʵʭʸʵʩʬʴ, ʨʫʸʬ ʹʨˆʲʬʩʻʲʨʴ ˁʬʸʽʬʮʰʹ ʹʵʼʬʲʹ
ʮʨʴʪʰʹʹʨ, ʫʨ ʰʽʰʫʨʳ ʪʨʫʳʵʹʨˆʲʬʩʻʲʨʴ ʰʳ ʹʵʼʲʰʹ ʴʨˆʬʭʨʸʰ
ˆʨʲˆʰ ʯʨʭʰʨʴʯ ʳʨʳʻʲʹ ʹʵʼʬʲʹ ʴʨʽʨʳʻʱʭʨʸʹʨ ʫʨ ʴʨʽʨʳʻʱʭʸʰʫʨʴ
308
ʨʸ ʨʸʰʹ ʫʰʫʰ ˆʨʴʰ ʸʵʳʬʲ ʯʨʯʨʸʿʨʴʰʹ ʳʨʳʨʹ ˂ʰʵʿʹ
ʪʨʫʳʵʻʹʨˆʲʬʩʰʨ ˁʭʬʴʹ ʹʨʱʻʯʨʸʹ ʹʵʼʬʲʹ ʩʨˆʹʨʴʨʹʨ ʯˆʵʭʴʰʯʨ
ʳʨʯʰʹ ʳʬʻʼʸʵʹʰʹ ʰʹʳʨʰʲ ʭʬʸʹʶʰʲʵʭʰʹʨ ʫʨ ʸʵʳʬʲʰʹʨ˂ʨ ˀʭʰʲʰ
ʳʰʸʮʨʿʻʲʨ ʫʾʬʹ ʨʸ ˂ʵ˂ˆʨʲʰ ʫʨ ʹ˂ˆʵʭʸʵʩʹ ʳʨʹ ˁʭʬʴʹ ʹʵʼʬʲʹ
ʩʨˆʹʨʴʨʹʨ, ʫʨ ʸʵʳʬʲʰ ˁʻʬʴʰ ʪʲʬˆʴʰ ʹʨˆʲʬʩʻʲʨʴ ʳʨʹ ʩʨˆʹʨʴʨˀʰ
ʰʹʬʴʰ ʮʵʪʴʰ ʨʳʵʻ˄ʿʭʬʺʰʨ ˅ʰʸʹʨ ʫʨ ʫʨʴʨʸˁʵʳʴʰ ʪʨʫʳʵʻʹʨˆʲʬʩʰʨ
ʳʯʨʭʨʸʹʨ ˂ʰʵʿʹ ʹʵʼʬʲʹʨ ʾʬˀʺʬʸʹʨ ʫʨ ʲʨˀˆʸʨˀʹʨ, ʸʵʳʬʲʴʰ˂
ʪʭʬʳʹʨˆʻʸʬʩʰʨʴ ˁʭʬʴ ʩʨʺʵʴʿʳʻʸʰʹ ˄ʬʹʰʯʨ, ˆʵʲʵ ʳʯʨʭʸʰʹʨ
˂ʰʵʿʰʹʨ ʳʰʬʸ ʬʹ ʭʰʯʨʸʰ ʩʨˆʹʨʴʨʹ ʳʨʯʰ ʫʨʹʨˆʲʬʩʨ ʿʵʼʰʲʨ ʳʰʹʫʨ
ˀʬʹʨʳʨʺ ʶʰʸʻ˂ʭʲʰ ʨʳʰʹʯʭʰʹ ʸʵʳ ʰʽ ʰʳʨʯʰʹ ʳʵʹʨˆʲʬʵʩʰʯ
ʫʨʰ˂ʻʨʭʫʨ ʰʳ ʳˆʨʸʬʹ ʪʨʸʬʻʲʯʨ ʳʺʬʸʯʨʪʨʴ ˁʻʳʨʯ
ˀʬʳʵʹʻʲʰʹʨʯʭʰʹ ʳʨʳʻʲʹʨ ʯʭʰʹʨʨ ʫʨ ʳʬʵʸʬʫ ʰʳʰʹʯʭʰʹ, ʸʵʳ
ʰʪʰʴʰ ʰʹʬ ʪʭʬʳʹʨˆʻʸʬʩʵʫʬʴ ˁʻʬʴ ʭʰʯʨʸ˂ʨ ʹʨʱʻʯʨʸʰ ʿʳʨʴʰ,
ʸʵʪʵʸ˂ ʹʨʩʨʲʨˆʵʹʨ ʳʵ˂ʬʳʰʯʨ, ʨʪʸʬʯʭʬ ʹˆʻʨʯʨ ʹʨʳʹʨˆʻʸʰʯʨ˂ʨ,
ʸʨʹʨ˂ ʻʩʸ˃ʨʴʬʩʫʰʯ ˁʻʬʴ ʫʾʬʳʫʰʹ.
ʳʬʵʸʬ. ʿʨʸʨˁʬʲʴʰ ʸʵʫʬʹʨ˂ ʳʵʰˆʳʨʸʬʩʫʬʴ ʳʨʳʻʲʹʨ ʫʨ ʨʴʻ
ʹˆʭʰʹʨ ʶʰʸʻʺʿʭʰʹʨ ʹʨ˃ʵʭʴʬʲʨʫ ʪʭʨ˃ʲʬʭʫʬʴ ʯʭʰʴʰʬʸ ʿʵʭʲʰʹʨ
ʻʨʸʰʹ ʿʵʼʰʹʨ ˀʬʹʨˆʭʬʫʸʹʨ ʹʨʩʨʲʨˆʵʹʨ, ʸʨʰ˂ʨ ˀʬˆʻʫʬʩʵʫʨʯ
ˁʭʬʻʲʬʩʰʹ ʳʰʬʸ.
ʳʬʹʨʳʬ. ʹʨʳʬʪʸʬʲʵʹ ʳˆʸʰʫʨʳ ʵʫʬʹ ʪʨʸʫʳʵʭʲʬʴ ʰʽʨʻʸʴʰ
ʳ˂ˆʵʭʸʬʩʴʰ ˆʹʬʴʬʩʻʲʹʨ ʳʯʨʹʨ ˂ˆʭʰʳʮʨʪʨʲʨʹʨ ʳʨˀʭʰʴ ʰʳʨʯ
ʭʨʸʯʳʬʭʯ ʶʰʸʻʺʿʭʹʨ ʯʭʰʹ ʹʨʩʨʲʨˆʵʹʨ ʫʨ ʹˆʻʨ ʸʨ˂ ʹʨʳʹʨˆʻʸʹʨ.
ʨʳʨ ʹʨʮʾʭʸʬʩʹʨ ʰʽʬʯ ʳʫʬʩʨʸʬʵʩʹ ʹʵʼʬʲʰ ˇʭʨʸʰ ʸʵʳʬʲʰ˂ ʨʸʰʹ
ʫʨ ʬʱʻʯʭʴʰʹ ʯʨʭʨʫ ʫʨʫʰʨʴʹ ʱʨ˂ʰʨʹʨ ʫʨ ʭʨʳʬʿʹʨ ʫʨ ʴʰʱʵʹʨ ʫʨ
ʴʨʯʬʹʨʭʯʨ ʳʨʯʯʨ; ˄ʨʸʹʻʲʯʨ ʻ˄ʰʴʨʸʬʹ ʰʳʨʹʨ ˄ʲʬʩʰʹʨ
ʹʰ˂ʵ˂ˆʲʰʹʨ ʫʸʵʹʨ ʽʳʸʰʹʨ ˁʬʳʰʹʨ ʹʭʨʴʬʯʰʹ ʳʯʨʭʸʰʹʨ
ʳʵʹʵʹʺʸʰʹʨ ʫʨ ʳʻʸʮʨʿʨʴʰʹʨ 85) ʬʸʯˆʬʲ ʪʨʫʳʵʹʻʲʰʿʵ ʨʳʨ
ʹʨʮʾʭʨʸʹʨ ʪʨʸʫʨ˂ʭʨʲʬʩʻʲʰ ʪʰʵʸʪʰ ʫʨʫʰʨʴʰ ˂ʵʲʰʯ ʫʨ
ˀʭʰʲʬʩʰʯ ʫʨ ʪʨʬʱʬʯʬʩʰʴʨ ʱʵˀʱʰ ʫʨ ʫʨʳʫʪʨʸʰʿʵ ʳʻʴ, ʯʭʰʴʰʬʸ
ʫʨʱʰʯˆʭʰʹʨ ˁʻʬʴʰʹʨ ʫʨ ʵʫʬʹ ˈʹ˂ʴʬʹ ʽʳʨʸʳʨʴ ˁʬʳʨʴ ʳʵʹʵʹʺʸʳʨ ʫʨ
ʳʻʸʮʨʿʨʴʳʨʴ ʰʳʨʭʬ ʫʸʵʹ ʪʨʴʫʬʭʴʬʹ ʰʽʰʫʨʳ ʫʨ ʫʨʻʽ˂ʰʬʹ ʱʵˀʱʰ
ʰʪʰ, ʸʵʳʬʲʹʨ˂ ʨʸʨ ʻʨʸʹ ʿʵʼʬʴ ˀʭʰʲʴʰ ʳʰʹ ʪʰʵʸʪʰ ʫʨʫʰʨʴʰʹʨʴʰ
ʱʨ˂ʰʨ ʫʨ ʭʨʳʬʿʰ, ʸʵʳʬʲʴʰ˂ʨ ʨʳ ʷʨʳʨʫ ʰʹʰʴʰ˂ʨ ʰʿʻʴʬʹ ʰʽ ʯʨʭʰʹʰ
˂ʵʲʬʩʰʯ ʫʨ ˀʰʫ ʸʨʵʫʬʴʹʨʳʬ ˄ʲʰʹʨ ʯˆʵʭʴʰʯʨ ʳʨʯ ʫʨʫʰʨʴʯʨ,
ʸʨʫʪʨʴʨ˂ ʨʸʹ ʳʨʳʻʲʰ ʰʪʰ ʹʨ˅ʰʸʵ ʳʨʯʰʹ ʹʵʼʲʰʹʨ ˇʭʨʸʰʹʨʯʭʰʹ,
ʳʰʭʬ˂ʰʯ ʴʬʩʨ ʸʨʯʨ ʰˆʳʨʸʵʴ ʳʨʯ ʫʨ ʳʰʹʯʭʰʹ ʪʭʨ˃ʲʬʭʬʴ ˁʻʬʴ
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ʶʰʸʻʺʿʭʹʨ ʯʭʰʹʨ ʹʨʩʨʲʨˆʵʹʨ ʫʨ ʯʨʼʲʹʨ ʸʨʫʪʨʴʨ˂ ʰʳ ˁʭʬʴ
ˆʳʬʲˀʰ ʱʬʯʰʲʵʩʹ ʫʰʫʨʯ ʼʻʺʱʨʸʰ, ʫʨ ʸʨʵʫʬʴʰ˂ʨ ʪʨʳʵʭʨ ʯʼʲʰ
ʳʨʹ ʹʸʻʲʬʩʰʯ ˄ʨʳʵʭʰʾʬʩʯ ˁʻʬʴ ʫʨ ʹʨʴʯʬʲʹ ˄ʨʰʾʬʩʬʴ ʰʹʬʴʰ ʫʨ
ʸʨʰ˂ʨ ˀʬˆʻʫʬʩʰʹ ʹʵʼʬʲʹʨ ˇʻʨʸʹʨ, ʸʵʳʬʲʰ˂ʨ ʨʸʹ ʳʯʰʹ
˂ˆʭʰʳʮʨʪʬʲʰʹʨ ʰʽʰʯ ʰʪʰ ʮʬʳʵʯʽʳʰʹʨʳʬʩʸ ʬʱʻʯʭʴʰʯ ʳʨʯ
ʫʨʫʰʨʴʯʨ ʯʻʳ˂ʨ ʪʭʿʭʨʴʨʴ ʰʽ ʿʳʨʴʴʰ ˁʻʬʴʴʰ, ʪʨʸʴʨ ʰʹʬʴʰ ʨʸʰʨʴ
ʮʵʪʴʰ ʴʨʹʿʰʫʴʰ, ʮʵʪʴʰ ʴʨˀʵʭʨʸʴʰ ʫʨ ʻʳʬʺʬʹʰ ʴʨ˄ʰʲʰ ʳʵ˂ʬʳʻʲ
ʨʸʹ ʹʨʳʬʪʸʬʲʵʹ ʿʵʼʰʲ ʳʯʨʭʸʰʹ ʪʨʸʫʨ˂ʭʨʲʬʩʻʲʰʹ ʪʸʰʪ.
ʫʨʫʰʨʴʰʹʨʪʨʴ ʰʳ ʳʰʮʬʮʰʹʨ ʪʨʳʵ ʸʵʳʬʲ ʵʫʬʹ ʳʵʨʫʪʨ ˇʨʸʰʯ
ʻʱʨʴʨʹʱʴʬʲʰ ʳʬʼʬ ʰʳʬʸʬʯʰʹʨ ʹʵʲʵʳʵʴ ʪʸʰʪʵʲ ʫʨʫʰʨʴʹʨ ʫʨ
ˀʬʨʭʰ˄ʸʵʨ ʰʳ ʷʨʳʨʫ ʬʯˆʵʭʴʨ ˀʬ˄ʬʭʴʨ ʳʨˀʭʰʴ ʳʿʵʼʰʹ ʹʭʨʴʬʯʰʹ
ʳʯʨʭʸʰʹ ʯʬʴʪʰʮʰʹʨʯʭʰʹ, ʸʵʳʬʲʰ˂ ʰʿʵ ʳʨʳʨ ʽʳʨʸʰʹʨ ˁʬʳʰʹʨ
ʳʵʹʵʹʺʸʰʹʨ ʫʨ ʳʻʸʮʨʿʨʴʰʹʨ ʫʨ ˀʬʳ˄ʬʵʩʰʹʨ ʳʰ˂ʬʳʰʹʨ ʷʨʳʹ,
ʸʨʫʪʨʴʨ˂ ʫʨˆʵ˂ʵʫʨ ʳʨʹ ʵʳˀʰ ʱʨ˂ʴʰ ʨʳʰʹʨʯʭʰʹ ʪʸʰʪʵʲ ʫʨʫʰʨʴʹ
ʳʰʬ˂ʨ ʸʨʳʵʫʬʴʰʳʬ ʱʵʳʲʰ ʪʲʬˆʴʰ ʹʵʼʬʲʹʨ ˇʭʨʸʹʨ, ʸʵʳʬʲʴʰ˂ʨ
ʪʭʿʭʨʴʨʴ ʫʾʬʹʨ˂ʨ ʫʨ ʳʨˀʭʰʴʫʬʲʰʹʨ ʪʨʸʬʳʵʬʩʰʹʨ ʯʭʨʲʰʯ
ʳʴʨˆʭʬʲʰ ʨʸʹ ʳʨʯʰ ʻʪʨʴʨʯʲʬʩʻʲʬʹʵʩʨ ʹʨʽʨʸʯʭʬʲʵʹ ʳʬʼʰʹ
ʪʰʵʸʪʰʹ ʨʹʻʲʰ ʴʰʴʨ ʫʬʫʨ ʨ˄ʰʴʫʬʲʰʹʨ ʳʯʨʭʸʰʹ ʲʬʵʴ
ʫʨʫʰʨʴʰʹʨ, ʸʵʳʬʲʰ˂ ˈʹ˂ˆʵʭʸʵʩʹ ʶʬʺʬʸʩʻʸʪʹʨ.
ʳʬʵʯˆʬ. ˄ʨʸʹʻʲʹʨ ˄ʬʲʹʨ ʳʵʭʰʫʨ ʸʨ ʹʭʨʴʬʯˀʰ ʱʨʶʰʺʨʴʰ
ʱʴʰʨʮʰ ˀʨˆʵʭʹʱʵʰ ʰʳʨʭʬ ʫʸʵʹ ʰ˄ʿʵ ˄ʬʸʨʫ ʹʭʨʴʬʯʰʹ ʳʨʳʻʲʬʩʰʹʨ
ʫʨ ʿʵʭʲʰʹʨ ʳˆʸʰʫʨʳ ʨʸʨ ʯʻ ˀʬʨʭʰ˄ʸʵʭʨ ʹʨʮʾʭʨʸʴʰ ˁʻʬʴʴʰ,
ʨʸʨʳʬʫ ʯʭʰʹʰʹʨ ʨʮʸʰʯʨ ʳʰʹ˂ʨ ʳʨʳʻʲʴʰ ˁʻʬʴʴʰ ʹˆʻʨʯʨ ʫʨ ʰʹʬ
ʭʰʯʨʸ ʳʰʹʰ ʳʵʽʳʬʫʬʩʨ ʨʸ ʻ˄ʿʰ ʯʻ ʭʰʹʪʨʴ ʽʵʴʫʨ ʳʵʴʫʵʩʰʲʰ, ʫʨ
ʸʵʪʵʸ˂ ʳʬ ʻ˄ʿ ʬʹʬ ʨʸʨ ʬʽʴʬʩʵʫʨ ʳʨʹ ʯʽʻʬʴʪʨʴ ʩʸ˃ʨʴʬʩʻʲʰ, ʸʨʯʨ
ʳʵʪʭʨʱʲʵʹ ʹʨʱʻʯʨʸʹʨ ˁʻʬʴʹʨ ʳʨʳʻʲʹ, ʸʵʳʬʲʴʰ˂ ʪʭʽʵʴʰʨ ˁʻʬʴ
ʫʾʬʳʫʰʹ ʫʨ ʨʳʨʹʯʨʴʨʭʬ ʳʰʹ˂ʨ ʩʸ˃ʨʴʬʩʨ ʸʵʪʼʵʸ˂ ʿʨʸʨˁʬʲʯʨ
ʨʪʸʬʯʭʬ ʩʨˆʹʨʴʨʹ ʳ˂ˆʵʭʸʬʩʬʲʯʨ˂ʨ ʸʨʯʨ ʫʾʬʰʹ ʰʽʰʯ ʨʸʾʨʸʨ
ʪʭʨ˃ʲʬʭʫʬʴ ˁʻʬʴ ʰʪʰʴʰ ʳʨʳʻʲʰʹʨ ˁʻʬʴʰʹʨ ˀʨʳʵʹʨʭʨʲʹʨ,
ʸʵʳʲʰʯʨ˂ʨ ʪʭʰʹʨʸʪʬʩʲʴʰʨ ʫʨ ʨʸʹ ˁʭʬʴʰ ʹʨʳʱʭʰʫʸʵ ʫʨ ʳʨʳʻʲʰ˂ʨ
ʰʪʰ ʫʨʹ˄ʬʸʨ ʳʨʯʮʬʫ ʹʨʱʻʯʸʵʩʰʹʨ ʯʭʰʹʨ ʭʰʯʨʳ˂ʨ ʰʿʵʹ ʳʨʯʰ,
ʳʨˀʰʴ ʸʵʫʬʹʨ˂ ʩʨˆʹʨʴʰʹʨ ʳ˂ˆʵʭʸʬʩʴʰ ʨʸʰʨʴ ˁʻʬʴʪʨʴ
ʫʨʹʨˆʲʬʩʻʲʰ ʫʨ ʰʽ ʳʹʨˆʲʵʩʬʲʴʰ ˁʻʬʴʴʰ ʪʲʬˆʴʰ ʫʾʬʹ
˂ˆʵʭʸʵʩʬʴ ʾʬˀʺʬʸʹʨ ʫʨ ʲʨˀˆʸʨˀʹʨ, ʸʵʳʬʲʯʨ˂ʨ ʿʵʭʬʲʳʨʴ
ʳʬʱʵʳʻʸʳʨʴ ʰ˂ʰʨʴ ʯʨʭ-ʯʨʭʰʹʰ ʴʨʳʵʹʨˆʲʨʸʴʰ, ʹʨˆʲʴʰ ʫʨ
ʹʨʱʻʯʨʸʴʰ ʳʨʳʻʲʴʰ ʹʵʼʬʲʹʨ ʩʨˆʹʨʴʨʹʨ, ʫʨ ʯʻʴʫʨ˂ʨ ʱʰʫʬ˂ʨ ʰʹ
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ʳʨʳʻʲʰ ʨʸ ʿʵʼʰʲʰʿʵ ˁʻʬʴʰ ʳʨˀʰʴʨ˂ ʨʸ ʰʿʵ ʫʸʵ, ʸʨʯʨ
ʪʨʳʵʬ˂ˆʨʫʬʩʰʴʨ ʬʹ ʭʰʯʨʸ ʻʳʬ˂ʨʸʯʨ ʫʨ ʨˆʨʲʯʨ ˆʨʲˆʯʨ ˀʵʸʰʹ.
ʳʬˆʻʯʬ. ʵʫʬʹ ˁʨʭʨʪʵʴʬʯ ˁʭʬʴʯʨ ʹʨʱʻʯʨʸʯʨ ʿʳʨʯʨ ʫʨ
ʳʵʭʰʿʭʨʴʬʯ ʰʪʬʴʰ ˄ʬʹʹʨ ʮʬʫʨʴ ʽʸʰʹʺʰʨʴʵʩʰʹʨ ʬʹʬ ʨʾʻˁʴʫʨ ʳʨʹ
ʻʹʰʨʳʵʭʴʵʯ, ʸʨʫʪʨʴʨ˂ ʭʽʳʬʴʰʯ ʫʨʻʱʰʯˆʨʭʨʫ ʳʰʹʹʨ ʫʨ
ʪʨʳʵʪʭʰ˂ˆʨʫʨ, ʸʵʳʬʲ ʬʹʬ ʭʰʯʨʸ ʨʸ ʻʴʫʨ ʪʭʬʽʴʨ ʯʭʰʴʰʬʸ ʳʰʹʰʹʨ
ʫʨ ʫʨʫʰʨʴʰʹ ʪʨʴʱʨʸʪʻʲʬʩʰʹʨ, ʸʨʫʪʨʴʨ˂ ʨʸʹʵ ʹʭʨʴʬʯʰʹ ʹʨʽʳʬ
ʫʨʫʰʨʴʹʨ ʫʨ ˁʬʳʮʬʫ ʫʨʳʵʱʰʫʬʩʻʲʰ, ʫʨ ʰʳʰʹʨʯʭʰʹ ʳʾʭʫʬʲʯʨ˂ʨ
ʨʾʻʯʽʭʨ ʪʨʸʫʨˆʫʬʭʰʴʬʩʨ ʫʨ ʳʪʵʴʰʨ ʨʸ˂ʨ ʫʨʨʪʫʬʩʫʨ
ˀʬʻʹʳʬʴʬʲʨʫ ʸʵʳʬʲʯʨ˂ʨ ʨʸ ʸʨ ʻˇʬʸʵ ʻʽʳʴʰʨʯ ʯʭʰʴʰʬʸ ˆʨʲˆʰʹ
ʫʨʴʨʯʭʲʰʹʨ ʫʨ ʳʾʭʫʬʲʴʰ˂ʨ ʰʪʰ ʪʨʳʵʿʭʨʴʰʲ ʰʽʳʴʬʴ ˁʻʬʴʰʫʨʳ
ʰʳʨ ʳʰʮʬʮʰʹʨʯʭʰʹ ʨʸ˂ʨ ʫʨʨʼʰ˂ʨ ˆʬʲʳ˄ʰʼʰʹ ʬʸʯʪʻʲʬʩʨʹʨ ʮʬʫʨ
ˁʭʬʴʪʨʴ ʫʰʫʰʹ ˂ʫʰʯ ʳʵʿʭʨʴʰʲʴʰ ʯʨʭʰʹʻʼʨʲʰ ʹʭʨʴʬʯʰʫʨʳ
ʵʸʳʵ˂ʴʰ ʶʰʸʭʬʲʴʰ ʱʨ˂ʴʰ, ʸʵʳʬʲʴʰ˂ʨ ˄ʨʸʻʫʪʰʴʨ ʳʨʹ ʮʴʰʨʮ
ˀʨˆʵʭʹʱʵʰʹ ˀʭʰʲʳʨʴ ˁʬʳʳʨʴ ʳʨʰʵʸʳʨ ʳʰˆʨʰʲʳʨ (˂ʰʵʿʰ) ˁʻʬʴʹ
ʹʨˆʲˀʰ ʫʨʹʨʼʰ˂ʬʩʲʨʫ, ʳʬ ˅ʬˀʳʨʸʰʺʬʩʰʹʨ ʪʻʲʰʯ ʳʵʭʨˆʹʬʴʬʩ
ʳʨʾʨʲ ʨʾʳʨʺʬʩʻʲʬʩʨʹ ʯʽʭʬʴʹʨ ʸʵʳ ʻʱʬʯ ʯʻ ʱʴʰʨʮ ˀʨˆʵʭʹʱʵʰʹ
ʫʨʬʼʰ˂ʬʩʰʴʴʨ ʨʳ ʷʨʳʨʫ ʰʪʰ ʵʸʳʵ˂ʰ ʱʨ˂ʴʰ ʨʾʨʸ˂ʨ ʳʵʱʭʫʬʩʵʫʨ
ʾʭʰ˃ʲʰ ʫʨ ˁʬʳʰ, ʸʵʳʬʲʰ˂ʨ ʳʵʱʭʫʨ ʯʵʼʰʯ ʯʨʭʰʹʻʼʨʲ
ʹʭʨʴʯʨʪʨʴ ˆʬʲʳ˄ʰʼʬʹʨ ʬʸʯʪʻʲʬʩʰʹʨʯʭʰʹ, ʸʨʫʪʨʴʨ˂ ʽʵʴʫʨ
ˁʬʳʪʨʴ ʬʹʬ ʭʰʯʨʸʰ ˁʨʪʵʴʬʩʻʲʰ ʫʨ ʰʳʨʹʨ˂ ʫʨʪʨʸ˄ʳʻʴʬʩʯ, ʸʵʳ
ʨʸʨʯʻ ʯʨʭʰʹʻʼʨʲʰ ʹʭʨʴʬʯʰ ʫʾʬʳʫʰʹ ʰʽʴʬʩʵʫʨ ʫʰʫʰʹ
ˆʬʲʳ˄ʰʼʰʹ ʽʭʬˀʬʭʸʫʵʳʰʲʰ ʫʨ ʽʸʰʹʺʰʨʴʬʴʰ ʭʰʯʨʸ˂ʨ ˁʭʬʴ
ˀʬʭʰʽʬʴʰʯ ʨʸʨʳʬʫ ˄ʬʩʬʲʫʰ˂ʨ ʳʵʿʭʨʴʰʲʰ ʰʽʴʬʩʵʫʨ
ʫʨʳʵʸˁʰʲʬʩʰʹʨ ʽʭʬˀʬ, ʸʨʫʪʨʴʨ˂ ˀʭʰʲʹʨ ˁʬʳʹʨ ʳʰˆʨʰʲʹʨ ˈʽʵʴʫʨ
ʳʰʹʯʭʰʹ ʮʵʳʰʬʸʬʩʨ ʳʰʾʬʩʻʲʰ ʭʰʴʨʰʫʨʴ ˈʿʭʨʴʫʨ ʳʨʹ ʰʽʨʻʸʴʰ
ʶʰʸʭʬʲʴʰ ʳʬʩʨʺʵʴʬʴʰ ʴʨʯʬʹʨʭʨʫ ʫʨ ʳʬʪʵʩʸʨʫ. ʫʨ ʨʸ˂ʨ
ʫʨʮʵʪʨʭʫʨ ʰʪʰ ʹʰ˂ʵ˂ˆʲʬʹʨ ʫʨ ʽʵʴʬʩʨʹ ʯʭʰʹʨ ʹʨʳʹʨˆʻʸʨʫ
ˁʭʬʴʰʹʨʯʭʰʹ ʯʽʭʬʴʰ ʨʾʳʨʺʬʩʻʲʬʩʰʹʨ, ʪʨʸʴʨ ʳʵʱʲʬʯ ʭʰʺʿʭʰ:
ʸʵʳʬʲ ʫʰʫʰʹʨ ʰʩʱʻʴʬʩʻʲʬʩʰʹʨ ˀʰʴʨ ʨˆʨʲʴʰ ʫʨ ʻʳʬ˂ʨʸʴʰ
ˆʨʲˆʴʰ ʶʰʸʭʬʲʰ ʹʨʱʻʯʸʰʹʨ ʳʨʳʻʲʰʹʨ ʳʰʾʬʩʰʯ ʫʨ ʹʨʮʾʭʸʬʩʰʹʨ
ˀʬʭʰ˄ʸʵʬʩʰʯ, ʫʨ ʳʬʵʸʬʫ ʪʨʳʵʨ˂ˆʨʫʬʩʰʴʨ ʭʰʯʨʸ˂ʨ ʹʨʽʳʬ
ʹʭʨʴʬʯʰʹʨ ʳʰʴʫʵʩʰʲ ʰʿʵʹ ʫʨʫʰʨʴʹʨ ʮʬʫʨʴ ʸʵʳʬʲʹʨ˂ ʬʹʬ
ʭʰʯʨʸʹʨ ʨʸʨʭʰʴ ʰʹʻʸʭʬʩʹ, ʸʨʫʪʨʴʨ˂ ʫʨʫʰʨʴʰ ʨʸʹ ʹʨʳʬʪʸʬʲʵʹ
ʳʯʨʭʨʸʰ ʫʨ ʨʸʨ ʹʭʨʴʬʯʰʹʨ ʫʨ ʰʳ ʳˆʨʸʬʹ ʸʵʪʵʸ˂ ʨʸʹ ʵʯˆʰ
ʹʨʳʯʨʭʸʵ ʨʼˆʨʮʬʯʰʹʨ, ʳʬʴʪʸʬʲʰʰʹʨ, ʪʻʸʰʰʹʨ ʫʨ ʹʭʨʴʬʯʹʨ
311
ˈʿʭʨʴʫʨ ʯʭʰʹ ʯʭʰʹʰ ʳʯʨʭʨʸ ʴʰʸʨʳʵʫʬʴʰʳʬ ʹʨʻʱʻʴʬʫʪʨʴ ʫʨ ʨʸʨ
ʨˆʨʲʴʰ ʳʵʪʵʴʰʲʴʰ, ʫʨ ʹʭʨʴʬʯʰ ʬʹʬ ʨʸʹ ʫʨʹʨˆʲʬʩʻʲʰ
ʹʨʽʨʸʯʭʬʲʵʹ ʳʬʵʸʬʰʹʨ ʳʬʼʰʹʨ ʹʨʻʸʳʨʪʰʹʨʪʨʴ ʳʰʹʨʴʫʵʩʬʲʨʯ
ʹʨʽʨʸʯʭʬʲʵʹ ʳʬʼʬʯʨ ʹʰʳʨʪʸʰʹʨʯʭʰʹ, ʫʨ ʨʸ˂ ʵʫʬʹʳʬ ˄ʵʫʬʩʻʲʨ
ʬʸʯʰ ʳʯʨʭʨʸʰ ʳʬʵʸʬʹʨ ʹʨʳʯʨʭʸʵʹʨ ʳʯʨʭʸʨʫ, ʫʨ ʻʱʬʯʻ
ʿʵʼʰʲʰʿʵ ʬʹʬ ʰʪʰ ʨʾʨʸ ʰʽʴʬʩʵʫʨ ʳʯʨʭʨʸʰ ʨʸʨʳʬʫ ʳʬʼʬ, ʫʨ ʨʳʨ
ʮʬʳʵ ʨʾʴʰˀʴʻʲʯʨ ʪʨʸʬʳʵʬʩʨʯʨ ʫʨʳʻʹʫʭʬʹ ʳʬ ʩʸʨʲʨʫ ʫʨ
ˀʬʭʰʸʨ˂ˆʬ ʹʭʨʴʬʯʰʹʨ ˆʨʲˆˀʰ ʫʨ ʳʨˆʲʵʩʬʲʹ ʳʬʮʵʩʲʬʩˀʰ
ʻʶʨʺʰʵʯ ʸʨʫʪʨʴʨ˂ ʭʰʯʵʳ ˀʬʳʫʪʵʳʨʯ ʳʵʹʭʲʰʹʨ ˁʬʳʰʹʨ ʯʽʻʬʴʹ
ʳʨʾʨʲ ʨʾʳʨʺʬʩʻʲʬʩʨʹʯʨʴ ˄ʨʬʸʯʭʨʯ ʳʨʯ ʹʨʳʱʭʰʫʸʵ ʳʨʳʻʲʬʩʰ
ʫʨ ʹʨʽʳʬ˂ʨ ʳʨʯʰ ʭʰʯʵʳ˂ʫʨ ʫʨʳʵʱʰʫʬʩʻʲ ʰʽʳʴʨ ʫʨʫʰʨʴʹʨ ʮʬʫʨʴ,
ʫʨ ʬʹʬ ʭʰʯʨʸ˂ʨ ʹʰ˃ʴʬʲʬʹʨ ˀʰʴʨ ˀʬʹʻʲʳʨ ʳʵʪʳʨʸʯʬ
ʳʨʾʨʲʨʾʳʨʺʬʩʻʲʬʩʨʹ ʯʽʭʬʴʹʨ ʸʨʯʨ ʪʨʴʪʰ˂ˆʨʫʵʯ ʸʵʳʬʲʳʨʴ˂ʨ
ʳʵʪʮʨʻʸʵʩʨˀʰ ʭʴʨˆʬ ʨʸʨ ʳ˂ʰʸʬʫʰ ʳ˄ʻˆʨʸʬʵʩʨ ʯʵʭʲʰʹʨ ʫʨ ˂ʻʫʹ
ʪʮʬʩʮʬ ʹʰʨʸʻʲʰʯʨ ʻʫʸʵʵʯ. ʰʽʴʬʩʨ ˂ʨʳʬʺʰ ˄ʬʲʰ˄ʨʫʰ ʸʵʳʬʲ
ʿʵʭʬʲʯʭʰʹ ʭ˂ʫʰʲʵʩʫʰ ʸʵʳʬʲ ʳʬʶʵʭʴʨ ʾʵʴʰʹ ˃ʰʬʩʨ ʫʨ ʪʮʨ
ʸʨʯʨ ʹʭʨʴʬʯʰ ˀʬʳʬʿʭʨʴʨ ʽʭʬˀʬʭʸʫʵʳʰʲʬʩʰʹʨ ʽʭʬˀʬ ʫʰʫʰʹʨ
ʸʻʹʬʯʰʹʨ ˆʬʲʳ˄ʰʼʰʹʨ ʫʨ ʳʵʿʭʨʴʨ˂ʨ ʽʸʰʹʺʰʨʴʵʩʰʹʨ ˄ʬʹʹʨ ʮʬʫʨʴ,
ʸʵʳʲʰʹʨ ʹʨʪʨʴʹʨ ʮʬʫʨ ʳʰʴʨˆʨʭʹ ʫʰʫʰ ˃ʨʲʰ ˇʨʼʰ ʫʨ ʻʹʰʨʳʵʭʴʬʩʨ
ʭʰʯʨʸ˂ ʯʨʴˆʳʵʩʰʹʨʯʭʰʹ ʻʳʬ˂ʨʸʯʨ ˆʨʲˆʯʨʪʨʴ ʨʪʸʬʯʭʬ
ʳʨˆʲʵʩʬʲ ʳʵʴʨʯʬʹʨʭʬʯʨʪʨʴʨ˂. ʫʨ ʬʹʬ ʭʰʯʨʸʰ ˈʨʮʸʰ ˁʬʳʰ
ʪʨʴʹʭʬʴʬʩʻʲ ʰʽʳʴʨ ʳʯʨʭʸʵʩʰʹʨ ʯʽʭʬʴʰʹ ʸʵʪʵʸ˂ ʽʭʬˀʬʭʸʫʵʳʵʩʨ
ʸʻʹʬʯʰʹʨ ʺʨˆʺʰʹʨʫʳʰ ʨʪʸʬʯʭʬ ʳʹ˄ʸʨʼʲʨʫ ʳʵʿʭʨʴʰʹʨ
ʽʸʰʹʺʰʨʴʵʩʰʹʨ ˄ʬʹʹʨ ʮʬʫʨʴ ˆʨʲˆʰʹʨ ˁʭʬʴʰʹʨ ʫʨ ʨʳʰʹʯʭʰʹ ʹʻʲ ʨʸ
ʭʰʳʬʫʵʭʴʬʩ ʸʵʳʬʲ ʻʱʬʯʻ ʨʸʨ ʳʰʭʰʾʬʩ ˀʬʹʨʩʨʳʹʨ ˇʰʲʫʵʹʨ
ʳʨˀʰʴ˂ʨ ʨʸ ʳʵʭʨʱʲʫʬʩʰʯ ʶʨʺʰʭʹʨ ʾʰʸʹʬʩʰʹʨ ˁʭʬʴʰʹʨʹʨ, ˄ʵʫʬʩʨʹʨ
ʳʯʨʭʸʵʩʰʹʨʹʨ ʫʨ ʳʨʳʻʲʹʨ ˁʻʬʴʹʨ ʫʨ ʳʨˀʭʰʴ ʻʳʬʺʬʹ ʵʫʬʹ˂ʨ
ʸʵʳʬʲ ʯʽʭʬʴʰ ʳʨʾʨʲʨʾʳʨʺʬʩʻʲʬʩʨ ʳʯʨʭʸʵʩʹ ʨʽʨʻʸʹʨ ʳˆʨʸʬʹ ʫʨ
ʨʸʨ ʹˆʭʨ ʭʰʴʳʬ ʻ˂ʴʵʩʰ ˁʻʬʴʰʹ ʬʸʯʪʻʲʵʩʰʹʨ ʫʨ
ʪʻʲʳʵʫʪʰʴʬʩʰʹʨ ʫʨ ʰʳʰʹʨʯʭʰʹ ʭʰʯˆʵʭʯ ˁʭʬʴʪʨʴ, ʸʨʯʨ ʱʬʯʰʲʰ
ʰʴʬʩʵʯ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ʪʭʰʩʵ˃ʵʯ
˄ʬʸʰʲʰ ʯʽʻʬʴʰ ˆʬʲʰʹ ʳʵ˄ʬʸʰʯ ʬʹʸʬʯ ʸʵʳʬʲ ʸʨʰ˂ʨ ʫʾʬʳʫʰʹ
ʿʵʼʰʲ ʰʿʵ ʹʨʳʼʲʵʩʬʲʵʹʨ ʽʻʬˀʬ ʫʨ ʪʭʬʹʨʸʪʬʩʲʴʵʹ ʳʰʯʰ ʰʪʰ
ʳʰʪʭʬʾʵʹ ʫʨ ʨʾ˄ʬʸʰʲʵʩʨ ʱʴʰʨʮ ˀʨˆʵʭʹʱʵʰʹʨ ʳʵʰˀʨʲʵʹ, ʸʨʯʨ
ʹʭʨʴʬʯʰʹʨ ʻʳʬ˂ʨʸʴʰ ˆʨʲˆʴʰ ʪʨʳʵʭʰʿʭʨʴʵ ˁʬʳʮʬʫ ˂ʻʫʰʹ
ʰ˅ʭʰʨʴʵʩʰʹʨʪʨʴ ʫʨ ʫʨʹʨʹʸʻʲ ʳʵʪʭʬ˂ʬʹ ʰʳʰʹʯʨʴʨ ʳʾʭʫʬʲʰ,
312
ʸʵʳʬʲʳʨ˂ ˀʬʹ˃ʲʵʹ ʫʨ ʰ˂ʵʫʬʹ ˄ʬʸʨ ʽʨʸʯʻʲʰ ʫʨ ʸʻʹʻʲʰ,
ʸʵʪʵʸ˂ ʹʨʳʾʭʫʬʲʵʯ ˆʨʲˆʹʨ ˁʬʳʹʨ ʬʪʸʬʯʭʬ ʹʨʹ˄ʨʭʲʬʩʲʨʫ
ʿʳʨʯʨ ˁʻʬʴʯʨ ˄ʬʸʰʲʰʹʨ³
ʸʵʪʵʸ˂ ʭˆʬʫʨʭʯ ʨʳ ʹʨʰʴʺʬʸʬʹʵ ʹʨʩʻʯʬʩʰʫʨʴ, ˀʨˆʵʭʹʱʵʰʹ
ʪʨʴʱʨʸʪʻʲʬʩʰʯ ʳʬ˂ˆʸʨʳʬʺʬ ʹʨʻʱʻʴʰʹ ʶʰʸʭʬʲ ʴʨˆʬʭʨʸˀʰ
ʹʭʨʴʬʯʰʹ ʹʨʮʾʭʸʬʩʮʬ ʫʰʫʰ ˂ʭʲʰʲʬʩʬʩʰ ʳʵʳˆʫʨʸʨ. ˂ˆʨʫʰʨ, ʨʳʨʹ
ʭʬʸ ˀʬʻʸʰʪʫʬʩʵʫʬʴ ʸʵʪʵʸ˂ ʫʨʫʬˀʽʬʲʰʨʴʬʩʰʹ ʹʨʳʯʨʭʸʵ,
ʨʪʸʬʯʭʬ ʯʨʭʰʹʻʼʨʲʰ ʹʭʨʴʬʯʰ, ʫʨ ʸʵʫʬʹʨ˂ ʰʹʰʴʰ ʱʨʴʵʴʰʬʸʰ
ʪʮʰʯ ʭʬʸʨʼʬʸʹ ʪʨˆʫʬʴ, ʪʨʫʨʹ˄ʿʭʰʺʬʹ ʹʨʱʻʯʨʸʰ ˃ʨʲ-ʾʵʴʰʯ ʫʨ
ʰʨʸʨʾʰʯ ʫʨʬ˂ʭʨʯ ʯʨʭʰʹʰ ʹʨʮʾʭʸʬʩʰ. ʨʳʰʺʵʳ ʸʵ˂ʨ ˀʨˆʵʭʹʱʵʰʹ
ʪʨʴʱʨʸʪʻʲʬʩʰʯ ʳʨʯ ʳʰʬʸ ʫʨʱʨʸʪʻʲʰ ʨʫʪʰʲʬʩʰʯ ʹʨʸʪʬʩʲʵʩʨʹ
ʪʨʴʰʮʸʨˆʨʭʫʬʴ ˆʵʲʳʬ ʳʬʮʵʩʲʬʩʰ, ʹʭʨʴʬʩʰ ʬ˂ʬʳʵʫʬʴ ʨʳ ʹʨʫʨʵ
ʳʯʬʩʮʬ ʸʵʪʵʸ˂ ʫʨʫʰʨʴʰʹ ʹʨʿʳʵ ʽʭʬʿʴʰʹ, ʰʹʬ ʿʨʸʨˁʬʲʯʨ ʫʨ
ʿʨʩʨʸʫʵʬʲʯʨ ʳʬˇʵʪʬʬʩʹ ʫʨ ʨʴʨʫʪʻʸʬʩʫʬʴ ʳʨʯ. ʳʨʪʨʲʰʯʨʫ,
ˁʻʩʬˆʬʭʰʹ ʳʯʨʭʸʬʩʳʨ 1848 ˄. ʨʳ ʴʰʨʫʨʪʮʬ ʳʵʱʲʬʹ ʫʨʫʰʨʴʰʹ
ʲʬˁˆʻʳʰʹ ʳʵʻʸʨʭʰ ʩʨʱʨ ˁʰʽʵʭʨʴʰ. 1852, 1853 ʫʨ 1854 ˄ʲʬʩˀʰ ʰʹʬʴʰ
ʹʰʹʺʬʳʨʺʰʻʸʨʫ ʬ˂ʬʳʵʫʬʴ ʹʨʳʬʪʸʬʲʵʹ ʳʬˇʵʪʬʬʩʹ, ʸʵʳʬʲʯʨ˂ ʨʳ
ʹʨʳʰ ˄ʲʰʹ ʪʨʴʳʨʭʲʵʩʨˀʰ ˄ʨʨʸʯʭʬʹ 10,000 ˂ˆʭʨʸʰ, ˆʵʲʵ ˀʬʳʫʬʪ
˄ʲʬʩˀʰ ʳʰˈʿʨʭʫʨʯ ʱʨ˂ʬʩʰ˂ 86).
ʨʳʴʨʰʸʨʫ ˀʨˆʵʭʹʱʵʰʹ ,,ʱʬʯʰʲʳʵʾʭʨ˄ʬʵʩʰʯ³ ˁʨʬʿʨʸʨ
ʹʨ˃ʰʸʱʭʬʲʰ ʹʭʨʴʬʩʹʨ ʫʨ ʳʰʹ ʪʨʸˀʬʳʵ ʳʵʹʨˆʲʬ ʳʬʮʵʩʬʲ ʬʸʬʩʹ
ˀʵʸʰʹ ʫʨʻʹʸʻʲʬʩʬʲ ʳʺʸʵʩʨʹʨ ʫʨ ʻʩʬʫʻʸʬʩʨʹ, ʫʨ ʸʵʫʬʹʨ˂
1858 ˄. ʫʨʫʰʨʴʰʹ ʪʨʴʱʨʸʪʻʲʬʩʰʯ ʹʨʳʬʪʸʬʲʵʫʨʴ ʨʻʨʸʬʩʲʰ
ˇʵʪʬʩʰ ʳʵʰʿʭʨʴʬʹ ʲʨʺʨʲʰʹ ʹʨʮʾʭʨʸʮʬ ʳʫʬʩʨʸʬ ʫʨʩʻʬʸʰʹ
ʹʨʫʨʩʵ ʳʯʨʮʬ, ʲʨʺʨʲʬʲʬʩʰ ʫʨʬ˂ʬʴ ʳʨʯ ʫʨ ˇʵʪʬʩʰ
ʳʬˇʵʪʬʬʩʰʯʻʸʯ ʲʨʺʨʲˀʰ ˀʬʳʵʸʬʱʬʹ 87).
ˁʬʪʬʳʰ ʳʻʲʨˆʰʹ ʹʨʮʵʪʨʫʵʬʩʨʹ ʻˆʹʵʭʨʸ ʫʸʵʰʫʨʴ ʨ˃ʲʬʭʫʨ
ʿʵʭʬʲ˄ʲʰʻʸʨʫ 12 ʭʬʸ˃ʹ ʹʪʰʳʰʬʸʹ 88) ʹʨʩʨʲʨˆʵ ʨʫʪʰʲʬʩʰʹ
ʩʨʷʨʫ, ʸʵʳʲʰʹ ʳʰ˂ʬʳʨʮʬ˂ 1858 ˄. ʳʨʴ ʻʨʸʰ ʪʨʴʨ˂ˆʨʫʨ. ʨʳʰʺʵʳ
ʳʻʲʨˆʰ ʫʨʬ˂ʨ ˁʬʪʬʳʰʹ ʳʯʬʩʹ ʫʨ ˄ʨʨʸʯʭʨ ʨʻʨʸʬʩʬʲʰ ˇʵʪʬʩʰ.
ʭʰʴʨʰʫʨʴ ʨʫʪʰʲʵʩʸʰʭʳʨ ʨʫʳʰʴʰʹʺʸʨ˂ʰʨʳ ʹʭʨʴʬʩʰʹ ʨʹʬʯ
ʯʭʰʯʴʬʩʵʩʰʹ ʨʹʨʲʨʪʳʨʭʨʫ ʭʬʸʨʭʰʯʨʸʰ ʮʵʳʬʩʰ ʭʬʸ ʳʰʰʾʵ, 1858 ˄.
ʹʭʨʴʬʯˀʰ ʪʨʬʳʪʮʨʭʸʨ ˇʨʸʰʯ ʽʻʯ. ʪʬʴ. ʪʻʩʬʸʴʨʺʵʸʰ ʪ. ʬʸʰʹʯʨʭʰ,
ʸʵʳʬʲʳʨ˂ ʹʭʨʴʬʩʹ ˇʵʪʬʩʰ ˁʨʳʵʨʸʯʭʨ, ʳˀʭʰʫʵʩʰʨʴʵʩʨ ʫʨʨʳʿʨʸʨ
ʹʭʨʴʬʯˀʰ, ʬʸʯʰ ʸʵʺʰʹ ʨʳ ʽʭʬʿʨʴʨˀʰ ʫʨʺʵʭʬʩʰʯ ʳʯʨʭʸʵʩʨʹ

313
ʮʻʸʪʰ ʪʨʻʳʨʪʸʨ ʫʨ ˀʬʰʸʰʪʨ ˇʨʴʹʻˆʰʹ ʳʱʭʲʬʲʬʩʰ ʰʹʲʨʳʰ, ˂ʰʵʿʰ
ʫʨ ʯʬʴʪʰʮʰ, ʸʵʳʲʬʩʰ˂ ˄ʨʸʻʫʪʰʴʨ ʻʳʨʾʲʬʹ ʳʯʨʭʸʵʩʨʹ 89).
1869 ˄. ʹʭʨʴʬʯˀʰ ˄ʨʭʰʫʨ ʽʻʯ. ʪʻʩʬʸʴʨʺʵʸʰ ʾʸʨʼʰ ʲʬʭʨˀʵʭʰ,
ʸʵʳʬʲʳʨ˂ ʳʵʨʪʭʨʸʨ ʪʲʬˆʬʩʹʨ ʫʨ ʯʭʨʫ ʫʨʫʬˀʽʬʲʰʨʴʬʩʹ ˀʵʸʰʹ
ʪʨʳ˄ʭʨʭʬʩʻʲʰ ʻʸʯʰʬʸʯʵʩʰʹ ʹʨʱʰʯˆʰ ʫʨ ʩʬʪʨʸʨ ʫʨʨʫʭʨ ʹʭʨʴʬʯʹ
ʳʵʹʨˆʲʰʹ ʯʨʭʮʬ ˄ʬʲʰ˄ʨʫˀʰ 1 ʳ. 30 ʱ.
1875 ˄ʬʲʹ ʨʫʪʰʲʵʩʸʰʭʳʨ ʩʵʽʨʻʲʳʨ ʫʨ ʯʬʴʪʰʮ
ʫʨʫʬˀʽʬʲʰʨʴʳʨ ʪʨʳʵʻ˂ˆʨʫʬʹ ˆʨʲˆʹ ʳʯʨʭʸʵʩʰʹ ʪʨʴʱʨʸʪʻʲʬʩʨ
ʯʨʭʰʹʻʼʨʲ ʹʭʨʴʬʯˀʰ ʳʰ˄ʬʩʰʹ ʪʨʮʵʳʭʰʹ ˀʬʹʨˆʬʩ. ʹʭʨʴʬʩʳʨ ʰʼʰʽʸʬʹ
ʳʰ˄ʬʩʰʹ ʪʨʮʵʳʭʨ ʳʯʨʭʸʵʩʨʹ ʨʲʩʨʯ ʳʰ˄ʬʩʮʬ ʨˆʨʲʰ ʪʨʫʨʹʨˆʨʫʬʩʰʹ
ˀʬʹʨ˄ʬʸʨʫ ʹ˅ʰʸʫʬʩʨʵ. ʨʳ ʳʰʮʬʮʬʩʰʹ ʹʰʿʨʲʩʬˀʰ ʨʫʪʰʲʵʩʸʰʭʳʨ
ˆʬʲʰʹʻʼʲʬʩʨʳ ʰʹʰʴʰ ʭʬʸ ʫʨʨʸ˄ʳʻʴʨ ʫʨ ʳʵˆʫʨ ʳʯʬʲʰʹ
ʯʨʭʰʹʻʼʨʲʰ ʹʭʨʴʬʯʰʹ ʨʳˆʬʫʸʬʩʨ ʳʯʨʭʸʵʩʰʹ ˄ʰʴʨʨʾʳʫʬʪ ʫʨ
ˀʬʰʨʸʨʾʬʩʻʲʰ ʪʨʳʵʹʭʲʨ, ʸʨʹʨ˂ ˀʬʫʬʪʨʫ ʳʵˈʿʭʨ 1876 ˄. ʸʻʹʬʯʰʹ
ʳʸʨʭʨʲʸʰ˂ˆʵʭʨʴ ʳˆʬʫʸʵʩʰʹ ˆʨʲʫʬˀʬʲʬʩʰʹ ʳʰʬʸ ʵʸˇʬʸ
ʪʨ˄ʿʭʬʺʨ, ʹʵʼʬʲ ˆʨʲʫʬˀʰʹ ʨʼʬʯʽʬʩʨ ʫʨʫʬˀʽʬʲʰʨʴʰʹ ˀʬʳ˄ʬʵʩʰʯ,
55 ˆʨʲʫʬˀʬʲʬʩʰʹ ˂ʰʳʩʰʸˀʰ ʪʨʫʨʹʨˆʲʬʩʨ, ʨˇʨʴʿʬʩʰʹ 14 ʳʬʯʨʻʸʰʹ
ʽʻʯʨʰʹʰʹ ˂ʰˆʰʹ ʸʬʷʰʳʰʹ ˄ʿʨʲʵʩʰʯ ʬʸʯʰ ˄ʲʰʹ ʪʨʴʳʨʭʲʵʩʨˀʰ
˄ʻʯʰ ʹʵʼʲʰʹ ʪʨʳʵʹʨʲʳʬʩʨ 89) ʫʨ ʳʸʨʭʨʲʰ ʹˆʭʨ ʻʩʬʫʻʸʬʩʨʴʰ.
ʨʳʴʨʰʸʨʫ, ʸʵʪʵʸ˂ ʫʨʭʰʴʨˆʬʯ, ʼʵʸʳʨʲʻʸʨʫ ʹʭʨʴʬʯʰʹ
ʯʭʰʯʳʶʿʸʵʩʬʲʵʩʨʹʯʨʴ ˀʬʬʸʯʬʩʨ ʫʨʳʯʨʭʸʫʨ ʳʬ-19 ʹʨʻʱʻʴʰʹ
ʳʬʵʸʬ ʴʨˆʬʭʨʸʰʹ ʫʨʹʨ˄ʿʰʹˀʰ, ʬ. ʰ. ʹʨʽʨʸʯʭʬʲʵʹ ʫʨʴʨʸˁʬʴ
ʴʨ˄ʰʲʬʩʰʹ ˀʬʬʸʯʬʩʰʫʨʴ ʴʨˆʬʭʨʸ ʹʨʻʱʻʴʰʹ ˀʬʳʫʬʪ. ʳʨʪʸʨʳ,
ʸʵʪʵʸ˂ ʮʬʳʵʫ ʨʸʰʹ ʴʨʯʽʭʨʳʰ, ʹʭʨʴʬʩʳʨ ʼʨʽʺʰʻʸʨʫ ʨʳʰʹ
ˀʬʳʫʬʪʨ˂ ʹʨʱʻʯʨʸʰ ʱʨʴʵʴʬʩʰ ʫʨ ʨʫʨʯʬʩʰ ˀʬʰʴʨʸˁʻʴʬʹ ʫʨ ʨˆʨʲʰ
ʱʨʴʵʴʬʩʰ ʳʨʯ ˂ˆʵʭʸʬʩʨˀʰ ʨʸʹʬʩʰʯʨʫ ʨʸʨʸʨʹ ˄ʨʸʳʵʨʫʪʬʴʫʬʴ,
ʸʵʪʵʸ˂ ʨʳʨʹ ʹʨʳʨʸʯʲʰʨʴʨʫ ʨʾʴʰˀʴʨʭʹ ʬʸʯʰ ʸʻʹʰ ʳʵʪʮʨʻʸʰ
ʱʵʴʬʭʹʱʰ, ʸʵʳʬʲʳʨ˂ ʰʴʨˆʻʲʨ ʹʭʨʴʬʯʰ 1886 ˄. ʰʪʰ ʨʳʩʵʩʹ:
,,ʳʨʸʯʨʲʰʨ, ʹʭʨʴʬʯʰ ʸʻʹʬʯʰʹ ʯʭʰʯʳʶʿʸʵʩʬʲʵʩʰʹ ʽʭʬˀ
ʰʳʿʵʼʬʩʨ, ʳʨʪʸʨʳ ʯʨʭʰʹʻʼʨʲʰ ʹʻʲʰʹʱʭʬʯʬʩʨ ʳʨʯˀʰ ʨʸ ˁʨʳʱʭʫʨʸʨ
ʫʨ ʫʾʬʳʫʰʹ, ʳʰʻˆʬʫʨʭʨʯ ʰʳʰʹʨ, ʸʵʳ ʩʨʭˀʭʻʸʰ
ʪʻʲʻʩʸʿʭʰʲʵʩʰʯ ʶʸʰʴ˂ʰʶʰʨʲʻʸʨʫ ʯʻʳ˂ʨʾʨ ˂ʴʵʩʬʴ ʳʬʼʰʹ
ʳʯʨʭʸʵʩʨʹ, ʳʨʪʸʨʳ ʳʨʰʴ˂ ʼʸʰʨʫ ʵʸʰʪʰʴʨʲʻʸʨʫ ʬʱʰʫʬʩʰʨʴ ʨʳ
ʨˆʨʲ ʳʯʨʭʸʵʩʰʹ ʱʨʴʵʴʬʩʰʹ ˂ˆʵʭʸʬʩʨˀʰ ʪʨʺʨʸʬʩʰʹ ʹʨʽʳʬʹ,
ʪʨʴʹʨʱʻʯʸʬʩʰʯ ʹʨʹʨʳʨʸʯʲʵʹʨ ʫʨ ʨʫʳʰʴʰʹʺʸʨ˂ʰʰʹ ˁʨʸʬʭʨʹ ʳʨʯ
ˀʰʴʨʻʸ ʹʨʽʳʬʬʩˀʰ, ʸʵʳʬʲʯʨ ʸʰ˂ˆʭˀʰ ʻʳʯʨʭʸʬʹʨʫ ʹʰʹˆʲʰʹ
314
ʨʾʬʩʰʹ ʹʨʽʳʬʬʩʰ ˀʬʫʰʹ. ʳʱʭʲʬʲʬʩʰ ʹʨʹʨʳʨʸʯʲʵˀʰ ʪʻʲʨˆʫʰʲʨʫ
ʳʵʿʭʬʩʰʨʴ ˆʵʲʳʬ ʳʨʯ ʳʰʬʸ ˁʨʫʬʴʰʲ ʫʨʴʨˀʨʻʲʵʩʨʹ ʫʨ
ʹʰʨʳʵʭʴʬʩʰʯ ʪʨʴʨ˂ˆʨʫʬʩʬʴ, ʸʵʳ ʳʵʳʨʭʨʲˀʰ˂ ʨʹʬʯ ˀʬʳʯˆʭʬʭʨˀʰ
ʨʹʬʭʬ ʳʵʰʽ˂ʬʭʰʨʴ. ʨʴ ʫʨ ʻ˄ʿʬʩʬʩʰʹ ʪʨʪʮʨʭʴʨʮʬ ʹʨʹʨʳʨʸʯʲʵʹ
ʻʶʨʹʻˆʬʩʬʴ ˂ʰˆʬʬʩˀʰ ʴʨʯʬʹʨʭʬʩʰʯʻʸʯ ˀʬʹʭʲʰʯ ʫʨ ʳʨʯ
ʹʨ˄ʰʴʨʨʾʳʫʬʪʵʯ ˄ʨʹʻʲʯʨ ʰʽʰʫʪʨʴ ʯʵʼʰʹ ʹʸʵʲʰʯ ʳʵʪʬʸʰʬʩʰʯ
ʫʨ ʹˆʭʨ³90).

ǬȖȕȍșȍȕȐȍȉȈȘȖȕȈǸȖȏȍȕȈ
ǹȍȒȘȍȚȕȖȍȌȖȕȍșȍȕȐȍǫȍșșȍȋȘǷȈșȒȍȊȐȟțȅȘȐȊȈȕșȒȖȔțȖȚȐȦȓȧȋȖȌȈ
ȹ
ǷȘȍȌȗȐșȈȕȐȍȋȘǷȈșȒȍȊȐȟȈȅȘȐȊȈȕșȒȖȋȖȋȍȕǴǫȍșșȍȖȚȈȊȋțșȚȈȋ
ȹǹȔǨȒȚȣǯȈȒȈȊȒȈȏǨȘȝȍȖȓDzȖȔȐșșȐȐȚVII).
47) ʨʽʬʫʨʴ ˄ʬʸʰʲʹ ʨʱʲʰʨ ʫʨ ʨʳʰʹʯʭʰʹ ʳʰʹʰ ʹʸʻʲʰ ˀʰʴʨʨʸʹʰ ʭʬʸ ʳʵʳʿʨʭʹ.
48) ǸȈȗȖȘȚdz. ǬȈȌȐȈȕȐȋȘ. ǷȈșȒȍȊȐȟțȅȘȐȊȈȕșȒȖȔțȖȚșȍȕȚ. ȋ. ȹ.
ǶȚȕȖȠȍȕȐȍ ǫȘȈȜȈǷȈșȒȍȊȐȟȈȅȘȐȊȈȕșȒȖȋȖȋȘ. ǿȍȘȕȣȠȍȊțȖȚȧȕȊȈȘȧ
ȋȖȌȈȹ.
50) ʫʰʪʵʸˆʨʴʰ ʰʿʵ ʪʨʸʫʨʼˆʨ˃ʰʹ ʽʨʲʰ, ˁʻʩʬˆʬʭʰʹ ʳʯʨʭʸʰʹ ˂ʰʵʿʰʹ ʫʬʫʨ ʫʨ
ʼʨʽʺʰʻʸʰ ʳʳʨʸʯʭʬʲʰ ʯʨʭʰʹ ˀʭʰʲʰʹ ʹʨʳʯʨʭʸʵʹʰ. ʸʵʫʬʹʨ˂ ʫʨʭʰʯ ʫʨʫʰʨʴʳʨ
˂ʰʵʿʰʹ ʫʨ ʫʨʸʬˇʨʴʰ ʳʰʨʺʵʭʨ, ʳʮʰʯʬʭʰ ʨʸ ʫʨʻʩʸʻʴʨ ʫʨ ʳʬʵʸʬ ʳˆʸʰʯ ʬ˂ʬʸʰʹ
ʳʯʨʭʨʸʳʨ ʯʨʯʨʸˆʨʴʳʨ ʳʺʸʵʩʰʯ ˀʬʨʭʰ˄ʸʵʭʨ, 1832 ˄. ʫʰʪʵʸˆʨʴʰ ʮʨʳʯʨʸˀʰ
ʪʨʫʨʭʰʫʨ ʱʨʭʱʨʹʰʰʹ ʽʬʫʮʬ ʿʨʩʨʸʫʵˀʰ, ˄ʨʸʻʫʪʨ ʴʨʲˇʰʱˀʰ ʳʫʪʵʳ ʿʨʩʨʸʫʵʹ ˆʨʮʰʹ
ʲʨˀʽʸʰʹ ʳʯʨʭʨʸ ʹʨʸʫʨʲʹ ʪʬʴ. ʪʵʸʰˆʭʵʹʺʵʭʹ ʫʨ ʪʨʴʻ˂ˆʨʫʨ ʳʰʹʰ ˀʭʰʲʰʹ ˂ʰʵʿʰʹ
ʸʻʹʬʯʰʹ ʽʭʬˀʬʭʸʫʵʳʵʩʨˀʰ ˀʬʹʭʲʰʹ ʹʻʸʭʰʲʰ. ˃ʬʭʲʨʫ ˁʨʨʩʨʸʨ ˂ʰʵʿʰʹ ˀʭʰʲʰ
ʩʬʽʰʸʩʰ. ʨʽʬʫʨʴ ʰʹ ʩ. ʸʵʮʬʴʯʨʴ ʺʼʰʲʰʹˀʰ ʪʨʬʳʪʮʨʭʸʨ ʫʨ ʳʵʨ˄ʬʸʨ ˆʬʲʰ
ʸʻʹʬʯʯʨʴ ˀʬʬʸʯʬʩʨʮʬ. ʳʰʹʰ ʯˆʵʭʴʰʯ ʸʵʮʬʴʳʨ ʫʨʨʩʸʻʴʬʩʰʨ ʫʨʭʰʯ ʫʨʫʰʨʴʹ ʳʰʹ
ʳʰʬʸ ʫʨʸ˄ʳʻʴʬʩʻʲʰ ˂ʵʲʰʹ ˂ʰʵʿʰʹ ʫʰʹ ʫʨʸʬˇʨʴʰʹ ʳʮʰʯʬʭʰ, ˆʵʲʵ ʯʭʰʯ
ʫʨʸʬˇʨʴʰ ʺʼʰʲʰʹˀʰ ʪʨʳʵʰˆʳʬʹ ʫʨ ʳʰʯˆʵʭʬʹ ʯ. ʫʨʭʰʯ ʨʼˆʨʮʹ. ʳʯʨʭʸʵʩʨʳ ʳʨʹ
ʫʨʻʴʰˀʴʨ ˄ʲʰʻʸʰ ʶʬʴʹʰʰʹ ʹʨˆʰʯ ʳʮʰʯʭʨʯ 1.500 ʳʨʴʬʯʰ. 1843 ˄ʬʲʹ ʬ˂ʬʸʰʹ
ʳʯʨʭʨʸʰ ʯʨʯʨʸˆʨʴʰ ʫʨ ʳʰʹʰ ˀʭʰʲʬʩʰ ʼʨˆʰʹ ʹʨʹʨˆʲʬʹ ʫʨʬ˂ʬʴ ʫʨ ˂ʰˆʬʹ ˂ʬ˂ˆʲʰ
˄ʨʻʱʰʫʬʹ. ʫʰʪʵʸˆʨʴʰ ʪʨʫʳʵˆʺʨ ˂ʰˆʰʫʨʴ ʫʨ ʺʸʨʾʰʱʻʲʨʫ ʹʻʲʰ ʪʨʴʻʺʬʭʨ ˂ʰˆʰʹ
˃ʰʸˀʰ.
51) ʹʹʨʽ. ˂ʬʴʺʸ. ʨʸʽ. ʹʭʨʴʬʯʰʹ ʹʨʽʳʬʯʨ ˀʵʸʰʹ ˂ʰʵʿʰʹ ˄ʬʸʰʲʰ 1833 ˄ʲʰʹ 15
ʹʬʽʺʬʳʩʸʰʹ ʯʨʸʰʾʰʯ ʩʨʸʵʴ ʸʵʮʬʴʰʹʨʫʳʰ.
52) ʽʭʬʳʵ-ʹʭʨʴʬʯˀʰ ʯ. ʪʨʸʫʨʼˆʨ˃ʬʹʯʨʴ.
53) ʹʨʽ. ˂ʬʴʺʸ. ʨʸʽ. ʹʭʨʴʬʯʰʹ ʹʨʽʳʬʬʩʰ. ʫʰʪʵʸˆʨʴʰʹ ˄ʬʸʰʲʰ ʩʨʸʵʴ
ʸʵʮʬʴʰʹʨʫʳʰ 31 ʵʽʺʵʳʩ. 1833 ˄ʲʰʹ ʯʨʸʰʾʰʯ.
54) ʹʨʽ. ˂ʬʴʺʸ. ʨʸʽ. ʹʭʨʴʬʯʰʹ ʹʨʽʳʬ. ʳʵˆʹʬʴʬʩʨ ˂ʰʵʿʰʹʨ 1834 ˄. 31 ʵʽʺʵʳʩʸʰʹ
ʯʨʸʰʾʰʯ ʩʨʸʵʴ ʸʵʮʬʴʰʹʨʫʳʰ.
 ǸȈȗȖȘȚ ȀȈȝȖȊșȒȖȋȖ ǩȈȘ ǸȖȏȍȕț ȖȚ  șȍȕȚ  ȋ ȹ  ʳʵˆʹʬʴʬʩʨ
ʫʰʪʵʸˆʨʴʰʹʨ 14 ʰʭʲʰʹʰ 1835 ˄.
ǸȈȗȖȘȚȀȈȝȖȊșȒȖȋȖȖȚșȍȕȚȋ. ȹǩȈȘ. ǸȖȏȍȕț.
315
 ǸȈȗȖȘȚȠȚ.-ȒȈȗ. ȀȈȝȖȊșȒȖȋȖǩȈȘ. ǸȖȏȍȕțȖȚșȍȕȚȧȉȘȧȋ., ȹ.
58) ʨʹʲʰ ˄ʬʸʰʲʰʹʨ, ˄ʨʸʪʮʨʭʴʰʲʰʹʨ ʻʼʲʰʹʨ ʹʨʽʨʸʯʭʬʲʵʹ ʳʯʨʭʨʸ
ʳʨʸʯʬʩʲʰʹ ʳʰʬʸ ʯʨʭʰʹʻʼʨʲ ʹʭʨʴʬʯʰʹ ʹʵʼʲʬʩʰʹʨʯʭʰʹ 27 ʵʽʺʵʳʩʬʸʹ 1834 ˄ȹ
6072 (ʰˆ. ʹʨʽ. ˂ʬʴʺʸ. ʨʸʽ. ʹʭʨʴʬʯʰʹ ʹʨʽʳʬʯʨ ˀʵʸʰʹ).
59) ʬʹ ʹʰʺʿʭʬʩʰ ʴʨʯʲʨʫ ʪʭʰʳʺʱʰ˂ʬʩʬʴ, ʸʵʳ ʳʨʹ ˀʬʳʫʬʪ, ʸʨ˂ ʳʵˆʹʬʴʬʩʻʲʳʨ
ʨʮʴʨʻʸʳʨ ʹʭʨʴʬʯʰʹ ˆʨʲˆʰʹ ʹʨˆʬʲʰʯ ʳʬʼʰʹ ʳʯʨʭʸʵʩʨʹʯʨʴ ʱʨʭˀʰʸʰ ʫʨʰʱʨʭʬʹ,
ʪʲʬˆʬʩʹʨ ʫʨ ʳʨʯ ˀʵʸʰʹ ʫʰʫʰ ʪʨʴˆʬʯʽʰʲʬʩʨ ˁʨʳʵʭʨʸʫʴʰʲʨ.
ǸȈȗȖȘȚȠȚ-ȒȈȗDzȕȀȈȝȖȊșȒȖȋȖȒǩȈȘǸȖȏȍȕțȖȚșȍȕȚȧȉȘȧȋ. ȹ.
șȔȈȒȚȣȈȘȝDzȖȔȐșȐȐȚVIIIșȚȘ
ǬȖȒȓȈȌȗȖȖȚȌǫȍȕȍȘȈȓȤȕȀȚȈȉȈȖȉȐȏ¶ȧȊȓȍȕȐȐȗȖȒȖȘȕȖșȚȐǪȖȓȤȕǹȊȈȕȈȔȐ
ȖȚȐȦȓȧȋșȔȈȒȚȣȈȘȝDzȈȊȒȈȘȝȚIXȋȓVșȚȘ
ǶȚȕȖȠȍȕȐȍȒȕǪȖȘȖȕșȖȊȈȒǿȍȘȕȣȠȍȊțȖȚȕȖȧȉȘȧȋȹșȔȈȒȚȣ
ȈȘȝȒȖȔȚXȉșȚȘ
ǩȈȘȚȖȓȖȔȍȐǷȖȍȏȌȒȈȊǪȖȓȤȕǹȊȈȕȍȚȐȦǹȚȘ
ǨȒȚȣȈȘȝDzȈȊȒȒȖȔȚXIșȚȘ
66) ʰʽʭʬ.
67) ǬȖȒȓȈȌDzțȚ. ǫțȉ. ǫȈȋȈȘȐȕȈȒȕ. ǪȖȘȖȕȞȖȊțȖȚȐȦȓȧȋ. ȹșȔ. ǨȒȚȣ
ȈȘȝ. ȒȖȔ. Ț. XIșȚȘ. 941).
ǩȈȘȚȖȓȖȔȍȐǷȖȍȏȌȒȈȊǪȖȓȤȕțȦǹȊȈȕȍȚȐȦ ǯȈȗȐșDzȈȊȒȖȚȌǰȔȗǸțșǫȍȖȘȋ
ǶȉȠǹȚȘ
ǩȈȘȚȖȓȖȔȍȐʰʽʭʬ.
7ǩȈȘȚȖȓȖȔȍȐǷȖȍȏȌȒȈȊǪȖȓȤȕǹȊȈȕȍȚȐȦǯȈȗDzȈȊȒȖȚȌǰȔȐǸțșȋȍȋȘȖȉȠ
ǹȚȘ186.
 ǬȖȕȍș. Dzȕ. ǪȖȘȖȕȞ. Ȓ ǿȍȘȕȣȠȍȊț ȖȚ  ȜȍȊȘ.  ȋ. ȹ . șȔ. ȈȒȚȣ ȈȘȝ.
ȒȖȔȐșȐȐȚ. ǽșȚȘ. 260).

73) ʩʵʽʨʻʲʰʹ ˇʨʳʨʪʰʸʰ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 600 ʳ.

ʳʰʹʰ ʯʨʴʨˀʬʳ˄ʰʹ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 250 ,,
ʯʨʸˇʰʳʨʴʰʹ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 150 ,,
ʹʨʽ. ʳ˄ʨʸʳʵʬʩʲʰʹ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 100 ,,
ʵʸʰ ʫʨʸʨˇʰʹ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 160 ,,

ʹʻʲ . . . . . 1.260,,

ǬȖȕȍșȍȕȐȍDzțȚǫțȉǫȈȋȈȘȐȕȈȒȕǪȖȘȖȕȞȖȊțȖȚȐȦȓȧȋȹȖȚȊ
DzȕǪȖȘȖȕȞȖȊȈǫȈȋȈȘȐȕțȖȚ-ȋȖȖȒȚȚȖȋȖȎȍȋȖȌȈȹșȔȈȒȚȣDzȈȊȒȈȘȝDzȖȔȐșȐȑ
ȚXIșȚȘ.
ǸȈȗȖȘȚǫȍȕǸȍȈȌȈȗȘȍȌDzȈȊȒȒȖȔȐȚȍȚȈȖȚȈȊȋȋȹȐȖȚȕȖȠȍȕȐȍ
ǴțȘȈȊȤȍȊȈȒȔȐȕǪȕțȚȌȍȓ ȖȚȔȈȧȋȹșȔȈȒȚȣDzȈȊȒȈȘȝDzȖȔȚXIșȚȘ
942, 943).
ǬȖȒȓȈȌǫȍȕǩȍȉțȚȖȊȈȒȕǴțȘȈȊȤȍȊțȖȚȐȦȓȧȋșȔȈȒȚȣDzȈȊȒȈȘȝ
DzȖȔȚXIșȚȘ
ǨȒȚȣDzȈȊȒȈȘȝDzȖȔȚXIșȚȘ
78) 1843 ˄. ʬ˂ʬʸʰʹ ʳʯʨʭʸʬʩʳʨ ˁʻʩʬˆʬʭʰʹ ʹʨʳʯʨʭʸʵ ʫʨʰʶʿʸʬʹ, ʸʨʳʨ˂
ʰʳʹˆʭʬʸʶʲʨ ʱʵʴʹʺʨʴʺʰʴʬʹ ʩʬʩʰʨ ʫʰʪʵʸˆʨʴʰ ʫʨ ʳʰʹʰ ʫʨ; ʳʨʯ ʳʵʻʱʲʬʹ ʨʪʸʬʯʭʬ 17
316
ʱʨʸʰʹ ʱʨ˂ʰ. ʫʨ ʨʳʰʺʵʳ 1855 ˄. ˁʻʩʬˆʬʭʰʹ ʳʯʨʭʸʰʹ ˂ʰʵʿʰʹ ˀʭʰʲʬʩʳʨ ʰʹʲʨʳʳʨ ʫʨ
ʯʬʴʪʰʮʳʨ ʳʵʱʲʬʹ ʬ˂ʬʸʰʹ ʳʯʨʭʨʸʰ ˇʨʴʹʻˆʰ ʫʨ ʫʨʰʶʿʸʬʹ ʳʰʹʰ ʹʨʳʼʲʵʩʬʲʵ
ʽʭʬʿʨʴʨ.
79) ,,ʰʭʬʸʰʨ³˄ȹ
81) ʹʰʳʵʴ ʪʨʰʨʴʰ ʰʿʵ ʹʵʼ. ˀʪʬʫʰʹ, ʲʨˀˆʬʯʰʹ ʹʨʮ., ʳ˂ˆʵʭʸʬʩʰ ʫʨ ʨʳʰʺʵʳ
ʹʭʨʴʬʩʰ ʳʨʹ ʬ˃ʨˆʫʬʴ ,,ˀʪʬʫʰ ʩʨʶʻʲʫʹ³- ˀʪʬʫʬʲ ʳʾʭʫʬʲʹ. ʹʭʨʴʬʩʰ ʪʨʩʻ˃ʪʻʲʹʨ,
ʻʲʨʳʨʮʵ ʫʨ ʫʨʩʨʲ ʳʾʭʫʬʲʹ ʸʵʳ ʫʨʰʴʨˆʨʭʫʬʴ, ʫʾʬʳʫʰ ʬ˃ʨˆʰʨʴ ,,ˀʪʬʫʰ
ʩʨʶʻʲʫʹ³- ˀʪʬʫʬʲ ʳʾʭʫʬʲʻʱʨʹ. ˄ʬʸʨ-ʱʰʯˆʭʨ ʹʰʳʵʴ ʳʾʭʫʬʲʹ ʻʹ˄ʨʭʲʰʨ ˂ʨʪʬʸʰʹ
ʹʵʩʵʸʵˀʰ, ʳʾʭʫʲʨʯ ʱʻʸʯˆʬʩʻʲʨ ʳʨʸʺʭʰʲˀʰ, 1866 ˄-ʫʬ ʳʾʭʫʲʨʫ ʰʿʵ ʫʨ
ʳʯʨʭʸʵʩʰʹʨʪʨʴ 400 ʳʨʴ. ˇʨʳʨʪʰʸʹ ʾʬʩʻʲʵʩʫʨ, ˆʵʲʵ ˀʬʳʫʬʪ ʶʬʴʹʰʨ ʫʨʬʴʰˀʴʨ 130
ʳ. ˄ʬʲʰ˄ʨʫˀʰ. ʻʹʲʨʸʯʨʴ ʸʵʳ ʻˀʪʻʲʬʲʬʩʰ ʳʰʰʿʭʨʴʨ, ʳʨˀʰʴ ʰʿʵ 108 ˄ʲʰʹ ʳʵˆʻ˂ʰ.
ʰˆ. ,,ʰʭʬʸʰʨ³˄ȹ
82) ʳʨˀʰʴ ʫʨʹʨʭʲʬʯʰʹ ʳˆʸʰʯ ʹʭʨʴʬʯʹ ˁʨʳʵʬ˅ʸʨ 25 ʭʬʸʹʰ.
83) ʨʹʬ ʻ˄ʵʫʬʩʹ ʹʨʩʻʯˀʰ ʯʨʭʰʹ ʯʨʭʹ ʫʰʪʵʸˆʨʴʰ.
84) ʺʬʽʹʺʰ ʨʳ ʹʨʩʻʯʰʹʨ, ʸʵʳʬʲʰ˂ ʨʾʳʵʭʨˁʰʴʬ ʹʨʽ. ʪʨʴʨʯʲʬʩʰʹ ʱʵʳʰʹʨʸʰʨʺʰʹ
˂ʬʴʺʸʵ-ʨʸʽʰʭˀʰ, ʳʵʳʿʨʭʹ ˀʬʻ˂ʭʲʬʲʨʫ.
85) ʫʰʪʵʸˆʨʴʰ ʰʿʵ ʳʵʹʵʹʺʸʰʹ ˂ʵʲʰ, ʽʳʸʰʹ ʹʰʱʭʫʰʲʰʹ ˀʬʳʫʬʪ ʰʹ ˂ʵʲʨʫ
ˀʬʰʸʯʵ ʯʨʭʰʹʳʨ ʳʨʮʲʳʨ, ʫʨ ʫʰʹ ʳʬˆʨʹ ʽʳʨʸʳʨ ʳʻʸʮʨʿʨʴʳʨ, ʸʵʪʵʸ˂ ˁʨʴʹ ʨʸʽʰʭʰʹ
ʹʨʽʳʬʬʩʰʫʨʴ.
ǷȐșȤȔȖȗȘȈȊȐȌȍȓȤȕȐȞȣǴȐȕȋȘȍȓȐȐȒȕǭȒȈȚȍȘȐȕȣǬȈȌȐȈȕȐȒȋȍȕǩȍȉțȚȖȊț
ȖȚȐȦȕȧȋ. ȹșȔȈȒȚȣDzȈȊȈȘȝDzȖȔȚXI șȚȘ.
87) ˁʭʬʴ ʭʰ˂ʰʯ, ʸʵʳ 1857 ˄. ʹʭʨʴʬʯˀʰ ʻʹʲʨʸʰʹ ʳʯʨʭʨʸʹʨʸʫʲʵʩʰʯ
ʫʨʫʬˀʽʬʲʰʨʴʬʩʰʹ ʹʨʽʳʬʮʬ ˇʨʸʰ ʰʿʵ ˀʬʿʭʨʴʰʲʰ ʫʨ ʽʻʯʨʰʹʰʹ ʪʻʩʬʸʴʨʺʵʸʰʹ
ʪʨʪʨʸʰʴʰʹ ʳʵʱʭʲʰʹ ʪʨʳʵ ˁʻʩʬˆʬʭʰʹ ʹʨʳʯʨʭʸʵ ʪʨʻʽʳʫʨ ʫʨ ʹʭʨʴʬʯˀʰ ʳʯʨʭʸʵʩʨ
ʻʼʸʵ ʳʵʾʵʴʰʬʸʫʨ. ʨʳʰʺʵʳ ʫʨʫʰʨʴʳʨ ˀʬʻʸˁʰʨ ʫʸʵ ʫʨ ˂ʫʰʲʵʩʫʨ ʹʨʫʨʵ
ʨʫʪʰʲʬʩʰʯ ʹʨʸʪʬʩʲʵʩʨʹ, ʸʨʯʨ ˀʬʳʫʬʪˀʰ ʳʨʯʰ ʼʨʽʺʰʻʸʰ ʳʼʲʵʩʬʲʵʩʨ
ʻʮʸʻʴʭʬʲʬʿʵ, ʳʨʪʸʨʳ ʰʳʬʫʰ ʪʨʻ˂ʸʻʭʫʨ ʫʨ ʲʨʺʨʲʬʲʬʩʳʨ ˇʵʪʬʩʰʹ ˄ʨʸʯʳʬʭʰʯ
ʻʶʨʹʻˆʬʹ.
88) ʹʪʰʳʬʸʰ ʳʫʬʩʨʸʬʵʩʹ ʱʨʭʱʨʹʰʵʴʰʹ ʽʬʫʹ ʪʨʫʨʾʳʨ 20 ʭʬʸʹʰʹ ʳʨʴ˃ʰʲʮʬ
ˁʬʪʬʳˀʰ ʨʴʻ ʯʬʸʪʰʹ ʵʲʽˀʰ ʫʨ ˀʬʨʫʪʬʴʫʨ ʹʭʨʴʬʯʰʹ ʱʻʯʭʴʰʲʬʩʨʹ.
89) ǶȚȕȖȠȍȕȐȍǩȈȘȧȚȐȕșȒȖȋȖȒǪȖȍȕȕȖȔțȔȐȕȐșȚȘțȖȚ-ȋȖȕȖȧȉȘȧȋȹ
șȔǨȒȚȣȈȘȝȒȖȔȚ;,,șȚȘ
89) ʫʨ˄ʭʸʰʲʬʩʰʯ ˂ʴʵʩʬʩʰ ʨʳʰʹ ˀʬʹʨˆʬʩ ʰˆʰʲʬʯ ˁʬʳʰ ˄ʰʪʴʰʹ ,,˃ʭʬʲʰ ʫʨ
ʨˆʨʲʰ ʹʭʨʴʬʯʰʹ³ʶʰʸʭʬʲ ʴʨ˄ʰʲˀʰ.
DzȖȕȍȊșȒȐȑdzȦȉȖȗȣȚȕȣȍțȋȖȓȒȐDzȈȊȒȈȏȈǩȈȚțȔșȒȐȑȖȒȘțȋȐǹȊȈȕȍȚȐȧǹȚȘ
150.

317
III
š€Ššˆ ‡…ˆ‡‹‹€ ‡…„Š€ …€Œ„‡–ˆ

ˀʵʸʬʻʲ ˄ʨʸʹʻʲˀʰ, ʺʰʪʸ-ʬʼʸʨʺʰʹ ʳʰʫʨʳʵʬʩʰʫʨʴ

ʽʨʸʯʭʬʲʰ ˆʨʲˆʰʹ ʨʿʸʰʹ ˀʬʳʫʬʪ, ʻʸʨʸʯʻʹ ʹʨˆʬʲʳ˄ʰʼʵˀʰ
ʫʨʳʱʭʰʫʸʬʩʻʲ ʹʭʨʴʬʩʹ, ʸʵʪʵʸ˂ ʼʰʽʸʵʩʹ ʯʨʴʨʳʬʫʸʵʭʬ
ʳʬ˂ʴʰʬʸʬʩʨ, ʳʬ-7 ʹ. ʽʸʰʹʺʬʹ ˀʵʩʨʳʫʬ ʳʵʻˆʫʨʯ ʨʳ ʽʭʬʿʴʰʹ
ʳʰʺʵʭʬʩʨ. ʨʳʰʹ ˀʬʳʫʬʪ ʫʸʵʯʨ ʩʸʻʴʭʨʳʨ ʫʨ ʻʱʻʾʳʨʸʯʳʨ
ʰʹʺʵʸʰʻʲʳʨ ʶʰʸʵʩʬʩʳʨ ʨʰ˃ʻʲʨ ʬʹ ˆʨʲˆʰ ʹʨʳˆʸʬʯʰʫʨʴ
ˁʸʫʰʲʵʬʯʰʹʨʱʬʴ ʪʨ˄ʬʻʲʰʿʵ ʫʨ ʱʨʭʱʨʹʰʰʹ ʻʳʯʨʭʸʬʹ ʽʬʫʨʳʫʬ
ʳʰʬʾ˄ʰʨ. ʰʳʨʴʨ˂ ʬʹ ˆʨʲˆʰ ʳʨʪʸʨʫ ʳʰʰʱʸʨ ʯʨʭʰʹ ʨʳʨʿʹʨ ʫʨ ʳ˃ʲʨʭʸ
ʳʱʬʸʫʮʬ. ʻˆʭʨʫ ʪʨʫʨʻˀʨʲʨ ʳʨʹ ʯʨʭʰʹʰ ʱʨʲʳʰʯ ʨʻ˄ʬʸʬʲʰ
ʹʰʲʨʳʨʮʰʯ ˀʬʳʱʻʲʰ ʫʨ ʩʻʴʬʩʸʰʭʰ ʹʰʳʨʪʸʬʬʩʰʯ ʪʨʴʯʽʳʻʲʰ
ʽʭʬʿʨʴʨ ʹʨʳʨʸʨʫʰʹʵ ʹʨ˂ˆʵʭʸʬʩʲʨʫ.
ˁʭʬʴ ʻʱʭʬ ʨʾʭʴʰˀʴʬʯ, ʸʵʳ ʹʭʨʴʬʯʰʹ ʰʹ ʴʨ˄ʰʲʰ, ʸʵʳʬʲʹʨ˂ ʰʳ
ʫʸʵʹ ʫʾʬʭʨʴʫʬʲʰ ʹʭʨʴʬʯʰʹ ʪʨʸˀʬʳʵ ʳʫʬʩʨʸʬ ʽʭʬʿʴʬʩˀʰ
ʫʨʩʰʴʨʭʬʩʨ ʳʵʻˆʫʨ, ˁʨʬʩʨ ʹʨʽʨʸʯʭʬʲʵʹ ʹʨʬʸʯʵ ʰʹʺʵʸʰʻʲ ʫʨ
ʶʵʲʰʺʰʱʻʸ ʭʰʯʨʸʬʩʰʹ ʼʬʸˆʻʲˀʰ ʫʨ ʪʨʰʯʽʭʰʼʨ ʽʨʸʯʭʬʲ
ˆʨʲˆˀʰ, ˆʵʲʵ ʫʾʬʭʨʴʫʬʲ ʹʭʨʴʬʯˀʰ ʫʨʳʱʭʰʫʸʬʩʻʲʰ ʴʨ˄ʰʲʰ
ʳʵ˄ʿʫʨ ʽʭʬʿʴʰʬʸʬʩʨʹ ʶʵʲʰʺʰʱʻʸʨʫ, ʱʻʲʺʻʸʻʲʨʫ,
ʬʱʵʴʵʳʰʻʸʨʫ ʫʨ ˁʭʬʴ ʫʸʵʳʫʬ ʪʨʴʨʪʸ˃ʵʩʹ ʨʸʹʬʩʵʩʨʹ ʯʰʯʽʳʰʹ
ʶʰʸʭʬʲʿʵʼʰʲʰ ʹʨˆʰʯ, ʺʸʨʫʰ˂ʰʬʩʰʯ ʫʨ ˀʬʰ˃ʲʬʩʨ ˁʨʰʯʭʨʲʵʹ
ʰʳ, ʵʫʬʹʾʨ˂, ʳʸʨʭʨʲ-ʸʰ˂ˆʵʭʨʴʰ ˆʨʲˆʰʹ ˄ʨʸʳʵʳʨʫʪʬʴʬʲ ʹʨ˂ʵʫʨʭ
ʬʸʯ ʳʻ˅ʨ ˇʪʻʼʨʫ, ʸʵʳʬʲʰ˂ ʳʬʹʨʳʬ ʹʨʻʱʻʴʬˀʰ ʽ. ˄ʰʴʬʯ, ʼʨʸʴʨʵʮ
ʳʬʼʰʹ ʫʸʵʹ, ʳʰʹʰ ʹʰ˃ʰʹ ʽʻˇʰʹ ʹʨʬʸʰʹʯʨʵʹ ˀʬʨʫʪʬʴʫʨ.
ʨʳʴʨʰʸʨʫ ʯʨʭʰʹʰ ʪʬʵʪʸʨʼʰʻʲʰ ʶʰʸʵʩʬʩʰʹ ˄ʿʨʲʵʩʰʯ ʬʹ
ʽʭʬʿʨʴʨ ˀʬʳʫʬʪˀʰ ʰʽ˂ʨ ʹʨʽʨʸʯʭʬʲʵʹ ˄ʨʸʹʻʲʰ ˂ˆʵʭʸʬʩʰʹ
ʴʨˀʯʬʩʰʹ ˀʬʳʴʨˆʭʬʲ ʹʨʲʨʸʵʫ ʫʨ ʹʨʻʱʬʯʬʹʵ ʳʻʮʬʻʳʨʫ, ʹʨʫʨ˂
ʯʨʴʨʳʬʫʸʵʭʬ ʳʱʭʲʬʭʨʸʯ ˀʬʻ˃ʲʰʨʯ ʰʶʵʭʵʴ ʪʨʴʭʲʰʲʰ ˆʨʴʰʹ
ʿʵʼʨ-˂ˆʵʭʸʬʩʰʹ ʹʨʻʱʬʯʬʹʵ ʳʨʹʨʲʬʩʰ.
ʸʨ ʯʽʳʨ ʻʴʫʨ, ʰʹ ˆʨʲˆʰ, ʸʵʳʬʲʰ˂ ʹʨʳˆʸʬʯˀʰ ʪʨʳʵʬʿʵ ʨʴʻ
ʫʨˀʵʸʫʨ ʰʹʬʯ ʬʸʹ, ʸʵʳʬʲʰ˂ ʪʨʴʯʽʳʻʲʰ ʰʿʵ ʯʨʭʰʹʰ
ʶʵʲʰʺʰʱʻʸʰ ˃ʲʰʬʸʬʩʰʯ ʫʨ ʹʨʱʻʯʸʰ ʱʻʲʺʻʸʰʯ, ʸʵ˂ʨ ʳʵ˄ʿʫʨ
ʽʭʬʿʴʰʬʸʬʩʨʹ, ʰʳ ʼʨʽʺʰʹ ˄ʰʴʨˀʬ ʫʨʫʪʬʩʵʫʨ, ʸʵʳ ˀʬʬʽʳʴʨ
ʹʨʱʻʯʨʸʰ ʨʴ, ʻʱʬʯ ʸʵʳ ʭʹʯʽʭʨʯ, ʫʨʳʵʻʱʰʫʬʩʬʲʰ ˂ˆʵʭʸʬʩʰʹ
ʱʨʴʵʴʬʩʰ ʫʨ ʳʨʸʯʭʨ-ʪʨʳʪʬʵʩʰʹ ˄ʬʹʬʩʰ.
318
 ʨʳʰʺʵʳ, ʸʵʪʵʸ˂ ʭʰ˂ʰʯ ʹʺʸʨʩʵʴʰʹ ˂ʴʵʩʬʩʰʯ, 1 ʹʨʻʱ. (24 ˄.)
ʽʸʰʹʺʬʹ ˀʬʳʫʬʪ, ʫʨ ˀʬʰ˃ʲʬʩʨ ʳʨʴʨʳʫʬ˂, ʹʭʨʴʬʯʹ ʪʨʴʨʪʬʩʫʨ
ˆʨʲˆʰʹ ʳʰʬʸ ʨʳʵʸˁʬʻʲʰ ʻʼʸʵʹʰ ʫʨ ʹʨʩ˅ʵ, ʸʵʳʬʲʰ˂
ˀʬʹʫʪʬʩʵʫʨ 300 ˁʬʴʰʲʰʹʨʪʨʴ.
ʸʵʪʵʸ˂ ʽʭʬʳʵʯ ʫʨʭʰʴʨˆʨʭʯ, ʹʭʨʴʬʯʹ ʨʫʨʯʬʩʰʹ ʨʾ˄ʬʸʰʹ
ʫʸʵʹ ˁʭʬʴ ʨʸ ʪʭʨʽʭʹ ʨʸʨʭʰʯʨʸʰ ʹʨʼʻ˃ʭʬʲʰ ʭʰʼʰʽʸʵʯ, ʸʵʳ
ʹʺʸʨʩʵʴʰʹ ʨʳʪʭʨʸʰ ˂ʴʵʩʬʩʰ ʹʰʳʨʸʯʲʬʹ ʳʵʱʲʬʩʻʲʰ ʰʿʵʹ ʫʨ
˅ʬˀʳʨʸʰʺʬʩʨʹ ʨʸ ˀʬʨʫʪʬʴʫʬʹ. ʨʳʰʺʵʳ ʳʱʭʲʬʭʨʸʹ ʨʫʭʰʲʨʫ
ˀʬʻ˃ʲʰʨ ʻʺʿʻʨʸʰ ʫʨʹʱʭʴʰʹ ʪʨʳʵʺʨʴʨ ʰʳʰʹ ˀʬʹʨˆʬʩ, ʸʵʳ ʻ˃ʭʬʲʬʹ
ʫʸʵʰʫʨʴ ʳʬ-19 ʹ-ʫʬ ʹʭʨʴʬʯˀʰ ʫʨʳʿʨʸʬʩʻʲʰ ʿʵʼʰʲʨ
ʫʬʳʵʱʸʨʺʰʻʲ ʹʨʼʻ˃ʭʬʲʮʬ ʨʪʬʩʻʲʰ ʹʨˆʨʲˆʵ
ʯʭʰʯʳʳʨʸʯʭʬʲʵʩʨ, ʸʨʹʨ˂ ʹʭʨʴʬʯʰʹ ʮʵʪʰʬʸʯʰ ʳʱʭʲʬʭʨʸʰ
,,ʸʬʹʶʻʩʲʰʱʨʴʻʸ ˄ʬʹ˄ʿʵʩʰʲʬʩʨʹʨ˂³ʱʰ ʻ˄ʵʫʬʩʹ 92). ʯʨʭʰʹ ʯʨʭʹ ʰʳ
ʫʸʵʹ, ʸʵʪʵʸ˂ ˆʬʲʴʨ˄ʬʸʬʩʰʫʨʴ ʹˁʨʴʹ, ʯʭʰʯ ʹʭʨʴʬʩʰ˂ ʻ˄ʵʫʬʩʬʴ:
,,ʬʸʯʵʩʰʲ ʯʨʭʰʹʻʼʨʲʹʨ ʫʨ ʩʬʫʴʰʬʸ ˆʬʭʹ, ʲʵʳʰʹʨ ʫʨ
ʯʨʭʰʹʻʼʨʲ ʳʵʽʨʲʨʽʬʬʩʹ³
ʳʬʹʺʰʰʹ ʬʱʲʬʹʰʨˀʰ ʫʾʬʳʫʰʹ ˀʬʴʨˆʻʲʰʨ ʫʸʵˀʰʹ ʯʨʭʰ
˄ʨʸ˄ʬʸʰʯ, ʸʵʳʬʲʰ˂ ʩʨʸʯʵʲʵʳʬʰʹ, ʩʨʽʸʨ˃ʬʹ, ʹʺʵʰʨʴʵʭʹ ʫʨ
ʻʭʨʸʵʭʨʹ ʨʹʬ ʨʳʵʻʱʰʯˆʨʭʯ ǬȈ țȉȓȈȎȐȚ ǫȖșȗȖȌȤ șȖȍȌȐȕȍȕȕțȦ
șȟȈșȚȓȐȊțȦ ȌȖȓȐȕț ȓȤȊȈ ȒȖȚȖȘȈȧ ȗȖ ȔȕȍȕȐȦ țȗȖȔȧȕțȚȣȝ ȓȐȞ
șȓțȎȐȓȈșȐȔȊȖȓȖȔșȖȍȌȐȕȍȕȐȧǹȊȈȕȍȚȐȐșȖȉȠȍșȚȊȍȕȕȣȔȏȕȈȔȍȕȍȔ
ȘȍșȗțȉȓȐȒȈȕșȒȖȋȖ șȖȦȏȈ șȚȘȈȕȣ³ 93) ʹʭʨʴʬʯʰʹ ʨʳ ˆʨʲˆʰʹ
ʯʭʰʯʳʳʨʸʯʭʬʲʵʩʨʹ ʰʳ ʫʸʵʹ ˈʽʵʴʫʨ ˀʬʳʫʬʪʰ ʹʨʼʬˆʻʸʬʩʰ:
1) ,,ʽʵʸʨ ʳʨˆʭˀʵʩ³± ʶʨʺʸʰʨʸʽʨʲʻʸʰ ˄ʬʹ˄ʿʵʩʰʲʬʩʨ.
2) ,,ʯʬʳʵʩ³± ʪʭʨʸʵʭʴʻʲʰ ˄ʬʹ˄ʿʵʩʰʲʬʩʨ.
3) ,,ʹʵʼʲʰʹ ʳʨˆʭˀʰ³ ʫʨ ,,ʹʵʼʲʵʩ³ ± ʹʵʼʲʰʹ ʻʼʸʵʹʰ ʫʨ
ʹʵʼʲʵʩʨ.
4) ,,ˆʬʭʵʩ³± ʯʬʳʵʩʸʰʭʰ ˄ʬʹ˄ʿʵʩʰʲʬʩʨ.
5) ,,ˀʭʨʴʰʨ ˆʬʭʵʩ³ʨʴʻ ,,ʹʭʰʳʸʵʩ³± ʹʸʻʲʰʨʫ ʹʭʨʴʬʯʰʹ ʯʬʳʯʨ
ʹʨʱʨʭˀʰʸʵ ʿʸʰʲʵʩʨ.

92) ʸʨʼʰʬʲ ʬʸʰʹʯʨʭʰ, ʫ. ʩʨʽʸʨ˃ʬ, ʩʨʸʯʵʲʵʳʬʰ, ʱʵʭʨʲʬʭʹʱʰ, ʯʨʭʰʹʻʼʨʲʰ

ʹʭʨʴʰ, ʱʵʴʬʭʹʱʰ ʫʨ ʹˆʭʬʩʰ.
ǩȈȘȚȖȓȖȔȍȐǷȖȍȏȌȒȈȊǪȖȓȤȕțȦǹȊȈȕȍȚȐȦ³șȚȘǩȈȒȘȈȌȏȍǹȊȈȕȍȚȐȧ³
șȚȘǹȚȖȧȕȖȊșȚȘǻȊȈȘȖȊȈǹȉǴȈȚǹȚȘ

319
,,“ € ‹€š…–ˆr€Œ‘ Ž€¢ ˆ€ “€Š‘ ˆ ¡„¡•ˆŠ„€

,,ʽʵʸʨ ʳʨˆʭˀʰʹ³ ʹʭʨʴʬʩʰ ʻ˄ʵʫʬʩʬʴ ʵˇʨˆʰʹ ʻʼʸʵʹʹ, ʩʨʺʵʴʹ.

ʭʰʴʨʰʫʨʴ ʹʭʨʴʬʯˀʰ ˃ʨʲʰʨʴ ʬʮʨʸʬʩʨʯ ʪʨʿʵʼʨ, ʨʸʨʳ˂ ʯʻ ʬʸʯ ʫʬʫ-
ʳʨʳʰʹ ˀʭʰʲʬʩʹ, ʨʸʨʳʬʫ ʩʰ˃ʨˀʭʰʲʬʩʹ, ʳʨʯ ˀʭʰʲʰ-ˀʭʰʲʬʩʹ ʫʨ
ˀʯʨʳʵʳʨʭʲʵʩʨʹʨ˂, ʨʳʰʺʵʳ ʹʭʨʴʴʻʸʰ ʵˇʨˆʰ ˆˀʰʸʨʫ ˀʬʹʫʪʬʩʨ
ʫʾʬʹʨ˂ 40-50 ˄ʬʭʸʰʹʨʪʨʴ. ʸʨ ʯʽʳʨ ʻʴʫʨ, ʰʽ, ʹʨʫʨ˂ ˆʨʲˆʰʹ ʿʵʼʨ-
˂ˆʵʭʸʬʩʨ ʰʨʸʨʾʮʬ ʫʨ ʼʰʮʰʱʻʸ ˃ʨʲʨʮʬʨ ʫʨʳʿʨʸʬʩʻʲʰ, ʨʸ ʨʸʰʹ
ʳʰʮʨʴ-ˀʬ˄ʵʴʰʲʰ ˃ʨʲʬʩʰʹ ʫʨʽʹʨʽʹʭʨ, ʨʸʨʳʬʫ ʹʨ˅ʰʸʵʨ ˀʬˇʪʻʼʬʩʨ
ʫʨ ˀʬʱʨʭˀʰʸʬʩʨ ʨʸʨ ʳʨʸʺʵ ʬʸʯʰ ʵˇʨˆʰʹ ˄ʬʭʸʬʩʰʹʨ, ʨʸʨʳʬʫ ʳʯʬʲʰ
ʪʭʨʸʬʻʲʵʩʰʹʨ˂. ʨʳʰʺʵʳ ʸʵ˂ʨ ʸʨʰʳʬ ʪʨʸʬʳʵʬʩʰʯ ʪʨʿʵʼʨ
ʻˆʫʬʩʨʯ, ʬʹ ʪʨʸʬʳʵʬʩʨ ʫʾʬʹʨ˂ ʫʰʫ ʳ˄ʻˆʨʸʬʩʨʹ ʫʨ ˂ˆʨʸʬ
˂ʸʬʳʲʬʩʹ ʰ˄ʭʬʭʹ ʪʨʹʨʿʵʼ ʵˇʨˆˀʰ ʫʨ ʳʰʹ ʴʨʯʬʹʨʵʩʨˀʰ. ʹʭʨʴʬʩʰʹ
ˀʬˆʬʫʻʲʬʩʰʯ ʵˇʨˆʰʹ ˄ʬʭʸʬʩʰʹ ʪʨʿʵʼʨʹ ʹˇʵʩʰʨ ʵˇʨˆʰʹ ʬʸʯʰ
˄ʬʭʸʰʹ ʹʰʱʭʫʰʲʰ ʫʨ ˆˀʰʸʨʫ ʪʨʰʪʵʴʬʩʯ ʳʨʯʪʨʴ: ʲʰʯʨʲʹ ʨˀˆʭʳʰ
ʫʨʪʸʨ ˆʵˁʨ ʽʵʸʰʹʪʨʵ ± ʪʨʿʵʼʨʹ ʵˇʨˆʰʹ ˄ʬʭʸʰʹ ʹʰʱʭʫʰʲʰ ʹˇʵʩʰʨ
ʵˇʨˆʰʹʨʯʭʰʹʵ.
ʰʽʴʬʩʵʫʨ ʹʭʨʴʰʹ ʵˇʨˆʰ ʳʸʨʭʨʲʸʰ˂ˆʵʭʨʴʰ ʯʻ ʳ˂ʰʸʬ, ʹʻʲ
ʬʸʯʰʨ ʳʨʹ ʨʻ˂ʰʲʬʩʲʨʫ ʻʴʫʨ ˈʿʵʲʵʫʨ ʫʨ ʫʾʬʹʨ˂ ˈʿʨʭʹ ,,ʽʵʸʨ
ʳʨˆʭˀʰ³ ± ʵˇʨˆʰʹ ʻʼʸʵʹʰ. ʵˇʨˆʰʹ ʻʼʸʵʹʵʩʨ ʹʭʨʴʻʸʰ
ˁʭʬʻʲʬʩʰʯ ʫʾʬʳʫʰ ʬʱʻʯʭʴʰʹ ʵˇʨˆˀʰ ˆʴʰʯ ʿʭʬʲʨʮʬ ʻʼʸʵʹʹ,
ʳʨʪʸʨʳ ʯʻ ʰʹ ʹʨʻʼʸʵʹʵʫ ˀʬʹʨʼʬʸʰ ʨʸ ʨʸʰʹ, ,,ʳʨˆʭˀʵʩʨ³ ʨʴʻ
ʻʼʸʵʹʵʩʨ ʳʰʹ ˀʬʳʫʬʪ ˆʴʰʯ ʻʼʸʵʹʹ ˃ʳʨʮʬ ʨʴ ˀʭʰʲʮʬ ʪʨʫʨʫʰʹ.
,,ʽʵʸʨ ʳʨˆʭˀʰ³ʰʿʵ ʫʨ ʨʸʰʹ ʹʸʻʲʻʼʲʬʩʰʨʴʰ ʩʨʺʵʴ-ʶʨʺʸʵʴʰ
ʯʨʭʰʹʰ ʵˇʨˆʰʹʨ. ʰʹ ʪʨʴʨʪʬʩʹ ʯʨʭʰʹʰ ʵˇʨˆʰʹ ʿʵʼʨ ˂ˆʵʭʸʬʩʨʹ ʫʨ
ʿʭʬʲʨ ʳʨʹ ʬʳʵʸˁʰʲʬʩʨ.
˄ʰʴʨʫ ʳʨˆʭˀʰʹ ʨʹʨˆʬʲʬʩʫʨ ʵʳˀʰ ˄ʨʳʹʭʲʬʲʯ ʯʨʭʰʹ
ʵˇʨˆʰʫʨʴ, ʰʪʰ ʨʪʸʬʯʭʬ ʯʨʭʰʹʰ ʹʻʸʭʰʲʰʹʨʳʬʩʸ ʰʸˁʬʭʹ ʫʨ
ʨʪʮʨʭʴʰʹ ˀʻʸʰʹ ʹʨ˃ʰʬʩʲʨʫ, ʯʻ ʭʰʴʳʬʹʯʨʴ ʳʰʹ ʵˇʨˆʰʹ ʸʵʳʬʲʰʳʬ
˄ʬʭʸʹ ʹʨʽʳʬ ʨʽʭʹ, ʰʹ ʨ˃ʲʬʭʹ ,,ʳʵ˂ʰʽʻʲʬʩʹ³ ʶʨʹʻˆʹ, ʪʨʸʰʪʬʩʰʹ
ʫʸʵʹ ,,ʹʨʸˁʬʲʹ³- ʹʨˁʰʭʨʸʹ, ʻʴʨ˄ʰʲʬʩʹ ʵˇʨˆʰʹ ˄ʬʭʸʬʩʹ ʳʻˀʨʵʩʨʹ,
ʨʸˁʬʭʹ ʼʻʲʰʹ ʳʵʹʨʪʬʩʨʫ ʹʨʳʻˀʨʵʫ ˄ʨʳʹʭʲʬʲ ʶʰʸʬʩʹ, ʾʬʩʻʲʵʩʹ
ʳʨʯʪʨʴ ʹʨʳʻˀʨʵʫʨʴ ʫʨʩʸʻʴʬʩʰʹʯʨʴʨʭʬ ʹʸʻʲ ʨʴʪʨʸʰˀʹ, ʰʩʨʸʬʩʹ
ʨʳ ʼʻʲʹ ʫʨ ʹʨ˅ʰʸʵʬʩʰʹ ʳʰˆʬʫʭʰʯ ˆʨʸˇʨʭʹ ʵˇʨˆʰʹ
ʹʨʱʬʯʰʲʫʾʬʵ ʹʨʽʳʬʬʩʮʬ ʫʨ ʹʨ˅ʰʸʵʬʩʨʮʬ.

320
 ʽʨʲʰʹ ʪʨʯˆʵʭʬʩʰʹ ʫʸʵʹ ʰʹ ʹ˄ʿʭʬʺʹ ʳʰʹ ʳʰʹʨ˂ʬʳ ʹʨˁʻʽʨʸʹ,
ʨʸˁʬʭʹ ʹʨʮʭʨʸʨʱʵ ʶʰʸʻʺʿʭʹ ʫʨ ʹʨʮʵʪʨʫʵʯ ʳʰʹʰ ʪʨʴʱʨʸʪʻʲʬʩʰʯ
ʻʴʫʨ ʫʨʱʲʻʲ ʰʽʳʴʬʹ ʿʵʭʬʲʪʭʨʸʰ ʫʨʹʨʱʲʨʭʰ. ʮʭʨʸʨʱʹ ʯʭʰʯʵʴ
ʹ˄ʰʸʨʭʹ ʾʳʬʸʯʹ ʫʨ ʹˆʭ...
ʵˇʨˆʰʹ ʯʻʴʫʨ ʿʭʬʲʨ ˄ʬʭʸʹ ʸʵʳ ʻʴʫʵʫʬʹ ʪʨʿʵʼʨ, ʳʨˆʭˀʰʹ
ʴʬʩʨʫʨʻʸʯʭʬʲʨʫ ʬʹ ʳʨʰʴ˂ ˀʬʻ˃ʲʬʩʬʲʰ ˆʫʬʩʨ, ˆʵʲʵ ʯʻ ʵˇʨˆʰʹ
˄ʬʭʸʯʨ ˀʵʸʰʹ ʸʨʰʳʬ ʻʯʨʴˆʳʵʬʩʨ ʫʨ ʻʱʳʨʿʵʼʰʲʬʩʨ ˁʨʳʵʭʨʸʫʨ,
ʰʪʰ ʿʵʭʬʲ ʾʵʴʬʹ ˆʳʨʸʵʩʹ, ʸʵʳ ʳʨʯ ˀʵʸʰʹ ʬʹ ʳʵʹʶʵʩʹ ʫʨ ʹʨʽʳʬ
ʳʵʸʰʪʬʩʰʯ ʫʨʨʩʵʲʵʭʵʹ. ʳʰʹʯʭʰʹ ʹʨʭʨʲʫʬʩʻʲʵʨ ʯʬʳʰʹ
ʿʸʰʲʵʩʨʮʬ ʫʨʹ˄ʸʬʩʨ, ʪʨʴʹʨʱʻʯʸʬʩʰʯ ʳʨˀʰʴ, ʸʵ˂ʨ ʸʨʰʳʬ
ʹʬʸʰʵʮʻʲʰ ʹʨʮʵʪʨʫʵʬʩʸʰʭ ʳʴʰˀʭʴʬʲʵʭʨʴʰ ʹʨʽʳʬ ˄ʿʫʬʩʨ.
ʴʰˀʴʨʯ ʪʨʴʹʨʱʻʯʸʬʩʻʲʰ ʶʨʺʰʭʰʹ˂ʬʳʰʹʨ, ʳʨˆʭˀʰʹ ʵˇʨˆˀʰ
˂ʨʲʱʬ ˈʽʵʴʫʨ ʫʨ ʨʽʭʹ ʫʾʬʹʨ˂ ʫʨʫʪʳʻʲʰ ˁʻʽʻʸʯʳʬʩʰʯ
ˀʬʳʱʵʩʰʲʰ ʹʨʶʨʺʰʵ ʹʱʨʳʰ ,,ʹʨʱʨʸ˂ˆʻʲʰ³ 94), ʸʵʳʬʲʮʬʫʨ˂
ʰˀʭʰʨʯʨʫ ʭʰʴʳʬ ˇʫʬʩʨ ʳʨˀʰʴʨ˂ ʱʰ, ʸʵ˂ʨ ʰʹ ʹʨʫʳʬ ʹˆʭʨʪʨʴ ʰʽʴʬʩʨ.
ʳʨˆʭˀʰ ʰˀʭʰʨʯʨʫ ʻʯʳʵʩʹ ʳʨʹ ʹʨʶʨʺʰʵ ʹʺʻʳʨʸʹʨ˂ ʱʰ. ʹʨʫʰʲʵʩʰʹʨ
ʫʨ ʭʨˆˀʳʵʩʰʹ, ʨʴʻ ˅ʨʳʰʹ ʫʸʵʹ ʳʨʹ ʹʨʱʻʯʸʨʯ ˄ʰʴ ʻʫʪʨʳʬʴ
ʹʨʳʼʬˆʰʨʴ ʳʸʪʭʨʲ ʹʻʼʸʨʹ ,,ʼʰˁʽʹ³ʯʻ ʸʨʳʬ ʹʨʱʲʨʭʰ ʫʨʰʱʭʲʬʩʨ,
ʴʰˀʴʨʫ ʳʬʺʰ ʶʨʺʰʭʰʹ˂ʬʳʰʹʨ, ʫʨʱʲʻʲʰ ˂ˆʵʭʬʲʰʹ ʯʨʭʰ ± ʯˆʭʰʳ
ʳʨˆʭˀʰʹ ʨʻ˂ʰʲʬʩʬʲ ʻʲʻʼʨʹ ˀʬʨʫʪʬʴʹ. ʨʸʨʿʰ ʳʰʹʯʭʰʹ ʰʹˆʳʬʩʨ
ʪʨʴʹʨʱʻʯʸʬʩʻʲ ʱʨʯˆʨˀʰ ± ,,ʳʨˆʭˀʰ ʱʨʯˆ³ ʻʼʸʵʹʰʹ ʱʨʯˆʨ.
ʯʰʯʽʳʰʹ ʿʵʭʬʲ ʵˇʨˆˀʰ ʹʫʪʨʹ ʵʸʰ ʹʨʱʨʸ˂ˆʻʲʰ. ʬʸʯʰ
ʪʨʴʱʻʯʭʴʰʲʰʨ, ʸʵʪʵʸ˂ ʮʬʭʰʯ ʨʸʰʹ ʴʨʯʽʭʨʳʰ, ,,ʳʨˆʭˀʰʹʨʯʭʰʹ³
ʳʬʵʸʬ ʳʰʹ ʱʨʴʫʰʫʨʺʰʹʨʯʭʰʹ, ʬ. ʰ. ʳʰʹ ˀʬʳʫʬʪ ʹʨʻʼʸʵʹʵʹʨ, ʨʴʻ
ʳʵʳʨʭʨʲ ʹʨʳʨˆʭˀʰʵʹʨʯʭʰʹ.
ʫʰʫ ˀʬʻʸʨ˂ʿʵʼʨʫ ʰʯʭʲʬʩʨ ʵˇʨˆʰʹʨʯʭʰʹ, ʯʻ ʳʨˆʭˀʰʹ ʭʰʴʳʬ
ʪʨʻʲʨʴ˃ʾʨʭʹ, ʪʨʴʹʨʱʻʯʸʬʩʰʯ ˆʬʲʰʹˀʬˆʬʩʰʯ. ʨʳʨʹ ʹʭʨʴʬʯˀʰ
ʻʸˁʬʭʴʰʨʯ ʵˇʨˆʰʹ ʻʩʸʨʲʵ ˄ʬʭʸʰʹ ʳʵʱʭʲʨ.
ʪʨʿʵʼʰʹ ʫʸʵʹ ʳʨˆʭˀʰʹ ʻʫʨʭʵʯ ʬ˃ʲʬʭʨ ,,ʴʨʳˆʵˀʰʬʸ³
ʹʨʻʼʸʵʹʵʯ, ʬʸʯʰ ʫʾʰʻʸʰ ʿʨʴʨ, ˆʵʲʵ ʫʨʴʨʸˁʬʴʹ ʿʭʬʲʨ ˃ʳʬʩʰ
ʯʨʴʨʹ˄ʵʸʨʫ ʰʴʨ˄ʰʲʬʩʬʴ.
ʵˇʨˆʰʹ ,,ʳʨˆʭˀʰʹ³ ± ʻʼʸʵʹʰʹ ʶʨʺʰʭʰʹ˂ʬʳʨ ʰʹʬ ʾʸʳʨʫ ʨʸʰʹ
ˆʨʲˆʰʹ ʪʻʲˀʰ ʪʨʳˇʫʨʸʰ, ʸʵʳ ʯʻ ʳʨʹ ʵˇʨˆʰʹ ʸʵʳʬʲʰʳʬ ˄ʬʭʸʰ
ʨ˄ʿʬʴʰʴʬʩʹ, ʰʹ ˆʨʲˆʰʹ ʯʭʨʲˀʰ ʿʵʭʬʲʪʭʨʸ ʶʨʺʰʭʰʹ˂ʬʳʨʹ ʱʨʸʪʨʭʹ
ʫʨ ʳʬʮʵʩʲʬʩʰ ʳʨʹ ʻʹʨʿʭʬʫʻʸʬʩʬʴ ˆʵʲʳʬ: ,,ʯˆʭʰʳ

321
ʽʭʰʴʲʻʳʪʬʴʨʲʹ ʽʨ ˆʵʯʸʨˆʵ³± ʯʨʭʰʹʰ ʻʼʸʵʹʰ ʶʰʸʻʺʿʭʬʩʹʨ˂ ʱʰ
ˈʿʨʭʹʯʵ.
ʹʨʰʴʺʬʸʬʹʵ ʰʹ ʨʸʰʹ, ʸʵʳ ʹʭʨʴʬʯˀʰ ʻʼʸʵʹʵʩʰʹ
ʯʨʿʭʨʴʰʹʳ˂ʬʳʲʵʩʨ ʨʫʨʳʰʨʴʬʩʰʫʨʴ ʶʰʸʻʺʿʭʬʩʮʬ˂ ʪʨʫʨʫʰʹ.
ʳʨʪʨʲʰʯʨʫ ˆʨʸʰ, ʸʵʳʬʲʰ˂ ʹˆʭʬʩʮʬ ˆʴʰʯ ʻʼʸʵʹʰ ʫʨ ʳʬʺʰ
ʴʨˀʸʵʳʰʨ ʨʴ ʲʨʳʨʮʰ, ʪʨʳʵʸˁʬʻʲʰ ˈʿʨʭʯ ˆʵʲʳʬ ʹˆʭʬʩʰʫʨʴ ʫʨ ʳʨʹ
ʻʼʸʵ ʶʨʺʰʭʹʨ ʹ˂ʬʳʬʴ, ʶʰʸʭʬʲʰ ʩʰʴʰʹ ʳʰ˂ʬʳʰʯ ʩʵʹʲʬʩˀʰ ʫʨ
ʻʱʬʯʬʹʰ ʹʨʱʭʬʩʰʹ ʳʰ˂ʬʳʰʯ ʾʸʳʨ ʹʰʩʬʸʬʳʫʬ. ˆˀʰʸʨʫ, ʸʵ˂ʨ
ʻˆʬʸˆʫʬʩʨʯ, ʨʹʬʯʰ ʹʨʿʭʨʸʬʲʰ ˆʨʸʬʩʰ ˈʿʨʭʹʯ ,,ʲʨ˄ʫʨʭʫ³ ʬ. ʰ.
ʻʳʻˀʬʭʸʨʫ ʫʨ ʻˇʨʼʵʫ. ʨˆʨʲ ˄ʬʲʰ˄ʨʫʹ ʨʹʬʯʰ ˆʨʸʰ ˀʬʳʵˈʿʨʭʯ
ʹʨˆʲˀʰ ,,ʳʻ˅ˀˆʰ³± ʳʬʱʭʲʬʫ ʫʨ ʹˆʭʨ...

94) ʨʳ ʹʨʱʨʸ˂ˆʭʰʲʹ ˁʰʺʨʰʨ ʻ˄ʵʫʬʩʹ ,,ʹʭʨʴʯʨ ʸʰʺʻʨʲʻʸ ʫʨ ʹʵ˂ʰʨʲʻʸ

ʿʵʼʨ-˂ˆʵʭʸʬʩʰʹ ʨʺʸʰʩʻʺʹ³ˁʰʺʨʰʨ. ʹʨʽʨʸʯʭʬʲʵʹ ʳʻʮʬʻʳʰʹ ʳʵʨʳʩʬ, ʺ. II, ʪʭ. 109
ʫʨ 110).

,,‡„‹r- ‚…€ …Œ‘Šˆ ¡„¡•ˆŠ„€

,,ʯʬʳʹ³ ʹʭʨʴʬʩʰ ʻ˄ʵʫʬʩʬʴ ʨʸʨ ʹʨʮʵʪʨʫʵʬʩʨʹ, ʸʵʪʵʸ˂ ʹˆʭʨ

ʽʭʬʿʴʬʩˀʰ, ʨʸʨʳʬʫ ʬʸʯ ʸʵʳʬʲʰʳʬ ʪʭʨʸʬʻʲʵʩʨʹ, ˆʵʲʵ ,,ʯʬʳʵʩʨ³-
ʹ ʨʳ ʪʭʨʸʬʻʲʵʩʰʹ ʱʨʭˀʰʸʹ. ʹʨ˅ʰʸʵʬʩʰʹ ʫʸʵʹ ʪʭʨʸʬʻʲʵʩʰʹ
ʯʭʰʯʬʻʲʰ ʵˇʨˆʰʹ ʻʼʸʵʹʬʩʰ ʰʿʸʰʨʴ ʯʨʭʹ ʬʸʯ ʨʫʪʰʲʨʹ
ʻʸʯʰʬʸʯ ˀʵʸʰʹ ʳʺʱʰ˂ʬ ʱʨʭˀʰʸʰʹ ʫʨʹʨʳʿʨʸʬʩʲʨʫ. ʰʸˁʬʭʬʴ
ʯʨʭʰʨʴʯ ˀʵʸʰʹ ʻʼʸʵʹʨʫ ʭʰʴ˂ ʳʨʯ ʪʭʨʸʬʻʲʵʩʨˀʰ ʿʭʬʲʨʹ ʹˇʵʩʰʨ
ʭʨʷʱʨ˂ʵʩʰʯ, ˅ʱʻʰʯ, ʪʨʳʵ˂ʫʰʲʬʩʰʯ, ʶʨʺʰʵʹʴʬʩʰʯ ʫʨ ʸʵʳʬʲʹʨ˂
ˆˀʰʸʨʫ ʬʱʰʯˆʬʩʨ ʳʯʬʲʰ ʪʭʨʸʬʻʲʵʩʰʹ ʹʨʽʳʬʬʩʮʬ ʶʨʹʻˆʰ.
ʨʳ ʹʨʪʭʨʸʬʻʲʵ ʿʸʰʲʵʩʨʹ ʪʨʳʵʨʽʭʹ ʫʨʫʪʬʴʰʲʬʩʨ, ʸʵʳ ˅ʰʸˀʰ
ʫʨ ʲˆʰʴˀʰ ʰʿʭʴʬʴ ʪʨʴʻʿʸʬʲʴʰ: ,,ʨˀˆʭ ʼʨʻʹ ʵˆʪʻʫʰʸʫʬˆ³ ʬʸʯ
ˇʵˆʹ ʳʵʱʰʫʵʴ ʿʭʬʲʨʳ ˆʬʲʰ. ʸʵʳʬʲʰʳʬ ʳʨʯʪʨʴʰʹ ʳʺʬʸʯʨʴ
ʿʭʬʲʨʴʰ ʳʺʸʻʲʨʫ ʰʿʭʴʬʴ, ʳʵʿʭʬʸʹʯʨʴ ʫʨ ʴʨʯʬʹʨʭʯʨʴ
ʬʸʯʪʻʲʨʫ ʫʨ ʳʵʿʭʸʻʲʨʫ.
ʹʰʹˆʲʰʹ ʨʾʬʩʨ ʿʭʬʲʨʹʨʯʭʰʹ ʹʨʭʨʲʫʬʩʻʲʵʨ ʫʨ, ʹʨ˅ʰʸʵʬʩʨ
ʯʻ ʳʵʰʯˆʵʭʹ, ʳʨʯ ʪʭʨʸˀʰ ʹʰʹˆʲʰʹ ʨʳʾʬʩ ʶʰʸʹ ʻʴʫʨ ʪʨʿʭʬʹ
ʵˇʨˆʰʫʨʴ ʯʰʯʵ ʱʨ˂ʰ ʨʴʻ ʭʰʹʨ˂ ʰʹ ʨʸˁʬʭʹ. ʯʻ ʸʵʳʬʲʰʳʬ ʪʭʨʸʰ,
ʸʵʳʬʲʰʳʬ ʳʨʯʪʨʴʹ ,,ʨˆʩʬʱʰ³ ± ʳʺʸʵʩʨʹ ʫʨʻ˄ʿʬʩʹ, ʿʭʬʲʨʳ

322
ʳʼʨʸʭʬʲʵʩʨ ʫʨ ʽʵʳʨʪʵʩʨ ʻʴʫʨ ʪʨʻ˄ʰʵʴ ʳʨʹ ʫʨ ʳʺʬʸʹ ʨʸ
ʫʨʨˁʨʪʭʸʰʴʵʴ. ʯʻ ʸʵʳʬʲʰʳʬ ʳʨʯʪʨʴʹ ʭʰʴʳʬ ʹˆʭʨ ʪʭʨʸʰʹ ʱʨ˂ʰ
ˀʬʳʵʨʱʭʫʨ, ʻʴʫʨ ʫʨʬˆʳʨʸʵʴ ʳʨʹ ʸʵʪʵʸ˂ ʼʰʮʰʱʻʸʨʫ, ʨʪʸʬʯʭʬ
,,˄ʵʸʰʹ³ ʹʰʹˆʲʰʹ ʼʨʹʰʹ ʳʰ˂ʬʳʰʹ ʫʸʵʹ ʴʰʭʯʰʬʸʨʫ ʫʨ
,,ʴʨʳˆʻʩʰʬʸ³ - ʹʨ˃ʳʵʹ 95) ʪʨʫʨˆʫʰʯ; ʯʻ ʭʰʴʳʬ ʳʨʯ ʪʭʨʸˀʰ
ʪʨʸʫʨʰ˂ʭʲʬʩʨ, ˀʬʹʨ˄ʬʭʰ ʻʴʫʨ ʳʰʻʺʨʴʵʴ ʶʻʸʰʯ, ʨʸʨʿʰʯ ʨʴ
ʼʻʲʰʯ ʫʨ ʹˆʭʨ. ʨʸˁʬʭʬʴ ʯʨʭʰʨʴʯ ˀʵʸʰʹ ʸʨʳʵʫʬʴʰʳʬ ʱʨ˂ʹ,
ʸʵʳʬʲʯʨ˂ ʬʭʨʲʬʩʨʯ ʪʭʨʸʬʻʲʵʩʨˀʰ ʹʨʫʨʭʵ ʹʨʽʳʬʬʩʰʹ ʪʨʸˁʬʭʨ,
ʻʱʳʨʿʵʼʰʲʵ ʶʰʸʬʩʰʹ ʬʸʯʳʨʴʬʯʯʨʴ ˀʬʸʰʪʬʩʨ, ʪʨʳʵʺʨʴʰʲ
ʫʨʫʪʬʴʰʲʬʩʰʹ ˂ˆʵʭʸʬʩʨˀʰ ʪʨʴˆʵʸ˂ʰʬʲʬʩʨ ʫʨ ʹʰʹʸʻʲʬˀʰ
ʳʵʿʭʨʴʨ. ʯʻ ʭʰʴʳʬ ʨʳ ʫʨʫʪʬʴʰʲʬʩʨʹ ʻʨʸʹ ʿʵʼʹ ʫʨ ʨʸ
ˀʬʨʹʸʻʲʬʩʹ, ʰʳʨʹ ʪʭʨʸʬʻʲʵʩʰʫʨʴ ʪʨʨ˃ʬʭʬʩʬʴ. ʨʳ ʶʰʸʵʩʨʹ ʸʵʳ
ʳʬʺʰ ʹʰʳʨʪʸʬ ˈʽʵʴʫʬʹ, ʼʰ˂ʹ ʹʫʬʩʬʴ, ʸʨʯʨ ʶʰʸʴʨʯʲʨʯ
ˀʬʨʹʸʻʲʵʴ ʿʵʭʬʲʰʭʬ. ʺʿʭʰʲʨʫ ʱʰ ʨʸ ʨʳʩʵʩʹ ʲʵʩʨʴʵʭ
ʸʵʹʺʵʭʹʱʰǪȕțȚȘȐȖȉȠȍșȚȊȈȒȈȎȌȖȍȘȖȌșȚȊȖȐȕȖȋȌȈȒȈȎȌȣȑȌȖȔ
ȎȐȊȍȚȕȍȏȈȊȐșȐȔȖȚȖȊȖȦȧȚȖȔȐȘȧșȤșșȖșȍȌȕȐȔȐȌȖȔȈȔȐ96³
ʨʹʬʯ ʹʨʪʭʨʸʬʻʲʵ ˄ʬʹ-˄ʿʵʩʰʲʬʩʰʹ ʫʨʹʨˆʨʹʰʨʯʬʩʲʨʫ,
ʹˆʭʨʯʨ ˀʵʸʰʹ, ʳʵʭʰʿʭʨʴ ʬʸʯ ˃ʭʬʲ ˄ʬʸʰʲʵʩʰʯʰ ʹʨʩʻʯʹ,
ʸʵʳʬʲʰ˂ ˁʭʬʴ ʫʸʵʳʫʬ ʫʨ˂ʻʲʰʨ ʳʬʹʺʰʰʹ ʳʬ-10 ʹ. ʹʨˆʨʸʬʩʨʮʬ
ˀʬʳʫʬʪʰ ʹʨˆʰʯ: ,,ʽ. ʬʹʬ ˄ʰʪʴʰ ʫʨʪʭʰ˄ʬʸʰʨ: ˁ. ʴ. (ˁʭʬʴ) ˆʬʸʬʪʰʨʴʬʩʳʨʴ:
˄ʳ. ʪʰʵʸʪʰ: ˀʬʴʰ: ʭʨʸʯ: ʨʮʴʨʻʸʰ: ʿʭʬʲʨʹʨ: ʳʵʪʭʨʸʰʹ: ʪʲʬˆʰ: ʱʨ˂ʰ:
ʳʨʮʬ: ʨʮʴʨʻʸʰ: ʱʨ˂ʰ: ʯʻ: ˀʬʳʨʱʻʫʬʹ: ʹʰʹˆʲʰ: ʿʭʬʲʨʹ: ʪʨʸʫʨˆʫʬʹ:
ʯʻ: ˆʬʸʬʪʨʴʰ: ˀʬʭʨʱʻʫʬʯ: ʿʰ: (ʿʭʬʲʨʴʰ) ʳʰʹʰ: ʪʲʬˆʳʨʴ: ʱʨ˂ʳʨʴ: ʯʻ:
ʭʰʴʳʬʴʳʬ: ʳʵʭʱʲʨʹ: ʯʻ: ʹʰʹˆʲʰ: ʭʰʴʳʬʳ ʪʨʾʰʸʹʵʹ ʵʸʰ ʽʭʨʩʰʹ 97)
ˆˆʬʸʪʰʨʴʰʹ ʪʭʨʸʰʹ ʰʿʵʹ ʹˆʭʨ ʳʱʭʫʨʸʰʹ ʯʻ ʭʰʴʳʬ ʳʵʱʲʨʯ ʱʵʳʲʮʬ
98) ʯʭʰʯʵ ʽʭʨʩʰʹ (ʴʨˆʬʭʨʸʰ ʫʾʰʻʸʰ ʳʰ˄ʨ) ʴʨˆʬʭʨʸʰ 99) ʹʨˆʨʸˇʵ

ʬʸʯʰ ˆʨʸʰ ..... ʯʻ ˆʬʸʪʰʨʴʰ ʱʨ˂ʰ ʭʰʴʳʬ ʻʩʬʫʻʸʰ ʪʨʳʵˁʴʫʬʹ ʬʹ

˄ʰʪʴʰ ˀʬʪʭʰˀʨʲʵʹ ʳʰʹʰ ʹʨˆʲʰ ʫʨ˄ʵʹ ʿʵʭʬʲʳʨʴ ʹʬʺʬʲʳʨʴ
ʹʨʽʵʴʬʲʰ ˀʬ˅ʨʳʵʹ ˆʬʸʬʪʰʨʴʬʩʳʨʴ³
ʹʭʨʴʬʯˀʰ ʫʰʫʰ ʯʬʳʬʩʰʹ ʳʰʬʸ ʶʨʺʨʸʨ ʯʬʳʬʩʰʹ ʹʨˀʰʴʬʲ
ˁʨʪʭʸʨʹ ˈʽʵʴʫʨ ʨʫʪʰʲʰ ʫʨ ʨʳʰʺʵʳ ʻʱʨʴʨʹʱʴʬʲʴʰ ʰ˃ʻʲʬʩʻʲʰ
ˆʫʬʩʵʫʬʴ ʸʨʳʵʫʬʴʰʳʬ ʯʬʳʰ ʬʸʯʨʫ ˀʬʱʨʭˀʰʸʬʩʻʲʰʿʵ ʫʨ
ʹʨʬʸʯʵ ˃ʨʲʬʩʰʯ ʬʸʯʳʨʴʬʯʰʹ ʰʴʺʬʸʬʹʬʩʰ ʫʨʬ˂ʭʨʯ. ʨʹʬʯ
ˀʬʳʯˆʭʬʭʰʹ ˄ʬʸʰʲʵʩʰʯʰ ʫʨʹʨʹʨʩʻʯʬʩʲʨʫ ʳʵʭʰʿʭʨʴ
ʮʬʳʵˆʹʬʴʬʩʻʲ ʳʬʹʺʰʰʹ ʳʬ-10 ʹ. ʬʸʯ ˄ʨʸ˄ʬʸʨʹ: ,,˄:. ʯʨʭʨʸ ʳʵ˄ʨʳʬ
ʪʰ (ʪʰʵʸʪʰ) ˃ʲʰʬʸʰ. ʬʹʬ ˄ʰʪʴʰ ʫʨʭ˄ʬʸʬʯ ˁ-ʴ (ˁʭʬʴ) ʲʬʲˇʪʸʨʪʨ
323
 ) ʬʸʯʳʨʴʬʯʰʹʨ ʬʸʯʪʻʲʵʩʨʹʨ ʮʬʫʨ ˁʭʬʴ ʸʨʺʰʨʴʬʩʰ ʭʰʺʿʭʰʯ ʫʨ
100

ʿʭʬʲʨ ˀʬʴʯʨʴ ʳʵʭʱʭʫʬʩʰʯ ʹʨˀʵʸ 101) ʨʸʨʼʬʸʹ ʭʰʺʿʭʰʯ ˄ʰʹʨ ʯʻ

ʻʩʬʫʻʸʰ ʱʨ˂ʰ ʪʨʳʵˁʴʫʬʹ ˁˆʻʩʰ... ʽʻʸʫʵʩʨ ʨʭʰ ʸʨʳʬ ʽʴʨʹ ʰʳʨʴ
ʴʨʯʬʹʨʭ 102) ʨʳʵʨʪʫʵʹ ʳʰʹʰ ʹʨˆʲʰ ʫʨ˄ʻʹ ʹʨʽʵʴʬʲʰ ˀʬ˅ʨʳʵʹ
ʿʵʭʬʲʳʨ ʱʨ˂ʳʨ ˄. ʪʰʵʸʪʰ ʫʨ ʯʬʳʰ ʨʳʨʹ ʪʨʻ˄ʿʸʬʹ³
ʻʴʫʨ ʨʾʰʴʰˀʴʵʹ, ʸʵʳ ʫʾʬʹʨ˂ ʹʭʨʴʬʯˀʰ ʸʨʳʵʫʬʴʰʳʬ
ʪʭʨʸʬʻʲʵʩʨ ʨʸʰʹ ʰʹʬ ʳ˅ʰʫʸʵʫ ʫʨʱʨʭˀʰʸʬʩʻʲʰ ʬʸʯʳʨʴʬʯʰʹ
ʰʴʺʬʸʬʹʬʩʰʹ ʫʨʹʨ˂ʨʭʨʫ. ʯʭʰʯ ˄ʨʸ˄ʬʸʨˀʰ ʳʵˆʹʬʴʬʩʻʲʰ
,,ʲʬʲˇʪʸʨʪʨ³ ˀʬʹʫʪʬʩʨ 6 ʪʭʨʸʰʹ 40 ʱʵʳʲʰʹʨʪʨʴ ʫʨ ʫʾʬʳʫʬ ʨʳ
˄ʨʸ˄ʬʸʰʹ ʳʰˆʬʫʭʰʯ ʨʸʰʨʴ ʫʨʱʨʭˀʰʸʬʩʻʲʰ ˅ʰʸˀʰ ʫʨ ʲˆʰʴˀʰ.
ʸʬʭʵʲʻ˂ʰʰʹ ˀʬʳʫʬʪ ʹʭʨʴʬʯʰ ʱʨʸʪʨ ˆʨʴʹ ʫʨʸˁʨ
ʻʳʯʨʭʸʵʩʵʫ. ʨʳʰʺʵʳ ʨʽ ʳʨˀʰʴʨʯʭʬ ʰˁʰʴʨ ʯʨʭʰ ʳʵʪʭʨʸʬʯʨ ˀʵʸʰʹ
ʼʰ˂ʰʯ ʳ˅ʰʫʸʵ ʱʨʭˀʰʸʰʹ ʫʨʳʿʨʸʬʩʨʳ, ʳʺʸʰʹʨʯʭʰʹ ˀʬʬʸʯʬʩʻʲʰ
˃ʨʲʬʩʰʯ ʶʨʹʻˆʰʹ ʪʨ˂ʬʳʨʳ, ˃ʭʬʲ ˂ʵʫʭʬʩʮʬ ʶʨʹʻˆʰʹ ʳʵʯˆʵʭʨʳ ʫʨ
ʬʸʯʳʨʴʬʯʰʹ ʫʨˆʳʨʸʬʩʰʯ ˀʻʸʰʹ ˃ʰʬʩʰʹ ʴʰʨʫʨʪʮʬ ʹʰʹˆʲʰʹ ʨʾʬʩʨʳ.
ʨʹʬʯ ˀʬʳʯˆʭʬʭʨˀʰ ʿʵʭʬʲʪʭʨʸ ʳʻˀʨʵʩʨʹʨ˂: ˆʭʴʨ-ʯʬʹʭʨʹ, ʯʰʩʭʨʹ,
ʿʨʴʬʩʰʹ ʳʵʳʱʭʨʹ ʫʨ ʹˆʭ... ʬʸʯʨʫ ʨ˄ʨʸʳʵʬʩʫʬʴ.
ʨʳ ʫʸʵʹ ʰʹʰʴʰ ʻ˄ʵʫʬʩʫʬʴ ,,ˀʭʨʴʵʩʹ³ ± ʹʭʨʴʵʩʨ, ˆʵʲʵ
ʹʭʨʴʵʩʨʹ ʱʰ ʰʳ ʫʸʵʹ ʬ˃ʨˆʰʨʴ, ʸʵ˂ʨ ʹʭʨʴʬʯˀʰ ʨʸʨʭʰʯʨʸʰ
ʳʳʨʸʯʭʬʲʵʩʨ ʨʸ ʿʵʼʰʲʨ.
ʶʸʵʼʬʹʵʸʰ ʱʵʭʨʲʬʭʹʱʰ ʨʳʩʵʩʹ ǮȐȏȕȤ șȊȈȕȖȊ ȘȖȌȈȔȐ Ȑ
ȕȍȘȈȏȌȍȓȤȕȣȔȐșȍȔȤȧȔȐȕȍȐșȒȓȦȟȈȓȈȊȗȖȓȕȍțșȊȈȕȍȚȖȊȕȍȒȖȚȖȘȣȝ
ȏȈȟȈȚȒȖȊȋȖșțȌȈȘșȚȊȍȕȕȖșȚȐ102).
ǶȌȕȈ ȟȈșȚȤ șȊȈȕȍȚȐȕȞȍȊ țȗȘȈȊȓȧȍȚșȧ ȊȖ ȊșȧȒȖȍ ȊȘȍȔȧ Ȓȕ.
ǬȈȌȍȠȒȍȓȐȈȕȐ ȌȘțȋȐȍ Ȏȍ ȕȈȘȖȌȣ șȊȈȕȍȚșȒȐȍ ǮȐȊțȚ șȊȖȉȖȌȕȖ
ȏȈȠȐȠȈȦȚșȧ Ȑ țȗȘȈȊȓȧȦȚșȧ șȈȔȐȔȐ șȖȉȖȦ ȗȖ ȔȕȖȎȍșȚȊț ȜȈȔȐȓȐȑ
ȕȍȏȈȊȐșȐȔȣȝȖȌȕȈȖȚȌȘțȋȖȑ³103).
95) ʴʨʳˆʻʩʰʬʸʰ ʨʸʰʹ ʪʨʫʨʹʨˆʨʫʰ, ʸʵʳʬʲʰ˂ ʻʴʫʨ ʳʰʬ˂ʬʹ ʳʵʱʲʻʲʰʹ
˅ʰʸʰʹʻʼʨʲʹ ʪʨʸʰʪʬʩʰʹ ʫʸʵʹ ʳʱʭʲʬʲʰʹ ʹʨˆʲʰʱʨ˂ʬʩʰʹʨʪʨʴ.
dzȖȔȈȕȖȊ-ǸȖșȚȖȊșȒȐȑǫȈȏDzȈȊȒȈȏ³ȋȹ
97) ,,ʽʭʨʩʰʹ³ʨʴʻ ,,˂ˆʭʨʫʰˀʰ³ʴʰˀʴʨʭʹ ʴʨˆʬʭʨʸ ʫʾʰʻʸ ʿʨʴʨʹ.
98) ʱʵʳʲʮʬ.
99) ˀʬʹʨ˄ʬʭʨʸʰ.
100) ʲʬʲˇʪʸʨʪʨ ± ˄ʳ. ʪʰʵʸʪʰʹ ʬʱʲʬʹʰʰʹ ʳ˂ʭʬʲʴʰ.
101) ˂ʻʫʹ.
102) ʴʨʯʬʹʨʭʰ.
DzȖȊȈȓȍȊșȒȐȑǯȈȒȖȕȣȐȖȉȣȟȈȐȕȈDzȈȊȒȈȏȍȚ,șȚ
ǹȍȒȘȍȚ. ȌȖȕȍșȍȕȐȍȋȍȕ. ǫȍșșȍȋȘ. ǷȈșȒȍȊȐȟțȅȘȐȊȈȕșȒȖȔțȖȚȐȦȕȧȋ.,
ȹ.

324
,,’Šˆ ‹€š…–ˆr€Œ‘ ,,’Šrp ’Šˆ
‘’ € €Œ‘ ’Š€

ʹʭʨʴʬʯˀʰ ʯʰʯʽʳʰʹ ʯʭʰʯʬʻʲ ʹʵʼʬʲʹ ˈʽʵʴʫʨ ʯʨʭʰʹʰ

ʹʨʱʻʯʨʸʰ ʯʭʰʯʳʳʨʸʯʭʬʲʵʩʨ. ʿʵʭʬʲ ʱʵʳʲʰʫʨʴ ʯʭʰʯʵ ʱʨ˂ʰ
ʰʿʸʰʫʨ ˆʵʲʳʬ ʯʨʭʹ ʫʨʴʰˀʴʻʲ ʫʾʬʹ ʰʳ ʨʫʪʰʲʨʹ, ʸʵʳʬʲʰ˂
ʹʵʼʲʰʹ ʳʰʬʸ ʨʳ ʫʨʴʰˀʴʻʲʬʩʰʹʨʯʭʰʹ ʰʿʵ ʹʨʫʳʬ ʬʱʲʬʹʰʰʹ
ʳʨˆʲʵʩʲʨʫ ʪʨʴʱʻʯʭʴʰʲʰ ʫʨ ʹʨˆʬʲʨʫ ʬ˄ʵʫʬʩʵʫʨ ,,ʹʭʰʼʰ³
ʨʳ ʬʸʯ ʹʵʼʲʰʹ ʿʸʰʲʵʩʨʹ ˈʽʭʰʨ ʫʾʬʳʫʰʹ ,,ʹʵʼʲʵʩ³ -
ʹʵʼʲʵʩʨ ʫʨ ʨʸʨ ʸʵʳʬʲʰʳʬ ʯʬʳʰʹ ʿʭʬʲʨ ʹʵʼʲʬʩʰʹ ʹʨʱʨʭˀʰʸʵ
ʿʸʰʲʵʩʨʹ, ʸʵʪʵʸ˂ ʨʳʨʹ ʪʭʨʻ˄ʿʬʩʬʴ ʶʨʺʰʭ˂ʬʳʻʲʰ ʸ. ʬʸʰʹʯʨʭʰ ʫʨ
ʯʨʭʰʹʻʼʨʲʰ ʹʭʨʴʰ. ʬʹ ʹʨʹʵʼʲʵ ʿʸʰʲʵʩʨ ʨʸˁʬʭʫʨ ,,ʹʵʼʲʰʹ
ʳʨˆʭˀʰʹ³ ʯʨʭ ʱʨ˂ʹ ʫʨ ʳʰʹʰ ʯʨʭʳˇʫʵʳʨʸʬʵʩʰʯ ʪʨʳʵˈʽʵʴʫʨ
ʿʵʭʬʲʪʭʨʸʰ ʫʨʫʪʬʴʰʲʬʩʬʩʰ ʯʨʭʰʹ ˂ˆʵʭʸʬʩʰʹ ʳʵ˄ʬʹʸʰʪʬʩʰʹʨ ʫʨ
ʻʸʯʰʬʸʯ ˀʵʸʰʹ ʳ˅ʰʫʸʵ ʱʨʭˀʰʸʰʹ ʫʨʳʿʨʸʬʩʰʹ ˀʬʹʨˆʬʩ. ʬʸʯʰ
ʹʰʺʿʭʰʯ, ʳʵʱʲʬʫ ʸʵʳ ʭʯʽʭʨʯ, ʹʨʹʵʼʲʵ ʿʸʰʲʵʩʨ ˀʬʨʫʪʬʴʫʨ
ʬʸʯʪʭʨʸ ʹʨʱʨʴʵʴʳʫʬʩʲʵ ʵʸʪʨʴʵʹ ʨʳʨ ʯʻ ʰʳ ʹʵʼʲʰʹʨʯʭʰʹ,
ˆʵʲʵ ʨʳ ʱʨʴʵʴʬʩʰʹ ˂ˆʵʭʸʬʩʨˀʰ ʪʨʺʨʸʬʩʨ ʬʭʨʲʬʩʵʫʨ
ʮʬʳʵˆʹʬʴʬʩʻʲ ʹʨʹʵʼʲʵ ʿʸʰʲʵʩʰʹ ʳʰʬʸ ʨʳʵʸˁʬʻʲ ʹʵʼʲʰʹ
,,ʳʨˆʭˀʰʹ³ ʫʨ ʿʵʭʬʲ ʯʬʳʰʫʨʴ ʳʰʹ ʫʨʹʨˆʳʨʸʬʩʲʨʫ ʫʨʴʰˀʴʻʲ
ʯʰʯʵ ʱʨ˂ʹ.
,,ʹʵʼʲʰʹ ʳʨˆʭˀʵʩʨ³ ʫʨ ʮʬʳʵˆʹʬʴʬʩʻʲʰ ˄ʬʹʬʩʰ, ʸʵʪʵʸ˂
ʹˁʨʴʹ ʩʨʸʯʵʲʵʳʬʰʹ ʹʰʺʿʭʬʩʰʫʨʴ (1853 ˄.), ʨʸ ʿʵʼʰʲʨ
ˀʬʼʬʸˆʬʩʻʲʰ ʫʨ ʨʾʴʰˀʴʻʲ ˄ʬʲʹ, ʸʵ˂ʨ ʲʨʺʨʲʰʹʨ ʫʨ ʲʬʴˇʬʸʰʹ
ʯʬʳʬʩʰ ʸʻʹʬʯʰʹ ʽʭʬˀʬʭʸʫʵʳʵʩʨˀʰ ˀʬʭʰʫʬʴ, ʼʰ˂ʰʹ ʼʻʸ˂ʬʲʮʬ ʰʹ
ˆʬʲʹ ʨ˄ʬʸʰʴʬʩʹ ʲʨʺʨʲʰʹ ʯʬʳʰʹ 13 ʹʵʼʲʰʹ 13 ,,ʳʨˆʭˀʰʹ³ ±
ʻʼʸʵʹʹ ǷȘȐ ȖȚ¶ȍȏȌȍ ȔȖȍȔ Ȑȏ dzȈȚȈȓȐ  șȚȈȘȠȐȕ  dzȈȚȈȓȤșȒȐȝ
șȍȓȍȕȐȑȗȖȌȗȐșȈȓȐșȤȚǭȗȘȐȓȖȎȐȓȐȒȘȍșȚȣȒȗȘȐșȧȎȕȖȔțȓȐșȚț
104).

ǩȈȘȚȖȓȖȔȍȐ. ǷȖȍȏȌȒȈȊǪȖȓȤȕ. ǹȊȈȕȍȚȐȦșȚȘ. 45.

,,š„…rp ‡„‹ ˆ…ˆ ¡„¡•ˆŠ„€

ʸʨʳʵʫʬʴʰʳʬ ʹʵʼʲʰʹ ʱʨʭˀʰʸʰ ˀʬʨʫʪʬʴʫʨ ʬʸʯ ʹʨʮʵʪʨʫʵʬʩʨʹ,

ʸʵʳʬʲʹʨ˂ ʹʭʨʴʻʸʨʫ ˈʽʭʰʨ ,,ˆʬʭ³ʳʨʪʨʲʰʯʨʫ ʳʻʲˆʨ ,,ˆʬʭ³ʳʬʹʺʰʨ

325
,,ˆʬʭ³ ʫʨ ʹˆʭʨ... ˆʵʲʵ ʨʳ ʯʬʳʰʹ ʿʸʰʲʵʩʨʹ ʬ˃ʨˆʰʨʴ ,,ˆʬʭʵʩʹ³
,,ʲʻʮʸʵʩʹ³ʲʨˆʵʸʹ³ʨʴʻ ,,ʹʭʰʳʸʵʩʹ³
ʹʨ˅ʰʸʵʬʩʰʹ ʫʸʵʹ ʯʬʳʰʹ ,,ʳʨˆʭˀʰʹ³ ± ʻʼʸʵʹʰʹ
ʪʨʴʱʨʸʪʻʲʬʩʰʯ ʰʴʰˀʴʬʩʵʫʨ ʯʬʳʰʹ ʿʸʰʲʵʩʨ. ʬʱʲʬʹʰʰʹ ʫʨʸʨˇʹ,
,,ʳʻʹʻʴʿʻʸʰʹ³ ± ʹʨʿʭʰʸʰʹ ʫʨʳʱʭʸʬʲʹ, ˈʽʵʴʫʨ ʫʨʱʰʹʸʬʩʻʲʰ ʨʳ
ʫʾʬʹ ʩʻʱʰʹ ʫʨʱʭʸʨ. ʫʰʲʨʹ ˆʨʲˆʰʹ ʹʨʳʻˀʨʵʫ ʪʨʹʭʲʨʳʫʰ 105)
ʪʨʳʵʰʺʨʴʫʨ ʰʹ ʬʱʲʬʹʰʰʫʨʴ ʨʳ ,,ʹʨʴʿʭʰʸʹ³ ± ʹʨʿʭʰʸʹ, ʫʨ
ʫʨʻʱʸʨʭʫʨ ʳʨʹ ʫʨ ʳʰʯ ʨ˂ʴʵʩʬʩʫʨ ʹʨʮʵʪʨʫʵʬʩʨʹ, ʸʵʳ ʿʸʰʲʵʩʨ
ʰʿʵ ʫʨʴʰˀʴʻʲʰ.
ʱʵʳʲʮʬ ʯʭʰʯʵ ʽʻʫʵʹʨʴʰ ± ,,ʼʨʿʭʨ ʳʬʪʬʳ³ ʭʨʲʫʬʩʻʲʰ ʰʿʵ
ʪʨʳʵ˂ˆʨʫʬʩʻʲʰʿʵ ʿʸʰʲʵʩʨʮʬ. ʳʨʪʸʨʳ ʰʿʵ ʫʨ ʨʸʰʹ ʫʾʬʹʨ˂
ʰʹʬʯʰ ˀʬʳʯˆʭʬʭʬʩʰ, ʸʵ˂ʨ ʸʵʳʬʲʰʳʬ ʹʵʼʬʲʹ ʪʨʸʬˀʬ ʳʺʬʸʰ
ʳʰʻˆʺʬʩʨ ʫʨ ˇʵʪʬʩʹ ˄ʨʨʸʯʳʬʭʹ, ʨʴ ʸʵ˂ʨ ʹʨʮʵʪʨʫʵʬʩʰʹ
ʹʨʽʳʬʬʩʰʹʨʯʭʰʹ ʰʨʸʨʾʮʬ ˆʬʲʰʹ ʪʨʹʳʨ ,,ʼʨʫʨʹʵʩ³ ʨʸʰʹ ʹʨ˅ʰʸʵ.
ʳʨˀʰʴʨ˂ ʫʨʻʱʸʨʭʬʴ ˆʵʲʳʬ ʩʻʱʹ, ʳʨʪʸʨʳ ʻʼʸʵ ʴʬʸʭʰʻʲʨʫ,
ʨʳʰʺʵʳ ʨʹʺʬˆʬʴ ʹʸʵʲʨʹ ʫʨ, ʭʰʹʨ˂ ʱʰ ʰʨʸʨʾʰʹ ˆʳʨʸʬʩʨ ˀʬʻ˃ʲʰʨ,
ʿʭʬʲʨ ʪʨʬˀʻʸʬʩʨ ʹʨʰʯʱʬʴʨ˂ ʹʨ˅ʰʸʵ ʨʸʰʹ ʫʨ ʳʺʬʸʹ ˀʬʹʨʼʬʸʰʹ
ʶʨʹʻˆʹ ʨ˃ʲʬʭʬʴ. ʨʳʨʹ ʬ˃ʨˆʰʨʴ ,,ʼʨʹʨʫʵʩʹ³
ʬʸʯʰ ʹʰʺʿʭʰʯ, ʩʻʱʰʹ ˆʳʰʹ ʪʨʪʵʴʬʩʰʹʯʨʴʨʭʬ ʰ˃ʻʲʬʩʻʲʰ
ʰʿʭʴʬʴ ʱʬʸ˃ʵ ʹʨʽʳʬʬʩʰʹʨʯʭʰʹ ʯʨʭʰ ʫʨʬʴʬʩʬʩʰʴʨʯ, ʰʨʸʨʾʰ
ʪʨʫʨʬʱʰʫʨʯ ʫʨ ʨʴ ˇʪʻʼ-ˇʪʻʼʨʫ ˄ʨʹʻʲʰʿʭʴʬʴ ʫʨʴʰˀʴʻʲ
ʨʫʪʰʲʨʹ ʨʴ ˀʬʪʸʵʭʰʲʰʿʭʴʬʴ ʫʨ ʹʵʼʲʰʹ ʳʨˆʭˀʰʬʩʰʹ
˄ʰʴʨʳ˃ʾʵʲʵʩʰʯ ʰʳ ʨʫʪʰʲʨʹ ʳʵʬʿʨʸʨʯ ʯʨʭʰ, ʸʵʳʬʲʰ˂
ʹʨʮʵʪʨʫʵʬʩʰʹ ʳʰʬʸ ʨʹʬʯʰ ʹʨʯʬʳʵ ʿʸʰʲʵʩʬʩʰʹ ʳʵʹʨ˄ʭʬʭʨʫ ʰʿʵ
ʪʨʴʱʻʯʭʴʰʲʰ. ʬʹ ʨʫʪʰʲʰ ˁʭʬʻʲʬʩʸʰʭ ʯʬʳʰʹ ˀʻʨˀʰ ʰʿʵ
ʫʨʴʰˀʴʻʲʰ ʫʨ ʳʨʹ ʹʨʬʸʯʵʫ ʳʯʬʲʹ ʹʭʨʴʬʯˀʰ ʫʾʬʳʫʬ ʽʭʰʨ ,,ʹʭʰʼ³
ʨʴʻ ,,ʲʨʲˆʵʸʨʲ³ʫʨ ˀʬʨʫʪʬʴʫʨ ʳʯʬʲʰ ʹʨʮʵʪʨʫʵʬʩʰʹ ʻ˃ʸʨʭʹʨ
ʫʨ ˆʬʲʻˆʲʬʩʬʲ ʱʻʯʭʴʰʲʬʩʨʹ. ʹʨʴʨʳ ʳʯʬʲʰ ˆʨʲˆʰ ʯʨʭʹ
ʳʵʰʿʸʰʫʨ, ʳʨʴʨʳʫʬ ʹʨʽʳʬʮʬ ʹˇʨ-ʩʨʨʹʰ ʫʨʻˀʭʬʩʬʲʰ ʰʿʵ ʫʨ ʨʳʰʺʵʳ
ʨʳ ʫʸʵʹ ʯʨʭʹ ʰʽ˂ʬʭʫʬʴ ʹˆʭʨʫʨʹˆʭʨ ʭʨʸˇʰˀʵʩʰʯ. ʻʳʯʨʭʸʬʹʨʫ
ʬʸʯʵʩʵʫʴʬʴ: ʴʰˀʨʴˀʰ ʯʵʼʰʹ ʹʸʵʲʰʯ 106), ʽʭʰʹ ʪʨʹʸʵʲʰʯ 107),
˅ʰʫʨʵʩʰʯ, ʳ˃ʰʳʬ ʲʵʫʰʹ ʨ˄ʬʭʰʯ 108), ʪʨʫʨˆʺʵʳʰʯ 109) ʫʨ ʹˆʭʨ...
ʹˆʭʨʯʨ ˀʵʸʰʹ ʨʳ ʿʸʰʲʵʩʨʮʬ ʫʨʹ˄ʸʬʩʰʹ ʻʼʲʬʩʨ ʽʨʲʬʩʹʨ˂
ˈʽʵʴʫʨʯ ʿʵʭʬʲʯʭʰʹ ʳʰʴʰ˅ʬʩʻʲʰ, ʯʻʳ˂ʨ ʬʹ ʳʨʯʯʭʰʹ
ʹʨʭʨʲʫʬʩʻʲʵ ʨʸ ʰʿʵ ʫʨ ʻʳʬʺʬʹ ˀʬʳʯˆʭʬʭʨˀʰ ʬʹ˄ʸʬʩʵʫʬʴ
ʳˆʵʲʵʫ ʳʨˀʰʴ, ʸʵ˂ʨ ʸʵʳʬʲʰʳʬ ʵˇʨˆˀʰ ʳʨʳʨʱʨ˂ʹ ʽʨʲʰ ʹˇʵʩʫʨ
326
˅ʱʻʰʯ, ʪʨʭʲʬʴʰʯ ʫʨ ʳʨʹʮʬ ʻʼʸʵ ʨʴʪʨʸʰˀ-ʪʨʹʨ˄ʬʭʨʫ ʰʯʭʲʬʩʵʫʨ
ˆʨʲˆʰʹ ʯʭʨʲˀʰ.
ʨʹʬʯʰ ʹʨʯʬʳʵ ʿʸʰʲʵʩʨ ʯʬʳʰʹ ʿʵʼʨ-˂ˆʵʭʸʬʩʨˀʰ
˄ʨʸʳʵʨʫʪʬʴʫʨ ʹʸʻʲʻʼʲʬʩʰʨʴ ʹʨʱʨʴʵʴʳʫʬʩʲʵ ʰʻʸʰʫʰʻʲ ʫʨ
ʶʵʲʰʺʰʱʻʸ ʻʮʬʴʨʬʹ ʵʸʪʨʴʵʹ, ʸʵʳʬʲʰ˂ ʹʨʩʵʲʵʵʫ ʹ˄ʿʭʬʺʫʨ
ʹʨʮʵʪʨʫʵʬʩʰʹ ʹʨʽʳʬʬʩʹ ʫʨ ʯʨʭʰʹ ʳʵʽʳʬʫʬʩʰʹ ʨʴʪʨʸʰˀˀʰ ʨʸʨʭʰʹ
˄ʰʴʨˀʬ ʶʨʹʻˆʰʹʳʪʬʩʬʲʰ ʨʸ ʰʿʵ.
ʱʵʭʨʲʬʭʹʱʰ ʹʭʨʴʬʯʰʹ ʨʳ ˄ʬʹ˄ʿʵʩʰʲʬʩʨʹ ʨʹʬ ʨˆʨʹʰʨʯʬʩʹ:
ǮȐȏȕȤȘȖȌȈȔȐȐȕȍȘȈȏȌȍȓȤȕȣȔȐșȍȔȤȧȔȐȕȍȐșȒȓȦȟȈȓȈȊȗȖȓȕȍ
ț șȊȈȕȖȊ ȕȍȒȖȚȖȘȣȝ ȏȈȟȈȚȒȖȊ ȋȖșțȌȈȘșȚȊȍȕȕȖșȚȐ Ǫ ȒȕȧȎȍșȒȖȑ
ǹȊȈȕȍȚȐȐȗȘȍȌșȚȈȊȐȚȍȓȧȔȐȍȧȧȊȓȧȓȐșȤ ȒȕȐȏȘȖȌȈǬȈȌȍȠȒȍȓȐȈȕȐȈ
ȊȊȖȓȤȕȖȑ-ȐȏȉȐȘȈȍȔȣȍȕȈȘȖȌȖȔșȚȈȘȠȐȕȣȐȕȈȘȖȌȕȣȍșȝȖȌȣ110).
ʫʰʨˆ, ʳʨʹ ʫʰʫʰ ʻʼʲʬʩʬʩʰ ˈʽʵʴʫʨ ʳʰʴʰ˅ʬʩʻʲʰ: ʯʨʭʰʹʰ
,,ʳʨˆʭˀʰʹ³ ʯʨʭʳˇʫʵʳʨʸʬʵʩʰʯ ʪʨʳʵˈʽʵʴʫʨ ʫʨʫʪʬʴʰʲʬʩʨ ʬʸʯʰ
ʳʵʹʨˆʲʰʹ ʨʴʻ ʸʨʳʵʫʬʴʰʳʬ ʱʵʳʲʰʹ ,,ʲʰˈʿʸʬ³ ± ʨʿʸʰʹʨ ʫʨ
ʯʬʳʰʫʨʴ ʪʨ˃ʬʭʬʩʰʹ ˀʬʹʨˆʬʩ. ʳʨʹ ˀʬʬ˃ʲʵ ˂ʬ˂ˆʲʰʯʨ ʫʨ ʳʨˆʭʰʲʰʯ
ʳʵʹʨˆʲʰʹ ʪʨʴʨʫʪʻʸʬʩʨ, ʻ˃ʸʨʭʰ ʫʨ ʳʵ˃ʸʨʭʰ ʽʵʴʬʩʰʹ ˁʨʳʵʸʯʳʬʭʨ
ʹʨʮʵʪʨʫʵʬʩʰʹ ʼʵʴʫˀʰ ʪʨʫʨʹʨ˂ʬʳʨʫ, ʫʨʳʴʨˀʨʭʬʬʩʰʹ ʹʰʱʭʫʰʲʰʯ
ʫʨʹˇʨ ʫʨ ʹˆʭ...
ʻʱʨʴʨʹʱʴʬʲ ʮʵʳʨʹ ʨʴʻ ʻʳʨʾʲʬʹ ʹʨʹˇʬʲʹ ʹʨʮʵʪʨʫʵʬʩʰʹ
ʿʸʰʲʵʩʨ ˆʳʨʸʵʩʫʨ ʰʹʬʯ ʫʨʳʴʨˀʨʭʬʯʨ ʳʰʳʨʸʯ, ʸʵʳʬʲʯʨ˂
ʩʸʨʲʨʫ ʬʫʬʩʵʫʨʯ ʯʨʭʰʹʰ ʶʰʸʨʫʰ ʹʨʸʪʬʩʲʵʩʰʹʨʯʭʰʹ ʯʬʳʰʹ
ʳʵʾʨʲʨʺʬʵʩʨ ± ,,ʭʬʸʰʲʰʽʫʬʴʰ³ ʬ. ʰ. ʸʵʳʬʲʰʳʬ ʯʨʭʨʫʰʹʨʯʭʰʹ
ˆʬʲʰʹ ˀʬ˄ʿʵʩʨ ʳʨʯ ʯʬʳˀʰ ʪʨʹʨʩʨʺʵʴʬʩʲʨʫ, ʭʰʴ˂ ʹˆʭʨ ʽʭʬʿʴʰʴʹʨ
ʫʨ ʺʵʳ-ʳʵʫʪʳʰʹ ˆʨʲˆʹ ʹʭʨʴʬʯʰʹ ʹʨʳʺʸʵʫ ʳʰʬˆʳʨʸʬʩʵʫʨ, ʭʰʴ˂
ʬʱʲʬʹʰʨʹ ʪʨʻʺʬˆʨʭʫʨ ʫʨ ˆʨʺ-ˇʭʨʸʹ ʫʨ ʹˆʭʨ ʹʨʬʱʲʬʹʰʵ
ʹʰʳʫʰʫʸʬʹ ʪʨʰʺʨ˂ʬʩʫʨ.
ʪʨʫʳʵ˂ʬʳʰʯ, ʨʹʬʯ ʮʵʳʬʩʹ ʳʰʳʨʸʯʨ ʰʼʨʸʰʹ ʯʬʳʰʹ
ʪʲʬˆʱʨ˂ʵʩʨʳ ʳʨˀʰʴ, ʸʵʫʬʹʨ˂ ʪʰʵ ʪʻʲʩʨʴʳʨ ʪʨʴʰʮʸʨˆʨ ʪʬʲʨ
ʽʻʸʫʰʨʴʰʹ ʰʼʨʸʬʲʬʩʮʬ ʪʨʩʨʺʵʴʬʩʨ ʫʨ ʬʹ ʻʱʨʴʨʹʱʴʬʲʰ ʯʨʭʰʹ
ʹʨˆʲˀʰ ʫʨʨʩʰʴʨʭʨ.
ˆʹʬʴʬʩʻʲʳʨ ʰʼʨʸʬʲʬʩʳʨ ʬʹ ʯʨʭʰʹʰ ʯʬʳʰʹ ʳʵʾʨʲʨʺʬ
ˀʬʰʶʿʸʬʹ, ˄ʭʬʺʰʨʴ ʨʴ˃ʨʮʬ ˁʨʳʵʨ˂ʭʬʹ, ʹʨˀʰʴʲʨʫ ʨ˄ʨʳʬʹ ʫʨ ʳʵʱʲʬʹ
111). ʪʰʵ ʪʻʲʩʨʴʹ ʫʾʬʳʫʰʹ ʰˆʹʬʴʰʬʩʬʴ ˄ʿʬʭʲʨ-ʱʸʻʲʭʰʯ
ʹʰʳʾʬʸʨˀʰ ˀʬʳʫʬʪʰ ʹʰʺʿʭʬʩʰʯ:

327
 ,,ʼʰʹʬʭ ˆʨʩʨ ʪʰʵ ʪʻʲʩʨʴʹ ʰʳʭʨʰ ʪʬʲʨ ʽʻʸʫʨʴ ʩʵʪʸʬˀʯʬ
ʨʴˆʰʫ³ - ʼʰʹʰ ʫʨʬʹˆʨʹ ʪʰʵ ʪʻʲʩʨʴʹ ʪʬʲʨ ʽʻʸʫʰʨʴʰʹ ʩʵʪʸʬˀʰ
ʳʵʿʭʨʴʰʹʨʯʭʰʹ.
ʻˀʪʻʲˀʰ ʵʸʳʨ ˃ʳʨʳ ʸʨʺʰʨʴʬʩʳʨ ʪʨʹʺʬˆʬʹ ʻˀʪʻʲʰʹ ʾʭʯʰʹ
ʳˀʵʩʲʰʹ ʬʱʲʬʹʰʨ. ʻˀʪʻʲʰʹ ʪʲʬˆʱʨ˂ʵʩʨʳ ʰʹʰʴʰ ʫʨʰ˅ʰʸʨ ʫʨ
ʬʱʲʬʹʰʰʫʨʴ ʳʨʯ ʳʰʬʸʭʬ ʪʨʳʵʺʨʴʰʲʰ ʫʨʴʬʩʰʯʨ ʫʨ ˀʻʩʬʩʰʯ
ʪʨʳʵʼʨʺʸʨ 112).
ʰʳʨʭʬ ʯʬʳˀʰ ʹʰʱʭʫʰʲʰʯ ʫʨʹˇʨ ʳʰʬʹʨˇʨ ʻˀʪʻʲʰʹ ʾʭʯʰʹ
ʳˀʵʩʲʰʹ ʱʨʲʨʺʵʮʰʹ ʫʨʳʫʨʴʰʹ ʳʱʭʲʬʲʹ ʹʵʲʳʬʴʰʨʴʹ, ʳʨʪʸʨʳ
ʸʨʫʪʨʴʨ˂ ʬʹ ʳʱʭʲʬʲʰ˂ ʯʭʰʯʵʴ ʨʳ ʬʱʲʬʹʰʰʹ ʨʳˀʬʴʬʩʬʲʰ
ʱʨʲʨʺʵʮʰ ʰʿʵ, ʹʰʱʭʫʰʲʰʯ ʫʨʹˇʨ, ʯʨʴʨˆʳʨʫ ʳʰʹʰ ʭʬʫʸʬʩʰʹʨ,
ˀʬʻ˂ʭʨʲʬʹ ʳʰʯ, ʸʵʳ ʳʨʹ ʨʳ ʬʱʲʬʹʰʰʹʨʯʭʰʹ ʻʴʫʨ ˀʬʳʵʬʭʲʵ
ʪʨʲʨʭʨʴʰ ʫʨ ʨʬʪʵ ˂ʰˆʬ ʳʰʹ ʫʨʹʨ˂ʨʭʨʫ.
ʨʳʷʨʳʨʫʨ˂, ʸʵʳ ʭʰʴʳʬʳ ʯʬʳʰʹ ʨʴ ʳʯʬʲʰ ʹʭʨʴʬʯʰʹ
ʹʨ˄ʰʴʨʨʾʳʫʬʪʵ ʫʨʴʨˀʨʻʲʬʩʨ ˁʨʰʫʰʴʵʹ, ʹʭʨʴʬʩʰ ʪʨʰ˃ʨˆʰʨʴ: ,,ʷʰ
ʲʬˈʿʸʬʲʰ ˀʭʨʴʰʨ ʳʵʾʲʨʺ³ ± ʻʴʫʨ ʨʰʿʨʸʵʹ ʬʹ ʹʭʨʴʬʯʰʹ
ʳʵʾʨʲʨʺʬʵ.
ʸʨ ʯʽʳʨ ʻʴʫʨ, ʸʨʳʫʬʴʨʫʨ˂ ʳʱʨ˂ʸʰ ʮʵʳʬʩʰ ʰʿʵ
ʫʨʱʨʴʵʴʬʩʻʲʰ ʨʹʬʯ ˀʬʳʯˆʭʬʭʬʩˀʰ, ʳʨʯ ʯʨʭʰʫʨʴ ʨ˂ʰʲʬʩʨʹʨ˂
ʿʭʬʲʨ ˂ʫʰʲʵʩʫʨ ʫʨ ʨʳʰʺʵʳ ʨʳʰʹʯʨʴʨ ˆʨʹʰʨʯʰʹ ʫʨʴʨˀʨʻʲʵʩʰʹ
ˁʨʫʬʴʨʹ ʰˀʭʰʨʯʨʫ ˈʽʵʴʫʨ ˆʵʲʳʬ ʨʫʪʰʲʰ. ʻʳʬʺʬʹ ˀʬʳʯˆʭʬʭʨˀʰ
ʨʫʪʰʲʰ ˈʽʵʴʫʨ ʰʹʬʯʰ ˆʨʹʰʨʯʰʹ ʫʨʴʨˀʨʻʲʵʩʰʹ ˁʨʫʬʴʨʹ,
ʸʵʳʲʰʹʯʭʰʹʨ˂ ʫʨʳʴʨˀʨʭʬʴʰ ʰʹˇʬʩʵʫʴʬʴ ʹʨˆʲ-ʱʨʸʰʹ
ʪʨʴʨʫʪʻʸʬʩʰʯ, ʻ˃ʸʨʭ-ʳʵ˃ʸʨʭʰ ʽʵʴʬʩʰʹ ˁʨʳʵʸʯʳʬʭʰʯ ʫʨ ʯʨʭʰʹ
ʯʬʳʰʫʨʴ ʪʨ˃ʬʭʬʩʰʯ.
ʯʬʳʰʹ ʿʸʰʲʵʩʨʹ ʪʨʳʵʽʵʴʫʨ ʫʨʫʪʬʴʰʲʬʩʬʩʰ ʨʪʸʬʯʭʬ
ˀʬʳʫʬʪ ʹʨʱʰʯˆʬʩʮʬ:
1) ʳʬʮʵʩʲʬʩʮʬ, ʪʨʴʹʨʱʻʯʸʬʩʰʯ ˁʬʸʽʬʮʬʩʮʬ ʫʨ
ʿʨʩʨʸʫʵʬʲʬʩʮʬ, ʨʴ ʳʨʸʺʵ ʹʨʱʻʯʨʸʰ ˃ʨʲʬʩʰʯ ʨʴ ʹˆʭʨ ʯʬʳʬʩʯʨʴ
ˀʬʯʨʴˆʳʬʩʰʯ ʯʨʭʫʨʹˆʳʰʹ ʳʵˆʫʬʴʰʹ ˀʬʹʨˆʬʩ.
2) ʳʬʮʵʩʲʬʩʯʨʴ ʨʳʨ ʯʻ ʰʳ ʻʸʯʰʬʸʯʵʩʰʹ ʫʨ ʪʨʴ˄ʿʵʩʰʲʬʩʰʹ
ʫʨʳʿʨʸʬʩʰʹ ˀʬʹʨˆʬʩ.
3) ʹʨ˅ʰʸʵʬʩʰʹ ʫʸʵʹ ʹˆʭʨ ʯʬʳʬʩʯʨʴ ʱʨʭˀʰʸʰʹ ʫʨʳʿʨʸʬʩʨʮʬ ʫʨ
ʳʸʨʭʨʲ ʹˆʭʨ ʹʨʽʳʬʬʩʮʬ.
ˆʬʭʰʹ ʨʴʻ ʯʬʳʯ ʿʸʰʲʵʩʨʮʬ ʪʨʳʵʺʨʴʰʲʰ ʮʵʪʰʬʸʯʰ
ʫʨʫʪʬʴʰʲʬʩʬʩʰʹ ˄ʬʸʰʲʵʩʰʯʰ ʹʨʩʻʯʬʩʰ ʫʾʬʳʫʰʹ ˀʬʴʨˆʻʲʨʴ,
328
ʹˆʭʨʯʨ ˀʵʸʰʹ, ʳʬʹʺʰʰʹ ʳʬ-10 ʹ. ʺʿʨʭʮʬ ʫʨ˄ʬʸʰʲʰ ,,ʭʬʯˆʯʨʭʮʬ³±
ʹʨˆʨʸʬʩʨʮʬ ˀʬʳʫʬʪʰ ʳʰʴʨ˄ʬʸʰʹ ʹʨˆʰʯ: 1) ,,ʾʭʯʰʹʨ:. ʫʬʫʰʹʨ:.
ʳʨʳʰʹʨ:. ʫʨ ʿʵʭʬʲʯʨ:. ˄ʯʨ:. (˄ʳʰʴʫʨʯʨ) ʳʰʹʰʯʨ
ˀʻʨʳʫʪʵʳʲʵʩʰʯʨ:. ʳʨ˂ˆʵʭʸʰʹʨ:. ʳʻʲʨˆʰʹʨ:. ʯʨʭʹʫʬʩʵʩʰʯʨ:. ʫʨ
ˀʻʨʳʫʪʵʳʲʵʩʰʯʨ:. ʳʯʨʭʨʸ:. ʳʵ˄ʨʳʰʹʨ:. ʹʬʺʰʹʨ:... ʫʨʪʰ˄ʬʸʬʯ:.
˄ʰʪʴʰ:. ʬʹʬ:. ʳʺʱʰ˂ʬ:. ʫʨ:. ʻʽ˂ʬʭʬʲʰ:. ʳʵʪʨˆʹʬʴʬʯ ˁ. ʴ:. (ˁʭʬʴ).
ʳʻʲʨˆʬʲʯʨ:. ʯʽʭʬʴ:. ʹʬʺʰʬʲʯʨ:. ʵʫʬʹ:. ˁʨʸʽʨʹʯʨ:. ʨʳʵʪ˄ʿʭʰʺʨʯ:.
ʳʬʸʬ:. ʯʽʭʬʴ:. ʪʭʰʨʹʨʩʬʯ:. ʳʬʸʬ:. ʹʨʳʰ:. ˆʨʸʰ:. ʩʬʪʨʸʨ:. ʪʭʬʩʵ˃ʨ:.
ʫʾʬʰʹ ʰʽʰʯ:. ʳʺʸʰʹʨ:. ʳʺʸʵʩʨ:. ʳʵʿʭʸʰʹʨ:. ʳʵʿʭʸʵʩʨ:. ʨʳʨ:. ʶʰʸʹʨ
ʮʬʫʨ:. ʯʻ ʹʰʹˆʲʰ:. ʪʭʳʨʸʯʬʩʫʬʹ:. ʨʴʻ:. ʹˆʭʨ:. ʻʴ˂ʸʵʹʰ:. ʹʨʽʳʬ:.
ʨʳʰʹ:. ʪʨʸʫʨʳ˄ʿʭʬʺʰ:. ʳʨ˂ˆʵʭʨʸʰ:. ʳʻʲʨˆʰʹʨ:. ʭʰʴ˂:. ˀʬˀʨʲʵʹ:.
ʪʰʴʫʨ ʳʸʨʲʰʹʨ (ˀʬʰ˃ʲʬʩʨ ʰʿʵʹ ʳʨʸʰʲʰʹʨ) ʪʻʲʰʹʨʯʭʰʹ ʪʰʴʫʨ:.
ʹʨʽʵʴʲʰʹʨ:. ʪʻʲʰʹʨʯʭʰʹ:. ʱʸʻʲʰʳ˂:. ʨʸʹ:. ˇʰʯʨ:. ʱʨ˂ʰ:. ʰʪʰ:. ʫʨ
ʹʨʳʨʳʵʹʨʪʨʴ ʻʱʻʴʰʹʨʳʫʬ:. ʨ˄ ʱʨ˂ʯʨʪʨʴ:. ʳʵ˄ʨʳʬʴʰ:. ʪʵʪʴʨ:.
ʰʵʹʬʲʰʨʴʰ:. ʨʸʯʻʯʨ: ʽʻʸʫʰʨʴʰ:. ʫʨ:. ʳʬʹʺʰʬʲʴʰ:. ʪʻʫʻʲʬʨ:.
ˇʨʼʨʸʰ˃ʬ:. ʩʬʫʴʰ:. ʪʵˀʪʵʯʬʲʰʨʴʰ:. ˆʻʸˇʰʲʰ:. ʳʨʸʪʰʨʴʰ:. ʳʬ:.
ʽʬʸʨʩʰʹ:. ʻˆʵˇʬʲʨʹʨ:. ʫʨʳʰ˄ʬʸʰʨ:. ʫʨ ʳʵ˄ʨʳʬ˂ʨ:. ʭʨʸ³ʾʭʯʹʨ:.
ʫʬʫʰʹʨ:. ʫʨ ʳʰʯʨ:. ʿʵʭʬʲʯʨ:. ˄ʯʨ:. ʯʨʭʹʫʬʩʵʩʰʯʨ:. ʫʨ:.
ˀʻʨʳʫʪʵʳʲʵʩʰʯʨ:. ʳʨ˂ˆʵʭʸʰʹʨ:. ʳʻʲʨˆʰʹʨ:. ʫʨ:. ˄ʳ:. ʪʰʵʸʪʰʹʨ:.
ʹʬʺʰʹʨ:... ʫʨʭʹ˄ʬʸʬʯ:. ʫʨ:. ʫʨʭʹʫʬʭʰʯ:. ˄ʰʪʴʰ:. ʬʹʬ:. ˁʭʬʴ:.
ʬʸʯʳʨʴʬʯʰʹʨ:. ʴʫʵʩʰʯʨ:. ʨʳʨ:. ʶʰʸʹʨ:. ʮʬʫʨ:. ʸʵʳ:. ʳʺʸʰʹʨ:.
ʳʺʸʵʩʨ:. ʫʨ ʳʵʿʭʸʰʹʨ:. ʳʵʿʭʸʵʩʨ:. ʬʸʯʳʨʴʬʯʹ ʨʸʨʭʰʴ:.
ʫʨʭʨʴʬʩʵʯ:. ʴʻʸ˂ʨ:. ʱʨʸʪʰ:. ʴʻʸ˂ʨ:. ˈʨʭʰ:. ʭʰʴ˂:. ʬʹʬ:. ʫʨ˄ʬʸʰʲʰ:.
ˀʬˀʨʲʵʹ:. ʱʸʻʲʰʳ˂:. ʨʸʹ:. ʱʨ˂ʰ:. ʬʹʬ:. ˇʰʯʨ:. ʽʬʹʰʯʨ:. ʴʬʹʺʵʸʰ:.
ʫʨ:. ʵʸʰʪʰʴʬʳ˂:. ʨʸʹ:. ʴʨ˄ʰʲʰ:. ʳʰʹʰ:. ʨʳʰʴ³
ʬʹ ʵʸʰ ʹʨʩʻʯʰ ʳʵʪʭʰʯˆʸʵʩʹ ˁʭʬʴ ʳʻʲʨˆʰʹʨ ʫʨ ʳʬʹʺʰʰʹ
ʯʬʳʬʩʰʹ ˆʬʲˀʬʱʸʻʲʬʩʰʹ ʫʨʫʬʩʨʹ ʰʳʰʹ ˀʬʹʨˆʬʩ, ʸʵʳ ʬʸʯʳʨʴʬʯʹ
ʮʻʸʪʰ ʪʨʻʳʨʪʸʵʴ ʳʺʸʰʹʨʪʨʴ ʯʨʭʫʨ˂ʭʰʹ ʫʸʵʹ. ʫʨ ʸʵʫʬʹʨ˂
ʳʻʲʨˆʹ ˁʬʸʽʬʮʬʩʰ ʫʨʹˆʳʰʨʴ ʯʨʭʹ, ʳʬʹʺʰʬʲʬʩʰ ʳʨʯ ʫʨˆʳʨʸʬʩʰʨʴ
ʫʨ ʨʳʰʹ ˀʬʳʫʬʪ ʳʺʬʸʹ ʬʸʯʨʫ ʳʺʸʵʩʫʬʴ ʫʨ ʳʵʿʭʨʸʬʹʨ˂
ʬʸʯʴʨʰʸʨʫ ʳʵʿʭʸʵʩʫʬʴ.
ʯʬʳʰʹ ʿʸʰʲʵʩʨʹ ʪʨʳʵʽʵʴʫʨ ʫʨʫʪʬʴʰʲʬʩʨ ʨʪʸʬʯʭʬ: ʨ) ʯʻ
ʯʬʳʰʹ ʹʨʬʸʯʵ ʳʺʬʸʹ ʨʴ ʬʸʯʰ ʨʴ ʸʨʳʵʫʬʴʰʳʬ ʱʨ˂ʰ ʳʵʱʲʨʭʫʨ, ʳʰʹʰ
ʹʰʹˆʲʰʹ ʹʨʼʨʹʻʸʰʹ ,,˄ʵʸʰʹ³ ʻʸʯʰʬʸʯˀʵʸʰʹ ʪʨʴʨ˄ʰʲʬʩʰʹ ʫʨ
ʳʯʬʲʰ ʯʬʳʰʹ ʳʰʬʸ ʪʨʫʨˆʫʰʹ ˀʬʹʨˆʬʩ.

329
 ʩ) ʯʻ ʹʨʬʸʯʵ ʹʨʽʳʬʮʬ ʳʺʬʸʹ ʺʿʭʬʯ ˁʨʻʭʨʸʫʬʩʵʫʨ ˆʬʲˀʰ
ʯʬʳʰʹ ʬʸʯ-ʬʸʯʰ ˄ʬʭʸʰ, ʰʳʰʹʰ ,,ʹʨˆʹʸʰʹ³ ʯʬʳʰʹ ʳʰʬʸ ʪʨʫʨˆʫʰʹ
ˀʬʹʨˆʬʩ.
ʨʳʨʹ ʳʵ˄ʳʵʩʹ ʳʬʹʺʰʰʹ ʮʬʳʵˆʹʬʴʬʩʻʲ ,,ʭʬʯˆʯʨʭʮʬ³ʹʨˆʨʸʬʩʰʹ
ʼʻʸ˂ʲʬʩʮʬ ˀʬʴʨˆʻʲʰ ʳʰʴʨ˄ʬʸʰ:
,,˄ʳʰʴʫʰʹʨ:. ʫʬʫʰʹʨ:. ʫʨ:. ʿʵʭʬʲʯʨ:. ˄ʳʰʴʫʨʯʨ:. ʳʰʹʯʨ:.
ʯʭʰʹʫʬʩʵʩʰʯʨ:. ʫʨ:. ˀʻʨʳʫʪʵʳʲʵʩʰʯʨ:. ʳʯʨʭʨʸ:. ʳʵ˄ʨʳʰʹʨ:.
ʹʬʺʰʹʨ:. ʫʨʭ˄ʬʸʬʯ:. ʫʨ ʫʨʭʫʬʭʰʯ ˄ʰʪʴʰ:. ʫʨ:. ʴʰˀʨʴʰ:. ʬʹʬ:. ˁʻʬʴ:.
ʹʬʺʰʬʲʳʨʴ:. ʬʸʯʳʨʴʬʯʰʹʨ:. ʴʫʵʩʰʯʨ:. ʳʨʹ ʷʨʳʹ:. ʵʫʬʹ:. ʽʻʸʫʨʴʰ:.
ˀʬʪʻʨʱʻʫʨ:. ʳʨˀʰʴ ʨʳʨʮʬ:. ʫʨʭʳʨʪʸʫʰʯ:. ʯʻ:. ʸʨʳʬ:. ʮʰʨʴʰ:.
ʫʨʪʭʬʳʨʸʯʵʹ:. ʨʴʻ:. ʹʰʱʭʫʰʲʰʯ:. ʨʴ ʹʨˆʲʰʹ ʫʨ˄ʻʰʯ:. ʨʴ:.
ʹʨʽʵʴʲʰʹ:. ˄ʨʸʯʳʬʭʰʯ:. ʨʳʰʹʰ:. ʳʵʹʨˆʨʸʰ:. 113) ʹʬʺʰʹʨ:. ˆʬʭʰ:.
ʿʭʬʲʨ:. ʰʿʵʹ:. ʯʻ:. ʭʰʹ:. ʿʨʴʰʹʨ:. ʨʴ:. ʹʨʯʰʩʰʹʨ:. ʴ...ʨ:. ʫʨʨʱʲʫʬʹ:. ʨʳ:.
ʹʨʽʳʰʯ:. ʰʳʰʹʰ:. ʹʨʮʾʨʭʰ:. ʿʭʬʲʨʳ:. ʪʨʸʫʨʭʰˆʨʫʵʯ:. ʯʻ:. ʭʰʴʳʬ:.
ʪʨʳʵˁʴʫʬʹ:. ʫʨ:. ˂ʸʻʵʩʨ:. ʪʻʲˀʰ:. ʫʨʰʫʵʹ:. ʨʴ:. ʹʰʺʿʭʰʯ:. ʨʴ:.
ʹʨʽʳʰʯ:. ʰʳʰʹʰ:. ʹʨ˄ʰʴʫʨʸʰ:. ʱʨˁʨʲʨ:. 114) ʪʨʸʫʨʪʭʰ˄ʿʭʬʺʰʨ:.
(ʩʵʲʵˀʰ 27 ˇʭʨʸʰ ʨʹʭʰʨ³
ʯʬʳʰʹ ʨʴʻ ˆʬʭʰʹ ʿʸʰʲʵʩʰʹ ʪʨʫʨ˄ʿʭʬʺʰʲʬʩʰʯ ʸʵʳ
ʹʨʮʵʪʨʫʵʬʩʨ ʰˆʫʰʫʨ ʳʰʹʰ ʹʨʬʸʯʵ ʳʺʸʰʹ ʳʵʱʭʲʰʹʨʯʭʰʹ ,,˄ʵʸʹ³
± ʹʰʹˆʲʰʹ ʼʨʹʹ, ʬʹ ʨʸ ʨʸʰʹ ʰʳʫʬʴʨʫ ʪʨʹʨʱʭʰʸʭʬʲʰ, ʸʨʳʫʬʴʨʫʨ˂
ʰʹ ʸʵʳ ʱʬʸ˃ʵ ʰʴʺʬʸʬʹʬʩʰʯ ʨʴʻ ˀʻʸʰʹ ˃ʰʬʩʰʹ ʴʰʨʫʨʪʮʬ ʳʵʳˆʫʨʸ
ʳʱʭʲʬʲʵʩʰʹ ʫʸʵʹ ʳʯʬʲʰ ʹʨʮʵʪʨʫʵʬʩʨ ʻ˄ʬʭʫʨ ʽʵʳʨʪʵʩʨʹ
ʫʨʳʴʨˀʨʭʬʹ ʫʨ ʪʨʳʵʬˆʳʨʻʸʬʩʵʫʨ ˆʵʲʳʬ ʯʬʳʰʹ ʿʸʰʲʵʩʰʹ
ʫʨʫʪʬʴʰʲʬʩʰʯ ʨʳ ʹʨʽʳʬʹ. ʨʳʨʹ ʪʭʰʳʺʱʰ˂ʬʩʹ ˁʭʬʴ ˀʬʳʫʬʪʰ
ʴ˄ʬʸʰʲʵʩʰʯʰ ʹʨʩʻʯʰ, ˀʬʴʨˆʻʲʰ ʳʬʹʺʰʰʹ ʰʳʨʭʬ ʳʬ-10 ʹ.
ʹʨˆʨʸʬʩʰʹ ʼʻʸ˂ʲʬʩʮʬ:
,,ʾʳʬʸʯʰʹʨ:. ʫʨ:. ʹʬʺʰʹʨ:. ʳʯʨʭʨʸʳʵ˄ʨʳʰʹʨ:. ʯʨʭʹʫʬʩʵʩʰʯʨ:.
ʫʨ:. ˀʻʨʳʫʪʵʳʲʵʩʰʯʨ:. ʫʨʪʰ˄ʬʸʬʯ:. ʫʨ:. ʪʰʩʵ˃ʬʯ:. ʸʨʰ˂ʨ:. ʹʨʽʳʬ:.
ʹʨʼʰ˂ʰʹʨʫ:. ʪʨʸʫʨˆʫʬʹ:. ʯʽʭʬʴʰʭ:. ʼʰ˂ʰ:. ʪʰʴʫʨ:. ʱʨʸʪʰ:. ʰʿʵʹ:.
ʿʭʬʲʨʹʨ:. ʬʱʨʫʸʬʩʵʫʬʹ:. ʹˆʭʰʹʰʹʨ:. ʹʨʽʳʰʹʨ:. ʬʪʸʬ:. ʪʭʰʩʸ˃ʨʴʬʩʰʨ:.
ʸʵ˂ʨ:. ʬʸʯʹʨ:. ʳʬˆʬʭʬʹʨ:. ʱʨ˂ʹʨ:. ʳʨʸʯʬʩʹ:. ʹʰʹˆʲʰ:. ʫʨ:. ʪʬʸˀʰ:.
ʹʨʴʨʳʹʨ:. ʯʽʭʬʴʹʨ˂ʨ:. ʹʨʽʳʬ ʬʹʬ:. ʨʹʯʬ:. ʫʨʬʱʲʵʹ ʬʸʯʵʩʰʲʰʹʨ:.
ˆʬʭʰʹʨ:.ʩʸ˃ʨʴʬʩʰʯʨ:. ʯʽʭʬʴʰ:. ʯʨʭʰ:. ʹʨʳʨˇʴʵʯ:. (ʫʨʹʨˁʨʪʸʨʭʨʯ)
ʨʸ:. ʭʰʹ:. ʳʰʭʨʴʬʩʵʯ:. ʭʰʴ˂ʨ:. ʳʯʨʭʨʸ:. ʳʵ˄ʨʳʬʹʨ:. ˆʬʭʰʹ:. ʳʰʳʨˇʴʵʹ:.
ˁʭʬʴ:. ʬʸʯʳʨʴʬʯʰʹʨ:. ʨʸʨ:. ʻˀʭʬʲʵʯ:. ʳʯʨʭʨʸ:. ʳʵ˄ʨʳʰʹʨʪʨʴ:. ʫʨ:.

330
ˁʭʬʴʪʨʴ:. ʪʨʳʵʹʻʲʰ:. ʰʿʵʹ:. ˆʬʭʰʹʨ:. ʹʨʶʨʺʰʭʵ:. ʰʿʵʹ:. ʱʨ˂ʰ:. ʰʪʰ:.
ʳʬ:. ʫʬʳʬʺʸʬʹ:. ʫʨʳʰ˄ʬʸʰʨ³
ʯʬʳʰʹ ʿʸʰʲʵʩʨʹ ʪʨʳʵʽʵʴʫʨ ʫʨʫʪʬʴʰʲʬʩʨ ʨʪʸʬʯʭʬ ʰʳʰʹ
ˀʬʹʨˆʬʩʨ˂, ʸʵʳ ʳʰʹ ʴʬʩʨʫʨʻʸʯʭʬʲʨʫ ʻ˂ˆʵ ʽʭʬʿʨʴʨˀʰ ʳʪʮʨʭʸʨʫ
ʨʸʨʭʰʴ ˄ʨʹʻʲʰʿʵ, ,,ˈʨʭʰ³ʹʬʴʰ ʹʭʨʴʬʯˀʰ ʹˆʭʨ ʱʻʯˆʬʬʩʰʫʨʴ ʨʸʨʭʰʹ
ʨʸ ˀʬʳʵʬʺʨʴʨ. ʫʨʳʴʨˀʨʭʬʹ ʨʳ ʹʨʽʳʬˀʰ ʹˇʰʫʬʴ. ʨʳ ʪʨʸʬʳʵʬʩʰʹ
ʫʨʹʨʳʺʱʰ˂ʬʩʲʨʫ ʹʨ˅ʰʸʵʫ ʳʰʳʨˁʴʰʨ ʨʽʭʬ ʳʵʭʨʯʨʭʹʵ ˀʬʳʫʬʪʰ
ʹʨʩʻʯʰ, ˀʬʴʨˆʻʲʰ ʹʬʺʰʹ ʹʨˆʨʸʬʩʨʮʬ ˄ʨʸ˄ʬʸʰʹ ʹʨˆʰʯ:
,,ʬʹʬ:. ʫʨ˄ʬʸʰʲʰ:. ʫʨʭʹ˄ʬʸʬʯ:. ʹʬʺʰʹʨ:. ʹʵʼʬʲʳʨʴ:. ʳʺʱʰ˂ʬ:.
ʫʨ:. ʻʽ˂ʬʭʬʲʰ:. ʳʨʹ:. ʷʨʳʹ:. ʵʫʬʹ:. ˁʻʬʴ:. ʻʱʰʯˆʨʭʨʯ:. (ʭʰʴʳʬ)
ʵʹʬʯʹ:. ˄ʨʭʰʫʬʹ:. ʵʸʨʹʰʹʨ:. ʯʬʯʸʰʹʨ:. ʰʳʨʹ:. ˄ʨʻʾʵʴ:.
(ʪʨʸʫʨˆʫʬʹ).
ʯʻ:. ʭʰʴ:. ˈʨʭʰʹʨ:. ʹʬʴʰʯʨ:. ʫʨʹʴʬʻʲʫʬʹ:. ʰʳʨʹ:. ʳʬʯʨʹʰʹʨ:.
(ʨʯʨʹʰʹʨ) ʯʬʯʸʰʹʨ:. ʰʩʨʸʨ:. (ˇʨʸʰʳʨ) ʪʨʫʨʭʨˆʫʬʭʰʴʵʯ:. ʯʻ:.
ʸʨʰʳʬ:. ʽʳʴʰʲʨ:. ʯʻ:. ʸʨʰʳʬ:. ʹʨʳʺʬʸʵ:. ʹʨʽʳʬ:. ʳʵˈʿʭʬʹ:. ʶʰʸʰ:. ʫʨ:.
ʶʨʹʻˆʰʹ:. ʪʨʳ˂ʬʳʰ:. ʹʬʺʰʹʨ:. ʫʨ:. ʲʨʾʨʳʰʹ:. 115) ˆʬʭʰ:. ʭʨʸʯ:. ʨʳʨʹʨ:.
ʪʨʯʨʭʬʩʰʹʨ:. ʯʨʭʹʫʬʩʴʰ:. ʫʨʪʭʰ˄ʬʸʰʨ:. ʹʨʳʬʩʨ:. ʹʱʨʸʨˀʰʹʨ:. ʫʨ:.
ʳʯʨʭʨʸ:. ʳʵ˄ʨʳʬ:. ʹʬʺʰʹʨ³
ʨʸʰʹ ˀʬʴʨˆʻʲʰ ʬʸʯʰ ʰʹʬʯʰ ʹʨʩʻʯʰ˂, ʸʵʳʬʲʰ˂
ʳʵʪʭʰʯˆʸʵʩʹ, ʸʵʳ 7 ʳʵʹʨˆʲʬ ˄ʨʹʻʲʨ ʵʹʬʯˀʰ ʫʨ ʸʨʾʨ˂ ʹʴʬʻʲʬʩʨ
ˀʬʳʵʻʺʨʴʰʨʯ ʫʨ ʩʬʭʸʰ ˆʨʲˆʰ ʫʨʻ˄ʿʭʬʺʰʨ. ʹʬʺʰʹ ˆʬʭʰʹ ʯʬʳʰʹ
ʿʸʰʲʵʩʰʹ ʫʨʫʪʬʴʰʲʬʩʰʯ ʳʨʯʯʭʰʹ ,,ʰʩʨʸʰ³ ˇʨʸʰʳʨ)
ʪʨʫʨʻˆʫʬʭʰʴʬʩʰʨ ʹʨʮʵʪʨʫʵʬʩʨʹ. ʨʰ ʬʹ ʹʨʩʻʯʰ:
,,ʯʨʭʹʫʬʩʵʩʰʯʨ:. ʫʨ ˀʻʨʳʫʪʵʳʲʵʩʰʯʨ:..... ʳʨ˂ˆʵʭʨʸʰʹʨ:.
ʹʱʵʸʬˀʰʹʨ:. ʹʬʺʰʹʨ:. ʳʯʨʭʨʸ ʳʵ˄ʨʳʰʹʨ:. ʳʨ˂ˆʵʭʨʸʰʹʨ:. ʲʨʾʨʳʰʹʨ:.
ʫʨʭʹ˄ʬʸʬʯ ʫʨ ʫʨʭʹʫʬʭʰʯ:. ʫʨ˄ʬʸʰʲʰ:. ʬʹʬ:. ˁʻʬʴ:. ʬʸʯʵʩʰʲʳʨʴ:.
ˆʬʭʳʨʴ:. ʵʫʬʹ:. ˀʭʰʫʳʨʴ:. ʳʵʹʨˆʲʬʳʨʴ:. ʹʴʬʻʲʬʩʨ:. ʵʹʬʯʰʯ:.
ʳʵʰʾʬʹ:.ʨʳʵʹ˄ʿʭʰʺʨ:. ʽʭʬʿʨʴʨ:. ʫʨ ʪʨʸʫʨʭʨˆʫʬʭʰʴʵʯ:. ˈʰʩʨʸʨ116)
ʸʵʪʵʸ˂.. ʫʨʭˇʬʸʫʰʯ:. ʫʨ:. ʭʰʴ˂:. ʬʴʫʻʸʭʰʹ:. ʳʰʹʰ:. ʶʰʸʰ:.
ʶʨʹʻˆʰʹ:. ʪʨʳ˂ʬʳʰ:. ˁʻʬʴ:. ʲʨʾʨʳʬʲʴʰ:. ʫʨ ʹʬʺʰʹʨ:. ˆʬʭʰ:. ʭʨʸʯ:. ʯʻ
ʭʰʴ˂ʨ ʨʳʰʹ:. ˈʰʩʨʸʰʹʨ:. ˀʬˀʨʲʵʴ:. ʫʨ:. ʭʨʸʰ:. ʯʽʭʨʹ:. ʬʪʳʵʹ:. ʳʨʳʨ:. ˃ʬ:.
ʫʨ:. ʱʸʻʲʰʳ˂ ʨʸʹ ʹʻʲʰ ʫʨ ˆʵʸ˂ʰ:. ʳʰʹʰ:. ʫʨ ʳʨʹ ʹʨʻʱʻʴʬʹʨ:.
(ʩʵʲʵˀʰ ʻʹʭʰʨ 50 ˇʭʨʸʰ).
ʸʵʫʬʹʨ˂ ʯʨʭʰʹ ʽʭʬʿʨʴʨˀʰ ʭʰʴʳʬʹ ʨʸ ʬʳʿʵʼʬʩʵʫʨ, ʰʹ
ʪʨʰʽ˂ʬʵʫʨ ˆʵʲʳʬ ʬʸʯ ʸʵʳʬʲʰʳʬ ʳʨʪʨʸ ʯʬʳˀʰ, ˀʬʨʩʨʳʫʨ ʬʱʲʬʹʰʨʹ
ˆʨʸʹ ʫʨ ˀʬʨˆʭʬ˄ʬʩʫʨ ʯʨʭʹ ˆʬʭʹ, ʸʵʳʲʰʹ ʿʸʰʲʵʩʰʹ
331
ʫʨʫʪʬʴʰʲʬʩʰʯʨ˂ ʰʹ ʻʴʫʨ ʿʵʼʰʲʰʿʵ ʳʰʾʬʩʻʲʰ ʯʬʳʰʹ
ʳʼʨʸʭʬʲʵʩʰʹ ʽʭʬˀ. ʫʨ ʨʹʬʯʰ ʶʰʸʰ˂ ʳʺʸʰʹ ʫʬʭʴʰʹʨʪʨʴ ʨʳ ˆʴʰʹ
ʪʨʴʳʨʭʲʵʩʨˀʰ ʹʸʻʲʰʨʫ ʻʮʸʻʴʭʬʲʿʵʼʰʲʰ ʰʿʵ.
ˆʬʭʰʹ ʨʴʻ ʯʬʳʰʹ ʿʸʰʲʵʩʨʹ ʪʨʳʵˈʽʵʴʫʨ ʫʨʫʪʬʴʰʲʬʩʨ, ʸʵʳ:
,,ʯʻ:. ʭʰʴʳʬʳ:. ʪʨʸʬʪʨʴʳʨʴ:. ʱʨ˂ʳʨʴ:. ʭʰʴʳʬ:. ˁʻʬʴʯʨʪʨʴʰ:.
ʫʨʪʭʰ˅ʰʸʵʹ:. ʭʰʹʨ˂:. ʸʰʯʰ:. ˀʬʪʭʬ˃ʲʵʹ:. ʳʨʪʰʬʸʰ:.
ʪʨʫʨʻˆʨʫʵʯ³117).
ˆʬʭʰ ʹʫʬʩʫʨ ʶʰʸʵʩʨʹ, ʯʻ:. ʭʰʴʳʬʳ:. ʳʯʨʴʰ:. ʪʨʪʭʰʺʬˆʵʹ:. ʨʴʻ:.
˅ʨʲʨʴʰ:. ʬʸʯʵʩʰʲʰ:. ʶʨʹʻˆʰ:. ʪʨʭʹ˂ʬʯʵ³118).
ˆʬʭʰʹ ʫʨʫʪʬʴʰʲʬʩʰʯ ʹʨʯʬʳʵ ʨʫʪʰʲʬʩʰʯ ʿʭʬʲʨʹ
ʯʨʴʨʹ˄ʵʸʨʯ ʻʴʫʨ ʬʹʨʸʪʬʩʲʨ.
ˆʬʭʰʹ ʿʸʰʲʵʩʨ ʨʫʪʬʴʫʨ ʴʰˆʸʹ ʿʭʬʲʨʼʬʸ ʹʨʪʴʬʩʮʬ: ʶʻʸʮʬ,
ʽʬʸʮʬ, ˂ʬʸ˂ʭʮʬ, ˆʨʸʮʬ, ˂ˆʬʴʮʬ, ʨʸʨʿʮʬ, ʾʵʸʮʬ, ˂ˆʭʨʸʮʬ, ʯˆʨʮʬ,
˃ʸʵˆʨʮʬ ʫʨ ʹˆʭʨ...
ʨˆʫʬʭʰʴʬʩʫʨ ʽʻʸʫʬʩʹ ʴʨʽʻʸʫʨʲˀʰ ʵʸʳʨʪ ʼʨʹʹ ʫʨ ˈʰʩʨʸʹ
(ˇʨʸʰʳʨʹ); ʹˇʰʫʨ ˇʨʸʰʳʰʹ ʪʨʫʨˆʫʬʭʰʴʬʩʰʯ ʰʳ ʳʵʹʨˆʲʬʹ,
ʸʵʳʬʲʰ˂ ʳˀʵʩʰʨʸʵʩʰʹ ˀʬʳʫʬʪ ʬʸʯ ʯʭʬʮʬ ʨʫʸʬ ʽʨʲʹ ʪʨʸʬʯ
ʪʨʳʵʻˀʭʬʩʫʨ, ˆʵʲʵ ʯʭʰʻʸʰ ʨʭʨʫʳʿʵʼʵʩʰʹ ˀʬʳʫʬʪ ʬʸʯ ʱʭʰʸʨʮʬ
ʽʨʲʹ ʵˇʨˆˀʰ ʹˆʭʬʩʯʨʴ ʬʸʯʨʫ ʰʿʵʲʬʩʫʨ; ˀʨʩʨʯʹ, ʶʨʸʨʹʱʬʭʹ ʫʨ
ʮʨʼˆʻʲʵʩʰʯ ʵʸˀʨʩʨʯʵʩʰʯ ʳʻˀʨʵʩʰʹʨʯʭʰʹʨ˂ ʫʨʳʴʨˀʨʭʬ
ʰˆʫʰʫʨ ,,ˈʰʩʨʸʹ³± ˇʨʸʰʳʨʹ.
ʿʸʰʲʵʩʨʹ ʻˀʻʨʲʵʫ ʬʳʳʵʸˁʰʲʬʩʵʫʨ ʹʨʳʾʭʫʬʲʵʬʩʨ ʫʨ
ʨʳʰʺʵʳ ˁˆʻʩˀʰ ʳʵʴʨ˄ʰʲʬʵʩʰʹ ʳʰʾʬʩʰʹʨʯʭʰʹ ,,ʩʨʶʹ³ ʰʯˆʵʭʫʬʴ
ʯʨʴʨʳʫʬʩʵʩʰʫʨʴ ʫʨ ʳʰʹ ʨʫʪʰʲʨʹ ʹˆʭʨʹ ʨʿʬʴʬʩʫʬʴ, ˆʵʲʵ
ʲʵʯʵʩʰʹʨ ʫʨ ʳʸʻˀʵʩʰʹʨʯʭʰʹ ʨˆʫʬʭʰʴʬʩʫʬʴ ˇʨʸʰʳʨʹ.
ˆʬʭʰ ʹˇʰʫʨ ʰʳ ʽʨʲʰʹ ʳˀʵʩʬʲʹ, ʸʵʳʬʲʹʨ˂ ʪʨʯˆʵʭʬʩʨʳʫʬ
ʭʰʴʳʬʹʨʪʨʴ ˀʭʰʲʰ ʬʿʵʲʬʩʵʫʨ, ʬʸʯʰ ʫʾʰʻʸʰ ʿʨʴʰʹ
ʪʨʫʨˆʫʬʭʰʴʬʩʰʯ ʯʬʳʰʹ ʹʨʹʨʸʪʬʩʲʵʫ. ʪʨʸʫʨ ʨʳʰʹʨ ʨʹʬʯ ʽʨʲʬʩʹ
ʨʱʸ˃ʨʲʻʲʰ ˈʽʵʴʫʨʯ ʹʨʬʱʲʬʹʰʵ ʫʾʬʹʨʹ˄ʨʻʲʬʩʮʬ ʫʨʹ˄ʸʬʩʨ ʫʨ
ʴʨʱʻʸʯˆ ʳʰ˄ʨˀʰ ʫʨʳʨʸˆʭʨ 119). ʿʸʰʲʵʩʰʹ ʫʨʫʪʬʴʰʲʬʩʰʯ
ʹʨʹʺʰʱʨʫ ʰʹˇʬʩʵʫʨ, ʭʰʴ˂ ˀʬʳˁʴʬʻʲʰ ʰʽʴʬʩʵʫʨ ʴʨʯʬʹʨʵʩʰʹʨ ʫʨ
ʪʭʨʸʰʹ ʪʨʺʬˆʨˀʰ, ʬ.ʰ. ʭʰʴ˂ ʹʽʬʹʵʩʸʰʭ ʱʨʭˀʰʸʹ ʫʨʰ˅ʬʸʫʨ ʫʨ
ˀʬʰʿʭʨʸʬʩʫʨ ʯʨʭʰʹ ʴʨʯʬʹʨʭʹ.
ʯʬʳʰʹ ʿʸʰʲʵʩʨʹ ʪʨʳʵˈʽʵʴʫʨ ʫʨʫʪʬʴʰʲʬʩʨ ʨʪʸʬʯʭʬ ʰʳʨʯ
ʫʨʹʨʹˇʬʲʨʯ, ʭʰʴ˂ ʯʬʳʵʩʨʹ ʪʨʺʬˆʨʭʫʨ (ʻʾʨʲʨʺʬʩʫʨ), ʨʮʴʨʻʸʰ
ʰʽʴʬʩʵʫʨ ʰʹ ʯʻ ʪʲʬˆʰ, ˁˆʻʩʰʹ ʳʵˆʫʬʴʰʯ, ʽʸʯʨʳʰʹ ʨʾʬʩʰʯ,
332
ʿʨʴʬʩʰʫʨʴ ʳʵʾʨʭʰʹ ʳʵʶʨʸʭʰʯʨ ʫʨ ʹˆʭ., ʸʨʹʨ˂ ʪʭʰʳʺʱʰ˂ʬʩʹ
ˀʬʳʫʬʪʰ ʹʨʩʻʯʰ 120):
,,ʾ-ʵ:. ˀʬʪʭʰ˄ʿʨʲʬ:. ˀʬʪʻʰʩʸʨʲʬ:. ʫʨʭʹ˄ʬʸʬʯ:. ˄ʰʪʴʰ:. ʬʹʬ:. ˄ʳ:.
ʪʰʵʸʪʰʹʨ:. ʹʬʺʰʹʨ:. ʯʨʭʹʫʬʩʵʩʰʯʨ:. ʫʨ ˀʻʨʳʫʪʵʳʲʵʩʰʯʨ:.
ʲʬˆʯʨʪʹʨ:. ʽʨʸʯʴʨʲʹʨ:. ˀʻʨ:. ˄ʳ:. ʪʰʵʸʪʰʹ:. ʨˀʬʴʬʩʨ:. ʨʸʨʭʰʹ:.
ʨˆʹʵʭʹ:.
ʯʻ:. ʨʮʴʨʻʸʰ:. ʪʨʹ˂ʨʲʵʫʬʹ:. ʯʻ:. ʪʲʬˆʹ:. ʻʾʨʲʨʺʵʹ:.
ʹʨˆʲʰ:. ʫʨʬ˄ʻʹ:. ʹʨʽʵʴʬʲʰ:. ˀʬ˅ʨʳʵʹ:. ʿʵʭʬʲʳʨʴ:. ʹʬʺʬʲʳʨʴ:.
ʬʸʯʵʩʰʲʳʨʴ:. ʲʬˆʯʨʪʰʹ:. ʽʨʸʯʴʨʲʹ:. ˀʻʨ:. ʬʲʯʵʩ:. ʰʪʰ:. ʳʰʹʰ:.
ʹʨˆʲʰ:. ʫʨʬ˄ʻʹ:. ʭʰʴ˂:. ˁˆʻʩʰ:. ʽʴʨʹ:. ʱʨˆʨʸʨʰʹ:. (ʱʨˆʻʸ) ʼˀʬʻʸʹ:.
(ʻʴʫʨ ʴʰˀʴʨʭʫʬʹ ʾʬʲʬ ʼʻˀʿʭʬʸʹ):. ˀʻʨ:.
ʹʨˆʲʰ:. ʫʨ˄ʻʹ:. ʳʰʹʰ:. ʭʰʴʳʬ:. ʻʩʬʫʻʸʰ:. ʱʨ˂ʰ:. ʪʨʳʵˁʴʫʬʹ:.
ʽʨʲʨʩʨʴʰ:. ˁʨʼʻʲ (ʽʸʯʨʳʰ) ʳʰʰʾʵʹ:. ʬʸʯʰ ʻʾʬʲʰ ˆʨʸʰ:. ˀʬ˅ʨʳʵʹ:.
ʹʬʺʬʲʳʨʴ:. ʯʻ:. ʭʰʴʳʬ:.ʻʩʬʫʻʸʰ:. ʱʨ˂ʰ:. ʪʨʳʵˁʴʫʬʹ:. ʿʨʴʨʹʨ:.
ʰʶʨʸʭʰʫʬʹ:. ʨʸ:. ʨʫʰʴʵʹ:. ʹʰʹˆʲʰ:. ʼʨʹ:. ʳʬʺʨʴʵʹ:. ʩʨʷʰ:. ʬʸʯʰ:.
˂ˆʵʨʸʰ:. ˄ʳ:. ʪʰʵʸʪʰʹ:. ʨʸʰʹ:.
ʹʭʨʴʬʯʰʹ ʯʬʳʵʩʸʰʭ ˄ʬʹ-˄ʿʵʩʰʲʬʩʨʮʬ ʯʨʭ. ʲʵʩʨʴʵʭ-
ʸʵʹʺʵʭʹʱʰ ʹ˄ʬʸʹDzȈȎȌȖȍȖȉȠȍșȚȊȖǪȖȓȤȕȖȑǹȊȈȕȍȚȐȐȐȔȍȍȚșȊȖȑ
ȕȍȏȈȊȐșȐȔȣȑ ȗȖȓȐȚȐȟȍșȒȐȑ ȉȣȚ Ȑ ș ȗȘȖȟȐȔȐ ȕȍ ȕȈȝȖȌȐȚșȧ ȕȐ Ȋ
ȗȖȚȖȧȕȕȣȝșȊȧȏȧȝȕȐȊȗȖșȚȖȧȕȕȖȑȊȘȈȎȌȍ!!121)
ʬʸʯʰ ʹʰʺʿʭʰʯ, ʸʵʪʵʸ˂ ʪʭʰʳʺʱʰ˂ʬʩʬʴ ʮʬʳʵʯ ˁʨʳʵʯʭʲʰʲʰ
ʹʨʩʻʯʬʩʰ, ʯʬʳʯʨ ʿʸʰʲʵʩʬʩʰʹ ʻʼʲʬʩʬʩʰ ʰʿʵ ʪʨʴʻʹʨʮʾʭʸʬʲʰ.
ʨʳʨʹ ʨʫʨʹʺʻʸʬʩʹ ʨʪʸʬʯʭʬ ʱʵʴʬʭʹʱʰ, ʸʵʳʬʲʳʨ˂ ʰʳʵʪʮʨʻʸʨ
ʹʭʨʴʬʯˀʰ 1886 ˄. ʫʨ ʹʭʨʴʬʯʰʹ ˁʭʬʻʲʬʩʰʯʰ ʻʼʲʬʩʬʩʮʬ ˀʬʳʫʬʪʰ
ʫʨʹ˄ʬʸʨ:
ȅȚȐ ȔȈȓȍȕȤȒȐȍ ȘȍșȗțȉȓȐȒȐ ȎȐȓȐ Ȑ țȗȘȧȊȓȧȓȐșȤ ȕȈ
șȖȊȍȘȠȍȕȕȖ ȌȍȔȖȒȘȈȚȐȟȍșȒȐȝ ȕȈȟȈȓȈȝ Ǫ ȚȈȒȖȔ șȖșȚȖȧȕȐȐ ȥȚȐ 
ȘȍșȗțȉȓȐȒȐȖȉȠȍșȚȊȕȈȏȣȊȈȦȠȐȝșȧȌȖșȐȝȗȖȘǪȖȓȤȕȖȑǹȊȈȕȍȚȐȍȑ
ȏȈșȚȈȓȈȕȈDzȈȊȒȈȏȍȊȖȌȊȖȘȐȊȠȈȧșȧȏȌȍșȤǸțșșȒȈȧȊȓȈșȚȤ
ǼȖȘȔȈȓȤȖȍ ȗȖȌȟȐȕȍȕȐȍ dzȈȚȈȓȤșȒȐȝ Ȑ dzȍȕȌȎȍȘșȒȐȝ
ȘȍșȗțȉȓȐȒȈȕȞȍȊ ȗȘȖȐȏȖȠȓȖ Ȋ  ȋ. ȒȖȋȌȈ ȘȍșȗțȉȓȐȒȈȕșȒȐȑ ȖȉȘȈȏ
ȗȘȈȊȓȍȕȐȧȊǪȖȓȤȕȖȑǹȊȈȕȍȚȐȐȗȖȒȖȕȟȐȓșȊȖȍșțȠȍșȚȊȖȊȈȕȐȍ!! 122).
1853 ˄. ʹʭʨʴʬʯˀʰ ʰʳʵʪʮʨʻʸʨ ʩʨʸʯʵʲʵʳʬʰʳ, ʸʵʳʬʲʰ˂ ʱʨʲʰʹ
ʯʬʳʰʹ ʨʾ˄ʬʸʨˀʰ ʨʳʩʵʩʹ:
<<Ǭȓȧ ȋȖșȗȖȌ ȋȍȖȋȘȈȜȖȊ ȕȍ ȓȐȠȕȐȔ șȟȐȚȈȦ ȏȈȔȍȚȐȚȤ ȟȚȖ
DzȈȓȤșȒȖȍ ȖȉȡȍșȚȊȖ șȖȊȍȘȠȍȕȕȖ ȌȍȔȖȒȘȈȚȐȟȍșȒȖȍ ȕȍ ȐȔȍȍȚ ȕȐ
333
ȖȌȕȖȋȖȌȊȖȘȧȕȐȕȈǪȖȖȉȠȍȎȍȊȥȚȖȔȌȍȔȖȒȘȈȚȐȟȍșȒȖȔȒȘȈȍȌȊȖȘȧȕȍ
șȖȝȘȈȕȐȓȐ Ȋ ȕȍȒȖȚȖȘȣȝ ȖȉȠȍșȚȊȈȝ ȚȖȓȤȒȖ ȗȘȈȊȖ ȖȉȍȌȈȚȤ ȗȖ ȖȌȕȖȐț
ȘȈȏț Ȋ ȋȖȌ ț ȗȖȚȖȔȒȖȊ șȊȖȐȝ ȉȣȊȠȐȝ ȒȘȍșȚȤȧȕ ȌȈ Ȑ Ȋ șȓțȟȈȍ
ȒȘȖȊȖȔȠȍȕȐȧȊȏȣșȒȐȊȈȚȤȌȊȍȒȘȖȊȐȏȈȖȌȕȖȋȖ123).

105) ʨʹʬʯ ʿʸʰʲʵʩʬʩʹ ˆʨʲˆʰ ʸʵʳ ʳʻˀʨʵʩʨʹ ʨʸ ʳʵʹ˂ʫʬʴʵʫʨ, ʻʳʬʺʬʹ

ˀʬʳʯˆʭʬʭʨˀʰ ʰ˄ʭʬʭʫʬʴ ʻʽʳʬ ʫʾʬʬʩʰʯ.
106) ʯʵʼʰʹʨʹʸʵʲ ʴʰˀʨʴʹ ˀʬʨʫʪʬʴʫʨ ,,ʲʻʪʸʬ³ ʱʭʬʸ˂ˆʰ ʨʴʻ ,,ʲʻʳˀˆʰʲ³
ʿʨʭʨʸʮʬ ʴʨˆˀʰʸʰʯ ʫʨˁʬʴʰʲʰ ʶʨʺʨʸ ʳʪʭʸʨʲʰ ʫʨʾʰ, ʭʰʴ˂ ʨʳʨʯ ˀʻʨˀʰ ʳʵʨʸʺʿʨʳʫʨ,
ʰʹ ʹˇʵʩʫʨ ʿʭʬʲʨʹ ʹʸʵʲʨˀʰ.
107) ʬʸʯʰ ʱʨ˂ʰ ʨʰʾʬʩʫʨ ʽʭʨʹ, ʪʨʳʵʰʽ˂ʬʵʫʨ ˀʵʸʰʫʨʴ ʫʨʴʰˀʴʻʲ ʨʫʪʰʲʨʳʫʰ
ʫʨ ʸʨ˂ ˃ʨʲʨ ʫʨ ʾʵʴʬ ʽʵʴʫʨ ʪʨʰʹʸʵʫʨ. ʭʰʴ˂ ʿʭʬʲʨʮʬ ˀʵʸʹ ʪʨʫʨʨʪʫʬʩʫʨ, ʳʰʹʰ
ʳʨʸˇʭʬʴʨ ʳʱʲʨʭʰ ˃ʨʲʰʯ ʿʭʬʲʨʹ ʹˇʵʩʫʨ.
108) ʨʹ˄ʬʭʫʨ ʵʸʰʭʬ ˆʬʲʬʩʰʯ ʫʰʫ ʲʵʫʹ ʫʨ ʭʰʴ˂ ʿʭʬʲʨʮʬ ʳʨʾʲʨ ʨʹ˄ʬʭʫʨ,
ʻʼʸʵ ˄ʬʲ-ʳʨʪʨʸ ʫʨ ʾʵʴʰʬʸ ʱʨ˂ʨʫ ʰʯʭʲʬʩʵʫʨ.
109) ʬʸʯʰ ʱʨ˂ʰ ʪʨʳʵʰʽ˂ʬʵʫʨ ˀʵʸʰʫʨʴ ʫʨʴʰˀʴʻʲ ʨʫʪʰʲʨʳʫʬ, ʸʨ˂ ˃ʨʲʨ ʫʨ
ʾʵʴʬ ʽʵʴʫʨ ʰʹʱʻʶʬʩʫʨ ʫʨ ˂ʨʲʰ ʼʬˆʰʯ ʪʨʫʨˆʺʬʩʵʫʨ, ʭʰʴ˂ ʿʭʬʲʨʮʬ ˀʵʸʹ
ʫʨʨʩʰˇʬʩʫʨ, ʰʹ ʰʯʭʲʬʩʵʫʨ ʿʭʬʲʨʮʬ ʻʼʸʵ ʼʬˆʰʯ ʳʨʪʨʸʰ ʫʨ ʺʨʴʰʯ ʳʹʻʩʻʽ
ʱʨ˂ʨʫ.
ǴDzȖȊȈȓȍȊșȒȐȑǯȈȒȖȕȣȐȖȉȣȟȈȑȕȈDzȈȊȒȈȏȍ
ǸȅȘȐșȚȖȊǯȈȔȍȚȒȐȖǹȊȈȕȍȚȐȐșȚȘ
112) ʯʨʭʰʹʻʼʨʲʰ ʹʭʨʴʰ. ʪʨʮ. ,,ʰʭʬʸʰʨ³˄.
113) ʻʴʫʨ ʴʰˀʴʨʭʫʬʹ ʳʵʹʰʹˆʲʬʹ, ʹʰʹˆʲʰʹ ʨʳʾʬʩʹ.
114) ʱʨˁʨʲʨ ʹʨʬʱʲʬʹʰʵ ʿʨʴʨʨ ʳʬʹʺʰʨˀʰ.
115) ʲʨʾʨʳʰ ± ʳʬʹʺʰʰʹ ʯʬʳʰʹ ʬʸʯʰ ʹʵʼʬʲʰ.
116) ˇʨʸʰʳʨ.
117) ʳʬʹʺʰʰʹ ʭʬʯˆʯʨʭʰʹ (ʹʨˆʨʸʬʩʨ) 10 ʹʨʻʱʻʴʰʹ ʳʰʴʨ˄ʬʸʰ.
118) ʰʽʭʬ.
ǸȅȘȐșȚȖȊǯȈȔȍȚȒȐȖǹȊȈȕȍȚȐȐșȚ
120) ʳʬʹʺʰʰʹ ʳʬ-10 ʹ. ʭʬʯˆʯʨʭʰ ʹʨˆʨʸʬʩʨ.
DzȕdzȖȔȈȕȖȊ-ǸȖșȚȖȊșȒȐȑǫȈȏDzȈȊȒȈȏȋȹ
DzȖȕȍȊșȒȐȑdzȦȉȖȗȣȚȕȣȍțȋȖȓȒȐDzȈȊȒȈȏȈșȚȘ
ǩȈȘȚȖȓȖȔȍȐǷȖȍȏȌȒȈȊǪȖȓȤȕțȦǹȊȈȕȍȚȐȦșȚȘ

334
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€‰€…–ˆ  • ˆŠ€

ʻʮʬʴʨʬʹ ʰʴʹʺʨʴ˂ʰʨʹ ʹʭʨʴʬʯʰʹ ʶʵʲʰʺʰʱʻʸ ʫʨ ʰʻʸʰʫʰʻʲ

˄ʬʹ˄ʿʵʩʰʲʬʩʨˀʰ ˀʬʨʫʪʬʴʫʨ ,,ˀʭʨʴʰʨ ˆʬʭʵʩ³ ʨʴʻ ʹʸʻʲʰʨʫ
ʹʭʨʴʬʯʰʹ ʯʬʳʯʨ ʹʨʱʨʭˀʰʸʵ ʿʸʰʲʵʩʨ.
ʨʹʬʯ ʿʸʰʲʵʩʬʩʰʹ ʳʵ˄ʭʬʭʨʹ ʨʫʪʰʲʰ ˈʽʵʴʫʨ ʳʨˀʰʴ, ʸʵ˂ʨ
ʸʵʳʬʲʰʳʬ ʯʨʭʨʫʰ ʲʨʳʵʩʫʨ ʹʭʨʴʬʯʰʹ ʫʨʶʿʸʵʩʨʹ; ʸʵ˂ʨ ʪʨʸˀʬ
ʳʺʬʸʰ ʨ˄ʭʬʩʵʫʨ ʹʭʨʴʬʯʹ; ʸʵ˂ʨ ʯʭʰʯʵʴ ʹʭʨʴʬʯʹ ʻʴʫʵʫʨ ʹʨʫʳʬ
ʹʨʵʳʸʨʯ ˄ʨʹʭʲʨ; ʸʵ˂ʨ ʹʭʨʴʬʯʰʹ ʹʨʬʸʯʵ ʰʴʺʬʸʬʹʬʩʰ
ʯˆʵʻʲʵʩʫʨ ʹʨʬʸʯʵ ʱʨʴʵʴʬʩʰʹ ˀʬʳʻˀʨʭʬʩʨʹ ʫʨ ʪʨʳʵ˂ʬʳʨʹ; ʬʸʯʰ
ʹʰʺʿʭʰʯ, ʸʵ˂ʨ ʹʬʸʰʵʮʻʲʰ ʶʵʲʰʺʰʱʻʸʰ ʳʵʭʲʬʴʬʩʰ
ʯˆʵʻʲʵʩʫʬʴ ʹʭʨʴʬʯʰʹ ˃ʨʲʬʩʰʹ ʬʸʯʨʫ ʫʨʸʨʮʳʭʨʹ ʫʨ ʳ˅ʰʫʸʵʫ
ˀʬʱʨʭˀʰʸʬʩʨʹ.
ʨʳ ʿʸʰʲʵʩʬʩʰʹ ʳʵʹʨ˄ʭʬʭʨʫ ʹʭʨʴʬʯʹ ˈʽʵʴʫʨ ʫʨʴʰˀʴʻʲʰ ʹʨʳʰ
ʨʫʪʰʲʰ: ʲʨʲʭʬʸʰ124), ʲʨʲˆʵʸʰ125) ʫʨ ʹʰʳʵʴʰ126). ʫʨʴʰˀʴʻʲ
ʫʸʵʹ ʬʸʯ-ʬʸʯ ʮʬʳʵˆʹʬʴʬʩʻʲ ʨʫʪʰʲʨʹ ʰʿʸʰʫʬʴ ʯʨʭʹ ʨʴ
ʹʭʨʴʬʯʰʹ ʯʬʳʬʩʰʹ ,,ʳʨˆʭˀʬʩʰ³ - ʳʨʳʨʹʨˆʲʰʹʬʩʰ ʫʨ ʹʵʼʲʬʩʰʹ
ˁʬʴʰʲʬʩʰ, ʨʴ ʯʭʰʯʵ ʱʨ˂ʰ ʿʵʭʬʲ ʳʬʱʵʳʻʸʰʫʨʴ.
ʬʹ ʿʸʰʲʵʩʨ ʸʵʳʬʲʰʳʬ ʯʬʳʰʹ ,,ʳʨˆʭˀʰʹ³ ʰʸˁʬʭʫʨ
ʯʨʭʳˇʫʵʳʨʸʬʯ ʫʨ ˀʬʳʫʬʪ ˀʬʻʫʪʬʩʵʫʨ ʹʭʨʴʬʯʰʹ ʶʵʲʰʺʰʱʻʸ,
ʹʵ˂ʰʨʲʻʸ ʫʨ ʰʻʸʰʫʰʻʲʰ ʹʨʱʰʯˆʬʩʰʹ ʪʨʴˆʰʲʭʨʹ127).
ˆˀʰʸʨʫ ʨʹʬʯʰ ʿʸʰʲʵʩʨ ʨʹʨˆʬʲʬʩʫʨ ʨʪʸʬʯʭʬ ʹʸʻʲʰʨʫ
ʹʭʨʴʬʯʰʹ ,,ˆʬʭʰʹ ʳʨˆʭˀʰʹ³ʨʴʻ ʳʯʨʭʨʸ ʹʨʸʫʨʲʹ.
ʹʨʰʴʺʬʸʬʹʵ ˂ʴʵʩʬʩʹ ʨʳʰʹ ˀʬʹʨˆʬʩ ʰ˃ʲʬʭʨ, ʹˆʭʨʯʨ ˀʵʸʰʹ,
ʹʭʨʴʬʯʰʹ ʳʬʹʨʳʬ ʩʵʽʨʻʲʰ (1860 ˄.) ʳʨʳʨ˂ʵʭʰ, ʸʵʳʬʲʰ˂ ʨʳʩʵʩʹǬȖ
ȗȖȓȖȊȐȕȣ -Ȋ ǹȊȈȕȍȚȐȧ ȖȉȘȈȏȖȊȈȓȈ ț șȍȉȧ ȕȍȟȚȖ Ȋ ȘȖȌȍ
ȜȍȌȍȘȈȚȐȊȕȖȑȘȍșȗțȉȓȐȒȐǪȖȋȓȈȊȍȥȚȖȋȖȗȘȈȊȓȍȕȐȧșȚȖȧȓǹȖȊȍȚȗȖȌ
ȕȈȏȊȈȕȐȍȔ dzțȏȘȖȉ-ȐȓȐ ǻȋȊȘȐș ȓȈȠȒȈȘȐ!! ǿȓȍȕȣ ȥȚȖȋȖ
ȜȍȌȍȘȈȚȐȊȕȖȋȖǹȖȊȍȚȈȊȣȉȐȘȈȓȐșȤȗȖȉȖȓȤȠȐȕșȚȊțȋȖȓȖșȖȊDzȈȎȌȖȍ
ȖȉȠȍșȚȊȖȕȈȏȕȈȟȈȓȖȗȖȟȍȓȖȊȍȒȈȐșȍȓȍȕȐȍǾȊȐȘȔȐǹȐȔȖȕȉȣȓȖ
ȔȍșȚȖȔ ȏȈșȍȌȈȕȐȧ, ȒțȌȈ șȖȉȐȘȈȓȐșȤ Ȋșȍ ȟȓȍȕȣ ȌȊȈ ȘȈȏȈ Ȋ ȋȖȌ Ȍȓȧ
ȘȈȏȉȖȘȈ ȗȖȘțȟȍȕȕȣȝ ȐȔ Ȍȍȓ. ǷȖȌ ȊȍȌȍȕȐȍȔ ȥȚȖȋȖ șȖȦȏȕȖȋȖ șȝȖȌȈ
ȕȈȝȖȌȐȓȐșȤ ȌȍȓȈ ȒȈșȈȦȠȐȍșȧ Ȋșȍȑ ȊȖȖȉȠȍ ǹȊȈȕȍȚȐȐ ȒȈȒ ȕȈȗȘ.
Ȗȉ¶ȧȊȓȍȕȐȍ ȊȖȑȕȣ șȖșȍȌȧȔ ȊȣȏȖȊ ȖȗȖȓȟȍȕȐȧ ȕȈȏȕȈȟȍȕȐȍ ȋȓȈȊȕȖȋȖ
ȕȈȟȈȓȤȕȐȒȈȕȈȌȖȗȖȓȟȍȕȐȍȔȈȘȈȊȕȖȐșȖȚȕȐȒȖȊȐȏȈȒȓȦȟȍȕȐȍȔȐȘȈ.
335
ǪșȓțȟȈȍȕțȎȌȣ<<dzțȏȘȖȉ>> ȐȔȍȓȗȘȈȊȖȖȉȓȈȋȈȚȤȎȐȚȍȓȍȑȗȖȌȈȚȧȔȐ
ȌȓȧȊȍȌȍȕȐȧȊȖȑȕȣȐȌȓȧȌȘțȋȐȝȜȐȕȈȕșȖȊȣȝȕțȎȌ.... ǸȍȠȍȕȐȍȐȓȐ
ȗȖșȚȈȕȖȊȓȍȕȐȍ ȥȚȖȋȖ șȖȦȏȕȖȋȖ ǹȖȊȍȚȈ ȉȣȓȖ ȉȍȏȈȗȍȓȓȧȞȐȖȕȕȖȍ Ȍȓȧ
Ȋșȍȝ șȊȈȕȍȚȖȊ Ȋ ȏȕȈȒ ȟȍȋȖ Ȑ ȗȘȐșȧȋȈȓȐ ȖȉȘȈȏț <<ȀȈȓȐȈȕȐ>>. ȅȚȐ
șȖȊȍȚȣȕȍȒȈșȈȓȐșȤȊȕțȚȘȍȕȕȖȋȖ țȗȘȈȊȓȍȕȐȧǹȊȈȕȍȚȐȐȚ. Dz. ȒȈȎȌȖȍ
ȖȉȠȍșȚȊȖșȈȔȖȏȈȊȍȌȣȊȈȓȖșȊȖȐȔȐȌȍȓȈȔȐ³ Ț. Ȍ.
ʹʺʵʰʨʴʵʭʰʹ ˂ʴʵʩʬʩʰʯ ʹʭʨʴʬʯˀʰ ʿʵʼʰʲʨ ˀʬʴʨˆʻʲʰ ʬʸʯʰ
ˆʬʲʯʴʨ˄ʬʸʰ ʳʬ-13-14 ʹ. ʹʭʨʴʯʨ ʱʨʴʵʴʳʫʬʩʲʵʩʰʹ ˀʬʹʨˆʬʩ,
ʸʵʳʬʲʰ˂ ˄ʨʻʾʰʨ ʹʭʨʴʬʯʰʫʨʴ 1870 ˄ʬʲʹ ʮʬʳʵˆʹʬʴʬʩʻʲ
ʳʨˀʰʴʫʬʲ ʹʭʨʴʬʯʰʹ ʩʵʽʨʻʲʹ ʳʨʳʨ˂ʵʭʹ128).
ʨʹʬʯʰ ʿʸʰʲʵʩʰʹ ʳʵ˄ʭʬʭʨʹ ʯʨʭʰʹʻʼʨʲ ʹʭʨʴʬʯˀʰ ʨʫʪʰʲʰ
ˈʽʵʴʫʨ 1875 ˄., ʸʵ˂ʨ ʳʰ˄ʬʩʰʹ ʪʨʮʵʳʭʰʹ ˀʬʹʨˆʬʩ ʳʯʨʭʸʵʩʰʹ
ʪʨʴʱʨʸʪʻʲʬʩʨʳ ʰ˅ʭʰ ʫʨʩʨʫʨ ʹʭʨʴʬʩʰʹ ʪʻʲˀʰ.
ʳʰ˄ʰʹ ʪʨʫʨʹʨˆʨʫʬʩʰʹ ˀʬʳʵʾʬʩʰʹ ˀʬʹʨˆʬʩ ʳʻʲʨˆʰʹ ʯʬʳʰʹ ʫʨ
ʳʰʹʰ ʳʨˆʭˀʰʹ ʿʨʹʩʻʲʨʯʰʹ ʰʴʰ˂ʰʨʺʰʭʰʯ ʫʨʴʰˀʴʻʲ ʫʾʬʹ ʳʯʬʲʳʨ
ʹʭʨʴʬʯʳʨ ʯʨʭʰ ʳʵʰʿʨʸʨ ʲʨʲˆʵʸˀʰ (ʱʨʲʰʹ ʯʬʳˀʰ) ʫʨ ʪʨʳʵʰʺʨʴʨ
ʫʨʫʪʬʴʰʲʬʩʨ ʳʬʼʰʹ ʳʯʨʭʸʵʩʰʹʨʯʭʰʹ ʵʳʰʹ ʪʨʳʵ˂ˆʨʫʬʩʰʹ
ˀʬʹʨˆʬʩ, ʸʨʳʨ˂ ʫʰʫʰ ʻʩʬʫʻʸʬʩʨ ʫʨʨʺʬˆʨ ʯʨʭʮʬ ʸʵʪʵʸ˂
ʳʯʨʭʸʵʩʨʹ, ʨʪʸʬʯʭʬ ʯʭʰʯ ʹʭʨʴʬʯʹʨ˂129).
ˁʬʳʰ ʨʮʸʰʯ, ʹ˄ʵʸʬʯ ʹʭʨʴʬʯʰʹ ʮʬʳʵʯ ʨʾ˄ʬʸʰʲ ˄ʬʹ-
˄ʿʵʩʰʲʬʩʨʮʬ ʻʴʫʨ ˈʽʵʴʫʬʹ ʲʨʶʨʸʨʱʰ ʹʺʸʨʩʵʴʹ, ʸʵʳʬʲʰ˂,
ʸʵʪʵʸ˂ ʫʨʭʰʴʨˆʬʯ, ʹˆʭʨʯʨ ˀʵʸʰʹ ʨʳʩʵʩʹ: ,,ʹʭʨʴʬʯʹ ʪʨʴʨʪʬʩʹ
ˆʨʲˆʰʹ ʳʰʬʸ ʨʳʵʸˁʬʻʲʰ ʻʼʸʵʹʰ ʫʨ ʹʨʩ˅ʵ, ʸʵʳʬʲʰ˂ ˀʬʹʫʪʬʩʨ
300 ˁʬʴʰʲʰʹʨʪʨʴʵ³ʫʨ ʹˆʭ...
ˆʵʲʵ ʸʨʼʰʬʲ ʬʸʰʹʯʨʭʰ ʫʨ ʹʭʨʴʬʯʰʹ ʳʸʨʭʨʲʰ ʹˆʭʨ
ʳʱʭʲʬʭʨʸʰ ʨʳ ˄ʬʹ-˄ʿʵʩʰʲʬʩʨʹ ʻ˄ʵʫʬʩʬʴ ,,ʼʬʫʬʸʨʺʰʻʲ
ʸʬʹʶʻʩʲʰʱʨʹ³130).
ʨʳʴʨʰʸʨʫ, ˁʭʬʴ ʯʨʳʨʳʨʫ ˀʬʪʭʰ˃ʲʰʨ ʭʰʼʰʽʸʵʯ, ʸʵʳ ʻˆʹʵʭʨʸ
ʫʸʵʰʫʨʴ ʫʨ˄ʿʬʩʻʲʰ ʳʬ-19 ʹʨʻʱʻʴʬʳʫʬ ʹʭʨʴʬʯʰ (ʯʨʭʰʹʻʼʨʲʰ)
ʬʽʭʬʳʫʬʩʨʸʬʩʵʫʨ ʮʬʳʵˆʹʬʴʬʩʻʲ ˁʭʬʻʲʬʩʰʯ ʻʼʲʬʩʬʩʹʨ ʫʨ
ʨʫʨʯʬʩʹ, ˆʵʲʵ ʹʨʫʨʫʬˀʽʬʲʰʨʴʵ ʹʭʨʴʬʯʰ, ʳʨʹ ˀʬʳʫʬʪ, ʸʨ˂ ʰʽ ʳʬ-
15 ʹ. ʯʨʭʰ ʰˁʰʴʬʹ ʯʨʭʨʫ ʫʨʫʬˀʽʬʲʰʨʴʬʩʳʨ, ʨʳ ˄ʬʹ-˄ʿʵʩʰʲʬʩʨʹ
ʫʨʫʬˀʽʬʲʰʨʴʬʩʰʹ ʳʰʬʸ ʫʨʳʵʴʨʭʬʩʰʹ ˄ʿʨʲʵʩʰʯ ʪʨʳʵʬʯˆʵʭʨ. ʨʳʰʹ
ˀʬʳʫʬʪ ʫʨ ˀʬʰ˃ʲʬʩʨ ʻʼʸʵ ʨʫʸʬ˂ ʹʭʨʴʬʯʹ ʫʨʬʸʽʭʨ ʵʸʰ ʹʨˆʬʲʰ
,,ˁʭʨʩʬ ˆʬʭʰ³± ʫʨʹʨʭʲʬʯʰʹ ˆʬʭʰ ʫʨ ,,ʷʨʩʬ ˆʬʭʰ³± ʨʾʳʵʹʨʭʲʬʯʰʹ
ˆʬʭʰ. ʶʰʸʭʬʲʹ ʨʳʰʬʸʰʫʨʴ ʪʨʴʨʪʬʩʫʬʴ ʫʨʫʬˀʽʬʲʰʨʴʬʩʰ, ˆʵʲʵ
336
ʳʬʵʸʬʳ ʫʨʰ˄ʿʵ ʳʨʯʯʨʴ ʹʨˀʰʴʬʲʰ ʩʸ˃ʵʲʨ, ʩʸ˃ʵʲʨ
ʯʨʭʰʹʻʼʲʬʩʰʹʨ ʫʨ ʫʨʳʵʻʱʰʫʬʩʲʵʩʰʹ ˀʬʴʨʸˁʻʴʬʩʰʹʨʯʭʰʹ ʫʨ
ʽʬʫ-ʳʵʻˆʸʬʲʨʫ ʪʨʴʨʪʸ˃ʵʩʫʨ ˃ʭʬʲʬʩʻʸʰ ˄ʬʹ-˄ʿʵʩʰʲʬʩʰʯ
ʯʨʭʰʹʻʼʨʲ ʨʸʹʬʩʵʩʨʹ, ʸʨʹʨ˂ ʶʸʵʼʬʹʵʸʰ ʱʵʭʨʲʬʭʹʱʰ
ˀʬʳʫʬʪʴʨʰʸʨʫ ʪʭʰˆʨʹʰʨʯʬʩʹ:
ǯȈȔȍȟȈȚȍȓȤȕțȦ ȟȍȘȚț Ȋ ȉȣȚț ǪȖȓȕȖȑ ǹȊȈȕȍȚȐȐ șȖșȚȈȊȓȧȍȚ
șȖȏȕȈȕȐȍ ȖȚȌȍȓȤȕȣȔȐ ȖȉȠȍșȚȊȈȔȐ ȕȍȖȉȝȖȌȐȔȖșȚȐ șȚȖȓȒȖȊȣȊȈȚȤșȧ
ȔȍȎȌțșȖȉȖȦȖȉȖȉȠȐȝȌȍȓȈȝ. ȥȚȖȑȗȖȚȘȍȉȕȖșȚȐțȌȖȊȓȍȚȊȖȘȧȓȐșȝȖȌȣ
ȊșȍȋȖȊȏȘȖșȓȈȋȖȍȋȖȕȈșȍȓȍȕȐȧșȖȏȣȊȈȍȔȣȍȊȖȌȕȖȔȐȏșȓȍȌțȦȠȐȝ-
ȝȔȍșȚ: ȊǻȠȋțȓȐȕȈȗȓȖȠȈȌȐǮȐȉȐȈȕȐǾȊȐȘȔȐȕȈȗȓȖȠȈȌȐǹȐȔȖȕ
ȐdzȈȓȊȍȘȐ-ȐȖȕȐȕȖșȐȓȐșȊȖȍȋȖȘȖȌȈȜȍȌȍȘȈȚȐȊȕȖȍțșȚȘȖȑșȚȊȖ.131)
ʹˆʭʨʯʨ ˀʵʸʰʹ ʻʴʫʨ ʨʾʭʴʰˀʴʵ, ʸʵʳ ʱʵʭʨʲʬʭʹʱʰ ʯʨʭʰʹʻʼʨʲ
ʹʭʨʴʬʯʰʹ ʿʸʰʲʵʩʰʹ ʳʵʹʨ˄ʭʬʭ ʨʫʪʰʲʨʫ ʲʨʲʭʬʸʹ ʸʵʳ ʨʹʨˆʬʲʬʩʹ,
ˀʬ˂ʫʵʳʨʯ ʻʴʫʨ ˁʨʬʯʭʨʲʵʹ, ʸʨʫʪʨʴʨ˂ ʬʹ ʨʫʪʰʲʰ ʳʫʬʩʨʸʬʵʩʹ
ʹʨʫʨʫʬˀʽʬʲʰʨʴʵ ʹʭʨʴʬʯˀʰ ʫʨ ʨʳ ʽʭʬʿʨʴʨʹʯʨʴ ʱʰ ʯʨʭʰʹʻʼʨʲʳʨ
ʹʭʨʴʬʯʳʨ ʿʵʭʬʲʪʭʨʸʰ ʱʨʭˀʰʸʰ ˀʬʹ˄ʿʭʰʺʨ ʳʨʹ ˀʬʳʫʬʪ, ʸʨ˂ ʳʨʹ
ʫʨʫʬˀʽʬʲʰʨʴʬʩʰ ʫʨʬʶʨʺʸʵʴʬʴ.
ʹʭʨʴʬʯʰʹ ʮʬʳʵ ʨʾ˄ʬʸʰʲ ,,ˆʬʭʵʩʰʹ³ ʨʴʻ ʹʸʻʲʰʨʫ ʹʭʨʴʬʯʰʹ
ʯʬʳʯʨ ʹʨʱʨʭˀʰʸʵ ʿʸʰʲʵʩʰʹ ʼʻʴʽ˂ʰʬʩʰʹ ʹʨʰʴʺʬʸʬʹʵ ʴʨˀʯʬʩʨʯ
ˀʬʰ˃ʲʬʩʨ ˁʨʰʯʭʨʲʵʹ ʳʬʹʺʰʰʹ ʳʬ-10 ʹʨʻʱʻʴʰʹ ʹʨˆʨʸʬʩʰʹ
ʼʻʸ˂ʲʬʩʮʬ ʳʰʴʨ˄ʬʸʰ ʹʨʩʻʯʬʩʰ ʫʨ ʹʨʱʨʭˀʰʸʵ ʿʸʰʲʵʩʬʩʰʹ
ʱʨʴʵʴʬʩʰ: 1. ,,ˆʬʩʬʫʴʰʬʸʵ:. ʹʭʨʴʬʯʰʹʨʵ:. ʶʲ:. ʳʴʰ:. ʫʨ ˁʭʬʴʰ:. ʹʨʽʳʬ:.
ʨʪʸʬ:. ʰʿʵ:. ʵʫʬʹ:. ʮʨʼˆʻʲʹʨ:. ˀʬʿʸʨ:. ʰʿʵ:. ˂ʬ˂ˆʲʰʹʨ:. ʯʩʵʩʨ:.
ʪʻʳʨʸʯʬʩʫʨ:. ʳʬʸʬ:. ʻʱʬʯʻʸʳʨʴ:. ʱʨ˂ʳʨʴ:. ʫʨʪʭʰˇʨʩʴʨ:. ʶʻʸʰ:.
ʪʨ˅ʨʳʬʯ:. ʳʬʸʬ:. ʻʱʬʯʻʸʳʨʴ:. ʸʨʰ˂ʨ:. ʪʻʬʩʨ:. ʫʨ:. ʿʵʻʬʲʰ:.
ʯʽʭʬʴʯʭʰʹ:. ʪʰʴʫʵʫʨ:. ʭʬʸ ʪʨʪʰ˃ʲʬʩʫʰʯ:. ʳʨʹ:. ʿʭʬʲʨʹʨ:. ˁʭʬʴ::.
ʳʨʹ:. ʮʬʫʨ:. ˁʭʬʴʰʹʨ:. ʹʨˆʲʰʹʨʪʨʴ:. ˀʬʪʭʰˀʨʲʬʴʰʯ:. ʹˆʻʨʸʨ:. ʶʰʸʰ:.
ʻʽʬʴʰʯ:. ʳʬʸʬ:. ʪʨʴʾʬʲʫʨ:. 133) ˆʬʭʰ:. ˁʬʴʰʲʴʰ:. ʱʨ˂ʴʰ:. ˀʬʰʿʨʸʨ:.
ʳʬʸʬ:. ʫʨʪʭʨʳʨʪʸʨ:. (ʨʽ ˁʨʳʵʯʭʲʰʲʰʨ ʹʭʨʴʬʯʰʹ ʿʭʬʲʨ ʬʱʲʬʹʰʬʩʰ)
ʨʳʨʯ:. ʿʵʭʬʲʯʨ:. ʯʨʭʹʫʬʩʵʩʰʯʨ:. ʫʨ ˀʻʨʳʫʪʵʳʲʵʩʰʯʨ:.
ʫʨʪʰ˄ʬʸʬʯ:. ʫʨ:. ʪʰʩʵ˃ʬʯ:. ʫʨ˄ʬʸʰʲʰ:. ʬʹʬ:. ʳʺʱʰ˂ʬ:. ʫʨ
ʻ˂ʭʲʬʲʰ:. ˁʭʬʴ:. ˆʬʭʳʨʴ:. ʬʸʯʵʩʰʲʳʨʴ:. ʲʨʲʭʬʸʹʨ:. ʫʨ:.
ʻˀʪʻʲʰʹ:. ˀʻʨ:. ʨʳʨ:. ʶʰʸʹʨ:. ʮʬʫʨ:. ˀʬʳʵʫʪʵʳʰʹʨ:. ʪʰʵʸʪʵʩʰʹʨ:.
ʮʨʼˆʻʲʰʹʨ:. ʪʰʵʸʪʵʩʰʹʨ:. ˀʻʨ:. ʮʨʸʨʲʰ:. ʨʸʨ:. ʳʵʪʨʿʬʴʵʯ:.
ʬʸʯʵʩʰʫʪʨʴ:. ˁʬʴʰʲʳʨʴ:. ʸʨʰ˂ʨ:. ʪʭʰʩ˃ʨʴʬʩʰʨ:. ˁʭʬʴ:. ʨʸ
ʪʨʪʰʺʬˆʵʯ:.
337
 ʨʳ ˄ʨʸ˄ʬʸʰʹ ˀʰʴʨʨʸʹʰ ʬʸʯʵʩ ʩʻʴʫʵʭʨʴʰʨ, ʨʲʩʨʯ ʳʰʹʰ
ʨʭʺʵʸʰʹ ʹʻʹʺʰ ʱʨʲʳʰʹ ʩʸʨʲʰʯ, ʫʨ ʨʳʰʺʵʳ ʩʬʭʸʹ ʨʸʨʼʬʸʹ
ʰ˃ʲʬʭʨ, ʳʨʪʸʨʳ ʳʨʹ ʰʹ ʳʴʰˀʭʴʬʲʵʩʨ ʨʽʭʹ, ʸʵʳ ʨʳ ʫʨʫʪʬʴʰʲʬʩʰʹ
ʪʨʳʵʺʨʴʨˀʰ ʳʯʬʲʰ ʹʭʨʴʬʯʰʹ ˆʬʭʰ ± ,,ˆʬʭʵ ʩʬʫʴʰʬʸʵ ʹʭʨʴʬʯʰʹʨʵ³
- ʾʬʩʻʲʵʩʫʨ ʳʵʴʨ˄ʰʲʬʵʩʨʹ ʫʨ ʨʳʰʺʵʳ ʰʹ ʻʴʫʨ ʰʿʵʹ ʫʨ˄ʬʸʰʲʰ
ʳʬ- XV-ʬ ʹʨʻʱʻʴʬʳʫʬ, ʸʨʫʪʨʴʨ˂ ˂ʴʵʩʰʲʰʨ, ʸʵʳ ʳʰʹ ˀʬʳʫʬʪ
ʹʭʨʴʬʯʰʹ ˆʬʭʰ ʵʸʨʫ ʪʨʰʿʵ ʷʨʩʬ ʫʨ ˁʭʨʩʬ ˆʬʭʬʩʨʯ. ʳʰʹʰ ˀʰʴʨʨʸʹʰʹ
ʳʰˆʬʫʭʰʯ ʹʭʨʴʬʯʹ ʸʨʾʨ˂ ,,˂ʬ˂ˆʲʰʹ ʯʩʵʩʨ³ ʳʨʸʯʬʩʰʨ³ ʳʬʸʬ
ʯʨʭʰʹʰ ʯʨʭʰ ʫʨˁʨʪʸʻʲʨʫ ˁʨʻʯʭʲʰʨ, ,,ʻʱʬʯʻʸʳʨʴ ʱʨ˂ʳʨʴ
ʫʨʪʭʰˇʨʩʴʨʵ³ ʫʨ ʶʻʸʰ ʸʵʳ ʻ˅ʳʬʭʰʨʯ ʳʰʹʯʭʰʹ, ʪʨʩʨʺʵʴʬʩʨ
ʳʵʻʴʫʵʳʬʩʰʨ, ,,ʳʬʸʬ ʸʨʰ˂ʨ ʪʭʬʩʨʫʨ, ʿʵʭʬʲʰ ʯʽʭʬʴʯʭʰʹ
ʪʭʰʴʫʵʫʨʵ³ ʨʳʨʮʬ ʨʾʬʲʭʬʩʻʲʨ ± ,,ʪʨʴʾʬʲʫʨ³ ˆʬʭʰ, ˁʬʴʰʲ
ʱʨ˂ʬʩʹ ʯʨʭʰ ˀʬʻʿʸʰʨʯ ʫʨ ˆʬʭʰ ʪʨʻʳʨʪʸʬʩʰʨʯ ʫʨ ʻʨʸʰ
ʪʨʴʻ˂ˆʨʫʬʩʰʨʯ ʳʵʯˆʵʭʴʰʲʬʩʰʹ ˀʬʹʸʻʲʬʩʨʮʬ.
2. ,,ʳʯʨʭʨʸ:. ʳʵ˄ʨʳʰʹʨ ʹʬʺʰʹʨ:. ʫʬʫʵʩʰʯʨ:. ʫʨ
ˀʻʨʳʫʪʵʳʲʵʩʰʯʨ:. ʫʨʭ˄ʬʸʬʯ:. ʫʨʭʫʬʭʰʯ:. ʫʨ˄ʬʸʰʲʰ:. ʬʹʬ:.
ʹʸʻʲʰʨʯ:. ʹʭʨʴʬʯʰʹʨ:. ˆʬʭʰʹʨ:. ʻˀʪʻʲʰʹʨ:. ʫʨ:. ʲʨʲʭʬʸʹ:. ˀʻʨ134)
ʹʨʳʨʪʸʬʩʬʲʰ ʬʹʬ:. ˁʭʬʴ:. ʬʸʯʵʩʰʲʳʨʴ:. ˆʬʭʳʨʴ:.ʭʨʸʪʳʨʴ:. ʫʨ
ʪʲʬˆʳʨʴ:. ʻʼʸʵʹʳʨʴ:. ʫʨ:. ʻʳ˂ʸʵʹʳʨʴ:.
ʻʮʬʫʨʬʹʳʨʴ ʫʨ ʻʽʭʬʫʨʬʹʳʨʴ135) ʿʵʭʬʲʳʨʴ ʳʺʱʰ˂ʬ:. ʫʨ
ʻʽ˂ʬʭʬʲʰ:. ʿʵʭʲʰʹʨ:. ʳʰʮʬʮʰʹʨʪʨʴ:. ʻʳʰʮʬʮʵ:. ʸʨʰ˂ʨ:. ʪʰʴʫʨ:.
ʷʨʳʹʨ:. ˀʻʸʲʬʩʨʹʨ:. (3) ʯʭʰʹ:. ˀʬʻ˃ʲʬʩʬʲʰ:. ʻʯʻʳ˂:. ʫʨ ʻʯʻʳ˂:.
ʨʳʨ:. ʶʰʸʹʨ ʮʬʫʨ:. ʸʨʰ˂ʨ:. ʹʨˆʬʭʹ:. ʻʱʬʯ:. ʳʵʻˆʫʬʩʵʫʬʹ:. ʿʭʬʲʨ:.
ʰʳʨʹʨ:. ʭʰ˅ʰʸʭʰʫʬʯ:. ʭʰʴ˂:. ʨʸʰ:. ˁʻʬʴ:. ˀʰʪʨ:. ˄ʨʭʰʫʬʩʰʯ:. ʰʿʻʴʬʹ:.
ʻʸʯʬʸʯ:. ʸʵʳʬʲʳ˂ʨ:. ʨʸ ʪʨʪʭʿʻʬʹ:. ʨʯʨʹʰʹʨ ʯʬʯʸʰʹʨ:.
ʪʨʸʫʨʭʨˆʫʬʭʰʴʵʯ ʯʻ:. ˁʻʬʴʰ:. ʳʵ˂ʰʽʻʲʰ:. ʻˀʪʻʲʯ:. ʫʨ:.
ʱʨʲʰʯ:. ʻʫʬʹ:. ʳʰʻʰʫʬʹ:. ʯʻʨ:. ˄ʨʴʨʪʬʩʰ:. ʨʸʨ:. ˀʬʳʻʪʻʨ:. ʱʨ˂ʰʩʹ:.
ˆʬʻʩʹ:. ʨʸʨ ˁʨʳʵʬʸʯʻʹ ʵʳʰ ʫʨ ʳʵʲʨˀʽʸʬ ʳʵʭʰʫʬʹ:. ʸʵʳʬʲʰ˂ʨ:.
ˆʬʭʰ:. ʨʴʻ:. ʹʵʼʬʲʰ:. ʨʸ:. ʪʨʪʭʻʿʭʬʹ:. ʳʰʹʰʯʨ:. ʨʩˇʨʸʰʯʨ:. ʰʳʨ:.
ˆʬʻʹ:. ʫʨ:. ʹʵʼʬʲʹʨ:. ʳʰʻˆʺʬʯ:. ˁʭʬʴ:. ʬʸʯʵʩʰʲʰ:. ˆʬʭʰ:. ʫʾʬʰʹʨ:.
ʰʽʰʯ:. ʭʰʴ˂ʨ ʺʬˆʵʹ ʱʨ˂ʰʹʨ ʹʰʱʭʫʰʲʰʯʨ, ʨʴʻ ˀʬʶʿʸʵʩʰʯʨ, ʨʴʻ
ʹʨˆʬʲ:. ʪʨʺʬˆʰʯʨ:. ʨʴʻ:. ˂ˆʬʴʰʹ:. ˄ʨʪʬʩʰʯʨ:. ʨʴʻ:. ʹˆʭʨʯʨ:.
ʳʺʸʵʩʰʯʨ:. ˆʬʻʩʨ:. ʪʨʪʭʰʺʬˆʵʹ:. ʪʨʸʫʨʭʲʰʹʨ:. ʫʨ:. ʨʳʵ˄ʿʭʬʺʰʹ:.
ʳʬʺʰ:. ʨʸʨ:. ʨʭʨʸʯʭʨʯ:. ʨʳʰʹ:. ʪʨʯʨʭʬʩʨ:. ˁʭʬʴ:. ʬʸʯʵʩʰʲʳʨ:. ˆʬʭʳʨʴ:.
ʼʰ˂ʰʯ:. ˀʬʳʵʭʼʰ˂ʬʯ:. ʬʸʯʳʨʴʬʯʹʨ:. ʨʳʨ:. ʹʨʽʳʬʹʨ:. ˀʰʪʨ:.

338
ʹʨʳʫʻʸʨʭʰ:. ʳʵˆʫʬʹ:. ʰʳʰʹʰ:. ʶʰʸʰ:. ʶʨʹʻˆʰʹ:. ʪʨʳ˂ʬʳʰ:. ʹʸʻʲʰʨʫ:.
ˆʬʭʰ:. ʭʰʿʵʯ:. ʬʸʯʹ:. ʨʸʨʭʰʹ ʫʨʭʨʴʬʩʵʯ³
ʬʹ ʹʨʩʻʯʰ ʹʨʱʳʨʵʫ ʪʨʳʨˀʻʽʬʩʬʲʰʨ ʹʭʨʴʬʯʰʹ ʹʨʱʨʭˀʰʸʵ
ʹʨʱʨʴʵʴʳʫʬʩʲʵ ʿʸʰʲʵʩʰʹ ʳʰʬʸ ʪʨʳʵʺʨʴʰʲ ʫʨʫʪʬʴʰʲʬʩʰʹ
ˆʨʹʰʨʯʰʹʨ. ˃ʴʬʲʰʨ ʳˆʵʲʵʫ ʫʨʴʨʳʫʭʰʲʬʩʰʯ ʰʳʰʹ ʯʽʳʨ, ʯʻ
ʸʵʳʬʲ ʹʨʻʱʻʴʬʹ ʻʴʫʨ ʬʱʻʯʴʵʫʬʹ ʰʹ. ʳʨʪʸʨʳ ʭʰʴʨʰʫʨʴ ˁʭʬʴ
ʭʰ˂ʰʯ, ʸʵʳ ʫʨʹʨʭʲʬʯ ʹʭʨʴʬʯˀʰ ʨʴʻ ,,ˁʭʨʩʬ ˆʬʭˀʰ³
ʫʨʫʬˀʽʬʲʰʨʴʬʩʰʹ ʪʨʩʨʺʵʴʬʩʰʹ ˀʬʳʫʬʪ ʳʨʹ ʱʨʭˀʰʸʰ ʪʨʻ˄ʿʫʨ ,,ʷʨʩʬ
ˆʬʭʯʨʴ³ ʨʴʻ ʯʨʭʰʹʻʼʨʲ ʹʭʨʴʬʯʯʨʴ, ˆʵʲʵ ʬʹ ʫʨʫʪʬʴʰʲʬʩʨ
ʪʨʳʵʻʺʨʴʰʨ ,,ʹʸʻʲʰʨʫ ʹʭʨʴʬʯʰʹ ˆʬʭʰʹ³ ʹʨʱʨʭˀʰʸʵ ʿʸʰʲʵʩʨʹ,
ʨʳʰʺʵʳ ˁʭʬʴ ˀʬʪʭʰ˃ʲʰʨ ʭʰʼʰʽʸʵʯ, ʸʵʳ ʨʽʨ˂ ˁʭʬʴ ʪʭʨʽʭʹ ʹʨʽʳʬ ʳʬ-
15 ʹʨʻʱʻʴʬʳʫʬ ˀʬʫʪʬʴʰʲ ʹʨʩʻʯʯʨʴ.
3. ʾʭʯʰʹʨ:. ʫʬʫʰʹʨ:. ʳʰʹʰʹʨ:. ʫʨ ʿʵʭʬʲʯʨ:. ˄ʳʰʴʫʨʯʨ:.
ʳʰʹʯʨʴ:.ʯʨʭʰʹ:. ʫʬʫʵʩʰʯʨ:. ʫʨ ˀʻʨʳʫʪʵʳʲʵʩʰʯʨ:. ʳʨ˂ˆʵʭʨʸʰʹʨ:.
ʳʻʷʨʲʰʹʨ:. ʯʭʰʹʫʬʩʵʩʰʯʨ:. ʫʨ ˀʻʨʳʫʪʵʳʲʵʩʰʯʨ:. ʳʨ˂ˆʵʭʸʰʹʨ:.
ʽʻʸʬˀʰʹʨʯʭʰʹ:. ʫʨ:. ˀʻʨʳʫʪʵʳʲʵʩʰʯʨ ʳʯʨʭʨʸ:. ʳʵ˄ʨʳʰʹʨ:.
ʨʫʰˀʰʹʨʯʭʰʹ ʯʭʰʹʫʬʩʵʩʰʯʨ:. ʫʨ:. ˀʻʨʳʫʪʵʳʲʵʩʰʯʨ:. ʳʯʨʭʨʸ
ʳʵ˄ʨʳʰʹʨ:. ʰʼʨʸʰʹʨ:. ʯʭʰʹʫʬʩʵʩʰʯʨ:. ˀʻʨʳʫʪʵʳʲʵʩʰʯʨ:.
ʱʭʰʸʰʱʬʹʨ:. ʯʭʰʹʫʬʩʵʩʰʯʨ ˀʻʨʳʫʪʵʳʲʵʩʰʯʨ:. ʫʬʫʰʹʨ:. ʾʭʯʰʹʨ:.
ʻˀʪʻʲʰʹʨ:. ʯʭʰʹʫʬʩʵʩʰʯʨ ʫʨ ˀʻʨʳʫʪʵʳʲʵʩʰʯʨ:. ʫʨʻ˄ʬʸʬʯ:.
ʹʨʪʳʵʩʰ ʬʹʬ ʬʸʯʵʩʰʲʳʨ:. ʹʭʨʴʬʯʰʹ:. ˆʬʭʳʨʴ:. ʨʺʱʭʬʸʹʨ:. 136) ʫʨ
ʩʬʲʨʹ 137) ˀʭʨʳʨʴ:.ʿʵʭʬʲʳʨʴ:. ʬʸʯʳʨʴʬʯʰʹʨ ʴʫʵʩʰʯʨ:. ʨʳʨ ʶʰʸʹʨ:.
ʮʬʫʨ ʸʵʳʬʲ:. ʯʻ ʬʱʲʬʹʰʨ:. ˂ʰʴ:. ʪʨʺʬˆʵʹ:. ʨʴʻ:. ʱʨ˂ʰ:. ʭʰʴ
ˀʬʰʶʿʸʵʹ:. ʨʴʻ:. ʭʰʴ:. ʳʯʨ:. ʪʨʺʬˆʵʹ:. ʨʴʻ:. ʭʰʴ:. ʱʨ˂ʰ:. ʵʹʬʯʹ:.
ʪʨˈʿʰʫʵʹ:. ʨʴʻ:. ʭʰʴ ʹʨʴʨˆˀʰʸʵʯ:. ʨʸ:. ʰʿʵʹ:. ʹʨˆʲʰ:. ʭʰʴ:. ʫʨʹ˄ʵʹ:.
(ʬ. ʰ. ʭʰʹʨ˂ ʹʰʹˆʲʰ ʨʸ ʬʳʨʸʯʵʹ ʫʨ ʹʨˆʲʰ ʰʹʬ ʫʨʻ˄ʭʨʹ). ʴʨ˃ʲʰʭʰ:.
ʳʰʹʰ:. ʫʨʻʭʨʸʫʬʹ:. ʯʻ:. ʬʹ:. ʭʰʴ:. ˀʬˀʨʲʵʹ:. ʱʸʻʲʰʳ˂:. ʨʸʹ:. ʹʻʲʰ:.
ʫʨ:. ˆʵʸ˂ʰ:. ʳʰʹʰ:. ʹʨˆʲʰ:. ʫʨ:. ʹʨʿʵʼʬʲʰ ʳʰʹʰ:. ʹʨʹʻʳʬʲʰ:. ʫʨ
ʹʨ˅ʻʳʬʲʰ:.ʵʸʯʨʭʬ:. ˂ˆʵʭʸʬʩʨʹʨ:. ʸʵʹʺʨʴʹʨ:. ʫʨ ʵʸʰʪʰʴʬʳ˂:. ʨʸʹ
ʴʨ˄ʰʲʰ:. ʳʰʹʰ:. ʨʳʰʴ:. ʯʻ:. ʭʰʴ:. ˆʬʭʰʹ:. ʯʨʭʮʬ:. ʳʯʨʭʨʸ:. ʳʵ˄ʨʳʰʹ:.
ʱʨ˂ʹ:. ʨ˄ʿʬʴʰʵʹ:. ʳʰʹ:. ʽʭʬʿʨʴʨʹ:. ʴʨ˃ʲʰʭʰ:. ʫʨʻʼʨʹʫʬʹ:. ʨʯʨʹʰʹʨ:.
ʯʬʯʸʰʹʨ:. ˇʨʸʰʳʨ ʪʨʫʨʰˆʨʫʵʹ:.
ʨʳ ʳʬʹʨʳʬ ʹʨʩʻʯˀʰ ʿʸʰʲʵʩʰʹ ʳʵʹʨ˄ʭʬʭ ʨʫʪʰʲʨʯ
ʫʨʹʨˆʬʲʬʩʻʲʰʨ ʨʾʳʵʹʨʭʲʬʯʰʯ ʨʺʱʭʬʸʰ, ʫʨʹʨʭʲʬʯʰʯ ʩʨʲʰ, ʬ.
ʰ. ʯʨʭʰʹʻʼʨʲʰ ʹʭʨʴʬʯʰ. ʳʨˀʨʹʨʫʨʳʬ, ʮʬʳʵˆʹʬʴʬʩʻʲʰ
ʫʨʫʪʬʴʰʲʬʩʨ ʪʨʳʵʻʺʨʴʰʨ ,,ʻˀʪʻʲʹʨ ʫʨ ʩʬʲʨʹ ˀʻʨʳʨʴ³ʳ˂ˆʵʭʸʬʩ
339
ˆʨʲˆʰʹ ʿʸʰʲʵʩʨʹ ʨʴʻ ʯʨʭʰʹʻʼʨʲ ʹʭʨʴʬʯʹ, ʨʳʰʺʵʳ ˀʬʰ˃ʲʬʩʨ
ʭʰʼʰʽʸʵʯ, ʸʵʳ ʬʹ ʬʱʻʯʭʴʵʫʬʹ ʰʳ ʫʸʵʹ, ʸʵ˂ʨ ,,ˀʭʨʩʬ ˆʬʭʰ³ʽʭʬʫʨ
ˆʬʭʰ) ʫʨʫʬˀʽʬʲʰʨʴʬʩʰʹ ʰʽ ʪʨʩʨʺʵʴʬʩʰʹ ˄ʿʨʲʵʩʰʯ ʳʵʹ˄ʿʫʨ ,,ʷʨʩʬ
ˆʬʭʹ³ʨʴʻ ʯʨʭʰʹʻʼʨʲ ʹʭʨʴʬʯʹ.

124) ʫʨʹʨʭʲʬʯ ʨʴʻ ʿʵʼʰʲ ʹʨʫʨʫʬˀʽʬʲʰʨʴʵ ʹʭʨʴʬʯˀʰ ˁʻʩʬˆʬʭʰʹ ʯʬʳˀʰʨ.

125) ʲʨʲˆʵʸʰ - ʱʨʲʰʹ ʯʬʳʰʹ ʬʸʯʰ ʹʵʼʬʲʰʨ.
126) ʹʰʳʵʴʰ ʰʼʨʸʰʹ ʫʨ ʳʻʲʨˆʰʹ ʯʬʳʬʩʹ ˀʵʸʰʹ ʳʫʬʩʨʸʬ ʭʨʱʬʨ.
127) ǸȅȘȐșȚȖȊǯȈȔȍȚȒȐȖǹȊȈȕȍȚȐȐǹȚȘʯʨʭʰʹʻʼʨʲʰ ʹʭʨʴʰ, ʪʨʮ. ,,ʰʭʬʸʰʨ³
1887 ˄.
128) ʪʨʮ. ʱʨʭʱʨʮʰʹ 1872 ˄ ȹ -ˀʰ ʳʵʯʨʭʹʬʩʻʲʰ ʳʨʳʨ˂ʵʭʰʹ ʮʬʳʵʯ
ʨʾʴʰˀʴʻʲʰ ˄ʬʸʰʲʰ ʨʳʺʱʰ˂ʬʩʹ, ʸʵʳ ʳʨʹ ʳʨʸʯʲʨ˂ ˆʬʲʯ ˈʽʵʴʰʨ ʬʹ ˆʬʲʴʨ˄ʬʸʰ ʫʨ
ʯʨʭʰʹ ˄ʬʸʰʲʰʹʯʭʰʹ ʪʨʳʵʻʿʬʴʬʩʰʨ ʳʰʹʰ ˀʰʴʨʨʸʹʰ.
129) ʰˆ. ˁʬʳʰ ˄ʰʪʴʰ ,,˃ʭʬʲʰ ʫʨ ʨˆʨʲʰ ʹʭʨʴʬʯʰ³ʪʭ. 93-103.
130) ʸʨʼ ʬʸʰʹʯʨʭʰǯȈȔȍȚȒȐȖǹȊȈȕȍȚȐȐ³ʪʭ. 4.
131) DzȖȊȈȓȍȊșȒȐȑǯȈȒȐȖȉȣȟȕȈDzȈȊȒȈȏȍȚ,
133) ʨʾʬʲʫʨ.
134) ʻʮʬʫʨʬʹʳʨʴ, ʬ. ʰ. ʮʬʫʨ ˆʬʭʳʨʴ ʨʴʻ ʷʨʩʬ ˆʬʭʳʨʴ (ʯʨʭʰʹʻʼʨʲʰ ʹʭʨʴʬʯʰʨ),
ʻʽʭʬʫʨʬʹʳʨʴ, ʬ. ʰ. ʽʭʬʫʨ ˆʬʭʳʨʴ ˁʭʨʩʬ ˆʬʭʳʨʴ (ʹʨʫʨʫʬˀʽʬʲʰʨʴʵ ʹʭʨʴʬʯʰʨ).
135) ʨʾʳʵʹʨʭʲʬʯʰʹ ʹʨʮʾʭʸʨʯ ʴʨˁʭʬʴʬʩʰ ʻˀʪʻʲʰ ʯʨʭʰʹʻʼʨʲʰ ʹʭʨʴʬʯʰʹ
ʯʬʳʰʨ, ˆʵʲʵ ʫʨʹʨʭʲʬʯʰʹ ʹʨʮʾʭʸʨʫ ʴʨˁʭʬʴʬʩʰ ʲʨʲʭʬʸʰ ʹʨʫʨʫʬˀʽʬʲʰʨʴʵ
ʹʭʨʴʬʯʰʹ ʫʨʹʨʭʲʬʯʰʹ ʴʨ˄ʰʲˀʰ ʳʫʬʩʨʸʬ ʨʫʪʰʲʰʨ.
136) ʨʺʱʭʬʸʰ ʳʫʬʩʨʸʬʵʩʹ ʻˀʪʻʲʰʹ ʨʾʳʵʹʨʭʲʬʯʰʯ.
137) ʩʬʲʨ ʳʫʬʩʨʸʬʵʩʹ ʲʨʺʨʲʰʹ ʯʬʳʰʹ ʫʨʹʨʭʲʬʯʰʯ ʫʨ ˀʬʨʫʪʬʴʹ
ʯʨʭʰʹʻʼʨʲ ʫʨ ʹʨʫʨʫʬˀʽʬʲʰʨʴʵ ʹʭʨʴʬʯʰʹ ʹʨʮʾʭʨʸʹ.

,,‹€š…–ˆr - ‡„‹ˆ ‘’ ˆ

ʹʰʺʿʭʨ ʳʨˆʭˀʰ ʻʴʫʨ ʰʿʵʹ ˄ʨʸʳʵˀʵʩʰʲʰ ʹʭʨʴʻʸ ʹʰʺʿʭʨ

,,ˆʵˀʨ³-ʹʨʪʨʴ, ʸʨʰ˂ʨ ʴʰˀʴʨʭʹ ʫʰʫʹ ʫʨ ʨʪʸʬʯʭʬ ˆʴʵʭʨʴʵʩʰʯ
ʻʼʸʵʹʹ, ˆʵʲʵ ,,ʳʨˆʭˀʰ³ ʯʨʭ ʱʨ˂ʹ, ʻʼʸʵʹʹ, ʨʴʻ ʳʬʻʼʸʵʹʬʹ,
ʯʰʯʽʳʰʹ ʰʹʬʭ ʳʨʳʨʹʨˆʲʰʹʹ. ʸʨʼ. ʬʸʰʹʯʨʭʰ ʳʨʹ ʨʹʬ ʨˆʨʹʰʨʯʬʩʹ ǻ
șȊȈȕȍȚȖȊȉȣȊȈȓȗȘȍȌșȍȌȈȚȍȓȍȔȊȖȓȖșȚȕȖȋȖșȖȉȘȈȕȐȧǴȈȝȊȠȐ!!ȟȚȖ
ȚȖ Ȋ ȘȖȌȍ ȗȘȍȏȐȌȍȕȚȈ ȘȍșȗțȉȓȐȒȐ!!138). ˆʵʲʵ ʯʨʭʰʹʻʼʨʲʰ ʹʭʨʴʰ
ʳʨˆʭˀʰʮʬ ʳʵʪʭʰʯˆʸʵʩʹ, ʸʵʳ: ,,ʹʨʯʬʳʵ ʿʸʰʲʵʩʰʹ ʯʨʭʳˇʫʵʳʨʸʰʹ
(ʬ.ʰ. ʳʨˆʭˀʰʹ) ʸʵʲʰ ʩʬʭʸʨʫ ˄ʨʨʪʨʭʫʨ ʸʵʲʹ ʸʬʹʶʻʩʲʰʱʰʹ
ʶʸʬʮʰʫʬʴʺʰʹʨʹ, ʸʨʹʨʱʭʰʸʭʬʲʰʨ, ˂ʵʺʨ ʪʨʴʹˆʭʨʭʬʩʰʯ³-ʵ.
ʨʳ ,,ʳʨˆʭˀʰʹ³ˆʨʲˆʰ ʰʸˁʬʭʫʨ ʻʫʨʭʵʯ ʫʨ ʯʻ ʰʹ ʪʨʳʵʫʪʬʩʵʫʨ
ˀʬʹʨʼʬʸʰʹʰ ʫʨ ʯʬʳʰʹʯʭʰʹ ʳʵʹʨ˄ʵʴʰ, ʾʸʳʨ ʹʰʩʬʸʬʳʫʬ ʨʳ
340
ʯʨʴʨʳʫʬʩʵʩʨʹ ˀʬʸˁʬʩʵʫʨ ˆʵʲʳʬ, ʯʻ ʨʸʨ ʫʨ ʿʵʭʬʲ ʷʨʳʹ ˀʬʬ˃ʲʵ
ʳʰʹʰ ʪʨʳʵ˂ʭʲʨ ʹʨʯʬʳʵ ʿʸʰʲʵʩʨʹ.
ʱʵʭʨʲʬʭʹʱʰ ʨʳʩʵʩʹ ǵȈȘȖȌȕȖȍ șȖȉȘȈȕȐȍ ȒȈȎȌȖȋȖ ȖȉȠȍșȚȊȈ
ȊȣȉȐȘȈȍȚșȊȖȍȋȖșȚȈȘȠȐȕțȒȖȚȖȘȣȑȗȖȌȖȉȕȖȈȕȋȓȐȑșȒȖȔțȔȐȘȖȊȖȔț
șțȌȤȍȕȍțȊȖȓȤȕȧȍȚșȧȗȖȒȈȍȋȖȌțȘȕȖȍȗȖȊȍȌȍȕȐȍȕȍșȌȍȓȈȍȚȕțȎȕȣȔ
ȊȋȓȈȏȈȝȕȈȘȖȌȈȕȈȏȕȈȟȍȕȐȍȍȋȖȗȘȍȍȔȕȐȒȈ!!139).
ʳʰʹ ʨʸˁʬʭʴʬʩˀʰ ʳʵʴʨ˄ʰʲʬʵʩʰʹ ʳʰʾʬʩʰʹ ʻʼʲʬʩʨ ʿʭʬʲʨʹ
ˈʽʵʴʫʨ ʳʰʴʰ˅ʬʩʻʲʰ, ʭʰʴ˂ ʳ˂ʰʸʬ˄ʲʵʭʨʴʰ ʨʸ ʰʽʴʬʩʵʫʨ, ʫʨ ʵˇʨˆˀʰ
ʸʵʳ 20-30 ʹʻʲʰ ʿʵʼʰʲʰʿʵ ˆʴʰʯ 20 ˄ʬʲʮʬ ʳʬʺʰ, ʿʭʬʲʨʹ, ʸʵʪʵʸ˂
,,ʮʻʸʨʨʲʹ³± ʽʨʲʹ, ʰʹʬ ʱʨ˂ʹ ˀʬʬ˃ʲʵ ʨʸˁʬʭʴʬʩʹ ʫʨʹ˄ʸʬʩʵʫʨ ˆʳʰʹ
ʻʼʲʬʩʰʯ 140), ʳʨʪʸʨʳ ʽʨʲʬʩʰʹ ʸʰ˂ˆʭʰ ʿʵʭʬʲʯʭʰʹ ʻʳʴʰˀʭʴʬʲʵ
ʰʿʵ ʸʵʪʵʸ˂ ʨʳ ʨʸˁʬʭʴʬʩˀʰ, ʨʪʸʬʯʭʬ ʹˆʭʨ ʹʨʯʬʳʵ ʿʸʰʲʵʩʬʩʮʬ,
ʸʨʫʪʨʴʨ˂ ʳʨʯʯʭʰʹ ʬʹ ʹʨʭʨʲʫʬʩʻʲʵ ʨʸ ʰʿʵ ʫʨ ʻʳʬʺʬʹ
ˀʬʳʯˆʭʬʭʨˀʰ ʨʳʰʹʯʨʴʨ ʫʸʵʹ ʿʸʰʲʵʩʬʩʹ ʬʹ˄ʸʬʩʵʫʬʴ ʽʨʲʬʩʰ ʰʳ
ʵˇʨˆʬʩʰʹʨ, ʹʨʫʨ˂ ʳʨʳʨ-ʱʨ˂ʹ ʫʬʫʨ-ʱʨ˂ʰ ʹˇʵʩʫʨ ˅ʱʻʰʯ ʫʨ
ʪʨʭʲʬʴʰʯ ˆʨʲˆʰʹ ʯʭʨʲˀʰ.
ʮʬʳʵʯ ʳʬ ʻʱʭʬ ʨʾʭʴʰˀʴʬ, ʸʵʳ ʹʨʯʬʳʵ ʿʸʰʲʵʩʰʹ ʳʵʹʨ˄ʭʬʭʨʫ
ʪʨʴʱʻʯʭʴʰʲ ʨʫʪʰʲʹ ʹʭʨʴʬʩʰ ʫʾʬʳʫʬ ʬ˃ʨˆʰʨʴ: ,,ʹʭʰʼʹ³
,,ʲʨʲˆʵʸʨʲʹ³ʨʴʻ ,,ʲʨʴʮʵʸʨʲʹ³
ʨʰ ʨʳ ʨʫʪʰʲʨʹ ʰʿʸʰʫʬʴ ʯʨʭʹ ʳʯʬʲʰ ʯʬʳʰʹ ʳ˂ˆʵʭʸʬʩʴʰ
ʳʨˆʭˀʰʹ ʨʸˁʬʭʰʹ ʫʸʵʹ. ʸʵ˂ʨ ʬʱʲʬʹʰʰʹ ʫʨʸʨˇʰ, ,,ʳʻʹʻʴʿʻʸʰ³ ±
ʹʨʿʭʰʸʰʹ ʫʨʳʱʭʸʬʲʰ, ,,ʹʨʴʿʭʰʸ³ ± ʩʻʱʹ ʫʨʻʱʸʨʭʫʨ, ʸʨ˂ ʰʳʰʹ
ʴʰˀʨʴʰ ʰʿʵ, ʸʵʳ ʿʭʬʲʨʹ ʯʨʭʰ ʻʴʫʨ ʳʵʬʿʨʸʨ, ± ʿʭʬʲʨ ʯʨʭʹ ʨʴʬʩʬʩʫʨ
ʳʻˀʨʵʩʨʹ, ʹʨʹ˄ʸʨʼʵʫ ˀʬʻʫʪʬʩʵʫʬʴ ʶʰʸʰʹ ʫʨʩʨʴʨʹ, ʺʨʴʰʹʨʳʵʹʰʹ
ˁʨ˂ʳʨʹ, ʪʨʫʰʱʰʫʬʩʫʬʴ ,,ʨʩˇʨʸʹ³ ʯʵʼ-ʰʨʸʨʾʹ, ʪʨʬˀʻʸʬʩʵʫʬʴ
ʫʨʴʰˀʴʻʲ ʨʲʨʪʹ ʫʨ ˀʬʻʫʪʬʩʵʫʬʴ ʯʨʭʰʹʰ ,,ʳʨˆʭˀʰʹ³ ʨʳʵʸˁʬʭʨʹ,
ʸʨʹʨ˂ ʸʨʼ. ʬʸʰʹʯʨʭʰ ʫʨ ʯʨʭʰʹʻʼʨʲʰ ʹʭʨʴʰ ʹʰʺʿʭʨ ʹʰʺʿʭʰʯ
ʬʸʯʴʨʰʸʨʫ ʨʹʬ ʨʪʭʰ˄ʬʸʬʴ: ,,ˆʨʲˆʰ ʸʵʳ ʯʨʭʹ ʳʵʰʿʸʰʫʨ, ʳʰʹ
˄ʰʴ˄ʨʸʳʵʫʪʬʩʵʫʨ ,,ʹʨʳʨˆʭˀʰʵ³ʶʰʸʰ, ʸʵʳʬʲʰ˂ ˆʨʲˆʹ ˇʬʸ ʱʰʫʬʭ
ʻ˄ʰʴʫʬʲʰ ʳʨˆʭˀʰʹ ʹʰ˂ʵ˂ˆʲʬˀʰ ˈʿʨʭʫʨ ʴʨʪʻʲʭʬʩʰ. ʨʹʬ ʸʵʳ
ʳʨˆʭˀʰ ʫʰʫʰ ˆʴʰʯ ˄ʰʴʨʹ˄ʨʸ ʨʸˁʬʻʲʰ ʰʿʵ ʫʨ ʯʻ ʨʸˁʬʭʴʬʩʰʹ
ʫʸʵʹ ˆʨʲˆʰ ʯʨʭʹ ʰʿʸʰʫʨ, ʬʹ ʳˆʵʲʵʫ ʰʳʰʹʯʭʰʹ, ʸʵʳ ʹʨ˅ʰʸʵ ʰʿʵ
ʹʨˇʨʸʵʯ ˁʨʬʩʨʸʬʩʰʴʨʯ ʳʰʹʯʭʰʹ ʬʹ ʯʨʴʨʳʫʬʩʵʩʨ³-ʵ... ˆʨʲˆʰ ʫʨ
ʳʨˆʭˀʰ ʱʨʸʪʨ ˆʨʴʹ ʬʸʯʳʨʴʬʯʹ ʾʰʳʰʲʰʯ ʻʿʻʸʬʩʫʬʴ, ʯʰʯʽʵʹ ʬˆʲʨ
ʹʰʴˇʨʭʬʴ ʫʨ ʬ˂ʴʵʩʰʨʴ ʬʸʯʳʨʴʬʯʹʵ.

341
 ʨʳ ʫʸʵʹ ʿʸʰʲʵʩʰʫʨʴ ʪʨʳʵʭʰʫʵʫʨ ʸʵʳʬʲʰʳʬ ʬʴʨʳʬʺʿʭʬʲʰ
ʫʨ ʰʺʿʵʫʨ ˀʬʹˆʳʨʹ ʹʨʳʨˆʭˀʰʵ ʶʰʸʰʹʨʹ ʨʳʴʨʰʸʨʫ: ,,ʱʨʸʪʵ ʨʩʰ ʬʭʨ
ʨʫʨʳʻʴʾʵ³ ± ʬʭʨ ʨʫʨʳʰʫʨʴ ʫʨ˄ʿʬʩʻʲʰ ʶʨʺʰʭʰʯ ʫʨ ʽʬʩʰʯ
ˆʹʬʴʬʩʻʲʴʰ ʨʸʰʨʴ ˀʬʴʴʰ ˄ʰʴʨʶʨʸʴʰ ʫʨ ʨʳʰʬʸʰʫʨʴ ˀʬʴ˂ ˀʬʰʽʴʬʩʰ.
ʻ˂ˆʵ ʨʸ ʨʸʰʹ ˀʬʴʰ ʪʭʨʸʰʹʨʯʭʰʹ ʨʳʪʭʨʸʰ ʶʨʺʰʭʰ ʫʨ ʫʰʫʬʩʨ
ˆʨʲˆʰʹʨʪʨʴ. ʬʹ ʨʹʬʨ ʫʨ ʺʿʻʰʲʰ ʸʵʳ ʨʸ ʳʵʪʨˆʹʬʴʵʯ, ʰʹʬ˂ ʻʴʫʨ
ʰʯʽʭʨʹ, ʸʵʳ ʫʾʬʹ ˀʬʴ ʫʰʫ ʶʨʺʰʭʹʨ ʪʫʬʩʯ. ˀʬʴ ʬʸʯ ˁʭʬʴʯʨʪʨʴʹ
ʪˆʫʰʯ ˁʭʬʴʹ ʻʼʸʵʹʨʫ ʫʨ ʸʨʳʫʬʴʨʫ ʫʰʫʰʨ ˀʬʴʯʭʰʹ ˁʭʬʴʰ
ˀʬʴʫʨʳʰ ʶʨʺʰʭʰʹ˂ʬʳʨ, ʰʳʫʬʴʨʫ ʨʹʰ ʨʯʨʹˇʬʸ ʳʵʳʨʺʬʩʻʲʰ ʻʴʫʨ
ʰʿʵʹ ˀʬʴʰ ˁʭʬʴʫʨʳʰ ʹʰʿʭʨʸʻʲʰ ʫʨ ʯʨʭʪʨʴ˄ʰʸʻʲʰ ʬʸʯʪʻʲʬʩʨ.
ʫʾʬʰʹ ʰʽʰʯ ˀʬʴ ˁʭʬʴʰ ʳʨʳʨ ˆʨʸ ʫʨ ˁʭʬʴ ˀʬʴʰ ˀʭʰʲʬʩʰ. ˀʬʴ ʰ˂ʰ ʫʨ
ˀʬʴʳʨ ʱʨʰ ʱʨ˂ʵʩʨʳ, ʯʻ ʸʵʪʵʸ ˀʬʨʹʸʻʲʬʩ ʨʳ ʳʵʭʨʲʬʵʩʨʹ,
ʳʨˆʭˀʰʵʩʨʹ, ʸʵʳʬʲʰ˂ ˁʭʬʴ ʫʾʬʹ ˆʬʲʯ ʳʵʪʬ˂ʰʯ³ʫʨ ʹˆʭʨ.
ˀʬʳʫʬʪ ʵʸʨʺʵʸʰ ʨˆʹʬʴʬʩʹ (ˁʨʳʵʯʭʲʰʲʹ) ʨʳ ʳʨˆʭˀʰʹ
ʻ˄ʰʴʫʬʲ ʹʨˆʬʲʵʭʨʴ ʳʨˆʭˀʰʬʩʹ ʨʸʨ ʯʻ ʳʨʸʺʵ ʰʳ
ʹʨʮʵʪʨʫʵʬʩʰʹʨʹ, ʨʸʨʳʬʫ ʳʯʬʲʰ ʹʭʨʴʬʯʰʹʨʹ ʫʨ ʩʵʲʵʹ ʹʯˆʵʭʹ
ʾʳʬʸʯʹ, ʸʵʳ ʨʳ ʨˆʨʲ ʳʨˆʭˀʰʹ ʫʨʬʳʹʨˆʻʸʬʩʰʴʵʹ ʰʪʰʭʬ ʹʨˆʬʲʰ,
ʸʵʪʵʸʰ˂ ʨʳ ʹʨˆʬʲʵʭʨʴ ʳʨˆʭˀʰʬʩʹ ʫʨʻʳʹʨˆʻʸʬʩʰʨʯ, ± ʰʳ
ʳʨˆʭˀʰʬʩʹ, ʸʵʳʬʲʯʨ ʫʸʵʹ ʹʨʮʵʪʨʫʵʬʩʬʩʰ ʱʬʯʰʲʫʾʬʵʩʨˀʰ
ʿʵʼʰʲʨʴ. ,,ʩʬʭʸʹ ʴʬʺʨʭʰʹ ʪʬʺʿʭʰʨʴ ˀʬʴ (ʵʩʨʰ ʴʨʺʰʨʲʹ ˇʨʽʭʴʰʴʬˆ
ʹʰ) ± ʳʰʻʩʸʻʴʫʬʩʨ ʵʸʨʺʵʸʰ ʰʹʬʭ ʳʨˆʭˀʰʹ ± ʯʻ ʿʵʭʬʲʰʭʬ ʰʹʬ
ʳʺʱʰ˂ʬʫ ʨʾʨʹʸʻʲʬ, ʸʵʪʵʸ˂ ˁʭʬʴʰ ʸʰʪʰ ʫʨ ˄ʬʹʰ ʳʵʰʯˆʵʭʹʵ³
ʫʨʹʨʹʸʻʲʹ ʵʸʨʺʵʸʰ ʽʻʫ-ʳʵˆʫʰʲʰ ʫʨʰˁʵʽʬʩʹ ʫʨ ʰʺʿʭʰʹ:
,,ʾʳʬʸʯʵ ʪʬʭʬʫʸʬʩʰ ʫʨ ˀʬʪʰʭʬʫʸʬ: ʯʻ ʵʫʬʹʳʬ ʹʭʨʴʬʯʰʹ ˆʬʵʩʨˀʰ
ʳʨˆʭˀʰʹ ʨʸˁʬʭʨ ʱʬʯʰʲʰ ʫʨ ʩʬʫʴʰʬʸʰ ʿʵʼʰʲʰʿʵʹ, ʳʬʵʸʬʫ ʨʳ
ˁʭʬʴʰ ʳʨˆʭˀʰʹ ʨʸˁʬʭʨ ʱʬʯʰʲʰ ʫʨ ʩʬʫʴʰʬʸʰ ʪʨˆʨʫʬ, ʨʳʰʴ³ ʨʳʬʴ³
ʬʸʯʵʩʰʹ ˆʳʰʯ ˀʬʩʾʨʭʲʬʩʹ ʬʸʰ, ʫʰʫʰ ʫʨ ʶʨʺʨʸʨ, ʽʨʲʰ ʫʨ ʱʨ˂ʰ.
ʨʳʨʮʬʫ ʳʨˆʭˀʰ ˇʬʸ ʳʨʫʲʵʩʨʹ ʳʵʨˆʹʬʴʬʩʹ ˆʨʲˆʹ ʫʨ ˀʬʳʫʬʪ
ʫʨʰ˄ʿʬʩʹ ˆʳʨ-ʳʨʾʲʨ ʶʨʹʻˆʰʹ ʪʨ˂ʬʳʨʹ ʫʨ ʹʰʺʿʭʨʹ ʫʨʨʩʵʲʵʭʬʩʹ
ʾʭʯʰʹ ʭʬʫʸʬʩʰʯ: ,,ʫʰʫʬʩʨ ˀʬʴʫʨ, ʱʨ˂ʰʹʨ ʫʨ ʽʭʬʿʴʰʹ ʪʨʳˁʬʴʵ
ʾʳʬʸʯʵ, ʪʬˆʭʬ˄ʬʩʰ ʫʨ ˀʬʰʹʳʰʴʬ ˁʬʳʰ ʭʬʫʸʬʩʨ: ,,ʲʬˁʳʨ ʲʬʽʭʰʹʪ
ʨʳˆʭʰ³ ʹʨˆʭʬʫʸʵʹ ʳʰʳʨˆʭʬʫʸʬ, ˀʬ˂ʫʵʳʨʹ ʨʳʨ˂ʰʲʬ (ʲʨʽʨʫ ʴʵʳʨ
ʨʳʼʻˀʫʬ³ ˅ʱʻʨ-ʪʵʴʬʩʨ ʳʵʳʬ˂ʰ; ʿʵʭʬʲ ʱʬʯʰʲ ʹʨʽʳʬˀʰ ʳ˄ʬ-
ʳʼʨʸʭʬʲʰ ʳʬʿʨʭ; ,,ʽʨˇ-ʬˀʳʨʱʰ³ ʨʳʨˀʵʸʬ; ˀʬʳʨ˃ʲʬʩʰʴʬ ʾʰʸʹʬʻʲʰ
ʹʨʳʹʨˆʻʸʰ ʹʨʮʵʪʨʫʵʬʩʰʹʨʫʳʰ; ʴʻ ˁʨʳʨʪʫʬʩ ʳʬ, ˁʬʳʹ ˀʭʰʲʬʩʹ ʫʨ
ˀʭʰʲʰˀʭʰʲʬʩʹ ʫʨ ʳʵʳʨʭʨʲʹ ,,ʰʭʨˀʰ ʷʰ-ʻʱʰʫʨ ˀʪʭʰʸʯʬʰʹʪʨ³ ±
342
ʹʨʳʻʫʨʳʵʫ ˄ʨʸʻˆʵ˂ʬʲ ʹʰʸ˂ˆʭʰʲˀʰ, ˃ʨʲʨ ʫʨ ʾʵʴʬ ʳʵʳʬ˂ʰ, ʸʵʳ
ʹʰʱʭʫʰʲʨʳʫʬ ʪʨʭʨʺʨʸʵ ʳʨˆʭˀʵʩʨ ʶʨʺʰʵʹʴʨʫ, ʹʨʮʵʪʨʫʵʬʩʰʹ
ʹʨʱʬʯʰʲʫʾʬʵʯ, ˁʬʳʫʨ ʹʨʹʨˆʬʲʵʫ ʫʨ ˀʭʰʲʰʹ ˀʭʰʲʯʨ
ʹʨʹʰʽʨʫʻʲʵʯ³ ʫʨ ʹˆʭʨ. ʨʳʰʯʰ ʯʨʭʫʬʩʨ ʳʨˆʭˀʰʹ ʨʸˁʬʭʰʹ
˂ʬʸʬʳʵʴʰʨʲʰ. ˆʨʲˆʰ ʫʨʰˀʲʬʩʨ ʫʨ ʳʨˆʭˀʰ, ˃ʨʲʨ-ʼʲʬʩʬʩʰʯ
ˀʬʳʵʹʰʲʰ, ˀʬʻʫʪʬʩʨ ʹʨʽʳʬʹ141).
ʨʽ ʻʴʫʨ ˀʬʭʴʰˀʴʵʯ, ʸʵʳ ʸʨʼʰʬʲ ʬʸʰʹʯʨʭʹ ʫʨ ʯʨʭʰʹʻʼʨʲ
ʹʭʨʴʹ ʨʸ ʻʴʫʨ ʽʵʴʫʬʹ ʹ˄ʵʸʨʫ ʪʨˀʻʽʬʩʻʲʰ ʳʨˆʭˀʰʹ ʨʸˁʬʭʴʬʩʰʹ
ʮʵʪʰʬʸʯʰ ˄ʬʹʬʩʰ. ʳʨʪʨʲʰʯʨʫ, ʰʹʰʴʰ ʹ˄ʬʸʬʴ, ʸʵʳ ʳʨˆʭˀʰ ˆʨʲˆʹ
ʫʰʫʰ ˆʴʰʯ ʨʳʵʸˁʬʻʲʰ ˈʿʨʭʫʨ ʫʨ ʯʻ ʯʨʭʹ ʰʿʸʰʫʬʴ, ʬʹ ʳˆʵʲʵʫ
ʰʳʰʹʯʭʰʹ, ʸʵʳ ʳʰʹʯʭʰʹ ʬʹ ʯʨʴʨʳʫʬʩʵʩʨ ˁʨʬʩʨʸʬʩʰʴʨʯ; ,,ʬʭʨ
ʨʫʨʳʻʴʾʵ³ ± ʬʭʨ ʨʫʨʳʰʫʨʴ ʫʨ˄ʿʬʩʻʲʰ ʶʨʺʰʭʰʯ ʫʨ ʽʬʩʰʯ
ˆʹʬʴʬʩʻʲʴʰ ʨʸʰʨʴ ˀʬʴʴʰ ˄ʰʴʨʶʨʸʴʰ... ʫʨ ʻ˂ˆʵ ʨʸ ʨʸʰʹ ˀʬʴʰʹ
ʪʭʨʸʰʹʨʯʭʰʹ ʨʳʪʭʨʸʰ ʶʨʺʰʭʰ ʫʨ ʫʰʫʬʩʨ ˆʨʲˆʰʹʨʪʨʴ (ʬ. ʰ.
ʳʨˆʭˀʵʩʨ).
ˁʭʬʴ ʭʰ˂ʰʯ ʹʨʸ˄ʳʻʴʵ ˄ʿʨʸʵʬʩʰʫʨʴ, ʸʵʳ ʳʨˆʭˀʰ ʨʸʨʹ ʫʸʵʹ
˄ʰʴ ʫʨ ˄ʰʴ ʨʸˁʬʻʲʰ ʨʸ ʰʿʵ ʫʨ ʨʸ˂ ˀʬʰ˃ʲʬʩʵʫʨ ʿʵʼʰʲʰʿʵ
ʹʨʯʬʳʵ ʿʸʰʲʵʩʰʹ ʳʵ˄ʭʬʭʨʳʫʬ, ʸʵʪʵʸ˂ ʰʹʰʴʰ ʨʳʩʵʩʬʴ. ˆʨʲˆʰ
ʹ˄ʵʸʬʫ ʳʰʹ ʨʳʵʹʨʸˁʬʭʨʫ ʰʿʸʰʫʨ ʯʨʭʹ ʫʨ ʨʸʨʹʫʸʵʹ ʰʹʬʯʹ
ʬʸʯʹʻʲʵʭʴʬʩʨʹ ʳʰʹ ʨʸˁʬʭʰʹ ʫʸʵʹ ʨʫʪʰʲʰ ʨʸ ˈʽʵʴʰʨ, ʸʵʳ
ʹʨʳʨˆʭˀʰʵ ʶʰʸʰʹ ʪʨʸˀʬʳʵ ʹˇʨ-ʩʨʨʹʰʯ ˆʨʲˆʰ ʨʸ ʫʨʽʨʴ˂ʻʲʰʿʵ ʫʨ
ʶʰʸʫʨʶʰʸ ʪʨʳʵʬʿʭʨʴʨʯ ʰʹ ˆʨʲˆʰʹ ˄ʰʴʨˀʬ ʳʨˆʭˀʰʹ ʪʭʰʸʪʭʰʴʰʯ
ˀʬʳʱʵʩʰʲʰ. ʭʰʳʬʵʸʬʩ, ʸʵʳ ʨʹʬʯʰ ˀʬʳʯˆʭʬʭʬʩʰ ʰˀʭʰʨʯʰ ʰʿʵ,
ʯʵʸʬʳ ʳʨˀʰʴ, ʸʨʹʨʱʭʰʸʭʬʲʰʨ, ʳʰʹʰ ʨʳʵʸˁʬʭʨ ʰʹʬ ʳʵˆʫʬʩʵʫʨ,
ʸʵʪʵʸ˂ ʳʨʯ ʨʽʭʯ ʨʾ˄ʬʸʰʲʰ: ʳʨʪʸʨʳ ʨʳ ʨʸˁʬʭʴʬʩʰʹ ʫʸʵʹ ˆˀʰʸʨʯ
ʰʿʵ ʸʨʳʵʫʬʴʰʳʬ ʶʰʸʰʹ ʱʨʴʫʰʫʨʺʻʸʨ ˄ʨʳʵʿʬʴʬʩʻʲʰ ʫʨ ʨʳʰʺʵʳ
ʨʸˁʬʭʴʬʩʰ˂ ʳʵʱʲʬʩʻʲʰ ʰʿʵ ʰʳ ʬʸʯʹʻʲʵʭʴʬʩʨʹ, ʸʵʳʬʲʮʬʫʨ˂
ˁʭʬʴ ʳʵʪʭʰʯˆʸʵʩʬʴ ʮʬʳʵˆʹʬʴʬʩʻʲʰ ʶʰʸʬʩʰ. ʭʰʴʨʰʫʨʴ ,,ʳʨˆʭˀʰ³
ʻʴʫʨ ʿʵʼʰʲʰʿʵ ˆʨʴˀʰ ˀʬʹʻʲʰ, ʳʨʪʸʨʳ ʳʨʳʨ˂ʵʩʰʯ ʪʨʴʯʽʳʻʲʰ,
ʶʨʺʰʵʹʨʴʰ, ʪʨʳʵ˂ʫʰʲʰ, ʳʵʸ˄ʳʻʴʬ, ʪʵʴʰʬʸʰ ʫʨ ʹʨʮʵʪʨʫʵʬʩʰʹ
ʬʸʯʪʻʲʬʩʰʯ ˂ʴʵʩʰʲʰ, ʸʨʹʨʱʭʰʸʭʬʲʰʨ, ˄ʨʳʵʿʬʴʬʩʻʲʰ
ʱʨʴʫʰʫʨʺʬʩʰʹ ʾʰʸʹʬʩʨ-ʴʨʱʲʻʲʬʭʨʴʬʩʨʯʨ ʨ˄ʵʴ-ʫʨ˄ʵʴʭʨ ʫʰʫ
ʫʨʱʭʰʸʭʬʩʨʹ ʯˆʵʻʲʵʩʫʨ ʫʨ ʫʰʫʰ ʹˇʨ-ʩʨʨʹʰʹ ˀʬʳʫʬʪ ʿʸʰʲʵʩʨʹ
ʪʨʳʵˈʽʵʴʫʨ ʫʨʫʪʬʴʰʲʬʩʨ ʨʴ ʬʸʯˆʳʨʯ ʸʵʳʬʲʰʳʬ ʳʨʯʪʨʴʰʹ
ʨʳʵʸˁʬʭʨʮʬ, ʨʴ ʸʵ˂ʨ ʿʭʬʲʨʴʰ ʰʹʰʴʰ ʬʸʯʴʨʰʸʰ ʯʭʰʹʬʩʰʯ ʰʿʭʴʬʴ
ʨʾ˅ʻʸʭʰʲʴʰ ʫʨ ʭʬʸʨʼʸʰʯ ʬʸʯʳʨʴʬʯʰʹʨʪʨʴ ʭʬʸ ʪʨʴʰʸˁʬʵʫʴʬʴ,
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ʳʨˀʰʴ ʨʳ ʹʨʱʰʯˆʰʹ ʪʨʫʨ˄ʿʭʬʺʨˀʰ ʯʭʰʯ ʾʳʬʸʯʹ ʫʨʰˆʳʨʸʬʩʫʴʬʴ
ˆʵʲʳʬ ʫʨ ʳʰʹʰ ,,ˀʬʳ˄ʬʵʩʰʯ³ʨˆʫʬʴʫʴʬʴ ʨʸˁʬʭʴʬʩʹ ˀʬʳʫʬʪʴʨʰʸʨʫ:
ʪʨʨʱʬʯʬʩʫʬʴ ˆʵʲʳʬ ˁˆʰʸʬʩʰʹʨʪʨʴ ʰʳʫʬʴ ʱʬʴ˅ʹ, ʸʨʳʫʬʴʰ ʹʨʳʨˆʭˀʰʵ
ʶʰʸʰʹ ʱʨʴʫʰʫʨʺʻʸʨ˂ ʰʿʵ ˄ʨʳʵʿʬʴʬʩʻʲʰ ʫʨ ʪʨʸʫʨ ʰʳʰʹʨ ʱʰʫʬʭ
ʬʸʯʹ, ʸʵʳʬʲʹʨ˂ ʻ˄ʵʫʬʩʫʬʴ ,,ʼʻʹʭʴʨ ˇʻʲʨʰʹ³ ± ʾʭʯʰʹ ʱʬʴ˅ʹ.
ʯʭʰʯʬʻʲ ʱʬʴ˅ʹ ʬ˃ʲʬʵʫʨ ʯʨʭʰʹʰ ʴʰˀʨʴʰ ʫʨ ˀʬʳʫʬʪ ʻˁʭʬʴʬʩʫʬʴ
ʿʭʬʲʨ ʱʬʴ˅ʬʩʹ ʿʸʰʲʵʩʨʹ ʫʨ ʪʨʨ˂ʴʵʩʫʬʴ, ʸʵʳʬʲʰ ʱʬʴ˅ʰ ʸʵʳʬʲ
ʱʨʴʫʰʫʨʺʹ ʬʱʻʯʭʴʵʫʨ ʫʨ ʨʪʸʬʯʭʬ ʰʳʨʹʨ˂, ʸʵʳʬʲʰ ʰʿʵ ʾʭʯʰʹ
ʱʬʴ˅ʰ. ʨʳʰʹ ˀʬʳʫʬʪ ˆʨʲˆʰ ʨˆʳʨʻʸʫʬʩʵʫʨ ʬʸʯʨʫ ʫʨ
ˀʬʬʭʬʫʸʬʩʵʫʨ ʾʳʬʸʯʹ: ,,ʾʳʬʸʯʵ ʫʰʫʬʩʻʲʵ, ʭʰʴ˂ ʨʳ ʹʨʳʨˆʭˀʰʵ
ʱʨʴʫʰʫʨʺʬʩˀʰ ˆʨʲˆʰʹʯʭʰʹ ʻʼʸʵ ʹʨʹʨʸʪʬʩʲʵ ʰʿʵʹ ʫʨ
ʳʾʭʯʰʹʨʯʭʰʹ ʹʨʹʻʸʭʬʲʰ, ʰʳʨʹ ˀʬʨˆʭʬʫʸʬ ʳʨˆʭˀʰʹ ʱʬʴ˅`ʰʵ³ʳʬʸʬ
ˁʨʿʸʰʫʬʴ ʿʭʬʲʨ ʱʬʴ˅ʬʩʹ ʽʻʫˀʰ, ʬʸʯʰ ʱʨ˂ʰ ʨʳ ʽʻʫʹ ʫʨʰ˅ʬʸʫʨ
ˆʬʲˀʰ, ʳʬʵʸʬ ʳʨʹ ˆʬʲʬʩʹ ˀʬʳʵʱʸʨʭʫʨ ʫʨʩʲʰʫʨʴ, ʸʨʯʨ ʬʹ ʱʬʴ˅ʬʩʰ
ʨʳʵʬʿʨʸʨ, ʳʬʹʨʳʬ ˆʬʲʹ ˁʨʻʿʵʼʫʨ ʽʻʫˀʰ, ˆʨʲˆʹ ʸʵʳ ʸʨʰʳʬ ʬ˅ʭʰ ʨʸ
ʳʰʬʺʨʴʨ ʳʨʹʮʬ, ʯʭʨʲʬʩʹ ʫʨˆʻ˅ʨʭʫʨ ʫʨ ʫʨʰ˅ʬʸʫʨ ʱʬʴ˅ʹ. ˆʨʲˆˀʰ
ʨʳ ʫʸʵʹ ʹʰˁʻʳʬ ˁʨʳʵʭʨʸʫʬʩʵʫʨ, ʳʯʬʲʰ ʳʰʹʰ ʿʻʸʨʫʾʬʩʨ
ʽʻʫʰʹʱʬʴ ʰʿʵ ʳʰʽ˂ʬʻʲʰ. ʳʨʪʸʨʳ ʹʨʴʨʳ ,,ʼʻʹʴʨ ˇʻʲʨʰ³± ,,ʾʭʯʰʹ
ʱʬʴ˅ʰ³ʨʸ ʨʳʵʭʰʫʵʫʨ, ʳʨʴʨʳʫʰ ʭʰʹʰ ʱʬʴ˅ʰ˂ ʨʸ ʻʴʫʨ ʳʵˆʭʫʵʳʵʫʨ
ˆʬʲˀʰ, ʨʳʨʹ ʳʴʰˀʭʴʬʲʵʩʨ ʨʸʨ ʽʵʴʫʨ. ˆʵʲʵ ʸʵ˂ʨ ʬʹ ʱʬʴ˅ʰ
ʨʳʵʭʰʫʵʫʨ, ʳʰʹ ˀʬʳʫʬʪ ʭʰʹʰ ʱʬʴ˅ʰ˂ ˁʨʻʭʨʸʫʬʩʵʫʨ ˆʬʲˀʰ ʱʬʴ˅ʰʹ
ʨʳʾʬʩʹ, ʰʹ ʰʯʭʲʬʩʵʫʨ ʾʭʯʰʹʯʭʰʹ ʹʨʹʰʨʳʵʭʴʵ ʹʨʳʨˆʭˀʰʵ,
ʹʨʻʼʸʵʹʵ ʶʰʸʨʫ ʫʨ ʫʰʫʰ ʳˆʰʨʸʻʲʬʩʰʯ ʳʨʹ ʻʲʵ˂ʨʭʫʬʴ
ʳʨˆʭˀʵʩʨʹ ʫʨ ʴʰˀʴʨʭʫʬʴ ʨʳ ʯʨʴʨʳʫʬʩʵʩʨʮʬ.
ʰʹʬʯ ˀʬʳʯˆʭʬʭʨˀʰ, ʸʵ˂ʨ ʹʨʳʨˆʭˀʰʵ ʱʨʴʫʰʫʨʺʬʩʰ
ʬʸʯʳʨʴʬʯʰʹʨʪʨʴ ʨʸʨʼʸʰʯ ʨʸ ʪʨʴʰʸˁʬʵʫʴʬʴ ʫʨ ʬʸʯʪʭʨʸʰ
ʯʭʰʹʬʩʬʩʰʯ ʫʨ ʾʰʸʹʬʩʰʯ ʰʿʭʴʬʴ ʫʨˇʰʲʫʵʭʬʩʻʲʰ, ʨʸˁʬʭʴʬʩʰʹ
ʬʹ ˄ʬʹʰ ʰʯʭʲʬʩʵʫʨ ʿʭʬʲʨʮʬ ʻʼʸʵ ʳʰʮʨʴˀʬ˄ʵʴʰʲʨʫ. ʪʨʸʫʨ
ʨʳʰʹʨ ʨʸˁʬʭʴʬʩʰʹ ʨʳ ˄ʬʹʹ ʰʹ ʳʴʰˀʭʴʬʲʵʩʨ˂ ˈʽʵʴʫʨ, ʸʵʳ ʨʳʰʯ ʨʸ˂
ʬʸʯ ʳʨʯʪʨʴʹ ˆʨʲˆʰʹ ʳˆʸʰʯ ʻʶʰʸʨʺʬʹʵʩʨ ʨʸ ʬ˃ʲʬʵʫʨ, ʹʨʳʨˆʭˀʰʵ
ʱʨʴʫʰʫʨʺʬʩʰʹ ʯʨʭʳʵʿʭʨʸʬʵʩʨ˂ ʵʫʴʨʭ ʨʸ ʰʲʨˆʬʩʵʫʨ, ʸʨʫʪʨʴ ʬʹ
ʹʨʱʰʯˆʰ ʯʭʰʯ ʾʳʬʸʯʰʹ ʹʻʸʭʰʲʰʯ ʹ˄ʿʫʬʩʵʫʨ, ʨʳʴʨʰʸʨʫ
ʯʨʭˀʰʭʬ ʰʹʶʵʩʵʫʨ ʶʰʸʭʬʲʵʩʰʹʨʯʭʰʹ ʩʸ˃ʵʲʨ, ʽʰˀʶʵʩʨ,
ˀʻʸʰʨʴʵʩʨ ʫʨ ʹʨʬʸʯʵ ʳʫʪʵʳʨʸʬʵʩʰʹ ʪʨʸʯʻʲʬʩʨ.
ʳʨˆʭˀʰʹ ʨʸˁʬʭʰʹ ˀʬʳʫʬʪ ˆʫʬʩʵʫʨ ʹʵʼʲʰʹ ʳʨˆʭˀʬʩʰʹ
ʨʸˁʬʭʴʬʩʰ. ʯʭʰʯʬʻʲ ʹʵʼʲʰʹ ʳ˂ˆʵʭʸʬʩʴʰ ʳʰʫʰʵʫʴʬʴ ˂ʨʲ-
344
˂ʨʲʱʬ ˇʪʻʼʬʩʨʯ, ʸʵʳʬʲʰ˂ ʨʴ ʳʨʯ ʳʰʬʸ ʹʨʹʵʼʲʵ ʿʸʰʲʵʩʨʮʬ
ʨʸˁʬʻʲ ʹʵʼʲʰʹ ʳʨˆʭˀʰʬʩʹ ʺʵʭʬʩʫʬʴ ʨʳ ʯʨʴʨʳʫʬʩʵʩʨʮʬ, ʨʴ
ʨˆʲʬʩʹ ʴʰˀʴʨʭʫʬʴ. ʨʳʴʨʰʸʨʫ ʯʭʰʯʬʻʲʰ ʹʵʼʲʰʫʨʴ ʯʬʳʰʹ
ʳʨˆʭˀʰʹ ʬ˃ʲʬʵʫʨ ʯʨʴʨʳˀʸʵʳʬʲʨʫ ʬʸʯʰ ˁʬʴʰʲʰ. ʳʨʯʰ ʸʰ˂ˆʭʰ
ʪʨʴʰʹʨʮʾʭʸʬʩʵʫʨ ʹʵʼʲʬʩʰʹ ʸʨʵʫʬʴʵʩʰʹ ʳʰˆʬʫʭʰʯ ± ʫʨ ʳʨʯ
ʽʵʴʫʨʯ ʫʨʱʰʹʸʬʩʻʲʰ ʯʨʭʰʹ ʯʬʳʰʹ ʩʬʫ-ʰʾʩʨʲʰ ʫʨ ʳʨʸʯʭʨ-
ʪʨʳʪʬʵʩʰʹ ʹʨʽʳʬ. ˆˀʰʸʨʫ ʿʸʰʲʵʩʨ ʳʨʯ ʨʼʰ˂ʬʩʫʨ ʯʬʳʰʹ
ʬʸʯʪʻʲʬʩʨʮʬ ʫʨ ʯʰʯʵʴ ʿʸʰʲʵʩʨ˂ ʬʼʰ˂ʬʩʵʫʨ ʳʨʯ
ʬʸʯʪʻʲʬʩʨʮʬ ʫʨ ʳʵʸˁʰʲʬʩʨʮʬ. ʳ. ʱʵʭʨʲʬʭʹʱʰ ʹʨʳʨʸʯʲʰʨʴʨʫ
ʨʾʴʰˀʴʨʭʹ, ʸʵʳ ǹȚȈȘȠȐȕȈ ȕȖșȐȓ ȖȌȕȖ ȕȈȏȊȈȕȐȍ ș ȚȍȔ ȒȈȒȖȍ
ȗȘȐȕȈȌȓȍȎȐȚ ȌȖșȍȓȍ șȚȈȘȠȍȔț ȊȖ ȌȊȖȘȍ ± ȔȈȝȊȠȐ´ ǩțȒȊȈȓȤȕȖ ȥȚȖ
șȓȖȊȖ ȖȏȕȈȟȈȍȚ șȚȈȘȠȐȑ DzȘȖȔȍ șȚȈȘȠȐȕȣ șȝȖȌȣ ȊȣȉȐȘȈȓȐ ȍȡȍ 
ȟȍȓȖȊȍȒ ȊȣȉȖȘȕȣȝ« ǻȟȈșȚȐȍ Ȋ ȊȣȉȖȘȈȝ ȗȘȐȕȐȔȈȓȐ Ȋșȍ
șȖȊȍȘȠȍȕȕȖȓȍȚȕȐȍȕȍȚȖȓȤȒȖȔțȎȟȐȕȣȕȖȐȎȍȕȡȐȕȣ´142).
ʹʨʰʴʺʬʸʬʹʵ ʰʹ ʨʸʰʹ, ʸʵʳ ʨʸˁʬʭʴʬʩʰʹ ʮʬʳʵˆʹʬʴʬʩʻʲʰ ˄ʬʹʰ
ʫʾʬʳʫʬ ʨʸ ˀʬʼʬʸˆʬʩʻʲʨ ʹʭʨʴʬʯˀʰ. ʨʳ ˄ʬʹʰʯ ʨʸˁʬʭʴʬʩʰ ˆʫʬʩʵʫʨ
ˆˀʰʸʨʫ ʳʰʹ ˀʬʳʫʬʪʨ˂, ʸʵ˂ʨ ʳʨˆʭˀʵʩʨ ʳʵʰʹʶʵ ʫʨ ʳʨʯʰ ʨʫʪʰʲʰ
ʳʯʨʭʸʵʩʰʹ ʳʰʬʸ ʫʨʿʬʴʬʩʻʲʳʨ ʳʨʳʨʹʨˆʲʰʹʬʩʳʨ ʫʨʰʱʨʭʬʹ. ʳʬʼʰʹ
ʳʯʨʭʸʵʩʰʹ ʫʨʳˆʵʩʰʹ ˀʬʳʫʬʪʨ˂, ʸʵ˂ʨ ʫʨʳʼʻ˃ʴʬʩʬʲʰ ʱʸʬʩʰʹ
ʨʸˁʬʭʴʬʩʰ ʳʵˆʫʨ ʹʭʨʴʬʯˀʰ, ʳʬ ʯʭʰʯʵʴ ʭʰʿʨʭʰ ʰʳʰʹ ʳʵ˄ʳʬ, ʸʵʳ
ʩʬʭʸ ʹʨʮʵʪʨʫʵʬʩʬʩˀʰ ʪʨʴʳʬʵʸʫʨ ʹʭʨʴʻʸʰ ʨʸˁʬʭʴʬʩʰʹ
ʮʬʳʵʨʾ˄ʬʸʰʲʰ ˄ʬʹʰ. ˆʨʲˆʰ ʨʳʩʵʩʫʨ, ˁʭʬʴ ʨʸ ʭʰ˂ʰʯ ʸʵʳʬʲʰ
ʶʨʸʺʰʨ ʹˇʵʩʰʨ ˁʭʬʴʯʭʰʹ ʫʨ ʭʰʹ ʻʴʫʨ ʳʰʭ˂ʬʯ ʱʬʴ˅ʰʵ. ʨʳʰʺʵʳ
ʨʱʬʯʬʩʫʬʴ ʰʳʫʬʴ ,,ʹʭʨʴʻʸ ʱʬʴ˅ʹ³ ʸʨʳʫʬʴʰ ʶʨʸʺʰʨ˂ ʿʻʯʹ
ʰʫʪʨʳʫʨ. ʳʰʹ˂ʬʳʫʬʴ ʳʨʯ ʯʨʭ-ʯʨʭʰʹ ʴʰˀʴʬʩʹ, ˁʨʻʿʸʰʫʬʴ
ʯʨʭʰʹʬʩʻʸʨʫ ʽʻʫˀʰ ʫʨ ˀʬʬˆʭʬ˄ʬʩʵʫʬʴ ʾʳʬʸʯʹ: ,,ʾʳʬʸʯʵ!
ʸʵʳʬʲʰ ʶʨʸʺʰʨ˂ ˆʨʲˆʰʹʨʯʭʰʹ ʹˇʵʩʫʬʹ, ʰʳ ʶʨʸʺʰʨʹ ˀʬʨˆʭʬʫʸʬ
ʱʬʴ˅ʰʵ³ ʫʨ ʳʨʸʯʲʨ˂ ʾʭʯʰʹ ʱʬʴ˅ʰʹ ± ,,ʼʻʹʴʨ ˇʻʲʨʰʹ³ ˀʬʳʫʬʪ
ʭʰʹʰ ʱʬʴ˅ʰ˂ ʨʳʵʭʰʫʵʫʨ, ʳʯʬʲʰ ˆʨʲˆʰ˂ ʬʸʯˆʳʨʫ ʰʳ ʶʨʸʺʰʨʹ
ʨ˃ʲʬʭʫʨ ˆʳʨʹ.
ʸʨ˂ ˀʬʬˆʬʩʨ ʿʸʰʲʵʩʰʹ ʹʨˆʬʲʰʯ ʬʸʯʬʸʯʰ ʳʰʹʰ ˄ʬʭʸʰʹ
ʳʨˆʭˀʰʹʨʫʳʰ ʳʰʳʨʸʯʭʨʹ: ,,ʬʭʨ ʨʫʨʳʻʴʾʵ³ ± ʬʭʨ-ʨʫʨʳʰʫʨʴ
ʫʨ˄ʿʬʩʻʲʰ ʶʨʺʰʭʰʯ ʫʨ ʽʬʩʰʯ ˆʹʬʴʬʩʻʲʰ ʨʸʰʨʴ ˀʬʴʴʰ ˄ʰʴʨʶʨʸʴʰ,
ʻ˂ˆʵ ʨʸ ʨʸʰʹ ,,ʳʨˆʭˀʰʵʩʨ³ ˀʬʴʰ ʪʭʨʸʬʻʲʵʩʰʹʨʯʭʰʹ-ʵ ʫʨ ʹˆʭʨ, ʨʸ˂
ʬʹ ʻʴʫʨ ˀʬʨʫʪʬʴʫʬʹ ʹʸʻʲ ˅ʬˀʳʨʸʰʺʬʩʨʹ, ʭʰʴʨʰʫʨʴ ʨʳ ʹʰʺʿʭʬʩʰʹ
ʳʰˆʬʫʭʰʯ ʰʹʬ ʪʨʳʵʫʰʹ, ʯʰʯʽʵ ʳʨˆʭˀʰʵʩʨ ʸʵʳʬʲʰʳʬ ʪʭʨʸˀʰ
345
ʳʬʳʱʭʰʫʸʬʵʩʰʯ ʪʨʫʨʫʰʵʫʨ, ʸʨʹʨ˂, ʸʨ ʯʽʳʨ ʻʴʫʨ, ʨʫʪʰʲʰ ʨʸ
ʻʴʫʨ ˈʽʵʴʵʫʨ, ʸʨʫʪʨʴʨ˂ ʳʨˆʭˀʰʹ ʯʨʴʨʳʫʬʩʵʩʨʮʬ ʰʸˁʬʭʫʬʴ
ʸʵʪʵʸ˂ ʪʲʬˆʹ, ʰʹʬ ʻʼʲʬʩʸʰʰʭʨʫ ʫʨ ʹʵ˂ʰʨʲʻʸʨʫ ʳʨʹʯʨʴ
ʪʨʯʨʴʨʹ˄ʵʸʬʩʻʲ ,,ʭʨʸʪʹ³ ± ʨʮʴʨʻʸʹʨ˂. ʫʨ ʨʳ ˀʬʳʯˆʭʬʭʨˀʰ
ʬ˃ʲʬʵʫʨ ʻʶʰʸʨʺʬʹʵʩʨ ʨʸʨ ʸʵʳʬʲʰʳʬ ˄ʵʫʬʩʨʹ, ʨʸʨʳʬʫ ʳʨʹ, ʭʰʴ˂
ʯʬʳˀʰ, ʸʵʪʵʸ˂ ʨʸʰʹ ʮʬʳʵʫ ʴʨʯʽʭʨʳʰ, ˅ʱʻʰʯ, ʪʵʴʬʩʰʯ,
ʭʨʷʱʨ˂ʵʩʰʯ, ʹʰʴʫʰʹʰʯ ʿʭʬʲʨʹ ˇʵʩʫʨ ʫʨ ʯʨʭʰʹ ʯʬʳʰʹ
ʬʸʯʪʻʲʵʩʰʹ ʫʰʫʰ ˆʴʰʹ ʹʺʨʷʰ ˈʽʵʴʫʨ.
ʳʨˆʭˀʰʹ ʨʸˁʬʭʴʬʩʰʹʨ ʫʨ ʹʨʮʵʪʨʫʵʫ ʹʭʨʴʬʯʰʹ ˁʭʬʻʲʬʩʰʯʰ
ʻʼʲʬʩʬʩʰʹ ʫʨ ʨʫʨʯʬʩʰʹ ʨʾ˄ʬʸʰʹ ʫʸʵʹ ʳʬ ʭʹʨʸʪʬʩʲʵʩ
ʻʳʯʨʭʸʬʹʨʫ ʰʳ ʳʵˆʻ˂ ʪʰʵʸʪʰ ʳʨʸʪʰʨʴʰʹ ʴʨʨʳʩʵʩʰʯ, ʸʵʳʬʲʰ˂ 25
˄ʲʰʹ ʪʨʴʳʨʭʲʵʩʨˀʰ ʰʿʵ ʿʵʭʬʲʰʭʬ ʨʳʰʹ ʻˀʻʨʲʵ ʳʵ˄ʳʬ ʫʨ
ʯʭʨʲʿʻʸʰʹ ʳʫʬʭʴʬʩʬʲʰ.
ʬʹ ʰʹ ʪʰʵʸʪʰ ʳʨʸʪʰʨʴʰʨ, ʸʵʳʬʲʰ˂ ʯʨʭʰʹʰ ˄ʨʸʹʻʲʰʯ ʫʨ
ʳʵʾʭʨ˄ʬʵʩʰʯ ʱʬʯʰʲʰ ʳʵʪʵʴʬʩʰʹ ʾʰʸʹʰʨ ʫʨ ʸʵʳʲʰʹ ʳʨʳʨ, ʳʻʸʮʨ,
1847 ˄. ʳʬʹʺʰʨˀʰ ʭʬʸʨʪʻʲʨʫ ʰʽʴʨ ʳʵʱʲʻʲʰ ˇʨʼʨʸʰ˃ʬʬʩʰʹ ʳʰʬʸ,
ʳʨˀʰʴ ʸʵ˂ʨ ʰʹ ʳʰʿʭʬʩʵʫʨ ʯʨʭʰʹ ʹʺʻʳʸʬʩʹ, ʹʨʽʨʸʯʭʬʲʵʫʨʴ
ʪʨʪʨʸʰʴʰʹ ʳʱʭʲʬʲ ʳʻʸʮʨʿʨʴ ʫʨʫʬˀʽʬʲʰʨʴʯʨʴ ʪʨʳʵʪʮʨʭʴʰʲ ʵʸ
ʳʾʭʫʬʲʹ. ˇʨʼʨʸʰ˃ʬʬʩʳʨ ʪʨʴʰʮʸʨˆʬʹ ʳʨʯʰ ʫʨʶʨʺʰʳʸʬʩʨ, ʳʻʸʮʨ
ʳʨʯ ˀʬʬʩʨ, ʳʵʻʭʰʫʨʯ ˁˆʻʩʰ, ʸʵʳʲʰʹ ʫʸʵʹʨ˂ ʳʨʴ ʳʵʱʲʨ ʬʸʯʰ
ˇʨʼʨʸʰ˃ʬ, ʸʨʳʫʬʴʰʳʬ ʹʨʹʰʱʭʫʰʲʵʯ ʫʨʹ˅ʸʨ, ʹʺʻʳʸʬʩʰ ʯʻʳ˂ʨʾʨ
ʹʰʱʭʫʰʲʹ ʪʨʫʨʸˁʬʴ, ʳʨʪʸʨʳ ʯʭʰʯʵʴ ʱʰ ʺʸʨʾʰʱʻʲʨʫ
ʪʨʳʵʬʯˆʵʭʨ ˄ʻʯʰʹʵʼʬʲʹ.
ʨʰ ʨʳ ˇʨʼʨʸʰ˃ʬʬʩʰʹ ʳʺʸʵʩʰʯ ˀʬʭʰ˄ʸʵʬʩʻʲʰ ʪʰʵʸʪʰ ʯʵʼʰʯ
ˆʬʲˀʰ ˂ʰˆʬˀʰ ʰʳʿʵʼʬʩʵʫʨ ʳʨˀʰʴ, ʸʵ˂ʨ 1847 ˄. ʹʭʨʴʬʯˀʰ
ʱʵʲʻʩʰʨʱʰʴʰʹ ʳʵʪʮʨʻʸʵʩʰʹ ˀʬʳʫʬʪ ʹʭʨʴʬʯʹ ʪʨʴʨʪʬʩʫʨ ʶʰʸʭʬʲʰ
ʩʵʽʨʻʲʰ ʨʲʬʽʹʨʴʫʸʬ ʳʰʽʬʲʨ˃ʬ, ʸʵʳʲʰʹ ʨʳʨʲʨʹʨ˂
ʮʬʳʵˆʹʬʴʬʩʻʲʰ ʳʨˆʭˀʰʬʩʰ ˀʬʨʫʪʬʴʫʬʴ. ʨʳ ʳʰʽʬʲʨ˃ʬʳ 20 ˄. ʿʸʳʨ
ʪʰʵʸʪʰ ˄ʨʰʿʭʨʴʨ ʽ. ʽʻʯʨʰʹˀʰ, ʳʰʨʩʨʸʨ ʰʽ ʪʬʲʨʯʰʹ ʳʵʴʨʹʺʸʰʹ
ʬʸʯʬʸʯ ʩʬʸʹ ˄ʬʸʨ-ʱʰʯˆʭʰʹʨ ʫʨ ʳʾʭʫʬʲ-ʳʵʽʳʬʫʬʩʰʹ
ˀʬʹʨʹ˄ʨʭʲʨʫ. ʽʻʯʨʰʹˀʰ ʿʵʼʴʰʹ ʫʸʵʹ ʰʹ ˀʬʰʽʴʨ, ʹˆʭʨʯʨ ˀʵʸʰʹ,
ʱʵʴʹʺʨʴʺʰʴʬ ʫʨʫʬˀʽʬʲʰʨʴʰʹ ʫʨˆʭʸʬʺʰʹ ʹʨʱʻʯʨʸʰ ʯʭʨʲʰʯ
ʳʴʨˆʭʬʲʰ.
ʽʻʯʨʰʹʰʫʨʴ ʽʨʸʯʻʲʰ ˄ʬʸ-ʱʰʯˆʭʰʹ ʱʨʸʪʨʫ ʳ˂ʵʫʴʬ,
ʳʾʭʫʲʨʫ ʴʨʱʻʸʯˆʰ, ʰʹ ʩʸʻʴʫʬʩʨ ʯʨʭʰʹ ʽʭʬʿʨʴʨˀʰ, ʹʨʫʨ˂ ʳʯʬʲʰ
ʹʭʨʴʬʯʰʹ ˆʨʲˆʰʹ ʫʰʫ ʹʰʿʭʨʸʻʲʹ ʫʨ ʶʨʺʰʭʰʹ˂ʬʳʨʹ ʰʳʹʨˆʻʸʬʩʹ.
346
ˆʨʲˆʰ ʳʨʹ ʨʸʽʳʬʭʹ ,,ˆʵˀʨ ʩʨʶʹ³ ʫʰʫ ʳʾʭʫʬʲʹ. ʹʨʳʨʸʯʲʰʨʴʵʩʨ
ʳʵʰʯˆʵʭʹ ʨʾʭʴʰˀʴʵʯ, ʸʵʳ ʬʹ ʰʿʵ ʹʭʨʴʬʯʰʹ ˄ʨʸʹʻʲʰʹ ʹʨʻʱʬʯʬʹʵ
ʳ˂ʵʫʴʬ ʫʨ ˁʬʳʰ ˀʸʵʳʰʹ ʫʨ˄ʬʸʰʹ ʫʸʵʹ ʳʬ ʭʹʨʸʪʬʩʲʵʩ
ʻʳʯʨʭʸʬʹʨʫ ʳʰʹʰ ˂ʴʵʩʬʩʰʯʨ ʫʨ ʴʨʨʳʩʵʩʰʯ ʫʨ ʨʳʰʺʵʳ, ʭʪʵʴʬʩ, ʬʹ
˂ʴʵʩʬʩʰ ʹʨʭʹʬʩʰʯ ʹʨʸ˄ʳʻʴʵ ʻʴʫʨ ʰʿʵʹ.

ǸȅȘȐșȚȖȊǯȈȔȍȚȒȐȖǹȊȈȕȍȚȐȐșȚȘ
DzȖȊȈȓȍȊșȒȐȑǯȈȒȖȕȣȐȖȉȣȟȈȐȕȈDzȈȊȒȈȏȍȚ I, ǹȚȘ
140) ʯʨʭʰʹʻʼʨʲʰ ʹʭʨʴʰ. ʪʨʮ. ,,ʰʭʬʸʰʨ³˄. ȹ
141) ʯʨʭʰʹʻʼʨʲʰ ʹʭʨʴ. ʪʨʮ. ,,ʰʭʬʸʰʨ³  ˄. ȹ 4, Ǹ. ȅȘȐșȚȖȊ. ǯȈȔȍȚȒȐ Ȗ
ǹȊȈȕȍȚȐȐ. ǹȚȘ. 4.
Ǵ. DzȖȊȈȓȍȊșȒȐȑ. ǯȈȒȖȕȣȐȖȉȣȟȈȐȕȈDzȈȊȒȈȏȍ. șȚȘ. 16.

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ʳʨˆʭˀʰʹ ˆʨʲˆʰʹʪʨʴ ʨʸʨʭʰʯʨʸʰ ˇʨʳʨʪʰʸʰ ʨʸ ʬ˃ʲʬʵʫʨ ʯʨʭʰʹʰ

ʳʵʾʭʨ˄ʬʵʩʰʹʨʯʭʰʹ, ʳʨʪʸʨʳ ʳʰʹʯʭʰʹ ʫʰʫ ˇʰʲʫʵʫ ʰʯʭʲʬʩʵʫʨ
ʰʹ, ʸʵʳ ʳʨʹ ˆʨʲˆʰ ʯʨʭʰʹ ʯʬʳˀʰ ʿʭʬʲʨʮʬ ʳʨʾʲʨ ʨʿʬʴʬʩʫʨ ʫʨ ʫʰʫ
ʶʨʺʰʭʹʨ˂ ʹ˂ʬʳʫʨ. ʨʾʨʶʬʩʮʬ, ʺʰʸʰʲʬʩʮʬ ʫʨ ʹˆʭʨ
ʫʾʬʹʨʹ˄ʨʻʲʬʩʮʬ˂ ʱʰ ʳʨʹ ʯʨʭʰʹʰ ʨʳʨʲʰʯʻʸʯ (ˁʬʴʰʲʬʩʰʯ) ˂ʨʲʱʬ
ʹʭʨʳʫʬʴ ʹʨʶʨʺʰʵ ʹʱʨʳʮʬ, ,,ʹʨʱʨʸ˂ˆʻʲʮʬ³ ˆʭʴʨ-ʯʬʹʭʨʮʬ, ʿʨʴʬʩʰʹ
ʳʵʳʱʨʮʬ, ʯʰʩʭʨʮʬ ʫʨ ˀʬˀʰʹ ʳʵ˅ʸʨʮʬ ʯʻ ʭʰʴʳʬʹ ʫʨʻ˃ʨˆʬʩʫʨ, ʳʨʹ
ʿʭʬʲʨ ʬˆʳʨʸʬʩʵʫʨ, ʯʻʳ˂ʨʾʨ ʬʹ ʹʨʭʨʲʫʬʩʻʲʵ ʨʸʨʭʰʹʯʭʰʹ ʨʸ
ʰʿʵ. ʪʨʸʫʨ ʨʳʰʹʨ ʳʨʹ ˈʽʵʴʫʨ ˆʬʲʻˆʲʬʩʲʵʩʰʹ ʹʸʻʲʰ ʪʨʸʨʴʺʰʨ
ʫʨ ʳʰʹʰ ʻʼʲʬʩʬʩʰ, ʳʵʱʲʬʯ ʸʵʳ ʭʯʽʭʨʯ, ʪʨʴʻʹʨʮʾʭʸʬʲʰ ʰʿʵ.
ʹʨʳʨʸʯʲʰʨʴʨʫ ʨʾʴʰˀʴʨʭʹ ʸ. ʬʸʰʹʯʨʭʰ ǪșȧȒȖȋȖ ȘȖȌȈ ȌȍȓȈ
ȉȣȓȐ ǴȈȝȊȠȐ ȗȖȌȊȍȌȖȔȣ ȒȈȒ ȌțȝȖȊȕȣȍ ȚȈȒ Ȑ șȊȍȚșȒȐȍ ȒȈȒ
țȋȖȓȖȊȕȣȍȚȈȒȐȋȘȈȎȌȈȕșȒȐȍȊȈȎȕȣȍȐȔȈȓȖȊȈȎȕȣȍ´
ʳʨʪʸʨʳ ʹʨʮʵʪʨʫʵʬʩʸʰʭ ʳʴʰˀʭʴʬʲʵʩʰʹ ʹʨʱʰʯˆʬʩʹ ʰʹ ˆʨʲˆʰʹ
ʫʨʻʱʰʯˆʨʭʨʫ ʰˀʭʰʨʯʨʫ ʹ˄ʿʭʬʺʫʨ ʫʨ ʰʹʰ˂ ʳˆʵʲʵʫ ʳʨˀʰʴ, ʸʵ˂ʨ
ʫʨʸ˄ʳʻʴʬʩʻʲʰ ʰʿʵ ʰʳʨˀʰ, ʸʵʳ ʬʹ ˆʨʲˆʰʹ ʹʨʱʬʯʰʲʫʾʬʵʫ
ʹ˄ʿʫʬʩʵʫʨ ʫʨ ʳʨʫʲʵʩʰʹ ʳʬʺʹ ˆʨʲˆʰ ʳʨʹ ʨʸʨʼʬʸʹ ʬʺʿʵʫʨ. ʳʨˆʭˀʰ
ʹʨ˅ʰʸʵʬʩʰʹʫʨ ʳʰˆʬʫʭʰʯ ʰ˄ʭʬʭʫʨ ʹʨʯʬʳʵ ʿʸʰʲʵʩʨʹ
ʮʬʳʵʯʨʾ˄ʬʸʰʲʰ ˄ʬʹʰʯ. ˄ʰʴʨʹ˄ʨʸ ʳʨʹ ˂ʨʲʱʬ ʪʨˈʿʨʭʫʨ ˅ʱʻʨ-
ʪʨʳʵ˂ʫʰʲʬʩʰʯ ʶʨʺʰʭʹʨʫʬʩʰ ʶʰʸʬʩʰ, ʨˆʫʬʴʫʨ ʳʨʯʯʨʴ ʯʨʯʩʰʸʹ
ʨʴʻ ,,ʭʨʮʰʸʵʩʨʹ³ ʪʨʳʵˈʽʵʴʫʨ ʳʨʯʯʨʴ ˀʬʯʨʴˆʳʬʩʰʯ ʯʨʭʰʹʰ
347
ʫʨʹʱʭʴʨ ʨʳʨ ʯʻ ʰʳ ʹʨʪʨʴʮʬ, ʸʨʹʨ˂ ˀʬʳʫʬʪ ʰʹ ʪʨʨ˂ʴʵʩʫʨ ʿʸʰʲʵʩʨʹ,
ʸʵʳʬʲʰ˂ ʨʴ ʹʨʭʹʬʩʰʯ ʨʫʨʹʺʻʸʬʩʫʨ ʳʰʹ ʨʮʸʹʨ ʫʨ ˀʬˆʬʫʻʲʬʩʨʹ
ʨʴ ʸʨʰʳʬ ˂ʭʲʰʲʬʩʨ ˀʬˈʽʵʴʫʨ ʨʴ ʹʸʻʲʰʨʫ ʨʸ ʬʯʨʴˆʳʬʩʵʫʨ ʫʨ
ʨʸʾʭʬʭʫʨ. ʸʵ˂ʨ ʳʱʭʲʬʲʵʩʨ ʳʵˆʫʬʩʵʫʨ ʳʰʹ ʯʬʳˀʰ, ʳʨˆʭˀʰʹ
ʻʳʯʨʭʸʬʹ ʨʳʵ˂ʨʴʨʹ ˀʬʨʫʪʬʴʫʨ ,,ʮʰʹˆʰ ʲʰʪʴʬ³ ± ʹʰʹˆʲʰʹ ʾʭʸʰʹ
ˀʬˁʬʸʬʩʨ ʫʨ ʪʨʫʨʳʺʬʸʬʩʻʲʰ ʳˆʨʸʬʬʩʰʹ ˀʬʸʰʪʬʩʨ ʳʬʫʰʨʺʵʸʻʲʰ
˄ʬʹʰʯ, ʸʵʳʲʰʹ ʫʸʵʹʨ˂ ʫʰʫʰ ʫʰʶʲʵʳʨʺʵʩʨ ʰʿʵ ʳʨˆʭˀʰʹ ʳˆʸʰʯ
ʹʨ˅ʰʸʵ. ʶʰʸʭʬʲ ˆʨʴʬʩˀʰ ʸʵ˂ʨ ,,ʮʰʹˆ ʼʻʭʨ³ ± ʹʰʹˆʲʰ ʹʫʻʾʫʨ,
ʳʵʱʲʻʲʰʹ ˅ʰʸʰʹʻʼʨʲʹ ʭʬʸʨʭʰʴ ʭʬʸ ʪʨʻʩʬʫʨʭʫʨ ʪʨʸʰʪʬʩʨʮʬ
ʸʨʳʬʹ ʯʽʳʨʹ ʫʨ ʳʨˆʭˀʰ ʳʨʯ ʨʳ ʨʫʻʾʬʩʻʲʰ ʹʰʹˆʲʰʹ ʫʨʴʬʲʬʩʨʮʬ
ʮʸʻʴʨʭʫʨ, ʨʯʨʹʴʨʰʸʰ ʳʨʪʨʲʰʯʬʩʰʹ ʳʵʿʵʲʰʯ ʫʨ ˁʨʳʵʯʭʲʰʯ
ʻʴʫʵʫʨ, ʸʵʳ ʰʹʰʴʰ ˀʬʸʰʪʬʩʵʫʬʴ ʨʳ ʻʩʬʫʻʸʬʩʨʹ, ˆʵʲʵ ʸʵ˂ʨ
ˀʬʰʺʿʵʩʫʨ, ʸʵʳ ʳʵʸʰʪʬʩʨʮʬ ʲʨʶʨʸʨʱʰʹ ʫʨ˄ʿʬʩʨ ˀʬʰ˃ʲʬʩʵʫʨ,
ʳʨˀʰʴ ʳʵʻʿʸʰʫʨ ʯʨʭʹ ʯʨʭ-ʯʨʭ ʶʨʺʰʭʹʨʫʬʩ ʶʰʸʬʩʹ ʫʨ ʫʾʬ ʫʨ ʾʨʳʬ
ʰʳʰʹ ʳʬ˂ʨʫʰʴʬʵʩʨˀʰ ʰʿʵ, ʸʵʳ ʸʵʪʵʸʳʬ ʫʨʬʿʨʩʻʲʬʩʰʴʨ
ʳʵʱʲʻʲʰʹ ˅ʰʸʰʹʻʼʨʲʰ ʪʨʸʰʪʬʩʨʮʬ, ˆʵʲʵ ʯʻ ʳʰʹʰ ˀʸʵʳʨ
ʻʴʨʿʵʼʵʯ ˁʨʰʭʲʰʫʨ, ʰʳ ˀʬʳʯˆʭʬʭʨˀʰ ʳʵʰ˄ʭʬʭʫʨ ʯʨʭʰʹʰ
ʹʨʮʵʪʨʫʵʬʩʰʹ ʿʸʰʲʵʩʨʹ, ʸʵʳʲʰʹ ʫʨʫʪʬʴʰʲʬʩʰʹ ʯʨʴʨˆʳʨʫ
ʻʴʫʨ ˀʬʸʰʪʬʩʻʲʰʿʭʴʬʴ ʳˆʨʸʬʬʩʰ. ˄ʰʴʨʨʾʳʫʬʪ ˀʬʳʯˆʭʬʭʨˀʰ
,,ˆʬʭʰʹ³ ʹʻʸʭʰʲʰʹ ʻʸˁʵʩʰʹ ʪʨʳ˄ʬʭʰ ʹʨʹʺʰʱ ʶʨʹʻˆʹ ʨʪʬʩʫʨ ʳʰʹ
˄ʰʴʨˀʬ.
ʺʰʸʰʲʮʬ, ʨʾʨʶʬʩʮʬ, ʹʨʬʱʲʬʹʰʵ ʫʨ ʹˆʭʨ ʹʨʹʵʼʲʵ
ʫʾʬʹʨʹ˄ʨʻʲʬʩʮʬ, ʸʵ˂ʨ ,,ˈʨʸʿʨʲʵʩ³ ± ʨʸʨʿʵʩʨ ʨʴʻ ,,ʳʨˀʫʳʨʸʵʩ³±
ʳʯʭʸʨʲʵʩʨ ʰʿʵ ʳʵʹʨʲʵʫʴʬʲʰ, ʳʨˆʭˀʰ ˇʬʸ ʪʨʳʵʫʪʬʩʵʫʨ ʳʨʾʨʲ
ʨʫʪʰʲʰʫʨʴ ʫʨ ,,ˈʬʸʨʩʹ ʰˆʫʨ³ ʬ.ʰ. ˆʨʲˆʹ ʨʼʸʯˆʰʲʬʩʫʨ, ʸʵʳ
ˁʬˆʭʨ ʫʨ ˁˆʻʩʰ ʨʸ ʳʵʬˆʫʰʴʨ ʭʰʴʳʬʹ ʫʨ ʳˀʭʰʫʵʩʰʨʴʨʫ
ʫʨˀʲʰʲʰʿʭʴʬʴ. ˆˀʰʸʨʫ ʰʪʰ ʨˈʿʸʰʫʨ ˆʵʲʳʬ ˆʨʲˆʹ ʰʨʸʨʾʹ, ʬʸʯ
ʨʫʪʰʲʨʹ ˀʬʰʴʨˆʨʭʫʨ ʫʨ ʳʬʵʸʬ ʫʾʬʹ ʫʨʻʸʰʪʬʩʫʨ ʯʨʭʰʨʴʯ
ʶʨʺʸʵʴʬʩʹ.
ʸʵ˂ʨ ʸʵʳʬʲʰʳʬ ʵˇʨˆˀʰ ʻʱʳʨʿʵʼʰʲʬʩʨ ʳʵˆʫʬʩʵʫʨ ʫʨ ʹˆʭʨ
ʮʵʳʬʩʰʯ ʳʨʯʰ ʳʵʸʰʪʬʩʨ ʨʸ ʳʵˆʫʬʩʵʫʨ, ʳʨˆʭˀʰ ʳʰʫʰʵʫʨ ʰʳ
ʵˇʨˆˀʰ ʫʨ ˂ʫʰʲʵʩʫʨ ,,ʲʰʿʵʲʼʨ ʲʰʹʿʬʴʬʹ³ ± ʵˇʨˆʰʹ
ʳʵ˄ʬʹʸʰʪʬʩʨʹ, ˆʵʲʵ ʸʵ˂ʨ ʳʰʮʨʴʹ ʭʬʸ ʳʰʨʾ˄ʬʭʫʨ, ʨʻʸˁʬʭʫʨ
ʳʬʫʰʨʺʵʸʬʬʩʹ ʫʨ ʳˀʭʰʫʵʩʰʨʴʨʫ ˈʿʵʼʫʨ ʳʨʯ, ʨʳʸʰʪʨʫʭʬ
ʨ˄ʨʸʳʵʬʩʫʨ ʰʹ ˂ʵʲ-ʽʳʸʰʹ ʪʨʿʸʰʹ ʹʨʽʳʬʹ, ʸʵ˂ʨ ʰʹʰʴʰ ʭʬʸ
ˀʬʹ˃ʲʬʩʫʬʴ ʬʸʯʳʨʴʬʯʯʨʴ ˂ˆʵʭʸʬʩʨʹ.
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 ʸʵ˂ʨ ʯʬʳʰʹ ʸʵʳʬʲʰʳʬ ˄ʬʭʸʹ ʹʬʸʰʵʮʻʲʰ ʹʨʽʳʬ ˈʽʵʴʫʨ ʹˆʭʨ
ʯʬʳʰʹ ʱʨ˂ʯʨʴ, ʳʨˆʭˀʰ ˀʬʫʰʵʫʨ ʰʽ ʳʵ˂ʰʽʻʲʨʫ ʫʨ ʨʫʪʰʲʵʩʸʰʭʰ
ʳʨˆʭˀʰʹ ʫʨˆʳʨʸʬʩʰʯ ˂ʫʰʲʵʩʫʨ ʳˆʨʸʬʬʩʰʹ ʳʵʸʰʪʬʩʨʹ.
ʳʨˆʭˀʰʹ ʳʵʾʭʨ˄ʬʵʩʨʹ ˀʬʨʫʪʬʴʫʨ ʨʪʸʬʯʭʬ ʯʨʭʰʹ ˆʨʲˆʰʹ
˄ʰʴʨʳ˃ʵʲʵʩʨ ʨʴʻ ʳʯʨʭʨʸʹʨʸʫʲʵʩʨ, ʸʵ˂ʨ ʹʨʫʳʬ ʹʨʵʳʸʨʯ
˄ʨʭʰʫʵʫʴʬʴ, ʨʴ ʸʵ˂ʨ ʳʨʯ ʹʨ˄ʰʴʨʨʾʳʫʬʪʵʫ ʹʨʵʳʸʨʫ ʳʵʹʻʲʯʨ
ʰʨʸʨʾʰʯ ˆʬʲˀʰ ʫʨˆʭʫʵʳʨ ʫʨ ʶʨʹʻˆʰʹ ʪʨ˂ʬʳʨ ʰʿʵ ʹʨ˅ʰʸʵ.
ʨʳʴʨʰʸʨʫ ʳʨˆʭˀʰʹ ʫʰʫʰ ʹʨʽʳʬ ˈʽʵʴʫʨ ʫʨʱʰʹʸʬʩʻʲʰ ʫʨ ʳʰʹʰ
ʱʬʯʰʲʳʵʾʭʨ˄ʬʵʩʨ ʫʨʻʭʰ˄ʿʨʸʰ ˆʫʬʩʵʫʨ ˆʵʲʳʬ ˆʨʲˆʰʹ
ʳʬˆʹʰʬʸʬʩʨˀʰ. ʸʨʼ. ʬʸʰʹʯʨʭʰ ʨʳʩʵʩʹǰȔȍȕȈȓȦȉȐȔȣȝǴȈȝȊȠȐ³
ȎȐȊțȚȐȗȖȕȣȕȍȊȗȈȔȧȚȐȕȈȘȖȌȕȖȑȒȈȒȐȔȍȕȈșȓȈȊȕȣȝȋȍȘȖȍȊȌȘțȋȐȝ
ȕȈȘȖȌȖȊ³143).
ʳʨˆʭˀʰʬʩʰʹ ʶʵʶʻʲʨʸʵʩʨ ʫʨ ʪʨʭʲʬʴʨ ʯʨʭʰʹ ˆʨʲˆʮʬ ʰʳʫʬʴʨʫ
ʪʨʴʯʽʳʻʲʰ ʰʿʵ, ʸʵʳ ʲʰʺʭʰʴʵʭʰ ʬʸʯ-ʬʸʯ ʯʨʭʰʹ ʳʵˆʹʬʴʬʩʨˀʰ
ʹ˄ʬʸʫʨ ˂ʰ˂ʰʨʴʵʭʹǰȏȊȍșȚȕȣȍȐȌȖȊȖȓȤȕȖȉȖȋȈȚȣȍȘțȌȣȕȈȝȖȌȧȚșȧ
ȊǹȊȈȕȍȚȐȐȕȖȐșȗȖȓȤȏȖȊȈȚȤȐȝȚȘțȌȕȖȚȒȊșȍȎȐȚȍȓȐșȊȈȕȍȚșȒȐȝ
ȋȖȘțȗȘȈȊȓȧȦȚșȧșȚȈȘȠȐȕȈȔȐ³ȒȖȚȖȘȣȔșȖșȍȌșȚȊȖȘțșșȒȐȝȗȘȐȧȚȕȖ
ȉȣȚȤȕȍȔȖȎȍȚ³144).
ʸʵʫʬʹʨ˂ ʸʻʹʬʯʰʹ ʯʭʰʯʳʶʿʸʵʩʬʲʵʩʨ 1830 ˄ʲʬʩˀʰ ˀʬʻʫʪʨ
ʹʭʨʴʬʯʰʹ ʫʨʶʿʸʵʩʰʹ ʳʬ˂ʨʫʰʴʬʵʩʨʹ, ʹˆʭʨ ʮʵʳʬʩʰʯ ʬʹ
ˀʬʻ˃ʲʬʩʲʨʫ ʳʰʨˁʴʫʨ ʫʨ ʰʳʬʸʬʯʰʹ ʳʳʨʸʯʭʬʲʰ ʪʬʹʹʬ ʹ˄ʬʸʫʨ
ʾʸʨʼ ʶʨʹʱʬʭʰˁ ʬʸʰʭʨʴʬʲʹǷȖȒȖȘȐȚȤǪȖȓȤȕȣȝǹȊȈȕȖȊșȐȓȖȦ ȖȘțȎȐȧ
șȖȗȘȧȎȍȕȖ ș ȉȖȓȤȠȐȔȐ ȏȈȚȘțȌȕȍȕȐȧȔȐ ȕȖ ȌȈȚȤ ȐȔ ȗȖȊȖȌ Ȓ
ȗȘȐȊȧȏȈȕȕȖșȚȐ Ȓ ǸȖș ǷȘȈȊȐȚȍȓȤșȚȊț ȍșȚȤ șȘȍȌșȚȊȖ ȟȍȘȍȏ ȉȖȓȤȠȐȍ
ȗȖȌȈȘȒȐȖȚȕȈșȋȓȈȊȕȍȑȠȐȔșȚȈȘȠȐȕȈȔȐ145).
ʾʸʨʼ ʶʨʹʱʬʭʰˁ ʬʸʰʭʨʴʬʲʳʨ˂ ʳʨʹ ʨʹʬ ʻʶʨʹʻˆʨǷȘȍȌȓȈȋȈȦǪȈȔ
ȊȖȑȚȐ Ȋ șȕȖȠȍȕȐȧ ș Ȓȕ ǬȈȌȍȠȒȍȓȐȈȕȐ Ȑ șȖ șȚȈȘȠȐȕȈȔȐ ȖȉȠȍșȚȊ
ǪȖȓȤȕȖȑǹȊȈȕȍȚȐȐșȚȈȘȈȧșȤȐȝȗȘȐȊȓȍȟȤȗȖȌȈȘȒȈȔȐȐȚ. Ȍ. 146).
ʮʬʳʵʨʾ˄ʬʸʰʲʰ ʳʨʸʯʭʨ-ʪʨʳʪʬʵʩʰʹ ʨʶʨʸʨʺʰ ʹʭʨʴʬʯˀʰ ʳʰʹ
ʴʬʩʨʿʵʼʲʵʩʰʯ ʸʻʹʬʯʰʹ ʽʭʬˀʬʭʸʫʵʳʵʩʨˀʰ 1853 ˄. ˀʬʹʭʲʰʹ
ˀʬʳʫʬʪ ʵ˂ʰ ˄ʲʰʹ ʪʨʴʳʨʭʲʵʩʨˀʰ, ʬ. ʰ. 1869 ˄ʲʨʳʫʬ, ʵʫʴʨʭ
ʨʸʨʳ˂ʯʻ ʨʸ ˀʬʼʬʸˆʬʩʻʲʨ, ʨʸʨʳʬʫ ʳʨˆʭˀʰʬʩʰʹ ʹʨˀʻʨʲʬʩʰʯ ʫʨ
ˀʬʳ˄ʬʵʩʰʯ ʰ˄ʿʬʩʨ ʰʽ ʳʯʨʭʸʵʩʰʹ ˄ʨʸʳʵʳʨʫʪʬʴʲʬʩʰʹ ʹʨʳʻˀʨʵʫ
ʼʬˆʰʹ ˀʬʫʪʳʨ, ʸʨʹʨʱʭʰʸʭʬʲʰʨ, ʨʸʹʬʩʻʲʰ ˁʭʬʻʲʬʩʰʯʰ
ʻʼʲʬʩʬʩʰʹ ˆʬʲʳ˃ʾʭʨʴʬʲʵʩʰʯ.

349
 ʱʵʲʻʩʰʨʱʰʴʰ, ʸʵʳʬʲʰ˂ ʶʰʸʭʬʲʨʫ ʬ˄ʭʰʨ ʹʭʨʴʬʯʹ 1874 ˄.,
ʹʭʨʴʬʯˀʰ ˀʬʹʭʲʨʹ ʭʬʸ ʩʬʫʨʭʫʨ, ʹʨʴʨʳ ʹʭʨʴʬʯʰʹ ʳʨˆʭˀʰʬʩʰ ʳʨʹ ʨʸ
ʳʰʬʪʬʩʴʬʴ. ʳʰʹ ʳʰʬʸ ʹʭʨʴʬʯˀʰ ʫʨʴʰˀʴʻʲ ʶʰʸʭʬʲ ʩʵʽʨʻʲ
ʨʲʬʽʹʨʴʫʸʬ ʳʰʽʬʲʨ˃ʰʹ ʨʳʨʲʨʹ ʹʭʨʴʬʯʰʹ ʳʨˆʭˀʰʬʩʰ ˀʬʨʫʪʬʴʫʴʬʴ,
ʳʨʪʸʨʳ ʸʵʫʬʹʨ˂ ʳʨʴ ʹ˂ʨʫʨ ʨˆʨʲʰ ʱʨʴʵʴʬʩʰʹ ˄ʨʸʳʵʬʩʨ, ʰʹʰʴʰ ʳʨʹ
ˁʨʳʵʹ˂ʰʲʫʬʴ ʫʨ ʨʳʰʹ ˀʬʳʫʬʪ ʰ˃ʻʲʬʩʻʲʰ ˀʬʰʽʴʨ 1849 ˄. ˆʨʲˆʰʹ
ʳʰʬʸ ˄ʰʴʨʨʾʳʫʬʪʵʩʰʹ ʪʨ˄ʬʭʰʹ ʪʨʳʵ, ʪʨʽ˂ʬʻʲʰʿʵ ʹʭʨʴʬʯʰʫʨʴ. ʫʨ
ʹʭʨʴʬʯʰ˂ ʵʯˆʰ ˄ʲʰʯ, ʬ. ʰ. 1853 ˄-ʳʫʬ, ʫʨʸˁʨ ˃ʭʬʲʬʩʻʸʰ
ˁʭʬʻʲʬʩʸʰʭʰ ˄ʬʹʬʩʰʯʨ ʫʨ ʨʫʨʯʬʩʰʯ. 1853 ˄ʬʲʹ ʪʨʪʨʸʰʴʳʨ
ʹˆʭʨʯˀʵʸʰʹ ʳʵʨˆʹʬʴʨ ʭʵʸʵʴ˂ʵʭʹ ǻȟȘȍȎȌȍȕȐȍ Ȋ ǪȖȓȤȕȖȑ
ǹȊȈȕȍȚȐȐ ȜȖȘȔȈȓȤȕȖȋȖ țȗȘȈȊȓȍȕȐȧ ȕȈȝȖȎț ȗȘȍȎȌȍȊȘȍȔȍȕȕȣȔ
ȗȖȚȖȔț ȟȚȖ șȊȈȕȣ ȗȖ ȉțȑȕȖșȚȐ șȊȖȍȋȖ ȝȈȘȈȒȚȍȘȈ ȕȍ țȔȍȦȚ ȍȡȍ
ȗȖȌȟȐȕȧȚȤșȧ ȕȐ ȒȈȒȖȔț țȗȘȈȊȓȍȕȐȦ Ȑ șȊȖȐȔ șȈȔȖȊȖȓȐȍȔ ȔȖȋțȚ
ȗȖșȚȈȊȐȚȤ ȕȈȟȈȓȤșȚȊȖ ȖȗȧȚȤ Ȋ ȚȈȒȖȍ ȕȍȗȘȐȈȚȕȖȍ ȗȖȓȖȎȍȕȐȍ ȒȈȒ ȍȚȖ
ȉȣȓȖ Ȋ  ȋ³ ʳʨʸʯʨʲʰʨ, ʪʨʴʨʪʸ˃ʵʩʹ ʰʹ, 1849 ˄. ʹʭʨʴʬʩʳʨ
˄ʰʴʨʨʾʳʫʬʪʵʩʨ ʪʨʻ˄ʰʬʹ ʩʵʽ. ʳʰʽʬʲʨ˃ʬʹ, ʳʨʪʸʨʳ ˆʬʲʰʹ ʨʾʬʩʨ ʨʳ
ˆʨʲˆʮʬ ˀʬʻ˃ʲʬʩʬʲʰʨ, ʸʨʫʪʨʴʨ˂ ʹʭʨʴʬʩʹ ˀʬʻ˃ʲʰʨʯ ˁʭʬʴ ʳʺʸʬʩʹ
ʳʰʬʳˆʸʵʴ ʫʨ ʳʰʯ ʹʨʽʳʬ ˃ʨʲʰʨʴ ʪʨʸʯʻʲʫʬʹ ˁʭʬʴʯʭʰʹ ʫʨ ʨʳʰʺʵʳ
ʹʨ˅ʰʸʵʨ ʫʨʰʴʰˀʴʵʹ ʹʭʨʴʬʯʰʹ ʳʳʨʸʯʭʬʲʨʫ ʰʹʬʭ ʳʰʽʬʲʨ˃ʬ ʫʨ
ʫʨʬʱʰʹʸʵʹ ʳʨʹ ʹʨʽʳʰʹ ˄ʨʸʳʵʬʩʨ ʹˆʭʨʯʨ ˀʵʸʰʹ ȔȍșȚȕȣȔȐ
ȖȉȣȟȕȣȔȐȗȘȈȊȈȔȐ´- ʨʫʪʰʲʵʩʸʰʭʰ ˁʭʬʻʲʬʩʰʯʰ ʻʼʲʬʩʬʩʰʯ ʫʨ
ʹˆʭʨ 147).
ʭʵʸʵʴ˂ʵʭʳʨ˂ ʨʳ ʳʵˆʹʬʴʬʩʨʹ ʫʨʹʺʻʸʰ ʳʰʹ˂ʨ ʫʨ ʴʬʩʨ ʫʨʸʯʵ
ʹʭʨʴʬʯˀʰ ˁʭʬʻʲʬʩʰʯʰ ʻʼʲʬʩʬʩʰʯ ʹʨʽʳʰʹ ˄ʨʸʳʵʬʩʰʹ ˀʬʹʨˆʬʩ 148)
ʫʨ ʸʵʫʬʹʨ˂ 1853 ˄ʬʲʹ ʹʭʨʴʬʯˀʰ ˀʬʭʰʫʨ ʩʨʸʯʵʲʵʳʬʰ, ʫʨ
ʸʻʹʬʯʰʹ ʽʭʬˀʬʭʸʫʵʳʵʩʨˀʰ ˀʬʹʭʲʰʹ ˀʬʹʨˆʬʩ ʼʰ˂ʰ ʳʰʨʾʬʩʰʴʨ
ʲʨʺʨʲʰʹʨ ʫʨ ʲʬʴˇʬʸʰʹ ʹʨʮʵʪʨʫʵʬʩʬʩʹ, ʨʳ ʹʨʽʳʬˀʰ ʳʨʹ ʬˆʳʨʸʬʩʨ
ʲʨʺʨʲʰʹ ʯʬʳʰʹ ʳʨˆʭˀʰ ʨʩʰ ʼʨʸˇʰʨʴʰ, ˆʵʲʵ ʼʰ˂ʰʹ ʼʻʸ˂ʬʲʮʬ
ʳʨʴ ˆʬʲʰ ʳʵʨ˄ʬʸʰʴʨ ʲʨʺʨʲʰʹ ʯʬʳʰʹ 13 ʹʵʼʲʰʹ 13 ʳʨˆʭˀʰʹ 149).
ʨʲʬʽʹʨʴʫʸʬ ʳʰʽʬʲʨ˃ʰʹ ˀʬʳʫʬʪ ʹʭʨʴʬʯʰʹ ʩʵʽʨʻʲʨʫ
ʫʨʴʰˀʴʻʲ ʹʰʳʵʴ ʨʳʰʸʨˇʰʩʰʹ ʫʸʵʹ ʹʭʨʴʬʯʰʹ ʳʨˆʭˀʰʬʩʹ ʫʨʬʸʽʭʨʯ
ʳʫʰʭʨʴʩʬʪʬʩʰ ʫʨ ʫʨʬʴʰˀʴʨʯ ʯʭʰʯʵʹ 300 ʳʨʴ. ˇʨʳʨʪʰʸʰ.
ʨʳʰʸʨˇʰʩʰʹ ˀʬʳʫʬʪ ʹʭʨʴʬʯʰʹ ʩʵʽʨʻʲʨʫ ʫʨʴʰˀʴʻʲ
ʳʨʳʨ˂ʵʭʰʹʨ ʫʨ ʯ. ˇʵʸˇʨ˃ʰʹ ʫʸʵʹ ʳʫʰʭʨʴʩʬʪʬʩʰʹ ʹʨˆʬʲʰʯ
ʳʵʴʨʯʲʻʲʰ ʹʭʨʴʬʯʰʹ ʳʨˆʭˀʰʬʩʰ ʯʨʴʫʨʯʨʴʵʩʰʯ ʱʨʸʪʨʭʬʴ ʯʨʭʰʹ
ʳʴʰˀʭʴʬʲʵʩʨʹ ʫʨ 1869 ˄. ʳʨʯʰ ˃ʨʲʨ-ʻʼʲʬʩʨ ʪʨʫʨʫʰʹ ʻʱʭʬ
350
ʳʯʨʭʸʵʩʰʹ ʳʰʬʸ ʫʨʴʰˀʴʻʲ ʳʨʳʨʹʨˆʲʰʹʬʩʰʹ ˆʬʲˀʰ 150). ʳʨʪʸʨʳ
ˆʨʲˆʰʹ ʪʻʲʹ ʨʸ˂ ʨˆʲʨ ʬʱʨʸʬʩʨ ʨˆʲʵʹ ʨˆʨʲʰ ʱʨʴʵʴʬʩʰ, ʹʭʨʴʬʩʰ
ʸʨʳʵʫʬʴʰʳʬ ʹʨʻʱʻʴʬʯʨ ʪʨʴʳʨʭʲʵʩʨˀʰ ˀʬʳʻˀʨʭʬʩʻʲ ʮʴʬ-
ˁʭʬʻʲʬʩʨʹʨ ʫʨ ˁʭʬʻʲʬʩʰʯ ˄ʬʹʬʩʹ ʰʳʫʬʴʨʫ ʰʿʭʴʬʴ ˀʬˁʭʬʻʲʰ, ʸʵʳ
ʨʫʭʰʲʨʫ ʭʬʸ ʯʳʵʩʫʬʴ ʫʨ ʭʬʸ ʻʸʰʪʫʬʩʵʫʬʴ ʳʨʯ ʪʨʻʽʳʬʩʨʹ,
ʯʭʰʯ ʳʨˆʭˀʰʬʩʹʨ˂ ʨʸʨʼʸʨʫ ʳʵ˄ʵʴʫʨʯ ˆʨʲˆʰʹ ʳʰʬʸ ʳʨʯʫʨʳʰ
ʳʰʴʰ˅ʬʩʻʲʰ ʻʼʲʬʩʬʩʰʹ ʫʨʯʳʵʩʨ. ʨʳʰʺʵʳ ˆʫʬʩʨ ʨʳ ʵʸ ˃ʭʬʲ ʫʨ
ʨˆʨʲ ʳʰʳʨʸʯʻʲʬʩʨʯʨ ˀʵʸʰʹ ʹʨˀʰʴʬʲʰ ʩʸ˃ʵʲʨ ʫʨ ˀʬˇʨˆʬʩʨ,
ʸʨʹʨ˂ ˀʬʫʬʪʨʫ ʳʵˈʿʭʨ ʩʸ˃ʵʲʰʹ ʭʬʲʮʬ ʼʵʸʳʨʲʻʸʨʫ ʨʴʻ
ʪʨʸʬʪʴʻʲʨʫ ʶʰʸʭʬʲʰʹ ʪʨʳʨʸˇʭʬʩʨ, ˆʵʲʵ ʨʸʹʬʩʰʯʨʫ ʨʴʻ
ʹʰʴʨʳʫʭʰʲʬˀʰ ʳʬʵʸʰʹ ʪʨʳʨʸˇʭʬʩʨ ʫʨ ʨˆʲʨʯ ˀʬʳʵʾʬʩʻʲ
ʱʨʴʵʴʬʩʰʹ ʹʭʨʴʻʸ ˁʭʬʻʲʬʩʰʯʰ ʻʼʲʬʩʬʩʰʹ ˄ʰʴʨˀʬ ʳʻˆʲʰʹ
ʳʵʫʸʬʱʨ. ʨʳʴʨʰʸʨʫ ʹʭʨʴʬʯʰʹ ʳʨˆʭˀʰʹ ʨʫʪʰʲʰʹ ʸʵʲˀʰ ˂ˆʵʭʸʬʩʨʳ
ˁʨʨʿʬʴʨ ʹʭʨʴʬʯʰʹ ʩʵʽʨʻʲʰ, ʸʵʳʬʲʹʨ˂ ʹʭʨʴʬʩʰ ,,ʳʨˆʭˀʰʹ³ʬ˃ʨˆʫʬʴ;
ʯʬʳʰʹ ʳʨˆʭˀʰʬʩʰʹ ʳʵʭʨʲʬʵʩʰʹ ʨʹʸʻʲʬʩʨ ʹʸʻʲʰʨʫ ʩʻʴʬʩʸʰʭʨʫ
ʫʨʬʱʰʹʸʨʯ ʳʨʳʨʹʨˆʲʰʹʬʩʹ, ˆʵʲʵ ʹʵʼʲʰʹ ʳʨˆʭˀʰʬʩʰʹ ʨʫʪʰʲʰ
ʫʨʰʱʨʭʬʹ ˆʬʭʰʹ ʯʨʭʬʩʳʨ, ʸʵʳʲʬʩʰ˂ ʳʻʫʨʳ ʱʵʳʰʱʻʸ
ʳʫʪʵʳʨʸʬʵʩʨˀʰ ʰʿʭʴʬʴ ʹʭʨʴʻʸʰ ʺʸʨʫʰ˂ʰʬʩʰʹ ʳʰʬʸ ˁʨʿʬʴʬʩʻʲʰ
ʫʨ ˁʭʬʴ ʫʸʵʳʫʬ ʪʨʴʨʪʸ˃ʵʩʫʬʴ ʨʸʹʬʩʵʩʨ-ʳʵʽʳʬʫʬʩʨʹ ʯʭʰʯ
˂ˆʵʭʸʬʩʰʹ ʳʰʬʸ ʴʨʱʨʸʴʨˆʬʭ ˁʭʬʻʲʬʩʰʯʰ ʻʼʲʬʩʬʩʰʹʨ ʫʨ
ʨʫʯʬʩʰʹ ˆʬʲʳ˃ʾʭʨʴʬʲʵʩʰʯ. ʮʬʫʳʬʺʰ ʨʸ ʰʽʴʬʩʨ ʨʳʰʹ
ʫʨʹʨˆʨʹʰʨʯʬʩʲʨʯ ʵʸʰʵʫʬ ʹʰʺʿʭʨ ʰʯʽʭʨʹ ʨʽ.
ʹʭʨʴʬʯʰʹ ʳʳʨʸʯʭʬʲʰʹ ʳʵʭʨʲʬʵʩʨ, ʸʨ ʯʽʳʨ ʻʴʫʨ,
ʻʳʯʨʭʸʬʹʨʫ ʰʳʰʯ ʪʨʴʹˆʭʨʭʫʬʩʵʫʨ ʹʭʨʴʬʯʰʹ ʻ˄ʰʴʫʬʲʰ ʳʨˆʭˀʰʹ
ʳʵʾʭʨ˄ʬʵʩʰʫʪʨʴ, ʸʵʳ ʳʨʹ ʨʸ ˈʽʵʴʫʨ ʫʨʱʰʹʸʬʩʻʲʰ ʹʭʨʴʬʯʰʹ
ʲʨˀʽʸʰʹ ʳʯʨʭʨʸʹʨʸʫʲʵʩʨ ʹʨ˅ʰʸʵʬʩʰʹ ʫʸʵʹ, ʫʨ ʪʨʸʫʨ ʨʳʰʹʨ ʰʹ
ʨʫʪʬʴʫʨ ʵʽʳʬʩʹ ʹʰʹˆʲʰʹ ʹʨʳʨʸʯʲʰʹ ˆʨʹʰʨʯʰʹ ʫʨʴʨˀʨʻʲʰʹ
ʹʨʽʳʬʬʩʮʬ, ʨ˃ʲʬʭʫʨ ʫʨʳʴʨˀʨʭʬʯ ʹʨʹʨʳʨʸʯʲʵˀʰ ʫʨ ʳʰʯ
ʨʹʸʻʲʬʩʫʨ ʯʨʭʰʹʰ ʳʵʭʨʲʬʵʩʰʹ ʼʵʸʳʨʲʻʸ ʳˆʨʸʬʹ, ˆʵʲʵ
ʫʨʴʨʸˁʬʴʰ ʳʰʹʰ ʳʵʽʳʬʫʬʩʨ, ʸʵʪʵʸ˂ ˆʨʴʪʸ˃ʲʰʭʳʨ ʫʨʱʭʰʸʭʬʩʨʳ
ʫʨʪʭʨʴʨˆʨ, ʨʹʬʯ ˀʬʳʯˆʭʬʭʬʩˀʰʨ˂ ʱʰ ʹʭʨʴʻʸ ˁʭʬʻʲʬʩʰʯʰ
ʻʼʲʬʩʬʩʮʬ ʫʨ ʨʫʨʯʬʩʮʬ ʰʿʵ ʹʨʭʹʬʩʰʯ ʫʨʳʿʨʸʬʩʻʲʰ. ʨʳʰʺʵʳʨ˂
ʹʰʴʨʳʫʭʰʲʬˀʰ ʰʹ ʨʸ ˄ʨʸʳʵʨʫʪʬʴʫʨ ʰʹʬʯ ˁʰʴʵʭʴʰʱʻʸ ʶʰʸʵʭʴʬʩʨʹ
ʨʴʻ ʨʫʳʰʴʰʹʺʸʨ˂ʰʰʹ ˄ʨʸʳʵʳʨʫʪʬʴʬʲʹ, ʸʵʪʵʸ˂ ʹˆʭʨ ʽʭʬʿʴʬʩˀʰ,
ʨʸʨʳʬʫ ʪʨʴʹʨʱʻʯʸʬʩʻʲ ʶʰʸʵʩʬʩˀʰ ʳʿʵʼ ʰʹʬʯ ʫʨʳʵʱʰʫʬʩʻʲ

351
ʳʨʸʯʭʨ-ʪʨʳʪʬʵʩʰʹ ʳʻˀʨʱʹ, ʸʵʳʬʲʹʨ˂ ˈʽʵʴʫʨ ʫʨʱʰʹʸʬʩʻʲʰ
ʿʵʭʬʲʳˆʸʰʭʨʯ ˆʨʲˆʰʹ ˂ˆʵʭʸʬʩʰʹ ˄ʰʴʨʳ˃ʾʵʲʵʩʨ ʫʨ ʹʭʬ-ʩʬʫʰ.
ʳʨʸʯʨʲʰʨ, ʹʭʨʴʬʯˀʰ ʸʵʳ ʳʱʭʲʬʲʵʩʨ ʳʵˆʫʬʩʵʫʨ, ʩʵʽʨʻʲʰ
ʨˆʫʬʴʫʨ ʱʭʲʬʭʨ-˃ʰʬʩʨʹ ʫʨ ʫʨʳʴʨˀʨʭʬʹ ʹʰʹˆʲʰʹ ʹʨʳʨʸʯʨʲˀʰ
ʨ˃ʲʬʭʫʨ, ʳʨʪʸʨʳ ʨʳʰʯʰ ʸʵʫʰ ʯʨʭʫʬʩʵʫʨ ʹʨʽʳʬ. ʹʨ˅ʰʸʵ ʰʿʵ
ʫʨʳʴʨˀʨʭʰʹ ˆʬʲˀʰ ˁʨʪʫʬʩʨ˂, ʸʨ˂ ˃ʨʲʰʨʴ ʰˀʭʰʨʯʨʫ ˆʫʬʩʵʫʨ, ʯʻ
ʩʵʽʨʻʲʰ ʨʸ ʰˀʵʭʴʰʫʨ ʳʨʹʯʨʴ ʫʨʨˆʲʵʭʬʩʻʲ ʶʰʸʬʩʹ
ʳʵ˂ʰʽʻʲʬʩʨʫ, ˀʵʸʰʫʪʨʴ ʳʨʹʯʨʴ ʳʵʲʨʶʨʸʨʱʬʩʨʹ ʨʸ ʨ˄ʨʸʳʵʬʩʫʨ,
ʫʰʫ ʱʵʳʶʸʵʳʰʹʬʩʮʬ ʨʸ ˄ʨʭʰʫʵʫʨ ʫʨ ʫʨʳʴʨˀʨʭʰʹ ʪʬʳʵʮʬ ʨʸ
ʪʨʫʨ˄ʿʫʬʩʵʫʨ ʹʨʽʳʬ.
ʯʻ ʨʳ ʪʮʰʯ ʰʹ ʳʰʮʨʴʹ ʳʰʨʾ˄ʬʭʫʨ, ʫʨʳʴʨˀʨʭʬ ʳʨʹʯʨʴ ʳʨʴʨʳʫʬ
ʳʨʰʴ˂ ʨʸ ʳʰʭʰʫʵʫʨ, ʹʨʴʨʳ ʨʳ ʳʵʲʨʶʨʸʨʱʬʩʰʹ ʫʸʵʹ ʨʸ
ˀʬˈʶʰʸʫʬʩʵʫʨ ˀʭʰʲʵʩʰʲʨʫ ʫʨʿʬʴʬʩʨʹ, ʫʨ ʨʳʰʺʵʳ ʩʵʽʨʻʲʰʹ
ʶʬʸʨʴʪʰʹ ʹʨʿʬʲʵ ʳʻʫʨʳ ˀʬˆʹʴʰʲʰ ʰʿʵ ʫʨ ʳʰʹʰ ʪʻʲʳʱʬʸʫʰ ʾʰʨ,
ʳʰˀʭʬʸʰʲʰ ʫʨʳʴʨˀʨʭʰʹ ʹʻʸʭʰʲʰʹ ˀʬʹʨʹʸʻʲʬʩʲʨʫ.
ʸʨˀʰ ʪʨʳʵʰˆʨʺʬʩʵʫʨ ʬʹ ,,ˀʭʰʲʵʩʰʲʵʩʨ³" ʬʹ ʰʳʨˀʰ
ʪʨʳʵʰˆʨʺʬʩʵʫʨ, ʸʵʳ ʸʵ˂ʨ ʹʭʨʴʬʯˀʰ ʻʴʨʯʬʹʨʵ ʬʲʬʳʬʴʺʬʩʹ
ʻʴʫʨʯ ʬʸʯʳʨʴʬʯʯʨʴ ʴʨʯʬʹʨʻʸʰ ʱʨʭˀʰʸʰʹ ʫʨʳʿʨʸʬʩʨ, ʨʳʰʹ
ʳʹʻʸʭʬʲʰ, ʹʻʲ ʬʸʯʰʨ ʱʨ˂ʰ ʰʽʴʬʩʨ ʯʻ ʽʨʲʰ, ʹʯˆʵʭʹ ʭʰʹʯʨʴʨ˂
ʫʨʳʬʪʵʩʸʬʩʨ ʻʴʫʨʯ, ʳʰʰʾʵʹ ʰʹ ʯʨʭʰʹ ʹʨˆʲˀʰ ʨʴ ʯʭʰʯʵʴ ʳʨʹ
ʬ˄ʭʰʵʹ.
ʶʰʸʭʬʲ ˀʬʳʯˆʭʬʭʨˀʰ ʫʨʰʱʨʭʬʩʹ ʬʸʯ ,,ʲʬʸʽʭʨˀ³ ʨʴʻ ,,ʮʬʽʨ³
ʨʸʨʿʹ.151) ʯʨʴ ʪʨʰʿʵʲʬʩʹ ʭʰʴʳʬ ʴʨʯʬʹʨʭʹ, ʳʰʭʨ ʾʨʳʬ ʰʳʰʹ ʵˇʨˆˀʰ,
ʸʵʳʬʲʯʨʴʨ˂ ʻʴʫʨ ,,ʫʨʴʨʯʬʹʨʭʬʩʨ³ ʰʹʰ˂ ʹʺʻʳʨʸʹ ˀʬʹʨʼʬʸʰʹʨʫ
ʻˆʭʫʬʩʨ, ʱʨʸʪʹ ʳʨʹʶʰʴ˃ʲʵʩʨʹ ʻ˄ʬʭʹ ʫʨ ʸʵ˂ʨ ʭʨˆˀʳʨʫ ʹˆʬʫʨʴ,
ʹʺʻʳʨʸʰ ʨʫʪʬʩʨ, ʬʸʯ ʱʨʯˆʨ ʨʸʨʿʹ ʫʨʰʱʨʭʬʩʹ ˆʬʲˀʰ, ʳʰʭʨ ʯʨʭʰʹ
ʹʨʳʨʳʵʩʰʲʬʹʯʨʴ, ʫʨʰˁʵʽʬʩʹ ʳʰʹ ˄ʰʴ. ʨʳʨʹʵʩʨˀʰ ʬʹʬ˂ ʰˆʹʴʰʹ ˁʵˆʨ-
ʨˆʨʲʻˆʹ, ˀʬʳʫʬʪ ʶʬʸʨʴʪʹ, ʨʳʵʰʾʬʩʹ ʳʨʸˇʭʬʴʨ ˃ʻ˃ʻʹ, ʻʫʬʩʹ ʳʨʹ
ʶʰʸˀʰ ʯʨʭʰʹ ˀʭʰʲʵʩʰʲʹ, ʸʵʳʬʲʰ˂ ˃ʻ˃ʻʮʬ ʹʨʳˇʬʸ ʱʩʰʲʹ
ʫʨʨʫʪʨʳʹ ʫʨ ʹʨʳˇʬʸʭʬ ʰʺʿʭʰʹ: ,,ʹʰ ʳʻ ʳʰ ʪʬʮʨʲ³± ˀʬʴ ʳʨʳʨ ˆʨʸ, ʳʬ
ˀʭʰʲʰʵ. ˀʬʳʫʬʪ ʬʸʯʳʨʴʬʯʹ ʫʨʱʵ˂ʴʰʨʴ, ʱʨʯˆʬʩʹ ʪʨ˂ʭʲʰʨʴ,
ʬʸʯʳʨʴʬʯʹ ʫʨʲʵ˂ʨʭʬʴ ʫʨ ʻʹʻʸʭʬʩʬʴ ʳʨʯ ˀʵʸʰʹ ʫʨʨʸʹʬʩʻʲ
ʴʨʯʬʹʨʵʩʰʹ ʳʺʱʰ˂ʬʯ ʪʨʺʨʸʬʩʨʹ ˂ˆʵʭʸʬʩʨˀʰ. ʨʳʰʬʸʰʫʨʴ ʰʹʰʴʰ
ʬʸʯʳʨʴʬʯʰʹ ʴʨʯʬʹʨʭʬʩʨʫ ʰʯʭʲʬʩʰʨʴ, ʬʸʯʳʨʴʬʯʰʹ ʾʨʲʨʺʰ ʨʸ
ˀʬʻ˃ʲʰʨʯ ʫʨ ʭʨʲʫʬʩʻʲʰ ʨʸʰʨʴ ˅ʰʸˀʰ ʫʨ ʲˆʰʴˀʰ ʪʨʴʻʿʸʬʲʰ
ʰʿʵʴ.
352
 ʹʭʨʴʰ, ʫʨʸ˄ʳʻʴʬʩʻʲʰ ʰʳʨˀʰ, ʸʵʳ ʨʳ ˄ʬʹʰʯ ʯʻ ʳʨʹ ʩʵʽʨʻʲʰ
ʰˀʭʰʲʬʩʫʨ, ʨʸʨʳ˂ʯʻ ʨʸ ʻʾʨʲʨʺʬʩʫʨ, ʨʸʨʳʬʫ ʱʰʫʬ˂
ʫʨʬˆʳʨʸʬʩʵʫʨ, ʫʨʳˀʭʰʫʬʩʻʲʨʫ ʳʰʫʰʵʫʨ ʳʨʹʯʨʴ ʫʨ
ʿʭʬʲʨʼʬʸˀʰ ʬʳʵʸˁʰʲʬʩʵʫʨ. ʳʨʪʸʨʳ ʳʵˆʫʬʩʵʫʨ ʫʨʳʴʨˀʨʭʰʹ
ˆʬʲˀʰ ˁʨʪʫʬʩʨ ʨʾ˄ʬʸʰʲʰ ˂ʬʸʬʳʵʴʰʨʲʰʯ ʯʻ ˀʬʶʿʸʵʩʰʯ, ʬʪ
ʹʻʲʬʸʯʰ ʰʿʵ, ʨʳʰʯʰ ʹʨʽʳʬ ʨʸ ʯʨʭʫʬʩʵʫʨ, ʫʨ ʸʵʳ ˀʻʸʰʹ ˃ʰʬʩʰʹ
ʴʰʨʫʨʪʮʬ ʹʰʹˆʲʰʹ ʾʭʸʨ ʨʸ ʪʨʴʳʬʵʸʬʩʻʲʰʿʵ, ʩʵʽʨʻʲʰʹ,
ʳʨʳʨʹʨˆʲʰʹʬʩʰʹ ʫʨ ˆʬʭʰʹ ʯʨʭʬʩʰʹ ʳʵʭʨʲʬʵʩʨʹ ʳʬʫʰʨʺʵʸʻʲʰ
˄ʬʹʰʯ ʳˆʨʸʬʬʩʰʹ ˀʬʸʰʪʬʩʨ, ʰʹʬ ʸʵʪʵʸ˂ ʨʳʨʹ ʨ˄ʨʸʳʵʬʩʫʬʴ
ʮʬʳʵˆʹʬʴʬʩʻʲʰ ˃ʭʬʲʰ ʳʨˆʭˀʰʬʩʰ ʫʨ ʹʵʼʲʰʹ ˁʬʴʰʲʬʩʰ, ʸʵʳʲʰʹ
ʫʸʵʹʨ˂ ʳʬʫʰʨʺʵʸʬʬʩʰʹ ʸʰ˂ˆʭˀʰ ʯʨʭʳˇʫʵʳʨʸʬʯ ˆˀʰʸʨʯ
ʫʨʰʴʨˆʨʭʫʰʯ ʩʵʽʨʻʲʹ, ˆʵʲʵ ʳʨʳʨʹʨˆʲʰʹʹ ʫʨ ˆʬʭʰʹ ʯʨʭʬʩʹ
ʳʬʫʰʨʺʵʸʬʬʩʨʯ. ʹʭʨʴʬʯʰʹ ˆʨʲˆʰʹ ʹʰʿʭʨʸʻʲʹ ʫʨ ʫʰʫ
ʶʨʺʰʭʰʹ˂ʬʳʨʹ ʫʨʰʳʹʨˆʻʸʬʩʫʨ ˆʵʲʳʬ ʰʹʬʯʰ ʨˆʨʲʰ ,,ʳʨˆʭˀʰ³
(ʩʵʽʨʻʲʰ), ʸʵʳʬʲʰ˂ ,,ʲʻʼʰʴʨ ʮʰʹˆʹ ʨʪʴʨ³ ʨʫʻʾʬʩʻʲ ʹʰʹˆʲʹ
ʨʴʬʲʬʩʫʨ ʫʨ ʭʰʴ˂ ʳʬʺ ʳˀʭʰʫʵʩʰʨʴʵʩʨʹ ˁʨʳʵʨʪʫʬʩʫʨ
ʪʨʫʨʳʺʬʸʬʩʻʲ ʳʵʹʰʹˆʲʬ ʳʺʸʬʩʹ ˀʵʸʰʹ ʮʨʭʰʹʨ ʫʨ ʳʵʸʰʪʬʩʰʹ
ʹʨˀʻʨʲʬʩʰʯ.
ʰʹʬʯʰ ʩʵʽʨʻʲʬʩʰʹ ʫʸʵʹ, ʸʵʳʲʬʩʰ˂ ʩʬʭʸʨʯ ʨʸ ʰ˄ʻˆʬʩʫʬʴ
ʯʨʭʹ ʹʭʨʴʬʯˀʰ ʳˀʭʰʫʵʩʰʨʴʰ ʳʫʪʵʳʨʸʬʵʩʰʹ ʫʨʳʿʨʸʬʩʰʯʨ ʫʨ
ˆʨʲˆʰʹ ʱʬʯʰʲʫʾʬʵʩʨʮʬ ʳʮʸʻʴʭʬʲʵʩʰʯ, ʫʸʵʹ ʲʵʯʵʩʨˀʰ ʫʨ
ʻʳʵʽʳʬʫʵʩʨˀʰ ʨʺʨʸʬʩʫʬʴ, ʹʨˀʰʴʲʨʯ ʰʿʵ ˆʵʲʳʬ ʪʨʭʸ˂ʬʲʬʩʻʲʰ
ʽʻʸʫʵʩʨ ʫʨ ʩʬʭʸ ʳʵʹʨˆʲʬʹ ʬ˂ʲʬʩʵʫʨ ˆʬʲʰʫʨʴ ʵˇʨˆʰʹ
ʳʨʸˁʬʴʨʲʰ ˆʨʸʰ, ˃ʸʵˆʨ, ˂ˆʬʴʰ ʫʨ ʹˆʭʨ. ʨʳ ˀʬʳʯˆʭʬʭʨˀʰ˂ ʨʸʹʬʩʻʲʰ
ʱʨʴʵʴʬʩʰʹ ʼʨʸʪʲʬʩˀʰ ʩʵʽʨʻʲʰʹ ʳʵʽʳʬʫʬʩʨ ʨʸʨʸʨʹ
˄ʨʸʳʵʨʫʪʬʴʫʨ. ʨʳʰʺʵʳ ʰʹ ʰ˃ʻʲʬʩʻʲʰ ˆʫʬʩʵʫʨ ʰʹʬʭ ʹʭʨʴʻʸ
ˁʭʬʻʲʬʩʰʯʰ ʻʼʲʬʩʬʩʰʯ ʫʨ ʨʫʨʯʬʩʰʯ ʪʨʬʱʬʯʬʩʰʴʨ ʹʨʽʳʬ. ʨʳ
ʳʰʮʴʰʹ ʳʰʹʨʾ˄ʬʭʨʯ ʰʹ ʨˆʫʬʴʫʨ ʱʸʬʩʬʩʹ, ˆʨʲˆʹ ʳʵʻ˄ʵʫʬʩʫʨ ʨʳ
ʩʵʸʵʺʬʩʰʹ ʨʾʳʵʹʨʼˆʭʸʬʲʨʫ ʼʰ˂ʰʹ ʹʨˀʻʨʲʬʩʰʯ. ʳʨʪ., 1912 ˄.,
ʸʵ˂ʨ ʹʭʨʴʬʯʰ ʻʭʰ˂ ʩʵʽʨʻʲʬʩʰʹ ʳʵʽʳʬʫʬʩʨʳ ʹʨˀʰʴʬʲ
ʳʫʪʵʳʨʸʬʵʩʨʳʫʬ ʳʰʰʿʭʨʴʨ, ʫʨ ʽʻʸʫʩʨ˂ʨ˂ʬʩʰʹʨʪʨʴ ˆʨʲˆʰ
ʴʨʫʪʻʸʫʬʩʵʫʨ, ʳʬ ʯʭʰʯʵʴ ˁʨʳʵʭʰʨʸʬ ʳʯʬʲʰ ʹʭʨʴʬʯʰ, ʳʵʭʰ˄ʭʰʬ
ʱʸʬʩʬʩʰ ʫʨ ʪʨʳʵʭʨʺʨʴʰʴʬ ˆʨʲˆʹ ʫʨʫʪʬʴʰʲʬʩʬʩʰ, ʸʨʯʨ 15-50 ˄-
ʳʫʬ ʳʨʳʨʱʨ˂ʰ ʿʭʬʲʨ ˄ʨʹʻʲʰʿʵ ʱʨʲʰʹ ˄ʳ. ʱʭʰʸʰʱʬʹʨ ʫʨ ʰʻʲʰʺʬʹ
ʳʵʴʨʹʺʬʸˀʰ ʫʨʹʨʼʰ˂ʬʩʲʨʯ. ʫʨʴʰˀʴʻʲ ʫʾʬʹ ʱʨʲʨˀʰ ʹʭʨʴʬʯʰʹ
ʿʭʬʲʨ ʯʬʳʬʩʰʫʨʴ ʯʨʭʰ ʳʵʰʿʨʸʨ 3000 ʱʨ˂ʳʨ 152). ʹʰʱʭʫʰʲʨʳʫʬ
353
ʫʨʻʭʰ˄ʿʨʸʰ ʰʽʴʬʩʨ ˁʬʳʯʭʰʹ ʰʹ ˀʯʨʩʬ˅ʫʰʲʬʩʨ ʫʨ ˀʬʫʬʪʬʩʰ,
ʸʵʳʬʲʰ˂ ʳʵʿʭʨ ʹʭʨʴʬʯʰʹ ˆʨʲˆʰʹ ʯʨʭʰʹ ʳʵʿʸʨʹ ʨʳ ʱʬʯʰʲ ʹʨʽʳʬʮʬ:
ʬʱʲʬʹʰʰʫʨʴ ʪʨʳʵʭʨʺʨʴʰʴʬ ,,ˀʨʲʰʨʴʰ³-ʹ ˆʨʺʰ, ʸʵʳʬʲʰ˂ ʹʭʨʴʬʩʰʹ
ˀʬˆʬʫʻʲʬʩʰʯ ʿʭʬʲʨʮʬ ˃ʭʰʸʼʨʹʰ ʫʨ ʳ˃ʲʨʭʸʰʨ ʨʳ ʽʭʬʿʨʴʨˀʰ.
ˆʨʲˆʰʹ ʹʻʸʭʰʲʰʯ ʻʴʫʨ ʳʵʳˆʫʨʸʰʿʵ ,,ʩʻʪʰʫ ʲʰʪʻʸ˂ʨʳʰ³ ±
ʳʨʪʸʨʯ ʫʨʼʰ˂ʬʩʨ. ʨʳʰʺʵʳ ʫʨʼʰ˂ʬʩʨ˂ ʳʬ ʫʨʳʨʭʨʲʬʹ. ʳʬ ˀʬʭʻʫʬʽʰ
ˁʬʳʹ ʪʨʸˀʬʳʵ ʳʵʮʾʭʨʭʬʩʻʲ ˆʨʲˆˀʰ ,,ʲʰʪʻʸ˂ʨʳʰʹ³ ʫʨʼʰ˂ʬʩʨʹ,
ʸʵʳʲʰʹ ʫʸʵʹʨ˂ ʩʬʭʸ ʽʻʸʫʹ ʺʨʴʰʹ ˂ʨˆ˂ʨˆʰ ʨʻʺʿʫʨ. ʪʨʯʨʭʫʨ
ʼʰ˂ʰ ʰʳ ʽʻʸʫʬʩʰʹ ˄ʿʬʭʲʨ-ʱʸʻʲʭʰʯ, ʸʵʳʲʬʩʰ˂ ʼʰ˂ʹ ʪʨʺʬˆʫʬʴ,
ʸʨʹʨ˂ ʳʯʬʲʳʨ ˆʨʲˆʳʨ ˀʬˈʩʾʨʭʲʨ ,,ʨʳʰʴ³ ʳʬʸʬ ʽʻʫʬʩʰ ʳʰ˄ʨʮʬ
ʫʨʨˆʬʯʽʬʹ. ʨʳʰʹ ˀʬʳʫʬʪ ʯʭʰʯʬʻʲʰ ˁʭʬʻʲʬʩʰʹʨʳʬʩʸ ˇʵˆ-ʽʭʬˀ
ʪʨʳʵʭʨʺʨʸʬʯ ʫʨ ʳʬʸʬ ˀʬʭʻʫʬʽʰ ʫʨʱʰʯˆʭʨʹ. ʨʳʴʨʰʸʨʫ
ʨʾʳʵʭʨˁʰʴʬʯ 750 ˀʬʳʯˆʭʬʭʨ ʽʻʸʫʵʩʰʹʨ. ˀʬʭʨʫʪʰʴʬ ʱʵʳʰʹʰʨ,
ʸʵʳʬʲˀʰʨ˂ ʯʬʳʰʫʨʴ ʵʸ-ʵʸʰ ʱʨ˂ʰ ˀʬʭʰʫʨ. ʬʹ ʱʵʳʰʹʰʨ ˁʨʳʵʿʭʨ
ʳʯʬʲ ʹʭʨʴʬʯʹ, ʽʻʸʫʬʩʹ ˁʨʳʵʨʸʯʭʨ ʴʨʽʻʸʫʨʲʰʹ ʵʸʳʨʪʰ
ʹʨʼʨʹʻʸʰ ʫʨ ʫʨʮʨʸʨʲʬʩʻʲʯ ˁʨʨʩʨʸʨ. ʨʳʨʴ ʰˀʭʰʨʯʰ ʫʰʫʰ
ˀʯʨʩʬ˅ʫʰʲʬʩʨ ʫʨ ʪʨʭʲʬʴʨ ʳʵʨˆʫʰʴʨ ʹʭʨʴʬʯʰʹ ˆʨʲˆʮʬ 153).
ʨʳʰʹ ˀʬʳʫʬʪ ʨʽʭʬ ˆʨʲˆʰ ʰʾʬʩʹ ʼʰ˂ʹ, ʸʵʳ 5 ˄ʲʰʹ
ʪʨʴʳʨʭʲʵʩʨˀʰ ʨʸʨʼʬʸʰ ʳʵʰʶʨʸʵʴ, ˆʵʲʵ ʯʻ ʭʰʴʳʬʹ ʽʻʸʫʵʩʨ
˄ʨʳʵ˂ʫʬʹ ʨʳˆʰʲʵʴ. ʨʳʨʹ ˀʬʫʬʪʨʫ ʳʵʿʭʨ ʰʹ, ʸʵʳ ʬʹ ˆʻʯʰ
˄ʬʲʰ˄ʨʫʰ ʨʾʹʨʴʰˀʴʨʭʰ ˀʬʰʽʴʨ ʹʭʨʴʬʯʰʹ ʿʵʼʨ-˂ˆʵʭʸʬʩʨˀʰ ʳʰʯ,
ʸʵʳ ʬʸʯ ʽʻʸʫʵʩʰʹ ʳʨʪʨʲʰʯʹʨ˂ ʨʳ ˆʴʰʹ ʪʨʴʳʨʭʲʵʩʨˀʰ ʨʫʪʰʲʰ ʨʸ
ˈʽʵʴʰʨ.
ʹʭʨʴʻʸʰ ˁʭʬʻʲʬʩʰʯʰ ʻʼʲʬʩʬʩʰʹ ʳʰˆʬʫʭʰʯ ˄ʿʫʬʩʵʫʨ
ʨʪʸʬʯʭʬ ˂ʵʲ-ʽʳʸʰʹ ʪʨʿʸʨ, ʳʨˁˆʻʩʨʸʯʨ ˀʬʸʰʪʬʩʨ, ʬʸʯʰ ʹʰʺʿʭʰʯ
ʿʵʭʬʲʪʭʨʸʰ ʹʰʹˆʲʰʹ ʹʨʳʨʸʯʲʰʹʨ ʫʨ ʹʨʳʵʽʨʲʨʽʵ ʹʨʽʳʬʬʩʰ
ʯʭʰʯʳʶʿʸʵʩʬʲʵʩʰʹ ʫʨʳˆʵʩʨʳʫʬ.
ˆʵʲʵ ʨʳʰʹ ˀʬʳʫʬʪ ʹʭʨʴʬʯˀʰ ʫʨʳʫʪʨʸʰ ʳʬʴˀʬʭʰʱʻʸʰ ˆʨʴʨ,
ʸʵʪʵʸ˂ ʽʭʬʳʵʯ ʫʨʭʰʴʨˆʨʭʯ, ˀʬʰʽʴʨ ʸʵʪʵʸ˂ ˃ʭʬʲʰ
ʺʸʨʫʰ˂ʰʬʩʰʹ, ʭʬʲʻʸʰ ʰʴʹʺʰʽʺʬʩʰʹ ʫʨ ʿʵʼʨ-˂ˆʵʭʸʬʩʰʹ
ʪʨʳʵʳʨʳʷʾʨʭʴʬʩʬʲ ʹʨʸʱʬʯ, ʨʪʸʬʯʭʬ ʹʭʨʴʬʯʰʹ ʨʹʬʯʰ
ʳʫʪʵʳʨʸʬʵʩʰʹ ʮʬʳʵʯ-ʨʾ˄ʬʸʰʲ ˁʭʬʻʲʬʩʰʯʰ ʻʼʲʬʩʬʩʰʯ ʫʨ
˄ʬʹʬʩʰʯ ʪʨʳʵʱʬʯʬʩʰʹ ʹʨʻʱʬʯʬʹʵ ʪʨʳʵʳˆʨʺʭʬʲ ʹʨʪʴʨʫ. ʨʳʰʺʵʳ
ʻʨʫʪʰʲʵ ʨʸ ʰʽʴʬʩʨ ʳʱʰʯˆʭʬʲʰʹ ʿʻʸʨʫʾʬʩʨ ʸʨʳʵʫʬʴʰʳʬ ˄ʻʯʰʯ
ʨʳʨʮʬ ˀʬʭʨˁʬʸʵ.

354
 ʸʬʭʵʲʻ˂ʰʰʹ ˀʬʳʫʬʪ ʹʭʨʴʬʯʰ ʳʵʹ˄ʿʫʨ ˂ʬʴʺʸʹ ʫʨ ʫʰʫˆʨʴʹ
ʫʨʸˁʨ ʻʳʯʨʭʸʵʩʵʯ. ˆʨʲˆʰʹʨʯʭʰʹ ʨʸʨʭʰʹ ʨʻˆʹʴʰʨ ʸʬʭʵʲʻ˂ʰʰʹ
ʳʴʰˀʭʴʬʲʵʩʨ ʫʨ ʨʳʰʺʵʳʨ˂ ʻʶʨʺʸʵʴʵʯ ʳʰʺʵʭʬʩʻʲʰ ʹʭʨʴʬʯʰ
ʨʴʨʸʽʰʰʹ ʹʨˀʰʴʬʲ ˂ʬ˂ˆʲʰʹ ʨʲˀʰ ʪʨʬˆʭʰʨ. ʨʳʪʭʨʸʰ ʽʨʵʺʻʸʰ
ʳʫʪʵʳʨʸʬʵʩʰʹ ʪʨʳʬʼʬʩʨʳ ʼʨʸʫʨ ʨˆʨʫʨ, ʫʾʰʹ ʹʰʴʨʯʲʬʮʬ
ʪʨʳʵʰʺʨʴʨ ʫʨ ˁʭʬʴ ʯʭʨʲ˄ʰʴ ʪʨʫʨˀʨʲʨ ʹʻʸʨʯʰ ʻ˃ʭʬʲʬʹ ʫʸʵʰʫʨʴ
ˆʨʲˆʰʹ ʳʨʹʬʩˀʰ ʼʬʹʭʬʩʪʨʳʫʪʨʸʰ, ʳʨʪʸʨʳ ʳʯʨʭʸʵʩʰʹ
ʳʬ˂ʨʫʰʴʬʵʩʰʯ ʫʨ ʹʭʨʴʻʸʰ ʮʬʳʵʯʨʾ˄ʬʸʰʲ ʯʭʰʯʳʳʨʸʯʭʬʲʻʸʰ
˄ʬʹʬʩʰʹ ʹʨˀʻʨʲʬʩʰʯ ʫʨʴʬʲʬʩʻʲʰ ʫʨ ʳʰ˃ʰʴʬʩʻʲʰ ʭʬʲʻʸʰ
ʮʸʨˆʭʬʩʰʹʨ ʫʨ ʳʰʹ˄ʸʨʼʬʩʬʩʰʹʨ. ʫʰʨˆ, ʨʳ ʳʫʪʵʳʨʸʬʵʩʨˀʰ
ˁʨʭʨʸʫʴʰʲ ʹʭʨʴʬʯˀʰ ʹʨʹ˄ʸʨʼʵʫ ʳʯʬʲʰ ˆʨʲˆʰ ˀʬʰʨʸʨʾʫʨ.
˂ʰˆʬʬʩʹ ʶʨʺʰʭʰ ʫʨʬʫʵ. ʨʴʨʸʽʰʨ ʬʲʭʰʹ ʹʰʹ˄ʸʨʼʰʯ ʰʮʸʫʬʩʵʫʨ.
ʯʨʭʰ ʰˁʰʴʨ ʹʨʪʭʨʸʬʻʲʵ ʱʨʭˀʰʸʰʹ ʼʰ˂ʰʯ ʫʨʳʿʨʸʬʩʨʳ, ʬʸʯʰ
ʹʵʼʲʰʹ ʳʬʵʸʬ ʹʵʼʲʰʹ ˄ʰʴʨʨʾʳʫʬʪ ʨʳˆʬʫʸʬʩʨʳ, ʸʨˀʰ˂
ˀʬʻ˃ʲʬʩʬʲʰ ʪʨˆʫʨ ʬʸʯʰ ʹʵʼʲʰʫʨʴ ʳʬʵʸʬ ʹʵʼʬʲˀʰ ʻˀʰˀʸʨʫ
ʪʨʫʨʹʭʲʨ, ʮʵʪʨʴ ʯʨʭʰʨʴʯʰ ˂ʰˆʬʬʩʰʫʨʴʨ˂ ʭʬʸ ʪʨʳʵʫʰʵʫʴʬʴ
ʪʨʸʬʯ, ʸʵʳ ʫʨʫʨʸʨˇʬʩʻʲʰ ʳʺʸʰʹ ʺʿʭʰʨʹ ʳʨʯʯʭʰʹ ʹʰ˂ʵ˂ˆʲʬ ʨʸ
ʳʵʬʹʶʵ. ʪʨʴʨˆʲʫʨ ˃ʭʬʲʬʩʻʸʨʫ ʱʨ˂ʰʹ ʫʨʺʿʭʬʭʬʩʨ. ʨʹʺʿʫʨ ˀʻʸʰʹ
˃ʰʬʩʰʹ ʴʰʨʫʨʪʮʬ ʹʨˀʰʴʬʲʰ ʹʰʹˆʲʰʹ ʾʭʸʨ, ʸʵʳʲʰʹ ʫʸʵʹʨ˂
ʨʫʪʰʲʰ ˈʽʵʴʫʨ ʬʸʯˀʰ ʵʸʰʹ ʳʵʱʭʲʨʹ ʫʨ ʨʳʴʨʰʸʨʫ ʨʳ
ʻʩʬʫʻʸʬʩʨʳ ʫʾʬʳʫʬ ʰʳʹˆʭʬʸʶʲʨ ˆʻʯʨʹʨʳʫʬ ʹʰ˂ʵ˂ˆʲʰʯ ʹʨʭʹʬ
ʹʨʻʱʬʯʬʹʵ ʨˆʨʲʪʨʮʸʫʨ ʹʭʨʴʰ. ʫʨ ʨʳʰʺʵʳʨ˂ ʨʳ ˆʨʴʨʹ ʹʭʨʴʬʩʰʹ ʳʰʬʸ
ʬ˄ʵʫʨ ʹʭʨʴʬʯʰʹ ʹʰʹˆʲʰʨʴʰ ˄ʲʬʩʰ ʨʴʻ ,,ˀʭʨʴʵʩ³± ʹʭʨʴʵʩʨ. ʼʨʸʯʵ
ˆʨʹʰʨʯʰ ʳʰʰʾʵ ʨʪʸʬʯʭʬ ʻʸʯʰʬʸʯ ˀʵʸʰʹ ʫʨ ʳʬʮʵʩʬʲ
ʽʭʬʿʴʬʩʰʫʨʴ ˇʵʪʬʩʰʹ ʳʵʺʨ˂ʬʩʨʳ. ʪʨʴʳʬʵʸʫʨ ˃ʭʬʲʰ ʫʸʵ. ʹʭʨʴʬʩʳʨ
ʶʰʸʭʬʲʨʫ ʶʰʸʰ ʪʨˈʱʸʬʹ ,,ʽʨˀʨʪʹ³ ± ʿʨʩʨʸʫʵʹ, ʹʨʰʫʨʴʨ˂
˄ʨʳʵʰʿʭʨʴʬʹ ʳʸʨʭʨʲʰ ʳʹˆʭʰʲʼʬˆʨ ʹʨʽʵʴʬʲʰ. ʨʳʰʹ ˀʬʳʫʬʪ ʳʬʹʺʰʰʹ
ʯʬʳʰʫʨʴ 30 ʱʨ˂ʰ ʪʨʫʨʭʰʫʨ ʩʰʮʰʴʪʰ ± ˆʻʲʨʳʰʹ ʹʨˇʵʪʬ ʳʯʬʩˀʰ ʫʨ
˄ʨʨʸʯʭʬʹ ʻʨʳʸʨʭʰ ˆʨʸ-˃ʸʵˆʰʹ ʴʨˆʰʸʰ, ˀʬʳʫʬʪ ʻʯʭʨʲʨʭʰ ˂ˆʭʸʰʹ
ʼʨʸʨ 153). ʨʳʰʹ ˀʬʳʫʬʪ, ʸʵ˂ʨ ʱʨˁʻˆʨˀʭʰʲʰʹ ʫʬʱʸʬʺʰʯ ʹʭʨʴʬʯʰ
ʱʨʴʵʹ ʪʨʸʬˀʬ ʰʽʴʨ ʪʨʳʵ˂ˆʨʫʬʩʻʲʰ ʫʨ ʹʭʨʴʬʩʹ ʹʨʽʨʸʯʭʬʲʵʹ
ʹˆʭʨʫʨʹˆʭʨ ʽʭʬʿʴʬʩˀʰ ʳʰʳʳʨʭʨʲʰ ʪʮʨ ʫʨʬʱʬʺʨʯ ʫʨ ʨʬʱʸ˃ʨʲʨʯ ʨʳ
ʪʮʬʩʰʯ ʳʰʹʭʲʨ-ʳʵʹʭʲʨ, ʹʨʳʬʪʸʬʲʵʫʨʴ ʫʨʩʸʻʴʬʩʻʲʰ ʵʸʰ ʳʻˀʨ,
ʬʸʯʰ ʰʼʨʸʬʲʰ ʫʨ ʬʸʯʰ ˁʻʩʬˆʬʭʬʲʰ, ʪʮʰʹ ʫʨʸʨˇʬʩʰʹ ʳʰʬʸ ʰʽʴʬʴ
ʳʵʱʲʻʲʰ ʹ. ˆʻʫʵˀʰ ʫʨ ʸʨʳʵʫʬʴʰʳʬ ʳʻˀʨ ʹʭʨʴʰ ʪʨ˃ʨʸ˂ʻʲʰ,
ˆʵʲʵ ʽʻʯʨʰʹʰʫʨʴ ʫʨʩʸʻʲʬʩʻʲʰ ʳʻˀʬʩʰ ʮʵʪʰ ʵʼʰˁˆʬʯʹʨ ʫʨ
355
ʴʨʳʬˆʭʨʴʹ ˀʻʨ ʫʨˆʵ˂ʰʲʰ ʫʨ ʪʨ˃ʨʸ˂ʻʲʰ ʫʨ ʮʵʪʰ˂ ʸʨ˅ʨ-
ʲʬˁˆʻʳˀʰ ˀʬʻʸʨ˂ʿʵʼʰʲʰ. ʹʭʨʴʬʩʳʨ ʹʨʳ˄ʻˆʨʸʵʯ ʹʨʳʨʸ˂ˆʭʰʴʵ
ʴʨʩʰˇʰ ʪʨʫʨʫʪʬʹ, ˀʻʸʰ ʰ˃ʰʬʹ, ʶʰʸʰ ʸʨ˅ʨ-ʲʬˁˆʻʳʰʹʨ ʫʨ
ʹʨʳʬʪʸʬʲʵʹʱʬʴ ʽʴʬʹ, ʫʨ ʨʻʨʸʬʩʬʲʰ ʹʨʽʵʴʬʲʰ ˀʬʳʵʸʬʱʬʹ
ʹʭʨʴʬʯˀʰ.
ʸʨ ʯʽʳʨ ʻʴʫʨ, ʨʳ ʳʵʽʳʬʫʬʩʨˀʰ ʳʵʴʨ˄ʰʲʬʵʩʨʹ ʳʯʬʲʰ ʨʸʨʳ˂
ʯʻ ʨʸ ʰʾʬʩʫʨ, ʨʸʨʳʬʫ ˆˀʰʸʨʫ ˈʽʵʴʫʨ ʨʫʪʰʲʰ ʫʨʳʴʨˀʨʭʬʬʩʹʨ ʫʨ
ʻʫʨʴʨˀʨʻʲʵ ˇʪʻʼʬʩʹ ˀʵʸʰʹ ʫʰʫ ʹʸʵʲʨ-˄ʰʴʨʨʾʳʫʬʪʵʩʨʹ,
ʸʵʳʲʰʹ ʫʸʵʹʨ˂ ʮʵʪˇʬʸ ˆʨʲˆʰʹ ʻʳʸʨʭʲʬʹʵʩʨ ʰʳʨʸˇʭʬʩʫʨ,
ʴʨ˃ʨʸ˂ʭʹ ʨʸʯʳʬʭʫʨ ʫʨ ʶʨʺʸʵʴʬʩʹ ʻʩʸʻʴʬʩʫʨ.
ʬʸʯʰ ʹʰʺʿʭʰʯ, ʹʭʨʴʬʯʰ ˁʨʭʨʸʫʨ ʰʹʬʯ ʳʫʪʵʳʨʸʬʵʩʨˀʰ, ʸʵʳ
ˀʻʸʰʹ ˃ʰʬʩʰʹ ʴʰʨʫʨʪʮʬ ʫʨʾʭʸʰʲ ʹʨʱʻʯʨʸ ʹʰʹˆʲʰʹ
ʴʨʱʨʫʻʲʬʩˀʰ ʰˆʸˁʵʩʵʫʨ, ʳʬʻʸʴʬʵʩʨ ʯʭʨʲʹʨˁʰʴʵʯ ʬ˂ʬʳʵʫʨ,
ʳʬʮʵʩʲʬʩʰ ʴʨʫʪʻʸʫʬʩʵʫʬʴ ʫʨ ʹʰʺʿʭʨ ʹʭʨʴʰʹ ʪʨʪʵʴʬʩʨʮʬ ʺʨʴʰʹ
˂ʨˆ˂ʨˆʰ ʻʺʿʫʬʩʵʫʨʯ.
ʨʰ ʨʹʬʯ ʳʫʪʵʳʨʸʬʵʩʨˀʰ ʳʿʵʼ ʽʭʬʿʴʰʹ ʳʰʹʨˀʭʬʲʬʩʲʨʫ ˄ʨʹʭʲʨ
ʫʨ ʹʨʳʹˆʭʬʸʶʲʵʮʬ ʨʹʭʲʨ ˃ʨʲʨʻʴʬʩʻʸʨʫ ʳˆʭʫʨ ʳʬ ˄ʰʲʨʫ 1918
˄ʲʰʹ ʩʵʲʵ ˆʨʴʬʩˀʰ ʫʨ ʳʬ˂ ʽʻʯʨʰʹʰʫʨʴ ʹʭʨʴʬʯˀʰ ʪʨʭʬʳʪʮʨʭʸʬ.
ʫʨʭʰ˄ʿʬ ʳʻˀʨʵʩʨ ʯʨʭʰʹʻʼʨʲʰ ʹʭʨʴʬʯʰʹ ʶʰʸʭʬʲ ʯʬʳʰʫʨʴ,
ʹʨˆʬʲʫʵʩʸ ʻˀʪʻʲʰʫʪʨʴ, ʳʨʪʸʨʳ ʸʨʫʪʨʴʨ˂ ˄ʬʹʰʬʸʬʩʰʹ
ʫʨʳʿʨʸʬʩʰʹ ʻʩʸʨʲʵ ˆʹʬʴʬʩʨ˂ ʱʰ ʨʩʸʨʮʬʩʫʨ ʮʬʳʵʯ ʨʾʴʰˀʴʻʲ
ʫʨʴʨˀʨʻʲʯʨ ˁʨʳʫʬʴ ˇʪʻʼʬʩʹ, ʰʹʰʴʰ˂ ˀʬʻʫʪʬʴ ˁʬʳʹ ʳʵʹʨʱʲʨʭʨʫ
ʳʮʨʫʬʩʨʹ ʫʨ ʸʵʫʬʹʨ˂ ʰʼʨʸʰʹ ʯʬʳˀʰ ʳʰʺʰʴʪʮʬ ʪʨʳʵʭʬʫʰ, ˁʬʳʹ
ʶʰʸʫʨʶʰʸ ʳʫʪʵʳ ˂ʰˆʰʫʨʴ ʪʨʭʨʸʫʨ ʯʵʼʬʩʰ, ʳʨʪʸʨʳ ʳʬ ʳʻˀʨʵʩʨʮʬ
ˆʬʲʰ ʳʨʰʴ˂ ʨʸ ʨʭʰʾʬ ʫʨ ʻʼʹʱʸʻʲʰʹʨʱʬʴ ʪʨʽʨʴʬʩʻʲʰ ʹʭʨʴʬʯʰʹ
ʳʫʪʵʳʨʸʬʵʩʰʹ ʬʸʯʨʫ-ʬʸʯ ʪʨʳʵʹʨʱʬʯʬʩʬʲ ʪʮʨʫ ˁʨʭʯʭʨʲʬ
ʹʭʨʴʻʸʰ ˁʭʬʻʲʬʩʰʯʰ ʻʼʲʬʩʬʩʰʹ ʹʨˀʻʨʲʬʩʰʯ ʫʨ ʯʭʰʯ ˆʨʲˆʰʹ
ʫʨˆʳʨʸʬʩʰʯ ʳʻˀʨʵʩʰʹ ˄ʨʸʳʵʬʩʨ. ʳʵʭʰ˄ʭʰʬ ʿʭʬʲʨ ʯʬʳˀʰ
ʿʸʰʲʵʩʬʩʰ, ʫʨʭʴʰˀʴʬ ʯʨʭ-ʯʨʭʰ ʱʨ˂ʬʩʰ ˆʬʭʰʹʯʨʭʬʩʨʯ, ʫʨʭʨʨʸʹʬ
ʴʨ˃ʨʸ˂ʭʯʨ ʹʨʲʰʱʭʰʫʨ˂ʰʵ ʱʵʳʰʹʰʬʩʰ ʫʨ ʸʵ˂ʨ ʨʹʬʯʰ ˄ʰʴʨʹ˄ʨʸʰ
ʳʻˀʨʵʩʰʯ ʴʰʨʫʨʪʰ ʳʮʨʫ ʰʿʵ, ʳʵ˄ʭʬʻʲ ʰʽʴʨ ʹʸʻʲʰʨʫ ʹʭʨʴʬʯʰʹ
ʯʬʳʯʨ ʹʨʱʨʭˀʰʸʵ ʿʸʰʲʵʩʨ ʹ. ʩʬˁʵˀʰ, ʸʵʳʬʲʳʨ˂ ʫʨʨʫʪʰʴʨ
ʨʸʨʳ˂ʯʻ ʳʨʸʺʵ ˃ʨʸ˂ʭʨ-ʪʲʬˇʰʹ ʳʵʹʶʵʩʨ ʳʵʳʨʭʨʲˀʰ, ʨʸʨʳʬʫ
ʭʰʹʨ˂ ʨʳ ʹʨˆʰʯ ˄ʨʸʹʻʲ ˄ʲʬʩˀʰ ʸʨʳʬ ˈʽʵʴʫʨ ˀʬ˃ʬʴʬʲʰ, ʰʳʰʹ
ˁʨʳʵʸʯʳʬʭʨ˂ ʫʨ ʨʳʰʬʸʰʫʨʴ ʨʳʰʹʯʨʴʨ ʫʨʴʨˀʨʻʲʵʩʰʹ ˁʨʳʫʬʴ
ˇʪʻʼʬʩʰʹ ʨʹʨʲʨʪʳʨʭʨʫ ʹʨʹʺʰʱʰ ʮʵʳʬʩʰʹ ʳʰʾʬʩʨ. ʳʻˀʨʵʩʰʹ ʨʹʬʯʳʨ
356
˄ʨʸʳʵʬʩʨʳ ʰʳ ʼʨʽʺʰʹ ˄ʰʴʨˀʬ ʫʨʪʭʨʿʬʴʨ, ʸʵʳ ʹʭʨʴʻʸʰ ˁʭʬʻʲʬʩʰʯʰ
ʻʼʲʬʩʬʩʰʯ ʳʵʽʳʬʫʬʩʨ ʫʨʪʭʰʸʪʭʰʴʫʨ: ʿʵʭʬʲ ʯʬʳʬʩˀʰ ʴʨ˃ʨʸ˂ʭʰʹ
ʨʾʳʵˁʬʴʰʯ ʫʨ ˁʨʳʵʸʯʳʬʭʰʯ ʱʻʯʭʴʰʲʬʩʰʹʨʳʬʩʸ ˁʨʹʨʩʨʸʬʩʲʨʫ
ʫʨ ʳʵʳʨʭʨʲˀʰ ʳʬʮʵʩʬʲʰ ˆʨʲˆʬʩʰʹ ʨʳʪʭʨʸʰ ʻʩʬʫʻʸʰ
ʳʵʭʲʬʴʰʹʨʪʨʴ ʪʨʴʯʨʭʰʹʻʼʲʬʩʰʯ.

ǸȅȘȐșȚȖȊǯȈȔȍȚȒȐȖǹȊȈȕȍȚȐȐșȚȘʰʭʬʸʰʨ³˄.
144) ǸȈȗȖȘȚdzȐȚȊȐȕȖȊȈDzȕǾȐȞȐȈȕȖȊțȖȚȖȒȚȧȉȘȧȋȹ
ǹȍȒȘȍȚǬȖȕȍșȋȍȕ-ȔǫȍșșȍȋȘǷȈșȒȍȊȐȟțȅȘȐȊȈȕșȒȖȔțȖȚȐȦȓȧȋȹ
74.
ǷȘȍȌȗȐșȈȕȐȍȋȘǷȈșȒȍȊȐȟȈȋȍȕ-ȔȈȑȖȘțǫȍșșȍȖȚȈȊȋțșȚȈȋȹ
ǬȖȒȓȈȌDzțȚǫțȉǫȈȋȈȘȐȕȈȒȕǪȖȘȖȕȞȖȊțȖȚȐȦȕȧȋȏȈȹ.
ǷȘȍȌȗȐșȈȕȐȍȒȕ. ǪȖȘȖȕȞȖȊȈDzțȚ. ǫțȉ. ǫȈȋȈȘȐȕțȖȚȖȒȚȧȉȘȧȋ. ȹ.
ǩȈȘȚȖȓȖȔȍȐ. ǷȖȍȏȌȒȈȊǪȖȓȤȕțȦǹȊȈȕȍȚȐȦ.
Ǹ. ȅȘȐșȚȖȊ. ǯȈȔȍȚȒȐȖǹȊȈȕȍȚȐȐșȚ. 8. ,,ʰʭʬʸʰʨ³˄.
151) ʲʬʸʽʭʨˀʰ ʮʬʫʨ ˆʬʭˀʰ, ʮʬʽʨ - ʽʭʬʫʨˀʰ ʴʰˀʴʨʭʹ ʨʸʨʿʰʹ ʹʨ˄ʿʨʵʹ,
ʸʵʳʬʲˀʰʫʨ˂ ˁʨʫʰʹ 6 ʩʵʯʲʰ.
153) ǰȓȤȐȕȈ. ǷțȚ. ȗȖǹȊȈȕȍȚȐȐ.
153) ʳʬʹʺʰʬʲʬʩʰ ʨʳ ʹʨʽʵʴʲʰʹ ˄ʨʸʯʳʬʭʰʹ ʳʰʮʬʮʨʫ ʨʹʨˆʬʲʬʩʬʴ ʰʳʨʹ, ʸʵʳ
˃ʭʬʲ ʫʸʵˀʰ ʸʵʳʬʲʾʨ˂ ʳʬʹʺʰʬʲ ˇʨʼʨʸʰ˃ʬʹ ʻʴʫʨ ʳʵʬʶʨʸʨ ʳʨʯʰ ʬʱʲʬʹʰʰʫʨʴ
˃ʭʰʸʼʨʹʰ ,,ʱʨʲʳʨˆʰʹ ʹʨˆʬ ˆʨʺʰ³ ʫʨ ʹˆʭʨ ʴʰʭʯʬʩʰ, ʸʵʳʲʬʩʰ˂ ʩʰʮʰʴʪʬʲʬʩʹ ʻʴʫʨ
ˀʬʬ˃ʰʴʨʯ.

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ʫʸʵʯʨ ʭʰʯʨʸʬʩʨʳ ʯʻ ʹʭʨʴʬʯʰʹ ʮʵʪʰʬʸʯ ʮʴʬ-ˁʭʬʻʲʬʩʬʩˀʰ

ʮʵʪʨʫʰ ˂ʭʲʰʲʬʩʬʩʰ ˀʬʰʺʨʴʨ ʨʴ ʰʹʰʴʰ ʳʯʲʨʫ ʹʭʨʴʬʯʰʹ
˂ˆʵʭʸʬʩʰʫʨʴ ʨʾʳʵʼˆʭʸʨ, ʨʳʨʹ ˁʭʬʴ ʭʬʸ ʭʨʳˁʴʬʭʯ ʻˆʹʵʭʨʸ
ʫʸʵʰʫʨʴ ʹʭʨʴʬʯˀʰ ʫʨʳʿʨʸʬʩʻʲ, ʳʸʨʭʨʲ ʹʨʻʱʻʴʬʯʨ
ʪʨʴʳʨʭʲʵʩʨˀʰ ʫʨ ʫʾʬʳʫʬ ˀʬʻʼʬʸˆʬʩʲʨʫ ˄ʨʸʳʵʬʩʻʲ ʹʭʨʴʻʸ
ʰʻʸʰʫʰʻʲ ˄ʬʹʬʩʹ, ʸʵʳʬʲʯʨ ˂ˆʵʭʸʬʩʨˀʰ ʪʨʺʨʸʬʩʨ
ʫʨʱʰʹʸʬʩʻʲʰ ˈʽʵʴʫʨʯ ,,ʳʵʸʭʨʲʹ³ ʳˆʨʸʬʯʨ ˀʵʸʰʹ ʿʵʭʬʲʪʭʨʸ
ʹʨʽʳʬʬʩʰʹ ʪʨʹʨʸˁʬʭʨʯ ʨʳʵʸˁʬʻʲ ʳʹʨˇʻʲ-ʳʬʫʰʨʺʵʸʬʬʩʹ,
ʨʫʪʰʲʵʩʸʰʭ ʨʫʨʯʬʩʰʹ ʳʰˆʬʫʭʰʯ.
ʭʰʴ ʳʵʹʯʭʲʰʹ, ʸʨʳʫʬʴʰ ˀʼʵʯʰ, ʻʩʬʫʻʸʬʩʨ ʫʨ ʹʰʹˆʲʰʹ
ʾʭʸʨ ʳʬ ʯʭʰʯʵʴ ˀʬʳʰˁʬʸʬʩʰʨ ʨʳ ʪʮʰʯ ʳʻʫʳʰʭʨʫ ʹʭʨʴʬʯˀʰ
˂ˆʵʭʸʬʩʰʹʨ ʫʨ ʳʻˀʨʵʩʰʹ ʫʸʵʹ, ʨʳʰʺʵʳʨ˂ ʰʹ, ʸʨʹʨ˂ ʳʬ ʽʭʬʳʵʫ
357
ʭʹ˄ʬʸ ʹʭʨʴʬʯʰʹ ʰʻʸʰʫʰʻʲ ˄ʬʹ˄ʿʵʩʰʲʬʩʨʮʬ, ʨʸʰʹ ʨʸʨ ʭʰʴʳʬʹ
ʴʨʨʳʩʵʩʰ, ʪʨʪʵʴʰʲʰ ʫʨ ˁʨ˄ʬʸʰʲʰ, ʨʸʨʳʬʫ ʳʸʨʭʨʲ ˄ʲʬʩʰʹ
ʪʨʴʳʨʭʲʵʩʨˀʰ ʹʨʱʻʯʨʸʰ ʯʭʨʲʰʯ ʴʨˆʻʲʰ ʹʨʽʳʬʬʩʰʹ ʫʨ ʶʰʸʨʫʰ
ˁʬʳʰ ʶʸʨʽʺʰʱʰʹ ʨʾ˄ʬʸʰʲʵʩʨ ʨʳ ʹʼʬʸʵˀʰ ʫʨ ʨʳʰʺʵʳʨ˂ ʳʱʰʯˆʭʬʲʹ
ˀʬʻ˃ʲʰʨ ʿʭʬʲʨʼʬʸʰ ʬʹ ʹʭʨʴʬʯʰʹ ˂ˆʵʭʸʬʩʰʫʨʴ ʨʳʵ˄ʻʸʻʲ
˅ʬˀʳʨʸʰʺʬʩʨʫ ˁʨʹʯʭʨʲʵʹ. ʳʨʪʸʨʳ ʹʨʴʨʳ ʳʨʯ ʨʾ˄ʬʸʨʹ
ˀʬʭʻʫʪʬʩʵʫʬ, ʹʨ˅ʰʸʵʯ ʳʰʳʨˁʴʰʨ ˄ʰʴʨʹ˄ʨʸ ʰʹʰ˂ ʨʾʭʰʨʸʵ, ʸʵʳ
ʹʭʨʴʬʯʹ 1853 ˄. ʸʻʹʬʯʰʹ ʽʭʬˀʬʭʸʫʵʳʵʩʨˀʰ ˀʬʹʭʲʰʹ ˀʬʳʫʬʪ
ʰ˄ʿʬʩʨ ʳʯʨʭʸʵʩʰʹ ʳʰʬʸ ʬʴʬʸʪʰʻʲʰ ʳʻˀʨʵʩʨ ʹʭʨʴʬʯʰʹ ʹʨʳʨʸʯʲʰʹ
˄ʬʹʬʩʰʹ ʨˆʨʲʰ ʹʨˆʬʲʳ˄ʰʼʵʬʩʸʰʭʰ ʱʨʴʵʴʬʩʰʯ ʫʨ ˄ʬʹʬʩʰʯ
ˀʬ˂ʭʲʰʹʨʯʭʰʹ, ʳʨʪʸʨʳ ʶʰʸʭʬʲʴʰ ʰʳʫʬʴʨʫ ʪʨʹʨʲʱʲʫʬʭʬʩʻʲʴʰ
ʪʨʳʵʫʪʬʴ, ʸʵʳ ʿʵʭʬʲʪʭʨʸʳʨ ʳʬ˂ʨʫʰʴʬʵʩʨʳ 70 ˄ʲʰʹ ʪʨʴʳʨʭʲʵʩʨˀʰ
ʻʴʨʿʵʼʵʯ ˁʨʰʨʸʨ ʫʨ ʨʸʨʳ˂ʯʻ ʵʫʴʨʭ ʭʬʸ ˀʬʨʸʿʰʨ ʰʹʰʴʰ, ʨʸʨʳʬʫ
ʳʨʲʬ ʹʭʨʴʻʸʳʨ ʨʫʨʯʬʩʳʨ ˀʯʨʴʯʽʬʹ ʨˆʨʲʰ ʱʨʴʵʴʬʩʰʹ ʳʴʰˀʭʴʬʲʵʩʨ.
ʺʿʻʰʲʨʫ ʱʰ ʨʸ ʹ˄ʬʸʹ ʬʸʯʰ ʳʵʪʮʨʻʸʰ ʸʻʹʰ: ,,ʳʨʸʯʨʲʰʨ
ʸʻʹʬʯʰʹ ʳʯʨʭʸʵʩʨ ʻʱʸ˃ʨʲʨʭʹ ʹʭʨʴʬʩʹ ʹʰʹˆʲʰʹ ʹʨʳʨʸʯʲʰʹ
ʹʨʽʳʬʬʩʰʹ ʨʫʪʰʲʵʩʸʰʭʰ ʨʫʨʯʬʩʰʯ ʪʨʴˆʰʲʭʨʹ, ʳʨʪʸʨʳ ʨˆʨʲʰ
ʫʨʴʨˀʨʻʲʬʩʬʩʰʹʨ ʫʨ ʹʨʮʵʪʨʫʵʬʩʸʰʭʰ ʳʿʻʫʸʵʬʩʰʹ ʫʨʸʾʭʬʭʰʹ
ʯʨʭʰʫʨʴ ʨʹʨ˂ʰʲʬʩʲʨʫ ʳʯʨʭʸʵʩʨʳ ʹʨ˅ʰʸʵʫ ˁʨʹʯʭʨʲʨ
ʪʨʫʨʳʺʬʸʬʩʻʲ ʳˆʨʸʬʬʩʰʹ ʨʫʪʰʲʵʩʸʰʭʰ ʨʫʨʯʬʩʰʯʨ ʫʨ
ʳʬʫʰʨʺʵʸʻʲʰ ˄ʬʹʰʯ ʳʵ˄ʬʹʸʰʪʬʩʨ, ʳʨʯʰ ʹʨʹʨʳʨʸʯʲʵʹ ʳʰʬʸ
ʪʨʴˆʰʲʭʨʳʫʬ³ 154). ʨʳʨˀʰ ʯʭʰʯ ʳʬʼʰʹ ʳʵʨʫʪʰʲʬ ʱʨʭʱʨʹʰʨˀʰ
ʭʵʸʵʴ˂ʵʭʰ˂ ʳʨʲʬ ʫʨʸ˄ʳʻʴʫʨ ʫʨ ʨʳʰʺʵʳʨ˂ ʰʹ ʻʩʸ˃ʨʴʬʩʫʨ
ʽʻʯʨʰʹʰʹ ʪʬʴ. ʪʻʩʬʸʴʨʺʵʸ ʪʨʪʨʸʰʴʹ:
ǷȖȖȉȖȦȌȕȣȔȗȘȖșȤȉȈȔșȊȈȕȖȊȊȝȖȌȐȚȤȊȘȈȏȉȖȘșșȖȘȐȘȈșȗȘȍȑ
ȊȖȏȕȐȒȈȦȠȐȝȔȍȎȌțǹȊȈȕȈȔȐșȖȋȓȈșȕȖȔȍșȚȕȣȔȖȉȣȟȈȧȔ155).
ʹʨʳʨʸʯʲʰʨʴʨʫ ʨʾʴʰˀʴʨʭʹ ʯʨʭʰʹʰ 1887 ˄. ʹʭʨʴʬʯˀʰ
ʳʵʪʮʨʻʸʵʩʰʹ ʨʾ˄ʬʸʰʲʵʩʨˀʰ ʶʸʵʼ. ʳ. ʱʵʭʨʲʬʭʹʱʰ:
,,ǹȈȔȖșȚȖȧȚȍȓȤȕȣȍ ȕȍ ȗȘȐȏȕȈȦȠȐȍ ȕȈȌ șȖȉȖȦ ȊȓȈșȚȐȒȘȖȊȕȣȍ
șȖȦȏȐȣ Ȋ ǹȊȈȕȍȚȐȐȊ șȊȖȐȝ ȊȏȈȐȔȕȣȝ ȖȚȕȖȠȍȕȐȧȝȗȘȐȌȍȘȎȐȊȈȦȚșȧ
Țȍȝ șȈȔȣȝ ȕȈȟȈȓ ȟȚȖ Ȑ șțȊȍȘȍȕȕȣȍ ȋȖșțȌȈȘșȚȊȈ. ǷȖȌȖȉȕȖ ȚȖȔț ȒȈȒ
ȔȍȎȌțȕȈȘȖȌȕȣȍ șȚȖȓȒȕȖȊȍȕȐȧ ȘȈȏȘȍȠȈȦȚșȧ ȕȍ ȐȕȈȟȍ ȒȈȒ ȔȐȘȕȣȔ
șȖȋȓȈȠȍȕȐȍȔȔȍȌȐȈȚȖȘșȒȐȔșțȌȖȔ³156).
ʨˆʨʲʰ ʸʻʹʻʲʰ ʱʨʴʵʴʬʩʰʹ ˀʬʳʵʾʬʩʰʯ ʹʭʨʴʻʸʰ
ʳʬʫʰʨʺʵʸʻʲʰ ʱʨʴʵʴʬʩʰ ʨʸʨʳ˂ʯʻ ʨʸ ʪʨʻʽʳʫʬʴ, ʨʸʨʳʬʫ,
ʭʰʴʨʰʫʪʨʴ ʹʭʨʴʬʯʹ ʻʸʯʰʬʸʯˀʵʸʰʹ ʹʨʽʳʰʹ ʪʨʯʨʭʬʩʨ
358
ʨʫʪʰʲʵʩʸʰʭʰ ʨʫʨʯʬʩʰʯʨ ʫʨ ʳʬʫʰʨʺʵʸʻʲʰ ˄ʬʹʬʩʰʯ
ʻʸˁʬʭʴʰʨʯ, ʪʨʴʨʪʸ˃ʵʩʹ ʰʹ, ʹʭʨʴʬʯʰʹ ʹʨʳˆʬʫʸʵ ʳʵʹʨʳʨʸʯʲʬ
ʶʼʨʼʼʰ ʳʻʫʨʳ ʰʳʨʹ ˁʰʵʫʨ, ʸʵʳ ʳʰʹ ʱʨʴʵʴʬʩʰʯ ʹʨʽʳʰʹ ʪʨʸˁʬʭʨʹ
ʹʭʨʴʬʩʰ ʪʨʻʸʩʵʫʬʴ, ʯʨʭʰʹ ʹʨʽʳʬʬʩʹ ʨʫʪʰʲʵʩʸʰʭʰ ˄ʬʹʬʩʰʯ
ʨʯʨʭʬʩʫʬʴ ʫʨ ʨʳʰʺʵʳ ʰʹ ʨʸʨʸʨʹ ˄ʨʸʳʵʨʫʪʬʴʫʨ ʳʵʹʨʳʨʸʯʲʰʹ
ʸʵʲˀʰ.
ʳʨʸʯʲʨ˂, ʳʹʨˇʻʲʰ ʳʬʼʰʹ ʫʸʵʹ ʸʵʳ ʳʵʫʰʵʫʨ ʹʭʨʴʬʯˀʰ 2
ʯʭʰʯ, ʨˆʫʬʴʫʨ ʱʭʲʬʭʨ-˃ʰʬʩʨʹ ʳʱʭʲʬʲʵʩʨʮʬ, ʳʨʪʸʨʳ ʹʭʨʴʬʩʰ
ʳʨʴʨʳʫʬ ʨʴ ʳʬʫʰʨʺʵʸʻʲʰ ˄ʬʹʰʯ ʸʰʪʫʬʩʵʫʬʴ, ʨʴ ʳʵʱʭʲʨʹ
ʳʵʱʭʲʰʯʭʬ ʻˆʫʰʫʬʴ ʬʸʯʳʨʴʬʯʹ ʨʴʫʨ ʸʵ˂ʨ ʰʹ ʫʨʰʩʨʸʬʩʫʨ
ʳʵʳˁʰʭʨʴ-ʳʵʶʨʹʻˆʬʹʨ ʫʨ ʳʵ˄ʳʬʬʩʹ, ʳʰʹ ʯʭʨʲ˄ʰʴʭʬ ˆʫʬʩʵʫʨ
ʳʬʫʰʨʺʵʸʬʬʩʰʹ ʨʳʵʸˁʬʭʨ, ʸʰʹ ˀʬʳʫʬʪʨ˂ ʿʭʬʲʨʴʰ ʫʨʳʴʨˀʨʭʰʹ
ʹʨʹʨʸʪʬʩʲʵʫ ʨ˃ʲʬʭʫʬʴ ˁʭʬʴʬʩʨʹ, ʸʨʯʨ ʨʸʹʬʩʻʲ ʱʨʴʵʴʹ ʰʹ ʨʸ
ʫʨʬʹʨˇʨ ʫʨ ʹʨʽʳʬ ʰʹʬʭ ʹʭʨʴʻʸʰ ʱʨʴʵʴʰʯ ʪʨʯʨʭʬʩʻʲʰʿʵ. ʨʳ
ʳʫʪʵʳʨʸʬʵʩʨʹ ʻʸʰʪʫʬʩʵʫʬʴ ʱʵʳʰʱʻʸ ʳʫʪʵʳʨʸʬʵʩʨˀʰ
ˁʨʿʬʴʬʩʻʲʰ ʵʸʰ ʯʭʰʹ ʹʺʻʳʨʸʰ ʪʨʳʵʳ˃ʰʬʩʲʬʩʰ, ʸʵʳʬʲʯʨʪʨʴ
ʬʸʯʰ ʳʯʲʨʫ ˀʱʻʨʮʬ ˀʬʰˀʨʲʨ: ʨʳ ʶʰʸʵʩʬʩˀʰ ʸʨ ʹʨ˅ʰʸʵʨ
ʱʨʴʵʴʬʩʰʵ, ʫʨʨ˄ʿʵ ʹʨʽʳʬʬʩʰ ʬʸʯ ʨʫʪʰʲʨʹ, ʪʨʫʨʨʹˆʨ ʴʨʭʯʰ,
˄ʨʻʱʰʫʨ ˂ʬ˂ˆʲʰ ʫʨ ʪʨʫʨʹ˄ʭʨ.
ʳʸʨʭʨʲˇʬʸ ʭʿʵʼʰʲʭʨʸ ʳʬ ʯʭʰʯʵʴ ʰʳʰʹ ʳʵ˄ʳʬ, ʸʵʳ ʸʵ˂ʨ
ʹʭʨʴʬʯʰʹ ʳʳʨʸʯʭʬʲʰ ʱʭʲʬʭʨ-˃ʰʬʩʨʹ ʹʨʹʨʳʨʸʯʲʵʹ ʪʨʫʨʹ˂ʬʳʫʨ
ˆʵʲʳʬ, ʯʭʰʯʵʴ ʫʨʻʿʵʭʴʬʩʲʰʭ ˀʬʻʫʪʬʩʵʫʨ ʳˆʨʸʬʬʩʰʹ
ˀʬʸʰʪʬʩʨʹ ʳʬʫʰʨʺʵʸʻʲʰ ˄ʬʹʰʯ, ʸʨʯʨ ʳʱʭʲʬʲʵʩʨ ʨʸ
ʪʨʴʳʬʵʸʬʩʻʲʰʿʵ ʫʨ ˆˀʰʸʨʫ ʳʹʨˇʻʲ ʳʬʫʰʨʺʵʸʬʯʨ ʸʰ˂ˆʭˀʰ
ʳʨʹʨ˂ ʫʨʰʴʨˆʨʭʫʰʯ.
ʭʬʸʨʼʬʸʰ ʪʮʰʯ ʹʭʨʴʹ ʭʬʸ ˀʬʨʪʴʬʩʰʴʬʩʯ ʫʾʬʹʨ˂, ʸʵʳ ʯʻ ʰʹ
ˀʻʸʰʹ˃ʰʬʩʰʹ ʴʰʨʫʨʪʮʬ ʱʨ˂ʹ ʳʵʱʲʨʭʹ, ʬʹ ʻʱʨʴʵʴʵ ʳʵʽʳʬʫʬʩʨʫ
ʻʴʫʨ ˁʨʰʯʭʨʲʵʹ ʫʨ ʶʨʹʻˆʰ ʨʪʵʹ ʱʨʴʵʴʰʹ ˄ʰʴʨˀʬ, ʨʴ ʫʨ ʹʰʹˆʲˀʰ
,,˄ʵʸʰʹ³ - ʹʰʹˆʲʰʹ ʼʨʹʰʹ ʪʨʫʨˆʫʰʹ ˀʬʳʫʬʪ ʱʨʴʵʴʰʬʸʰ ʹʨʹˇʬʲʰ
ʳʰʰʾʵʹ; ʨʴ ʯʻʴʫʨ ʳʱʭʲʬʲʳʨ ʱʨʴʵʴʰʬʸʰ ʹʨʹˇʬʲʰ˂ ʸʵʳ ʳʵʰˆʨʫʵʹ,
ʳʨʹ ˀʬʳʫʬʪ ʰʹʬʭ ʨʸ ʳʵʹʯˆʵʭʵʹ ,,˄ʵʸʰ³ ʫʨ ʨʸ ʪʨʫʨʨˆʫʬʭʰʴʵʹ.
ʹ˄ʵʸʨʯ ˀʬʴʰˀʴʨʭʹ ʱʵʴʬʭʹʱʰ, ʸʵʳʬʲʳʨ˂ ʰʳʵʪʮʨʻʸʨ ʹʭʨʴʬʯˀʰ 1886
˄.: ʳʰʻˆʬʫʨʭʨʯ ʰʳʰʹʨ, ʸʵʳ ʹʭʨʴʬʯʰ ʸʻʹʬʯʰʹ ʳʯʨʭʸʵʩʨʹ
ʬʳʵʸˁʰʲʬʩʨ, ʯʨʭʰʹʻʼʲʬʩʰʹ ʹʻʲʰ ȊȖȓȤȕȣȑ Ȍțȝ³ ʯʨʭʰʹʻʼʨʲ
ʹʭʨʴʬʯʰʹ ʳ˂ˆʵʭʸʬʩʲʬʩˀʰ ʨʸ ˁʨʳʱʭʫʨʸʨ ʫʨ ʫʾʬʳʫʬ ʩʨʭˀʭʻʸʰ
ʪʻʲ˄ʸʼʬʲʵʩʰʯ ʶʸʰʴ˂ʰʶʰʨʲʻʸʨʫ ʯʻʳ˂ʨ ˂ʴʵʩʬʴ ʸʻʹʬʯʰʹ
359
ʳʯʨʭʸʵʩʨʹ, ʳʨʪʸʨʳ ʴʨʳʫʭʰʲʨʫ ʱʰ ˃ʨʲʰʨʴ ʵʸʰʪʰʴʨʲʻʸʨʫ
ʬʶʿʸʵʩʰʨʴ ʸʻʹʻʲʰ ʱʨʴʵʴʬʩʰʹ ˂ˆʵʭʸʬʩʨˀʰ ʪʨʺʨʸʬʩʨʹ, ʳʬʺʨʫʸʬ
ʹʨʹʨʳʨʸʯʲʵʹʨ ʫʨ ʨʫʳʰʴʰʹʺʸʨ˂ʰʰʹ ˁʨʸʬʭʨʹ ʳʨʯ ʰʹʬʯ ˀʰʴʨʻʸ
ʹʨʽʳʬʬʩˀʰ, ʸʵʪʵʸʰ˂ ʨʸʰʹ, ʳʨʪʨʲʰʯʨʫ, ˀʻʸʰʹ ˃ʰʬʩʰʹʨ ʫʨ ʹˆʭʨ
ʹʰʹˆʲʰʹ ʹʨʳʨʸʯʲʰʹ ʹʨʽʳʬʬʩʰ. ʸʵʫʬʹʨ˂ ʹʨʹʨʳʨʸʯʲʵ ʰʩʨʸʬʩʹ ʳʨʯ
ʫʨʹʨʱʰʯˆʨʭʨʫ ʨʹʬʯ ʹʨʽʳʬʬʩʮʬ, ʰʹʰʴʰ ʩʨʭˀʭʻʸʰ ʪʻʲ˄ʸʼʬʲʵʩʰʯ
ʳʵʿʭʬʩʰʨʴ ʫʨ˄ʭʸʰʲʬʩʰʯ ʳʨʯ ʳʰʬʸ ʫʨʴʨˀʨʻʲʰʹ ˁʨʫʬʴʨʹ ʫʨ ʫʰʫʰ
ˆʨʲʰʹʰʯ ʪʨʴʻ˂ˆʨʫʬʩʬʴ ʹʨʹʨʳʨʸʯʲʵʹ, ʸʵʳ ʳʨʯ ʬʹ ˁʨʰʫʰʴʬʹ
˄ʰʴʨʹ˄ʨʸ ʳʵʼʰʽʸʬʩʰʯ ʫʨ ʳʵʳʨʭʨʲˀʰʨ˂ ʨʹʬʯ ˀʬʳʯˆʭʬʭʬʩˀʰ ʨʹʬʭʬ
ʳʵʰʽ˂ʬʭʰʨʴ. ʨʴ ʫʨ ˆˀʰʸʨʫ ʻ˄ʿʬʩʬʩʰʹ ˁʨʩʨʸʬʩʨʹ ʰʳʰʯ ʻʶʨʹʻˆʬʩʬʴ,
ʸʵʳ ˀʬʭʲʰʨʴ ʱʵˀʱʬʩˀʰ ʴʨʯʬʹʨʭʬʩʰʯʻʸʯ ʫʨ ʰʽʰʫʨʴ ʺʿʭʰʬʩʰʯ
ʰʪʬʸʰʬʩʬʴ, ʭʰʴ˂ ʳʨʯ ʹʨ˄ʰʴʨʨʾʳʫʬʪʵʫ ʳʵʽʳʬʫʬʩʨʹ ʪʨʴʰ˃ʸʨˆʨʭʹ. 158)
ʬʸʯʰ ʹʰʺʿʭʰʯ ʿʵʭʬʲʪʭʨʸʰ ʹʨʽʳʬʬʩʰ, ʰʽʴʬʩʨ ʬʹ ʹʰʹˆʲʰʹ
ʹʨʳʨʸʯʲʰʹʨ ʯʻ ʹʨʳʵʽʨʲʨʽʵ, ʹʭʨʴʬʯˀʰ, ʸʵʪʵʸ˂ ʭˆʬʫʨʭʯ,
,,ʳʵʸʭʨʲʹ³ ʨʴʻ ʳʹʨˇʻʲ ʳʬʫʰʨʺʵʸʬʬʩʰʹ ʪʨʴʨˁʬʴʹ
ʬʽʭʬʳʫʬʩʨʸʬʩʵʫʬʴ ʫʨ ʫʾʬʹʨ˂ ʱʰ, ʸʵ˂ʨ ʹʭʨʴʬʯˀʰ ʹʨˆʨʲˆʵ
ʹʨʹʨʳʨʸʯʲʵ ʳʻʫʳʰʭʨʫ ʨʸʹʬʩʵʩʹ, ʪʭʬʸʫʹ ʻʭʲʰʨʴ ʳʨʹ ʫʨ ˆˀʰʸʨʫ
ʨʫʪʰʲʵʩʸʰʭʰ ʨʫʨʯʬʩʰʯ ʰʸˁʬʭʨ ʹʨʽʳʬ.

DzȖȊȈȓȍȊșȒȐȑ ǯȈȒȖȕȣȐȖȉȣȟȈȐȕȈDzȈȊȒȈȏȍȚșȚȘ

ǷȘȍȌȗȐșȈȕȐȍȒȕ. ǪȖȘȖȕȞȖȊȈDzțȚ. ǫȍȕ. ǫțȉ. ǫȈȋȈȘȐȕțȖȚȖȒȚ., ȋ., ȹ
2838.
DzȖȊȈȓȍȊșȒȐȑ. ǯȈȒȖȕȣȐȖȉȣȟȈȐȕȈDzȈȊȒȈȏȍȚ. IIșȚȘ
DzȖȕȍȊșȒȐȑ. dzȦȉȖȗȣȚȕȣȍțȋȖȓȒȐDzȈȊȒȈȏȈ. ǩȈȚțȔșȒȐȑȖȒȘțȋȐǹȊȈȕȍȚȐȧ. ǹȚȘ.
152.

,,‹ …€Šr

,,ʳʵʸʭʨʲ³-ʹ ʹʭʨʴʬʩʰ ʬ˃ʨˆʰʨʴ ʳʹʨˇʻʲʯ-ʳʬʫʰʨʺʵʸʬʬʩʹ,

ʳʵʳˁʰʭʴʰʹʨ ʫʨ ʳʵʶʨʹʻˆʰʹ ʳʰʬʸ ʬʸʯʳʨʴʬʯʰʹ ʯʨʴˆʳʵʩʰʯ
ʨʳʵʸˁʬʻʲʯ ʳʨʯ ˀʵʸʰʹ ʨʾ˃ʸʻʲ ʨʳʨ ʯʻ ʰʳ ʹʨʽʳʰʹ ʪʨʹʨʸˁʬʭʨʫ.
ʸʵ˂ʨ ʹʭʨʴʬʯˀʰ ʳʱʭʲʬʲʵʩʨ ˆʫʬʩʵʫʨ, ʶʰʸʭʬʲ ˆʨʴʬʩˀʰ
ʳʵʱʲʻʲʰʹ ˅ʰʸʰʹʻʼʨʲʯʨʴ ʪʨʸʰʪʬʩʨʮʬ ʲʨʶʨʸʨʱʰʹ ˁʨʳʵʪʫʬʩʨ
ʨʸʨʭʰʹ ʨʸ ˀʬʬ˃ʲʵ, ʸʨʫʪʨʴ ʬʹ ʫʰʫʨʯ ʹʨ˄ʿʬʴʰ ʫʨ ʨʳʨʾʬʲʭʬʩʬʲʰ
ʰʿʵ ʰʹʬʫʨ˂ ʫʨʳ˄ʻˆʸʬʩʻʲʯʨʯʭʰʹ ʫʨ ʪʨʸʫʨ ʨʳʰʹʨ ʹʨʳʨʸ˂ˆʭʰʴʵ˂.
ʨʳʰʺʵʳ ʻʼʸʵ ʳʰʮʨʴˀʬ˄ʵʴʰʲʰ ʰʿʵ ˇʬʸ ʨʯʨʹʴʨʰʸʰ ʳʨʪʨʲʰʯʬʩʰʹ
360
ˁʨʳʵʯʭʲʰʯ, ʫʰʶʲʵʳʨʺʰʻʸʰ ˆʸʰʱʬʩʰʯ ,,ʳʨˆʨ ʲʻʼʰʴʨ ʮʰʹˆʰ
ʲʰʽʭʬʲʬ³± ʨˆʲʨʫ ʨʫʻʾʬʩʻʲʰ ʹʰʹˆʲʰʹ ˀʬʴʬʲʬʩʨ ʫʨ ʴʰʨʫʨʪʰʹ
ʳʵʳʮʨʫʬʩʨ. ʨʳʰʹ ˀʬʳʫʬʪ ˃ʭʬʲ ʫʸʵˀʰ ,,ʳʨˆʭˀʰ³ˆʵʲʵ ʳʰʹ ˀʬʳʫʬʪ
ʳʨʳʨʹʨˆʲʰʹʰ ʫʨ ˆˀʰʸʨʫ ʹʭʨʴʬʯʰʹ ʳʳʨʸʯʭʬʲʰ˂ (ʩʵʽʨʻʲʰ)
ʻʿʸʰʫʬʴ ʯʨʭʹ ʪʨʭʲʬʴʰʨʴ ʶʰʸʬʩʹ, ʸʵʳʲʬʩʹʨ˂ ʬʸʽʭʨʯ ,,ʳʬ˂ʽʻʲʨʸ³
- ʳʵ˂ʰʽʻʲʬʩʰ. ʳʨʯʯʨʴ ʬʸʯʨʫ ʳʰʫʰʵʫʬʴ ʳʵʱʲʻʲʰʹ
˅ʰʸʰʹʻʼʨʲʯʨ ʵˇʨˆˀʰ ʫʨ ʰ˄ʿʬʩʫʬʴ ʳʵʲʨʶʨʸʨʱʬʩʨʹ
ˁʭʬʻʲʬʩʰʹʨʳʬʩʸ ʪʨʸʰʪʬʩʰʹ ˀʬʹʨˆʬʩ. ʶʰʸʭʬʲˀʰ, ʸʨ ʯʽʳʨ ʻʴʫʨ,
ʰʹʰʴʰ ˃ʨʲʰʨʴ ʪʨ˄ʿʸʬʩʵʫʬʴ ˆʵʲʳʬ ʫʨ ʵˇʨˆʰʹ ʮʵʪʰʬʸʯʰ
ʨˆʨʲʪʨʮʸʫʨ ˄ʬʭʸʰʳʨʯʰ ʪʨʸʰʪʬʩʨʮʬ ʲʨʶʨʸʨʱʰʹ ʳʵʹʳʬʴʨʹʨ˂ ʱʰ
ʪʨʻʸʩʵʫʨ ʫʨ ʨʳʰʺʵʳ ʵʸʰ-ʹʨʳʰ ʳʰʹʭʲʰʯ ʨʸʨʼʬʸʰ ʱʬʯʫʬʩʵʫʨ ʫʨ
,,ʳʵ˂ʰʽʻʲʬʩʰʹ³ ˀʸʵʳʨ ʫʨ ʳʬ˂ʨʫʰʴʬʵʩʨ ʻʴʨʿʵʼʵʫ ˁʨʰʭʲʰʫʨ
ˆʵʲʳʬ. ʩʵʲʵʹ ʯʻ ʫʨʰʯʨʴˆʳʬʩʫʬʴ ʪʨʸʰʪʬʩʨʮʬ, ˆʫʬʩʵʫʨ
ʳʬʫʰʨʺʵʸʬʬʩʰʹ ʨʸˁʬʭʨ, ˆʵʲʵ ʯʻ ʭʬʸ ʫʨʰʯʨʴˆʳʬʩʫʬʴ, ʳʨˀʰʴ
,,ʳʨˆʭˀʰ³ ʳʵʰ˄ʭʬʭʫʨ ʯʬʳʰʹ ʿʸʰʲʵʩʨʹ, ʨʳ ʻʮʬʴʨʬʹ ʰʻʸʰʫʰʻʲ
ʰʴʹʺʨʴ˂ʰʨʹ ʫʨ ʳʵʨˆʹʬʴʬʩʫʨ ʪʨʸʰʪʬʩʨʮʬ ʻʸˁʵʩʰʹ ʪʨʳ˄ʬʭʯʨ
ʫʨʴʨˀʨʻʲʵʩʨʹ. ʿʸʰʲʵʩʨ˂ ʯʨʭʰʹʰ ʳˆʸʰʯ ˄ʰʴʨʫʨʫʬʩʨʹ ʨ˃ʲʬʭʫʨ
ʻʸˁʵʩʰʹ ʪʨʳ˄ʬʭʹ ʫʨʯʨʴˆʳʬʩʻʲʰʿʵ ʪʨʸʰʪʬʩʨʮʬ, ˄ʰʴʨʨʾʳʫʬʪ
ˀʬʳʯʭʬʭʨˀʰ ʯʬʳʰʹ ʸʰʹˆʭʰʯʨ ʫʨ ˅ʰʸˀʰ ʫʨ ʲˆʰʴˀʰ
ʹʨʮʵʪʨʫʵʬʩʰʫʨʴ ʪʨʴʸʰʹˆʭʰʯ ʬʳʻʽʸʬʩʵʫʨ. ʨʳʰʺʵʳ ʹʭʨʴʬʯˀʰ
ʹʨʽʳʬ ʩʵʲʵʹ ʫʨ ʩʵʲʵʹ ˃ʨʲʰʨʴ ʰˀʭʰʨʯʨʫ ʸˁʬʩʵʫʨ ʪʨʻʸʰʪʬʩʬʲʰ.
ʨʹʬʯʰ ʳʨʪʨʲʰʯʰ ʳʯʬʲ ʹʭʨʴʬʯˀʰ ʳʬ ʨʸ ʭʰ˂ʰ ʬʸʯʰʹ ʳʬʺʰ,
ʸʵʳʬʲʮʬʫʨ˂ ʽʭʬʳʵʯ ʪʭʬʽʴʬʩʨ ʲʨʶʨʸʨʱʰ. ʳˆʨʸʬʬʩʰʹ ʪʨʸʰʪʬʩʨʮʬ
ʫʨʯʨʴˆʳʬʩʨ ʻʼʸʵ ʨʫʭʰʲʰ ʰʿʵ ʳʨˀʰʴ, ʸʵ˂ʨ ʹʰʹˆʲˀʰ
ʪʨʯʨʴʨʹ˄ʵʸʬʩʻʲʰ ʰʿʭʴʬʴ, ʬ. ʰ. ʬʸʯˀʰ ʬʸʯʰ ʰʿʵ ʳʵʱʲʻʲʰ, ʳʨʪʸʨʳ
ʳʨʴʨʳʫʰ ʱʰ ʸʨʳʵʫʬʴʰʳʬ ˄ʲʵʩʰʯ ʪʨʸʰʪʬʩʨʮʬ ʳʬ˂ʨʫʰʴʬʵʩʨ
ʯʰʯʽʳʰʹ ˄ʿʲʰʹ ʴʨʿʭʨʹ ʻʫʸʰʫʨ. ʰʳ ˀʬʳʯˆʭʬʭʨˀʰ, ʯʻ ʳʨˆʭˀʰ ʫʨ
ʳʵ˂ʰʽʻʲʬʩʰ ʫʨʰʯʨʴˆʳʬʩʫʬʴ ʳˆʨʸʬʬʩʹ ʳʬʫʰʨʺʵʸʻʲʰ ˄ʬʹʰʯ
ʪʨʸʰʪʬʩʨʮʬ, ˇʬʸ ʳʱʭʫʸʰʹ ˅ʰʸʰʹʻʼʨʲʰ ʨʹʨˆʲʬʩʫʨ
ʳʬʫʰʨʺʵʸʬʬʩʹ. ʳʵ˂ʰʽʻʲʬʩʰ ʳʰʫʰʵʫʴʬʴ ʳʵʶʨʹʻˆʬʹʯʨʴ,
ʪʨʨ˂ʴʵʩʫʬʴ ʳʬʫʰʨʺʵʸʬʬʩʨʯ ʨʸˁʬʻʲ ʶʰʸʬʩʰʹ ʭʰʴʨʵʩʨʹ ʫʨ ʯʻ
ʭʰʴʳʬ ʳʰʹʰ ʳʺʬʸʰ ʪʨʳʵʫʪʬʩʵʫʨ, ˀʬʳʫʬʪ ʵˇʨˆʰʹ ˄ʬʭʸʬʩʰ
ʫʨʬʱʰʯˆʬʩʵʫʬʴ ʬʸʯʳʨʴʬʯʹ ʫʨ ʯʭʰʯʵʴʨ˂ ʨʸˁʬʭʫʬʴ ʳʬʫʰʨʺʵʸʬʯ
ʭʰʴ˂ ʻʴʫʵʫʨʯ. ʳʵ˂ʰʽʻʲʬʩʰ ʰʹʬʭ ʳʵʳˁʰʭʴʰʹ ʹʨˆʲʹ
ʻʩʸʻʴʫʬʩʵʫʬʴ, ʰʳʨʹʨ˂ ʬʺʿʵʫʬʴ ʳʵʶʨʹʻˆʰʹ ʳʰʬʸ ʨʸˁʬʻʲ ʶʰʸʬʩʹ
ʫʨ ʯʻ ʨʳʴʨʰʸʨʫ ˀʬʯʨʴˆʳʫʬʩʵʫʬʴ ʳʬʫʰʨʺʵʸʬʬʩʰʹ ʨʸˁʬʭʨˀʰ, ˆʵʳ
361
ʱʨʸʪʰ, ʯʻ ʨʸʨ ʫʨ ˆˀʰʸʰ ʰʿʵ ʰʹʬʯʰ ʳʨʪʨʲʰʯʬʩʰ˂, ʸʵʳ
ʫʨʨʼʰ˂ʬʩʫʬʴ ʳʵ˂ʰʽʻʲʬʩʹ, ʸʨʯʨ ʳʰʻʫʪʵʳʬʲʰ ʨʴʻ ʴʬʰʺʸʨʲʻʸʰ
ʹʨʽʳʰʹ ʳ˂ʵʫʴʬ ʶʰʸʬʩʰ ʨʬʸˁʰʨʯ ʳʬʫʰʨʺʵʸʬʬʩʨʯ ʫʨ ʰʹʰʴʰ˂
ʰʸˁʬʭʫʬʴ ʳʨʯ. ˆʵʲʵ ʸʨ ʸʰʪʨʫʨ˂ ʨʸ ʻʴʫʨ ʳʵʳˆʫʨʸʰʿʵ ʳʵʸʭʬʩʰʹ
ʨʳʵʸˁʬʭʨ, ʿʵʭʬʲ ˀʬʳʯˆʭʬʭʨˀʰ ʬʸʯʰ ˄ʬʹʰ ʨʻ˂ʰʲʬʩʲʨʫ ʻʴʫʨ
ʿʵʼʰʲʰʿʵ ʫʨ ʫʾʬʹʨ˂ ʨʸʰʹ ʫʨ˂ʻʲʰ:
ʨ) ʳʵʸʭʬʩʰʹ ʸʰ˂ˆʭʰ ʻʴʫʨ ʿʵʼʰʲʰʿʵ ʻʩʸʨʲʵ ʹʨʳʵʽʨʲʨʽʵ
ʹʨʽʳʬʬʩʮʬ 3-5;
ʩ) ʻʼʸʵ ʹʬʸʰʵʮʻʲ ʹʨʽʳʬʬʩʮʬ, ʳʨʪ.: ,,˂ʭʨʸʵʩ³ ± ʽʨʲʰʹ ʳʰʬʸ
ʽʳʸʰʹ ʳʰʺʵʭʬʩʨ, ʨʴ ʽʳʸʰʹ ʳʰʬʸ ˂ʵʲʰʹ ʳʰʺʵʭʬʩʨ, ,,ʽʨˁʵʩ³± ʱʨ˂ʰʹ
ʳ˃ʰʳʬʫ ʫʨ˅ʸʨʮʬ, ,,ʽʵʸʨ ʱʭʨˀʨ³± ʹʨˆʲʰʹ ʪʨʺʬˆʭʨ (DzȘȈȎȈșȖȊȏȓȖȔȖȔ)
ʫʨ ʹˆʭ. 5-7;
ʪ) ʳʱʭʲʬʲʵʩʨʮʬ ± 12-24.
ʳʵʸʭʬʩʰʹ ʸʰ˂ˆʭʰ ʹʨʳʵʽʨʲʨʽʵ ʹʨʽʳʬʬʩˀʰ ʵʸʰʭʬ ʳˆʸʰʫʨʴ
ʯʨʴʨʹ˄ʵʸʰʨ, ˆʵʲʵ ʳʱʭʲʬʲʵʩʰʹ ʹʨʽʳʬˀʰ ʳʵʳˁʰʭʨʴʹ ʮʵʪʰʬʸʯ
ʯʬʳˀʰ ʬ˃ʲʬʭʨ ʬʸʯʰ ʱʨ˂ʰ ʳʬʺʰ, ,,ʳʻ˄ʭʸʰ³ ʹʰʹˆʲʰʹ ʨʳʾʬʩʰ,
ʸʵʳʬʲʹʨ˂ ʳʰʴʰ˅ʬʩʻʲʰ ʨʽʭʹ ʻʼʲʬʩʨ, ʫʨʳʵʻʱʰʫʬʩʲʨʫ
ʳʬʫʰʨʺʵʸʬʬʩʰʹ ʪʨʫʨ˄ʿʭʬʺʰʲʬʩʰʹʨ, ʳʰʻʹʨˇʵʹ ʳʵʶʨʹʻˆʬʹ ʯʨʭʰʹʰ
ˀʬˆʬʫʻʲʬʩʰʯ ʰʹ ʹʨʪʸ˃ʴʵʩʰ ʯʨʴˆʨ, ʸʵʳʬʲʮʬ˂ ʽʭʬʳʵʯ ʪʭʬʽʴʬʩʨ
ʲʨʶʨʸʨʱʰ.
˂ʨʲʳˆʸʰʭʵʩʰʹ ʯʨʭʰʫʨʴ ʨʹʨ˂ʰʲʬʩʲʨʫ ʳʬʫʰʨʺʵʸʬʬʩʰ ʨʸ
ʻʴʫʨ ʰʿʭʴʬʴ ʨʸ˂ ʬʸʯʰ ʳˆʸʰʹ ʨʸ˂ ʳʺʬʸʰ, ʨʸ˂ ʳʵʿʭʨʸʬ, ʫʨ ʯʻ ʱʰ
ʸʨʳʬ ʪʨʸʬʳʵʬʩʰʯ ʨʳʰʹ ʯʨʭʰʫʨʴ ʨ˂ʰʲʬʩʨʹ ʭʬʸ ˀʬʹ˃ʲʬʩʬʴ, ʳʨʯʰ
ʸʰ˂ˆʭʰ˂ ʵʸʰʭʬ ʳˆʸʰʫʨʴ ʬʸʯʴʨʰʸʰ ʫʨ ʯʨʴʨʹ˄ʵʸʰ ʻʴʫʨ ʰʿʵʹ.
,,ʳʵʸʭʨʫ³ ˀʬʰ˃ʲʬʩʨ ʰʿʵʹ ʨʸˁʬʻʲʰ ʿʵʭʬʲʰ ʹʸʻʲ˄ʲʵʭʨʴʰ
ʳʵʽʨʲʨʽʬ. ʰʹʰʴʰ ʫʰʫʰ ʶʨʺʰʭʰʯʨ ʫʨ ʯʨʿʭʨʴʰʹ˂ʬʳʰʯ ʹʨʸʪʬʩʲʵʩʬʴ
ˆʨʲˆʰʹ ʯʭʨʲˀʰ, ʯʻ ʳʰʻʫʪʵʳʬʲ ʪʨʴʨˁʬʴʹ ʪʨʳʵʰʺʨʴʬʴ.
ʹʨʳʨʸʯʲʰʨʴʨʫ ʨʾʴʰˀʴʨʭʹ ʸ. ʬʸʰʹʯʨʭʰ ǵȈ ǴȖȘȊȈȘȖȊ ș
ȉȓȈȋȖȋȖȊȍȕȐȍȔșȔȖȚȘȧȚȊǹȊȈȕȍȚȐȐȕȈȏȣȊȈȧȐȝȉȖȎȤȐȔȐșȖȏȌȈȕȐȧȔȐ´
159). ʳʨʪʸʨʳ, ʳʰʻˆʬʫʨʭʨʫ ʨʳʰʹʨ, ʳʵʸʭʨʫ ʿʵʼʴʨʹ ʹʭʨʴʬʩʰ ˃ʭʬʲʨʫ

˃ʨʲʰʨʴ ʪʨʻʸʩʵʫʬʴ, ʳʨʯʫʨ ʻʴʬʩʻʸʨʫ ʫʨ ʳʰʻˆʭʬʫʸʬʲʵʩʰʯ

ʼʰ˂ʰʹ ʪʨʺʬˆʰʹ ˀʰˀʰʯ, ʸʨʫʪʨʴʨ˂ ʹʭʨʴʬʩʰ ʫʨʸ˄ʳʻʴʬʩʻʲʰ ʨʸʰʨʴ,
ʸʵʳ ʼʰ˂ʰʹ ʪʨʳʺʬˆʰ ʹʨˀʭʰʲʰˀʭʰʲʵʫ ʻʴʫʨ ʨʳʵ˄ʿʫʬʹ, ʫʨʰʾʻʶʵʹ
ʫʨ ʹʨʰʽʰʵʹʨ˂ ʼʰ˂ʰʹ ʪʨʳʺʬˆʰʹ ʹʻʲʰ ˇʵˇʵˆʬʯˀʰ ʻʴʫʨ ˀʬʭʰʫʬʹ
ʹʨʳʨʸʨʫʰʹʵ ʹʨʺʨʴˇʭʬʲʨʫ.

362
 ʨʳʰʺʵʳ ˆˀʰʸʨʫ ʳʵʸʭʬʩʰʹ ˀʵʭʴʨ ʨʸ˂ ʰʹʬ ʨʫʭʰʲʰ ʰʿʵ,
ʸʨʫʪʨʴʨ˂ ʪʨʻʸʩʵʫʬʹ ʨʳʨʹ. ʳʨʪʸʨʳ ʨʳ ˀʬʳʯˆʭʬʭʨˀʰ ʹʭʨʴʬʩʰ, ʸʵʪʵʸ˂
ʪʭʨʻ˄ʿʬʩʹ ʯʨʭʰʹʻʼʨʲʰ ʹʭʨʴʰ, ʯʻʸʳʬ ˀʬʳʫʬʪ ˆʬʸˆʹ ʳʰʳʨʸʯʨʭʫʬʴ:
ʰˀʵʭʰʫʬʴ ʸʨʰʳʬ ʹʨʬʱʲʬʹʰʵ ʴʰʭʯʹ, ʳʨʪʨʲʰʯʨʫ ʩʵʽʲʵʳʹ ʨʴ ʹˆʭʨ
ʹʨʪʨʴʹ, ʨʫʬʭʴʬʩʫʬʴ ʯʭʨʲʿʻʸʹ ʰʳ ʶʰʸʹ, ʭʰʴ˂ ʨʸ ʯʨʴˆʳʫʬʩʵʫʨ
ʳʬʫʰʨʺʵʸʵʩʨˀʰ ˁʨʸʬʭʨʮʬ, ʫʨ ʸʵ˂ʨ ʫʨʴʨʳʫʭʰʲʬʩʰʯ
ʪʨʳʵʨʸʱʭʬʭʫʴʬʴ ʳʰʹ ʩʰʴʨʹ, ˀʬʫʰʵʫʴʬʴ ʰʳ ʹʨˆʲˀʰ, ʻˁʭʬʴʬʩʫʬʴ
ʮʬʳʵˆʹʬʴʬʩʻʲ ʴʰʭʯ, ʳʵʨʱʰʫʬʩʰʴʬʩʫʬʴ ʳʨʹʮʬʫ ˆʬʲʹ, ʸʰʹ
ˀʬʳʫʬʪʨ˂ ʻʨʸʰʹ ʯʽʳʨ ʫʨʻˀʭʬʩʬʲʰ ʰʿʵ. 160) ʸʵ˂ʨ ʫʰʫʰ
ʫʨʭʰʫʨʸʨʩʰʹ ˀʬʳʫʬʪ ʳʵʸʭʬʩʰʹ ʳ˃ʬʩʴʬʲʰ ˀʬʹ˃ʲʬʩʹ ʳʨʯ ˀʵʭʴʨʹ,
ʫʨʴʰˀʴʻʲ ʫʾʬʹ ʯʨʭʹ ʻʿʸʰʹ ʳʨʯ ʯʨʭʰʹ ʹʨˆʲˀʰ. ʶʰʸʭʬʲʨʯ ʰʹʰʴʰ
ʳʰˈʿʨʭʹ ʯʨʭʰʹ ʹʨˆʲˀʰ ʳʵʳˁʰʭʨʴʹ ʹʨʫʰʲʨʯ ʨʴ ʭʨˆˀʳʨʯ ʫʨ
ˁʰʴʬʩʻʲʨʫ ʻʳʨʹʶʰʴ˃ʲʫʬʩʨ ʶʻʸʰʯ, ʨʸʿʰʯ, ˆʵʸ˂ʰʯ, ʿʭʬʲʰʯ ʫʨ
ʹˆʭʨ. ʹʻʼʸʨʮʬ ʰʹ ʳʵʨˆʹʬʴʬʩʹ ʹʨʸˁʬʲʹ ± ʹʨˁʰʭʨʸʹ, ˆʵʲʵ ʨʳʰʹ
ˀʬʳʫʬʪ ʳʬʫʰʨʺʵʸʬʬʩʰ ʳʰʫʰʨʴ ʳʵʶʨʹʻˆʰʹ ʹʨˆʲˀʰ, ʸʵʳʬʲʰ˂
ʨʪʸʬʯʭʬ ʻʳʨʹʶʰʴ˃ʲʫʬʩʨ ʳʨʯ ʰʹʬ, ʸʵʪʵʸ˂ ʳʵʳˁʰʭʨʴʰ, ʯˆʵʻʲʵʩʹ
ʳʨʯʪʨʴ ʫʨ˄ʭʸʰʲʬʩʰʯ ʻʨʳʩʵʴ ʳʵʳˁʰʭʨʴʰʹ ʹʨˁʰʭʨʸʰ ʫʨ ˀʬʳʫʬʪ
ʳʰʻʪʬʩʹ ʳʵʸʭʬʩʹ ʶʨʹʻˆʹ ʫʨ ʹˆʭʨ...
ʹʭʨʴʻʸʰ ˀʻʸʰʹ ˃ʰʬʩʰʹʨ ʫʨ ʳʬʫʰʨʺʵʸʻʲʰ ˄ʬʹʰʯ ʳˆʨʸʬʬʩʰʹ
ˀʬʸʰʪʬʩʰʹ ʫʨʹʨˆʨʹʰʨʯʬʩʲʨʫ ʫʨ ʳʹʨˇʻʲ ʳʬʫʰʨʺʵʸʬʬʩʰʹ
ʳʻˀʨʵʩʰʹ ˄ʨʸʳʵʬʩʰʹ ˄ʬʹʬʩʰʹ ʪʨʹʨˀʻʽʬʩʲʨʫ, ʨʴʻ ʴʰʳʻˀʨʫ
ʹʨ˅ʰʸʵʫ ʳʰʳʨˁʴʰʨ ʳʱʰʯˆʭʬʲʰʹ ʿʻʸʨʫʾʬʭʨ ˀʬʭʨˁʬʸʵ ʨʽ ʬʸʯ
ʼʸʰʨʫ ʹʨʰʴʺʬʸʬʹʵ ʹʨʽʳʬʮʬ, ʸʵʳʬʲʮʬʫʨ˂ ʮʬʳʵʯ ʨʸʰʹ ʴʨʯʽʭʨʳʰ,
ʸʵʳ ʹʭʨʴʬʯˀʰ ʳʬʫʰʨʺʵʸʻʲʰ ˄ʬʹʰʯ ʪʨʸʰʪʬʩʬʲʰ ʨʸʨʼʬʸʰ
ʫʨʸˁʬʴʰʲʨ, ʪʨʸʫʨ ʬʸʯʰ ʹʨʽʳʰʹʨʯʽʵ. ʬʹ ʹʨʽʳʬ ʪʨˆʲʨʭʯ ʲʨʺʨʲʰʹ
ʯʬʳˀʰ ʳ˂ˆʵʭʸʬʩ ʪʰʸʪʭʲʰʨʴʬʩʹʨ ʫʨ ʼʨʸˇʰʨʴʬʩʹ ˀʵʸʰʹ ʳʬ-18
ʹʨʻʱʻʴʰʹ ʫʨʳʲʬʭʹ ʳʵʳˆʫʨʸʰ ʳʱʭʲʬʲʵʩʨ 161).
ʨʳ ʹʰʹˆʲʰʹ ʾʭʸʨʳ ʳʨʯ ˀʵʸʰʹ ʰʼʬʯʽʨ ʳʨˀʰʴ, ʸʵʫʬʹʨ˂
ˁʨʸʱʭʰʨʴʬʩʰʹ ʫʨˆʵ˂ʭʰʹ ˀʬʳʫʬʪ ʲʨʺʨʲʬʲʬʩʰʹ ʳʰʬʸ
ʪʰʸʪʭʲʰʨʴʬʩʰ ʫʨ ʼʨʸˇʰʨʴʬʩʰ ʳʨʯ ʨʫʪʰʲ-ʳʨʳʻʲʰʹ ʪʨʿʵʼʨˀʰ ʭʬʸ
ˀʬʯʨʴˆʳʫʬʴ ʫʨ ʨʳ ʴʰʨʫʨʪʮʬ ʬʸʯʳʨʴʬʯʹ ʵʳʰ ʪʨʳʵʻ˂ˆʨʫʬʹ.
ʪʰʸʪʭʲʰʨʴʬʩʹ ʳʰʬʳˆʸʬʴ ʱʭʨʴ˅ʰʨʴʬʩʰ˂ ʫʨ ʬʸʯ ʫʾʬʹ ʹʨʳʺʨʰˀʰʹ
ʺʿʰʫʨʴ ʹʸʵʲʨ ʨʻʺʬˆʬʹ ʼʨʸˇʰʨʴʬʩʹ, ʸʵʳʲʰʹ ʫʸʵʹʨ˂ ʳʵʱʲʻʲ
ʰʽʴʬʴ ʼʨʸˇʰʨʴʬʩʰʹ ʳˆʸʰʫʨʴ: ʪʰʬʸʪʰʲ ʼʨʸˇʰʨʴʰ ʫʨ ʬʸʯʰ
ʳʵˇʨʳʨʪʰʸʬ ʪʻʸʳʨˁʰʲʨ ʽʨʻʮʨ ʪʰʸʪʭʲʰʨʴʰʹ ʳʰʬʸ. ʳʨʲʬ
ʼʨʸˇʰʨʴʬʩʳʨ ˀʻʸʰ ʰ˃ʰʬʹ ʪʰʸʪʭʲʰʨʴʬʩʮʬ. ʳʨʯ ʳʵʱʲʬʹ ʽʨʻʮʨ
363
ʪʰʸʪʭʲʰʨʴʰ. ʨʳʨʹ ʳʵˈʿʭʨ ʪʰʸʪʭʲʰʨʴʬʩʰʹ ʳʰʬʸ ʩʬʽʳʻʸʮʨ
ʼʨʸˇʰʨʴʰʹ ʳʵʱʭʲʨ. ʪʰʸʪʭʲʰʨʴʬʩʳʨ ʳʵʰʹʿʰʫʬʹ ʬʸʯʰ ʯʨʭʰʹʰ
ʹʨˆʲʰ-ʱʨ˂ʰ ʵʳʨʴʨ ʸʨʳʮʰˀʬʸʬʩʰʹʨ, ʸʵʳʬʲʰ˂ ʯʻʳ˂ʨʾʨ ʪʭʨʸʨʯ
ʪʰʸʪʭʲʰʨʴʰ ʰʿʵ, ʳʨʪʸʨʳ ʴʨʯʬʹʨʵʩʰʯ ʰʳʫʬʴʨʫ ʫʨˀʵʸʬʩʻʲʰ ʰʿʵ
ˀʻʸʰʹ ʳʨ˃ʰʬʩʬʲ ʪʰʸʪʭʲʰʨʴʬʩʰʹʨʪʨʴ, ʸʵʳ ʳʰʹʯʭʰʹ ʨʸʨʳ˂ ʯʻ
ʹʨʭʨʲʫʬʩʻʲʵ ʨʸ ʰʿʵ ʨʳ ˀʻʸʰʹ˃ʰʬʩʰʹ ʼʬʸˆʻʲˀʰ ˁʨʩʳʨ, ʨʸʨʳʬʫ ʰʹ
ʩʬʽʳʻʸʮʨ ʼʨʸˇʰʨʴʰ, ʸʵʳʬʲʰ˂ ʪʰʸʪʭʲʰʨʴʬʩʹ ʴʰˀʨʴˀʰ ʨʳʵʾʬʩʻʲʰ
ˈʿʨʭʫʨʯ ʳʵʹʨʱʲʨʭʨʫ, ʳʰʹ ʹʨʻʱʬʯʬʹʵ ʳʬʪʵʩʸʨʯ ʰʯʭʲʬʩʵʫʨ ʫʨ
ʿʭʬʲʨʼʬʸˀʰ ʳʨʹ ʬʴʫʵʩʵʫʨ.
ʬʸʯ ʫʾʬʹ, ʸʵ˂ʨ ʪʰʸʪʭʲʰʨʴʬʩʰ ʫʨʫʨʸʨˇʬʩʻʲ ʰʿʭʴʬʴ, ʨʳ
ʵʳʨʴʨʳ ʯʨʭʰʹʰ ʳʬʪʵʩʨʸʰ ʩʬʽʳʻʸʮʨ ʼʨʸˇʰʨʴʰ ʪʨʸʬʯ ʪʨʳʵʰˆʳʵ ʫʨ
ˁʨʳʵˇʫʬʴ ʬʸʯʨʫ ʰʳ ˁʰʸʪʭʬʩʰʹ ʨˆʲʵʹ, ʹʨʫʨ˂ ʳʱʭʲʬʲʬʩʰ ʰʿʭʴʬʴ
ˁʨʹʨʼʸʬʩʻʲʰ. ʨʳ ʫʸʵʹ ʪʨʭʨʸʫʨ ˁʨʴˆʭʨʸ ʪʰʸʪʭʲʰʨʴʰʹ ʯʵʼʰ,
ʸʵʳʲʰʹ ʼʰʴʯʰˆʰ (ʺʿʭʰʨ) ʩʬʽʳʻʸʮʨʹ ʯʻʳ˂ʨʾʨ ʳʨʸˇʭʬʴʨ ˆʬʲˀʰ ʫʨ
ʳʱʬʸʫˀʰ ʳʵˆʭʫʨ, ʳʨʪʸʨʳ ʳʨʰʴ˂ ʰˀʰˀʭʲʨ ˆʨʴˇʨʲʰ ʫʨ ʯʨʭʰʹ
ʳʵʾʨʲʨʺʬ ʳʬʪʵʩʨʸʰ ʰʽʭʬ ʳʵʱʲʨ. ʨʳ ʨʫʪʰʲʰʫʨʴ ʬʸʯʰ
ʼʨʸˇʰʨʴʬʩʰʹ, ʳʬʵʸʬ ʪʰʸʪʭʲʰʨʴʬʩʰʹ ʵˇʨˆʰʹʨʱʬʴ ʪʨʨʹʭʬʴʬʹ.
ʸʨʳʵʫʬʴʰʳʬ ˄ʲʰʹ ˀʬʳʫʬʪ ʩʬʽʳʻʸʮʨ ʪʰʸʪʭʲʰʨʴʰ ʱʲʨʭʹ ˀʨʻˆʨʴ
ʼʨʸˇʰʨʴʹ ˀʻʸʰʹ ˃ʰʬʩʰʹ ʴʰʨʫʨʪʮʬ ʯʨʭʰʹʰ ʫʰʹ ʳʰʺʵʭʬʩʰʹʨʯʭʰʹ.
ʳʵʱʲʻʲʰʹ ʳʬʵʸʬ ˂ʵʲʰ ʪʻʲʨʮʨʸʰ ʨʳ ʫʸʵʹ ʵʸʹʻʲʨʫ ʰʿʵ. ʳʨʹ
ʫʨʬʩʨʫʨ ʭʨʷʰˀʭʰʲʰ, ʸʵʳʬʲʰ˂ ʪʨʰʮʨʸʫʨ ʫʨ, 20 ˄ʲʰʹ ʸʵʳ ˀʬʰʽʴʨ,
ʳʵʱʲʨ ʳʨʳʰʹ ʳʱʭʲʬʲʰ ʫʨ ʹˆʭʨ...
ʿʵʭʬʲʪʭʨʸʰ ʮʵʳʬʩʰ ʰʿʵ ʹʭʨʴʬʯˀʰ ʳʰʾʬʩʻʲʰ ʳʨʯ
ˀʬʹʨʸʰʪʬʩʲʨʫ, ʸʨʫʪʨʴʨ˂ ʨʳ ʵʸʰ ʪʭʨʸʰʹ ʳʺʸʵʩʨ ʹʨʮʵʪʨʫʵʬʩʨʹ
ʿʵʼʫʨ ʵʸʨʫ, ʪʨʯʰˀʭʨ ʫʨ ʿʵʭʬʲʪʭʨʸʰ ʻʩʬʫʻʸʬʩʨ ˀʬˈʽʵʴʫʨ ʳʨʯ
˂ˆʵʭʸʬʩʨˀʰ ʳʨʪʸʨʳ ʨʳʨʵʫ.
1853 ˄ʬʲʹ, ʸʵʫʬʹʨ˂ ʶʵʲʱ. ʩʨʸʯʵʲʵʳʬʰ ˀʬʭʰʫʨ ʹʭʨʴʬʯˀʰ ʫʨ
ʲʨʺʨʲʰʹ ʹʨʮʵʪʨʫʵʬʩʰʹ ʳ˂ˆʵʭʸʬʩʯ ʨʼʰ˂ʬʩʫʨ ʸʻʹʬʯʰʹ
ʽʭʬˀʬʭʸʫʵʳʵʩʨˀʰ ˀʬʹʭʲʰʹ ˀʬʹʨˆʬʩ, ʰʳʫʬʴʨʫ ʪʨʳ˄ʭʨʭʬʩʻʲʰ ʰʿʵ
ʳʫʪʵʳʨʸʬʵʩʨ ʪʰʸʪʭʲʰʨʴʬʩʰʹʨ ʫʨ ʼʨʸˇʰʨʴʬʩʰʹ ˀʵʸʰʹ, ʸʵʳ
ʫʨʹʨʼʰ˂ʬʩʲʨʫ ˆʨʲˆʰʹ ʬʸʯʨʫ ʯʨʭʰʹ ʳʵʿʸʨ ˀʬʻ˃ʲʬʩʬʲʰ ˀʬʰʽʳʴʨ.
ʩʨʸʯʵʲʵʳʬʰ ʳʵʪʭʰʯˆʸʵʩʹ, ʸʵʳ ʳʨʹ ˀʬʳʫʬʪ, ʸʨ˂
ʲʨʺʨʲʬʲʬʩʳʨ ʫʨʨʫʪʰʴʬʹ ʸʻʹʬʯʰʹ ʽʭʬˀʬʭʸʫʵʳʵʩʨˀʰ ˀʬʹʭʲʨ, ʳʨʹ
˄ʨʸʻʫʪʴʬʴ ʲʨʺʨʲʰʹ ,,ʳʨˆʭˀʰ³ ʨʩʰ ʼʨʸˇʰʨʴʰ ʫʨ ʪʰʸʪʭʲʰʨʴʬʩʰʹ
ʪʭʨʸʬʻʲʵʩʰʹ ˄ʨʸʳʵʳʨʫʪʬʴʬʲʴʰ ʯʨʰʹʨʭʰ ʫʨ ʫʰʫʰ ʳ˄ʻˆʨʸʬʩʰʯ
ʪʨʴʻ˂ˆʨʫʬʹ, ʸʵʳ ʲʨʺʨʲʰʹ ˆʨʲˆʰʹ ʬʸʯʨʫ ʫʨʼʰ˂ʬʩʨ
364
ˀʬʻ˃ʲʬʩʬʲʰʨ, ʭʰʴʨʰʫʨʴ ʪʰʸʪʭʲʰʨʴʬʩʹʨ ʫʨ ʼʨʸˇʰʨʴʬʩʹ ˀʵʸʰʹ
ʨʸʹʬʩʵʩʹ ˃ʭʬʲʰ ˀʻʸʰʹ ˃ʰʬʩʰʹ ʴʰʨʫʨʪʮʬ ʹʰʹˆʲʰʹ ʨʾʬʩʨǺȡȍȚȕȖ
ȧ țȉȍȎȌȈȓ Ȑȝ ȟȚȖȉȣ ȖȕȐ ȊȖșȗȖȓȤȏȖȊȈȓȐșȤ ȚȖȘȎȍșȚȊȍȕȕȣȔ șȓțȟȈȍȔ
ȗȘȐȊșȚțȗȓȍȕȐȐȊǸțșșȒȖȍȗȖȌȌȈȕșȚȊȖ± ȐȌȖșȚȖȑȕȖȖȏȕȈȔȍȕȖȊȈȓȐȉȣ
ȍȋȖȏȈȉȊȍȕȐȍȔȗȘȖȚȐȊȕȖȑȝȘȐșȚȐȈȕșȒȖȔțțȟȍȕȐȦȕȍȕȈȊȐșȚȐȐǺȈȑșȈȊ
Ȑ ǨȉȐ șȖȟțȊșȚȊȖȊȈȓȐ ȔȖȍȔț ȗȘȍȌȓȖȎȍȕȐȦ ȕȖ ȏȕȈȧ șȊȖȐȝ
șȖȖȚȍȟȍșȚȊȍȕȕȐȒȖȊ șȖȔȕȐȚȍȓȤȕȖ ȒȈȟȈȓȐ ȋȖȓȖȊȖȑ ǯȈȔȍȟȈȚȍȓȤȕȖ ȚȖ
ȟȚȖ ȎȍȕȡȐȕȣ șȖ șȓȍȏȈȔȐ ȕȈ ȋȓȈȏȈȝ ȗȘȖșȐȓȐ Ȕȍȕȧ ȗȖȓȖȎȐȚȤ ȒȖȕȍȞ
ȘȈȏȋȖȘțșȖșȚȈȊȓȧȦȡȍȔțȐșȚȐȕȕȖȍȉȍȌșȚȊȐȍȌȓȧȖȉȠȍșȚȊȈ162)
ʩʨʸʯʵʲʵʳʬʰʳ ʰʹʰʴʰ ʭʬʸ ˀʬʨʸʰʪʨ. ˆʨʲˆʰ ʫʨʹʨʼʰ˂ʬʩʲʨʫ
ʵʸʨʫ ʪʨˈʿʵ ʫʨ ʪʰʸʪʭʲʰʨʴʬʩʰ ʫʨ ʼʨʸˇʰʨʴʬʩʰ ʨʳʴʨʰʸʨʫ ˂ʨʲ-
˂ʨʲʱʬ ʫʨʨʼʰ˂ʨ. ʩʵʽʨʻʲ ʳʰʽʬʲʨ˃ʬʹ ʳʨʴ ʫʨʻʩʨʸʨ ʳʨʯʰ ˀʬʸʰʪʬʩʨ
163), ʳʨʪʸʨʳ ˂ʫʨʳ ʻʴʨʿʵʼʵʫ ˁʨʰʨʸʨ.

1908 ˄ʬʲʹ, ʸʵʫʬʹʨ˂ ʳʬ ʲʨʺʨʲʰʹ ʹʱʵʲʰʹ ʳʨʹ˄ʨʭʲʬʩʲʨʫ

ʭʰʿʨʭʰ ʫʨ ˆʨʲˆʰʹ ʿʻʸʨʫʾʬʩʨ ʫʨ ʶʨʺʰʭʰʹ˂ʬʳʨ ʹʨʱʳʨʵʫ ʳʽʵʴʫʨ
ʫʨʳʹʨˆʻʸʬʩʻʲʰ, ʸʵʪʵʸ˂ ʳˀʭʰʫʵʩʰʨʴʵʩʰʹ ʫʨʳʿʨʸʬʩʰʹ ʳʻˀʨʱʹ
ʪʨʫʨʳʺʬʸʬʩʻʲ ʳˆʨʸʬʬʩʰʹ ˀʬʸʰʪʬʩʰʯ, ˁʬʳʯʨʴ ʳʵʭʰʫʬʴ ʲʨʺʨʲʰʹ
ʳʨʳʨʹʨˆʲʰʹʰ ʫʨʭʰʯ ˄ʬʸʬʫʰʨʴʰ ʫʨ ʹˆʭʬʩʰ, ʸʵʳʲʬʩʳʨ˂ ʳʯˆʵʭʬʹ
ʪʰʸʪʭʲʰʨʴʬʩʰʹʨ ʫʨ ʼʨʸˇʰʨʴʬʩʰʹ ˀʬʸʰʪʬʩʰʹ ʰʴʰ˂ʰʨʺʰʭʵʩʨ. ʳʬ
ʨʸʨʭʰʯʨʸʰ ʰʳʬʫʰ ʨʸ ʳʽʵʴʫʨ ʫʨ ˄ʿʲʰʹ ʴʨʿʭʨʫ ʳʰʳʨˁʴʫʨ ʨʳ ʹʨʽʳʰʹ
ʫʨ˄ʿʬʩʨ, ʳʨʪʸʨʳ ʻʨʸʰʹ ʯʽʳʨ˂ ʻˆʬʸˆʻʲʨʫ ʫʨʭʰʴʨˆʬ ʫʨ ʩʬʭʸʰ
ʿʵʿʳʨʴʰʹ ˀʬʳʫʬʪ ʯʨʴˆʳʵʩʨ ʪʨʳʵʭʻ˂ˆʨʫʬ. ˂ʵʺʨ ˆʴʰʹ ʳʬʸʬ ˁʭʬʴ
ʪʨʸˀʬʳʵ ˀʬʳʵʭʰʱʸʰʩʬʯ ʲʨʺʨʲʰʹ ʯʬʳʰʹ ʿʭʬʲʨ ʶʨʺʰʭʹʨ˂ʬʳʰ
ʶʰʸʬʩʰ ʫʨ ˀʬʭʻʫʬʽʰʯ ʳʵ˂ʰʽʻʲʵʩʨʹ. ʵʸʰ ʱʭʰʸʰʹ ʳʵ˂ʰʽʻʲʵʩʨʹ
ʩʬʭʸʰ ʨʸʨʼʬʸʰ ˀʬʫʬʪʰ ʳʵˈʿʭʨ, ʳʨʪʸʨʳ ʰʹʰ˂ ʫʰʫ ʳʰʾ˄ʬʭʨʫ
ʳʰʪʭʨˁʴʫʨ, ʸʵʳ ʹʨʲʨʶʨʸʨʱʵʫ ʪʭʾʬʩʻʲʵʩʫʬʴ ʫʨ ʶʨʹʻˆʹ
ʪʭʨ˃ʲʬʭʫʬʴ.
ʨʳʰʹ ˀʬʳʫʬʪ ˁʭʬʴ ˄ʨʭʬʫʰʯ ʯ. ʫʨʫʬˀʽʬʲʰʨʴʯʨʴ, ʸʵʳʬʲʹʨ˂
ʳʬʪʵʩʸʻʲʰ ʫʨʳʵʱʰʫʬʩʻʲʬʩʨ ˈʽʵʴʫʨ ʵʸʰʭʬ ʳˆʨʸʬʹʯʨʴ ʫʨ
ʳʨʯʮʬ ʪʨʭʲʬʴʰʯ˂ ʹʨʸʪʬʩʲʵʩʫʨ, ʫʨ ʨʪʸʬʯʭʬ ʳʨˀʰʴʫʬʲ ʹʭʨʴʬʯʰʹ
ʳʳʨʸʯʭʬʲ ʳ. ʨʹʨʯʰʨʴʯʨʴ, ʫʨ ʭʹʯˆʵʭʬʯ ʳʨʯ ʫʨˆʳʨʸʬʩʨ. ʯʻʳ˂ʨʾʨ
ʰʳʨʯʨ˂ ˀʬʻ˃ʲʬʩʲʨʫ ʳʰʨˁʴʫʨʯ ʬʹ ʹʨʽʳʬ, ʳʨʪʸʨʳ ʫʨˆʳʨʸʬʩʨʮʬ
ʯʨʴˆʳʵʩʨ ʳʨʰʴ˂ ʪʨʳʵʪʭʰ˂ˆʨʫʬʹ. ʨʳʰʹ ˀʬʳʫʬʪ ˁʭʬʴ ʰʹʬʭ
ʳʰʭʻʩʸʻʴʫʰʯ ˁʭʬʴ ʳʰʬʸ ʫʨ˄ʿʬʩʻʲ ʳʻˀʨʵʩʨʹ, ʫʨ ʸʵ˂ʨ ʹʨʽʳʬ ʰʳ
ʮʵʳʨʳʫʬ ʳʰʭʰʿʭʨʴʬʯ, ʸʵʳ ʪʨʸʰʪʬʩʨʮʬ ʯʰʯʽʳʰʹ ʫʨʭʰʿʨʩʻʲʬʯ,
ˁʭʬʴ ʳʵʭʰ˄ʭʰʬʯ ʮʬʳʵˆʹʬʴʬʩʻʲʰ ʶʰʸʬʩʰ ʫʨʹʨˆʳʨʸʬʩʲʨʫ
365
ʲʨʺʨʲˀʰ. ˆʻʯʰ ʫʾʰʹ ʯʨʭʰʹ ʺʬˆʰʹʨ ʫʨ ʹʰʹˆʲʰʹ ˀʸʵʩʰʹ ˀʬʳʫʬʪ
ʳˆʨʸʬʬʩʳʨ ʳʵʪʭ˂ʬʹ ˆʬʲ˄ʬʸʰʲʬʩʰ ʪʨʸʰʪʬʩʨʮʬ. ʨʭʰʸˁʰʬʯ 24 ʱʨ˂ʰ
ʳʹʨˇʻʲ-ʳʬʫʰʨʺʵʸʬʬʩʨʯ, ʸʵʳʲʬʩʹʨ˂ ˁʭʬʻʲʬʩʰʹʨʳʬʩʸ
ʳʵ˂ʰʽʻʲʬʩʯʨʴ ʬʸʯʫ ʻʴʫʨ ʪʨʬʸˁʰʨʯ ʬʹ ʹʨʽʳʬ. ʹʻʲ 30 ʳʵʸʭʨʲʰ
ʭʰʿʨʭʰʯ. ʶʰʸʵʩʰʹ ʳʨʪʰʬʸʵʩʨʹ ʨʳʰʹʯʨʴʨ ˀʬʳʯˆʭʬʭʨˀʰ ʹ˄ʬʭʹ ʼʰ˂ʰ
ʫʨ ʨʳʰʺʵʳʨ˂ ˁʭʬʴ ʳˆʨʸʬʬʩʹ ʳʵʭʹʯˆʵʭʬʯ, ʸʨʯʨ ʳʰʬʾʵʯ ʼʰ˂ʰ, ʸʵʳ
ʰʹʰʴʰ ˁʭʬʴ ʪʨʴʨˁʬʴʹ ʫʨʬʳʵʸˁʰʲʬʩʵʫʬʴ. ʨʳʨʮʬ ʻʨʸʰ ʸʵʳ ʭʰʹʳʬ
ʬʯʽʭʨ, ʸʨ ʯʽʳʨ ʻʴʫʨ ˁʭʬʴ ʫʨʭʰˀʲʬʩʵʫʰʯ, ʳʨʪʸʨʳ, ʸʵʪʵʸ˂ ʰʽʴʨ,
ʫʨʭʰʿʨʩʻʲʬʯ ʨʳ ʼʰ˂ʰʹ ʳʰʾʬʩʨʮʬ.
ʫʨʴʰˀʴʻʲ ʫʾʬʹ, ʸʵʪʵʸ˂ ˄ʬʹʰʨ, ʿʭʬʲʨʳ ʯʨʭʰ ʩʸʨʲʳʫʬʩʬʲ
ʪʰʸʪʭʲʰʨʴʬʩʰʹ ʹʨˆʲˀʰ ʳʵʭʰʿʨʸʬʯ.
ʹʨʫʰʲʰ, ʸʵʪʵʸ˂ ˀʬʳʵʾʬʩʻʲʰʨ ʨʳ ˀʬʳʯˆʭʬʭʨˀʰ, ʹʨʨʸʨʱʵ
ʻʴʫʨ ʿʵʼʰʲʰʿʵ. ˁʭʬʴ ʳʮʨʫ ʫʨʪʭˆʭʫʨ ʶʻʸʰʯ, ˆʵʸ˂ʰʯ, ʿʭʬʲʰʯ
ʫʨ ˆʨ˅ʨʶʻʸʬʩʰʯ ʹʨʭʹʬ ʺʨʩʨʪʬʩʰ. ʳʰʹʭʲʰʹʯʨʴʨʭʬ ʹʻʼʸʨʹ
ˀʬʳʵʭʻʹˆʬʫʰʯ, ʸʰʪʰʹʨʳʬʩʸ ʫʨʰʹˆʨ ʱʨʯˆʬʩˀʰ ʫʨ ʽʬʸʨʹˆʬʩˀʰ
ʻˆʭʨʫ ʨʸʨʿʰ ʫʨ ʯʰʯʵ ʱʨʯˆʨ ʿʭʬʲʨʹ ˁʨʳʵʪʭʰʸʰʪʬʹ. ʨʳ ʫʸʵʹ
ʹʻʼʸʰʹ ʯʨʭˀʰ ʳˇʫʵʳʰ ʯʬʳʰʹ ʳʨˆʭˀʰ (ʪʭʨʸʬʻʲʵʩʰʹ ʻʼʸʵʹʰ)
ʨʫʪʨ ,,ʹʨʱʨʸ˂ˆʻʲʰʫʨʴ³ ʱʨʯˆʨ ˆʬʲˀʰ ʫʨʰ˅ʰʸʨ ʫʨ ʳʵʪʭʳʨʸʯʨ:
,,ˆʵˁʨ ʳʵʸʭʨʲ³ ʱʨʸʪʵ ʳʵʸʭʬʩʵ) ʫʾʬʹ ʹʨʳʨʸ˂ˆʭʰʴʵ ,,ʺʨʩʨʪʰ³
(ʹʻʼʸʨ) ʹʫʪʨʹ ˁʭʬʴʹ ʵˇʨˆˀʰ. ʫʰʫʰ ʫʨ ʶʨʺʨʸʨ, ʽʨʲʰ ʯʻ ʱʨ˂ʰ
ʿʭʬʲʨʴʰ ʫʨʸ˂ˆʭʬʴʰʲʰ ʫʨ ʹʨʩʸʨʲʵʴʰ ʭʨʸʯ. ʨʳʰʹʯʨʴʨ ʹʻʼʸʨ ʫʨ
ʹʨʽʳʬ ʾʳʬʸʯʳʨ ʨʨˀʵʸʵʹ ʯʽʭʬʴʹ ʵˇʨˆʬʩʹ. ˁʭʬʴʰ ʹʨʩʸʨʲʵʩʨ ʫʨ
ʳ˄ʻˆʨʸʬʩʨ ʾʳʬʸʯʳʨ ʴʻʸ˂ ʬʸʯ ʯʽʭʬʴʪʨʴʹ ʴʻ ʳʰʹ˂ʬʹ. ʳʨʸʺʵ
ʹʨʲˆʰʴʵʫ ʳʵʹʻʲʰʿʵʹ ʿʭʬʲʨ ʯʽʭʬʴʹ ʵˇʨˆʬʩˀʰ ʫʨ ˁʬʳʰ ʳʨʫʲʰ
ʯʽʭʬʴ ʳʵʪʬ˂ʬʯ, ʯʻ ʨʳ ʹʰʸ˂ˆʭʰʲʬʻʲ ʪʨʸʰʪʬʩʨˀʰ ʳʨʰʴ˂ ʨʸ
ʫʨʪʭˁʨʪʸʵʯ, ʯʽʭʬʴʹ ʹ˄ʵʸʨʫ ʫʨ ʺʵʲʨʫ ˁʨʪʭʨʪʫʵʯ³ʫʨ ʹˆʭʨ...
ˁʭʬʴ ʨʭˆʳʨʻʸʫʰʯ ʿʭʬʲʨ ʬʸʯʨʫ ʫʨ, ʸʵʪʵʸ˂ ˄ʬʹʰʨ,
ʳʰʭʳʨʸʯʬʯ: ,,ʾʳʬʸʯʳʨ ʨʳʰʬʸʰʫʨʴ ˀʬʴʹ ʵˇʨˆˀʰ ʳʨʸʺʵ ʱʨʸʪʰ ʹʻʼʸʨ
ʫʨʫʪʨʹ. ʫʾʬʹ ʸʵʳ ʹʨʽʳʬʮʬ ʭʨʸʯ ʳʵʹʻʲʰ, ʨʳʰʹʯʨʴʨ ʹʨʽʳʬʮʬ
ʳʵʹʭʲʨ ʫʨ ˆʨʸˇʰ ʨʨˀʵʸʵʹ ˀʬʴʹ ʹʨˆʲʹ ʫʨ ʨʳʰʬʸʰʫʨʴ ʹʨʲˆʰʴʵʫ
ʫʨ ʹʨʳˆʰʨʸʻʲʵʫ ʳʵʭʹʻʲʰʿʭʬʯ ˀʬʴʹʨʹ ʿʭʬʲʨʴʰ³ʫʨ ʹˆʭʨ... ʳʬʸʳʬ
ʿʭʬʲʨʳ ʨʸʨʿʰ ʪʨʫʨʭʱʨʸʰʯ. ʨʳʰʹ ˀʬʳʫʬʪ ʳʨˆʭˀʰ ˅ʨʳʨʹ ˀʬʻʫʪʨ. ˁʭʬʴ˂
ʿʭʬʲʨʳ ˅ʨʳʨʹ ʳʰʭʿʨʭʰʯ ˆʬʲʰ. ʱʨʸʪʨ ʸʵʳ ʫʨʭʴʨʿʸʫʰʯ, ʹʨʳ-ʹʨʳʰ
ʱʨʯˆʨ ʨʸʨʿʰ ʫʨʭʲʰʬʯ ˄ʬʹʰʹʨʳʬʩʸ, ˀʬʳʫʬʪ ʨʫʪʨ ʹʻʼʸʰʹ ʯʨʭˀʰ
ʳˇʫʵʳʰ 80 ˄ʲʰʹ ʳʵˆʻ˂ʰ, ʹʭʨʴʬʯʰʹ 1875 ˄. ʨˇʨʴʿʬʩʨˀʰ
ʳʵʴʨ˄ʰʲʬʵʩʰʹ ʳʰʾʬʩʰʹʨʯʭʰʹ ʳʻʸʰʹ ˂ʰˆʬˀʰ ʬʸʯʰ ˄ʲʰʹ ʹʨʹˇʬʲʰʹ
366
ʳʵˆʫʰʹ ˀʬʳʫʬʪ ʹʭʨʴʬʯˀʰ ʫʨʩʸʻʴʬʩʻʲʰ ʨʳ ʷʨʳʨʫ ʪʰʸʪʭʲʰʨʴʬʩʰʹ
ʪʭʨʸʬʻʲʵʩʰʹ ,,ʳʨˆʭˀʰ³ ʩʨ˃ʻ ʪʰʸʪʭʲʰʨʴʰ, ʪʨˁʬʸʫʨ ʱʬʸʨʹʯʨʴ,
ʫʨʬʩˇʰʴʨ ˇʵˆʹ ʫʨ ʫʨʰ˄ʿʵ ʯʨʭʰʹʰ ,,ʹʨʸˁʬʲʰʹ³ ˄ʨʸʳʵʯʽʳʨ. ʨʳ
ʫʸʵʹ ʳʬʫʰʨʺʵʸʬʬʩʰ, ʸʵʪʵʸ˂ ˀʬʳʵʾʬʩʻʲʰʨ, ʹʳʨ-˅ʨʳʨʹ ʯʨʭʹ
ʭʨʴʬʩʬʩʯ, ʿʭʬʲʨ ʹʳʬʴʨʫ ʰʽ˂ʬʭʨ ʫʨ ʳʯʬʲʰ ˁʭʬʴʰ ʿʻʸʨʫʾʬʩʨ
ʳʵʳˁʰʭʴʰʹʨʱʬʴ ʨʸʰʹ ʳʰʶʿʸʵʩʰʲʰ.
˄ʨʸʻˀʲʬʲʰ ʰʽʴʬʩʨ ˁʬʳʹ ʳʬˆʹʰʬʸʬʩʨˀʰ ʰʹ ˀʯʨʩʬ˅ʫʰʲʬʩʨ,
ʸʵʳʬʲʰ˂ ʳʵʨˆʫʰʴʨ ˁʬʳʮʬ ˁʭʬʴʹ ʪʨʸˀʬʳʵ ˀʬʽʳʴʰʲʳʨ
ʳʫʪʵʳʨʸʬʵʩʨʳ. ʹʰʺʿʭʰʹ ʫʨ˄ʿʬʩʰʹʯʨʴʨʭʬ ʨʳ ʳʵˆʻ˂ʳʨ ʪʨʫʳʵʾʭʨʸʨ
˂ʸʬʳʲʬʩʰ. ʳʰʹ ʳʸʨʭʨʲʸʰ˂ˆʵʭʨʴ ʪʭʨʸʬʻʲʵʩʰʹ ˄ʬʭʸʬʩʹ ˀʵʸʰʹ
ʨʹʺʿʫʨ ʺʰʸʰʲʰ,ʽʭʰʯʰʴʰ ʫʨ ʹʨˀʰʴʬʲʰ ʵˆʭʸʨ-ʱʭʴʬʹʨ.
ʨˆʨʲʪʨʮʸʫʬʩʰ ʰʳʫʬʴʨʫ ʨʾʬʲʫʬʴ, ʸʵ˂ʨ ʳʨʯʰ ʳʵʱʲʻʲʰ
˄ʰʴʨʶʸʰʹ ʳʱʭʲʬʲʵʩʨʮʬ ʲʨʶʨʸʨʱʰ ʫʨʰ˄ʿʵ, ʸʵʳ ʹʨˆʲˀʰ ʭʬʸ
ʪʨˁʬʸʫʬʴ ʫʨ ʪʨʸʬʯ ʪʨʭʨʸʫʬʴ. ʳʸʨʭʨʲˇʬʸ ʭʿʵʼʰʲʭʨʸ ʨʹʬʯ
ʹʨʽʳʬʬʩʮʬ ʳʬʫʰʨʺʵʸʬʯ, ʳʨʪʸʨʳ ʨʳʪʭʨʸʰ ʹʻʸʨʯʰ ʯʰʯʽʳʰʹ
ʨʸʨʹʵʫʬʹ ʨʸ ʳʰʴʨˆʨʭʹ. ˂ʵʺʨ ˆʴʰʯ ʹʰˁʻʳʬ ˁʨʳʵʭʨʸʫʨ. ˁʭʬʴ
ʭʻʹʨʿʭʬʫʻʸʬʯ ʳʨʯ ʨʹʬ ʨʾʬʲʭʬʩʨ ʫʨ ʳʬʺʰ ʹʻʲʪʸ˃ʬʲʵʩʨ
ʳʵʭʰʯˆʵʭʬʯ. ʳʨˆʭˀʰʳ ʯʭʨʲʬʩʰʫʨʴ ˁʵˆʰʹ ʱʨʲʯʰʯ ˂ʸʬʳʲʬʩʰ
ʳʵʰ˄ʳʰʴʫʨ ʫʨ ʪʨʴʨʪʸ˃ʵ ʯʨʭʰʹʰ ʪʸ˃ʬʲʰ ʵʯˆ ʹʨʨʯʰʨʴʰ
,,ʹʨʸˁʬʲʰʹ³ ʳ˅ʬʭʸʳʬʺʿʭʬʲʻʸʨʯ ˄ʨʸʳʵʯʽʳʨ. ʹʰʺʿʭʰʹ ʪʨʯʨʭʬʩʰʹ
ˀʬʳʫʬʪ ʨʳʫʬʴ ˆʨʴʹ ʹʳʬʴʨʫ ʪʨʫʨʽ˂ʬʻʲʰ ʳʬʫʰʨʺʵʸʬʬʩʰ ʰʹʬʭ ʹʳʨ-
˅ʨʳʨʹ ˀʬʭʻʫʬʽʰʯ. ʨʳ ʫʸʵʹ ʳʬʫʰʨʺʵʸʬʬʩʰʹ ʳˆʸʰʯ
ʩʬʭʸʰʫʰʶʲʵʳʨʺʰʻʸʰ ʹʰʺʿʭʨ ʫʨʰˆʨʸˇʨ. ʹʨʫʰʲʰ ʸʵʳ ʪʨʭʨʯʨʭʬʯ,
ʨʰʾʬʹ ʹʻʼʸʨ, ˁʭʬʴ˂ ʳʨʯ ʵˇʨˆʹ ʪʨʳʵʭʬʯˆʵʭʬʯ ʫʨ ʳʵʶʨʹʻˆʰʹ
ʵˇʨˆˀʰ ʪʨʫʨʭʬʫʰʯ.
ʵʸ ʳʬʫʰʨʺʵʸʬʹ, ʸʵʳʬʲʰ˂ ʳʬˆʹʰʬʸʬʩʰʯ ʫʨ ʬʴʰʹ ʹʰʳʱʭʬʯʸʰʯ
ʿʭʬʲʨʹ ʹˇʵʩʫʬʴ, ʫʨʬʭʨʲʨʯ ʫʨ˄ʭʸʰʲʬʩʰʯ ʫʨ ʫʨʲʨʪʬʩʰʯ
ʪʨʫʨʬ˂ʨʯ ʳʵʶʨʹʻˆʰʹʨʯʭʰʹ ʳʵʳˁʰʭʴʰʹʨʪʨʴ ˁʭʬʴ ʳʰʬʸ ʳʵʹʳʬʴʰʲʰ
ʳʰʹ ʹʨ˄ʰʴʨʨʾʳʫʬʪʵʯ ˄ʨʳʵʿʬʴʬʩʻʲʰ ʩʸʨʲʫʬʩʬʩʰʹ ˀʰʴʨʨʸʹʰ, ʸʨʯʨ
ʳʨʹʨ˂ ˀʬʹʨʼʬʸʰʹʰ ʶʨʹʻˆʰ ʳʵʬ˂ʨ ˁʭʬʴʯʭʰʹ.
ʨʳʰʹ ˀʬʳʫʬʪ ʪʨʰˀʨʲʨ ʹʻʼʸʨ. ˁʭʬʻʲʬʩʰʹʨʳʬʩʸ ʨʽʨ˂, ʰʹʬ
ʸʵʪʵʸ˂ ʳʵʳˁʰʭʴʰʹ ʵˇʨˆˀʰ, ʫʨʰ˄ʿʵ ˅ʨʳʨ-ʹʳʨ, ʳʵʳˁʰʭʴʰʹ
,,ʹʨʸˁʬʲʰʹ³ ʪʨʫʨ˂ʬʳʨ,ʹʨʶʨʹʻˆʵ ʹʰʺʿʭʰʹ ʯʽʳʨ, ʸʨʳʨ˂ ʱʨʸʪʨ ˆʨʴʹ
ʪʨʹʺʨʴʨ. ʪʨʯʬʴʬʩʰʹʨʹ, ʭʰʴ˂ ʨˆʲʵ-ʳʨˆʲʵ ʹʵʼʲʬʩʰʫʨʴ ʰʿʵ,
˄ʨʭʰʫʬʴ ʫʨʹʨ˃ʰʴʬʩʲʨʫ ʯʨʭʰʨʴʯ ʹʨˆʲʬʩˀʰ. ʫʨʴʨʸˁʬʴʬʩʳʨ ʰʽʭʬ
ʳʰʭʰ˃ʰʴʬʯ. ʳʬʵʸʬ ʫʾʬʹ ʫʰʲʨʹ ʿʭʬʲʨʳ ʨʽ ʳʵʭʰʿʨʸʬʯ ʯʨʭʰ,
367
ʭʰʹʨʻʮʳʬʯ ʫʨ ˀʬʳʫʬʪ ʳʵʳˁʰʭʴʰʹ ʵˇʨˆˀʰ ˄ʨʭʬʫʰʯ, ʸʨʫʪʨʴʨ˂
ʳʹʨˇʻʲ-ʳʬʫʰʨʺʵʸʬʬʩʰʹ ʳʵʭʨʲʬʵʩʨʹ ˀʬʨʫʪʬʴʹ ʪʨʳʵʨʸʱʭʰʵʴ ʯʻ
ʳʵʶʨʹʻˆʰʹ ʳʰʬʸ ʸʨʰʳʬ ʰʹʬʯʰ ʰʽʴʬʩʨ ʴʨʯʽʭʨʳʰ, ʸʨ˂ ʳʵʳˁʰʭʨʴʹ
ʯʨʭʰʹ ʹʰʺʿʭʨˀʰ ʨʸ ʨʾʻʴʰˀʴʨʭʹ ʫʨ ʸʨʹʨ˂ ʹʨʽʳʰʹʨʯʭʰʹ ʫʰʫʰ
ʳʴʰˀʭʴʬʲʵʩʨ ʨʽʭʹ. ʨʳ ʹʨʽʳʬˀʰ ʱʰ ʳʵʶʨʹʻˆʬʳ ʩʬʭʸʰ ʸʨʳ ʰʹʬʯʰ ʯʽʭʨ,
ʸʵʳ ʳʵʳˁʰʭʴʰʹʨʯʭʰʹ ʻʴʫʨ ʪʨʫʨʪʭʬ˂ʨ ʫʨ ʨʳ ʹʨʱʰʯˆʬʩʮʬ ʳʰʹʰ
ʶʨʹʻˆʰ˂ ʻʴʫʨ ʳʵʪʭʬʹʳʰʴʨ. ʬʹ ʹʨʽʳʬ ʰʳʫʬʴʨʫ ʸʯʻʲʰ ʫʨ ˃ʭʬʲʰ
ʹʨʽʳʬ ʰʿʵ, ʸʵʳ ʳʵʳˁʰʭʨʴ-ʳʵʶʨʹʻˆʰʹ ˀʵʸʰʹ ˁʭʬʴʰ ʨʳʪʭʨʸʰ ʳʰʹʭʲʨ-
ʳʵʹʭʲʨ ʵʸ ʫʾʬʹ ʪʨʪʸ˃ʬʲʫʨ. ʩʵʲʵʹ ʨʾʳʵˁʴʫʨ ʬʸʯʰ 120 ˄.
ʳʵˆʻ˂ʰ ʽʨʲʰ ʪʰʸʪʭʲʰʨʴʬʩʰʹ ʪʭʨʸˀʰ, ʸʵʳʬʲʰ˂ ʳʨˀʰʴ, ʸʵ˂ʨ
ʶʰʸʭʬʲʰ ʳʱʭʲʬʲʵʩʨ ʳʵˆʫʨ, ʫʨʩʨʫʬʩʻʲʰ ʿʵʼʰʲʨ, ˆʵʲʵ ʳʬʵʸʬ
ʳʱʭʲʬʲʵʩʰʹ ˀʬʳʫʬʪ ʳʵ˄ʳʬ ʿʭʬʲʨʼʬʸʰ ʰʳʰʹʨ, ʸʨ˂ ʨʳ ʵʸ
ʪʭʨʸʬʻʲʵʩʨʹ ˀʵʸʰʹ ʳʵʳˆʫʨʸʨ. ʳʬ˂ ʸʨʳʵʫʬʴʰʳʬ ʯʨʭʰ ʱʨ˂ʬʩʰʯ
ʳʰʹʱʬʴ ʪʨʭʬˀʻʸʬ. ʳʨʴ ʩʬʭʸʰ ʹʨʰʴʺʬʸʬʹʵ ˂ʴʵʩʬʩʰ ˀʬʳʨʺʨ ʳʵʳˁʰʭʨʴ-
ʳʵʶʨʹʻˆʰʹ ʴʨʨʳʩʵʩʹ. ʿʵʭʬʲʰʭʬ ʳʰʹʰ ʴʨʨʳʩʵʩʰ
ʳʬʫʰʨʺʵʸʬʬʩʰʹʨʯʭʰʹ ʳʵʹʨˆʹʬʴʬʩʲʨʫ ʳʬ ʸʭʬʻʲˀʰ ˁʨʭʰ˄ʬʸʬ.
ʨʳʰʹ ˀʬʳʫʬʪ ʳʬʫʰʨʺʵʸʬʬʩʰ, ʳʵʳˁʰʭʨʴʰ ʫʨ ʳʵʶʨʹʻˆʬ
ˁʭʬʻʲʬʩʰʹ ʯʨʴʨˆʳʨʫ ʭʨʲʫʬʩʻʲʰ ʭʰʿʨʭʰʯ ʫʨʹʨʼʰ˂ʬʩʲʨʫ
ʨʫʪʰʲʵʩʸʰʭ ʬʱʲʬʹʰʨʮʬ ʳʰʭʹʻʲʰʿʨʭʰʯ, ʳʨʪʸʨʳ, ʭʰʴʨʰʫʨʴ ʨʳ
ˀʬʳʯˆʭʬʭʨˀʰ˂ ʳʨʯʰ ʬʸʯʨʫ ʯʨʭʰʹ ʳʵʿʸʨ ʨʸ ʳʵˆʬʸˆʫʨ, ˁʭʬʴ
ʪʨʫʨʭ˄ʿʭʰʺʬʯ ʪʰʸʪʭʲʰʨʴʬʩʰʹʯʭʰʹ ʼʰ˂ʰ ʳʰʪʭʬ˂ʨ ʨʫʪʰʲʵʩʸʰʭ
ʳʨ˂ˆʵʭʸʰʹ ʬʱʲʬʹʰʨˀʰ, ʼʨʸˇʰʨʴʬʩʰʹʨʯʭʰʹ ʱʰ ʬʴʨˀʰʹ
ʬʱʲʬʹʰʨˀʰ.ʨʳʰʺʵʳ ʶʰʸʭʬʲʨʫ ˄ʨʭʬʫʰʯ ʪʰʸʪʭʲʰʨʴʬʩʯʨʴ ʬʸʯʨʫ
ʮʬʳʵˆʹʬʴʬʩʻʲ ʬʱʲʬʹʰʨˀʰ. ʬʱʲʬʹʰʰʹ ʱʨʸʬʩʰ ʪʨʪʭʰʾʵ ʳʰʹʳʨ
ʫʨʸʨˇʳʨ ʪʰʬʸʪ ʯʨʳʲʰʨʴʳʨ ʫʨ ʯʨʴ ʪʨʳʵʪʭʰ˂ˆʨʫʨ: ,,ʯʻ ʭʰʴʳʬ
ʻʸ˄ʿʻʲ³± ʻ˄ʳʰʴʫʻʸʰ ˆʨʸʯ, ʬ. ʰ. ʰʹʬʯʰ ʵˇʨˆʰʫʨʴ, ʹʨʫʨ˂ ʽʨʲʬʩʹ
ʯʭʰʻʸʰ ʨʭʨʫʳʿʵʼʵʩʨ ʨʴʻ ʳˀʵʩʰʨʸʵʩʨ ʨʽʭʯ, ʳʵʬʸʰʫʬʯ ˆʨʺʬʩʹʵ.
ˁʭʬʴ ʿʭʬʲʨʴʰ ˀʬʭʬʫʰʯ ˀʰʪ, ʪʨʸʫʨ ʹʨʳʰ ʱʨ˂ʰʹʨ, ʸʵʳʲʬʩʰ˂,
ʮʬʳʵˆʹʬʴʬʩʻʲ ʪʨʸʬʳʵʬʩʰʯ ,,ʻ˄ʳʰʴʫʻʸʴʰ³ ʨʾʳʵˁʴʫʴʬʴ. ʰʹʰʴʰ
ʬʱʲʬʹʰʰʹ ʱʨʸʬʩʯʨʴ ʨʰʺʻʮʬʴ. ʬʱʲʬʹʰʨˀʰ ˀʬʹʻʲʬʩʳʨ, ʸʵʪʵʸ˂
˄ʬʹʰʨ, ʽʻʫʬʩʰ ʳʵʭʰˆʨʫʬʯ, ʯʨʭʰʨʴʯ ˇʵˆʬʩʮʬ ʫʨ ,,ʳʰˇʭʸʬʩʮʬ³
ˁʨʳʵʭʨ˂ʭʰʯ ʫʨ ʬʱʲʬʹʰʰʹ ʱʨʸʬʩʯʨʴ ʫʨʭʺʵʭʬʯ, ˆʨʴˇʲʬʩʰ ʫʨ
ʯʵʼʬʩʰ ˀʰʪʴʰʯ ʬʸʯ ʱʻʯˆʬˀʰ ʫʨʭʨ˄ʿʭʬʯ ʫʨ ʳ˄ʱʸʰʭʨʫ ʫʨʭʫʬʽʰʯ.
ʨʽ ˁʭʬʴ ˄ʰʴ ʫʪʬʩʨ ʰʹ, ʸʵʳʬʲʰ˂ ʪʭʨʸˀʰ ʿʭʬʲʨʹ ʹˇʵʩʰʨ
ʬʴʨʳʨˆʭʰʲʵʩʰʯ, ,,ʳʻʪʻʸ˂ʨʳʰ³ ʫʨʳʼʰ˂ʬʩʲʨʫ ʫʨ ʰ˄ʿʬʩʹ ˁʭʬʴʹ
ʫʨʼʰ˂ʬʩʨʹ ˀʬʳʫʬʪʰ ʹʰʺʿʭʬʩʰʯ: ,,ʫʰʫʬʩʨ ʫʨ ʳʨʫʲʰ ˀʬʴ, ʾʳʬʸʯʵ
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ʫʰʫʬʩʻʲʵ ʫʨ ʨʳʨʾʲʬʩʻʲʵ, ʪʬʭʬʫʸʬʩʰ ʫʨ ʰʹʳʰʴʬ ˁʬʳʰ ʭʬʫʸʬʩʨ.
ʳʬ ʸʵʳ ʫʾʬʹ ʻʩʬʫʻʸʰ ʭʨʸ, ʹʨˀʭʰʲʰˀʭʰʲʵ ʹʨʳʨʸ˂ˆʭʰʴʵ ʹʨʽʳʬ
ʳ˅ʰʸʹ, ʨʳ ʹʨʽʳʰʹ ʪʨʹʨʸˁʬʭʨʫ ˀʬʴʰ ˆʨʺʰʹ ˄ʰʴʨˀʬ ʳʫʪʵʳʰ ʳʵʸʭʬʩʰ
ʳʿʨʭʹ ʨʸˁʬʻʲʰ, ʯʻ ʳʨʯ ʹ˄ʵʸʰ ʹʨʳʨʸʯʨʲʰ ʨʸ ʪʨʳʰˁʰʴʵʴ, ʸʨ˂
ˁʭʬʴˀʰ ˄ʬʹʰ ʫʨ ʸʰʪʰʨ ʰʳʫʬʴʰ ʨʸ ʳʵʳʰʹʨˇʵʴ, ʳʬ ʫʨʳˁʨʪʸʵʴ, ˁʬʳʰ
ʫʨʳˁʨʪʭʸʬʲʰ ʳʵʶʨʹʻˆʬ ˁʬʳʮʬ ʳʨʾʲʨ ʫʨʨʿʬʴʵʴ ʨʴ ʴʨʯʬʹʨʵʩʰʯ ʫʨ
ʳʬʪʵʩʸʵʩʰʯ ʨʴ ʼʻʲʰʹ ʫʨ ʹʨʽʵʴʲʰʹ ʪʻʲʰʹʯʭʰʹ, ʯʨʭʰʹ ʺʵʲʨʫ
ʫʨ ʹ˄ʵʸʨʫ ʨʸ ˁʨʳʯʭʨʲʵʴ, ʰʳ ʸʰʪʨʫ ʪʻʲʰ ʨʸ ʪʨʫʨʳʰˀʨʲʵʴ ʫʨ ʨʸ
ʫʨʳʨʱʳʨʿʵʼʰʲʵʴ, ʸʨ ʸʰʪʨʫʨ˂ ʯʭʰʯʬʻʲʰ ʳʨʯʪʨʴʰ, ʨʳʰʹʯʨʴʨ ʹʨʽʳʬ
ʸʵʳ ˈʽʵʴʫʬʹ. ʯʨʭʰʹ ʯʨʭʹ ʫʨʨʼʨʹʬʩʫʨ ʫʨ ʫʨʨʱʳʨʿʵʼʰʲʬʩʫʨ,
ʽʸʰʹʺʬ ʾʳʬʸʯʵ, ʪʬʭʬʫʸʬʩʰ, ,,ˆʵˀʨʳ ʾʬʸʩʨʯ³ ʳʨʳʨ ʾʳʬʸʯʹ
ˀʬʭʬʭʬʫʸʬ, ʸʵʳ ʹʨʴʨʳʫʬ ʰʳʫʬʴ ʵʽʸʵʹ ʸʽʵʹʨʴ ʯʬʯʸ ˆʨʸʹ
ʳʹˆʭʬʸʶʲʨʫ ʨʸ ˀʬʪ˄ʰʸʨʭʬʴ, ʸʨʳʫʬʴʰ˂ ˂ʰʫʨʴ ˄ʭʰʳʨ ˁʨʳʵʫʰʹ, ʺʿʬʹ
ʼʵʯʵʲʰ ʨʹˆʰʨ, ʫʬʫʨʳʰ˄ʰʫʨʴ ʩʨʲʨˆʰ ʨʳʵʫʰʹ, ʮʾʭʨˀʰ ʽʭʰˀʨ ʨʸʰʹ,
ʳʨʴʨʳʫʬ ʹʨˀʭʬʲʹ ʴʻ ʳʰʹ˂ʬʳ ʹʨˀʭʰʲʰˀʭʰʲʵʯ, ʻʱʻʾʳʨ ʨʺʨʸʬ ʰʹʰʴʰ
ʫʨ ʳʨʯ ʵˇʨˆʬʩˀʰ ʳʿʵʼʴʰ ʨʳʵʹ˄ʿʭʰʺʬ ʫʨ ʳʨʯ ʴʨʳʵʹʨˆʲʨʸʮʬ ,,˂ʨʪ
ʰ ʳʬʸˆʬʲ³ʬʱʨʲʰ ʫʨ ˅ʰʴ˅ʨʸʰ ʨʳʵʰʿʭʨʴʬ. ʨʳʵʨʪʫʬ ˃ʰʸʰ ʳʨʯʰ, ʰʹʬ
ʸʵʪʵʸ˂ ,,ʩʨʾʸʰʲʬ ʳʻˆʭʰʺʰʨʴʳʨ³164) ʳʵʹʶʵ ʳʰʹʰ ʼʰ˂ʰʹ ʪʨʳʺʬˆʴʰ,
ʶʨʺʰʬʩʨʮʬ, ˀʬʩʸʨʲʬʩʨʮʬ ʳʨʴʨʳʫʬ ʨʸ ʰʼʰʽʸʵʯ, ʹʨʴʨʳ ʯʵʸʳʬʺʰ
ˀʬʴʰ ʳʵ˂ʰʽʻʲʰ ʳ˄ʰʸʭʬʲʨʫ ʨʸ ʰˀʵʭʵʴ; ʿʰʸʰʳʰʫʨʴ ʫʨ
ʰʬʸʻʹʨʲʰʳʰʫʨʴ ʳʵʺʨʴʰʲʰ ʼʽʭʰʲʰ ʹʬʩʰʹʱʭʬʸʨʫ ʨʸ ʪʨʳʵʪʰ˂ˆʵʴ,
ʳʰʹ ʪʨʳʵʳ˂ˆʵʩʲʨʫ ʾʭʯʰʹʳˀʵʩʬʲʰ ʨʸ ʰˀʵʭʵʴ; 12 ˂ˆʬʴʰʹ ʹʨʶʨʲʴʬ
ʱʨˆʻʸʰ ʾʭʰʴʵ ʮʬʫʨˀʬʫ ʨʸ ʳʵʪʰʺʨʴʵʴ, ʽʬʲʬʼʨʴʰʹʨ ʫʨ ʨʭʰ ʮʴʰʹ
ʳʬʺʹ ʹʰʱʬʯʬʹ ʴʻ ʳʰʹ˂ʬʳ, ˀʭʰʲʬʩʰʹ ʳʨʪʰʬʸʨʫ ʪʭʬʲʰ ʫʨ ʩʨʿʨʿʰ
ʨˀʵʩʰʴʬ ʽʨʲʬʩʹ ʳʨʯ ʵˇʨˆʬʩˀʰ³ ʨʳʰʹ ˀʬʳʫʬʪ ʨʰʾʬʩʹ ʽʻʫʹ,
ʫʨʨʸʺʿʨʳʹ ʳʰ˄ʨʮʬ ʫʨ ʰʺʿʭʰʹ: ,,ʨʹʬ ʫʨʨʳˆʬ ʳʨʯʰ ʹʨˆʲ-ʱʨʸʰ ʫʨ
ʿʵʼʨ-˂ˆʵʭʸʬʩʨ, ʯʻ ʸʵʳ ʻʺʵʲʵʫ ˁʨʳʨʪʫʵʴ, ˆʵʲʵ ʯʻ
ʹʨʳʨʸʯʲʰʨʴʨʫ ʳʵʳʬʽ˂ʬʴ, ʨʩʬʫʴʰʬʸʬ, ʫʨʲʵ˂ʬ ʫʨ ʨʳʸʨʭʲʬ ˁʬʳʰ
ʳʵʸʭʬʩʰʵ³
ʨʳʰʹ ˀʬʳʫʬʪ, ʸʵʪʵʸ˂ ˀʬʳʵʾʬʩʻʲʰʨ, ʳʬʫʰʨʺʵʸʬʬʩʰʹ ʯʨʭˀʰ
ʳʫʪʵʳʳʨ ʳʰʻʪʵ: ,,ʨʳ ˆʨʺʰʹ ʳʨʫʲʳʨ (ˆʬʲʰ ˆʨʺʹ ʻʴʫʨ ʳʵʱʰʫʵʹ),
ʸʨ˂ ˃ʨʲʨ ʫʨ ʾʵʴʬ ʳʨʽʭʹ, ˁʬʳ ˅ʱʻʨ-ʪʵʴʬʩʨʹ ˀʬʻ˃ʲʰʨ, ʯʻ ʳʬ˂ʨʫʰʴʰ
ʫʨ ʳʹʻʸʭʬʲʰ ʨʸ ʭʰʿʭʬ ʯʽʭʬʴʰ ʹʨʽʳʰʹ ʹ˄ʵʸʨʫ ʪʨʸˁʬʭʰʹʨ, ,,ʰʬʸʻ
ʼˆʻʲʨˀʨʲ³ ± ʵʸʰ ʯʰʯʰ ʸʵʳ ˁʬʳʯʭʰʹ ʬʸʯʴʨʰʸʰ ʳʴʰˀʭʴʬʲʵʩʰʹ
ʨʸʰʹ, ʰʹʬ ʬʸʯʴʨʰʸʨʫ ʯʽʭʬʴ ʨʸ ˁʨʪʨʪʫʵʯ, ʨʳʰʹʯʨʴʨ ʹʨʽʳʬ ʸʵʳ

369
ʯʨʭʨʫ ʳʬ ʳʽʵʴʫʬʹ, ʸʰʯʨ˂ ʳʬ ˁʬʳʹ ʪʻʲʹ ʫʨʭʨʱʳʨʿʵʵʵʼʰʲʬʩʫʰ,
ʰʳʰʹʯʨʴʨ ʪʨʴʨˁʬʴʰ ˀʬʴʯʭʰʹʨ˂ ʨʸ ʪʨʳʵʭʰʺʨʴʵ³ʫʨ ʹˆʭ...
ʨʳʰʹ ˀʬʳʫʬʪ ,,ʳʵʸʭʬʩʰ³ ʯʭʰʯʬʻʲʨʫ, ʸʵʪʵʸ˂ ˄ʬʹʰʨ,
ʰʳʬʵʸʬʩʫʬʴ ʮʬʳʵˆʹʬʴʬʩʻʲ ʹʰʺʿʭʬʩʹ ʫʨ ʼʰ˂ʻʲʵʩʫʴʬʴ, ʰʹʬ
ʸʵʪʵʸ˂ ʶʰʸʭʬʲʰ ʼʰ˂ʰʹ ʳʰʳʾʬʩʰ, ʫʨ ʯʨʴ ʬʳʯˆʭʬʵʫʬʴ ˆʨʺʹ.
ʼʰ˂ʰʹ ʪʨʯʨʭʬʩʰʹ ˀʬʳʫʬʪ ˄ʬʹʰʹʨʳʬʩʸ ʪʰʸʪʭʲʰʨʴʬʩʳʨ ʳʹʨˇʻʲ-
ʳʬʫʰʨʺʵʸʬʬʩʰʹ ,,ʴʨʾʭʸʰʬʲʰ³ ʪʨʹʨʳʸˇʬʲʵ) ʯʰʰʯʵʹʯʭʰʹ ʹʨʳ-
ʹʨʳʰ ʳʨʴʬʯʰʹ ʹʨʾʰʸʨʲʰ: ʨʸʨʿʰ, ʶʻʸʰ, ʶʰʸʻʺʿʭʰ, ʼʻʲʰ ʫʨ ʹˆʭʨ
ʨʭʬˇʬʻʲʵʩʨ ʫʨ ˆʨʸʨ-ˆʻʸʨ ʫʨʨ˄ʿʬʹ ʰʽʭʬ ʳʨˆʲʵʩʲʨʫ ʫʨ ˀʬʳʫʬʪ
ˁʭʬʴ ʪʨʭʰʴʨ˄ʰʲʬʯ.
ˀʬʳʫʬʪ ˄ʨʭʬʫʰʯ ʰʳ ʬʱʲʬʹʰʨʮʬ, ʹʨʫʨ˂ ʼʨʸˇʰʨʴʬʩʰ
ʪʭʰ˂ʫʰʫʬʴ ʫʨʹʨʼʰ˂ʬʩʲʨʫ, ʼʰ˂ʰ ʰʽʨ˂ ʨʳ ʸʰʪʨʫ ʪʨʴʳʬʵʸʫʨ,
ʸʵʪʵʸ˂ ʮʬʳʵʯ ʨʭʹ˄ʬʸʬʯ.
ʪʨʫʨʭʸˁʰʯ ʨʳ ˂ʬʸʬʳʵʴʰʬʩʹ. ʨˆʲʨ ʻʴʫʨ ʪʨʪʭʬˆʹʴʨ ʹˆʫʵʳʨ ʨʳ
ʼʸʰʨʫ ʳ˃ʰʳʬ ʹʨʽʳʰʹ ʪʨʴʹʨˆʰʲʭʬʲʨʫ. ˁʭʬʻʲʬʩʸʰʭʨʯ ʳʹʨˇʻʲ-
ʳʬʫʰʨʺʵʸʬʬʩʰʹ ʹʨʹʨʳʨʸʯʲʵʹ ʫʨʸʩʨʮʹ ˀʬʨʫʪʬʴʹ ʮʨʳʯʨʸˀʰʳ
ʻʱʨ˂ʻʸʰ ʹʨˆʲʰ, ʮʨʼˆʻʲˀʰ ʸʵ˂ʨ ʨʭʫʨʸʰ ˆʬʲʹ ʨʸ ʻˀʲʰʹ, ʹʨʫʳʬ
ʹʵʼʲʰʹ ʪʨʴʨʶʰʸʨʹ ˆʬʬʩʰʯ ʫʨˁʸʫʰʲʻʲʰ ʨʫʪʰʲʰ. ˁʭʬʴ ʹ˄ʵʸʬʫ
ʬʹ ʳʬʵʸʬ ʨʭʰʸˁʰʬʯ ʫʨ ˁʭʬʴʰ ʹʨʹʨʳʨʸʯʲʵʹ ʹˆʫʵʳʨ˂ ˆʬʬʩ ʽʭʬˀ ʬʸʯ
ʳʰʴʫʵʸˀʰ ʪʨʭˆʹʬʴʰʯ. ʫʨʰ˄ʿʵ ʹʨʽʳʰʹ ʪʨʸˁʬʭʨ. ʶʰʸʭʬʲʰ ʹʰʺʿʭʨ,
ʸʵʪʵʸ˂ ˄ʬʹʰʨ, ʻʴʫʨ ʬʯʽʭʨ ˆʴʰʯ ʻʼʸʵʹʹ ʫʨ ʳʰʹ ˀʬʳʫʬʪ ʿʭʬʲʨʹ
ʯʭʰʯʬʻʲʨʫ. ʨʳʰʴʫʳʨ ˆʬʲʰ ˀʬʪʭʰ˄ʿʵ. ʬʸʯʰ ʱʭʰʸʰʹ ʪʨʴʳʨʭʲʵʩʨˀʰ
ʨʽ ʭʰʿʸʰʫʰʯ ʯʨʭʹ ʫʨ ʪʭʽʵʴʫʨ ˂ˆʨʸʬ ʱʨʳʨʯʰ, ʳʨʪʸʨʳ ˃ʨʲʰʨʴ ˃ʴʬʲʰ
ˀʬʰʽʴʨ ˁʭʬʴʰ ˀʬʯʨʴˆʳʬʩʨ ʫʨ ʬʸʯʰ ʫʨʹʱʭʴʰʹ ʪʨʳʵʺʨʴʨ. ʰʳʰʺʵʳ, ʸʵʳ
˃ʲʰʬʸ ʫʰʫʰ ˆʴʰʹ ʹʨʽʳʬ ʰʿʵ, ʳʵ˂ʰʽʻʲʬʩʰʯʻʸʯ ʳʬʫʰʨʺʵʸʬʬʩʰʹ
ʸʰ˂ˆʭʰ 30 ʱʨ˂ʹ ʨʾ˄ʬʭʫʨ ʫʨ ʨʳʫʬʴ ʱʨ˂ˀʰ ˃ʴʬʲʰʨ ˆʵʲʳʬ ʨʹʬʯʰ
ʹʨʽʳʰʹ ʪʨʸˁʬʭʨ ʬʸʯʹʻʲʵʭʴʨʫ. ʳʨʪʸʨʳ ʳʨʯ ʹʰʳʨʸʯʲʬʹ ʰʹ
ʳʴʰˀʭʴʬʲʵʩʨ ʨʽʭʹ ʳʵʳˁʰʭʴʰʹʨʯʭʰʹ, ʸʵʳ ʺʵʲʵʩʰʹʨ ʫʨ
ʯʨʴʨʹ˄ʵʸʵʩʰʹ ʼʰ˂ʰ ʳʰʹʯʭʰʹ ʻʼʸʵ ʫʨʳʨʱʳʨʿʵʼʰʲʬʩʬʲʰʨ, ʭʰʫʸʬ
,,˄ʵʸʰʹ³ ʳʰʾʬʩʨ. ʩʵʲʵʹ ʿʭʬʲʨʮʬ ʻʼʸʵ ˆʨʴˀʰ ˀʬʹʻʲʳʨ ʫʨ
ʪʨʳʵ˂ʫʰʲʳʨ ʳʬʫʰʨʺʵʸʬʬʩʳʨ ˀʬʳʵʰʺʨʴʬʹ ˄ʰʴʨʫʨʫʬʩʨ, ʸʨʯʨ
ʨʫʪʰʲʰ ʪʨʳʵʪʭʬ˂ʭʨʲʨ ʫʨ ʹʨʫʳʬ ʹˆʭʨʪʨʴ ʪʨʫʨʭʹʻʲʰʿʨʭʰʯ,
ʭʰʴʨʰʫʨʴ ʸʵ˂ʨ ʹʨʽʳʬ ʨʹʬ ˃ʴʬʲʰ ʪʨʹʨʸˁʬʭʰ ˆʫʬʩʨ, ʻʳʯʨʭʸʬʹʰ
ʳʴʰˀʭʴʬʲʵʩʨ ʨʽʭʹ ʨʫʪʰʲʰʹ ʨʳʨ ʯʻ ʰʳ ʯʭʰʹʬʩʨʹ, ʬ. ʰ. ʮʵʪ
ʨʫʪʰʲʬʩʹ, ʳʨʯʰ ʹʰʺʿʭʰʯ, ʶʨʺʸʵʴʵʩʹ ʬˀʳʨʱʰ ʫʨ ʯʻ
ʳʬʫʰʨʺʵʸʬʬʩʹ ʨʳʰʹʯʨʴʨ ʨʫʪʰʲʰ ˀʬˆʭʫʨʯ, ʭʬʸʨʹ ʪʨˆʫʬʩʰʨʴ,
370
ˆʵʲʵ ʰʹ ʨʫʪʰʲʬʩʰ, ʸʵʳʲʬʩʹʨ˂ ʨʴʪʬʲʵʮʬʩʰ ʪʨʴʨʪʬʩʬʴ,
ʩʬʫʴʰʬʸʰʨ ʹʨʽʳʰʹ ʪʨʸˁʬʭʰʹ ʫʸʵʹʨ˂ʵ. ʳʬ ʯʻʳ˂ʨ ʪʻʲˀʰ ʭʰ˂ʰʴʵʫʰ
ʨʳʰʹʯʨʴʨ ʳʵʹʨʮʸʬʩʰʹ ˄ʨʳʵʿʬʴʬʩʨʮʬ, ʳʨʪʸʨʳ ʺʿʭʰʲʨ ʸʵʳ ʫʸʵ ʨʸ
ʫʨʳʬʱʨʸʪʨ, ʨʾʨʸ ˀʬʭʬʫʨʭʬ ʫʨ ʻʼʸʵʹʬʩʰʹʨʯʭʰʹ ʻʸˁʵʩʰʹ ʪʨ˄ʬʭʨʹ
ʭʨʸˁʰʬ ʪʨʳʵʪʭʬ˂ʭʨʲʨ ʨʫʪʰʲʰ ʫʨ ʹʨʫʳʬ ʹˆʭʨʪʨʴ
ʪʨʫʨʭʹʻʲʲʰʿʨʭʰʯ. ʸʵ˂ʨ ʨˆʨʲ ʨʫʪʰʲʮʬ˂ ʪʨ˅ʰʸʫʨ ʨʳʫʬʴʰ ʱʨ˂ʰʹ
ʬʸʯ ʨʮʸʮʬ ʫʨʿʬʴʬʩʨ, ʳʨˀʰʴ ʪʨʫʨʭ˄ʿʭʰʺʬʯ ʹʨʩʵʲʵʵ ʫʨʹʱʭʴʰʹ
ʪʨʳʵʺʨʴʰʹ ʻʼʲʬʩʨ ʳʰʪʭʬʴʰ˅ʬʩʰʨ ˆʻʯʰ ʱʨ˂ʰʹʯʭʰʹ ʰʳ ʶʰʸʵʩʰʯ,
ʸʵʳ ʸʨʹʨ˂ ʰʹʰʴʰ ʪʨʫʨ˄ʿʭʬʺʫʬʴ, ʿʭʬʲʨ ʰʳʨʮʬ
ʫʨʭʯʨʴˆʳʬʩʻʲʰʿʨʭʰʯ. ʹˆʭʨʫʨʹˆʭʨʴʨʰʸʨʫ ʳʵʨʮʸʵʭʴʬ
ˇʪʻʼʬʩʰʫʨʴ ʪʨʳʵʸˁʬʻʲʰ ʰʽʴʨ ʯʰʯʵ ʱʨ˂ʰ ʫʨ ʨʳ ˆʻʯ ʱʨ˂ʰʹ
ʳʻˀʨʵʩʨʳ ʻʼʸʵ ʫʨʨˁʽʨʸʨ ʫʨ ʪʨʨʨʫʭʰʲʨ ˁʭʬʴʰ ʹʨʽʳʬ, ʭʰʫʸʬ
ʨʫʪʰʲʰʹ ʪʨʳʵ˂ʭʲʨʳ. ˁʭʬʴ ˆʻʯʰ ʱʨ˂ʰʹ ʳʰʬʸ ʪʨʳʵʺʨʴʰʲʰ ʫʨʹʱʭʴʨ
ʪʨʳʵʬ˂ˆʨʫʨ ʰʽʭʬ ʳʹʨˇʻʲ-ʳʬʫʰʨʺʵʸʬʬʩʹ, ± ʫʨ ʻʴʫʨ ʰʯʽʭʨʹ
ʹʰʳʨʸʯʲʬ, ʸʵʳ ʹʰʨʳʵʭʴʬʩʰʯ ʫʨ ʻʿʵʿʳʨʴʵʫ ʰʽʴʨ
ʫʨʫʨʹʺʻʸʬʩʻʲʰʲ ʬʸʯˆʳʨʫ ʿʭʬʲʨʹ ʳʰʬʸ, ʸʰʹ ˀʬʳʫʬʪʨ˂
ʪʨʫʨ˄ʿʫʨ ,,ʩʨˁʨ ʲʰʲˇʬʴʰ³ʽʭʰʹ ˁʨʼʲʭʨ).
ˁʭʬʻʲʬʩʰʹʨʳʬʩʸ ʬʸʯʳʨ ʳʹʨˇʻʲʯʨʪʨʴʳʨ ʨʰʾʵ ʽʭʨ, ʨʳʵʯˆʨʸʨ
ˆʨʴˇʲʰʹ ˄ʭʬʸʰʯ ʳʹʨˇʻʲʬʩʰʹ ˄ʰʴ ʳʰ˄ʨ, ˁʨˈʼʲʨ ˀʰʪ ʽʭʨ ʫʨ
ʮʬʭʰʫʨʴ ʳʰ˄ʨ ʫʨʨʿʨʸʨ.
ʹʨʳʨʸʯʲʰʨʴʨʫ ʨʾʴʰˀʴʨʭʹ ʯʨʭʰʹʻʼʨʲʰ ʹʭʨʴʰ ʬʸʯ ʯʨʭʰʹ
˄ʬʸʰʲˀʰ, ʸʵʳ ʨʳ ʽʭʰʹ ˁʨʼʲʭʨ ʹʭʨʴʻʸ ʰʻʸʰʫʰʻʲ
˄ʬʹ˄ʿʵʩʰʲʬʩʨˀʰ ʴʰˀʴʨʭʹ ʳʹʨˇʻʲ-ʳʬʫʰʨʺʵʸʬʬʩʰʹ ʳʰʬʸ ʹʨʽʳʰʹ
ˀʬʯʨʴˆʳʬʩʰʯʨ ʫʨ ʱʬʯʰʲʨʫ ʫʨʩʵʲʵʭʬʩʰʹ ʫʨʫʨʹʺʻʸʬʩʨʹ. ʪʨʸʫʨ
ʨʳʰʹʨ ,,ʩʨˁʨ-ʲʰʲˇʬʴʰʹ³ʰʹ ʳʴʰˀʭʴʬʲʵʩʨ ʨʽʭʹ, ʸʵʳ ʸʵʪʵʸ˂ ʬʹ ʽʭʨ
ʰʿʵ ʳʰ˄ʨˀʰ ˁʨʼʲʻʲʰ, ʰʹʬ ʳʹʨˇʻʲʬʩʰʹ ʪʻʲˀʰ ʿʵʼʰʲʰʿʵ ʳʨʯʰ
ʪʨʴʨˁʬʴʰ ʫʨʳʨʲʻʲʰ, ʹʨʰʫʻʳʲʵʬʩʰʯ ʳʵ˂ʻʲʰ ʳʨʴʨʳʫʬ, ʹʨʴʨʳ
ʪʨʴʨˁʬʴʰʹ ʪʨʳʵ˂ˆʨʫʬʩʰʹ ʫʸʵ ʨʸ ʳʵʨ˄ʬʭʫʨ, ʬ. ʰ. ʬʹ ʽʭʰʹ ˁʨʼʲʭʨ,
ʳʵʱʲʬʯ ʸʵʳ ʭʹʯʽʭʨʯ, ʨʸʰʹ ʴʰˀʨʴʰ ʹʨʰʫʻʳʲʵʬʩʰʹ ˀʬʴʨˆʭʰʹʨ,
ʸʨʯʨ ʳˆʨʸʬʬʩʹ ʪʨʴʨˁʬʴʰʹ ˀʰʴʨʨʸʹʰ ʨʸ ʪʨʬʪʵʯ ʫʸʵʳʫʬ ʫʨ ʹʨʽʳʬ ʨʸ
ʪʨʸʯʻʲʬʩʻʲʰʿʵ.
ʨʳ ʹʨʽʳʰʹ ʪʨʸˁʬʭʰʹ ʫʸʵʹ ˁʭʬʴʯʭʰʹ ʯʨʭʹʨʺʬˆ ʹʨʪʴʨʯ ʪʨʫʨʰʽ˂ʨ
ʶʰʸʭʬʲʰ ʳʱʭʲʬʲʵʩʨ, ʬ. ʰ. ʪʰʬʸʪʰʲʨʹ ʳʵʱʭʲʨ ʪʰʸʪʭʲʰʨʴʬʩʰʹ
ʳʰʬʸ, ʸʨʫʪʨʴʨ˂ ʪʰʸʪʭʲʰʨʴʬʩʰ ʪʨʰ˃ʨˆʵʫʬʴ, ʸʵʳ ʳʨʯ ˄ʰʴʨʶʸʬʩʰʹ
ʳʰʬʸ ʨʸ ʰʿʵ ʳʵʱʲʻʲʰ, ʨʸʨʳʬʫ ʹʸʵʲʰʹ ʫʸʵʹ ʳʨʯ ˇʨʸˀʰ ʳʿʵʼ
ʹˆʭʨ ʪʭʨʸʰʹ ʱʨ˂ʬʩʰʹʨʪʨʴʵ. ˁʭʬʴʰ ˄ʰʴʨʶʸʬʩʰ˂ ʺʿʻʰʲʨ ʰʽʴʨ ʨʳ
371
ʹʨʽʳʬʮʬ ʼʨʸˇʰʨʴʬʩʰʹ ʳʰʬʸ ʳʵʱʲʻʲʰʵ. ʼʨʸˇʰʨʴʬʩʰ ʱʰ, ʳʨʰʴ˂
ʯʨʭʰʹʨʹ ʨʳʺʱʰ˂ʬʩʫʬʴ. ʨʳʰʺʵʳ ˁʭʬʴ ʨʫʨʯʰʹʨʳʬʩʸ ʭʨʲʨʫ
ʫʨʻʫʬʭʰʯ ʪʰʸʪʭʲʰʨʴʬʩʹ ,,24 ʲʻʼˆʭʰʲʰʯ³ 165) ʲʰʳ˄ʵʫʨʨʲ ʨʴʻ
,,ʲʰʴʩʨʴʨʨʲ³ 166) ʯʵʸʳʬʺʰ ʳʨʼʰ˂ʨʸʰʹ ʼʰ˂ˀʰ ˁʨʿʵʲʬʩʰʯ ʯʨʭʰʹ
ʪʨʳʨʸʯʲʬʩʨ, ʸʵʳ ʪʰʬʸʪʰʲʨ ʼʨʸˇʰʨʴʰʹ ʳʱʭʲʬʲʰ ʳʨʯʰ ˄ʰʴʨʶʸʬʩʰ
ʨʸ ʿʵʼʰʲʰʿʭʴʬʴ. ʨʳ ʼʰ˂ʹ ʸʵʳ ˃ʨʲʨ ˈʽʵʴʵʫʨ, ʰʹʰʴʰ ʭʨʲʫʬʩʻʲʰ
ʪʨʭˆʨʫʬʯ ˄ʬʹʰʹʨʳʬʩʸ, ʫʨʬ˄ʿʵʯ ʫʨʼʰ˂ʬʩʨ ʹʵʼ. ʲʨˆʻˀʺʰʫʨʴ
ʳʨʸ˂ˆʴʰʹʨʱʬʴ ʻʴʫʨ ˁʨʳʵʿʵʲʵʫʬʴ ˆʻʯ ʺʨ˃ʨʸʹ ʫʨ ʿʭʬʲʪʨʴ
ˆʨʺʬʩʰʹ ʴʨʩʨʴʰ ˄ʿʨʲʰ ʫʨʬʲʰʨʯ. ˆʨʺʰʹ ʴʨʩʨʴʰ ˄ʿʲʰʹ ʫʨʲʬʭʨ
ʪʰʸʪʭʲʰʨʴʬʩʹ ʫʨ ʳʨʯ ʳʵʼʰ˂ʸʬʩʹ ˁʭʬʴ ʪʨʳʵʻ˂ˆʨʫʬʯ ʬʱʲʬʹʰʰʹ
ʱʨʸʬʩʯʨʴ, ʸʨʳʨ˂ ʫʰʫʰ ʨʻʸ-ʮʨʻʸʰ ʫʨ ʨʲʰʨʽʵʯʰ ʪʨʳʵʰ˄ʭʰʨ,
ʸʨʫʪʨʴʨ˂ ˆʨʺʰʹ ʴʨʩʨʴʰ ˄ʿʲʰʹ ˃ʨʲʰʹ ʳʻ˂ʬʲˀʰ ˁʨˀʭʬʩʨ ʹʨ˃ʴʬʲʵ
ʹʨʽʳʬʯ ˁʨʹʯʭʨʲʬʹ. ʨʳ ʪʨʫʨ˄ʿʭʬʺʰʲʬʩʨʳ ˃ʨʲʰʨʴ ˀʬʨˀʼʵʯʨ ʰʹʰʴʰ
ʫʨ, ˁʬʳʫʨ ʹʨʻʩʬʫʻʸʵʫ, ʨʳʰʹ ʪʨʳʵ˂ˆʨʫʬʩʨ, ʸʵʪʵʸ˂
ʳʬʫʰʨʺʵʸʬʬʩʰʹ ʯʨʭʳˇʫʵʳʨʸʬʹ, ʳʬ ʳˆʭʫʨ ˄ʰʲʨʫ.
ˁʭʬʴ ˀʵʸʰʹ ʰʿʵ ʬʸʯʰ ʪʰʸʪʭʲʰʨʴʰʹ ʴʨʯʬʹʨʭʰ ʳʬʫʰʨʺʵʸʬʯ,
ʱʨ˂ʰ ʬʸʯʵʩ ʺʲʨʴʽʰ ʫʨ ˇʰʻʺʰ. ʸʵʫʬʹʨ˂ ʰʹ ʫʨʸ˄ʳʻʴʫʨ ʰʳʨˀʰ,
ʸʵʳ ʳʰʹʰ ʴʨʯʬʹʨʭʬʩʰ ˆʨʺʰʹ ʴʨʩʨʴʰ ˄ʿʲʰʹ ʫʨʱʬʭʰʯ ʯʨʭʰʹ
ʳʨʸʯʲʬʩʨʹ ʭʬʸ ˀʬʹ˃ʲʬʩʫʬʴ, ˆʵʲʵ ʯʻ ʨʳʨʹ ʨʰˀʵʸʬʩʫʬʴ ʯʨʭʰʫʨʴ,
ˀʬʹ˃ʲʬʩʫʬʴ ʼʰ˂ʰʯ ʯʨʭʰʹ ʳʨʸʯʲʬʩʨʹ ʫʨ ʨʳ ˀʬʳʯˆʭʬʭʨˀʰ ʬʸʯʰ
ʱʨ˂ʰʹ ,,˄ʵʸʹ³ ʹʰʹˆʲʰʹ ʼʨʹʹʨ˂ ʳʰʰʾʬʩʫʬʴ, ʳʵʬʸʰʨ ʴʨʯʬʹʨʻʸʰ
ʪʸ˃ʴʵʩʨ ʫʨ ʳʵʳʫʵ ˀʨʸʰ, ʯʰʯʽʵʹ ʳʹʨˇʻʲ-ʳʬʫʰʨʺʵʸʬʬʩʰʹ ʳʰʬʸ
ʨʸ ʿʵʼʰʲʰʿʵʹ ʪʨʫʨ˄ʿʭʬʺʰʲʰ ˆʨʺʰʹ ʴʨʩʨʴʰ ˄ʿʲʰʹ ʫʨʲʬʭʨ,
ʨʸʨʳʬʫ ʬʹ ˁʬʳʰʯ ʻʴʫʨ ʪʨʳʵʳʬ˂ˆʨʫʬʩʰʴʵʹ. ʨʳ ʨʳʩʰʹ ʪʨʪʵʴʬʩʨʳ, ʸʨ
ʯʽʳʨ ʻʴʫʨ, ʫʰʫʨʯ ʨʾʨˀʼʵʯʨ ˁʬʳʮʬ ʪʰʸʪʭʲʰʨʴʬʩʰ; ʨʹʺʿʫʨ
ʿʭʰʸʰʲʰ, ʪʰʴʬʩʨ, ˄ʿʬʭʲʨ ˁʬʳʹ ˄ʰʴʨʨʾʳʫʬʪ. ʳʬ ʳʰʭʳʨʸʯʬ
ʪʰʸʪʭʲʰʨʴʬʩʹ ʫʨʳˀʭʰʫʬʩʻʲʰʿʭʴʬʴ ʫʨ ʳʵʬ˂ʨʯ ˁʬʳʯʭʰʹ
ʹʨˀʻʨʲʬʩʨ ʨʳʬˆʹʴʨ ʳʨʯʯʭʰʹ ʯʻ ʸʨʳʫʬʴʨʫ ʭʰʿʨʭʰ ʫʨʳʴʨˀʨʭʬ.
ʰʹʰʴʰ˂ ʫʨʳˀʭʰʫʫʬʴ. ʳʬ ʫʨʭʻ˃ʨˆʬ ˁʬʳʯʨʴ ʰʽʭʬ ʨˆʲʵʹ ʳʫʪʵʳ
ʳʬʫʰʨʺʵʸʬʬʩʹ, ʳ˄ʱʸʰʭʨʯ ʪʨʭʨˁʬʸʬ ʫʨ ʭʹʯʽʭʰ: ,,ʪʨʪʰ˄ʿʸʬʯ ʸʨ˂ ʨʳ
ʬʱʲʬʹʰʨˀʰ ˆʨʺ-ˇʭʨʸʰʨ ʨʳʨʯʰ ʳʨʫʲʰ, ʯʻ ʳʨʸʯʨʲʰ ʨʸ ʯʽʭʨʯ,
ʪʰʸʪʭʲʰʨʴʬʩʹ ʸʵʳ ˆʨʺʰʹ ʴʨʩʨʴʰ ˄ʿʲʰʹ ʫʨʲʬʭʰʯ ʫʨʼʰ˂ʬʩʨ
ʪʨʳʵʻ˂ˆʨʫʬʯ, ʬʹ ʯʽʭʬʴʰ ʪʨʫʨ˄ʿʭʬʺʰʲʬʩʨ ʨʸʰʹ, ʯʻ ʳʨʸʺʵ ˁʬʳʰ
ʳʵʪʵʴʰʲʰʨʯʽʵ³ ʿʭʬʲʨ ʳʬʫʰʨʺʵʸʬʬʩʳʨ ʬʸʯˆʳʨʫ ʫʨʰ˃ʨˆʬʹ:
,,ʭʼʰ˂ʨʭʯ ʨʸʨ ʳʨʸʺʵ ˆʨʺʬʩʹ, ʨʸʨʳʬʫ ʿʭʬʲʨ ʰʳ 5 ʬʱʲʬʹʰʰʹ
˄ʳʰʴʫʨʴʬʩʰʹ ʳʨʫʲʹ, ʹʨʫʨ˂ ʫʾʬʹ ʨʳʨʯʰ ʫʨʼʰ˂ʬʩʨ ʻʴʫʨ ʳʵˆʫʬʹ,
372
ʸʵʳ ʬʹ ʨʸʰʹ ʿʭʬʲʨʹ ʪʨʫʨ˄ʿʭʬʺʰʲʬʩʨ ʫʨ ʨʸʨ ʬʪʴʨʺʬʹ
ʪʨʳʵʪʵʴʰʲʰʵ, ʮʰʮʾʰ ʫʨ ˀʬˁʭʬʴʬʩʨ ʨʹʬʯʰ ʺʿʻʰʲʰʹ
ʳʵʳʪʵʴʬʩʬʲʹ, ʪʨʻ˄ʿʸʬʹ ʳʨʹ ʰʹ ˆʨʺʰ, ʸʵʳʬʲʮʬʫʨ˂ ˁʭʬʴ ʭʰʿʨʭʰʯ
ʫʨʼʰ˂ʬʩʻʲʴʰ, ʸʵʳ ˂ʨʲʳˆʸʰʭʵʩʨʹ ʨʳ ʹʨʽʳʬˀʰ ʨʫʪʰʲʰ ʨʸ
ˈʽʵʴʵʫʨʵ³ ʨʳʨʴ ʻ˂ʬʩ ʫʨʨʳˀʭʰʫʨ ʪʰʸʪʭʲʰʨʴʬʩʰ, ʸʵʳʲʬʩʳʨ˂
ʩʵʫʰˀʰ ʳʵʰˆʨʫʬʹ ˁʬʳʯʨʴ ʫʨ ʫʰʫʰ ʨʻʸ-ʮʨʻʸʰʹ ˀʬʳʫʬʪ
ʫʨʯʨʴˆʳʫʬʴ ʳˆʵʲʵʫ ʬʸʯ ʬʱʲʬʹʰʰʹ ˆʨʺʰʹ ʴʨʩʨʴʰʹ ˄ʿʲʰʹ
ʫʨʲʬʭʰʯ ʫʨʼʰ˂ʬʩʨʹ, ʸʨʮʬʫʨ˂ ʼʨʸˇʰʨʴʬʩʰ˂ ʫʨʭʰʯʨʴˆʳʬʯ. ʨʳʰʹ
ˀʬʳʫʬʪ ˁʭʬʴ ʪʨʴʭʨʪʸ˃ʬʯ ˁʭʬʴʰ ʹʨʽʳʬ. ʪʰʸʪʭʲʰʨʴʬʩʰ ʫʨ ʳʨʯʰ
ʲʻʼˆʭʰʲʬʩʰ (ʳʵʼʰ˂ʨʸʬʩʰ) ˇʬʸ ʲʨˆʻˀʺˀʰ ʫʨʭʨʼʰ˂ʬʯ, ˀʬʳʫʬʪ
ʲʨˈʰʲˀʰ, ʳʬʸʬ ʳʨ˂ˆʵʭʸʰʹ ʵʸ ʬʱʲʬʹʰʨˀʰ ʫʨ ʩʵʲʵʹ ʬʴʨˀʰʹ
ʬʱʲʬʹʰʨˀʰ. ʨʳʴʨʰʸʨʫ, ˁʭʬʴ ʳʰʬʸ ʪʨʴʭʲʰʲʰ ʪʮʨ ,,ʲʬʸʯʨʴʯʬ
ʹʰʶʫʨ³ ʳʨʸ˂ˆʴʰʹʱʬʴ ʩʸʻʴʨʭʫʨ, ʸʨʰ˂ʨ ʫʨʼʰ˂ʬʩʰʹ ʫʸʵʹ ˆʨʺʰʹ
ʴʨʩʨʴʰ ˄ʿʲʰʹ ʫʨʲʬʭʨʮʬ ʻʼʸʵ ʹʨˀʰʴʬʲʰʨ ʹʭʨʴʻʸʰ
ʯʭʨʲʹʨʮʸʰʹʰʯ. ʨʳ ʫʨʼʰ˂ʬʩʰʹ ˀʬʳʫʬʪ ʬʴʨˀʰʹ ʬʱʲʬʹʰʰʹ ʪʨʲʨʭʨʴˀʰ
ʪʨʭʨˁʬʸʬʯ ʬʸʯʰ ʳˆʸʰʯ ʪʰʸʪʭʲʰʨʴʬʩʰ, ʳʬʵʸʬ ʳˆʸʰʯ ʼʨʸˇʰʨʴʬʩʰ,
ˀʻʨˀʰ ʳʵʸʭʬʩʰ ʫʨʭʫʬʽʰʯ. ʫʨʰ˄ʿʵ ʪʨʴʨˁʬʴʰʹ ˄ʨʱʰʯˆʭʨ. ˆʨʲˆʰ
ʹʳʬʴʨʫ ʪʨʫʨʰʽ˂ʨ, ʿʭʬʲʨ ʸʨʾ˂ʨʹ ʩʻʺʩʻʺʬʩʫʨ ʫʨ ʾʳʬʸʯʹ
ʬʭʬʫʸʬʩʵʫʨ, ʸʵʳ ʪʨʸʰʪʬʩʰʹ ʹʨʽʳʬ ʱʬʯʰʲʨʫ
ʫʨʪʭʰʸʪʭʰʴʬʩʻʲʰʿʵ ʫʨ ʨʳ ʵʸ ʯʬʳʹ ˀʵʸʰʹ ʹʰʹˆʲʰʹ ʾʭʸʨʹ ʩʵʲʵ
ʳʵʾʬʩʵʫʨ. ʪʨʯʨʭʫʨ ʪʨʴʨˁʬʴʰʹ ʱʰʯˆʭʨ, ʨʸ˂ ʬʸʯʰ ʳˆʸʰʫʨʴ
ʹʨʿʭʬʫʻʸʰ ʨʸ ʰʹʳʵʫʨ ʬʹ ʱʰ ʰʳʨʹ ʴʰˀʴʨʭʫʨ, ʸʵʳ ʪʨʴʨˁʬʴʰʯ ʿʭʬʲʨʴʰ
ʱʳʨʿʵʼʰʲʰ ʰʿʭʴʬʴ. ʪʨʴʨˁʬʴʰ ʨʴʻ ˁʭʬʴʰ ʫʨʫʪʬʴʰʲʬʩʰʹ ʫʬʫʨʴʰ
ʻʴʫʨ ˁʨʱʬʸʬʩʻʲʰʿʵ ʬʴʨˀʰʹ ʬʱʲʬʹʰʰʹ ˃ʭʬʲ ˆʬʲʴʨ˄ʬʸ ʹʨˆʨʸʬʩʨˀʰ,
ʸʵʳʬʲʰ˂ ʬʱʲʬʹʰʨˀʰ ʻʴʫʨ ˀʬʴʨˆʻʲʰʿʵ. ʨʳʰʺʵʳ ʳʾʭʫʬʲʳʨ
ʪʨʳʵʰʺʨʴʨ ʬʹ ʹʨˆʨʸʬʩʨ ʬʱʲʬʹʰʰʫʨʴ ʫʨ ˁʭʬʴ˂ ˁʨʭʨʱʬʸʬʯ ʳʨʹˀʰ ˁʭʬʴʰ
ʫʰʫʰ ˆʴʰʹ ʴʨ˄ʭʨʲʬʩʰ ʪʨʴʨˁʬʴʰ. ʨʳʰʹ ˀʬʳʫʬʪ ʳʬʫʰʨʺʵʸʬʬʩʳʨ
ʨʳʵʭʰʸˁʰʬʯ ˁʭʬʴ ˀʵʸʰʹ 6 ʱʨ˂ʰ ˁʭʬʴʰ ʪʨʴʨˁʬʴʰʹ ʹʰʹʸʻʲʬˀʰ
ʳʵʹʨʿʭʨʴʨʫ ʫʨʴʰˀʴʻʲ ʫʾʬʹ ʨʳ ʳʬʫʰʨʺʵʸʬʬʩʰʹ ʯʨʴˆʲʬʩʰʯ
ʼʨʸˇʰʨʴʬʩʳʨ ʳʰʰ˄ʭʰʬʹ ʪʰʸʪʭʲʰʨʴʬʩʰ ʵˇʨˆˀʰ ʭʨˆˀʳʨʫ, ʸʵʪʵʸ˂
˄ʬʹʰ ʳʵʰʯˆʵʭʫʨ. ʳʰʹ˂ʬʹ ʳʨʯ ʹʨˁʻʽʸʬʩʰ ʫʨ ʸʨ˂ ʳʵ˃ʸʨʭʰ ʽʵʴʬʩʨ
ˈʽʵʴʫʨʯ ʳʰʹˇʰʲʰ.
ʳʨʪʸʨʳ ˄ʵʸˀʰ ʳʰʹˇʰʲ ʿʨʴʬʩʰʹ ʳʰ˂ʬʳʨʹ ʨʳ ʬʽʭʹʳʨ ʱʨ˂ʳʨ ʯʨʭʰ
ʭʬʸ ʪʨʳʵʨʩʬʹ, ʨʳʰʺʵʳ ʪʰʸʪʭʲʰʨʴʬʩʳʨ ʳʵʱʲʬʹ ʬʸʯʰ ʼʨʸˇʰʨʴʰ.
˄ʨʸʹʻʲ 1926 ˄. ʩʵʲʵʹ ʼʨʸˇʰʨʴʬʩʳʨ˂ ʳʨʪʰʬʸʰ ʪʨʫʨʻˆʨʫʬʹ ʫʨ
ʳʵʱʲʬʹ ʬʸʯʰ ʪʰʸʪʭʲʰʨʴʰ. ʳʫʪʵʳʨʸʬʵʩʨ ʳʨʯ ˀʵʸʰʹ ʰʳʫʬʴʨʫ
373
ʪʨʳ˄ʭʨʭʫʨ, ʸʵʳ ʲʨʺʨʲʰʹ ʯʬʳʰ ʵʸʨʯ ʪʨʰʿʵ. ʿʸʰʲʵʩʬʩʮʬ ʨʴʫʨ
ʸʨʰʳʬ ʹʨʬʸʯʵ ʹʨʽʳʬʮʬ ʬʸʯʨʫ ˆʨʲˆʰʹ ʯʨʭʰʹ ʳʵʿʸʨ ˀʬʻ˃ʲʬʩʬʲʰ
ʪʨˆʫʨ. ʪʰʸʪʭʲʰʨʴʬʩʰʹ ʪʭʨʸʬʻʲʵʩʰʹ ʨˆʨʲʪʨʮʸʫʵʩʨʹ ʹʱʵʲʨ
ʫʨʱʨʸʪʻʲʰ ˈʽʵʴʫʨʯ, ʸʨʫʪʨʴʨ ʰʹ ʼʨʸˇʰʨʴʬʩʰʹ ʹʵʼʬʲˀʰʨ
ʨʪʬʩʻʲʰ ʫʨ ʳʨʯʰ ʹʰ˃ʻʲʭʰʲʰʯ ʯʨʭʰʹ ˀʭʰʲʬʩʹ ʪʰʸʪʭʲʰʨʴʬʩʰ ʰʽ
ʨʸ ʻˀʭʬʩʫʬʴ. ʳʨʲʬ ʳʵʹʨʲʵʫʴʬʲʰ ʰʿʵ ʱʰʫʬʭ ʹʰʹˆʲʰʹ ʾʭʸʨ ʫʨ
ʨʳʰʺʵʳ ʨʫʪʰʲʵʩʸʰʭʰ ˆʬʲʰʹʻʼʲʬʩʨ ʰ˃ʻʲʬʩʻʲʰ ˀʬʰʽʳʴʨ
ʳˆʨʸʬʬʩʰʹ ˀʬʹʨʸʰʪʬʩʲʨʫ ʮʵʳʬʩʰ ʳʰʬʾʵ, ʸʨʰ˂ʨ ʳʬ ʫʨʳʬʭʨʲʨ. ʨʴʫ.
ʱʭʨ˅ʨ˃ʰʹ ʫʨˆʳʨʸʬʩʰʯ ʳʬ ˀʬʭʹ˃ʬʲʰ ʨʳ ʵʸʰ ʪʭʨʸʬʻʲʵʩʰʹ ˀʬʸʰʪʬʩʨ,
ʫʨ, ʰʳʬʫʰʨ, 120 ˄ʲʰʹ ʪʨʴʳʨʭʲʵʩʨˀʰ ʳ˃ʭʰʴʭʨʸʬ ʹʰʹˆʲʰʹ ʾʭʸʨʹ
ʩʵʲʵ ʳʵʬʾʬʩʨ.

ǸȅȘȐșȚȖȊǯȈȔȍȚȒȐȖǹȊȈȕȍȚȐȐșȚȘ
ǸȅȘȐșȚȖȊǯȈȔȍȚȒȐȖǹȊȈȕȍȚȐȐșȚȘʰʭʬʸʰʨ³˄.
161) ʪʰʸʪʭʲʰʨʴʬʩʰ ʹ˂ˆʵʭʸʵʩʬʴ ʲʨʺʨʲʰʹ ʯʬʳˀʰ ʹʵʼ. ʳʨ˂ˆʭʨʸʰˀˀʰ ʫʨ
ˀʿʨʲʬʸˀʰ ʫʨ ˀʬʹʫʪʬʩʰʨʴ 30 ʱʵʳʲʰʹʨʪʨʴ, ˆʵʲʵ ʼʨʸˇʰʨʴʬʩʰ ʹ˂ˆʵʭʸʵʩʬʴ ʰʳʨʭʬ
ʯʬʳˀʰ ʹʵʼ. ʰʬʴʨˀˀʰ ʫʨ ˀʬʹʫʪʬʩʰʨʴ 22 ʱʵʳʲʰʹʨʪʨʴ. ʻʱʨʴʨʹʱʴʬʲʴʰ ʨʸʰʨʴ ʰʳ ʭʨˆʺʨʴʪ
ʼʨʸˇʰʨʴʰʹ ˀʯʨʳʵʳʨʭʲʵʩʰʹ, ʸʵʳʬʲʰ˂ ʯʨʭʰʹʰ ʳʵʾʭʨ˄ʬʵʩʰʯ ˂ʴʵʩʰʲʰ ʰʿʵ ʳʬ-11
ʹʨʻʱʻʴʬˀʰ ʩʨʪʸʨʺ ʱʻʸʨʶʨʲʨʺʰʹ ʳʬʼʵʩʰʹ ʫʸʵʹ. ʮʬʪʨʴʰʹ ʾʭʯʰʹʳˀʵʩʲʰʹ
ʬʱʲʬʹʰʨˀʰ ʰʴʨˆʬʩʨ ʬʸʯʰ ˆʬʲʴʨ˄ʬʸʰ ʰʭʨʴʬ ʳʬʹʭʬʺʰʹʨ, ʸʵʳʬʲˀʰʫʨ˂ ʭʨˆʺʨʴʪ
ʼʨʸˇʰʨʴʰ ʨʹʬ ʨʸʰʹ ʳʵˆʹʬʴʬʩʻʲʰ: ,,ʳʬ ʪʲʨˆʨʱʳʨʴ ʰʵʭʨʴʬ ʳʬʹʭʬʺʬʳʨʴ ʨʾʭ˄ʬʸʬ ˄ʨʳʬʩʨ
ʬʹʬ ˄ʳʰʴʫʨʯʨ ʳʵ˄ʨʳʬʯʨ, ˄ʳ. ʪʰʵʸʪʰʹʨ ʫʨ ˄ʳ. ʯʬʵʫʵʸʬʹ ʹʨʹ˄ʨʻʲʴʰ ʹʨʲʵ˂ʭʬʲʨʫ
ʨʫʰʫʬʴ ʾʳʬʸʯʳʨʴ ʭʨˆʺʨʴʪ ʼʨʸˇʰʨʴʰʹʨ ʫʨ ʾʭʯʰʭ ʳʰʴʰ˅ʬʩʻʲʯʨ ˀʭʰʲʯʨ ʳʰʹʯʨ ʨ˄
ʭʰʴ ʰʱʰʯˆʨʭʫʬʯ ʪʻʲʹʳʵʫʪʰʴʬʯ ʻʲʵ˂ʨʭʫʰʯ, ʸʨʯʨ ʾʳʬʸʯʳʨʴ
ʬʸʯʵʩʰʯʨʫʰʫʴʬʹ ˀʭʰʲʴʰ ʫʨ ʳˀʵʩʬʲʴʰ ʴʬʩʨʹʨ ʮʬʫʨ ʳʨʯʹʨ ʨʳʰʴ. ʫʨʰ˄ʬʸʨ ʹʭʬʺʹ
ʮʬʫʨ ˅ʿʵʴʫʰʫʹʨ ʨ˄ʫ ʾʳʬʸʯʳʨʴ. ʳʬʼʵʩʨʹʨ ʩʨʪʸʨʺ ʱʻʸʨʶʨʲʨʺʰʹʨ ʰʴʫʰʽʺʰʵʴʹʨ: ʫ:
ʽʵʸʵʴʰʱʵʴʹʨ ʹ: ʴ: ʨ: ˆʬʲʰʯʨ ʰʵʭʨʴʬ ʳʬʹʭʬʺʬʹʨʯʨ³
ʩʨʽʸʨ˃ʰʹ ʨʮʸʰʯ, ʬʹ ʫʨ˄ʬʸʰʲʰʨ ʩʨʪʸʨʺ ʳʬ-4 ʫʸʵʹ, ʸʵʳʬʲʰ˂ ʳʬʼʵʩʫʨ 1009-
1072 ˄ʲʨʳʫʬ. ˅ʿʵʴʫʰʫʰʹ ʳʵʴʨʹʺʬʸʰ ʬˆʲʨʴʫʬʲʰ ʳʨʸʺʭʰʲʰʨʵ ǩȈȒȘȈȌȏȍ
ǹȊȈȕȍȚȐȧǹȚȘ
 ǩȈȘȚȖȓȖȔȍȐ ǷȖȍȏȌȒȈ Ȋ ǪȖȓȤȕțȦ ǹȊȈȕȍȚȐȦ. ǯȈȗȐșȒȐ DzȈȊȒ. ǶȚȌ. ǰȔȗ. Ǹțș.
ǫȍȖȘȋ. ǶȉȠ. ǹȚȘ. 187.
ǩȈȘȚȖȓȖȔȍȐ. ǺȈȔȎȍ. ǹȚȘ. 188.
164) ,,ʩʨʾʸʰʲʬ ʳʻˆʭʰʺʰʨʴ³ ʳʬʹʺʰʰʹ ʳʨʸʪʰʨʴʬʩʰʹ ʳʯʨʭʨʸ ʨʴʪʬʲʵʮʰʹ
ʬʱʲʬʹʰʰʹ ʬʸʯ ʶʨʺʨʸʨ ˆʨʺʹʨ ˈʽʭʰʨ.
165) ʲʻʼˆʭʰʲʰ ˄ʨʸʳʵʹʫʪʬʩʨ ʹʰʺʿʭʨ ,,ʼʻʲʬ³-ʹʨʪʨʴ, ʬ. ʰ. ʯʰʯʰʯ ʨʳʵʸˁʬʻʲ
ʳʵʼʰ˂ʨʸʹ ʻʴʫʨ ʴʰˀʴʨʭʫʬʹ.
166) ʲʰʳʩʨʴʨʨʲ ± ʹʰʺʿʭʨ ʴʨʩʨʴʰʹʨʪʨʴ ˄ʨʸʳʵʹʫʪʬʩʨ, ʸʨ˂ ʴʰˀʴʨʭʹ ˆʨʺʰʹ ʴʨʩʨʴʰʹ
ʫʨʲʬʭʰʯ ʫʨʼʰ˂ʬʩʨʹ.

374
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ˆˀʰʸʨʫ ʪʨʴʨˁʬʴʰʹ ˀʬʫʪʬʴʰʫʨʴ ʹʰʹʸʻʲʬˀʰ ʳʵʿʭʨʴʨʳʫʬ

ʸʨʳʵʫʬʴʰʳʬ ʯʭʬ ʪʨʰʭʲʰʹ ˆʵʲʳʬ. ʨʳ ˆʴʰʹ ʪʨʴʳʨʭʲʵʩʨˀʰ ,,˄ʵʸʰʹ³
ʹʰʹˆʲʰʹ ʼʨʹʰʹ, ʪʨʫʨʳˆʫʬʲʰ ʬʳʮʨʫʬʩʨ ʳʰʹ ʪʨʫʨʹʨˆʫʬʲʨʫ ʫʨ
ʸʵʫʬʹʨ˂ ʳʮʨʫʨʨ, ˀʬʨʺʿʵʩʰʴʬʩʹ ʳʵʸʭʬʩʹ, ʸʵʳ ʯʨʭʰ ʳʵʰʿʨʸʵʴ ʫʨ
ʳʵʳˁʰʭʨʴʹ ʨʴʪʨʸʰˀʰ ʪʨʻʹ˄ʵʸʵʴ. ʳʵʸʭʬʩʰ˂ ʯʨʭʹ ʰʿʸʰʨʴ.
ʶʰʸʭʬʲʨʫ ʳʰʫʰʨʴ ʿʨʴʬʩˀʰ ʩʨ˄ʸʬʩʰʯ ˆʬʲˀʰ ʫʨ ʰʽ ʹʨʻʱʬʯʬʹʵ
ʿʨʴʬʩˀʰ ʳʰʻʮʵʳʨʭʬʴ ,,ʴʨʭʬʸʰʨʴʨ ˄ʵʸʨ ʴʨʲˇʭʬʳʹ³ ± ʴʨʭʬʸʰʨʴʰʹ
ʹʰʹˆʲʰʹ ʳʰ˄ʰʹ ʮʵʳʨʹ. ʨʳʰʹ ˀʬʳʫʬʪ ʻʴʫʨ ʳʵˆʫʬʹ ,,ʽʵʸʯʬ
ʲʰʷʭʨʨʲ³ ʬ. ʰ. ,,˄ʵʸʰʹ³ ʪʨʫʨʳˆʫʬʲʰʹ ʳʰʬʸ ʳʵʱʲʻʲʰʹ
˅ʰʸʰʹʻʼʲʰʹʨ ʫʨ ʴʨʯʬʹʨʭʬʩʰʹ ʯʨʭʰʹ ʵˇʨˆˀʰ ʭʨˆˀʳʨʫ ʳʰʶʨʺʰʷʬʩʨ.
ʿʭʬʲʨ ʳʬʫʰʨʺʵʸʬʬʩʰ ʳʵʳˁʰʭʴʰʹ ʹʨˆʲˀʰ ʳʰʫʰʨʴ, ʯʨʭʹ ʻʿʸʰʨʴ
ʭʰʹʯʭʰʹʨ˂ ʹʨʭʨʲʫʬʩʻʲʵʨ ʫʨʳʴʨˀʨʭʰʹ ʨʴʻ ʳʱʭʲʬʲʰʹ ʹʨˆʲˀʰ
ʳʰʹʭʲʨ ʫʨ ʿʭʬʲʨʴʰ ʬʸʯʨʫ ʳʰʫʰʨʴ ʳʨʹʯʨʴ. ʳʱʭʲʬʲʰ ʨʳ ʫʸʵʹ
ʭʨʲʫʬʩʻʲʰʨ ʫʨʰʳʨʲʵʹ ʫʨ ʨʸ ʬˁʭʬʴʵʹ ʳʰʹ ʳʰʬʸ ʳʵʱʲʻʲʰʹ
˅ʰʸʰʹʻʼʨʲʹ. ʵˇʨˆʰʹ ˄ʬʭʸʬʩʰ ʫʪʨʴʨʴ ˀʵʸʹ ʱʻʯˆʬʬʩˀʰ ʫʨ
ʴʳʨʹʶʰʴ˃ʲʰʹ ʳʨʪʰʬʸʵʩʨʹ ʹʺʻʳʸʬʩʰʹ ʹʨʳʹʨˆʻʸˀʰ ʳʰʹʰ ʨˆʲʵʩʬʲʰ
ʴʨʯʬʹʨʭʬʩʰ ʫʨ ʳʬʮʵʩʲʬʩʰ ʹ˄ʬʭʬʴ. ʳʨʸʯʨʲʰ ʳʵʪʨˆʹʬʴʵʯ, ʨʸʨʼʬʸʰ
ʹʨʹʰʨʳʵʭʴʵʨ ʨʹʬʯʰ ʹ˂ʬʴʰʹ ʫʨ ʹʻʼʸʰʹ ʫʨʹ˄ʸʬʩʨ. ʳʨʹʶʰʴ˃ʬʲʰ ʫʨ
ʳʱʭʲʬʲʰ ˅ʰʸʰʹʻʼʲʬʩʰʹ ˆʨʯʸʰʯ ʹʺʻʳʸʬʩʯʨʴ ʪʨʳʵˁʬʴʨʹ
ʬʸʰʫʬʩʰʨʴ, ʳʰʳʨʲʻʲʰ ʨʸʰʨʴ ʫʨ ʹʺʰʸʰʨʴ ʪʻʲˀʰ ʹʰʹˆʲʰʹ
ʹʨʼʨʹʻʸʰʹ ʪʨʫʨˆʫʨʹ, ʨʳʫʬʴʰ ˆʴʰʹ ʴʨˀʬʴʬʩ ʵˇʨˆʰʹ ʨʵˆʸʬʩʨ-
ʪʨʴʨʫʪʻʸʬʩʨʹ. ʳʵʱʲʻʲʰʹ ˅ʰʸʰʹʻʼʲʬʩʰʹʨʯʭʰʹ ʹʰʱʭʫʰʲʰʨ ʳʨʯ
ʵˇʨˆˀʰ ʭʨˆˀʳʨʫ ˇʫʵʳʨ, ʳʨʪʸʨʳ ʹʭʨʴʻʸʰ ʨʫʨʯʰ ʨʭʨʲʬʩʹ ʳʨʯ ʨʳʨʹ.
ʰʹʰʴʰ ʳʯʬʲʰ ʾʨʳʬ ʹˆʬʫʨʴ, ʨʸ ʹʭʨʳʬʴ ʫʨ ʨʸ ˅ʨʳʬʴ, ʼʰʽʸʵʩʬʴ
ʨʪʸʬʯʭʬ ʰʳʨʮʬʫʨ˂, ʸʵʳ ,,˄ʵʸʨ ʲʰʱʬʫ³ʹʰʹˆʲʰʹ ʹʨʼʨʹʻʸʰʹ ʨʾʬʩʨ,
ʸʨʹʨ˂ ʹʭʨʴʬʩʰ ʬ˃ʨˆʰʨʴ ,,ʻʳʨ ʳʻʮʭʬʩʹ³ʸʨ˂ ʨʸ ʰ˅ʳʬʭʨ ʰʳʰʹ ʳ˅ʨʳʬʲʹ
ʫʨ ʹʨʳʻʫʨʳʵ ˁʰʸʽʹ ʹ˂ˆʬʩʹ ʳʨʯ ʪʭʨʸʹʨ ʫʨ ʳʵʳʨʭʨʲʹ. ʨʹʬ ʯʻ ʰʹʬ,
ʰ˄ʿʬʩʨ ʭʨˆˀʨʳʰ. ʫʪʨʳʬʴ ʺʨʩʨʱʬʩʹ, ʸʵʳʬʲʹʨ˂ ʽʨʲʬʩʰ ʻ˂ʩʨʫ ʨʭʹʬʩʬʴ
ʶʻʸʰʯ. ʱʨ˂ʬʩʰ ˁʨʳʵʨʸʰʪʬʩʬʴ ʫʨ ʳʵʨʸʯʳʬʭʬʴ ʿʭʬʲʨʹ ʯʰʯʵ
,,ʲʨʪʨʼʹ³± ʻʲʻʼʨʹ, ʳʬ˄ʫʬ ʨʸʨʿʹ ʨʹˆʨʳʹ ʱʨʯˆʬʩˀʰ ʫʨ ʽʬʸʨˆʹʬʩˀʰ
ʫʨ ʹʨʯʰʯʨʵʫ ˁʨʳʵʻʸʰʪʬʩʹ ʿʭʬʲʨʹ. ʹʻʼʸʰʹ ʯʨʭˀʰ ʳˇʫʵʳʰ
ʳʵʸʭʬʩʰʹ ,,ʳʨˆʭˀʰ³ ʻʼʸʵʹʰ ʨʴʻ ʯʨʭʳˇʫʵʳʨʸʬ ʰ˄ʿʬʩʹ ʯʨʭʰʹ
ʪʸ˃ʬʲ ʹʰʺʿʭʨʹ, ʸʵʳʲʰʯʨ˂ ˂ʫʰʲʵʩʹ ʳʸʨʭʨʲ-ʪʭʨʸʰ ʳʨʪʨʲʰʯʬʩʰ
ʫʨ ʹʨʩʻʯʬʩʰ ʳʵʻʿʭʨʴʵʹ ˀʬʹʨʸʰʪʬʩʬʲ ʳˆʨʸʬʬʩʹ ʳʰʹ ˀʬʹʨˆʬʩ, ʸʵʳ
375
,,ʲʰʳʵʸʵʭ³ʳʬʫʰʨʺʵʸʵʩʨ ʾʭʯʰʹʨʪʨʴ ʪʨˁʬʴʰʲʨ, ˄ʵʸʰʹ ʳʰ˂ʬʳʨ ʫʨ
ʳʰʾʬʩʨ ʨˆʨʲʰ ʹʨʽʳʬ ʨʸʨʨ, ʸʵʳ ʰʪʰ ʨʸʨʭʰʴ ʨʸ ʻʴʫʨ ʰʻʱʨʫʸʰʹʵʹ.
ʩʵʲʵʹ ʰʺʿʭʰʹ ,,ʨʳ ʪʭʨʸ ʲʨʳʵʸʵʭ-ʲʨʹʵʸʵʭ³ ± ʨʳʰʹʯʨʴʨ
ʳʬʫʰʨʺʵʸʵʩʨ ʯʽʭʬʴʹ ʵˇʨˆˀʰ ʨʸ ʪʨʴʳʬʵʸʬʩʻʲʰʿʵʹ ʫʨ ʩʬʫʴʰʬʸʰ
ʰʿʵʹ ʯʽʭʬʴʰ ˀʬʸʰʪʬʩʨʵ. ʨʹʬʯʰ ʫʨʳʨʳˀʭʰʫʬʩʬʲʰ ʹʰʺʿʭʬʩʰʹ ʯʽʳʨʹ
ʹ˂ʫʰʲʵʩʹ ʯʰʯʵʬʻʲʰ ʳʬʫʰʨʺʵʸʬ ʳˆʨʸʬʬʩʰʹ ʪʻʲʰʹ
ʺʱʰʭʰʲʬʩʰʹ ˀʬʹʨʳʹʻʩʻʽʬʩʲʨʫ. ˀʻʨ ˅ʨʳʨʮʬ ʪʨʳʵˈʿʨʭʯ ʳʱʭʲʬʲʰ,
ʸʵʳʬʲʰ˂ ʰˁʵʽʬʩʹ, ʫʨʳ˄ʻˆʸʬʩʻʲʰ ʹʨˆʰʯ. ʳʰʫʰʹ ʳʵʱʲʻʲʰʹ
ʳʯʨʭʨʸ ˅ʰʸʰʹʻʼʨʲʯʨʴ, ʹʰʴʨʴʻʲʹ ʪʨʳʵʹʯʽʭʨʳʹ ʫʨ ʰʯˆʵʭʹ
ʶʨʺʰʭʬʩʨʹ. ˀʬʳʫʬʪ ʨʾʻʯʽʭʨʳʹ ˆʨʸʰʹ ʨʴʻ ʹˆʭʨ ʸʨʳʬʹ ˁʻʽʬʩʨʹ.
ʵˇʨˆʰʹ ʹˆʭʨ ˄ʬʭʸʬʩʹ ʳʵʱʲʻʲʰʹ ʴʨʯʬʹʨʭʬʩʳʨ ʻʴʫʨ ʪʨʻʪʮʨʭʴʵʴ
ʯʰʯʵ ʱʨʯˆʨ ʨʸʨʿʰ, ʸʰʹ ˀʬʳʫʬʪʨ˂ ʰʹʰʴʰ ʳʰʫʰʨʴ ʳʨʯʯʨʴ
ʹʨˁʻʽʸʬʩʰʯ, ʭʰʹʨ˂ ʸʨʳʫʬʴʰ ˀʬʻ˃ʲʰʨ, 3 ʳ.-ʳʨʴ-ʫʬ. ˆˀʰʸʨʫ ʨʳ ʫʸʵʹ
ʫʨʳʴʨˀʨʭʬ ʨʴ ʳʰʹʰ ʵˇʨˆʰʹ ʸʵʳʬʲʰʳʬ ˄ʬʭʸʰ ʰʯˆʵʭʹ, ʸʵʳ ʰˀʭʰʲʵʹ
ʳʵʱʲʻʲʰʹ ʸʵʳʬʲʰʳʬ ʻʨˆʲʵʬʹʳʨ ʴʨʯʬʹʨʭʳʨ, ʸʨʯʨ ʴʨʯʬʹʨʻʸʰ
ʱʨʭˀʰʸʰ ʫʨʳʿʨʸʫʬʹ ʳʨʯ ˀʵʸʰʹ ʫʨ ʪʨʸʰʪʬʩʨ˂ ʻʼʸʵ ʹʨʼʻ˃ʲʰʨʴʰ
ʰʿʵʹ. ʯʻ ʨʳʨʮʬ ˀʬʯʨʴˆʳʫʬʴ, ʬʹ ʰʳʨʭʬ ˄ʬʹʰʯ ˆʫʬʩʨ, ʸʵʪʵʸ˂ ʮʬʳʵʯ
ʨʸʰʹ ʨʾʴʰˀʴʻʲʰ. ˆˀʰʸʨʫ ʳʵʱʲʻʲʰʹ ˅ʰʸʰʹʻʼʨʲʰ ʳʵʰʯˆʵʭʹ:
ʱʬʸʨʹ, ʴʨ˅ʨʹ (ʽʭʨʩʰʹ ˁʨʳʵʹʨʱʰʫʬʩʬʲ ˇʨ˅ʭʹ) ʫʨ ˂ʬ˂ˆʲʮʬ ˄ʿʲʰʹ
ʪʨʫʨʹˆʳʨʹ. ʿʭʬʲʨ ʨʳʨʹ ʹʭʨʴʻʸ ʰʻʸʰʫʰʻʲ ˄ʬʹ˄ʿʵʩʰʲʬʩʨˀʰ ʰʹ
ʳʴʰˀʴʬʲʵʩʨ ʨʽʭʹ, ʸʵʳ ʳʰʹʰ ʴʨʯʬʹʨʭʰʹ ʳʵʱʭʲʰʯ ʵˇʨˆʰ ʫʨʰʾʻʶʨ,
ʨʰʿʨʸʨ ʫʨ ʪʨʽʸʨ. ˄ʿʲʰʯ ˂ʬ˂ˆʲʰʹ ʫʨʽʸʵʩʨʹ ʨʳʷʨʳʨʫ ʯʰʯʽʳʰʹ
ʨʸʹʨʫ ʨʸʨ ʨʽʭʹ ʨʫʪʰʲʰ, ˆʵʲʵ ʱʬʸʰʹʨ ʫʨ ˇʨ˅ʭʰʹ ʳʵʯˆʵʭʨ ˆˀʰʸʰʨ.
ʯʻ ʳʬʫʰʨʺʵʸʬʬʩʰʹ ˆʭʬ˄ʴʨ ʨʳ ˀʬʳʯˆʭʬʭʨˀʰ ʪʨʹ˅ʸʰʹ,
ʫʨʨʺʵʭʬʩʰʴʬʩʬʴ ʫʨ ʳʨʯ ʾʰʸʬʩʻʲʬʩʨʹ ʳʰʨʾʬʩʰʴʬʩʬʴ, ʸʨ˂ ʫʰʫ
ʫʨʯʳʵʩʨʯ ʰʯʭʲʬʩʨ. ʨʳ ʨʴʪʨʸʰˀʬʩʰʹ ʪʨʹ˄ʵʸʬʩʰʹ ˀʬʳʫʬʪ ˄ʵʸʰʹ
ʳʰʳʾʬʩʰ ʨ˃ʲʬʭʹ ʳʬʫʰʨʺʵʸʬʬʩʹ ,,ʨʯʰʹʯʨʭʹ³ ± ʯʻʳʨʴʮʬ ʳʨʴʬʯʹ
ʪʨʹʨʸˇʬʲʵʹ.ʳ˄ʵʸʰʹ ʪʨʫʨʳˆʫʬʲʹ ʻʼʲʬʩʨ ʨʽʭʹ ʳʵʯˆʵʭʵʹ ʳʰʹ
ʳʰʬʸ ʳʵʱʲʻʲʰʹ ˅ʰʸʰʹʻʼʨʲʹʨ ʫʨ ʴʨʯʬʹʨʭʬʩʹ ʬʸʯʪʻʲʬʩʰʹ ʼʰ˂ʰ.
ʳʬʫʰʨʺʵʸʬʬʩʹʨ˂ ʵʸʰʭʬ ʳˆʨʸʬ ʳʰˈʿʨʭʯ ʫʨʹʨʼʰ˂ʬʩʲʨʫ ʰʳ
ʬʱʲʬʹʰʨʮʬ, ʸʵʳʬʲʰ˂ ʿʭʬʲʨʮʬ ʻʼʸʵ ,,ʳ˃ʲʨʭʸʰʨ³ʫʨ ʨʼʰ˂ʬʩʬʴ ʳʨʯ
ʫʨʳʴʨˀʨʭʰʹ ʬʸʯʪʻʲʬʩʨʮʬ ʫʨ ʬʹ ʬʸʯʪʻʲʬʩʰʹ ʼʰ˂ʰ ʨʸʰʹ
ʫʨʹʨʹʸʻʲʰ ˄ʬʸʺʰʲʰ ʳʵʸʰʪʬʩʰʹʨ ʳʵˁˆʻʩʨʸʯʨ ˀʵʸʰʹ.
ʯʨʭʰʹʻʼʨʲʰ ʹʭʨʴʬʯʰʹʯʭʰʹ ʨʹʬʯʰ ʼʰ˂ʰʹ ʳʵʹʨˆʫʬʴʨʫ
ʻʶʰʸʨʺʬʹʵʩʨ ʬ˃ʲʬʭʨ ʱʨʲʰʹ ˄ʳʰʴʫʨ ʱʭʰʸʰʱʬʹʨ ʫʨ ʰʻʲʰʺʬʹ
ʳʵʴʨʹʺʬʸʹ. ʳʰʹ ˀʬʳʫʬʪ ʻˀʪʻʲˀʰ ,,ʻˀʪʻʲʨ ʲʨʳʨʸʰʨʹ³ ± ʫʬʫʨ
376
ʾʭʯʰʹʨʹ. ʰʼʨʸˀʰ ʰʼʨʸʰʹ ,,ˇʪʸʨʪʹ³ ± ˄ʳ. ʪʰʵʸʪʰʹ, ʳʻʲʨˆˀʰ
,,ʳʻʲʨˆʰʹ ʳʨ˂ˆʭʨʸʹ³ ʳʻʲʨˆʰʹ ʳʨ˂ˆʵʭʨʸʹ ʫʨ ,,ʳʻʷʨʲʭʨ
ʯʨʸʰʴʪʮʬʲʹ ± ʳʻʷʨʲʰʹ ʳʯʨʭʨʸ ʨʴʪʬʲʵʮʹ, ʳʬʹʺʰʨˀʰ ,,ˇʪʸʨʪʹ³±
˄ʳ. ʪʰʵʸʪʰʹ, ʲʨʺʨʲˀʰ ,,ʰʨʴʹ³± ˄ʳ. ʰʵʴʹ, ,,ʳʨ˂ˆʭʨʸʹ³± ʳʨ˂ˆʵʭʸʰʹ
ʬʱʲʬʹʰʨʹ.
ʹʨʫʨʫʬˀʽʬʲʰʨʴʵ ʹʭʨʴʬʯˀʰ: ʩʬˁʵˀʰ ,,ʪʻʲʨ ʪʨʩʸʰʬʲʹ³
ʬ˂ʬʸˀʰ ,,ʳʻ˅ʽʭʰʲ ʯʨʸʰʴʪʮʬʲʹ³ ʫʨ ʼʨʸˀʰ ,,ʹʭʰʼʰʹ ˇʪʸʨʪʹ³
ʹʻʼʰʹ ˄ʳ. ʪʰʵʸʪʰʹ, ʲʨˆʨʳʻʲʨˀʰ ± ʪʰʸʪʬʫʹ.

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ʬˆʲʨ ʪʨʴʭʰˆʰʲʵʯ ʰʹ, ʯʻ ʸʨʳʫʬʴʨʯ ʼʨʹʵʩʹ ʹʭʨʴʻʸ

ʰʻʸʰʫʰʻʲ ˄ʬʹ-˄ʿʵʩʰʲʬʩʨˀʰ ʱʨ˂ʰʹ ʹʰʹˆʲʰ ʨʴ ʹʰʹˆʲʰʹ
ʹʨʳʨʸʯʲʰʹʨ ʯʻ ʹʨʳʵʽʨʲʨʽʵ ˆʨʹʰʨʯʰʹ ʹˆʭʨ ʹʨʽʳʬʬʩʰ.
,,˄ʵʸʰ³ ʹʭʨʴʬʯˀʰ ʯʰʯʽʳʰʹ ʯʰʯʵʬʻʲ ʹʨʮʵʪʨʫʵʬʩʨʹ
ʯʨʭʰʹʬʩʻʸʨʫ ʨʽʭʹ ʫʨ˄ʬʹʬʩʻʲʰ.
ʳʨʪʨʲʰʯʨʫ: ʹ. ʻˀʪʻʲˀʰ ,,˄ʵʸʰ³ ʹʰʹˆʲʰʹ ʼʨʹʰ, ˀʬʹʫʪʬʩʨ
ʬʽʭʹʰ ʴʨʲˇʵʳʰ, ʨʴʻ ʫʾʰʻʸʰ, ʹʨʻʱʬʯʬʹʵ ʿʨʴʰʹʨʪʨʴ. ʯʰʯʵ
,,ʴʨʲˇʵʳʰ³ʾʰʸʹ ʬʽʭʹʰ ˂ʨʲʰ ˆʨʸʰ.
ʨʳʨʹ ʪʨʸʫʨ ʳʱʭʲʬʲʳʨ ʻʴʫʨ ʳʰʹ˂ʬʹ ʫʨʮʨʸʨʲʬʩʻʲʯ
,,ʲʨʫʪʨʸʰʨ ʯʭʬʼ³ ʬ. ʰ. ʰʹ ʯʵʼʰ, ʸʵʳʲʰʯʨ˂ ʳʨʴ ʱʨ˂ʰ ʳʵˈʱʲʨ.
ʳʵʱʲʻʲʰʹ ʨˆʲʵʩʬʲ ʴʨʯʬʹʨʭʬʩʹ (ʫʬʫʨ, ʳʨʳʨ, ˃ʳʨ, ʫʨ ʫʨ ˂ʵʲʰ)
ʹʨˁʻʽʸʨʯ ʯʰʯʵ ˆʨʸʰ.
ʱʨʲʰʹ ʹʨʮʵʪʨʫʵʬʩʨˀʰ ,,˄ʵʸʰ³ ʻˀʪʻʲʰʹ ʹʨʮʵʪʨʫʵʬʩʰʹ
˄ʵʸʰʹʨʪʨʴ ʳˆʵʲʵʫ ʰʳʰʯ ʪʨʴʹˆʭʨʭʫʬʩʨ, ʸʵʳ ʨʽ ʹʰʹˆʲʰʹ
ʹʨʼʨʹʻʸʰʹ ʨʴʻ ˄ʵʸʰʹ ʳʰʳʾʬʩʹ ˀʬʻ˃ʲʰʨ ˄ʨʰʾʵʹ ʱʬʸʨ ʫʨ ʴʨ˅ʨ˂
(ˇʨ˅ʭʰ).
ʰʼʨʸʰʹ ʹʨʮʵʪʨʫʵʬʩʨˀʰ ˄ʵʸʰʨ: ʹʨʳʰ ,,ʴʨʲˇʵʳʰ³ ʿʨʴʨ, ʵʸʰ
ʴʨʲˇʵʳʰ ʹʨʯʰʩʰ ʫʨ ʬʸʯʰ ʴʨʲˇʵʳʰʹ ʹʨʾʰʸʨʲʰ ʳʵ˃ʸʨʭʰ ʽʵʴʬʩʨ.
ʳʻʲʨˆʰʹ ʫʨ ʳʬʹʺʰʰʹ ʹʨʮʵʪʨʫʵʬʩʬʩˀʰ ʬʪʸʬʯ ˄ʵʫʬʩʻʲʰ
,,ʴʨʭʬʸʰʨʴʰ ˄ʵʸ³ ˀʬʨʫʪʬʴʹ ʹʨʳ ʴʨʲˇʵʳ (ʫʾʰʻʸʰ) ʿʨʴʨʹ, ʹʨʳ
ʴʨʲˇʵʳ ʹʨʯʰʩʹ. ʳʵʱʲʻʲʰʹ ʫʬʫ-ʳʨʳʨʹ, ˃ʳʨʹ ʫʨ ʫʨʹ ʹʨˁʻʽʸʨʯ
ʬ˃ʲʬʭʨʯ ʯʰʯʵ ˆʨʸʰ, ˂ʵʲʹ ˃ʸʵˆʨ, ʹˆʭʨ ʴʨʯʬʹʨʭʬʩʹ 2 ʨʯʹʰˀʰʫʨʴ
10 ʨʯʹʰˀʨʳʫʬ 167), ʬ. ʰ. 12 ʳʨʴ. 60 ʳʨʴʬʯʨʳʫʬ ʫʨ ,,ʳʻ˄ʭʸʰ ʳʨʾʭʸʨ³168).

377
 ʲʨʺʨʲʰʹ ʫʨ ʲʬʴˇʬʸʰʹ ʯʬʳʬʩˀʰ ˄ʵʸʹ ˀʬʨʫʪʬʴʹ 24 ʴʨʲˇʵʳʰ
ʹʨˆʴʨʭʰ ʳʰ˄ʨ ʫʨ ʹʨʯʰʩʰ, ʫʨʴʨʸˁʬʴʰ - ʸʵʪʵʸ˂ ʳʻʲʨˆˀʰ ʫʨ
ʳʬʹʺʰʨˀʰ, ʳˆʵʲʵʫ ʰʳ ʪʨʴʹˆʭʨʭʬʩʰʯ, ʸʵʳ ʨʽʨʻʸʰ 4 ʴʨʲˇʵʳʰ
ʻʫʸʰʹ ʮʬʳʵˆʹʬʴʬʩʻʲʰ ʯʬʳʬʩʰʹ 1 ʴʨʲˇʵʳʹ ʫʨ ʨʪʸʬʯʭʬ
ʪʨʴʹˆʭʨʭʬʩʨ ʳʫʪʵʳʨʸʬʵʩʹ ʰʳʨˀʰ˂, ʸʵʳ ʨʽ ʨʸ ʰ˂ʰʨʴ ,,ʳʻ˄ʭʸʰ
ʳʨʾʭʸʨ³

167) ʨʯʹʰˀʰ ʻʫʸʰʹ 6 ʳʨʴʬʯʹ.

168) ʳʻ˄ʭʸʰ ± ʳʹʨˇʻʲ-ʳʬʫʰʨʺʵʸʬʬʩʰʹ ʪʨʸʫʨ ʹʨʱʻʯʸʨʫ ʳʵʳˁʰʭʴʰʹ ʳʰʬʸ
ʨʳʵʸˁʬʻʲʰ ʱʨ˂ʰ, ʸʵʳʬʲʹʨ˂ ˀʬʻ˃ʲʰʨ ʫʨʳʵʻʱʰʫʬʩʲʨʫ ʳʰʻʹʨˇʵʹ ˅ʰʸʰʹʻʼʨʲʹ
˄ʵʸʹ ʪʨʸʫʨ 60 ʨʯʹʰˀʨʳʫʬ, ʬ. ʰ. 360 ʳʨʴʬʯʨʳʫʬ. ,,ʳʻ˄ʭʸʰ ʳʨʾʭʸʨ³ʬ˄ʵʫʬʩʨ ʳʰʹ ʳʰʬʸ
ʳʰʹˇʰʲ ʯʨʴˆʨʹ.

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ʩʬˁʵʹ ʯʬʳˀʰ, ʩʬˁʵ ʲʬˁʿʨʴˀʰ ˄ʵʸʰ ˀʬʨʫʪʬʴʹ 6 ʴʨʲˇʵʳʹ

(ʫʾʰʻʸʹ) ʿʨʴʨʹ ʫʨ 6 ʴʨʲˇʵʳʹ ʹʨʯʰʩʹ, ʹʨʻʱʬʯʬʹʵ ʨʫʪʰʲʨʹ, ˆʵʲʵ
ʳʨʮʬʸʰʹ ʻʩʨʴˀʰ 12 ʱʻʸʯˆʨʲʨʴʹ, ʸʵʳʬʲʰ˂ ʻʫʸʰʹ ʩʬˁʭʰ-ʲʬˁʿʨʴʰʹ
14 ʴʨʲˇʵʳʹ. ʫʨʮʨʸʨʲʬʩʻʲʹ ˄ʵʸˀʰ ʳʰʨʽʭʹ ʨʪʸʬʯʭʬ ʲʨʫʪʨʸʰʨ
ʯʭʬʼ 169), ʹʨʻʱʬʯʬʹʵ ˆʨʸʰ ʫʨ 300 ʳʨʴ. ʹʨˁʻʽʸʬʩʰ. ʩʬˁʵʹ ˄ʵʸʹ
ʻʫʸʰʹ ʬ˂ʬʸʰʹ, ʼʨʸʰʹ ʫʨ ˁʻʩʬˆʬʭʰʹ ʹʨʮʵʪʨʫʵʬʩʬʩʰʹ ,,˄ʵʸʬʩʰ³
ʨʳʴʨʰʸʨʫ, ˄ʵʸʰ, ˂ʵʺʨ ʪʨʴʹˆʭʨʭʬʩʬʩʰʹ ʪʨʸʫʨ, ʯʰʯʽʳʰʹ
ʿʭʬʲʪʨʴ ʬʸʯʰ ʫʨ ʰʪʰʭʬʨ ʳʯʬʲʹ ʮʬʳʵ ʹʭʨʴʬʯˀʰ, ˆʵʲʵ ʽʭʬʳʵ
ʹʭʨʴʬʯˀʰ ˄ʵʸʰ ˀʬʨʫʪʬʴʹ ʨʳʰʹ ʴʨˆʬʭʨʸʹ.

,,Šˆ£… „rp ‹ˆ¢…„€ £Šˆ €Œ “‹ ˆ

ʹʰʱʭʫʰʲʰʹ ˀʬʳʫʬʪ ʹʭʨʴʬʯˀʰ ʿʭʬʲʨʮʬ ʻʼʸʵ

ˀʬʻʸʨ˂ʳʿʵʼʬʲʰ ʨʴʻ ʹʨ˄ʿʬʴʰ ʨʸʰʹ ,,˂ʭʨʸʨ³ ± ˂ʵʲʰʹ ʳʰʬʸ ʽʳʸʰʹ
ʳʰʺʵʭʬʩʨ ʨʴʻ ʽʳʸʰʹʪʨʴ ˂ʵʲʰʹ ʳʰʺʵʭʬʩʨ. ʨʳ ʹʰʸ˂ˆʭʰʲʰʹ
ʫʨʹʨʼʨʸʨʭʨʫ ʫʨʳʴʨˀʨʭʰʹ ʳʵʱʭʲʨ ʨʸʰʹ ʹʨ˅ʰʸʵ. ˆʵʲʵ ʯʻ ʹʨʽʳʬ
ʹʭʨʴʻʸʰ ˁʭʬʻʲʬʩʰʯʰ ʹʨʳʨʸʯʲʰʯ ʨʴʻ ʳʬʫʰʨʺʵʸʵʩʰʯ
ʪʨʫʨ˄ʿʫʬʩʨ, ʬʹ ʰʯʭʲʬʩʨ ʱʨ˂ʰʹ ʳʵʱʭʲʰʹ ʴʨˆʬʭʨʸ ʼʨʹʨʫ ʨʴʻ
ʴʨˆʬʭʨʸ ,,˄ʵʸʨʫ³

378
,,Šˆ™€€Œˆr
ʪʨʻʯˆʵʭʨʸ ʽʨʲʹ ʯʻ ʭʰʴʳʬ ˀʭʰʲʹ ʨʿʵʲʬʩʹ ʫʨ ˂ʵʲʨʫ ʨʸ
ˀʬʰʸʯʨʭʹ, ʨʳʨʹ ʽʭʰʨ ʲʰʩ˅ʨʨʴʰ. ʬʹ ʳʯʬʲʰ ʪʭʨʸʬʻʲʵʩʰʹ
ˀʬʻʸʨ˂ʿʵʼʨʹ ˀʬʨʫʪʬʴʹ ʫʨ ʪʨʸʰʪʬʩʰʹ ʫʸʵʹ ʬʹʬʴʰ˂ ʴʨˆʬʭʨʸ ˄ʵʸʨʫ
ʼʨʹʵʩʹ.

,,’‘ €rp ‚€š‹€ ™ ˆŠˆ€‚€Œ

ʳ˃ʰʳʬ ˅ʸʰʲʵʩʨ, ʸʵʳʬʲʰ˂ ʫʨ˅ʸʰʲʰʹ ʸʵʳʬʲʰʳʬ ʹˆʬʻʲʰʹ

ʴʨ˄ʰʲʰʹ ʪʨˆʳʵʩʨʹ, ʳʨʪ. ˆʬʲʰʹ, ʼʬˆʰʹ ʫʨ ʹˆʭʨ ʪʨʳʵʰ˄ʭʬʭʹ ʫʨ
ʨʪʸʬʯʭʬ ʿʻʸʰʹ, ˂ˆʭʰʸʰʹ ʳʵ˅ʸʨ, ʶʰʸʰʹʨˆʰʹ ˅ʸʰʲʵʩʰʹʨʪʨʴ
ʫʨʫʨʾʭʨ ʴʨˆʬʭʨʸ ˄ʵʸʨʫ ʼʨʹʫʬʩʨ.

,,“€—rƒ€ˆšŠˆ€Œ„€)

ʳʹʻʩʻʽ ˅ʸʰʲʵʩʨʹ ʹʭʨʴʬʩʰ ʬ˃ʨˆʰʨʴ ,,ˈʨˀʰʫ ʽʨˁʨʹ³± ʳʹʻʩʻʽʨʫ

ʫʨ˅ʸʨʹ ʫʨ ʨʳ ˀʬʳʯˆʭʬʭʨˀʰ ʯʻ ˅ʸʰʲʵʩʰʹʨʪʨʴ ʫʰʫʰ ʫʨʾʰ ʨʸ
ʫʨʸˁʬʩʨ, ˅ʸʰʲʵʩʨ ʼʨʹʵʩʹ 6 ʨʯʹʰˀʰʫʨʴ (26 ʳ.) 40 ʨʯʹʰˀʨʳʫʬ (240
ʳʨʴ.).

169) ,,ʲʨʫʪʨʸʰʨ ʯʭʬʼ³ʴʰˀʴʨʭʹ ʯʵʼʹ, ʸʵʳʲʰʯʨ˂ ʳʵˆʫʨ ʳʱʭʲʬʲʵʩʨ.

,,’‘‰…ˆƒr€Œ‘ ,,‰€ƒ€ ƒ Œ€•ˆ …r

,,ʼʻʱʭʰʫ³ ʨʴʻ ,,ʱʨʫʨʸʫ ʴʨʿʰʸʭ³ ʴʰˀʴʨʭʹ ʳˀʸʨʲʨʫ ʨʴʻ

ʳʹʻʩʻʽʨʫ ʫʨʸʺʿʳʨʹ ʫʨ ʼʨʹʵʩʹ 2 ʨʯʹʰˀʰʫʨʴ (12 ʳ.) 10 ʨʯʹʰˀʨʳʫʬ
(60 ʳ.).

,,Šˆ¡ €€Šrˆ¢•…ˆ‡ –„‘ €£•’ˆ ‹ˆ•„Œ„€

ʹʰʺʿʭʰʯ ˀʬʻʸʨ˂ʿʵʼʨʹ ʹʭʨʴʬʯˀʰ ˄ʨʸʳʵʨʫʪʬʴʹ ˀʬʳʫʬʪʰ:

379
,,ʽʰʭʨʰ³ ʫʻʲʭʨʰ³ ʨʴʻ ,,ʯʨˀʨʰ³ ± ʿʭʬʲʰʹ ʶʨʸʰʨ. ʿʭʬʲʹ ʭʨʷʱʨ˂ʰ
ʨʸʨʳ˂ ʯʻ ʳʵʰʶʨʸʨʭʹ, ʨʸʨʳʬʫ ˀʬʻ˃ʲʬʩʬʲʰʨ ʳʰʹ ˀʬʹʨʴʨˆʨʭ
˅ʻʸ˅ʬʲʹ ,,ʮʬʸʫ³-ʹ ʫʨ ,,ʯʻˀʰʴʪ³-ʹ ˆʬʲʰ ˄ʨʨʱʨʸʵʹ ʳʨʴʨʳʫʬ, ʹʨʴʨʳ
ʳʨʹ ʽʨʲʰ ʨʸ ʫʨ˅ʸʰʹ ʨʴ ʹʨˆʨ˅ʨʶʻʸʬʫ ʪʨʳʵʳ˂ˆʭʨʸʹ ʨʴ ʳʵˆʨʸˀʻʲʹ
(,,ʯʨˀʳʻˇʨʩʰ³ ˄ʰʴ ʨʸ ʫʨʻʫʪʨʳʬʴ. ʳʰʹʰ ʶʨʸʰʨ ʱʨʺʨʹʯʨʴ
ʪʨʯʨʴʨʹ˄ʵʸʬʩʻʲʨʯ ʰʯʭʲʬʩʨ ʫʨ ʬʹ ˀʬʻʸʨ˂ʿʵʼʨ˂ ʹʭʨʴʻʸʰ
ʹʨʳʨʸʯʲʰʯ ʳ˃ʰʳʬʯ ʫʨ˅ʸʨʹ ʻʫʸʰʹ ʭʨʷʱʨ˂ʰʹʯʭʰʹ ʫʨ ʳʬʹʨʳʬʫ
˄ʵʸʨʫ ʳʨʰʴ˂ ʼʨʹʵʩʹ. ʨʳʨʮʬ ʴʨʱʲʬʩ ˀʬʻʸʨ˂ʿʵʼʨʫ ʨʸ˂
,,ʲʻʪʸʵʲʨʰ³ ± ʱʭʬʸ˂ˆʰʹ ʶʨʸʰʵʩʨ ʰʯʭʲʬʩʨ. ʹˆʭʨ ʽʻʸʫʵʩʨ, ʳʨʪ.:
ˆʨʸʰʹ, ˃ʸʵˆʰʹ, ˂ˆʬʴʰʹ, ˂ˆʭʸʰʹ, ʯˆʰʹʨ ʫʨ ʨʹʬʯʬʩʰʹ ʨʸ ʨʸʰʹ
ʹʨʹʰʸ˂ˆʭʰʲʵ. ʽʻʸʫʬʩʹ ˆʫʬʩʨʯ ʴʨʽʻʸʫʨʲʰ ʳˆʵʲʵʫ ʬʸʯʰ
ʵʸʨʫ.

,,“ € ‰…€–€r- €šŠˆ ‚€¢„š€

ʹʨˆʲʰʹ ʪʨʺʬˆʨ ʴʰˀʴʨʭʹ ʻʸʫʻʲ ʪʨʿʸʰʲʰ ʱʨʸʬʩʰ ʯʻ ʪʨʨʾʵ

ʽʻʸʫʳʨ, ʨʴ ʱʬʫʬʲʰ ʪʨʳʵʨʴʪʸʰʨ ʫʨ ʨʴ ʼʨʴˇʸʰʫʨʴ ˀʬ˃ʭʸʨ DzȘȈȎȈșȖ
ȊȏȓȖȔȖȔ ʫʨ ʰʹʬ ʳʵʨˆʫʰʴʨ ʽʻʸʫʵʩʨ. ʬʹ ʵˇʨˆʰʹ ʫʨʳ˂ʰʸʬʩʨʫ,
ʾʰʸʹʬʩʰʹ ʨˆʫʨʫ ʫʨ ʫʰʫ ˀʬʻʸʨ˂ʿʵʼʨʫ ʰʯʭʲʬʩʨ. ʨʳ ˀʬʳʯˆʭʬʭʨˀʰ
ʴʨʽʻʸʫʨʲʰʹ ʬʸʯʰ ʵʸʨʫ ʪʨʫʨˆʫʨ ʨʸ ˀʭʬʲʰʹ. ʽʻʸʫʳʨ ,,ʽʵʸʨ
ʴʨʱʭˀʰʬʸ³ ± ʹʨˆʲʰʹ ʪʨʺʬˆʭʰʹʨ ʫʨ ʪʨʲʨʴ˃ʾʭʰʹʨʯʭʰʹ ʻʴʫʨ
ʪʨʫʨʰˆʨʫʵʹ 12-20 ʨʯʹʰˀʨʳʫʬ (72-120 ʳʨʴ.).
ʵʯˆʼʬˆʨ ʹʨʽʵʴʲʰʹ ʳʵʱʭʲʨ ʳʵʱʲʻʲʰ ʹʨʽʵʴʲʰʹ ʼʨʹʰʹ
ʪʨʫʨˆʫʰʯ ʨʴʨʮʾʨʻʸʫʬʩʨ, ʳʨʪʸʨʳ ˃ʨʾʲʰʹ ʳʵʱʭʲʰʹʨʯʭʰʹ ʳʰʹʰ
ʳʱʭʲʬʲʰ ʰˆʫʰʹ ʹʨˀʻʨʲʵ ˆʨʸʹ.

,,¢•…„r- ¢•…„€

ʬʹ ˁʭʬʻʲʬʩʨ ʸʻʹʬʯʰʹ ʽʭʬˀʬʭʸʫʵʳʵʩʨˀʰ ˀʬʹʭʲʰʹ ˀʬʳʫʬʪ

ʹʭʨʴʬʯˀʰ ʳʵʰʹʶʵ, ˆʵʲʵ ˃ʭʬʲ ʫʸʵˀʰ ˆˀʰʸʨʫ ʰʿʵ. ʬʸʯʹʨ ʫʨ ʰʳʨʭʬ
ʹʨʮʵʪʨʫʵʬʩʨˀʰ ʫʨʺʿʭʬʭʬʩʨʹ ʨʸ ˈʽʵʴʫʨ ʨʫʪʰʲʰ. ʺʿʭʬʫ
ʳʰˈʿʨʭʫʨʯ ʳˆʵʲʵʫ ʹˆʭʨ ʹʨʮʵʪʨʫʵʬʩʰʹʨ ʫʨ ʽʭʬʿʴʰʹ ʳ˂ˆʵʭʸʬʩʰ.
ʯʻ ʬʸʯʰ ʹʨʮʵʪʨʫʵʬʩʰʹ ʱʨ˂ʰ ʳʬʵʸʬ ʹʨʮʵʪʨʫʵʬʩʰʹ ʱʨ˂ʹ
ʫʨʨʺʿʭʬʭʬʩʫʨ ʫʨ ʪʮʨʫ ʹˆʭʨ ʹʨʮʵʪʨʫʵʬʩʨʮʬ ʪʨʰʭʲʰʫʨ,
380
ʻʱʨʴʨʹʱʴʬʲʹ ʻʼʲʬʩʨ ˈʽʵʴʫʨ ʪʨʬˀʭʬʩʰʴʨ ʫʨʺʿʭʬʭʬʩʻʲʰ;
ʫʨʳʺʿʭʬʭʬʩʬʲʰ ʹʨʿʭʬʫʻʸʹ ʭʬʸ ʬʺʿʵʫʨ ʳˆʹʴʬʲ ʹʨʮʵʪʨʫʵʬʩʨʹ,
ʱʬʸ˃ʵ ʶʰʸʹ ʱʰ. 171) ʶʰʸʭʬʲ ˆʨʴʬʩˀʰ ʺʿʭʬ ʳʰˁʬʴʰʲ ʱʨ˂ʬʩʰʹ
ʮʬʫʨʳˆʬʫʭʬʲʵʩʰʯ ʫʨʫʰʵʫʨ ʫʨ ʻ˂ʫʰʫʨ ʳʰʹ ʹʨˆʹʨʸʹ. ʯʻ
ˀʬʰʺʿʵʩʫʬʴ, ʸʵʳ ʫʨʺʿʭʬʭʬʩʻʲʰʹ ˅ʰʸʰʹʻʼʨʲʰ ʨʸ ʨʳʮʨʫʬʩʫʨ
ʳʰʹ ʫʨʹʨˆʹʴʬʲʨʫ ʹʨˆʹʨʸʹ, ʨʳ ˀʬʳʯˆʭʬʭʨˀʰ, ʯʨʭʰʹʻʼʨʲʰ ʹʭʨʴʰʹ
˂ʴʵʩʬʩʰʯ, ˆʳʨʸʵʩʫʬʴ ˀʬʳʫʬʪ ʮʵʳʬʩʹ: ʺʿʭʬʹ ʪʨʻʿʸʰʫʬʴ ʸʱʰʴʰʹ
ʩʵʸʱʰʲʬʩʹ ʼʬˆʬʩˀʰ, ʨʴ ˀʬʻʿʸʰʫʬʴ ˂ʨʲ ʼʬˆˀʰ ,,ˆʻʲʹ³ˆʰʹ ˆʻʴʫʹ
ʫʨ ʫʨʨʳ˄ʿʭʫʬʭʫʬʴ ʪʭʬʳˀʰ (ʨʴ ʫʰʲʬʪˀʰ). ˆʻʴʫʰ ʰʿʵ ˆʰʹʨ,
ʳʸʪʭʨʲʰ, ʹʰʪʸ˃ʰʯ ʨʸˀʰʴʮʬ ˂ʵʺʨ ʴʨʱʲʬʩʰ, ˀʻʨʮʬ ʪʨʿʵʼʰʲʰ ʰʿʵ
ʵʸʨʯ. ʬʹ ʯʨʴʨʹ˄ʵʸʰ ʴʨˆʬʭʨʸʰ ˆʻʴʫʰʹʨ ˀʰʪʴʰʯʨ ʳˆʸʰʯ ʳʸʪʭʨʲʨʫ
ʨʳʵʯʲʰʲʰ ʰʿʵ ˀʻʨ ʨʫʪʰʲʨʹ ʰʳʫʬʴʨʫ, ʸʨʳʫʬʴʨʯʨ˂ ʹʨ˅ʰʸʵʨ
ʳʰʹʯʭʰʹ, ʸʵʳ ˀʰʪ ʱʨ˂ʰʹ ˄ʭʰʭʰ ʳʵʯʨʭʹʫʬʹ. ʼʬˆˀʰ ˀʬʿʸʰʹ ʫʸʵʹ
ˆʻʴʫʰ ʪʨʰˆʹʴʬʩʵʫʨ, ˀʬʿʸʰʹ ˀʬʳʫʬʪ ʰʱʬʺʬʩʵʫʨ ʬʸʯʪʭʨʸʰ ˆʰʹ
ʩʵʽʲʵʳʰʯ. ˆʻʴʫʹ ʳʵʩʳʻʲʰ ʽʵʴʫʨ ˀʻʨʮʬ ʩʨ˄ʨʸʰ, ʸʵʳʲʰʹ ʳʬʵʸʬ
ʩʵʲʵ ʺʿʭʬʹ ʬ˅ʰʸʨ ˆʬʲˀʰ. ʹʰʨʸʻʲʰʹ ʫʸʵʹ ʺʿʭʬ ʩʨ˄ʸʰʹ
ʹʨˀʻʨʲʬʩʰʯ ʰʳʹʻʩʻʽʬʩʫʨ ʼʬˆʮʬ ʫʨ˄ʵʲʰʲʹ ˆʻʴʫʰʹ ʹʰʳ˃ʰʳʬʹ.
ʺʿʭʬʹ ʩʰʴʨʫ ʳʰˁʬʴʰʲʲʰ ˈʽʵʴʫʨ ʫʰʲʬʪʰ, ʬ. ʰ. ʱʵˀʱʰʹ ʽʭʬʫʨ
ʹʨʸʯʻʲʰ, ʸʵʳʬʲʹʨ˂ ʱʨʸʰ ʨʸʨ ʨʽʭʹ. ʱʨʸʰʹ ʳʨʪʰʭʸʵʩʨʹ ʹ˄ʬʭʹ ʬʸʯʰ
ʱʻʯˆʰʫʨʴ ʨʳʵ˅ʸʰʲʰ ,,ʲʬʬʩʰ³ʹʨʰʫʨʴʨ˂ ʺʿʭʬʹ ˁʨʻˀʭʬʩʫʬʴ ʱʰʩʰʯ.
ˀʬʳʫʬʪ ʱʰʩʬʹ ʨʳʵʰʺʨʴʫʴʬʴ ʫʨ ˅ʬʸˀʰ ʨʳʵ˅ʸʰʲ ˁʨʹʨʭʨʲʹ
,,ʹʨʽʭʬʲʰʯ³ʲʵʫʰʯ ʫʨˆʻʸʨʭʫʴʬʴ, ʹʨ˅ʳʬʲʹʨ˂ ʨʽʬʫʨʴ ʨ˄ʭʫʰʫʬʴ.
ʨʳʰʺʵʳ ˅ʰʸʰʹʻʼʨʲʰ ʿʵʭʬʲ ʾʵʴʰʹ˃ʰʬʩʨʹ ˆʳʨʸʵʩʫʨ, ʸʵʳ ʹʨˆʹʨʸʰ
ʳʵʬʺʨʴʨ ʫʨ ʨʳʰʯ ʪʨʳʵʬˆʹʴʨ ʫʨʺʿʭʬʭʬʩʻʲʰ ʨʻʺʨʴʬʲ
ʳʫʪʵʳʨʸʬʵʩʰʫʨʴ 172).

171) ʸ. ʬʸʰʹʯʨʭʰ. ǹȊȈȕȍȚȐȧ, ʯʨʭʰʹʻʼʨʲʰ ʹʭʨʴʰ. ʪʨʮ. ,,ʰʭʬʸʰʨ³˄.

172) ʯʨʭʰʹʻʼʨʲʰ ʹʭʨʴʰ. ʪʨʮ. ,,ʰʭʬʸʰʨ³˄.

 ‚  šƒ„ƒ€ €š ˆ ‹ˆ£„‹€

ʹʨˆʹʸʰʹ ʳʰʳʾʬʩʰ ʯˆʵʻʲʵʩʫʨ ʯʨʭʰʹ ʹʨˆʲˀʰ

ʫʨʺʿʭʬʭʬʩʻʲʰʹ ʵˇʨˆʰʫʨʴ ʳ˃ʬʭʲʬʩʹ. ʯʰʯʵʴ ʳʰʫʰʵʫʨ ,,ʳʨˆʭˀʰʹ³
ʯʨʴˆʲʬʩʰʯ ʳʰʹ ʹʵʼʬʲˀʰ ʫʨ ʾʬʩʻʲʵʩʫʨ ʹʨˆʹʨʸʹ. ʨʳʰʹ ˀʬʳʫʬʪ ʰʹ
ˀʰʴ ʩʸʻʴʫʬʩʵʫʨ, ʺʿʭʬʹʨ ʫʨ ʳ˃ʬʭʲʬʩʹ ʯʨʭʰʹ ʬʸʯʪʻʲʬʩʨʮʬ

381
ʨʼʰ˂ʬʩʫʨ ʫʨ ʨʴʯʨʭʰʹʻʼʲʬʩʫʨ. ʺʿʭʬʫ ˄ʨʿʭʨʴʨ ʰʳʫʬʴʨʫ ʹʨʹʰʸ˂ˆʵ
ʰʿʵ ʹʭʨʴʬʯˀʰ, ʸʵʳ ʯʻ ʰʹ ʨʳ ʹʰʸ˂ˆʭʰʲʹ ʨʸ ʫʨʼʨʸʨʭʫʨ, ʴʨʱʻʸʯˆ
ʳʰ˄ʨʮʬ ʫʨʳʨʸˆʭʰʹ ʾʰʸʹʨʫʨ˂ ʱʰ ʨʸ ʳʰʨˁʫʨʯ. ˁʭʬʻʲʬʩʰʹ ˃ʨʲʰʯ
ʩʵʸʱʰʲʬʩ ʫʨ ˆʻʴʫʴʨʿʨʸʰ ʺʿʭʬ ʾʰʸʹʬʩʨ ˁʨʳʵˆʫʰʲʰ ʰʿʵ. ʫʨ
ʸʨʫʪʨʴʨ˂ ʨʳ ʾʰʸʹʬʩʨʹ ʳˆʵʲʵʫ ʫʨʳʺʿʭʬʩʬʲʰʹ ʳʵʱʭʲʨ
ʨʾʻʫʪʬʴʫʨ, ʨʳʰʺʵʳ ʳʱʭʲʬʲʵʩʰʹ ʬʸʯ ʻʳʯʨʭʸʬʹ ʳʰʮʬʮʨʫ
ʹʭʨʴʬʯˀʰ ʱʨ˂ʰʹ ʫʨʺʿʭʬʭʬʩʨ ʰʯʭʲʬʩʵʫʨ 173).
ʹʭʨʴʬʯˀʰ ʫʾʬʳʫʰʹ ʹʰʺʿʭʨ ,,ʺʿʭʬ³ ʨʴ ,,ʺʿʭʬʰʲʫ³ ʹʨʪʰʴʬʩʬʲ
ʫʨ ʪʨʹʨʲʨʴ˃ʾʨʭ ʹʰʺʿʭʨʫ ʨʸʰʹ ʳʰˁʴʬʻʲʰ.
1918 ˄ʬʲʹ ʻˀʪʻʲʬʲʬʩʳʨ ʫʨʨʺʿʭʬʭʬʹ ʬʸʯʰ ʹʭʨʴʰ 3 ʫʾʰʯ,
ʸʰʹʯʭʰʹʨ˂ ʳʯʬʲʳʨ ʯʬʳʳʨ ʨʪʵ ʶʨʹʻˆʰ ʫʨ ʪʨʫʨʰˆʨʫʨ
ʫʨʺʿʭʬʭʬʩʻʲʰʹ ʹʨʹʨʸʪʬʩʲʵʫ ʨʳ ˀʬʻʸʨ˂ʿʵʼʰʹʨʯʭʰʹ ʴʨˆʬʭʨʸʰ
˄ʵʸʰ, 1500 ʳʨʴʬʯʨʳʫʬ. ʪʨʸʫʨ ʳʵʸʭʬʩʰʯ ʳʵʸʰʪʬʩʰʹʨ, ʹʭʨʴʬʯˀʰ
ʨʸʹʬʩʵʩʹ ʱʰʫʬʭ ʳʵʸʰʪʬʩʰʹ ʸʨʳʵʫʬʴʰʳʬ ʼʵʸʳʨ:
ʨ) ,,ʲʰʾʭʸʰʴʬ³ ± ʺʵʲʵʩʰʹʨ ʫʨ ʯʨʴʨʹ˄ʵʸʵʩʰʹ ʼʰ˂ʰ
ʫʨʳʴʨˀʨʭʰʹʨ ʳʵʼʰ˂ʸʬʩʰʯʻʸʯ.
ʩ) ,,ʲʰʾʭʸʰʴʬ-ʳʬʪʴʨʻʸ³± ʺʵʲʵʩʰʹʨ ʫʨ ʯʨʴʨʹ˄ʵʸʵʩʰʹ ʼʰ˂ʰ
ʳʨʸʺʵ ʫʨʳʴʨˀʨʭʰʹʨ.
ʪ) ,,ʽʵʸʯʬ ʲʰʷʭʬʾʭ³ ± ʹʨˆʲˀʰ ʳʰ˃ʾʵʲʨ ˀʬʻʸʨ˂ʿʵʼʰʲʰʹʨ
ʫʨʳˁʨʪʭʸʬʲʰʹ ʳʰʬʸ.
ʫ) ,,ʽʵʸʯʬ ʲʰˆʻʸʨʲ-˄ʰʸˆʭˀ³ ± ʫʨʳʴʨˀʨʭʰʹ ʳʰʹʭʲʨ
ˀʬʻʸʨ˂ʿʵʼʰʲʰʹ ʵˇʨˆˀʰ ʶʨʺʰʬʩʰʹ ʹʨʯˆʵʭʴʬʲʨʫ ʾʭʲʬ˅ʰʯ.
ʬ) ,,ʲʰʾʭʸʰʴʬ ʳʬʪʴʵˀ³ ± ʸʵ˂ʨ ʪʨʫʨʳʺʬʸʬʩʻʲ ʳˆʨʸʬʯʨ
ˀʬʸʰʪʬʩʨʹ ʭʰʴʳʬ ʳʵʰʹʻʸʭʬʩʹ ʫʨ ˀʻʨʱʨ˂ʬʩʰ ʨʳʨʮʬ ʳʵ˂ʰʽʻʲʵʩʨʹ
ʫʨʰ˄ʿʬʩʬʴ. ʫʨˁʪʸʻʲʰʹ ʪʻʲʰʹ ʺʱʰʭʰʲʬʩʰʹ ʳʵʹʨˀʻˀʬʩʬʲ ʫʨ
ʭʨʷʱʨ˂ʰʹ ʯʨʭʳʵʿʭʨʸʬʵʩʰʹ ʨʾʹʨʫʪʬʴ ʹʨʻʱʬʯʬʹʵ ʮʵʳʨʫ ʰʯʭʲʬʩʨ
ʫʨʳʴʨˀʨʭʰʹ ʳʰʬʸ ʺʵʲʵʩʰʹʨ ʫʨ ʯʨʴʨʹ˄ʵʸʵʩʰʹ ʼʰ˂ʰʹ ʳʰ˂ʬʳʨ
ʫʨˁʨʪʸʻʲʰʹʨʫʳʰ, ʰʳ ʳʵʼʰ˂ʸʬʩʰʯʻʸʯ, ʸʵʳʲʬʩʹʨ˂ ʳʵʳˁʰʭʨʴʰ
ʳʵʹʯˆʵʭʹ ʫʨʳʴʨˀʨʭʬʹ ʼʰ˂ˀʰ ˁʨʳʿʵʲʨʫ. ʨʳʰʺʵʳ ʫʨˁʨʪʸʻʲʰ ʳˆʨʸʬ
ˀʬʻʯʭʲʰʹ ˆʵʲʳʬ ʳʰʹ ʫʨʳˁʨʪʭʸʬʲʹ: ,,ʽʨʲʨʳʨʾʭʸ³± ˀʬʳʵʳʼʰ˂ʬ, ʳʬ
ʸʵʳ ʱʨ˂ʬʩʹ ʫʨʪʰʹʨˆʬʲʬʩ, ʰʳ ʱʨ˂ʬʩʰʯʻʸʯ, ʸʵʳ ʸʨ ʸʰʪʨʫʨ˂
ʫʨʨʼʨʹʬʩʫʨ ʯʨʭʰʹ ʯʨʭʹ ʫʨ ʫʨʰʱʳʨʿʵʼʰʲʬʩʫʨ ʪʻʲʹ ʯʭʰʯʬʻʲʰ
ʯʽʭʬʴʪʨʴʰ, ˁʬʳʪʨʴ ʸʵʳ ʬʹ ʿʵʼʰʲʰʿʵ ˀʬʻʸʨ˂ʿʵʼʰʲʰ, ʸʵʪʵʸ˂ ʳʬ
ˀʬʴʪʨʴ ʭʨʸ, ʳʬ˂ ʰʹʬ ʫʨʳʨʼʨʹʬʩʯ ʫʨ ʰʳʸʰʪʨʫʭʬ ʫʨʳʨʱʳʨʿʵʼʰʲʬʩʯ,
ʨʴʻ ˁʭʬʴ ʬʸʯʳʨʴʬʯʰʹ ˀʬʻʸʨ˂ʿʵʼʰʹ ʳʰʿʬʴʬʩʨˀʰ ʪʨʯʨʴʨʹ˄ʵʸʬʩʻʲʰ
ʭʰʿʵʯ ʫʨ ʻʳʬʺʬʹʨʫ ˀʬʸ˂ˆʭʬʴʰʲʰ ʨʸ ʫʨʭʸˁʬʩʰ. ʨʳʨʮʬ, ʸʨ ʯʽʳʨ
382
ʻʴʫʨ, ʫʨʳʴʨˀʨʭʬʹ ʻʨʸʰʹ ʯʽʳʨ ʨʸ ˀʬʻ˃ʲʰʨ. ʻʨʸʰ ʴʰˀʴʨʭʹ
ʫʨˁʨʪʸʻʲʰʹ ʯʨʭʰʹ ʺʵʲʨʫ ʫʨ ʹ˄ʵʸʨʫ ˁʨʻʪʫʬʩʲʵʩʨʹ ʫʨ
ʨʳʰʺʵʳ, ʯʻ ʱʰ ʳʵʼʰ˂ʸʬʩʰʹ ˄ʸʬˀʰ, ʸʵʳʬʲʯʨ ʸʰ˂ˆʭʰ˂ 3-12 ʱʨ˂ʰʯ
ʪʨʴʰʹʨʮʾʭʸʬʩʨ, ˀʬʯʨʴˆʳʫʬʴ. ˆˀʰʸʨʫ ˆʫʬʩʨ ʨʳ ˄ʬʹʰʯ ʳˆʨʸʬʬʩʰʹ
ˀʬʸʰʪʬʩʨ. ʻʴʫʨ ʰʯʽʭʨʹ ʹʰʳʨʸʯʲʬ, ʸʵʳ ʹʭʨʴʻʸ ʰʻʸʰʫʰʻʲ
˄ʿʵʩʰʲʬʩʨˀʰ ʬʹ ˄ʬʹʰ ʿʭʬʲʨʮʬ ʻʼʸʵ ʳʵʹʨ˄ʵʴʰʨ ʫʨ ʹʭʨʴʬʯʮʬ
ʻʼʸʵ ʱʻʲʺʻʸʻʲ ʽʭʬʿʴʬʩʰʹʨʯʭʰʹʨ˂ ʨʸ ʨʸʰʹ ʰʪʰ ʫʨʹʨ˄ʻʴʰ. ʨʳ
ˀʬʳʯˆʭʬʭʨˀʰ ʫʨʳʴʨˀʨʭʬ ʹʨʱʻʯʨʸ ʯʨʭʳʵʿʭʨʸʬʵʩʨʹ ʨʼʨʹʬʩʹ ʫʨ
ʨʴʭʰʯʸʬʩʹ ʯʨʴʨʹ˄ʵʸʵʩʰʹ ʶʸʰʴ˂ʰʶʹ. ʰʹ ʨʸʰʹ ʹʰʴʫʰʹʰʹ ʽʭʬˀ
ʳʹʨˇʻʲʰ ʫʨ ʪʨʳʵʳˆʨʺʭʬʲʰ ʯʨʭʰʹʰ ʳʬʵʩʰʹʨ.
ˀʬʻʸʨ˂ʿʵʼʰʲʹʨ˂ ʳʬʫʰʨʺʵʸʻʲʰ ˄ʬʹʰʯ ʹʨʼʨʹʻʸʰʹ ʳʰʾʬʩʨʹ
ʻʸˁʬʭʴʰʨ, ʸʵʳ ʫʨʳˁʨʪʭʸʬʲʳʨ ʫʨ ʳʰʹʳʨ ʺʵʲʨʳˆʨʴʨʪʬʩʳʨ
ʯʨʴʨʹ˄ʵʸʵʩʰʹ ʼʰ˂ʰʯ ʯʨʭʳʵʿʭʨʸʬʵʩʨ ʨʾʻʫʪʰʴʵʴ ˆʨʲˆʰʹ
ʯʭʨʲˀʰ; ʫʨʳʴʨˀʨʭʬ˂ ʨʳ ˀʬʳʯˆʭʬʭʨˀʰ ʯʻ ʳʨʸʯʲʨ˂ ʯʨʴʨʹ˄ʵʸʨʫ
ˀʬʻʸʨ˂ʿʵʼʰʲʨʫ ʹʯʭʲʰʹ ʯʨʭʹ, ʨʫʭʰʲʨʫ ˀʬˈʼʰ˂ʨʭʹ ʨʳʨʮʬ, ˆʵʲʵ
ʯʻ ʳʬʺ ˀʬʻʸʨ˂ʿʵʼʰʲʨʫ ˁʨʹʯʭʲʰʨʴ ʳʨʹ ʳʵʼʰ˂ʸʬʩʰ, ʰʳ
ˀʬʳʯˆʭʬʭʨˀʰ ʱʨʸʪʨ ˆʨʴʹ ʰʯʨʯʩʰʸʬʩʬʴ ʫʨ ʳʰʻʹˇʰʨʴ ʳʵʳˁʰʭʨʴʹ
ʸʨʳʫʬʴʹʨ˂ ʳʨʯʰ ʹʰʴʫʰʹʰ ʪʨʹ˅ʸʰʹ ʫʨ ʰʽʭʬ ʪʨʳʵʻ˂ˆʨʫʬʩʬʴ
ʪʨʴʨˁʬʴʹ. ʳʵʳˁʰʭʨʴʹ ʳʨʯʰ ʪʨʫʨ˄ʿʭʬʺʰʲʬʩʨ
ʫʨʳʨʱʳʨʿʵʼʰʲʬʩʲʨʫʨ˂ ʸʵʳ ʨʸ ʳʰʨˁʴʫʬʹ, ʳʨʰʴ˂ ʨʸ ˀʬʻ˃ʲʰʨ
ʪʨʫʨ˄ʿʭʬʺʰʲʬʩʨʮʬ ʻʨʸʰ ʹʯʽʭʨʹ ʫʨ ˀʬʴʰˀʭʴʨ ʳʰʹ˂ʬʹ. ʿʵʭʬʲ
ˀʬʳʯˆʭʬʭʨˀʰ, ʳʨʫʲʵʩʨʹ ʪʨʫʨʻˆʫʰʹ ʳʨʯ. ʹʨʬʸʯʵʫ ʨʳʰʹʯʨʴʨ
ˀʬʳʯˆʭʬʭʨˀʰ ʹʨʮʾʨʻʸʹ ʰʳʫʬʴʰ ʳʴʰˀʭʴʬʲʵʩʨ ʨʸ ʬ˃ʲʬʭʨ, ʸʨʳʫʬʴʰ˂
ʺʵʲʵʩʰʹʨ ʫʨ ʯʨʴʨʹ˄ʵʸʵʩʰʹ ʼʰ˂ʹ. ʿʭʬʲʨʮʬ ʺʱʩʰʲʰ ʫʨ
ʹʨʼʻ˃ʭʲʰʨʴʰ˂ ʨʳ ˄ʬʹʰʯ ʪʨʸʰʪʬʩʨ ʨʸʰʹ ˆʵʲʳʬ.
,,ʲʰʾʭʸʰʴʬ ʳʬʪʴʨʻʸ³ ʴʰˀʴʨʭʹ ʼʰ˂ʹ ʳʨʸʺʵ ʫʨʳʴʨˀʨʭʰʹʨ. ʨʳ
˄ʬʹʰʯ ʳʵʸʰʪʬʩʨ ˆʫʬʩʨ ʻʩʸʨʲʵ ʹʨʽʳʬʬʩʮʬ. ʩʸʨʲʫʬʩʻʲʰ
ˀʬˈʼʰ˂ʨʭʹ ʳʵʳˁʰʭʨʴʹ ʫʨ ʳʰʻʹˇʰʹ ʸʨʳʫʬʴʹʨ˂ ʹʰʴʫʰʹʰ ʪʨʻ˅ʸʰʹ ʨʴ
ʹʻʲʨ˂ ʨʸʨʼʬʸʹ ʳʰʻʹˇʰʹ, ʬʹ ʳʰʹʰ ʹʨʽʳʬʨ ʫʨ ʫʨʳʵʱʰʫʬʩʻʲʰʨ ʳʨʯ
ˀʵʸʰʹ ʨʸʹʬʩʻʲ ʹʨʽʳʬʮʬ.
,,ʽʵʸʯʬ ʲʰʷʬʾʭ³ ˀʰʴ ˀʬ˃ʾʵʲʨ ʫʨˁʨʪʸʻʲʰʹʨ. ʬʹ ʴʰˀʴʨʭʹ
ʫʨʳʴʨˀʨʭʰʹ ʳʰʬʸ ʫʨˁʨʪʸʻʲʰʹ ʵˇʨˆˀʰ ʳʰ˄ʭʬʭʨ-ʳʰʶʨʺʰʷʬʩʨʹ
ʸʨʳʵʫʬʴʰʳʬ ʱʨ˂ʰʹ ʯʨʴˆʲʬʩʰʯ ʫʨ ʯʨʭʰʹʰ ʹʰʴʫʰʹʰʯ ʳʰʹ
ʹʨˁʻʽʸʬʩʰʯ ʪʨʹʺʻʳʸʬʩʨʹ. ʸʨ ʯʽʳʨ ʻʴʫʨ, ʳʨʹʶʰʴ˃ʬʲʰ ʪʻʲʴʨʺʱʬʴʹ
ʨʸ ʪʨʻˀʭʬʩʹ ʳʰʹ ʹʺʻʳʨʸʹ, ʸʨʫʪʨʴʨ˂ ʬʹ ʳʬʵʸʬ ʫʨʴʨˀʨʻʲʰʹ ˁʨʫʬʴʨʹ
ʴʰˀʴʨʭʹ. ʨʽ ˆˀʰʸʨʫ ʳʰʹ ʳʨʳʵʩʰʲʨʫ ʫʨʿʬʴʬʩʨʹ ʨʽʭʹ ʨʫʪʰʲʰ
383
ʫʨʳʴʨˀʭʬ ʵˇʨˆʰʹ ʬʸʯ ʨʴ ʸʨʳʵʫʬʴʰʳʬ ˄ʬʭʸʰʹ ʳʰʬʸ, ʴʨʯʬʹʨʵʩʰʹ
ʫʨʳʿʨʸʬʩʰʯ ʳʵʳʨʭʨʲˀʰ ʳʺʸʵʩʰʹ ʳʵʹʨʹʶʵʩʨʯ.
,,ʽʵʸʯʬ ʲʰˆʻʸʨʲ ˄ʰʸˆʭˀ³ ± ʴʰˀʴʨʭʹ ʫʨʳʴʨˀʨʭʰʹ ʳʰʹʭʲʨʹ
ʾʭʲʬ˅ʰʯ (˄ʴʬʲʰ) ʳʵʳˁʰʭʴʰʹ ʵˇʨˆˀʰ, ʶʨʺʰʬʩʰʹ ʹʨʯˆʵʭʸʨʫ ʨʴ
ˀʬʹʨˆʭʬ˄ʴʨʫ ʹʨʶʨʺʰʭ˂ʬʳʵ, ʶʰʸʬʩʰʹ ʯʨʴˆʲʬʩʰʯ. ʮʵʪˇʬʸ
ʫʨʳʴʨˀʨʭʬ ʰʱʨʭʬʩʫʨ ˆʵʲʳʬ ˆʬʲˀʰ ʵʸ ʲʬʸʽʭʨˀʨʳʫʬ (10
ʩʵʯʲʨʳʫʬ) ʨʸʨʿʹ, ʹʨʱʲʨʭ ˂ˆʭʨʸʹ, ʯˆʨʹ ʨʴ ˆʩʵʹ. ʳʰʰʿʭʨʴʫʨ ˆʨʸʹ ʨʴ
˃ʸʵˆʨʹ, ʫʨʰʱʰʫʬʩʫʨ ʱʰʹʬʸʮʬ ʾʭʲʬ˅ʹ, ˆʬʲʬʩʹ ʪʨʻʿʸʰʫʨ ˀʰʪ ʫʨ
ʰʹʬ ʳʰʨʫʪʬʩʵʫʨ ʱʨʸʮʬ ʳʰʹ ʳʵʳˁʰʭʨʴʹ. ʯʻ ʱʰ ʭʰʴʳʬ ʯʨʭʹ ʨʹʬ
ʫʨʰʳ˂ʰʸʬʩʫʨ, ʳʵʳˁʰʭʨʴʹ ʸʵʳ ʨʸ ʳʰʬʾʵ ʫʨ ʾʭʲʬ˅ʰ ʯʨʭʰʹ ˆʬʲʰʯ
ʨʸ ˁʨʳʵʬˆʹʴʨ, ʬʹ ʫʨʻˀʭʬʩʬʲʰ ʰʿʵ. ʨʹʬʯ ˀʬʳʯˆʭʬʭʨˀʰ ʿʵʭʬʲʯʭʰʹ
ʫʨʴʨˀʨʻʲʰʹ ʶʨʺʰʬʩʨ ʫʨ ʳʨʯ ˀʵʸʰʹ ˀʬʸʰʪʬʩʨ ˆʫʬʩʵʫʨ. ˆˀʰʸʨʫ
ʫʨʳʴʨˀʨʭʰʹ ʳʰʹʭʲʨ ʳʵʳˁʰʭʴʰʹ ʵˇʨˆˀʰ ʻʾʭʲʬ˅ʵʫ ʬˆʲʨ˂ ˆʫʬʩʨ,
ˆʵʲʵ ʨʳ ʷʨʳʨʫ ʾʭʲʬ˅ʰʯ ʳʰʹʭʲʰʹ ˄ʬʹʰ ʹʨʭʹʬʩʰʯ ʪʨʻʽʳʬʩʻʲʰʨ.

ǸȅȘȐșȚȖȊǯȈȔȍȚȒȐȖǹȊȈȕȍȚȐȐǹȚȘʯʨʭ. ʹʭ. ,,ʰʭʬʸʰʨ³˄.

¡„ˆ ‡€…ˆ ‚€‹€ ‡Š„ˆ€ €„™… €“‹„†„

ʸʵʫʬʹʨ˂ ʹʭʨʴʬʯˀʰ ʹʨʰʫʻʳʲʵʫ ˆʫʬʩʨ ʱʨ˂ʰʹ ʳʵʱʭʲʨ ʨʴ ʫʨ

ʹˆʭʨ ʩʵʸʵʺʳʵʽʳʬʫʬʩʨ, ʩʸʨʲʫʬʩʻʲʰ ʭʨʲʫʬʩʻʲʰʨ ʯʨʭʰ
ʰʳʨʸʯʲʵʹ ʼʰ˂ʹ ʽʭʬˀ ʯʨʭʰʹʰ ʳʵʼʰ˂ʸʬʩʰʯʻʸʯ ʰʳ ˄ʬʹʰʯ, ʸʵʪʵʸ˂
ʬʹ ʮʬʳʵʫ ʫʨʭʰʴʨˆʬʯ ʪʰʸʪʭʲʰʨʴʬʩʰʹʨ ʫʨ ʼʨʸˇʰʨʴʬʩʰʹ ʹʨʽʳʰʹ
ʪʨʸˁʬʭʰʹ ʨʾ˄ʬʸʰʲʵʩʨˀʰ. ʱʨ˂ʰʹ ʳʵʱʭʲʰʹ ʩʸʨʲʫʬʩʰʹʨʪʨʴ ʯʨʭʰʹ
ʪʨʳʨʸʯʲʬʩʰʹʨʯʭʰʹ ʹʨ˅ʰʸʵʨ 12 ,,ʲʻʼˆʻʲʰ³ ± ʳʵʼʰ˂ʨʸʰ.
ʩʸʨʲʫʬʩʻʲʰ ʳʵ˂ʰʽʻʲʬʩʰʹ ʶʰʸʰʯ ˀʬʻʯʭʲʰʹ ʳʵʶʨʹʻˆʬʹ ʰʳ
ʶʰʸʬʩʰʹ ʹʨˆʬʲʹʨ ʫʨ ʪʭʨʸʹ, ʭʰʴ˂ ʻʴʫʨ ˁʨʰʿʵʲʰʵʹ ʳʨʴ ʼʰ˂ˀʰ ʯʨʭʰʹ
ʪʨʳʨʸʯʲʬʩʰʹ ʫʸʵʹ. 3-4 ʳʵʼʰ˂ʨʸʰ ʻʴʫʨ ʰʿʵʹ ʪʨʳʵʻ˂ʭʲʬʲʰ,
ˆʵʲʵ ʫʨʴʨʸˁʬʴʰ ʸʭʨ ʳʵʼʰ˂ʨʸ ʩʸʨʲʫʬʩʻʲʳʨ ʻʴʫʨ ʨʰʸˁʰʵʹ ʰʳ
16 ʶʰʸʰʹʨʪʨʴ, ʸʵʳʲʬʩʰ˂ ʳʨʹ ʫʨʻʹʨˆʬʲʨ ʳʵʳˁʰʭʨʴʳʨ. ʯʻ ʨʳʴʨʰʸʨʫ
ʨʸˁʬʻʲʰ 12 ʳʵʼʰ˂ʨʸʰʯ ʩʸʨʲʫʬʩʻʲʰ ˄ʨʭʨ ʰʳ ʬʱʲʬʹʰʨʮʬ,
ʸʵʳʬʲʮʬʫʨ˂ ʫʨʼʰ˂ʬʩʨʹ ʳʨʹ ʳʵʹʯˆʵʭʹ ʳʵʳˁʰʭʨʴʰ ʫʨ ʫʨʰʼʰ˂ʬʩʹ,
ʸʵʳ ʳʱʭʲʬʲʵʩʨ ʳʨʹ ʨʸ ˁʨʻʫʬʴʰʨ, ʨʳ ˀʬʳʯˆʭʬʭʨˀʰ ʰʹ
ʪʨʳʨʸʯʲʬʩʻʲʨʫ ʰʯʭʲʬʩʨ, ˄ʰʴʨʨʾʳʫʬʪ ˀʬʳʯˆʭʬʭʨˀʰ ʳʺʿʻʴʫʬʩʨ
ʫʨ ʶʨʹʻˆʹ ʨʪʬʩʹ ʮʬʳʵʯ ʨʾ˄ʬʸʰʲʰ ˄ʬʹʰʯ. ʨʳʨʹʯʨʴʨʭʬ ʸʵ˂ʨ
384
ʳʵʳʨʭʨʲˀʰ ʪʨʳʵˁʴʫʬʩʨ, ʸʵʳ ʰʳ ʫʨʴʨˀʨʻʲʵʩʰʹ ˁʨʳʫʬʴʰ, ʸʵʳʬʲʰ˂
ʳʨʹ ʩʸʨʲʫʬʩʵʫʨ, ʰʿʵ ʹˆʭʨ, ʳʨˀʰʴ ʩʸʨʲʳʫʬʩʬʲʰ
˂ʰʲʰʹ˄ʨʳʬʩʰʹʯʭʰʹ ʶʨʹʻˆʹ ʨʪʬʩʹ. ʩʸʨʲʫʬʩʻʲʰ ʰʸˁʬʭʹ 12 ʱʨ˂ʹ,
ʸʵʳʲʬʩʰ˂ ʼʰ˂ʰʯ ʳʰʻʹˇʰʨʴ ʳʨʹ 150-300 ʳʨʴʬʯʨʳʫʬ. ʨʳʸʰʪʨʫ,
ʼʰ˂ʰʯ ʪʨʳʨʸʯʲʬʩʨ ʸʵʳ ʹʨʸ˄ʳʻʴʵ ʫʨ ʹʨʼʻ˃ʭʲʰʨʴʰ ʰʿʵʹ,
ʸʵʪʵʸ˂ ʮʬʳʵʯ ʨʸʰʹ ʴʨʯʽʭʨʳʰ, ʫʰʫʰ ʳʴʰˀʭʴʬʲʵʩʨ ʬ˃ʲʬʭʨ ʰʳʨʹ,
ʯʻ ʸʵʳʬʲ ʬʱʲʬʹʰʨʮʬ ˆʫʬʩʨ ʫʨʼʰ˂ʬʩʨ. ʻʩʸʨʲʵ ʹʨʽʳʬʬʩʮʬ, ʬ. ʰ.
ʸʵ˂ʨ ʳʵʶʨʸʻʲʰ ʹʨʪʴʬʩʰʹ ʾʰʸʬʩʻʲʬʩʨ 10-20 ʳʨʴʬʯʹ ʨʸ ʨʾʬʳʨʺʬʩʨ,
ʳʵʼʰ˂ʨʸʯʨ ʸʰ˂ˆʭʰ 3-4 ʱʨ˂ʰʯ ʪʨʴʰʹʨʮʾʭʸʬʩʨ, ʨʳʨʮʬ ʻʼʸʵ
ʹʬʸʰʵʮʻʲ ʹʨʽʳʬʬʩʮʬ 4-7 ʱʨ˂ʰʯ. ʼʰ˂ʰ ʨʳ ˀʬʳʯˆʭʬʭʨˀʰ ʰʳ
ʹʰʺʿʭʬʩʰʯ ˆʫʬʩʨ, ʸʵʪʵʸ˂ ʮʬʳʵʯ ʰʿʵ ʨʾʴʰˀʴʻʲʰ.
ʯʻ ˀʬʳʫʬʪ ʪʨʳʵʳʷʾʨʭʴʫʬʩʵʫʨ, ʸʵʳ ʩʸʨʲʫʬʩʻʲʳʨ ˂ʸʻ
ʼʰ˂ʰ ʫʨʹʫʵ ʫʨ ʳʵʼʰ˂ʸʬʩʰ˂ ˀʬ˂ʫʵʳʨˀʰ ˀʬʰʿʭʨʴʨ, ʫʨ ʼʰ˂ʰ
ʪʨʨʺʬˆʰʴʨ, ʳʨˀʰʴ ʳʵʼʰ˂ʸʬʩʰ ʳʨʹ ʨˆʫʬʭʰʴʬʩʫʴʬʴ ,,ˆʨʺʨ ʴʨʱˀʰʬʸʹ³
ʼʰ˂ʰʹ ʪʨʺʬˆʰʹʨʯʭʰʹ ʯʰʯʵ 100 ʳʨʴʬʯʨʳʫʬ. ʿʵʼʰʲʨ ʰʹʬʯʰ
ˀʬʳʯˆʭʬʭʬʩʰ˂, ʸʵʫʬʹʨ˂ ʳʵʼʰ˂ʸʬʩʹ ʳ˃ʰʳʬʫ ʫʨʻ˅ʸʰʨʯ ʰʹ, ʭʰʴ˂
ʳʨʯ ʼʰ˂ʰ ʪʨʨʺʬˆʰʴʨ ʯʨʭʰʹ ʹʨʸʪʬʩʲʵʩʰʹʨʯʭʰʹ, ʫʨ ʨʳʰʹʨʯʭʰʹ
ʶʨʹʻˆʰ˂ ʨʸ ʻʪʰʨʯ.
ʹʭʨʴʬʯʰʹ ʰʻʸʰʫʰʻʲ ˄ʿʵʩʰʲʬʩʰʹ ʻʳʯʨʭʸʬʹ ʴʨʱʲʹ ʨʴʻ
ʳʺʱʰʭʨʴ ʨʫʪʰʲʹ ˀʬʨʫʪʬʴʬʴ: 1. ʻ˂ʨʩʬʫʨʫ ʳʵʳˆʫʨʸ ʳʱʭʲʬʲʵʩʨʮʬ
ʫʨ ʹˆʭʨ ʳʵʭʲʬʴʬʩʮʬ ˀʻʸʰʹ ˃ʰʬʩʨ; 2. ʴʨʳʫʭʰʲ ʳʱʭʲʬʲʰʹ ʳʨʪʰʭʸʨʫ
ʳʰʹ ʨˆʲʵʩʬʲ ʯʻ ˀʵʸʬʻʲ ʴʨʯʬʹʨʭʰʹ ʳʵʱʭʲʨ; 3. ʸʵ˂ʨ ʳʱʭʲʬʲʵʩʨ
ˆʫʬʩʨ ʹʭʨʴʬʯʰʹ ʪʨʸʬʫ, ʳʬʮʵʩʬʲ ʽʭʬʿʴʬʩˀʰ, ʳʨʪ.: ʸʨ˅ʨ-ʲʬˁˆʻʳˀʰ,
ʹʨʳʬʪʸʬʲʵ-ʨʼˆʨʮʬʯˀʰ, ʿʨʸʨˁʨ-ʿʨʩʨʸʫʵˀʰ ʫʨ ʯʻ ʹʭʨʴʹ ʨʸʨ ʨʽʭʹ
ʹʨˀʻʨʲʬʩʨ ʶʰʸʫʨʶʰʸ ʳʱʭʲʬʲʮʬ ʰ˃ʰʵʹ ˀʻʸʰ, ʹʭʨʴʰ ˈʱʲʨʭʹ ʰʳ
ʹʵʼʲʰʹ ʨʴʻ ʯʬʳʰʹ ʳ˂ˆʵʭʸʬʩ ʱʨ˂ʹ, ʹʨʰʫʨʴʨ˂ ʨʸʰʹ ʳʰʹʰ ʴʨʯʬʹʨʭʰʹ
ʳʱʭʲʬʲʰ. ʪʨʸʰʪʬʩʰʹ ʫʸʵʹʨ˂ ʫʨʴʨˀʨʻʲʰʹ ʨʹʬ ʻʴʬʩʻʸʨʫ ˁʨʳʫʬʴʰ
ʰʹʬʭʬ ʰˆʫʰʹ ,,˄ʵʸʹ³ ʸʵʪʵʸ˂ ˄ʰʴʨʹ˄ʨʸ ʳʵʼʰʽʸʬʩʰʯ
ʩʵʸʵʺʳʵʽʳʬʫʬʩʰʹ ʨʴʻ ʳʱʭʲʬʲʵʩʰʹ ˁʨʳʫʬʴʰ. ʳʨʪʨʲʰʯʨʫ, 3 ˄ʲʰʹ
˄ʰʴʨʫ ʳʻʲʨˆʰʹ ʯʬʳˀʰ ʬʸʯʳʨ ʳʻˀʨʳ ʺʿʰʫʨʴ ˆʬ ˁʨʳʵʻˀʭʨ ʪʮʰʹ
ʶʰʸʨʫ. ʨʳ ʫʸʵʹ ʯʻʸʳʬ ʰʳ ʺʿʬˀʰ ʳʻˀʨʵʩʫʨ ʹˆʭʨ ʪʲʬˆʰ˂,
ʸʵʳʬʲʹʨ˂ ʻ˂ʨʩʬʫʨʫ ʳʵˆʭʫʨ ʬʹ ˆʬ ʫʨ ʪʨʹʸʰʹʨ. ˆʰʹ ʶʨʺʸʵʴʳʨ ʨʳʨʮʬ
˄ʵʸʰ ± ʹʰʹˆʲʰʹ ʼʨʹʰ ʪʨʫʨʰˆʨʫʨ. 1835 ˄ʬʲʹ ʻˀʪʻʲˀʰ ʪʨʳʵˁʴʫʨ
ʿʨˁʨʾʰ ˇʨʳʨʯʨ ˅ʬʲʰ˃ʬ, ʰʹ ˀʬʻʨʳˆʨʴʨʪʫʨ ʳʯʨʭʸʵʩʰʹ ʳʰʬʸ ʫʬʭʴʰʲ
ʱʨ˂ʰʹʳʱʭʲʬʲ ʭʰʴʳʬ ˅ʰʵʸʬʲ ʫʬʺʵʹ. ʸʨʳʵʫʬʴʰʳʬ ˄ʲʰʹ
ʪʨʴʳʨʭʲʵʩʨˀʰ ʰʹʰʴʰ ʬ˂ʬʳʵʫʬʴ ʾʬʩ-˅ʰʵʸʨʹ, ˃ʨʸ˂ʭʨʭʫʬʴ
385
ʵʹʬʯʰʫʨʴ ʹʨʹʭʨʴʵ ʪʵʸʰʹ ʪʮʰʯ ʾʬʩ-˅ʰʵʸʰʹʨʱʬʴ ʳʰʳʨʭʨʲ
ʳʪʮʨʭʸʬʩʹ, ʰ˅ʬʸʫʬʴ ʳʨʯ, ʳʰˈʿʨʭʫʨʯ ʻˀʪʻʲˀʰ ʫʨ ʳˆʵʲʵʫ
ʹʨˆʹʸʰʹ ʳʰʺʨʴʰʹ ˀʬʳʫʬʪ ʨʴʯʨʭʰʹʻʼʲʬʩʫʬʴ. ʰʹʰʴʰ ʯʨʭʰʹ ʿʨˁʨʾʻʸ
ʳʵʽʳʬʫʬʩʨʹ ʰʳʰʯʰ ʨʳʨʸʯʲʬʩʫʬʴ, ʸʵʳ ʾʬʩʬʲʬʩʳʨ 1815 ˄. ʻˀʪʻʲʹ
ʳʵʻʹʶʬʹ ˄ʲʰʻʸʨʫ ʬʸʯʰ ˆʨʸʰʹ ʩʬʪʨʸʨʫ ʳʰ˂ʬʳʨ 174).
ʻʱʨʴʨʹʱʴʬʲʨʫ ˇʨʳʨʯʨʳ ʰʼʨʸʰʫʨʴ, ʱʨʲʰʫʨʴ, ˆʨʲʫʬʫʨʴ ʫʨ
ʻˀʪʻʲʰʫʨʴ ʳʵʻʿʨʸʨ ʯʨʭʰ 40 ʱʨ˂ʹ ʫʨ ʾʬʩʬʲʬʩʰʹ ʹʨʳʺʸʵʫ
˄ʨʰʿʭʨʴʨ. ʬʸʯʳʨ ʾʬʩʬʲʳʨ ʳʵʴʨʫʰʸʬʳ ʳʨʯ ʯʭʨʲʰ ʳʵˈʱʸʨ, ʹʵʼʬʲʹ
ˀʬʨʺʿʵʩʰʴʨ ʫʨ ʳʺʬʸʹ ʨʲʿʨ ˀʬʳʵʨʸʺʿʬʹ. ˇʨʳʨʯʨ, ʹʨʹʰʱʭʫʰʲʵʫ
ʫʨ˅ʸʰʲʰ, ʾʬʩʬʲʬʩʹ ʺʿʭʬʫ ˁʨʻʭʨʸʫʨ. ʳʰʹʳʨ ʨʳˆʨʴʨʪʬʩʳʨ ʱʰ
ʪʨʽ˂ʬʭʰʯ ʻˀʭʬʲʬʹ ʯʨʭʹ. ˇʨʳʨʯʨ ʾʬʩʬʲʬʩʳʨ ˂ˆʬʴʮʬ ʻʱʻʾʳʨ
ʫʨʨʱʸʬʹ. ˀʬʳʫʬʪ ˇʭʨʸʰʹ ʿʨʴʨˀʰ ʼʰ˂ʨʸʮʬ ʳʰʨʱʸʬʹ. ʨʳ ʫʸʵʹ ʵʸʰ
˄ʲʰʹ ˄ʰʴʬʯ ʭʰʴʳʬ ʹʭʨʴʰʹʨʪʨʴ ʫʨ˅ʸʰʲʰ ʾʬʩʬʲʰ ʳʰʭʨʸʫʨ ʳʨʹ,
ʳʱʬʸʫˀʰ ʳʻˆʲʰ ˁʨˈʱʸʨ ʫʨ ʳʵʱʲʨ. ʨʰ ʨʹʬʯʰ ʿʨˁʨʾʰʹʨ ʫʨ ˆʨʲˆʰʹ
ʨʳʨ˄ʰʵʱʬʩʬʲ ʱʨ˂ʰʹ ʳʵʱʭʲʰʹʨʯʭʰʹ ʳʰʹʰ ʴʨʯʬʹʨʭʬʩʰ ˄ʨʭʰʫʬʴ ʮʬʳʵ
ʸʨ˅ʨˀʰ ʫʨ ʳʵʱʲʬʹ ʾʬʩʬʲʬʩʰʹ ʳʨʪʰʬʸ ʵʸʰ ˅ʰʵʸʬʲʰ ʫʨ ʨʳʰʯ
ˇʨʳʨʯʨ ʰʹʰʹˆʲʬʹ, ʸʰʹʯʭʰʹʨ˂ ʻˀʪʻʲʬʲʬʩʹ ʳʬʱʵʳʻʸʰʹ ʯʨʭʮʬ
ʪʨʸʰʪʬʩʰʹ ʫʸʵʹ 1854 ˄. ʪʨʫʨˆʫʨʯ ʵʸ-ʵʸʰ ˃ʸʵˆʨ. ˇʨʳʨʯʨʹ
ʹʰʱʭʫʰʲʰ ʾʬʩˀʰ ʪʨʲʬʽʹʰʲʰʨ ˀʬʳʫʬʪʰ ʹʨˆʰʯ:

ˆ‹” € ›€‹€‡€†„ (‘–‚‘Š–ˆ ”„ˆƒ€Œ –„‹‘Šˆ)

ʬ, ʻˀʪʻʲʬʲʳʨ ˇʨʳʨʯʨʳʵ
ʱʨʸ ʫʨ ʱʨʸ ˁʨʳʵʻʨʸʨʵ
ˆʨʲʫʬˀʲʬʩʹ ± ʻˀʪʻʲʬʲʬʩʹʨʵ,
ʪʵʸʰ ʩʵʲʵʹʨ ˄ʨʭʰʫʬʯʵ
ˁʵˆʨ ʴʨʩʨʫʰ ʭʰˀʵʭʵʯʵ,
ʬ, ʸʵʳ ʾʬʩʻʸʯʨ ʪʨʰʪʬʹʵ
ʶʰʸʰʫʨʴ ˈʿʸʰʫʬʴ ˂ʬ˂ˆʲʹʨʵ,
ʾʬʩʻʸʴʵ ʨˆʨʲʪʨʮʸʫʨʴʵ,
ʬ, ʸʨ ʨʳʩʨʭʰʨ ˁʭʬʴʹʨʵ.
ʸʨ˂ ʾʬʩʹ ʨˆʨʲʰ ʱʨ˂ʰʨʵ
ʿʭʬʲʨ ʯʬʲʨʹ ʽʭʬˀ ʨʸʰʹʵ.
ˇʨʳʨʯʨ ʳʵʹʻʲʨ ˁʭʬʴʹʨʵ,
ʳʵʻʿʭʨʴʰʨ ʹʭʨʴʯʨ ˇʨʸʰʵ
386
ʭʬ˂ʨʫʵʯ ʨʸ ˄ʨʪʭʰʭʰʫʬʹʵ
ʬ, ʻʸˇʻʲʵ ˇʨʳʨʯʨʵ.
ʯʨʭʰ ʰʿʨʸʬʹ ʾʬʩʻʸʨʯʨʵ,
ˆʵʲʰʹ ʯʨʭʹʨ ʸʵʳ ʳʰʭʰʫʴʬʴ
˄ʰʴʯʨʮʰʲʨ ˀʬʬʿʨʸʨʯʵ,
ʪʨʨʹ˄ʸʬʹ ʫʨ ʽʭʬ ʳʰʭʰʫʴʬʴʵ
ʿʭʬʲʨʴʰ ʪʵʸʰ ʾʬʲʬʹʨʵ.
ʨʽ ˇʨʳʨʯʨ ˁʹʨʼʸʻʲʨ
ʨʸʿʴʨʸʹʨ ʫʨ ʩʻˁʽʬʩˀʰʵ
ʬ, ʶʨʺʰʨʴʯ ʶʨʶʻˁʨʵ
ʳʬʮʭʬʸʬʯ ʪʨʳʵʪʮʨʭʴʬʹʵ,
ˀʨʲʰʱʨˀʭʰʲʰ ʯʬʫʵʸʬ
ʨʸʿʬʩʹ ʬʭʲʬʩʨ ʯʨʭʹʨʵ
ʬ, ˆʻ˂ʰˀʭʰʲʰ ʶʬʺʸʬʰ
ʶʰʸʰʫʨʴ ʨʿʸʰʹ ˂ʬ˂ˆʲʹʨʵ
ʯʨʳʨʮʰʱʰʨʴʯ ʫʬʭʲʬʯʨ
ʭʬʸ˂ˆʲʰʹ ʯʵʼʹ ʻʹʭʨʳʹ ˆʬʲʹʨʵ
ʯʻ ʹʨʫʳʬ ˇʨʳʨʯʨ ʭʴʨˆʬ
ʳʬ ʳʵʭʻ˄ʰʯʲʨʭ ʪʭʬʸʫʹʨʵ.
ˇʨʳʨʯʨ ʳʰʫʰʹ ʩʨˇʪʭʬʩˀʰ
ʼʰʴʯʰˆʰ ʳʵˆʭʫʨ ʩʨʸ˃ʨʿˀʰ
ˀʬ ʹʨ˄ʿʨʲʵ ˇʨʳʨʯʨʵ
ʻʱʨʴ ʯʵʼʰ ʳʵʪʨʿʵʲʬʹ
ʹʰʹˆʲʰ ʳʰʪʫʰʹ ʾʭʨʸʨʫʨʵ
ʫʨʰ˅ʰʸʬʹ ʨʰʿʭʨʴʬʹ
ʻʱʻʾʳʨ ʫʨʨʱʸʬʹ ˂ˆʬʴʮʬʫʨʵ
ˆʵʲʵ ʯʨʭʹʨ ʸʵʳ ʳʰʭʰʫʴʬʴ
ʬʸʯʰ ʨʸˁʬʭʨʴʰ ʽʴʬʹʵ:
ʮʵʪʴʰ ʰ˃ˆʫʬʴ ʳʵʭʱʲʨʯʵ
ʮʵʪʴʰ ʨʸ ʬʯʨʴˆʳʬʩʵʫʬʴʵ
˄ʿʨʲʰ ʰʯˆʵʭʨ ˇʨʳʨʯʨʳʨʵ
ʽʭʬ ʳʰʻʺʨʴʬʹ ˇʨʳʰʯʨʵ
ʴʨˆʬʭʨʸʰ ˄ʿʨʲʰʨʵ
ʨ˄ʰʨ ʽʭʬ ʫʨʲʰʨʵ
ʸʵʪʵʸ˂ ʴʨʯʨʭʰ ʨʸʨʿʰʹʨʵ 175).

387
 ʳʬʹʺʰʰʹ ʯʬʳˀʰ ʳ˂ˆʵʭʸʬʩʰ ʵʯˆʰ ʪʲʬˆʰ, 1917 ˄ʬʲʹ
ʿʨʩʨʸʫʵˀʰ ʹʨʳʻˀʨʵʯ ˄ʨʹʻʲʰ, ʵʸʰ ˆʬʸʪʰʨʴʬʩʰʹʨ ʫʨ ʵʸʰ˂
ʴʨʱʨʨʴʬʩʰʹ ʪʭʨʸʬʻʲʵʩʰʫʨʴ, ʻʱʭʨʲʵʫ ʫʨʰʱʨʸʪʨ. ʳʨʯʳʨ
˅ʰʸʰʹʻʼʲʬʩʳʨ ʬ˅ʭʰ ʩʨˆʹʨʴʨˀʰ ʳ˂ˆʵʭʸʬʩ ʿʨʩʨʸʫʵʬʲʬʩʮʬ
ʳʰʰʺʨʴʬʹ, ʭʰʴʨʰʫʨʴ ʸʨʳʵʫʬʴʰʳʬ ˄ʲʰʹ ˄ʰʴʨʯ ʬʸʯ ˆʬʸʪʰʨʴʯʨʪʨʴʹ
ʩʸʨʲʫʬʩʵʫʨ ʩʨˆʹʨʴʨˀʰ ʳ˂ˆʵʭʸʬʩ ʭʰʴʳʬ ʿʨʩʨʸʫʵʬʲ ʩʨʰʸʻʿʨʹ
ʳʵʱʭʲʨ. ʨʳ ʵʸʰ ʪʭʨʸʬʻʲʵʩʰʹ ʯʭʰʯʬʻʲʰ ʵˇʨˆʰʹ ʯʰʯʵ ˄ʬʭʸʳʨ
1918 ˄ʬʲʹ ʳʵʰʿʨʸʬʹ ʯʨʭʰ ʫʨ ʪʨʫʨʹ˄ʿʭʰʺʬʹ ʿʨʩʨʸʫʵʬʲʬʩʮʬ
ˀʻʸʰʹ ʹʨ˃ʰʬʩʲʨʫ ˄ʨʹʭʲʨ. 20 ʱʨ˂ʰ ʨʳ ʪʨʴʮʸʨˆʭʰʯ ʱʰʫʬ˂
ʪʨʬʳʪʮʨʭʸʨ ʹʭʨʴʬʯʰʫʨʴ. ʹʭʨʴʬʯˀʰ ʹʨʹʨˆʬʲʵʫ ʰʯʭʲʬʩʨ, ʯʻ
ʺʰʸʰʲʰʹ ʫʾʬʳʫʬ ʳʵʱʲʻʲʹ ʰʹʰʹˆʲʬʩʬʴ, ʨʳʰʺʵʳ ˀʻʸʰʹ
ʹʨ˃ʰʬʩʲʨʫ ˄ʨʹʻʲʬʩʳʨ˂ ʨʳ ʫʾʬʳʫʬ ʳʵˈʱʲʬʹ ʩʨˆʹʨʴʨˀʰ ʳ˂ˆʵʭʸʬʩʰ
ʵʸʰ ʿʨʩʨʸʫʵʬʲʰ ʫʨ ʺʰʸʰʲʰʹ ʫʾʬʹ ʸʵ˂ʨ ˆʨʲˆʰ ʯʨʭʳʵʿʸʰʲʰ
ʰʿʵ, ʰʽʰʫʨʴ ʫʨʩʸʻʴʬʩʻʲʴʰ ʨʳʨʿʨʫ ˄ʨʸʹʫʪʬʴ ˆʨʲˆʰʹ ˄ʰʴʨˀʬ ʫʨ
ʪʨʴʨ˂ˆʨʫʬʹ, ʸʵʳ ʹʰʹˆʲʰ ʨʰʾʬʹ, ʸʨʳʨ˂ ʺʰʸʰʲʰ ˁʭʬʻʲʬʩʰʹʨʳʬʩʸ
ʲˆʬʴʰʯ ʫʨ ʳˆʰʨʸʻʲʬʩʰʯ ˀʬʹ˂ʭʨʲʨ. ʹʭʨʴʬʯʰʹ ˁʭʬʻʲʬʩʰʯʰ
ʻʼʲʬʩʬʩˀʰ ʬʸʯʰ ʸʨʳ ʨʸʰʹ ʳʵʹʨ˄ʵʴʰ. ʹʰʹˆʲʰʹ ʨʾʬʩʰʹ ʫʨ ˀʻʸʰʹ
˃ʰʬʩʰʹ ʶʸʵ˂ʬʹʰʹ ʫʸʵʹ ʽʨʲʰ, ʩʨʭˀʭʰ ʫʨ ʳʵˆʻ˂ʰ ʳʨʳʨʱʨ˂ʰ
ˆʬʲʻˆʲʬʩʬʲʰ ʨʸʰʨʴ ʫʨ ʸʵ˂ʨ ʳʨʳʨʱʨ˂ʬʩʰ ʪʨʸʬʯ ʭʬʸ ʪʨʳʵʫʰʨʴ,
ʳʨʯ ˆʬʲʻˆʲʬʩʲʵʩʰʹ ʹʸʻʲʰ ʪʨʸʨʴʺʰʨ ʨʽʭʹʯ ʫʨ ʹʨˀʻʨʲʬʩʨ
ʬ˃ʲʬʭʨʯ ʯʨʭʰʹʻʼʲʨʯ ʰʨʸʵʴ ʫʨ ʰʳʻˀʨʵʴ.
ʹʭʨʴʹ ʯʵʼʰ ʳʵʳʨʸʯʻʲʰ˂ ʸʵʳ ˈʽʵʴʫʬʹ ʳʺʸʰʹ ʳʵʹʨʱʲʨʭʨʫ
ʫʨ ʰʳ ʫʸʵʹ ʯʻ ʫʬʫʨʱʨ˂ʳʨ ʯʨʭʰʫʨʴ ʲʬˁʨʽʰ ˁʨʳʵʰˆʨʫʨ, ʯʳʨ
ʪʨʰˀʨʲʨ ʫʨ ʰʹʬ ʬʹ ʲʬˁʨʽʰ ʳʻˆʲʮʬ ˀʬʳʵʰˆʭʰʨ,
ʩʵʸʵʺʪʨʴʳʮʸʨˆʭʬʲʹ ʻʼʲʬʩʨ ʨʸʨ ʨʽʭʹ ʳʱʭʲʬʲʵʩʨ ˁʨʰʫʰʴʵʹ.
ʳʨʰʹʻʸʵʭʰʹ ʯʽʳʰʯ, ʹʭʨʴʰ ʸʵʳ ʯʨʭʰʹ ʳʺʬʸʹ ʳʵʹʨʱʲʨʭʨʫ
ʪʨʬʱʰʫʬʩʨ, ʯʻ ʪʨʽ˂ʬʻʲʰ ʽʨʲʹ ˀʬˆʭʫʨ, ˆʬʲʰ ʳʵʱʰʫʨ ʫʨ ʨʳʵʬʼʨʸʨ,
ʬʹ ʹʨʱʳʨʸʰʹʰʨ ʳʰʹʰ ʹʰʱʭʫʰʲʰʹʨʪʨʴ ʫʨʹʨˆʹʴʬʲʨʫ 176).
ʬʸʯʰ ʳʺʸʰʹʨʪʨʴ ʫʬʭʴʰʲ ʹʭʨʴʹ ʳʬʵʸʬ ʳʺʸʰʹ ʵˇʨˆˀʰ ˀʬʹʭʲʨ
ʯʻ ʳʵʻˆʫʬʩʨ ʯʨʭˀʬʹʨʼʨʸʨʫ, ʻʱʨʴʨʹʱʴʬʲʰ ʭʨʲʫʬʩʻʲʰʨ
ˀʬʰʩʸʨʲʵʹ ʰʪʰ ʫʨ ʫʨʰ˂ʭʨʹ, ʯʻʴʫʨ˂ ʫʰʫʰ ʹʻʸʭʰʲʰ ˈʽʵʴʫʬʹ
ʳʰʹʰ ʳʵʱʭʲʰʹʨ.

174) ʯʨʭʰʹʻʼʨʲʰ ʹʭʨʴʰ. ʪʨʮ. ,,ʰʭʬʸʰʨ³˄.

175) ʯʨʭʰʹʻʼʨʲʰ ʹʭʨʴʰ. ʪʨʮ. ,,ʰʭʬʸʰʨ³˄.
ǴǴȈȑșțȘȖȊǫȈȏ DzȈȊȒȈȏ³ȋȹ

388
V
€¢Œ-•‹‘ ˆ ¡„¡•ˆŠ„€ …€Œ„‡–ˆ

ʳʬ-XV ʹʨʻʱʻʴʬˀʰ, ʸʵʪʵʸ˂ ʮʬʳʵʯ ʨʸʰʹ ʴʨʯʽʭʨʳʰ, ʹʭʨʴʬʯˀʰ

ʪʨˁʴʫʬʴ ʯʨʭʨʫʰ ʫʨʫʬˀʽʬʲʰʨʴʬʩʰ, ʸʵʳʲʬʩʳʨ˂ ʳʰʹʰ ʫʨʹʨʭʲʬʯ
ʴʨ˄ʰʲʰ ˁʻʩʬˆʬʭʰ, ʬ˂ʬʸʰ, ˂ˆʻʳʨʸʰ ʫʨ ʩʬˁʵ ʫʨʰʶʿʸʬʹ ʫʨ ʰʽ ʩʨʺʵʴ-
ʿʳʻʸʰ ˄ʬʹ˄ʿʵʩʰʲʬʩʨ ʫʨʨʳʿʨʸʬʹ.
ʶʰʸʭʬʲ ˆʨʴʬʩˀʰ ʳʨʯʰ ʸʬʷʰʳʰ, ʯʻ ʹʭʨʴʻʸ ʯʽʳʻʲʬʩʨʹ
ʫʨʭʻˇʬʸʬʩʯ, ʰʳʫʬʴʨʫ ʹʻʹʺʰ ʰʿʵ, ʸʵʳ ʪʲʬˆʬʩʹ ʳʨʸʺʵ
ʸʨʳʵʫʬʴʰʳʬʱʭʬʸ˂ˆʰ ˆʫʬʩʵʫʨ ʱʵʳʲʮʬ ʩʨʺʵʴʬʩʰʹ ʹʨʹʨʸʪʬʩʲʵʫ
ʿʵʭʬʲ˄ʲʰʻʸʨʫ. ˆʵʲʵ ˀʬʳʫʬʪˀʰ ʯʨʴʫʨʯʨʴʵʩʰʯ ʰʮʸʫʬʩʵʫʨ
ʫʨ ʭʰʯʨʸʫʬʩʵʫʨ ʳʵʴʻʸʰ ʫʨʳʵʱʰʫʬʩʻʲʬʩʨ ʩʨʺʵʴʬʩʰʹʨʪʨʴ.
ʸʵʫʬʹʨ˂ ʳʬ-XVII ʹ-ˀʰ ʫʨʫʬˀʽʬʲʰʨʴʬʩʰʹ ʪʭʨʸʬʻʲʵʩʨ ʪʨʳʸʨʭʲʫʨ,
ʨʳʰʹ ˀʬʳʫʬʪ ʨʳ ʽʭʬʿʴʰʹ ʪʲʬˆʱʨ˂ʵʩʨ ʳʯʬʲʰ ʯʨʭʰʹʰ ʹʨʸˁʵ-
ʹʨʩʨʫʬʩʲʰʯ, ʳʰ˄ʨ-˄ʿʲʰʯ, ʹʻʲʰʯʨ ʫʨ ˆʵʸ˂ʰʯ ʩʨʺʵʴʬʩʰʹ
ʹʨʱʻʯʨʸ ʹʨˆʳʨʸ ʴʰʭʯʨʫ ʰʽ˂ʨ, ʸʵʳʬʲʹʨ˂ ʩʨʺʵʴʰ ʰʹʬ ʪʨʴʨʪʬʩʫʨ,
ʸʵʪʵʸ˂ ʳʰʹʰ ʹʻʸʭʰʲʰ ʫʨ ʴʬʩʨ ʰʿʵ.
ʳʵʱʭʫʬʩʵʫʨ ʯʨʭʨʫʰ, ʳʰʹʰ ʺʰʸʰʲʰʹʨ ʫʨ ʨʾʨʶʰʹ ʪʨʫʨʳˆʫʬʲʰ
ʪʲʬˆʰ ʰʿʵ. ʯʨʭʨʫʹ ʯʨʭʰʹʻʼʲʨʫ ˀʬʬ˃ʲʵ ʨʳ ʹʨ˅ʰʸʵʬʩʰʹʨʯʭʰʹ ʿʳʨ
ʨʸʨʿˀʰ, ʶʻʸˀʰ ʫʨ ʹʨˆʵʸ˂ʬ ˆʨʸʬʩˀʰ ʪʨʬʿʰʫʨ. ʯʨʭʨʫʰʹ ʵˇʨˆˀʰ
ʫʨʰʩʨʫʬʩʵʫʨ ʭʰʴʳʬ, ʴʨʯʭʲʨ, ʽʵʸ˄ʰʲʰ ʯʻ ʹˆʭʨ ʸʨʰʳʬ ʲˆʰʴʰ ʫʨ
ʳˆʰʨʸʻʲʬʩʨ ʰʿʵ, ʨʳ ˀʬʳʯˆʭʬʭʨˀʨ˂ ʪʲʬˆʵʩʨ ʴʨʫʪʻʸʫʬʩʵʫʨ ʫʨ
ʸʵʫʬʹʨ˂ ʳʰʹʰ ʴʨʵʼʲʨʸʰʯ ʩʨʺʵʴʬʩʰ ʽʬʰʼʵʩʫʬʴ, ʫʨʸʩʬʻʲʰ
ʪʲʬˆʬʩʰ ʨʳ ʫʸʵʹ ʴʨʾʭʲʰʨʴʨʫ ˀʬʳʵʻˇʫʬʩʵʫʬʴ ˆʵʲʳʬ ʯʨʭʰʹ
ʱʬʸʨʹ, ʾʭʬʲʼʹʨ ʫʨ ʺʻʺʨʹ ʫʨʹ˂ʽʬʸʵʫʬʴ ʫʨ ˂ˆʨʸʬ ˂ʸʬʳʲʬʩʹʨ
ʾʭʸʰʫʬʴ. ʩʨʺʵʴʰʹʨʯʭʰʹ ʹʨ˅ʰʸʵ ʹʨʪʨʴʰ ʸʨ˂ ʹʭʨʴʬʯˀʰ ʨʸ
ʳʵʰʶʵʬʩʵʫʨ, ʨʳʨʹ ʰʹ ʰ˃ʬʴʫʨ ʿʳʬʩʰʹ ʪʨʿʰʫʭʰʯ: ʨʼˆʨʮʬʯˀʰ,
ʿʨʸʨˁʨˀʰ ʫʨ ʿʨʩʨʸʫʵˀʰ, ʹʨʫʨ˂ ʳʨʯ ˂ʭʲʰʫʬʴ: ˂ˆʬʴʬʩʮʬ, ˆʨʸʬʩʮʬ,
˃ʸʵˆʬʩʮʬ, ˂ˆʭʸʰʹ ˇʵʪʬʩʮʬ, ˀʨʲʬʻʲʵʩʨʮʬ ʫʨ ʹˆʭʨ ʹʨ˅ʰʸʵ
ʹʨʪʴʬʩʮʬ.
ʹʨʳʨʸʯʲʰʨʴʨʫ ʨʾʴʰˀʴʨʭʹ ʲʵʩʨʴʵʭ-ʸʵʹʺʵʭʹʱʰ 177):
,,ʻʳʯʨʭʸʬʹ ʨʾʬʩ-ʳʰ˂ʬʳʵʩʰʹ ʹʨʪʨʴʹ ʹʭʨʴʬʯˀʰ ˀʬʨʫʪʬʴʫʨ ʿʳʨ,
ʸʵʳʬʲʹʨ˂ ʿʰʫʫʬʴ ʯ. ʫʨʫʬˀʽʬʲʰʨʴʬʩʰ ʳʯʰʻʲ ʯʨʯʸʬʩˀʰ,
ʫʨ˄ʿʬʩʻʲʰ ʿʨʸʨˁʰʫʨʴ ʫʰʪʵʸʨʳʫʬ, ʫʨ ʴʨ˂ʭʲʨʫ ʾʬʩʻʲʵʩʫʬʴ
ʫʰʪʵʸʲʬʩʰʹʨʪʨʴ ˁʬʸʽʬʮʻʲ ˂ˆʬʴʬʩʹ ʫʨ ʹˆʭʨ ʹʨ˅ʰʸʵ ʹʨʪʴʬʩʹʵ³

389
 ʿʳʨ ʸʵʳ ʳʵʱʭʫʬʩʵʫʨ, ʳʰʹ ʵˇʨˆˀʰ ʺʰʸʰʲʰ, ʳ˄ʻˆʨʸʬʩʨ ʫʨ
ʳʪʲʵʭʰʨʸʬʩʨ ʹʻʼʬʭʫʨ ʫʨ ʹʭʨʴʻʸʰ ˁʭʬʻʲʬʩʰʯ ʺʰʸʰʲʰʹ
ʪʨʫʨˆʫʰʯ ʳʰʹʰ ʵˇʨˆʰ ʴʰʭʯʬʸʨʫ ʴʨʫʪʻʸʫʬʩʵʫʨ. ʩʨʺʵʴʰ ʨʳ
ʺʰʸʰʲˀʰ, ˂ˆʨʸʬ ˂ʸʬʳʲʬʩʰʹ ʫʨʾʭʸʨˀʰ ʫʨ ʳ˄ʻˆʨʸʬʩʨˀʰ˂ ʱʰ ʿʳʨʹ
ʩʨʷʹ ʨˆʫʬʭʰʴʬʩʫʨ. ʱʵʭʨʲʬʭʹʱʰʹ ˂ʴʵʩʬʩʰʯ, ʳʨʪʨʲʰʯʨʫ, ʩʬˁʵˀʰ
ʭʬʸ˂ ʬʸʯʰ ʿʳʨ ʺʰʸʰʲʹ ʰʹʬ ʭʬʸ ʪʨʫʨʰˆʫʰʫʨ, ʯʻ 60 ,,ʽʨʩʨʽʹʨ³ 178)
ʫʨ 6 ,,ʮʬʽʨʹ³179) ʨʴʻ 48 ʩʵʯʲ ʨʸʨʿʹ ʩʨʺʵʴʹ ʨʸ ʳʰʨʸʯʳʬʭʫʨ.
ʸʵ˂ʨ ʯʨʭʨʫʰ ʽʨʲʰˀʭʰʲʹ ʪʨʨʯˆʵʭʬʩʫʨ, ʳʮʰʯʭʨʫ ʪʲʬˆʰ
ʰˆʫʰʫʨ ʮʵʪʰ ˆʨʸʹ, ʮʵʪʰ ˃ʸʵˆʨʹ ʫʨ ʹʻʲ ʳ˂ʰʸʬ ʪʨʫʨʹʨˆʨʫʰʹ
ʪʨʫʨʳˆʫʬʲʰ ʬʸʯ ˂ˆʭʨʸʹ 180). ʳʨʪʸʨʳ ʩʵʸʵʺʬʩʨ ʨʳʰʯ ʸʵʫʰ
ʪʨʴʰʹʨʮʾʭʸʬʩʵʫʨ. ʻʩʬʫʻʸʬʩʨ ʰʹ ʰʿʵ, ʸʵʳ ʳʮʰʯʭʨʫ ʯʨʭʨʫʬʩʰ
ʨʺʨʴʫʬʴ ʸʨʳʵʫʬʴʰʳʬ ʵˇʨˆʹ, ʳʨʪʨʲʰʯʨʫ: XIX ʹʨʻʱʻʴʰʹ ʳʬʵʸʬ
ʴʨˆʬʭʨʸˀʰ ʯʬʴʪʰʮ ʫʨʫʬˀʽʬʲʰʨʴʳʨ ʳʰʨʯˆʵʭʨ ʯʨʭʰʹʰ ʫʨ
ʹʨʲʫʨʯˆʨʴʰ ʿʨʸʨˁʬʲ ʯʨʭʨʫʹ ʨʫʰʴʪʬʸ ʻʸʻʹʩʰʬʭʹ ʫʨ ʳʰʹ˂ʨ
ʳʮʰʯʭʨʫ ʸʨʳʵʫʬʴʰʳʬ ʵˇʨˆʰ.
ʫʨʫʬˀʽʬʲʰʨʴʬʩʰʹ ʪʭʨʸʬʻʲʵʩʨ ʸʵʳ ʹʨʳ ˀʺʵʯ ʪʨʰʿʵ ±
ʵʯʨʸˀʨʫ, ʹʵʸʯʳʨʴˀʨʫ ʫʨ ʫʻʫʨʻˀʨʫ, ʵʯʨʸˀʨ ʱʰʫʬʭ ˀʬʳʫʬʪˀʰ
ˁʻʩʬˆʬʭʰʹʨ ʫʨ ʬ˂ʬʸʰʹ ʹʨʳʯʨʭʸʵʫ, ʰʹʰʴʰ ʶʰʸʭʬʲʵʩʰʹ ʳʵʶʵʬʩʰʹʨ
ʫʨ ˃ʨʲʨ-ʻʼʲʬʩʰʹ ˆʬʲˀʰ ˁʨʪʫʬʩʰʹʨʯʭʰʹ ʬʸʯʳʨʴʬʯʯʨʴ
ʫʨʻʴʫʵʩʬʲ ʩʸ˃ʵʲʨʹ ʨ˄ʨʸʳʵʬʩʫʬʴ ʫʨ ˃ʳʨʯʨ ʹʰʹˆʲʰʹ ʺʩʨˀʰ
ʰˆʸˁʵʩʵʫʬʴ. ʪʲʬˆʬʩʰ˂ ʨʳ ʫʸʵʹ ʳʸʨʭʲʨʫ ʰʹʸʰʹʬʩʵʫʬʴ. ʿʭʬʲʨʮʬ
ʳ˃ʰʳʬ ʲʵʫʨʯ ʿʳʬʩʰʹ ʱʰʹʬʸʹ ʬʹ ʻʩʬʫʻʸʬʩʨ ʨʽʭʬʩʵʫʨ, ʸʨʫʪʨʴʨ˂
,,˄ʵʸʰʹ³ ± ʹʰʹˆʲʰʹ ʹʨʼʨʹʻʸʰʹ ʪʨʫʨʳˆʫʬʲʰ ʰʹʰʴʰ ʰʿʭʴʬʴ ʫʨ
ʪʨʸʫʨ ʨʳʰʹʨ ʨʳ ʩʸ˃ʵʲʨˀʰ ʪʨʳʨʸˇʭʬʩʻʲʰ ʩʨʺʵʴʰ ʫʨʳʨʸ˂ˆʬʩʻʲ
ʯʨʭʰʹ ʳʵ˄ʰʴʨʨʾʳʫʬʪʰʹ ˇʨʸˀʰ ʳʿʵʼ ʪʲʬˆʬʩʮʬ ʰʿʸʰʫʨ ˇʨʭʸʹ,
ʻʳʵ˄ʿʨʲʵʫ ʹʶʵʩʫʨ ʳʨʯ ʫʨ ʨʸʩʬʭʫʨ.
ʳʨʪʨʲʰʯʨʫ, ʬ˂ʬʸʰʹ ʩʨʺʵʴʳʨ ʯʨʯʨʸʿʨʴ ʫʨʫʬˀʽʬʲʰʨʴʳʨ ʫʨ
ʳʰʹʳʨ ˀʭʰʲʬʩʳʨ ˇʨʴʹʻˆʳʨ ʫʨ ʵʯʨʸʳʨ 1843 ˄. ˁʻʩʬˆʬʭʰʹ ʳʯʨʭʸʰʹ
ʳʻʸʮʨʿʨʴ ʫʨʫʬˀʽʬʲʰʨʴʰʹ ʹʨʳʯʨʭʸʵ ˂ʬ˂ˆʲʰʯʨ ʫʨ ʳʨˆʭʰʲʰʯ
ʫʨʰʶʿʸʬʹ ʫʨ ʳʻʸʮʨʿʨʴʰʹ 17 ʿʳʨ ʳʵʱʲʬʹ. ˀʬʳʫʬʪ ʫʨʬʸʰʬʴ
ˁʻʩʬˆʬʭʰʹ ʪʲʬˆʱʨ˂ʵʩʨʹ, ʹʨʹʺʰʱʨʯ ʫʨʨʸʩʰʬʹ, ʨʨʵˆʸʬʹ ʫʨ,
ʸʵʹʺʵʭʹʱʰʹ ʯʽʳʰʯ, ʨ˄ʨʸʳʵʬʩʫʬʴ ʭʨ˅ʸʵʩʨʹ ʩʨʭˀʭʬʩʰʯ,
ʽʨʲʰˀʭʰʲʬʩʰʯ, ʽʨʲʬʩʰʯʨ ʫʨ ʳʨʳʨʱʨ˂ʬʩʰʯ 181).
ˆʵʲʵ ʸʵʫʬʹʨ˂ 1851 ˄ʬʲʹ ʳʯʨʭʸʬʩʹ ˀʵʸʰʹ ˀʬʸʰʪʬʩʨ ʳʵˆʫʨ,
ʳʨˀʰʴ ʯʨʯʨʸʿʨʴʰʹ ˀʭʰʲʬʩʰʹʨʪʨʴ ʳʻʸʮʨʿʨʴʹ ʫʨ ʳʰʹ ˃ʳʬʩʹ ʳʰʬʹʨˇʨʯ
ʳʨʯʰ ʩʬʩʰʰʹ ʫʰʪʵʸˆʨʴʰʹ ʹʰʹˆʲˀʰ, ʫʰʹ ʫʨʺʿʭʬʭʬʩʨˀʰ ʫʨ ʹˆʭʨ
390
ʮʨʸʨʲˀʰ 24 ʿʳʨ ʫʨ ʹˆʭʨ ʨʻʨʸʬʩʬʲʰ ʽʵʴʬʩʨ, ʸʵʳʬʲʰ˂ ʪʲʬˆʬʩʳʨ
ʪʨʫʨʰˆʨʫʬʹ ʫʨ, ʸʵʹʺʵʭʹʱʰʹ ʹʰʺʿʭʰʯ ȘȈșȗȓȈȚȐȓȐșȤ ȝȖȌȧȟȍȑ
șȊȈȕȍȚșȒȖȑ ȔȖȕȍȚȖȑ ± ȒȘȍșȚȤȧȕȈȔȐ´ 182) ± ʨʴʪʨʸʰˀʬʩʰ
ʻʸʯʰʬʸʯˀʵʸʰʹ ʪʨʨʹ˄ʵʸʬʹ ʹʭʨʴʻʸʰ ʼʻʲʬʩʰʯ, ʬ. ʰ. ʪʲʬˆʬʩʰʯʵ.
ʹʭʨʴʬʯʰʹ ˄ʨʸʹʻʲʰʹ ʬʸʯ ʬʸʯ ˀʨʭ ʲʨʽʨʹ ˀʬʨʫʪʬʴʹ ʳˀʵʩʲʬʩʰʹ
ʳʰʬʸ ʨˆʨʲ ʫʨʩʨʫʬʩʻʲʰ ʽʨʲʰˀʭʰʲʬʩʰʹ ʫʨˆʸˁʵʩʨ. ʨʳ ʭʬʲʻʸʵʩʰʹ
ˁʨʫʬʴʰʹ ʳʰʮʬʮʨʫ ʱʵʭʨʲʬʭʹʱʰʹ ʳʰʨˁʴʰʨ ʨʽ ʨʸʹʬʩʻʲʰ ʩʨʺʵʴ-ʿʳʻʸʰ
˄ʬʹ-˄ʿʵʩʰʲʬʩʨ, ʸʵʳʲʰʹ ʳʬʵˆʬʩʰʯʨ˂ ʩʨʺʵʴʹ ʻʼʲʬʩʨ ˈʽʵʴʫʨ
ʶʰʸʭʬʲʰ ʾʨʳʰʹʨ, ʫʨ ʹˆʭ. 183).
ʨʫʭʰʲʰ ˀʬʹʨ˃ʲʬʩʬʲʰʨ, ʬʹ ʨʹʬ˂ ʿʵʼʰʲʰʿʵ, ʸʨʫʪʨʴʨ˂ ʩʨʺʵʴʹ
ʻʼʲʬʩʨ ˈʽʵʴʫʨ ʸʵʪʵʸ˂ ʶʰʸʭʬʲʰ ʾʨʳʰʹʨ, ʨʪʸʬʯʭʬ ʽʨʲʬʩʰʹ
ʪʨʿʰʫʭʰʹʨ˂ ʹˆʭʨ ʺʵʳʰʹ ˆʨʲˆˀʰ ʫʨ ʬʹ ʨʲʩʨʫ ʰʳʫʬʴʨʫ
ʹʨʳʨʸ˂ˆʭʰʴʵʫ ʰʯʭʲʬʩʵʫʨ ʳˀʵʩʲʬʩʰʹʨʯʭʰʹ, ʸʵʳ ʳʰʻˆʬʫʨʭʨʫ
ʰʳʰʹʨ, ʸʵʳ ʽʨʲʰˀʭʰʲʰʹ ʳʱʭʲʬʲʰ ʫʬʫʨ ʴʨʱʻʸʯˆ ʳʰ˄ʨˀʰ˂ ʱʰ ʨʸ
ʰʳʨʸˆʬʩʵʫʨ, ʪʨʮʸʫʰʲ ʽʨʲʰˀʭʰʲʰʹ ʴʨʳʻʹʰʹ ʨˆʫʨʹ, ʿʨʸʨˁʬʲ,
ʿʨʩʨʸʫʵʬʲ ʯʨʯʸʬʩʰʹʨʯʭʰʹ ʳʰʿʰʫʭʨʹ ʫʨ ʳʻʫʨʳ ʹʨʺʰʸʲʨʫ
ʪʨʳˆʫʨʸ ʽʨʲʰˀʭʰʲʰʹ ʹʰ˂ʵ˂ˆʲʬʹ, ʳˀʵʩʬʲʰ ʫʬʫʨ ʨʸˁʬʭʫʨ
ʫʨʩʨʫʬʩʰʹ ʫʾʬʹʭʬ ʳʰʹ ʳʵʹʶʵʩʨʹ.
ʬʹʬ˂ ʸʵʳ ʨʸ ʿʵʼʰʲʰʿʵ, ʭʰʴʨʰʫʨʴ ʪʲʬˆʰʹ ʳʯʬʲʰ ʽʵʴʬʩʨ,
ʸʵʪʵʸ˂ ʮʬʳʵʯ ʫʨʭʰʴʨˆʬʯ, ʩʨʺʵʴʹ ʬʱʻʯʭʴʵʫʨ ʫʨ ʿʳʰʹ ʲʻʱʳʨ
ʩʨʺʵʴʰʹ ʱʻ˅ˀʰ ˁʨʫʰʵʫʨ, ˂ˆʨʫʰʨ, ʳˀʵʩʲʬʩʹ ʹʨˀʻʨʲʬʩʨ ʨʸ
ʬʽʴʬʩʵʫʨʯ ʯʨʭʰʨʴʯʰ ˀʭʰʲʬʩʰʹ ʨʾʮʸʫʰʹʨʯʭʰʹ ʫʨ ʨʳʰʺʵʳʨ˂
ʭʨʷʰˀʭʰʲʬʩʰʹ ʨʾʮʸʫʨʹ, ʸʵʪʵʸ˂ ʵˇʨˆʰʹ ʳʨʸˁʬʴʨʲ ʳʻˀʨ ˃ʨʲʰʹʨ
ʫʨ ʳʺʸʰʹʯʭʰʹ ʳʺʸʻʲʰ ʶʨʹʻˆʰʹ ʪʨʳ˂ʬʳ ʬʲʬʳʬʴʺʰʹʨʹ, ʳˀʵʩʲʬʩʰʹ
ʳʰʬʸ ʻʶʰʸʨʺʬʹʵʩʨ ʬ˃ʲʬʵʫʨ. ʩʨʺʵʴʹ ʻʼʲʬʩʨ ˈʽʵʴʫʨ, ʳʯʬʲʰ
ˆʨʲˆʰ, ʭʰʹʨ˂ ʱʰ ʰʨʸʨʾʰʹ ˆʳʨʸʬʩʨ ˀʬʬ˃ʲʵ, ʹʨʵʳʸʨʫ ˄ʨʬʿʭʨʴʨ ʫʨ
ʪʨʸʰʪʬʩʰʹ ʫʸʵʹ ʵʳˀʰ ʫʨˆʵ˂ʰʲ ʿʳʬʩˀʰ ʹʨʼʨʹʻʸʰ ʳʰʬʾʵ.
ʳʨʪʨʲʰʯʨʫ, ʸʵʫʬʹʨ˂ ʰʳʬʸʬʯʰʹ ʻʱʨʴʨʹʱʴʬʲʳʨ ʳʬʼʬʳ ʹʵʲʵʳʵʴʳʨ
ʪʸʰʪʵʲ ʫʨʫʰʨʴʰʹ ˄ʰʴʨʨʾʳʫʬʪ ʪʨʰʲʨˀʽʸʨ ʫʨ ˀʬʨʭʰ˄ʸʵʭʨ,
ʫʨʫʰʨʴʳʨ ʹʯˆʵʭʨ ʹʭʨʴʬʯʰʹ ʳʨˀʰʴʫʬʲ ʳʯʨʭʨʸʹ ʯʬʴʪʰʮ
ʫʨʫʬˀʽʬʲʰʨʴʹ ʫʨˆʳʨʸʬʩʨ. ʻʱʨʴʨʹʱʴʬʲʰ ˄ʨʭʰʫʨ ʹʭʨʴʬʯʰʹ ˇʨʸʰʯ
ʳʰʹ ʫʨʹʨˆʳʨʸʬʩʲʨʫ ʫʨ ʵʳˀʰ ʫʨˆʵ˂ʰʲ ʿʳʬʩˀʰ ʳʰʰʾʵ
ʫʨʫʰʨʴʰʹʨʪʨʴ ʸʨʳʵʫʬʴʰʳʬ ʱʵʳʲʰ ʪʲʬˆʰ ʹʵʼ. ˇʭʨʸˀʰ,
ʮʻʪʫʰʫʰʹ ʳʨʮʸʨˀʰ 184).
ʩʨʺʵʴʹ ʿʵʭʬʲʯʭʰʹ ʪʨʳʵˈʿʨʭʫʨ ʵˇʨˆʰʫʨʴ ʯʰʯʵ ʱʨ˂ʰ ʨʴ
ʽʨʲʰ, ʸʵ˂ʨ ˆʭʴʨ, ʯʬʹʭʨ, ʳʱʨ, ʯʰʩʭʨ, ʶʻʸʰʹ ʪʨʲʬ˄ʭʨ ʨʴ ˀʬˀʰʹ ʳʵ˅ʸʨ-
391
ʳʵʺʨʴʨ ʻʴʫʵʫʨ. ˆʵʲʵ ʸʵ˂ʨ ʹʨˆʲʰʹ ʨˀʬʴʬʩʨʹ ʳʵʰʹʻʸʭʬʩʫʨ, ʰʹ
ʰ˄ʭʬʭʫʨ ,,ʪʲʫʨʳʹ³ ʨʴʻ ʳʯʬʲ ˆʨʲˆʹ ʽʨʲʰʨʴ-ʱʨ˂ʰʨʴ-ˆʨʸʰʨʴʨʫ ʫʨ
ʬʸʯ ʫʾʬʹ ʳʵʨʺʨʴʰʴʬʩʫʨ ʳʯʬʲ ʹʨ˅ʰʸʵ ʳʨʹʨʲʨʹ.
ʸʵʪʵʸ˂ ʨʴʪʲʵ-ʹʨʽʹʬʩʰʹ /RYHEDQHV´-ʮʬ ʪʨʳʵʫʰʵʫʨ ʳʯʬʲʰ
ʳʻˀʨ ˃ʨʲʬʩʰ, ʰʹʬ ˆʭʴʰʹ, ʯʬʹʭʰʹ, ʿʨʴʬʩʰʹ ʳʵʳʱʰʹ, ʯʰʭʰʹ ʳʵʯʰʩʭʰʹ
ʫʸʵʹ ʳʯʬʲʰ ʹʭʨʴʬʯʰʹ ʪʲʬˆʵʩʨ ʭʨʲʫʬʩʻʲʰ ʰʿʵ ʬʳʻˀʨʭʴʨ
ʯʨʭʨʫʬʩʰʹ ʹʨʹʨʸʪʬʩʲʵʫ, ʨʳʩʵʩʹ ʱʵʭʨʲʬʭʹʱʰ 185).
ʪʨʸʫʨ ʨʳʰʹʨ, ʿʳʨ ʨ˃ʲʬʭʫʨ ʩʨʺʵʴʹ ʿʵʭʬʲ ʹʨʳʰ ˄ʲʰʹ ʩʵʲʵʹ
ʬʸʯ ˃ʸʵˆʨʹ, ʹʨʨˆʨʲ˄ʲʵʫ ʿʵʭʬʲ˄ʲʰʻʸʨʫ 20 ʳʨʴʬʯʹ, ʳʰ˄ʰʹ ʩʨʷʹ
ʸʵʪʵʸ˂ ʩʨʸˀʰ ʰʹʬ ʳʯʨˀʰ ˀʬʳʵʹʨʭʲʰʹ ʴʨˆʬʭʨʸʹ, ʹʨˆʲʰʹ ʨˀʬʴʬʩʰʹ
ʫʸʵʹ ʬʸʯ ʹʨʱʰʸʬˀʰ 30 ʳʨʴ., ʵʸˀʰ 60 ʳ. ˄ʰʹʽʭʰʲʰʹʨ ʫʨ ˆʰʹ ʹʨˆʲʰʹ
ʨˀʬʴʬʩʨˀʰ 10 ʳʨʴʬʯʹ. ʿʵʭʬʲʰ ʪʲʬˆʰ ʻʱʭʬʩʨʭʫʨ ʩʨʺʵʴʹ ʯʭʰʯʵ
ʶʰʸʻʺʿʭʹ, ʫʨ ʯʻ ʳʵʻʱʭʫʬʩʵʫʨ, ʹʨʳʨʪʰʬʸʵ ʻʴʫʨ ʪʨʫʨʬˆʨʫʨ.
ʪʲʬˆʰʹ ʽʭʸʰʭʰʹ ʪʨʯˆʵʭʬʩʰʹ ʫʸʵʹ ʩʨʺʵʴʰ ʾʬʩʻʲʵʩʫʨ
ʹʨʽʭʸʰʭʵʹ 60 ʳʨʴʬʯʨʳʫʬ, ʫʨ ʸʨʫʪʨʴʨ˂ ʬʹ ʩʨʺʵʴʰʹ ˀʬʳʵʹʨʭʨʲ
˄ʿʨʸʵʹ ˀʬʨʫʪʬʴʫʨ, ˆˀʰʸʨʫ ˆʨʴˀʰ ˀʬʹʻʲ ʽʭʸʰʭʹ ˃ʨʲʫʨʺʨʴʬʩʰʯ
ʨʯˆʵʭʬʩʫʬʴ. ʪʲʬˆʹ ʨʸ ˀʬʬ˃ʲʵ ʩʨʺʵʴʰʹ ʴʬʩʨʫʨʻʸʯʭʬʲʨʫ
˂ʵʲʰʹ ˀʬʸʯʭʨ, ˆʵʲʵ ʸʵ˂ʨ ʴʬʩʨʹ ʳʰʹ˂ʬʳʫʨ, ʨʳʨˀʰ ʩʨʷʰ ʻʴʫʨ
ʳʰʬʾʵ 50 ʳʨʴʬʯʨʳʫʬ.
ʱʨ˂ʰʹ ʳʱʭʲʬʲʹ ʩʨʺʵʴʰ ˇʨʸʰʳʰʹ ʹʨˆʰʯ ʨˆʫʬʭʰʴʬʩʫʨ 300 ʳʨʴ.,
ʽʻʸʫʵʩʰʹʯʭʰʹ ʿʳʨ ʰˆʫʰʫʨ ˇʨʸʰʳʨʹ 200 ʳʨʴ., ʱʨ˂ʰʹ ʳ˃ʰʳʬʫ
ʫʨ˅ʸʰʹʨʯʭʰʹ 100 ʳʨʴʬʯʹ.
ʿʳʰʹ ʳʹʻʽʨʴʰ ʹʨʽʵʴʬʲʰ ʯʻ ʩʨʺʵʴʹ ʳʵʬ˄ʵʴʬʩʵʫʨ, ʶʨʺʸʵʴʰʹ
ʫʨʻʱʰʯˆʨʭʨʫ ʰ˅ʬʸʫʨ ʫʨ ʱʲʨʭʫʨ. ʱʨʸʪʰ ˆʨʸʰ, ʳʬ˄ʭʬʲʰ ˃ʸʵˆʨ ʨʴ
˂ˆʬʴʰ ʭʰʴʳʬʹ ʹʨˆʲˀʰ ʯʻ ʳʵʬ˄ʵʴʬʩʵʫʨ ʩʨʺʵʴʹ, ʳʰˈʿʨʭʫʨ ʫʨ ʻʨʸʰʹ
ʯʽʳʨ ʪʲʬˆʹ ʨʸ ˀʬʬ˃ʲʵ. ʽʨʯʨʳʰ, ˂ˆʭʨʸʰ, ˆʩʵ ʫʨ ʨʳʰʹʯʨʴʬʩʰ ˆʵʳ
ʹʻʲ ʩʨʺʵʴʬʩʰʹ ˃ʾʭʬʴʹ ˀʬʨʫʪʬʴʫʨ. ʨʸʨʿʰʹ ʪʨʳʵˆʫʬʲʰʹʨʯʭʰʹ
ʳʨʸʯʨʲʰʨ ʹʨʭʨʲʫʬʩʻʲʵ ʨʸ ʰʿʵ ʩʨʷʰ ʪʨʫʨʬˆʨʫʨ, ʳʨʪʸʨʳ
ʴʨʯʨʭʬʫʰ ʨʸʨʿʰʹ ʳʰʺʨʴʨ ʩʨʺʵʴʯʨʴ ˁʭʬʻʲʬʩʨʫ ˈʽʵʴʫʨʯ
ʪʨʫʨʽ˂ʬʻʲʰ, ʫʨ ʸʵʳ ʨʸ ʳʰʬʸʯʳʰʨʯ, ʩʨʺʵʴʰʹ ʸʰʹˆʭʰʹ
ʫʨʳʹʨˆʻʸʬʩʰʹʨ ʬˀʰʴʵʫʨʯ.
ʪʲʬˆʰ ʭʨʲʫʬʩʻʲʰ ʰʿʵ ʬʼʰ˂ʨ ʩʨʺʵʴʰʹ ʯʭʨʲʬʩʰ, ,,ʳʨˆʭˀʰʨˀ
ʯʬʸʨʾʵ³ ± ʩʨʺʵʴʰʹ ʯʭʨʲʬʩʹ ʭʼʰ˂ʨʭʵ. ʩʨʺʵʴʰʹ ʺʻˁʬʩˀʰ ʨʴʻ
ʶʰʸʰʹʨˆʬʮʬ ʱʵ˂ʴʨ ʪʲʬˆʹ ʨʸ ˀʬʬ˃ʲʵ ʫʨ ʰʳʨʹʨ˂ ʫʰʫʨʫ ʨʳʨʫʲʰʫʨ
ʪʲʬˆʹ, ʯʻ ʳʱʬʸʫʹ ʳʰʻˀʭʬʸʫʨ ʹʨʱʵ˂ʴʬʲʨʫ ʨʴ ˆʬʲʮʬ
ʨʳʯˆʭʬʭʰʴʬʩʫʨ.
392
 ʸʻʹʬʯˀʰ ʨʲʬʽʹʨʴʫʸʬ ʳʬʵʸʬʹ 19 ʯʬʩ. 1861 ˄. ʳʨʴʰʼʬʹʺʰʯ
ʩʨʺʵʴ-ʿʳʵʩʰʹ ʪʨʻʽʳʬʩʰʹ ˀʬʳʫʬʪ ʹʭʨʴʬʯˀʰ ʨʳ ʹʨʽʳʬʮʬ ʳʻˀʨʵʩʨ
ʳʯʨʭʸʵʩʨʳ 1866 ˄. ʳʨʸʺˀʰ ʫʨʰ˄ʿʵ.
1869 ˄. ʨʳ ʹʨʽʳʬʮʬ ʹʭʨʴʬʯˀʰ ʪʨʬʳʪʮʨʭʸʨ ʽʻʯʨʰʹʰʹ
ʪʻʩʬʸʴʨʺʵʸʰ ʾʸʨʼʰ ʲʬʭʨˀʵʭʰ. ʳʰʹʰ ʳʻˀʨʵʩʨ ʪʨʯʨʭʫʨ ʳʰʯ, ʸʵʳ
ʪʲʬˆʬʩʹ ʳʰʬʮʵʳʨʯ ʫʨ ʹʨʱʻʯʸʬʩʨʯ ʳʰʬ˂ʨʯ 5 ʽ˂ʬʭʨ ʹʨˆʳʨʸʰ ʳʰ˄ʨ
ʳʵʹʨˆʲʰʹ ʯʨʭʮʬ ʫʨ ʨʳʨˀʰ ʯʨʭʨʫʬʩʳʨ ʳʰʰʾʬʹ ʳʨʳʨʱʨ˂ʰʹ ʯʨʭʮʬ 50
ʳʨʴʬʯʰ. ʨʳ ʫʸʵʰʫʨʴ ʯʨʭʨʫʬʩʹ ʨʾʬʱʭʬʯʨʯ ʪʲʬˆʬʩʰʹ ʪʨʿʰʫʭʨ,
ʱʨ˂ʰʹ ʳʵʱʭʲʨˀʰ, ʽʻʸʫʵʩʨˀʰ, ʱʨ˂ʰʹ ʫʨ˅ʸʨˀʰ, ʽʨʲʰʹ ʪʨʯˆʵʭʬʩʨˀʰ,
ʺʰʸʰʲˀʰ ʩʨʷʬʩʰʹ ʳʰʾʬʩʨ. ʳʨʪʸʨʳ ʹʭʨʴʬʩʰʹ ʹʵ˂ʰʨʲʻʸʰ
ʳʫʪʵʳʨʸʬʵʩʨ ʨʳʰʹ ˀʬʳʫʬʪʨ˂ ʯʰʯʽʳʰʹ ʨʸ ˀʬ˂ʭʲʰʲʨ, ʸʨʫʪʨʴ 5
ʽ˂ʬʭʨ ʳ˄ʰʸʰ ʳʰ˄ʨ ʹʭʨʴʰʹ ʳʸʨʭʨʲʸʰ˂ˆʵʭʨʴ ʵˇʨˆʰʹ ˄ʬʭʸʯʨ
ʨʸʹʬʩʵʩʰʹʨʯʭʰʹ ʨʸʨʸʨʹ ˄ʨʸʳʵʨʫʪʬʴʫʨ, ʪʲʬˆʬʩʰ ʨʳʰʹ ˀʬʳʫʬʪʨ˂
ʯʰʯʽʳʰʹ ʩʨʺʵʴʰʹ ʹʸʻʲ ʬʱʵʴʵʳʰʻʸ ʫʨʳʵʱʰʫʬʩʻʲʬʩʨˀʰ ʫʨʸˁʬʴ.
ʨʳʴʨʰʸʨʫ, ʪʲʬˆʬʩʰʹ ʳʫʪʵʳʨʸʬʵʩʨ ʨʸʹʬʩʰʯʨʫ ʨʸ ˀʬ˂ʭʲʰʲʨ. ʳʨʯʰ
ʪʻʲʰʹ ʺʱʰʭʰʲʬʩʰ ʨʳʰʹ ˀʬʳʫʬʪʨ˂ ʪʨʴʻʹʨʮʾʭʸʬʲʰ ʰʿʵ, ˆʵʲʵ
ʳʫʪʵʳʨʸʬʵʩʨ ʨʻʺʨʴʬʲʰ ʫʨ ʹʻʲʰʹ ˀʬʳˆʻʯʨʭʰ. ʰʹʰʴʰ ʳʻʫʨʳ
ʫʨʹʺʰʸʵʫʬʴ ʯʨʭʰʹ ʩʬʫʹ, ʴʨ˃ʸʨˆ ʹʰ˂ʵ˂ˆʲʬʹ ʫʨ ʻ˂ʫʰʫʬʴ
,,ʾʭʯʰʹʪʨʴ ʳʵʭʲʰʴʬʩʻʲ ˀʭʬʲʨʹ³ʳʨʪʸʨʳ ˆʹʴʨ ʨʸʹʨʰʫʨʴ ʰʿʵ.

17DzȕdzȖȉȈȕȖȊǸȖșȚȖȊșȒȐȑǫȈȏDzȈȊȒȈȏ³ȋȹǹȚȖȧȕȖȊǯȈȗ. DzȈȊ. ǶȚȌ.

ǰȔȗ. Ǹțș. ǫȍȖȋȘ. ǶȉȠ. Dzȕ. ǽ. Ȋ. șȚȘ. 367.
178) ʽʨʩʨʩʰ ± ʺʰʸʰʲʰʹʯʭʰʹ ʪʨʳʵʳ˂ˆʭʨʸʰ ʫʰʫʰ ʶʻʸʰ.
179) ʮʬʽʨ ʨʸʰʹ ʨʸʨʿʰʹ ʹʨ˄ʿʨʭʰ ʫʵʽʰ, ʸʵʳʬʲˀʰ˂ 8 ʩʵʯʲʰ ʨʸʨʿʰ ˁʨʫʰʹ.
180) DzȖȊȈȓȍȊșȒȐȑǯȈȒȖȕȣȐȖȉȣȟȈȑȕȈDzȈȊȒȈȏȍȚ,,șȚȘȐ
DzȕdzȖȉȈȕȖȊǸȖșȚȖȊșȒȐȑǫȈȏDzȈȊȒȈȏ´ȋȹ
DzȕdzȖȉȈȕȖȊǸȖșȚȖȊșȒȐȑȋȈȏDzȈȊȒȈȏ´ȋȹ
DzȖȊȈȓȍȊșȒȐȑǯȈȒȐȖȉȣȟȕȈDzȈȊȒȚIIșȚȘ
184) ʰˆ. ʳʵˆʹʬʴʬʩʨ ʹʭʨʴʬʯʰʹ ʳʯʨʭʸʰʴʰʹ ʫʰʪʵʸˆʨʴʰʹʨ ʩʨʸʵʴ ʸʵʮʬʴʰʹʨʫʳʰ 14
ʰʭʲʰʹʹ 1835 ˄. (ʹʨʽ. ʪʨʴʨʯʲ. ʱʵʳʰʹ. ˂ʬʴʺʸʨʸʽʰʭʰ. ʹʭʨʴʬʯʰʹ ʹʨʽʳʬʬʩʰ).
185) DzȖȊȈȓȍȊșȒȐȑ. ǯȈȒ. ȐȖȉȣȟȕȈDzȈȊȒȈȏȍȚIIșȚȘ. 43.

393
VI
 „…Šˆ‘£ˆŒ‘ ˆ ‹˜ €€ Š„—š‘‹-…€Œ„‡–ˆ
1905 ¡.

1903 ˄ʬʲʹ ʹʭʨʴʬʯˀʰ ʹʭʨʴʬʯˀʰ ʫʨʰ˄ʿʵ ʳʻˀʨʵʩʨ ʨʸʹʬʩʻʲ ˄ʬʹ-

˄ʿʵʩʰʲʬʩʰʹ ˄ʰʴʨʨʾʳʫʬʪ ʫʨ ʳʰʹ ʫʨʹʨʳˆʵʩʨʫ ˆʨʲˆʰʹ ʳʮʨʫʬʩʨ.
ʮʬʳʵ ʹʭʨʴʬʯˀʰ ʨʳ ʹʨʽʳʰʹ ʹʨ˃ʰʸʱʭʲʰʹ ˁʨʳʿʸʬʲʰ ʫʨ ʳʻˀʨʵʩʰʹ
ʫʨʳ˄ʿʬʩʰ ʰʿʵ ʽʻʯʨʰʹʰʹ ʱʲʨʹʰʱʻʸʰ ʪʰʳʴʨʮʰʰʹ ʳʬʬʽʭʹʬ ʱʲʨʹʰʹ
ʳʵ˄ʨʼʬ ʯʨʭ. ʯʬʴʪʰʮ ʫʨʫʬˀʽʬʲʰʨʴʰ.
1903-1905 ˄ʲʨʳʫʬ ʰʹ ʼʨʸʻʲ ʳʻˀʨʵʩʨʹ ʬ˄ʬʵʫʨ ʫʨ ʶʰʸʭʬʲʰ
ʵʸʪʨʴʰʮʨ˂ʰʨ ʳʰʹ ʳʰʬʸ ʰʽʴʨ ʫʨʨʸʹʬʩʻʲʰ ʯʨʭʰʹ ʹʵʼʬʲˀʰ ʳʨʮʬʸˀʰ.
1905 ˄ʲʰʫʨʴ ʱʰ ʰʹ ʨˀʱʨʸʨʫ ʪʨʳʵʭʰʫʨ ʳʯʭʸʵʩʰʹ ˄ʰʴʨʨʾʳʫʬʪ. ʨʳ
ʳʻˀʨʵʩʨʹ ʳʨʹʯʨʴ ʬʸʯʨʫ 1905 ˄. ʹʨʯʨʭʬˀʰ ˁʨʻʫʪʬʴ ʨʫʪʰʲʵʩʸʰʭʰ
ʳʨʹ˄ʨʭʲʬʩʲʬʩʰ: ʭʨʸʲʨʳ ʪʬʲʵʭʨʴʰ, ʫʨʴʰʬʲ ʽʰʴʽʲʨ˃ʬ, ʲʬʭʨʴ
ˇʨʱʵʩʰʨ, ʫʨʭʰʯ ˆʻ˂ʰˀʭʰʲʰ, ʱʵʸʴʬʲʰ ˇʻʾʬʲʰ ʫʨ ʳʬʻʾʲʬ ʳʰʹʰ
ʳʨʸʰʨʳ ˀʬʸʭʨˀʰ˃ʰʹ ʨʹʻʲʰ, ʳʰˆʬʰʲ ʱʭʨ˅ʨ˃ʬ, ʳʾ. ʫʨʸʰʹʶʨʴ ʳʨʸʪʰʨʴʰ,
ʳʰˆʬʰʲ ʹʻʩʨʺʨˀʭʰʲʰ, ʬ. ʪʬʲʵʭʨʴʰ, ʫʨʴʰʬʲ ʽʰʴʽʲʨ˃ʬ, ʲʬʭʨʴ
ˇʨʱʵʩʰʨ ʫʨ ʳʾʭʫ. ʹʻʩʨʺʨˀʭʰʲʰ.
ʳʨʹ˄ʨʭʲʬʩʲʵʩʰʹ ʻʳʯʨʭʸʬʹ ʪʻʲʰʹ ʺʱʰʭʰʲʹ ˀʬʨʫʪʬʴʫʨ
ʹʭʨʴʬʯʰʹ ʹʱʵʲʬʩˀʰ ʯʭʰʯʳʶʿʸʵʩʬʲʵʩʰʹ ʳʰʬʸ ʪʨʳʨʸʻʹʬʩʬʲ
ʶʵʲʰʺʰʱʰʹ ˄ʨʸʳʵʬʩʨ ʫʨ ʽʨʸʯʻʲʰ ʬʴʰʹ ʹʨˀʰʴʬʲʰ ʫʬʭʴʨ.
1905 ˄ʬʲʹ ˆʨʲˆʰ ʶʰʸʭʬʲʨʫ ʹʵʼʬʲ ʳʨʮʬʸˀʰ ʪʨʳʵʭʰʫʨ ʯ.
ʯʨʯʨʸʿʨʴ ʫʨʫʬˀʽʬʲʰʨʴʰʹ ˄ʰʴʨʨʾʳʫʬʪ. ʫʨ ʸʵʫʬʹʨ˂ ʯʨʯʨʸʿʨʴʰʹ
ʳʰʬʸ ʹ. ʳʨʮʬʸˀʰ ʪʨʪʮʨʭʴʰʲʰ ʰʽʴʬʴ ʺʿʨˁʻʬʩʰ (ʹʨʩʨʲʨˆʵʬʩʰʹʨ ʫʨ
ʺʿʰʹ ʩʨʷʰʹ ʨʳʱʸʬʼʴʰ) ʫʨ ʳʵʻʸʨʭʬʩʰ ʩʨʷʬʩʰʹ ʨʹʨʱʸʬʼʨʫ. ʨʳ
ʹʵʼʲʰʹ ʨˆʨʲʪʨʮʸʫʵʩʨ ʯʬʴʪʰʮʰʹ ʳʬʯʨʻʸʵʩʰʯ ʳʨʯ ˄ʰʴʨʾʻʫʪʨ.
ʩʨʷʬʩʰʹ ʳʰʾʬʩʨʮʬ ʱʨʺʬʪʵʸʰʻʲʰ ʻʨʸʰ ʪʨʳʵʻ˂ˆʨʫʨ, ˄ʰʴʨʫʨʫʬʩʨ
ʳʰʹ˂ʨ ʫʨʻʿʵʭʴʬʩʲʰʭ ˄ʨʹʻʲʰʿʭʴʬʴ ʳʨʮʬʸʰʫʨʴ ʫʨ ʳʬʵʸʬʫ ʨʳ
ʹʨʽʳʬʮʬ ʨʾʨʸ ʳʵʩʸʻʴʬʩʻʲʰʿʭʴʬʴ. ʩʨʷʬʩʰʹ ʨʳʱʸʬʼʴʰ ʸʵʳ
ˆʬʲ˂ʨʸʰʬʲʴʰ ʫʨʩʸʻʴʫʬʴ ʯʨʭʰʹ ʩʨʺʵʴʯʴ ʫʨ ʪʨʫʨʹ˂ʬʹ
ʳʨʮʬʸʬʲʬʩʰʹ ʫʨ ʯʬʴʪʰʮʰʹ ʳʰʹ ˄ʰʴʨʨʾʳʫʬʪ ʪʨʳʵʹʭʲʰʹ ʨʳʩʨʭʰ,
ʯʨʯʨʸʿʨʴʳʨ ʯʨʭʰʹʰ ʩʰ˃ʨ ʳʵʹʵʹʺʸ ʫʨʫʬˀʽʬʲʰʨʴʰ ʹʨˁʽʨʸʵʫ
ʪʨʪʮʨʭʴʨ ʳʨʯʯʨʴ ʳʵ˂ʰʽʻʲʨʫ ʫʨ ˀʬʻʯʭʨʲʨ ʯʬʴʪʰʮʹ: ,,ʴʻ ʾʻʶʨʭ
ʫʨ ʴʻ ʨʿʬʴʬʩ ˆʨʲˆʹ ˀʬʳ˂ʫʨʸ ʪʮʨʮʬʵ³ ˆʨʲˆʳʨ ʯʨʭʰ ʳʵʰʿʨʸʨ ʫʨ
ʯʨʯʨʸʿʨʴʹ ʳʰʹʰ ʳʵ˂ʰʽʻʲʰʹ ʶʰʸʰʯ ʩʨʷʬʩʰʹ ʳʰ˂ʬʳʨʮʬ ʻʨʸʰ
ˀʬʻʯʭʨʲʨ ʫʨ ʯʨʴ ʹʯˆʵʭʨ, ʸʵʳ ʨʳ ʹʨʽʳʬʮʬ ʨʳʰʬʸʰʫʨʴ ʳʨʯʯʨʴ
394
ʨʸʨʭʰʴ ʪʨʳʵʬʪʮʨʭʴʨ. ʯʬʴʪʰʮʳʨ ʯʨʭʰʹʰ ʳˆʸʰʯ ʯʨʯʨʸʿʨʴʹ ʨʹʬ
ˀʬʻʯʭʨʲʨ: ,,ʳʬ ˆʨʲˆʹ ʨʸ ʭʨ˂ʫʬʴ , ʨʸʨʳʬʫ ʳˆʨʸʹ ʭʻ˅ʬʸ, ʸʵʳ ʰʹ
ʨʳʰʬʸʰʫʨʴ ʳʨʰʴ˂ ʨʸ ʰʿʵʹ ʹˆʭʰʹʰ ʲʻʱʳʨ ʫʨ ʿʻʸʳʵ˅ʸʰʲʰ ʳʵʴʨʵ³
ʫʨ ʹˆʭʨ..
ʳʵʹʵʹʺʸʰʳ ʸʵʳ ʫʨʳʨʱʳʨʿʵʼʰʲʬʩʬʲʰ ʶʨʹʻˆʰ ʭʬʸ ʳʰʰʾʵ,
ʫʨʩʸʻʴʫʨ ʯʨʯʨʸʿʨʴʯʨʴ ʫʨ ʪʨʫʨʹ˂ʨ ʿʵʭʬʲʰʭʬ. ʨʳʰʹ ˀʬʳʫʬʪ
ʯʨʯʨʸʿʨʴʰ ʯʨʭʰʹʰ ʨʳʨʲʰʯ ˀʬʭʰʫʨ ʩʬˁʵˀʰ ʫʨ ʹʵʼ. ˅ʱʰʫʰʨʴʨʸˀʰ
ʫʨʩʨʴʨʱʫʨ.
ʨʳ ʫʸʵʹ ˂ˆʻʳʨʸˀʰ˂ ʻʱʭʬ ʳ˃ʲʨʭʸʰ ʵʸʪʨʴʰʮʨ˂ʰʨ ʰʿʵ
ʫʨʨʸʹʬʩʻʲʰ ʳʨʹ˄ʨʭʲʬʩʬʲ ʫʨʴʰʬʲ ʽʰʴʽʲʨ˃ʰʹ, ʳʨ˂ʪʰ ʪʵˀʭʨʴʰʹ,
ʭʨʹʰʲ ʨʸʾʭʲʰʨʴʰʹ, ʴʰʱʵʲʵʮ ʨʸʾʭʲʰʨʴʰʹ, ʪʬʿʭʨ ʨʸʾʭʲʰʨʴʰʹ ʫʨ
ʨʸˁʰʲ ˇʨ˅ʭʲʰʨʴʰʹ ʯʨʵʹʴʵʩʰʯ. ʨʳ ʵʸʪʨʴʰʮʨ˂ʰʰʹ
˄ʨʸʳʵʳʨʫʪʬʴʲʬʩʰ ʴʰʱ. ʨʸʾʭʲʰʨʴʰ ʫʨ ʳʨ˂ʪʰ ʪʵˀʭʨʴʰ ʪʨʰʪʮʨʭʴʬʴ
ʯʬʴʪʰʮʯʨʴ ʫʨ ʪʨʫʨʹ˂ʬʹ ʳʨʹ, ʸʵʳ ʳʯʬʲʰ ˂ˆʻʳʨʸʰʹ
ʨˆʨʲʪʨʮʸʫʵʩʨ ʳʮʨʫʨʨ ʳʨʮʬʸʹ ˀʬʻʬʸʯʫʬʹ ʫʨ ˀʬˈʼʰ˂ʵʹʵ.
˂ˆʻʳʨʸ-ʳʨʮʬʸʰʹ ʸʬʭʵʲʻ˂ʰʵʴʬʸʯʨ ʶʰʸʭʬʲʰ ˀʬʬʸʯʬʩʻʲʰ
ʱʸʬʩʨ ʪʨʰʳʨʸʯʨ ʹ. ʳʨʮʬʸˀʰ 1905 ˄. ʨʶʸʰʲˀʰ, ˆʵʲʵ ʳʬʵʸʬ ʱʸʬʩʨ
ʳʨʰʹʰʹ ʫʨʳʲʬʭʹ ʻˀˆʭʨʴʨʸˀʰ. ʱʸʬʩʰʹ ˀʬʳʫʬʪ ˆʨʲˆʰ ˄ʨʭʰʫʨ
ʻˀˆʭʨʴʨʸʰʹ ʬʱʲʬʹʰʨˀʰ, ʹʨʫʨ˂ ʼʰ˂ʰ ʳʰʰʾʬʹ, ʸʵʳ ʨʳʰʬʸʰʫʨʴ ˆʨʲˆʹ
ˀʬʬ˄ʿʭʰʺʨ ʿʵʭʬʲʪʭʨʸʰ ʫʨʳʵʱʰʫʬʩʻʲʬʩʨ ʨʫʪʰʲʵʩʸʰʭ
ʳʯʨʭʸʵʩʨʹʯʨʴ ʫʨ ʯʨʭʰʹ ʩʨʺʵʴʬʩʯʨʴ.
ʪʨʰʪʵ ʯʻ ʨʸʨ ʨʫʪʰʲʵʩʸʰʭʳʨ ʩʵʽʨʻʲʳʨ ʨʲʰ ʪʨʸʫʨʼˆʨ˃ʬʳ
ˆʨʲˆʰʹ ʨʹʬʯʰ ʪʨʫʨ˄ʿʭʬʺʰʲʬʩʨ, ʳʯʬʲʰ ʯʨʭʰʹʰ ˃ʨʲʬʩʰʯ
ʻˀˆʭʨʴʰʹʨʱʬʴ ʪʨʬˀʻʸʨ. ˆʨʲˆʳʨ ʸʵʳ ʳʰʹʱʬʴ ʳʰʳʨʭʨʲʰ ʩʵʽʨʻʲʰ ʫʨ
ˁʨʼʸʬʩʰ ʫʨʰʴʨˆʨ, ʨʾʬʲʫʨ, ʳʵʬʳʮʨʫʨ ʹʨʩʸ˃ʵʲʭʬʲʫʨ ʫʨ
ʬʱʲʬʹʰʰʹ ʪʨʲʨʭʨʴˀʰ ʫʨ ʳʰʹ ʳʰʫʨʳʵʬʩˀʰ ˁʨʬʹʨʼʸʨ. ʩʵʽ.
ʪʨʸʫʨʼˆʨ˃ʬʹʯʨʴ ʹʨʳʰ ʱʨ˂ʰ ʪʨʪʮʨʭʴʬʹ ˄ʰʴʨʫʨʫʬʩʰʹ ʳʰʹʨ˂ʬʳʨʫ. ʸʵʳ
ʨʴ ʻʱʨʴ ʫʨʩʸʻʴʬʩʻʲʰʿʵ ʨʴ ʳʵʹʻʲʰʿʵ ʱʸʬʩʨʮʬ ˄ʿʴʨʸʨʫ,
ʳˀʭʰʫʵʩʰʨʴʨʫ ʫʨ ʨʸʨʭʰʯʨʸʰ ʹʨ˄ʰʴʨʨʾʳʫʬʪʵ ʮʵʳʬʩʰʹ ʳʰʾʬʩʨ ʨʸ
ʪʨʬʩʬʫʴʨ.
ʩʵʽʨʻʲʳʨ ʨʾʻʯʽʭʨ ˆʨʲˆʹ, ʸʵʳ ʰʹ ʳʨʯ ʨʸʨʼʬʸʹ ʫʨʻˀʨʭʬʩʫʨ,
ʳʰʭʰʫʨ ʰʽ, ʹʨʫʨ˂ ˆʨʲˆʰ ʰʿʵ ʯʨʭʳʵʿʸʰʲʰ ʫʨʹʨʼʰ˂ʬʩʲʨʫ,
ʪʨʨʼʸʯˆʰʲʨ ˆʨʲˆʰ, ʸʵʳ ʺʿʻʰʲʨ ʯʨʭʰ ʨʸ ʫʨʬʾʻʶʨʯ, ʳʰʳʨʸʯʨ
ʯʬʴʪʰʮʹ ʹʨʿʭʬʫʻʸʬʩʰʯ ʫʨ ʻʯˆʸʨ: ,,ˀʬʴ ʯʻ ˀʬʴʰ ʯʨʭʰ ʨʸ
ʪʬʴʨʴʬʩʨ, ʨʳ ˆʨʲˆʹ ʳʨʰʴ˂ ʸʨʫ ʨ˂ʫʬʴ ʫʨ ʾʻʶʨʭʵ³ ʯʬʴʪʰʮʳʨ
ʻʶʨʹʻˆʨ: ,,ʳʬ ˆʨʲˆʹ ʱʰ ʨʸ ʭʨ˂ʫʬʴ, ʨʸʨʳʬʫ ʱʬʯʰʲ ʪʮʨʮʬ ʭʨʿʬʴʬʩʵ.
395
ˀʬʴ ʱʰ ʳʨʸʺʵ ʳʨʪ ˀʬʴʹ ʶʨʪʵʴʬʩʹ ʬʳʹʨˆʻʸʬʩʰʵ³ ˆʨʲˆʳʨ ʳʨʹ
ʪʨʳʵʻ˂ˆʨʫʨ, ʸʵʳ ʨʳʰʬʸʰʫʨʴ ˆʨʲˆʰʹ ʹʶʵʩʹ ʳʯʭʸʵʩʨʹʯʨʴ
ʫʨʳʵʱʰʫʬʩʻʲʬʩʨʹ, ʨʿʬʴʬʩʹ ˆʨʲˆʰʹ ʳʰʬʸ ʨʳʵʸˁʬʻʲ ʨʹʰʹʯʭʬʩʹ ʫʨ
ʸʨʮʳʬʩʹ ˄ʬʹʸʰʪʰʹ ʫʨʹʨ˂ʨʭʨʫ. ʫʨ ʨʫʳʰʴʰʹʺʸʨ˂ʰʨ˂ ˀʬʸ˂ˆʭʬʴʰʲʰ
ʻʱʨʴ ʫʨʩʸʻʴʫʨ.
ʨʳʰʹ ˀʬʳʫʬʪ ʿʭʬʲʨ ʯʨʭʨʫʬʩʳʨ ʯʨʭʰ ʳʵʰʿʨʸʬʹ ʬ˂ʬʸʰʹ
ʹʨʹʨˆʲʬˀʰ, ʪʨʫʨ˄ʿʭʰʺʬʹ ʩʸ˃ʵʲʨ ʯʨʭʫʨ˂ʭʰʹʯʭʰʹ ʫʨ ʪʨʳʨʪʸʫʬʴ
ʬ˂ʬʸʰʹ ˂ʰˆʬ-ʹʰʳʨʪʸʬˀʰ, ʳʯʬʲʰ ʯʨʭʰʹʰ ˃ʨʲʬʩʰʯ ʫʨ
ʨʫʪʰʲʵʩʸʰʭʰ ʨʫʳʰʴʰʹʺʸʨ˂ʰʰʹ ʴʨ˄ʰʲʰʯ.
ʪʨʰʪʵ ʯʻ ʨʸʨ ʿʵʭʬʲʰʭʬ ʬʹ ʬ˂ʬʸʰʹ ʪʲʬˆʱʨ˂ʵʩʨʳ, ʹ. ʹ.
ʲʨʫʸʬʸˀʰ, ʲʨˀˆʸʨˀʰ, ʲʨʴʺʬʲˀʰ, ʻʾʭʨʲʫˀʰ, ˂ʨʲʨʴʨʸˀʰ ʫʨ
ʰʹʱʨʸˀʰ ʳ˂ˆʵʭʸʬʩʲʬʩʳʨ, ʪʨʫʨ˄ʿʭʰʺʬʹ ˂ˆʻʳʨʸ-ʳʨʮʬʸʯʨʴ ʫʨ
ʩʬˁʭʯʨʴ ˀʬʬʸʯʬʩʨ ʫʨ ˀʬʼʰ˂ʬʩʨ. ʨʳʴʨʰʸʨʫ ʯʰʯʽʳʰʹ ʻʳʸʨʭʲʬʹʰ
ʴʨ˄ʰʲʰ ʹʨʫʨʫʬˀʽʬʲʰʨʴʵ ʹʭʨʴʬʯʰʹʨ ˀʬʬʸʯʫʨ ʳʯʨʭʸʵʩʰʹʨ ʫʨ
ʯʨʭʨʫʬʩʰʹ ʹʨ˄ʰʴʨʨʾʳʫʬʪʵʫ ʫʨ ʸʵʫʬʹʨ˂ ʿʭʬʲʨʴʰ ʬʸʯʨʫ
ʫʨʹʨʼʰ˂ʬʩʲʨʫ ʳʰʫʰʵʫʬʴ ʬ˂ʬʸʰʹ ʨʴʻ ʼˆʵʺʸʬʸʰʹ ʳʯʨʭʨʸ
ʨʴʪʬʲʵʮʰʹ ʬʱʲʬʹʰʨʮʬ, ʨʳ ʫʸʵʹ ʬ˂ʬʸʰʹ ʹʨʹʨˆʲʰʫʨʴ ʯʨʭ.
ʫʨʫʬˀʽʬʲʰʨʴʬʩʳʨ ʫʨʻˀʰʴʬʹ ʳʨʯ ʮʨʸʩʨʮʴʬʩʰ, ʳʨʪʸʨʳ ˆʨʲˆʰʫʨʴ
ʨʸʨʭʰʴ ʫʨʮʨʸʨʲʬʩʻʲʨ.
ʨʳʰʹ ˀʬʳʫʬʪ ʯʨʭʨʫʬʩʹ ˆʨʲˆʰ ʳʯʲʰʨʴʨʫ ˁʨʳʵˀʵʸʫʨ ʫʨ ʳʨʯʰ
ʫʨ˂ʭʨ ʰʱʰʹʸʬʹ ʼʨʸʰʹ, ˁʻʩʬˆʬʭʰʹ, ʲʨʺʨʲʰʹ, ʳʬʹʺʰʰʹ ʫʨ ʳʻʲʨˆʰʹ
ʳˆʵʲʵʫ ʮʵʪʰʬʸʯʳʨ ʯʨʭʨʫʬʩʯʨʴ ʫʨʨˆʲʵʭʬʩʻʲʳʨ ʨʮʴʨʻʸʬʩʳʨ
ʫʨ ʪʲʬˆʬʩʳʨ.
ʰʭʲʰʹʰʹ ʩʵʲʵ ʸʰ˂ˆʭʬʩˀʰ ʹʭʨʴʬʯʰʫʨʴ ʽʻʯʨʰʹˀʰ ʪʨʪʮʨʭʴʰʲ
ʰʽʴʬʴ ʹʨʬʸʯʵ ʳʫʪʵʳʨʸʬʵʩʰʹ ʪʨʹʨ˂ʴʵʩʨʫ ʳʨ˂ʪʰ ʪʵˀʭʨʴʰ ʫʨ
ʴʰʱʵʲʵʮ ʨʸʾʭʲʰʨʴʰ, ʸʵʳʲʬʩʰ˂ ʳʵʭʰʫʬʴ ʶʰʸʫʨʶʰʸ ˁʬʳʯʨʴ. ʳʬ
ʰʹʰʴʰ ʳʰʭʰʿʭʨʴʬ ʹʨʫʨ˂ ʹʨ˅ʰʸʵ ʰʿʵ. ʳʨʯʯʨʴ ʬʸʯʨʫ ʹʭʨʴʬʯˀʰ
ʪʨʰʪʮʨʭʴʬʴ ʪʸʰʪʵʲ ʲʨʾʰ˃ʬ ʫʨ ʾʨʳʩʨˀʰ˃ʬ. ʨʳ ʶʰʸʬʩʰʹ ʹʭʨʴʬʯˀʰ
ʳʰʹʭʲʰʹʯʨʴʨʭʬ ʳʵ˄ʭʬʻʲʰ ʰʽʴʨ ʱʸʬʩʨ ʩʬˁʵʹ ʹʨʹ˄ʨʭʲʬʩʬʲˀʰ
ʯʬʴʪʰʮʰʹ, ʭʨʸʲʨʳ ʪʬʲʵʭʨʴʰʹ ʫʨ ʫʨʴ. ʽʰʴʽʲʨ˃ʰʹ ʰʴʰ˂ʰʨʺʰʭʰʯ.
ʨʳʰʹ ˀʬʳʫʬʪ ʿʭʬʲʨʳ ʬʸʯʨʫ ˁʨʳʵʰʨʸʬʹ ʳʯʬʲʰ
ʹʨʫʨʫʬˀʽʬʲʰʨʴʵ ʹʭʨʴʬʯʰ, ʹʨʫʨ˂ ʨʪʰʺʨ˂ʰʨʹ ʬ˄ʬʵʫʬʴ ʳʯʨʭʸʵʩʰʹʨ
ʫʨ ʯʨʭʨʫʬʩʰʹ ˄ʰʴʨʨʾʳʫʬʪ. ʹʬʽʺʬʳʩʬʸˀʰ ʬ˂ʬʸʰʹ ʯʬʳˀʰ ʹ.
ʲʨʫʸʬʸˀʰ ʳ˂ˆʵʭʸʬʩ ʪʲʬˆʬʩʹ ʳʵʻʭʰʫʨʯ ˀʬʺʨʱʬʩʨ ʯʨʭʨʫ
ʫʨʫʬˀʽʬʲʰʨʴʬʩʯʨʴ, ʸʵʳʲʰʹ ʫʸʵʹʨ˂ ʳ˃ʰʳʬʫ ʫʨʰ˅ʸʨ ʯʨʭʨʫʰ
ʨʲʬʽʹʨʴʫʸʬ ʫʨʫʬˀʽʬʲʰʨʴʰ.
396
 ʵʽʺʵʳʩʸʰʹ ʩʵʲʵ ʸʰ˂ˆʭʬʩˀʰ ʳʵˆʫʨ ʱʸʬʩʨ ʭʨʸʲʨʳ ʪʬʲʵʭʨʴʰʹ
ʲʨʺʨʲʰʹ ʹʱʵʲʨˀʰ. ʨʳ ʱʸʬʩʨʮʬ ʪʨʳʵʺʨʴʰʲʰ ʰʽʴʨ ʫʨʫʪʬʴʰʲʬʩʨ,
ʸʵʳ ʳʰʾʬʩʻʲʰ ʿʵʼʰʲʰʿʵ ʮʵʳʬʩʰ ʯʨʭʰʹʻʼʨʲʰ ʹʭʨʴʬʯʰʹ
ʸʬʭʵʲʰʻ˂ʰʵʴʻʸ ʳʵ˃ʸʨʵʩʨˀʰ ˁʨʩʳʰʹʨʯʭʰʹ, ʸʵʳ ʳʵʬˆʫʰʴʨʯ
ʲʰʱʭʰʫʨ˂ʰʨ ʨʫʪʰʲʵʩʸʰʭʰ ˆʬʲʰʹʻʼʲʬʩʰʹʨ ʫʨ ʪʨʴʬʰʨʸʨʾʬʩʰʨʯ
ʰʪʰ.
ʫʬʱʬʳʩʬʸˀʰ ʯʬʴʪʰʮ ʫʨʫʬˀʽʬʲʰʨʴʰ ʩʬˁʵʹ ʸʨʮʳʰʯ ʫʨʬ˂ʨ
ʹʭʨʴʬʯʰʹ ʩʵʽʨʻʲʰʹ ʹʨʳʳʨʸʯʭʬʲʵʹ ʫʨ ʨˈʿʨʸʨ ʰʨʸʨʾʰ
ʨʫʳʰʴʰʹʺʸʨ˂ʰʨʹ. ʳʬʵʸʬ ʫʾʬʹʭʬ ʭʨʸʲʨʳ ʪʬʲʵʭʨʴʰʹ ʫʨ ʰ.
ʼʨʲʰʨʴʰʹ ʳʬʯʨʻʸʵʩʰʯ ʲʨʺʨʲʰʹ ʸʨʮʳʰ ʫʨ ʸʨʳʵʫʬʴʰʳʬ
ʳʬʹʺʰʬʲʰ ˄ʨʭʰʫʬʴ ʩʬˁʵˀʰ ʫʨ ʫʨʰ˅ʰʸʬʹ ʩʵʽʨʻʲʰ ʶ. ʿʰʼʰʨʴʰ.
˂ˆʻʳʨʸʰʹ ʸʨʮʳʳʨ ʭʨʹʰʲ ʨʸʾʭʲʰʨʴʰʹʨ ʫʨ ʹˆʭʬʩʰʹ ʳʬʯʨʻʸʵʩʰʯ
ʪʨʫʨʹ˄ʭʨ ʹʭʨʴʬʯʰʹ ʹʨʩʵʽʨʻʲʵʹ ʹʨʳʳʨʸʯʭʬʲʵʹ ʳʯʬʲʰ ʹʨʽʳʬʬʩʰ.
ʨʳʴʨʰʸʨʫ ʪʨʻʽʳʬʩʻʲ ʰʽʴʨ ʹʭʨʴʬʯʰʹ ʹʨʩʵʽʨʻʲʵ ʫʨ ʳʰʹʰ ʨʫʪʰʲʰ
ˆʨʲˆʻʸʳʨ ʳʯʨʭʸʵʩʨʳ ʫʨʰʱʨʭʨ.
ʨʳʰʹ ˀʬʳʫʬʪ ʸʬʭʵʲʻ˂ʰʵʴʻʸʰ ʳʵ˃ʸʨʵʩʰʹ ʹʨʯʭʬˀʰ ʳʫʪʵʳʳʨ
ʶʰʸʬʩʳʨ ʪʨʨʱʬʯʬʹ ˄ʰʯʬʲʰ ʫʸʵˀʨ ˀʬʳʫʬʪʰ ˄ʨʸ˄ʬʸʰʯ: ,,ʪʨʻʳʨʸˇʵʹ
˃ʳʵʩʨ-ʬʸʯʵʩʨʹ ʫʨ ʳʻˀʨ ˆʨʲˆʹ. ˃ʰʸʹ ʯʭʰʯʳʶʿʸʵʩʬʲʵʩʨ³ ʨʳ
ʫʸʵˀʰ ʰʹʰʴʰ ʫʨʫʰʵʫʬʴ ʳʯʬʲ ʹʭʨʴʬʯˀʰ, ʨʫʪʬʴʫʬʴ ʸʨʮʳʬʩʹ,
ʨʼʰ˂ʬʩʫʬʴ ˆʨʲˆʹ ʳʯʨʭʸʵʩʰʹ ʹʨ˄ʰʴʨʨʾʳʫʬʪʵʫ ʫʨ ʨʿʬʴʬʩʫʬʴ
ʿʵʭʬʲ ʯʬʳˀʰ ˆʨʲˆʻʸ ʳʯʨʭʸʵʩʨʹ ˄ʬʹʸʰʪʰʹ ʫʨʹʨ˂ʨʭʨʫ. 1906 ˄.
ʰʨʴʭʸʰʹ ʶʰʸʭʬʲ ʸʰ˂ˆʭʬʩˀʰ ʯʰʯʽʳʰʹ ʳʯʬʲʰ ʹʭʨʴʬʯʰ
ʸʬʭʵʲʻ˂ʰʵʴʬʸʬʩʰʹ ˆʬʲˀʰ ʰʿʵ.
ʨʳʰʹ ˀʬʳʫʬʪ ʯʨʯʨʸʿʨʴ ʫʨʫʬˀʽʬʲʰʨʴʰ ˄ʨʭʰʫʨ ʽʻʯʨʰʹˀʰ,
˂ˆʻʳʨʸʰʹ ʯʨʭʨʫʰ ʩʬʽʰʸʩʰ ˄ʨʭʰʫʨ ʲʬʴʺʬˆˀʰ ʯʭʰʹ
ʪʨʳʮʸʫʬʲʬʩʯʨʴ, ˆʵʲʵ ʳʵʹʵʹʺʸʰ ʫʨʫʬˀʽʬʲʰʨʴʰ ʫʨ ʳʰʹʰ
ˀʭʰʲʬʩʰ ʲʬˁˆʻʳˀʰ ʪʨʰˆʰʮʴʬʴ.
ʸʵʫʬʹʨ˂ ʹʨʽʨʸʯʭʬʲʵˀʰ ʸʬʨʽ˂ʰʨʳ ʪʨʰʳʨʸˇʭʨ ʫʨ ʨʲʰˆʨʴʵʭʰ
˂ʬ˂ˆʲʰʯʨ ʫʨ ʳʨˆʭʰʲʰʯ ʨʴʨʫʪʻʸʬʩʫʨ ʫʨʹʨʭʲʬʯ ʹʨʽʨʸʯʭʬʲʵʹ,
ʨʳ ʫʸʵʹ ʯʬʴʪʰʮʳʨ ʳʰʰʾʵ ʲʬʭʨʴ ʫʨʫʬˀʽʬʲʰʨʴʰʹʨʪʨʴ ˄ʬʸʰʲʰ, ʸʵʳ
ʹʭʨʴʬʯʰ ʪʨʳʵʹʻʲʰʿʵ ʨʲʰˆʨʴʵʭʰʹ ʹʨ˄ʰʴʨʨʾʳʫʬʪʵʫ, ʳʨʪʸʨʳ
ʸʵʫʬʹʨ˂ 800 ʱʨ˂ʨʳʫʬ ʰʽ ˄ʨʹʨʹʭʲʬʲʨʫ ʳʮʨʫ ʰʿʵ, ʯʬʴʪʰʮʳʨ ʳʰʰʾʵ
ʲʬʭʨʴʰʹʨʪʨʴ ʳʬʵʸʬ ˄ʬʸʰʲʰ, ʸʵʳʲʰʯʨ˂ ʨʺʿʵʩʰʴʬʩʫʨ, ʸʵʳ ˆʨʲˆʰ
ʫʨˀʲʰʲʰʿʵ. 1906 ˄. ʫʨʹʨ˄ʿʰʹˀʰ ʹʭʨʴʬʯˀʰ ʳʵʭʰʫʬʴ
ʹʨʽʨʸʯʭʬʲʵʫʨʴ ʪʨʳʵʽ˂ʬʻʲʴʰ: ʳ. ʫʨʫʰʨʴʰ, ʹʶʰʸʰʫʵʴ ʱʬʫʰʨ, ʪʰʪʨ
ˇʻʾʬʲʰ ʫʨ ʰʵʹ. ʿʰʼˀʰ˃ʬ, ʸʵʳʬʲʰ˂ ʫʰʫ ˆʨʴʹ ʹʭʨʴʬʯˀʰ
397
ʰʳʨʲʬʩʵʫʬʴ ʫʨ ˀʬʳʫʬʪ ʮʵʪʰ ʿʨʩʨʸʫʵˀʰ ˄ʨʭʰʫʬʴ, ʮʵʪʰ˂
ʰʳʬʸʬʯˀʰ ʫʨʩʸʻʴʫʬʴ.
ʨʳʨʭʬ 1906 ˄. ʨʪʭʰʭʹʺʵˀʰ ʯʨʭʨʫʬʩʰʹ ˀʻʨʳʫʪʵʳʲʵʩʰʯ
,,˄ʬʹʰʬʸʬʩʰʹ ʫʨʹʨʳʿʨʸʬʩʲʨʫ³ ʹʭʨʴʬʯˀʰ ʳʯʨʭʸʵʩʰʹ ʳʰʬʸ
ʪʨʪʮʨʭʴʰʲ ʰʽʴʨ ʳʬʼʰʹ ˇʨʸʬʩʰ ʶʵʲʱ. ˀʰˀʱʬʭʰˁʰʹ ʳʬʯʨʻʸʵʩʰʯ,
ʳʨʪʸʨʳ ʽʭʬʳʵ ʹʭʨʴʬʯˀʰ, ʲʨˀˆʬʯˀʰ ʳʨʹ ˀʬˆʭʫʨ ʮʬʳʵ ʹʭʨʴʬʯʰʹ
ʫʬʲʬʪʨ˂ʰʨ. ˀʰˀʬʭʰˁʹʨ ʫʨ ʨʳ ʫʬʲʬʪʨ˂ʰʰʹ ʳʵʲʨʶʨʸʨʱʬʩʰʯ ʹʨʽʳʬ
ʳˀʭʰʫʵʩʰʨʴʨʫ ʫʨʳʯʨʭʸʫʨ ʫʨ ˇʨʸʰ ʽʻʯʨʰʹʰʹʨʱʬʴ ʫʨʩʸʻʴʫʨ.
ʯʨʭʨʫʬʩʳʨ ʸʵʳ ʹʭʨʴʬʯˀʰ ˇʨʸʰʹ ʳʵʹʭʲʰʯ ʪʲʬˆʬʩʮʬ ˇʨʭʸʰʹ
ʨʳʵʿʸʰʹʨ ʫʨ ʸʬʭʵʲʻ˂ʰʰʹʨʪʨʴ ˀʬʲʨˆʻʲ ʯʭʳʵʿʭʨʸʬʵʩʰʹ
ʨʾʫʪʬʴʰʹ ˄ʨʫʰʲʹ ʭʬʸ ʳʰʨʾ˄ʰʬʹ, ʨʳʰʯ ˃ʨʲʰʨʴ ʻʱʳʨʿʵʼʰʲʵ
ʫʨʸˁʬʴ ʫʨ ˀʰˀʱʬʭʰˁʹʨ ʫʨ ʳʨʯ ˀʵʸʰʹ ʳʬʪʵʩʸʵʩʨ ʫʰʫʰ
ʱʵʳʶʲʰʽʺʰʯ ʫʨʳʯʨʭʸʫʨ.
ʨʳʰʹ ˀʬʳʫʬʪ ʹʨʫʨʫʬˀʽʬʲʰʨʴʵ ʹʭʨʴʬʯʳʨ ʪʨʪʮʨʭʴʨ ʽʻʯʨʰʹʰʹ
ʪʻʩʬʸʴʨʺʵʸʯʨʴ 60 ʱʨ˂ʰ, ʸʵʳʲʬʩʰ˂ ˀʻʨʳʫʪʵʳʲʵʩʫʬʴ ʯʭʨʫʬʩʰʹ
ʫʨʳʵʱʰʫʬʩʻʲʬʩʰʹʨʪʨʴ ʪʨʴʯʨʭʰʹʻʼʲʬʩʨʹ, ʨʴ ʹʨʫʳʬ ʹˆʭʨʪʨʴ
ʪʨʫʨʹʨˆʲʬʩʨʹ. ʳʨʪʸʨʳ ʨʸʨʳ˂ ʯʻ ʳʰʮʨʴʹ ʭʬʸ ʳʰʨʾ˄ʰʬʹ, ʨʸʨʳʬʫ
ʫʨ˅ʬʸʨʹ ˃ʲʰʭʹ ʪʨʫʨʸˁʬʴ.
1907 ˄. ʹʭʨʴʬʯˀʰ ʸʬʨʽ˂ʰʨ ʪʨʳʬʼʫʨ, ʶʨʹʻˆʰʹʪʬʩʨˀʰ ʰʿʭʴʬʴ
ʳʰ˂ʬʳʻʲʰ: ʯʬʴʪʰʮ ʫʨʫʬˀʽʬʲʰʨʴʰ, ʭʨʸʲʨʳ ʪʬʲʵʭʨʴʰ, ʳʰˆ.
ʹʻʶʨʺʨˀʭʰʲʰ, ʲ. ˇʨʱʵʩʰʨ, ʳʨ˂ʪʰ ʪʵˀʭʨʴʰ, ʴʰʱʵʲ., ʪʬʿʭʨ ʫʨ ʭʨʹʰʲ
ʨʸʾʭʲʰʨʴʬʩʰ, ʭʨʹʰʲ ʱʭʨʴ˅ʰʨʴʰ, ʬʳʮʨ ˄ʬʸʬʫʰʨʴʰ, ʫʨʭʰʯ ʫʨ ʨʸʹʬʴʨ
ˆʭʰʴʯʬʲʨʴʬʩʰ, ʫ. ˄ʬʸʬʫʰʨʴʰ, ʳʨʳʨ ʭʰʩʲʰʨʴʰ, ʹʨʯʪʬʸ ʨʸʾʭʲʰʨʴʰ,
ʳʰʺʵ ʨʸʾʭʲʰʨʴʰ, ʨʲʬʽʹʨʴʫʸʬ ʪʨʩʻʲʫʨʴʰ, ʽʨʻʮʨ ʪʨʩʻʲʫʨʴʰ,
ʳʻʮʨ ˆʵʸʪʻʨʴʰ, ʨʴʯʻʿʭ, ʳʻʸʮʰʲ, ʸʵʮʨʴ, ˇʨʴʿʭʨʯ, ʫʨʯʨ ʫʨ
ʹʵʻˆ ʱʭʰ˂ʰʨʴʬʩʰ, ʰʵʹʬʩ ʭʰʩʲʰʨʴʰ, ʰ. ʼʨʲʰʨʴʰ, ʨʲ. ʴʰʪʻʸʰʨʴʰ,
ʽʨʸʰʳ ʼʨʲʰʨʴʰ, ʨʲʬʽʹʰ ʬʳʻʮʨʹ ˃ʬ ʱʭʰ˂ʰʨʴʰ ʫʨ ʨʲʬʽʹʰ ʴʨ˄ʰʼʰʹ ˃ʬ
ʱʭʰ˂ʰʨʴʰ.
ʳʾʭʫ. ʳʰˆ. ʹʻʶʨʺʨˀʭʰʲʹ ʫʨ ʳʨ˂ʪʰ ʪʵˀʭʨʴʹ ʳʰʬʹʨˇʨʯ
ʹʨʻʱʻʴʵʯ ˂ʰʳʩʰʸˀʰ ʪʨʫʨʹʨˆʲʬʩʨ. ʯʬʴʪʰʮ ʫʨʫʬˀʽʬʲʰʨʴʰ ʫʨ
ʲʬʭʨʴ ˇʨʱʵʩʰʨ ʹʨʹʨʳʨʸʯʲʵʹ ʨʸ ʪʨʳʵʬ˂ˆʨʫʬʴ, ʫʨʴʨʸˁʬʴʬʩʰ ʮʵʪʰ
ʪʨʴʯʨʭʰʹʻʼʲʫʬʴ, ʮʵʪʹʨ˂ ʳʰʬʹʨˇʨʯ 1-3 ˄ʲʨʳʫʬ ˂ʰˆʬ.
ʯʭʰʯ ʬ˂ʬʸ-˂ˆʻʳʨʸʰʹʨ ʫʨ ʩʬˁʵʹ ʪʲʬˆʱʨ˂ʵʩʨ˂ ʨʳ ʫʸʵʹ
ʹʨˀʴʬʲ ʳʫʪʵʳʨʸʬʵʩʨˀʰ ˁʨʭʨʸʫʨ, ʸʨʫʪʨʴ ʯʭʨʫʬʩʳʨ ʳʨʯ ʵʸʰ ˄ʲʰʹ
ʪʨʫʨʻˆʫʬʲʰ ʴʨʫʬʲʬʩʰ ʬʸʯʨʫ ʳʵʹʯˆʵʭʬʹ. ʩʬʭʸʰ ʰʿʵ ʰʹʬʯʰ

398
ʳʵʹʨˆʲʬ, ʸʵʳʬʲʰ˂ ˄ʲʰʻʸʨʫ ʰˆʫʰʫʨ ʯʨʭʨʫʰʹ ʹʨʹʨʸʪʬʩʲʵʫ 150
ʳʨʴʬʯʹ ʫʨ ʬˆʲʨ ʻʴʫʨ ʪʨʫʨʬˆʨʫʨ ʬʸʯʨʫ 300 ʳʨʴ.
ʹʨʻʱʬʯʬʹʵ ˆʨʸʰ ʨʳ ʼʻʲʰʹ ʨʴʪʨʸʰˀˀʰ ʯʨʭʨʫʹ ʳʰˈʿʨʭʫʨ 40
ʳʨʴʬʯʨʫ, ˃ʸʵˆʨ 20 ʳʨʴ., ʯˆʨ ʫʨ ˂ˆʭʨʸʰ 3 ʳʨʴ., ʶʻʸʰ ʱʭʰʫʵʲʨ (2
ʼʻʯʰ) 3 ʳʨʴ. ʫʨ ʹˆʭʨ...
ʨʳʴʨʰʸʨʫ, 300 ʳʨʴʬʯʰʹ ʪʨʫʨʳˆʫʬʲʹ ʻʴʫʨ ʪʨʫʨʬˆʨʫʨ ʬʸʯʨʫ
˙˙˙˙˙ ˃ʸʵˆʨ ʨʴ 9 ˆʨʸʰ ʨʴ ʹˆʭʨ ʾʰʸʬʩʻʲʬʩʨ ʨʳʰʹ ʱʭʨʲʵʩʨʮʬ.
˂ˆʨʫʰʨ, ʪʲʬˆʵʩʰʹʨʯʭʰʹ ʬʹ ʬʸʯʵʩ ʨʻʺʨʴʬʲʰ ˀʬʰʽʳʴʨ ʫʨ ʨʳʰʺʵʳʨ˂
ʨʳʰʹ ʪʨʫʨˆʫʨʮʬ ʯʨʭʨʫʬʩʹ ʪʨʻ˃ʨʲʫʬʴ, ʸʵʫʬʹʨ˂ ʯʨʭʨʫʬʩʳʨ
ʨʫʳʰʴʰʹʺʸʨ˂ʰʰʹ ʹʨˀʻʨʲʬʩʰʯ ʹ˂ʨʫʬʹ ʴʨʫʬʲʬʩʰʹ ʪʨʫʨˆʫʬʭʰʴʬʩʨ,
˂ˆʻʳʨʸʰʹ ʪʲʬˆʵʩʨʳ ʳʨʯ ˄ʰʴʨʨʾʳʫʬʪʵʩʨ ʪʨʻ˄ʰʨ.
ʳʯʨʭʨʸʰ ʫʨʳʴʨˀʨʭʬʴʰ: ʿʨʴʾʻʯ, ʯʻʯʨʸ, ʰʹʳʨʰʲ ʫʨ ʴʻʨ
ʨʸʾʭʲʰʨʴʬʩʰ, ʼʻʯʰ ʽʨʲʫʨʴʰ, ʩʬʽʳʻʸʮʨ ˀʵʳʶʸʰʨʴʰ ʫʨ ʳʻʮʨ
ˇʨ˅ʭʲʰʨʴʰ ʳʯʨʭʸʵʩʰʹ ʳʰʬʸ ʰʽʴʬʴ ˀʬʶʿʸʵʩʰʲʰ, ʳʨʪʸʨʳ ʸʵʫʬʹʨ˂
ʰʹʰʴʰ ʩʵʽʨʻʲʹ ʫʨ ˁʨʼʸʬʩʹ ˂ˆʻʳʨʸʰʫʨʴ ʳʰˈʿʨʭʫʨʯ, ʪʨʳʵʬʱʰʫʬʴ
ʽʨʲʬʩʰ ʳʬʹʬ ʫʨ ʳʬʲʨʴʰʨ ʨʸʾʭʲʰʨʴʬʩʰʹ ʯʨʵʹʴʵʩʰʯ, ʸʵʳʲʬʩʳʨ˂
ʶʵʲʰ˂ʰʬʲʬʩʹ ʫʨʻˀʰʴʬʹ ʽʭʬʩʰ, ʮʵʪʰʬʸʯ ʳʨʯʪʨʴʹ ʨˈʿʨʸʬʹ ʰʨʸʨʾʰ
ʫʨ ʫʨ˅ʬʸʰʲʬʩʰ ʰʽʭʬ ʪʨʨˀʭʬʩʰʴʬʹ.
ʨʳʰʹ ˀʬʳʫʬʪ ʨʳ ʹʨʽʳʬʮʬ ʳʵʭʰʫʨ ʹʭʨʴʬʯˀʰ ʱʬˁʻʳʰʹ ʳʨʮʸʰʹ
ʻʼʸʵʹʰ ʬʴʱʬʲʰ, ʸʵʳʬʲʳʨ˂ ʵʸʰʭʬ ʳˆʨʸʬ ʫʨʰʯʨʴˆʳʨ ʰʳʨʮʬ, ʸʵʳ
ʨʬʸˁʰʨʯ ʱʵʳʰʹʰʨ ʫʨ ʳʨʹ ʳʵʬˆʫʰʴʨ ʴʨʫʬʲˀʰ ʳʰʹʨ˂ʬʳ ʹʨʪʴʬʩʰʹ
ˀʬʼʨʹʬʩʨ.
ʨʳ ʱʵʳʰʹʰʨˀʰ ˀʬʫʰʵʫʬʴ ʯʨʭʰʹʻʼʨʲʰ ʹʭʨʴʬʯʰʫʨʴ: 1) ʩʰʺʰ
ʼʨʸˇʰʨʴʰ (ʬʮʨˀʨ), 2) ʩʬʽʳʻʸʮʨ ʼʨʸˇʰʨʴʰ (ʴʻʨˀʨ), 3) ʩʬʽʳʻʸʮʨ
ʪʰʸʪʭʲʰʨʴʰ (ʳʨʴʨˀʨ); ʼʨʸʰʹ ʯʬʳʰʫʨʴ: 4) ʹʻʳʨʰ ʸʬʮʬʹʰ˃ʬ, 5)
ʭʰʩʲʰʨʴ ʭʰʩʲʰʨʴʰ ʫʨ ˁʻʩʬˆʬʭʰʹ ʯʬʳʰʫʨʴ: 6) ʨˁʰ ˂ʰʴʫʬʲʰʨʴʰ.
ʳʨʪʸʨʳ ʭʬʸ˂ ʨʳʨʴ ʻˀʭʬʲʨ ʪʲʬˆʵʩʨʹ, ʸʨʫʪʨʴʨ˂ ˆʨʸʹ ʰʹʰʴʰ
ʨʼʨʹʬʩʫʬʴ 40-60 ʳʨʴʬʯʨʳʫʬ, ˃ʸʵˆʨʹ 30-35 ʳ., ʯˆʨʹ ʫʨ ˂ˆʭʨʸʹ 3-5
ʳʨʴ., ʫʨ ʬʸʯ ʱʭʰʫʵʲʨ (2 ʼʻʯ) ʶʻʸʹ, ʹʰʳʰʴʫʹ ʫʨ ʼʬʺʭʹ 4 ʳʨʴ.
ʨʳʴʨʰʸʨʫ, 1905 ˄. ʸʬʭʵʲʻ˂ʰʨ ʫʨʳʯʨʭʸʫʨ ʵʸʰ ˄ʲʰʹ
ʪʨʫʨʻˆʫʬʲ ʴʨʫʬʲʬʩʰʹ ʬʸʯʨʫ ʪʨʫʨˆʫʬʭʰʴʬʩʰʯ, ʪʲʬˆʬʩʰʹ
ʫʨʸʩʬʭʰʯ, ˂ʰˆʬʬʩˀʰ ʫʨʳ˄ʿʭʫʬʭʰʯ, ʮʵʪʰʬʸʯ ʳʨʯʪʨʴʰʹ ʰʽ
˄ʻʯʰʹʵʼʲʰʹ ʪʨʳʵʹʨʲʳʬʩʰʯ, ˂ʰʳʩʰʸˀʰ ʪʨʫʨʹʨˆʲʬʩʰʯ ʫʨ
ʳʯʨʭʸʵʩʰʹ ʳʰʬʸ ʫʬʭʴʰʲ ʯʬʴʪʰʮ ʫʨʫʬˀʽʬʲʰʨʴʰʹ ʫʨʹʴʬʻʲʬʩʰʯ.
ʲʬˁˆʻʳ-ʽʭʬʳʵ ʹʭʨʴʬʯˀʰ ˆʨʲˆʰʹ ʸʬʭʵʲʰʻ˂ʰʵʴʻʸ ʰʫʬʬʩʰʹʨ
ʫʨ ʳʵ˃ʸʨʵʩʰʹ ʹʻʲʰʹ ˁʨʳʫʪʳʬʲʰ ʫʨ ʯʭʰʯʳʶʿʸʵʩʬʲʻʸ
399
˄ʬʹ˄ʿʵʩʰʲʬʩʰʹ ʫʨʳˆʵʩʰʹʨʯʭʰʹ ʳʻˀʨʵʩʰʹ ʶʰʸʭʬʲʰ ʳʬʸ˂ˆʨʲʰ
ʰʿʵ ʰʹ ˀʨʳˀʬ ʪʬʲʵʭʨʴʰ, ʸʵʳʲʰʹ ʻʳʨʴʱʵ ʹʰʹˆʲʰ˂ ʨʳ ʹʨʽʳʰʹʨʯʭʰʹ
ʶʰʸʭʬʲʨʯʭʬ ʰʽʴʨ ʫʨʴʯˆʬʻʲʰ ʹʭʨʴʬʯʰʹ ʳʯʬʩˀʰ.
ʳʻˀʨʵʩʰʹ ʫʨ˄ʿʬʩʰʹʯʨʴʨʭʬ ʳʨʹ ʪʭʬʸʫˀʰ ʨʳʵʻʫʪʬʴ ʹʵ˂.-ʫʬʳ.
ʶʨʸʺʰʰʹ ʳʬʳʨʸ˂ˆʬʴʬ ʼʸʯʰʹ ˄ʬʭʸʬʩʰ: ʯ. ʲʬʭʨʴ ʫʨʫʬˀʽʬʲʰʨʴʰ,
ʹʵʹʰ ʶʬʺʸʬ ʨʹʨʯʰʨʴʰ, ʯʬʵʼʨʴʬ ʪʵʸʪʨʹʲʰ˃ʬ, ʳʾ. ʨʸʺʬʳ
ʩʵ˅ʸʰˀʭʰʲʰ, ʸʻʩʬʴ ʿʰʼʰʨʴʰ, ʶʲʨʺʵʴ ʨˆʭʲʬʫʰʨʴʰ, ʭʰʽʺʵʸ
ʨˆʭʲʬʫʰʨʴʰ ʫʨ ʹˆʭʬʩʰ, ʸʵʳʲʬʩʳʨ˂ 1903 ˄ʲʰʫʨʴ ʫʨʰ˄ʿʬʹ
ʳʻˀʨʵʩʨ.
1905 ˄. ʨʶʸʰʲʰʹ ʶʰʸʭʬʲ ʸʰ˂ˆʭʬʩˀʰ ˀʨʳˀʬ ʪʬʲʵʭʨʴʰ, ʲʨʫʰ
ʬʳʻˆʭʨʸʰ, ʪʰʵʸʪʰ ʲʵʳʰʴʨ˃ʬ ˄ʨʭʰʫʬʴ ʽʻʯʨʰʹʰʫʨʴ ʲʬˁˆʻʳˀʰ,
ʹʨʫʨ˂ ʹ. ʲʨʹˆʨʴʨˀʰ ʭʰʽʺʵʸ ʨˆʭʲʬʫʰʨʴʰʹ ʹʨˆʲˀʰ ʪʨʰˆʹʴʨ
ʨʸʨʲʬʪʨʲʻʸʰ ʱʸʬʩʨ. ʨʳ ʱʸʬʩʨʮʬ ʫʨʪʨ˄ʿʫʨ: ˀʨʳˀʬ ʪʬʲʵʭʨʴʰʹ,
ʯʬʵʼʨʴʬ ʪʵʸʪʨʹʲʰ˃ʰʹ, ʲʨʫʰ ʬʳʻˆʭʨʸʰʹ ʫʨ ʪʰʵʸʪʰ ʲʵʳʰʴʨ˃ʰʹ
ʽʭʬʳʵ ʹʭʨʴʬʯˀʰ ʪʨʪʮʨʭʴʨ ʹʨʳʻˀʨʵʫ, ˁʵʲʻʸʬʲ ʪʲʬˆʰʹ ˇʨʺʻ
ʲʰʶʨʸʺʬʲʰʨʴʰʹ ʯʨʴˆʲʬʩʰʯ, ˆʵʲʵ ʹˆʭʨ ʨʳˆʨʴʨʪʬʩʹ ʫʨʬʭʨʲʨʯ
ʲʬˁˆʻʳʰʹ ʯʬʳʬʩˀʰ ʳʻˀʨʵʩʨ.
ˀʨʳˀʬ ʯʨʭʰʹʰ ʮʬʳʵˆʹʬʴʬʩʻʲʰ ʨʳˆʨʴʨʪʬʩʰʯ ʪʨʬʳʪʮʨʭʸʨ
ʹʭʨʴʬʯˀʰ, ʹʨʫʨ˂ ʶʰʸʭʬʲʰ ʱʸʬʩʨ ʳʵʰ˄ʭʰʬʹ ʲʬʴʺʬˆʰʹ
ʹʨʮʵʪʨʫʵʬʩʨˀʰ. ʲʬʴʺʬˆˀʰ ʳʨʯ ʳʰʬʸ ʰʽʴʬʴ ʫʨʿʬʴʬʩʻʲʰ:
ʨʯʰʹʯʨʭʬʩʰ, ʨʹʰʹʯʨʭʬʩʰ, ʳʬʩʸ˃ʵʲʰ ʸʨʮʳʬʩʰ, ʬʸʯʰ ʹʰʺʿʭʰʯ
ˆʨʲˆʻʸʰ ʳʯʨʭʸʵʩʨ.
ʳʬʵʸʬ ʫʾʬʹ ˀʨʳˀʬ ʪʬʲʵʭʨʴʰ ʫʨ ʪʰʵʸʪʰ ʲʵʳʰʴʨ˃ʬ ˄ʨʭʰʫʬʴ
ˁʵʲʻʸʰʹ ʹʨʮʵʪʨʫʵʬʩʨˀʰ, ʹʨʫʨ˂ ʳʨʯ ʱʸʬʩʨ ˈʽʵʴʫʨʯ ʫʨʴʰˀʴʻʲʰ,
ˆʵʲʵ ʪʵʸʪʨʹʲʰ˃ʬ ʫʨ ʬʳʻˆʭʨʸʰ ʲʬʴʺʬˆˀʰ ʳʻˀʨʵʩʰʹ
ʫʨʳʯʨʭʸʬʩʰʹ ˀʬʳʫʬʪ ʻʼʸʵ ʪʭʰʨʴ ʻʴʫʨ ˄ʨʹʻʲʰʿʭʴʬʴ
ˁʵʲʻʸʰʹʱʬʴ.
ˀʨʳˀʬʹʨ ʫʨ ʳʰʹʰ ʨʳˆʨʴʨʪʬʩʰʹ ˁʵʲʻʸˀʰ ˁʨʹʭʲʰʹʯʨʴʨʭʬ
ʪʨʰʳʨʸʯʨ ʫʰʫʰ ʳʰʺʰʴʪʰ ʨʫʪʰʲʵʩʸʰʭ ʱʨʴ˂ʬʲʨʸʰʨʹʯʨʴ.
ʬʴʬʸʪʰʰʯ ʹʨʭʹʬ ʨˆʨʲʪʨʮʸʫʨ ˀʨʳˀʬʹ ˆʨʲˆʰʹ ʳʵʴʵʩʰʹ ʩʵʸʱʰʲʬʩʰʹ
ʫʨʳʹˆʭʸʬʭʰʹʨʱʬʴ ʪʻʲ˄ʸʼʬʲ ʳʵ˄ʵʫʬʩʨʹ ʨʸʨˁʭʬʻʲʬʩʸʰʭʰ
ʯʨʴʨʪʸ˃ʴʵʩʰʯ ʫʨ ʨʾʺʨ˂ʬʩʰʯ ˀʬˆʭʫʨ ˁʵʲʻʸʰʹ ʳʸʨʭʨʲʺʨʴˇʻʲʰ
ʪʲʬˆʵʩʨ. ʨʽʨ˂ ʫʨʿʬʴʬʩʻʲ ʰʽʴʬʴ: ʨʯʰʹʯʨʭʬʩʰ, ʨʹʰʹʯʨʭʬʩʰ ʫʨ
ʳʬʩʸ˃ʵʲʰ ʸʨʮʳʬʩʰ. ʫʨˆʬʻʲ ʰʽʴʨ ʳʬʼʰʹ ʹʻʸʨʯʰ. ˀʨʳˀʬ ʨʽʬʫʨʴ
ʻʴʫʨ ʪʨʫʨʹʻʲʰʿʵ ʲʨˀˆʬʯʰʹ ʹʨʮʵʪʨʫʵʬʩʨˀʰ.

400
 ʯʭʨʫ ʪʨʸʫʨʼˆʨ˃ʬʬʩʹ ʳʨʯ ʹʨʳʼʲʵʩʬʲʵ ʽʭʬʿʨʴʨˀʰ
ʳʵʳˆʫʨʸʳʨ ʨʳʩʬʩʳʨ, ʨʸʹʬʩʻʲʰ ˄ʬʹ-˄ʿʵʩʰʲʬʩʰʹ ˄ʰʴʨʨʾʳʫʬʪ
ʳʻˀʨʵʩʨʳ, ˀʨʳˀʬʹ ʳʰʬʸ ʳʰʺʰʴʪʰʹ ʳʵ˄ʭʬʭʨʳ, ʳʬʼʰʹ ʹʻʸʨʯʰʹ ʫʨˆʬʭʨʳ
˃ʰʲʰ ˃ʨʲʰʨʴ ʫʨʻʼʸʯˆʵ, ʨʨʾʬʲʭʨ ʫʨ ˀʬʨˀʼʵʯʨ. ʬʽʭʹʳʨ ʳʨʯʪʨʴʳʨ:
ʩʬʽʰʸʩʰʳ, ʳʬʲʰʺʵʴʳʨ, ʹʨʹʵʳ, ʲʬʭʨʴʳʨ, ʽʬʲʰˁʩʰʳ ʫʨ ʪʸʨʳʰʺʵʴʳʨ
ʹʨʹʸʨʼʵʯ ʯʨʭʰ ʳʵʰʿʨʸʬʹ ʹ. ʲʬʭˀʰʬʸˀʰ. ʨʳ ʫʸʵʹ ʲʨˀˆʬʯʰʹ
ʹʨʮʵʪʨʫʵʬʩʰʫʨʴ ˁʵʲʻʸˀʰ ˁʨʳʵʭʰʫʨ ʹʨʳʰ ʪʲʬˆʰ ˀʨʳˀʬʹ ʫʨ ʳʰʹ
ʨʳˆʨʴʨʪʬʩʰʹ ʲʨˀˆʬʯʰʹʨʱʬʴ ˄ʨʹʨʿʭʨʴʨʫ. ʪʨʸʫʨʼˆʨ˃ʬʬʩʰ ʫʨˆʭʫʬʴ
ʳʨʯ ʪʮʰʹ ʶʰʸʨʫ ʫʨ ʻʩʸ˃ʨʴʬʹ ʻʱʨʴ ʫʨʩʸʻʴʬʩʨ. ʵʸʰ ʳʨʯʪʨʴʰ
ˀʬˁʬʸʫʨ, ˆʵʲʵ ʳʬʹʨʳʬ, ʹʶʰʸʰʫʵʴ ʵʴʰʨʴʰ, ʳʨʯ ʩʸ˃ʨʴʬʩʨʹ ʨʸ
ʫʨʬʳʵʸˁʰʲʨ ʫʨ ʪʨʴʨʪʸ˃ʵ ʯʨʭʰʹʰ ʪʮʨ. ʪʨʸʫʨʼˆʨ˃ʬʬʩʳʨ ʬʹʸʵʲʬʹ
ʳʨʹ ʯʵʼʬʩʰ ʫʨ ʰʽʭʬ ʳʵʱʲʬʹ.
ˀʨʳˀʬ ʫʨ ʳʰʹʰ ʨʳˆʨʴʨʪʬʩʰ ʨʳ ʫʸʵʹ ʻʱʭʬ ˁʵʲʻʸʰʫʨʴ
ʲʨˀˆʬʯʰʹʱʬʴ ʰʿʭʴʬʴ ʪʨʳʪʮʨʭʸʬʩʻʲʰ ʫʨ ʸʵʫʬʹʨ˂ ʪʮʨʮʬ ʹʸʵʲʨ
ʳʵʬʹʳʨʯ, ˀʨʳˀʬ ʳʰˆʭʫʨ, ʸʨˀʰ˂ ʰʿʵ ʹʨʽʳʬ ʫʨ ʻʯˆʸʨ ʲʵʳʰʴʨ˃ʬʹ: ,,ʬʹ
ʪʨʸʫʨʼˆʨ˃ʬʬʩʰ ʨʸʰʨʴ. ˀʬʴ ʫʨʩʸʻʴʫʰ ʻʱʨʴ, ʳʬ ʱʰ, ʸʵʪʵʸ˂
ʴʨʯʬʹʨʭʹ, ˂ʻʫʹ ʳʨʰʴ˂ ʨʸʨʼʬʸʹ ʳʰʮʨʳʬʴ, ʳʰʭʨʲ ʳʨʯʯʨʴ, ˀʬʰ˃ʲʬʩʨ
ʸʨʰʳʬ ˁʨʭʨʪʵʴʵ ʫʨ ʫʨʭʨʳˀʭʰʫʵʭʵ³ ʰʭʨʴʬ ʳʨʸʪʰʨʴʳʨ ʰʹʰʴʰ
ʪʨʨʼʸʯˆʰʲʨ, ʸʵʳ ʨʸ ˄ʨʹʻʲʰʿʭʴʬʴ ʪʨʸʫʨʼˆʨ˃ʬʬʩʰʹʨʱʬʴ, ʳʨʪʸʨʳ
ˀʨʳˀʬʳ ʨʸ ʫʨʰˇʬʸʨ. ʲʵʳʰʴʨ˃ʬ ʫʨ ˇʨʺʻ ʫʨʩʸʻʴʫʬʴ ʻʱʨʴ, ˀʨʳˀʬ ʱʰ
ʪʨʸʫʨʼˆʨ˃ʬʬʩʰʹʨʱʬʴ ʪʨʬˀʻʸʨ, ʯʨʭʰʹ ,,ʴʨʯʬʹʨʭ³ ʳʬʲʰʺʵʴ
ʪʨʸʫʨʼˆʨ˃ʰʹ ʬʮʵˀʰ ˀʬʭʰʫʨ ʫʨ, ʸʨʫʪʨʴʨ˂ ʳʨʹʶʰʴ˃ʬʲʰ ˀʰʴ ʨʸ
ʰʳʿʵʼʬʩʵʫʨ, ʰʽʭʬ ʬʮʵˀʰ ʫʰʫ ʴʰʪʭʮʰʹ ˆʰʹ ʽʭʬˀ
ˁʨʳʵˇʫʨ.ʪʨʸʫʨʼˆʨ˃ʬʬʩʳʨ ʰʹ ʸʵʳ ʫʨʰʴʨˆʬʹ, ʿʭʬʲʨʴʰ ʳʰʹʱʬʴ
ʪʨʰʽ˂ʬʴ ʫʨ ʳʰʻʨˆʲʵʭʫʬʴ ʯʻ ʨʸʨ ʬʹʸʵʲʬʹ ʿʭʬʲʨʳ ʬʸʯʨʫ
ʯʵʼʬʩʰ ʫʨ ˀʨʳˀʬ ʰʽʭʬ ˄ʨʰʽ˂ʨ. ʳʬʸʬ ʳʰʭʰʫʬʴ ʳʨʹʯʨʴ ʫʨ ʸʵʫʬʹʨ˂
ʳʵʳʨʱʭʫʨʭʳʨ ʻʯˆʸʨ: ,,ʯʽʭʬ ʵˆʸʬʩʵ, ʸʨʹ ʳʬʸˁʰʯʵ³ ʬʸʯʳʨ
ʳʨʯʪʨʴʳʨ ʱʰʫʬʭ ʫʨʨˆʨʲʨ ʯʵʼʰ ʫʨ ˀʨʳˀʬ ˄ʻʯʰʹʵʼʬʲʹ
ʪʨʳʵʨʹʨʲʳʨ. ʬʹ ʰʿʵ 9 ʨʶʸʰʲʹ.
ʨʳʰʹ ˀʬʳʫʬʪ ʪʨʸʫʨʼˆʨ˃ʬʬʩʰ ʪʨʳʵʬʱʰʫʬʴ ʲʵʳʰʴʨ˃ʬʹ, ʳʨʪʸʨʳ
ʯʨʭʰʹʳʨ ʳˆʲʬʩʬʲʳʨ ˇʨʺʻʳ ʰʹ ʪʮʨʹ ʪʨʻʿʬʴʨ ʹʨˁʽʨʸʵʫ ʫʨ
ʹʰʱʭʫʰʲʹ ʪʨʫʨʨʸˁʰʴʨ. ʪʨʽ˂ʬʻʲʰ ʲʵʳʰʴʨ˃ʬ ʫʨ ˇʨʺʻ ʪʮʨʮʬ
ˀʬˆʭʫʬʴ ʳʨʹʯʨʴ ˁʵʲʻʸʰʹʨʱʬʴ ʳʰʳʨʭʨʲ ʪʵʸʪʨʹʲʰ˃ʬʹ ʫʨ
ʬʳʻˆʭʨʸʹ. ʻʨʳʩʬʹ ʿʵʭʬʲʰʭʬ ʫʨ ʰʹʰʴʰ˂ ʻʱʨʴ ʫʨʩʸʻʴʫʬʴ.
ʽʭʬʳʵ ʹʭʨʴʬʯʰʹ ʪʲʬˆʵʩʨʳ ˀʨʳˀʬ ʫʰʫʰ ʳ˄ʻˆʨʸʬʩʰʯ ʫʨ
ʺʰʸʰʲʰʯ ˁʨʳʵʨʹʭʬʴʨ ʨˆʨʲ˅ʨʲʨˀʰ ʫʨ ʼʰ˂ʰ ʫʨʹʫʵ ʳʰʹ ˄ʰʴʨˀʬ,
401
ʸʵʳ ʰʹʰʹˆʲʬʩʫʬʴ. ʽʻʯʨʰʹʰʹ ʱʵʳʰʺʬʺʰʹ ʳʰʬʸ ˀʨʳˀʬʹ ʪʨʹʭʬʴʬʩʨʮʬ
ʲʬˁˆʻʳˀʰ ʹʨʳʰ ʪʭʰʸʪʭʰʴʰʯ ʨʸʨʲʬʪʨʲʻʸʨʫ ˇʬʸ ʳʨʸʺʵ ʳʬ ʭʰʿʨʭʰ
ʪʨʪʮʨʭʴʰʲʰ, ˆʵʲʵ ˀʬʳʫʬʪ ʨʳʵʭʰʫʨ ʹʬʸʰʵʷʨ ʽʨʭʯʨʸʨ˃ʬ.
ʰˀʭʰʨʯ ʫʾʬʯ ˀʬʰ˃ʲʬʩʨ ˁʨʰʯʭʨʲʵʹ ʲʬˁˆʻʳ-ʹʭʨʴʬʯʰʹ
ʸʬʭʵʲʻ˂ʰʰʹ ʳʨʺʰʨʴʬˀʰ ˀʨʳˀʬʹ ʪʨʹʭʬʴʬʩʰʹ ʫʾʬ, ʸʨʫʪʨʴʨ˂ ʳʯʬʲʰ
ʲʬˁˆʻʳʰʹʨ ʫʨ ʽʭʬʳʵ ʹʭʨʴʬʯʰʹ ʪʲʬˆʵʩʰʹ ʪʲʵʭʰʹ ʮʨʸʰ ʫʨ
ʯʨʭʰʹʻʼʲʬʩʰʹ ʹʨʳʹˆʭʬʸʶʲʵʮʬ ʫʨʾʻʶʻʲ ʸʬʭʵʲʻ˂ʰʵʴʬʸʰʹ
ʱʻʩʵʮʬ ʫʨʾʭʸʰʲʰ ˂ˆʨʸʬ ˂ʸʬʳʲʬʩʰ ʩʬʭʸ ʸʨʳʬʹ ʨʳʩʩʵʩʫʬʴ ʫʨ
ʨʳʺʱʰ˂ʬʩʫʬʴ. ʫʰʨˆ, ʬʹ ʫʾʬ ʰʿʵ ʲʬˁˆʻʳʰʹ ˁʨʪʸʻʲ ʪʲʬˆʵʩʰʹ
ʹʻʲʰʬʸ ʪʨʴ˄ʿʵʩʰʲʬʩʰʹʨ ʫʨ ʳʰʹʰ ʶʵʲʰʺʰʱʻʸʰ
ʪʨʯʭʰʯ˂ʴʵʩʰʬʸʬʩʰʹ ʹʨʻʱʬʯʬʹʵ ʪʨʳʵʳˆʨʺʭʬʲʰ ʫʨ ˆʨʲˆʰʹ ʪʻʲʰʹ
ʺʱʰʭʰʲʬʩʰʹ ʪʨʳʵʳʨʳʷʾʨʭʴʬʩʬʲʰ ʫʾʬ.
ˁʵˆʨ-ʨˆʨʲʻˆˀʰ ʪʨʫʨ˂ʳʻʲʳʨ ʹʬʸʰʵʷʨ ʽʨʭʯʨʸʨ˃ʬʳ ʸʵʳ
ˁʭʬʻʲʬʩʸʰʭʰ ʪʸ˃ʴʵʩʰʬʸʰ ʹʰʺʿʭʨ ʫʨʹ˅ʬʽʨ ʳʰʹ ʹʨʼʲʨʭʮʬ, ʨʳʨʴ ˆʵʳ
ʹʻʲ ˂ʬ˂ˆʲʰ ʪʨʨˁʰʴʨ ˆʨʲˆʰʹ ʪʻʲˀʰ. ʳʰʹ ˀʬʳʫʬʪ ʹʰʺʿʭʬʩʰ ʰʽʳʴʨ
˄ʨʸʳʵʯʽʳʻʲʰ ˁʬʳʹʨ ʫʨ ʹˆʭʬʩʰʹ ʳʰʬʸ, ʸʵ˂ʨ ˀʨʳˀʬ ʳʰ˄ʨʹ ʳʰʭʨʩʨʸʬʯ,
ʳʬ ʫʨ ʹʬʸʰʵʷʨ ʾʨʳʰʯ ʽʻʯʨʰʹʰʹʨʱʬʴ ʪʨʭʬʳʪʮʨʭʸʬʯ ʫʨ ʸʵʫʬʹʨ˂
ʳʬʵʸʬ ʫʾʬʹ ʹʨʳˀʭʰʫʵʩʵʹ ʳʰʹʻʲʰ ʭʰʿʨʭʰʯ, ˇʨ˅ʭʰʹ ˆʰʫʮʬ ʪʨˁʴʫʨ
ˁʭʬʴ ʫʨʹʨ˅ʬʸʨʫ ʫʨʫʬʭʴʬʩʻʲʰ ʲʬˁˆʻʳʰʹ ʳʨʮʸʰʹ ʻʼʸʵʹʰ ʨʲ.
ʩʨʮʸʨ˃ʬ, ʳʨʪʸʨʳ ʨʳʨʵʫ.
ʨʳʰʹ ˀʬʳʫʬʪ ʯʨʭ. ʪʨʸʫʨʼˆʨ˃ʬʬʩʰ ʬʸʯ ˆʨʴʹ ʯʨʭʰʹʰ
ʲʬʭˀʰʬʸʰʹ ˂ʰˆʬˀʰ ʪʨʳʨʪʸʫʬʴ, ʳʨʪʸʨʳ ˆʨʲˆʰʹʨʪʨʴ ʰʹʰʴʰ ʰʳʫʬʴʨʫ
ʰʿʭʴʬʴ ˀʬʭʰ˄ʸʵʭʬʩʻʲʰ, ʸʵʳ ʫʰʫˆʨʴʹ ˂ʰˆʬˀʰ ʨʸʹʬʩʵʩʨ ʭʬʸ
ˀʬ˃ʲʬʹ ʫʨ ʮʬʳʵ-ʹʭʨʴʬʯˀʰ ʯʨʭʰʹ ʴʨʯʬʹʨʭ ʨʮʴʨʻʸʬʩʯʨʴ ʪʨʰʽ˂ʬʴ
ʯʨʭˀʬʹʨʼʨʸʨʭʨʫ.
ʪʨʸʫʨʼˆʨ˃ʬʬʩʰʹ ʳʨˀʰʴʫʬʲʰ ʹʻʲʰʹ ʱʭʬʯʬʩʰʹʨ ʫʨ
ʳʫʪʵʳʨʸʬʵʩʰʹ ʹʨʻʱʬʯʬʹʵ ʪʨʳʵʳˆʨʺʭʬʲʰ ʫʨ ʫʨʳʨˆʨʹʰʨʯʬʩʬʲʰʨ,
ʹˆʭʨʯʨ ˀʵʸʰʹ, ʰʳ ʫʸʵʹ ʳʨʯ ʳʰʬʸ ˀʬʯˆʮʻʲʰ ʹʰʳʾʬʸʨ, ʸʵʳʬʲʰ˂
ʲʬˁˆʻʳ-ʹʭʨʴʬʯʰʹ ʱʵʴʺʸ-ʸʬʭʵʲʰʻ˂ʰʵʴʻʸ ˄ʸʬʬʩˀʰ ˃ʨʲʰʨʴ ʰʿʵ
ʪʨʭʸ˂ʬʲʬʩʻʲʰ:

ʭʰʹ ʻʴʨˆʨʭʹ ʨʳʰʹ ʳʹʪʨʭʹʰ

ˁʭʬʴ ʰʹʬʴʰ ʪʭʰʶʰʸʵʩʬʴ
ˁʭʬʴ ʳʰ˄ʨʹʯʨʴ ʪʭʨʹ˄ʵʸʬʩʬʴ
ʫʨ ʨʳʰʯʰ ʼʻʲʹ ʰʾʬʩʬʴ.
ˆʨʲˆʹ ʱʰ ʨʹʬ ʨʺʿʻʬʩʬʴ
402
 ʭʰʯʵʳ˂ ʳʰʹʯʭʰʹ ʯʨʭʹʨ ʹʫʬʩʬʴ
ʫʨ ʨʳ ʪʭʨʸʰ ʳʵʺʿʻʬʩʰʯ
ˁʭʬʴ ʱʰ ʨʾʨʸ ʪʭʨʿʬʴʬʩʬʴ.
ʾʰʸʹʬʩʰʹ ʫʨ ʹʨʱʻʯʸʬʩʰʹ
ˆʵʳ ˄ʨʸʯʳʬʭʨʹ ʪʭʰʶʰʸʬʩʬʴ,
ʨʳʨʹ ʨʾʨʸ ʪʭˇʬʸʫʬʩʰʨʴ
ʨʳʵ˄ʿʭʬʺʨʹ ʪʭʰʶʰʸʬʩʬʴ,
ʻ˂ʩʨʯ ʪʭʰʩʸ˃ʨʴʬʹ ʫʨʯʳʵʩʨ
ʹʨʱʻʯʸʬʩʰʹ ʫʨ ʾʰʸʹʬʩʰʹ
ʭʬʸ ʫʨʭʯʳʬʯ, ʹʰʹˆʲʰ ʨʫʻʾʫʨ
ʯʭʨʲʰ ʫʨʪʭʰʫʪʨ ˃ʨʲʮʬʫʨ
ʻʬ˂ʸʨʫ ʹʸʵʲʨ ʨʪʭʰʺʿʫʨ
ʯʽʭʬʴ˂ ʻ˄ʿʰʯ ʸʨ˂ ʳʵʪʭʰʭʰʫʨ
ʰʳ ʻʩʬʫʻʸʹʨ ˄ʨʳʮʬʫʨ.
ʬʽʭʹʰ ʹʵʼʬʲʰ ʪʭʬʹʰʨ
ʸʵʪʵʸ˂ ʨʸʬʻʲʯ ˄ʬʹʰʨ
ʬʽʭʹʰ ʯʭʬ ʰʹʬ ʪʨʭʰʫʨ
ʳʻˆʲʰ ʨʸ ʳʵʪʭʰʱʬ˂ʰʨ
ʫʾʬ ʫʨ ʾʨʳ ʹʸʵʲʨʹ ʪʭʰʺʬˆʬʴ
ʶʨʹʻˆʹ ʭʨ˃ʲʬʭʫʰʯ ʬʽʭʹʰʨ
ˁʭʬʴ ˃ʭʬʲʹʨ ˂ʰˆʬʹ ʭʰˇʬʽʰʯ
ʯʨʭʫʨʸʰʪʰʯʨ ˄ʬʹʰʯʨ.
ʹʰʳ˄ʸʰʯ ʹʰʳʾʬʸʨʹ ʫʨʭ˃ʨˆʫʰʯ
ʵʼʲʹ ʭʰ˄ʻʸʨʭʫʰʯ ʽʬʹʰʯʨ
ʨʸʭʰʹ ʴʨʱʲʬʩʨʯ ʨʸ ʪʭ˄ʨʳʫʨ
ʹʨʳˀʵʩʲʵʹ ʯʨʭʰʹʻʼʲʬʩʨ
ʨʸʨ ʹʰʸ˂ˆʭʰʲʰʯ, ʹʨˆʬʲʰʯ
ʨʫʸʬʭʬ ʪʭʰʯʽʭʨʳʹ ʯʨʴˆʳʵʩʨ.
ʾʳʬʸʯʵ, ʾʳʬʸʯʵ ʪʬʭʬʫʸʬʩʰʯ
ʬʸʯʹ ʹʨʯˆʵʭʨʸʹ ʳʵʪʨˆʹʬʴʬʩʯ,
ʹʨʴʨʳ ʹʰʸ˂ˆʭʰʲʹ ʳʵʭʰʪʬʩʫʬʯ
ʳʨʴʨʳ ʹʰʱʭʫʰʲʹ ʳʰʪʭʨʪʬʩʬʯ.

ʯʨʭʨʫʰ ʪʨʸʫʨʼˆʨ˃ʬʬʩʰ ˀʨʳˀʬʹ ʹʰʱʭʫʰʲʰʹ ˀʬʳʫʬʪʨ˂

ʪʨʴʨʪʸ˃ʵʩʫʬʴ ʰʴʺʬʲʰʪʬʴ˂ʰʰʹʨ ʫʨ ʹʵ˂ʰʨʲʰʹʺʬʩʰʹ ʫʬʭʴʨʹ,

403
ʸʵʳʬʲʯʨ˂ ʳʨʯ ʹʨʳʼʲʵʩʬʲʵ ˁʵʲʻʸʰʹ ʯʬʳˀʰ ʪʮʨʫ ʪʨʭʲʨ˂ ʨʸ
ˀʬʬ˃ʲʵʯ.
ˀʨʳˀʬʹ ʪʨʹʭʬʴʬʩʨʮʬ ˁʬʳʰ ʫʨʹ˄ʸʬʩʨ ʫʨ ʳʨʯʰ
ʹʨ˄ʰʴʨʨʾʳʫʬʪʵʯ ˁʬʳ ʳʰʬʸ ˄ʨʸʳʵʯʽʳʻʲʰ ʹʰʺʿʭʨ ʪʨʸʫʨʼˆʨ˃ʬʬʩʳʨ
ʸʵʳ ʪʨʰʪʬʹ, ʸʨ ʯʽʳʨ ʻʴʫʨ, ʨʸ˂ ʳʬ ʳ˄ʿʨʲʵʩʫʬʴ. ʸʵʫʬʹʨ˂ ʰʳ
ʮʨʼˆʻʲˀʰ ʳʵ˄ʨʼʬʬʩʰ ʲʨˀˆʬʯʰʹ ʮʬʳʵ ʹʭʨʴʬʯˀʰ ˀʭʬʩʻʲʬʩʨˀʰ
ʳʰʭʫʰʵʫʰʯ, ʹ. ʹʨʹʨˀʰ (ʽʭʬʳʵ ʹʭʨʴʬʯˀʰʨ) ʳʬ ʳʵʭʰ˄ʭʰʬ ʱʸʬʩʨ ʫʨ
ˀʬʳʫʬʪ ʮʬʳʵ ʹʭʨʴʬʯʰʹʨʱʬʴ ʪʨʭʬʳʪʮʨʭʸʬ. ʪʨʸʫʨʼˆʨ˃ʬʬʩʰ ʯʻʸʳʬ
ʻʱʨʴ ʫʨʳʫʬʭʫʬʴ, ʳʨʪʸʨʳ ʲʨʺʼʨʸʰʹ ʳʯʨʮʬ ʪʨʫʨʹʭʲʨ ʳʵʭʨʹ˄ʨʸʰʯ
ʫʨ ʪʨʫʨʭʸˁʰʯ, ˆʵʲʵ ʸʵ˂ʨ ˀʬʳʵʫʪʵʳʨʮʬ ʽʻʯʨʰʹʰʹʱʬʴ
ʭʩʸʻʴʫʬʩʵʫʰ, ʽʬʲʰˁʩʰ ʪʨʸʫʨʼˆʨ˃ʬ ʫʨʳˆʭʫʨ ʹʵʼ. ʱʨʲʨˀʰ ʫʨ
ʪʨʴʰʮʸʨˆʨ ʯʵʼʰʯ ˁʬʳʰ ʳʵʱʭʲʨ, ʳʨʪʸʨʳ ʸʵʫʬʹʨ˂ ʫʨʸ˄ʳʻʴʫʨ, ʸʵʳ
ˁʬʳʹ ʰʽʨʻʸ ʴʨʯʬʹʨʵʩʨʹ ʫʨ ˁʬʳʯʨʴ ʳʰʳʨʭʨʲ ʳʪʮʨʭʸʬʩʹ ʭʬʸ
ʪʨʫʨʸˁʬʩʵʫʨ, ʯʵʼʰ ˃ʰʸʹ ʫʨʻˀʭʨ.
ʨʳʰʹ ˀʬʳʫʬʪ ʲʬʭʨʴ ʫʨʫʬˀʽʬʲʰʨʴʰ ʰʽʴʨ ˀʬʶʿʸʵʩʰʲʰ
ʳʯʨʭʸʵʩʰʹ ʳʰʬʸ. ʳʯʬʲʰ ʲʬˁˆʻʳʰʹ ʫʨ ʽʭʬʳʵ ʹʭʨʴʬʯʰʹ ˆʨʲˆʰ ʨʳʰʹ
ʪʨʪʵʴʬʩʨʮʬ ʼʬˆʮʬ ʫʨʫʪʨ, ˂ʨʪʬʸʰʹʨʱʬʴ ʪʨʬˀʻʸʨ, ʳʨʹ ʨʲʿʨ
ˀʬʳʵʨʸʺʿʨ ʫʨ ʰʯˆʵʭʨ ʲʬʭʨʴʰʹ ʪʨʴʯʨʭʰʹʻʼʲʬʩʨ. ʳʯʨʭʸʵʩʨ
ʰ˃ʻʲʬʩʻʲʰ ˀʬʰʽʴʨ ʰʹ ʪʨʬʴʯʨʭʰʹʻʼʲʬʩʰʴʨ.
ʰʳʨʭʬ ˄ʲʰʹ ʮʨʼˆʻʲˀʰ ʲʨˀˆʬʲʬʩʰʹ ʳʰʬʸ ʹʨʹʵ
ʪʨʸʫʨʼˆʨ˃ʰʹ ʹʨˆʲʰʹ ʨʰʭʨʴʮʬ ʳʰʹ ʳʨʪʰʬʸʨʫ ʰʽʴʨ ˀʬ˂ʫʵʳʰʯ
ʳʵʱʲʻʲʰ ʪʨʸʫʨʼˆʨ˃ʰʹ ʴʨʯʬʹʨʭʰ ʫʨ ʹʺʻʳʨʸʰ ʯʨʭ. ʹʨʭʨʸʰʵʴ
ʪʬʲʵʭʨʴʰ, ˆʵʲʵ ʲʬ˂ʻʸʰʨˀʰ ʳ˂ˆʵʭʸʬʩ ʿʨʸʨʩʰ ʪʨʸʫʨʼˆʨ˃ʰʹ
ʪʨʴʰʨʸʨʾʬʩʰʹ ʫʸʵʹ ˄ʰʴʨʨʾʳʫʬʪʵʩʰʹ ʪʨ˄ʬʭʰʹʨʯʭʰʹ ʫʨˆʵ˂ʰʲʰ
ʰʿʭʴʬʴ ʵʸʰ ʯʨʭʨʫʰ ʶʲʨʺʵʴ ʫʨ ʭʨʹʰʲ ˁʰʽʵʭʨʴʬʩʰ.
1905 ˄ʲʰʹ ʩʵʲʵ ˆʨʴʬʩˀʰ ʲʬˁˆʻʳʰʹ ʫʨ ʽʭʬʳʵ ʹʭʨʴʬʯʰʹ
ˀʬʬʸʯʬʩʻʲʰ ʳʬʩʸ˃ʵʲʰ ʸʨʮʳʬʩʰ ʫʨʬ˂ʬʴ ˂ʨʪʬʸˀʰ ʲʬˁˆʻʳʰʹ
ʳʨʮʸʰʹ ʨʫʳʰʴʰʹʺʸʨ˂ʰʨʹ, ʪʨʴʨʰʨʸʨʾʬʹ ʰʹ, ʫʨ ʫʨʹ˄ʭʬʹ ʳʯʬʲʰ
ʲʬˁˆʻʳʰʹ ʹʨʳʨʮʸʵ ʹʨʳʳʨʸʯʭʬʲʵ ʫʨ˄ʬʹʬʩʻʲʬʩʨʯʨ ʹʨʽʳʬʬʩʰ,
˅ʿʭʰˀʰʹ, ʵʸʩʬʲʰʹ ʫʨ ʹˆʭʨ ʯʬʳʬʩʰʹ ʹʵʼʲʰʹ ʱʨʴ˂ʬʲʨʸʰʬʩʰ ʫʨ
ʲʬʭʨʴʰʹ ˄ʰʴʨʳ˃ʾʵʲʵʩʰʯ ʨʲʰˆʨʴʵʭʰʹ ʹʨ˄ʰʴʨʨʾʳʫʬʪʵʫ
ʽʻʯʨʰʹʰʹʱʬʴ ʪʨʬˀʻʸʬʴ, ʳʨʪʸʨʳ ʸʬʨʽ˂ʰʰʹ ʪʨʳʨʸˇʭʬʩʰʹ ˀʬʹʨˆʬʩ
ʽʻʯʨʰʹʰʫʨʴ ʳʰʾʬʩʻʲ ˂ʴʵʩʬʩʰʹ ʪʨʳʵ ʳʬʽʭʬʴʰʫʨʴ ʻʱʨʴ
ʫʨʩʸʻʴʫʬʴ. ʨʳʰʹ ˀʬʳʫʬʪ ʲʬˁˆʻʳ-ʹʭʨʴʬʯʹ ʬ˄ʭʰʨ ʽʻʯʨʰʹʰʹ ʳʨʮʸʰʹ
ʻʼʸʵʹʰ ʯ. ˇʨʴʹʻˆ ʫʨʫʬˀʽʬʲʰʨʴʰ, ʸʵʳʬʲʳʨ˂ ʫʨʹ˄ʭʨ ʨˆʨʲ˅ʨʲʨˀʰ
ʲʬʭʨʴ ʫʨʫʬˀʽʬʲʰʨʴʰʹ ʹʨˆʲ-ʱʨʸʰ, ʶʲʨʺʵʴ ʫʨ ʩʰʽʺʵʸ
404
ʨˆʭʲʬʫʰʨʴʬʩʰʹ ʫʨ ʸʨʳʵʫʬʴʰʳʬ ʪʲʬˆʰʹ ʹʨˆʲʬʩʰ. ʫʨʨʶʨʺʰʳʸʨ
ʲʬʭʨʴʰʹ ˂ʵʲ-ˀʭʰʲʰ. ʵʸʰ ʱʭʰʸʰʹ ˀʬʳʫʬʪ ʸʨ˅ʨ-ʲʬˁˆʻʳʹ ʬ˄ʭʰʨ
˂ʴʵʩʰʲʰ ʸʬʨʽ˂ʰʰʹ ʪʳʰʸʰ ʨʲʰˆʨʴʵʭʰ, ʸʵʳʬʲʹʨ˂ ʪʭʬʸʫˀʰ
ʨʳʵʻʫʪʬʴ ʪʨʸʫʨʼˆʨ˃ʬʬʩʰ ʫʨ ʲʬˁˆʻʳʰʹ ʮʵʪʰʬʸʯʰ ʯʨʭʨʫʬʩʰ.
ʲʬˁˆʻʳˀʰ ʪʨʳʬʼʫʨ ʹʨˀʰʴʬʲʰ ʸʬʶʸʬʹʰʬʩʰ, ʸʵʳʲʰʹ ʳʹˆʭʬʸʶʲʰ˂
ˀʬʰʽʴʬʴ ʱʨʮʨʱʬʩʰʹ ʳʰʬʸ ʵʸʩʬʲʰʹ ˄ʭʬʸʮʬ ʳʵʱʲʻʲʰ ʩʰʽʺʵʸ
ʼʸʻʰ˃ʬ, ʵʸʶʰʸʰʹ ˆʬʵʩʨˀʰ ʫʨˆʵ˂ʰʲʴʰ ʨʲʬʽʹʰ ʲʨʸ˂ʻʲʰʨʴʰ ʫʨ
ʬʸʯʰ ˅ʨʩʻʱʰʨʴʰ.
ʲʬʭʨʴʰ ʨʳʰʹ ˀʬʳʫʬʪ ʰ˃ʻʲʬʩʻʲʰ ʪʨˆʫʨ ʹʺʨʳʩʵʲˀʰ
ʪʨʽ˂ʬʻʲʰʿʵ, ʯʬʵʼʨʴʬ ʪʵʸʪʨʹʲʰ˃ʬ ʸʻʹʬʯˀʰ ʱʵʹʺʵʸʳʰʹ
ʪʻʩʬʸʴʰʨˀʰ ʪʨʫʨʨʹʨˆʲʬʹ, ʹʵʹʵ ʶʬʺʸʬ ʨʹʨʯʰʨʴʰ ʰʽʳʴʨ
ˀʬʶʿʸʵʩʰʲʰ, ʳʨʪʸʨʳ ʽʻʯʨʰʹʰʹ ˂ʰˆʰʫʨʴ 30 ʹʵ˂ʰʨʲʰʹʺʰʹ
ʪʨʹʨʿʭʨʴʨʫ ʪʨʱʬʯʬʩʻʲ ʪʭʰʸʨʩʰʯ ʪʨʰʽ˂ʨ ʫʨ ˀʭʬʰ˂ʨʸʰʨˀʰ
ʪʨʫʨʰʳʨʲʨ, ʨʸʺʬʳ ʩʵ˅ʵʸʰˀʭʰʲʰ ˂ʰʳʩʰʸˀʰ ʪʨʫʨʨʹʨˆʲʬʹ, ʶʲʨʺʵʴ
ʨˆʭʲʬʫʰʨʴʰ ʽʻʯʨʰʹʰʹ ˂ʰˆʬˀʰ ʪʨʸʫʨʰ˂ʭʨʲʨ ʫʨ ʸʻʩʬʴ ʿʰʼʰʨʴʰ
ʨʸʨʲʬʪʨʲʻʸ ˂ˆʵʭʸʬʩʨʹ ʬ˄ʬʵʫʨ. ʲʨˀˆʬʯʰʹ ʵʸʪʨʴʰʮʨ˂ʰʰʹ
ʳʬʯʨʻʸʬʩʰ: ʬʸʳʨʴʵʮʨ ʫʨ ʬʸʰʹʺʵ ʵʴʰʨʴʬʩʰ ʰʽʳʴʬʴ ˀʬʶʿʸʵʩʰʲʴʰ.
ʲʬʭʬʴʺʵ ʻʮʸʬʩʰʨʴʰ ʫʨ ʬʪʴʨʺʬ ʨʭʨʲʰʨʴʰ ʨʲʰ ʪʨʸʫʨʼˆʨ˃ʰʹ ʳʰʬʸ
ˀʬˁʬʴʰʲ ʳʬˇʵʪʬʬʩʰʹ ˀʬʳ˄ʬʵʩʰʯ ʹʺʸʨʷʴʰʱʬʩʰʹ ʳʰʬʸ ʰʽʳʴʬʴ ˀʪʬʫʰʹ
ʳʯʨʮʬ ʫʨˆʵ˂ʰʲʴʰ, ʨʳʩʨʱʵ ʫʨ ʫʰʹʰʵʴ ʵʴʰʨʴʬʩʹ ʫʨ ʩʬʱʵ
ʲʬʼʹ˄ʭʬʸʰ˃ʬʹ ʳʰʬʹʨˇʨʯ ʯʭʰʯʵʹ 8 ˄ʲʰʹ ʱʨʺʵʸʾʨ ʫʨ ʮʵʪʰʬʸʯ
ʳʨʯʪʨʴʰʹ ʹʨˆʲ-ʱʨʸʰ 1906 ˄. ʹʭʨʴʬʯˀʰ ʶʵʲʱʵʭʴʰʱ ˀʰˀʱʬʭʰˁʰʹ
ʳʬʯʨʻʸʵʩʰʯ ʳʵʹʻʲ ˇʨʸʰʹ ʳʰʬʸ ʰʽʳʴʨ ˂ʬ˂ˆʲʰʯ
ʪʨʴʨʫʪʻʸʬʩʻʲʰ.
ʪʨʸʫʨʼˆʨ˃ʬʬʩʳʨ ʹˆʭʨʯʨ ˀʵʸʰʹ ʲʬʭʨʴʰʹ ˂ʵʲʹ ʪʨʻʪʮʨʭʴʬʹ
ˀʬʳʫʬʪʰ ʫʨ˂ʰʴʭʰʹ ˄ʬʸʰʲʰ:

,,ʩʨ˂ʻʴʰʨ ˂ʨʸʰ˂ʨʵ,
ˀʬʴʰ ʺʨˆʺʰ ˄ʨʰʽ˂ʨʵ
ʨʾʨʸʨ ʪʿʨʭʹ ˀʬʴʰ ʳʬʼʬ
ʲʬˆʬʸʨˀʰ ʪʨʰʽ˂ʨʵ.
ʨ˄ ʹʰ˂ʸʻʬʹ ʭʰʾʨ ʪʭʬʺʿʭʰʹ,
ʸʨ ʭʽʴʨʯ, ʸʨ ʪʭʬˀʭʬʲʬʩʨʵ³

ʨʳʰʹ ˀʬʳʫʬʪ ʪʨʸʫʨʼˆʨ˃ʬʬʩʰʹ ʹʰ˃ʻʲʭʰʲʰ ˁʵʲʻʸʰʹ

ʪʲʬˆʵʩʰʹ ʪʻʲˀʰ ʱʰʫʬʭ ʻʼʸʵ ʪʨʾʸʳʨʭʫʨ ʫʨ ʸʵʫʬʹʨ˂ ʸʻʹʬʯʰʹ
405
1917 ˄ʲʰʹ ʫʰʫʳʨ ʸʬʭʵʲʻ˂ʰʨʳ ʯʭʰʯʳʶʿʸʵʩʬʲʻʸʰ
˄ʬʹ˄ʿʵʩʰʲʬʩʨ ʫʨʨʳˆʵ, ʳʨʹˀʰ ʻ˂ʩʨʫ ʰʼʬʯʽʨ ˀʻʸʰʹ˃ʰʬʩʰʹ
ʰʴʹʺʰʴʽʺʬʩʳʨ ʫʨ ʪʨʫʨʹ˄ʿʭʰʺʬʹ ʪʨʸʫʨʼˆʨ˃ʬʬʩʰʹ ʨʳʵ˄ʿʭʬʺʨ. ʳʬʼʰʹ
ʳʯʨʭʸʵʩʰʹ ʫʨʳˆʵʩʰʹ ʶʰʸʭʬʲ ˆʨʴʬʩˀʰ ʹʭʨʴʬʯʰ ʻʳʯʨʭʸʵʩʵʯ
ʫʨʸˁʨ ʫʨ ʨʳʰʺʵʳ ʮʬʳʵ ʫʨ ʽʭʬʳʵ ʹʭʨʴʬʯʰʹ ˆʨʲˆʳʨ ʪʨʫʨ˄ʿʭʰʺʨ
ˀʬʬʸʯʬʩʻʲʰʿʵ. ʮʬʳʵ ʹʭʨʴʬʯˀʰ ʨʳ ʹʨʽʳʬʮʬ ʳʻˀʨʵʩʨ ʫʨʳʯʨʭʸʫʨ
ʫʨ ʹʭʨʴʬʯʰʹ ʨʳʵʸˁʬʻʲʬʩʰ ʨʴʻ ʨʳ ʹʨʽʳʰʹ ʳʵʳ˄ʬʹʸʰʪʬʩʬʲʰ ʶʰʸʬʩʰ
ʽʭʬʳʵ ʹʭʨʴʬʯˀʰ ˁʨʳʵʭʰʫʴʬʴ ʹʨʳʻˀʨʵʫ, ˁʵʲʻʸʰʹ ʯʬʳʰʹ ˆʨʲˆʳʨ
ʯʨʭʰ ʳʵʰʿʨʸʨ ʨʫʪʰʲʵʩʸʰʭ ʱʨʴ˂ʬʲʨʸʰʨʹʯʨʴ. ʯʨʭʨʫ
ʪʨʸʫʨʼˆʨ˃ʬʬʩʹ ʫʨʬʭʨʲʨʯ ʨʳ ʱʸʬʩʨʮʬ ʪʨʳʵ˂ˆʨʫʬʩʻʲʰʿʭʴʬʴ.
ˁʵʲʻʸʲʬʩʳʨ ʰʹʨʸʪʬʩʲʬʹ ʨʳ ˀʬʳʯˆʭʬʭʰʯ ʪʨʸʫʨʼˆʨ˃ʬʬʩʰʹ
ʪʨ˄ʿʭʬʺʰʹ ʪʨʴʮʸʨˆʭʰʹ ʹʰʹʸʻʲʬˀʰ ʳʵʹʨʿʭʨʴʨʫ ʫʨ ʸʵʫʬʹʨ˂ ʨʳ
ʱʸʬʩʰʫʨʴ ʨʲʰ, ʲʬʭʨʴʰ ʫʨ ʹʬʳʰʴʨʸʰ ˀʰʴʰʹʨʱʬʴ ʳʰʫʰʵʫʬʴ, ʪʮʨʮʬ
ʬʹʬʴʰ ʫʨˆʵ˂ʰʲʰ ʰʽʴʬʴ ʫʨʫʨʸʨˇʬʩʻʲʰ ˁʵʲʻʸʬʲʬʩʰʹ ʳʰʬʸ. ʹʨʹʵ
ʫʨ ʪʸʨʳʰʺʵʴʰ ʨʳ ʫʸʵʹ ʹʵʼ. ˅ʭʬʲʰʬʸˀʰ ʰʿʭʴʬʴ. ˆʨʲˆʳʨ ʰʹʰʴʰ
ʳʰʰʳ˄ʿʭʫʰʨ ʰʽ ʬʸʯ ʵˇʨˆˀʰ, ʪʨʳʵʰʿʭʨʴʨ ʪʨʸʬʫ ʫʨ ʫʨˆʵ˂ʨ. ʿʨʸʨʩʰ
ʪʨʸʫʨʼˆʨ˃ʬ ʱʸʬʩʨʹ ʨʸ ʫʨʹ˄ʸʬʩʰʨ ʫʨ ʸʵʫʬʹʨ˂ ʳʵʳˆʫʨʸʰ ʨʳʩʨʰ
ʪʨʰʪʵ, ʯʨʭʰʹ ˀʭʰʲʰʯʻʸʯ ʯʨʭʰ ʲʻˇʰʹ ʮʬʳʵʯ ʺʿʬʹ ˀʬʨʼʨʸʨ,
ʳʨʪʸʨʳ ʳʨʯ ʯʭʨʲʰ ʳʵˈʱʸʬʹ ʲʨˀˆʬʲʬʩʳʨ ʫʨ ʫʨˆʵ˂ʬʹ. ˅ʰ˅ʰʱʵ,
ʹʨʹʵʹ ˀʭʰʲʰ, ʹʵʼ. ʮʨʪʨʲʵʫʨˀʰ ˁʨʻʭʨʸʫʨ ʪʲʬˆʬʩʹ ˆʬʲˀʰ ʫʨ ʰʽ
ʰʽʴʨ ʳʨʯ ʳʰʬʸ ʳʵʱʲʻʲʰ. ʨʳ ʴʨʰʸʨʫ 1917 ˄. 8 ʪʨʸʫʨʼˆʨ˃ʬ 24 ʹʨʨʯˀʰ
ʰʽʴʨ ʫʨˆʵ˂ʰʲʰ ˁʵʲʻʸʰʹ ʪʲʬˆʵʩʰʹ ʳʰʬʸ ʫʨ ʳʨʯʰ ʩʨʺʵʴʵʩʨ˂
ʪʨʻʽʳʫʨ. ʮʬʳʵ ʹʭʨʴʬʯˀʰ ʱʰ ʹʨʫʨʫʬˀʽʬʲʰʨʴʵ ʹʭʨʴʬʯʰʹ ʪʲʬˆʵʩʨ
ˀʬʻʫʪʨ ʯʨʭʨʫ ʫʨʫʬˀʽʬʲʰʨʴʬʩʰʹ ʹʨʹʨˆʲʬʬʩʰʹ ʴʪʸʬʭʨʹ ʫʨ ʨʫʪʰʲ-
ʳʨʳʻʲʰʹ ʻʸʯʰʬʸʯ ˀʵʸʰʹ ʪʨʴʨ˄ʰʲʬʩʨʹ. ʨʳ ʷʨʳʨʫ ʳʨʯʰ
ʹʨʹʨˆʲʬʬʩʰʹ ʴʨʴʪʸʬʭʬʩʰʹ ʳʬʺʹ ʨʸʨʼʬʸʹ ʫʨʰʴʨˆʨʭʯ. ʨʳ ʴʨʰʸʨʫ,
˃ʰʸʰʨʴ-ʼʬʹʭʰʨʴʨʫ ʰʽʴʨ ʹʭʨʴʬʯʰʹ ˂ˆʵʭʸʬʩʰʫʨʴ ʨʳʵʼˆʭʸʰʲʰ 500
˄ʲʰʹ ʪʨʴʳʨʭʲʵʩʨˀʰ ʨʽ ʫʨʳʱʭʰʫʸʬʩʻʲʰ ʩʨʺʵʴʿʳʻʸʰ
˄ʬʹ˄ʿʵʩʰʲʬʩʨ ʫʨ ʳʸʨʭʨʲʺʨʴˇʻʲʰ ʹʭʨʴʬʯʰʹ ʪʲʬˆʵʩʨ˂ ʬʾʰʸʹʨ
ʯʨʭʰʹʻʼʲʬʩʨʹ.

ˀʰʴʨʨʸʹʰ
I
ʪʭʬʸʫ.
ʨʭʺʵʸʰʹʨʪʨʴ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3

406
ʹʭʨʴʬʩʰʹ ʫʨʳʵʱʰʫʬʩʻʲʬʩʨ ʼʬʵʫʨʲʰʮʳʹʨ ʫʨ ʩʨʺʵʴʿʳʵʩʰʹʨʫʳʰ . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5-29
1. ʸʨ˅ʰʹ ʯʨʭʨʫʬʩʰʹ ˇʨʼʨʸʰ˃ʬʬʩʰʹ ʫʨˆʵ˂ʭʨ ʹʭʨʴʬʩʰʹ ʳʰʬʸ ʳʬ-15
ʹʨʻʱʻʴʬˀʰ . . . . . . . . 12
2. ʯʨʭʰʹʻʼʨʲʰ ʹʭʨʴʬʩʰ ʫʨ ʯʨʭ. ʫʨʫʬˀʽʬʲʰʨʴʬʩʰ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . 18
3. ʫʨʫʬˀʽʬʲʰʨʴʬʩʰʹ ʳʰʬʸ 85 ʲʨʺʨʲʬʲʰʹ ʫʨʺʿʭʬʭʬʩʨ . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . 21
4. ʩʬʷʨʴʨ ʿʰʼʰʨʴʰʹ ʳʵʱʭʲʨ ʻˀʪʻʲʬʲʬʩʰʹ ʳʰʬʸ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . 22
5. ʫʬʭʬʯʪʬʸʰ ʳʻʸʮʨʿʻʲʵʭʰʹ ʳʵʱʭʲʨ ʻˀʪʻʲˀʰ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . 24
6. ʼʻʯʻ ʼʨʲʰʨʴʰʹ ʳʵʱʭʲʨ ʳʬʹʺʰʨˀʰ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . .24
7. ˇʨʼʨʸʰ˃ʰʹ ʳʵʱʭʲʨ ʳʬʹʺʰʨˀʰ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . .25
8. ʲʨʺʨʲʰʹ ʪʲʬˆʱʨ˂ʵʩʰʹ ʪʨʳʵʹʭʲʨ ˁʨʸʱʭʰʨʴʬʩʰʹ ˄ʰʴʨʨʾʳʫʬʪ . . .
. . . . . . . . . 26
9. ʲʨʺʨʲʬʲʬʩʰʹ ʪʨʳʵʹʭʲʨ ʫʨʫʬˀʽʬʲʰʨʴʬʩʰʹ ˄ʰʴʨʨʾʳʫʬʪ 1895
˄ʬʲˀʰ . . . . . 27
10. ʪʨʲʰʼˆʨʴʬʩʰʹ (ʪʨʸʫʨʼˆʨ˃ʬʬʩʰʹ) ʨʳʵ˄ʿʭʬʺʨ ˁʵʲʻʸʰʹ
ʪʲʬˆʵʩʰʹ ʳʰʬʸ ˃ʭʬʲ ʫʸʵˀʰ
. . . . 27
II

ʹʭʨʴʬʩʰ ʫʨ ʯʭʰʯʳʶʿʸʵʩʬʲʻʸʰ ʸʻʹʬʯʰʹ ʰʳʶʬʸʰʨʲʰʮʳʰ 30-55

III

ˆʨʲˆʰʹ ʯʭʰʯʳʳʨʸʯʭʬʲʵʩʨ ʹʭʨʴʴʬʯˀʰ . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . 56-91

1. ʶʨʺʸʰʨʸʽʨʲʻʸʰ ˄ʬʹ˄ʿʵʩʰʲʬʩʨ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 57
2. ʪʭʨʸʵʭʴʻʲʰ ˄ʬʹ˄ʿʵʩʰʲʬʩʨ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 60
3. ʹʵʼʲʰʹ ʻʼʸʵʹʰ ʫʨ ʹʨʹʵʼʲʵ ˄ʬʹʬʩʰ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 62
4. ʯʬʳʵʩʸʰʭʰ ˄ʬʹ˄ʿʵʩʰʲʬʩʨ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 63
5. ʹʸʻʲʰʨʫ ʹʭʨʴʬʯʹ ʯʬʳʯʨ ʹʨʱʨʭˀʰʸʵ ʿʸʰʲʵʩʨ . . . . . . . . 71
407
6. ʯʬʳʰʹ ʻʼʸʵʹʰ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 76
7. ʯʬʳʰʹ ʻʼʸʵʹʰʹ ʻʼʲʬʩʬʩʰ ʫʨ ʳʵʭʨʲʬʵʩʨʴʰ . . . . . . . . . . 82

IV

ʹʭʨʴʻʸʰ ʰʻʸʰʫʰʻʲʰ ˄ʬʹ˄ʿʵʩʰʲʬʩʨ ʫʨ ʹʨʳʨʸʯʲʰʹ ˄ʬʹʬʩʰ . . . . . .

92-120

1. ʳʹʨˇʻʲʯ-ʳʬʨʫʰʺʵʸʬʬʩʰ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 95
2. ʹʨʳʬʫʰʨʺʵʸʵ ʪʨʴʨˁʬʴʰʹ ʹʰʹʸʻʲʬˀʰ ʳʵʿʭʨʴʰʹ ˄ʬʹʰ . . . . 108
3. ʹʰʹˆʲʰʹ ʼʨʹʰ ʯʨʭʰʹʻʼʨʲ ʹʭʨʴʬʯˀʰ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .110
4. ʹʰʹˆʲʰʹ ʼʨʹʰ ʹʨʫʨʫʬˀʽʬʲʰʨʴʵ ʹʭʨʴʬʯˀʰ . . . . . . . . . . . . . 111
5. ʽʨʲʰʹ ʳʰʬʸ ʽʳʸʰʹ ʳʰʺʵʭʬʩʨ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .111
6. ʻʱʨʴʵʴʵ ˀʭʰʲʰʹ ˀʬ˃ʬʴʨ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 111
7. ʳ˃ʰʳʬ ˅ʸʰʲʵʩʰʹʨʪʨʴ ʸʵʳʬʲʰʳʬ ʨʹʵʹ ʪʨˆʳʵʩʨ . . . . . . . . . 111
8. ʫʨʸʺʿʳʨ ˅ʸʰʲʵʩʰʹ ʳʰ˂ʬʳʰʯ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 111
9. ʫʨʸʺʿʳʨ ˅ʸʰʲʵʩʰʹ ʳʰʻ˂ʬʳʲʨʯ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 112
10. ʹʰʺʿʭʰʯ ˀʬʻʸʨ˂ʿʵʼʰʹ ʳʰʿʬʴʬʩʨ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .112
11. ʽʻʸʫʵʩʨ ʹʨˆʲʰʹ ʪʨʺʬˆʰʯ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .112
12. ʱʨ˂ʰʹ ʫʨʺʿʭʬʭʬʩʨ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 112
13. ˄ʬʹʰ ʯʨʭʰʹ ʪʨʳʨʸʯʲʬʩʰʹʨ ʹʨʬ˅ʭʵ ʹʨʽʳʬʮʬ . . . . . . . . .116

V
ʩʨʺʵʴ--ʿʳʻʸʰ ˄ʬʹ˄ʿʵʩʰʲʬʩʨ ʹʭʨʴʬʯˀʰ . . . . . . . . . . . . . 121-125

VI
ʸʬʭʵʲʻ˂ʰʵʴʻʸʰ ʳʵ˃ʸʨʵʩʨ ʲʬˁˆʻʳ ʹʭʨʴʬʯˀʰ 1905 ˄. . . . 126-137

408
409
 ʹʭʨʴʬʯʰʹ ʳʰʻʫʪʵʳʬʲ ˂ʰ˂ʨʩʵ ʱʲʫʬʬʩˀʰ ʳʸʨʭʨʲʰ ˇʰˆʭ-
ʨʸˁʭʰ ʩʰʴʨʫʸʵʩʹ.
ˇʰˆʭʰ ± ¶¶ʾʭʨˀ³ ± ʹʨʳʨʸʯʲʰʨʴʨʫ ˀʬʰ˃ʲʬʩʨ ˁʨʰʯʭʨʲʵʹ ʨʳ
ʮʾʨʶʸʻʲʰ ʹʰʲʨʳʨʮʰʹ, ʿʰʴʻʲʵʭʨʴʰ ʳʯʬʩʰʹ ʳʬʻʼʬʫ, ʹʰʨʳʨʿʬʫ ʫʨ
ʳˀʭʬʴʬʩʨʫ.
ʼʬʸʨʫʰ ˇʰˆʭʰ ʮʨʳʯʸʵʩʰʯ ʳʵʴʨ˂ʸʰʹʼʬʸʵʨ, ʮʨʼˆʻʲʵʩʰʯ,
ʴʨʮʨʳʯʸʰ ʩʨʲʴʰʹ ʫʨʿʸʰʹ ˀʬʳʫʬʪ, ʻʼʸʵ ʳʵʿʭʰʯʨʲʵ. ʺʨʴʨʫ
ʳʨʳʨʲʰ ʹʸʻʲʰ ʨʹʨʱʰʹ ˇʰˆʭʰ ʫʨʨˆʲʵʬʩʰʯ 3 ˄ʲʰʹ ʳʵʮʭʸʰʹ
ʵʫʬʴʨʨ. ˂ʵ˂ˆʨʲʰ ˄ʵʴʨ ˇʰˆʭʰʹʨ ʰʽʴʬʩʨ 5-8 ʼʻʯʨʳʫʬ. ʳʰʹ ʱʵˆʺʨ
ʯʨʭʹ ʨʳʱʵʩʹ ʲʨʳʨʮʰ, ʳʸʪʭʨʲʰ, ʳʹˆʭʰʲʰ, ʹʰʪʸ˃ʰʯ 80
ʹʨʴʺʰʳʬʺʸʨʳʫʬ ʳʵˆʫʬʴʰʲʨʫ, ʻʱʨʴ ʪʨʫʨʾʻʴʻʲʰ ʸʽʬʩʰʯ,
ʸʵʳʲʬʩʰʹ ʴʨʵ˅ʬʩʰʯʨ˂ ʨʫʭʰʲʨʫ ˀʬʰ˃ʲʬʩʨ ˇʰˆʭʰʹ ˄ʲʵʭʨʴʬʩʰʹ
ʪʨʪʬʩʨ. ʳʰʹ ʲʨʳʨʮ ʹʨˆʬʹ ʨʳˀʭʬʴʬʩʹ ʫʰʫʰ ʫʨ ʳʬʫʰʫʻʸʰ
ʪʨʳʵʳʬʺʿʭʬʲʬʩʰʹ ˀʨʭʰ ʯʭʨʲʬʩʰ; ʱʰʹʬʸʰ ˇʰˆʭʹ ʨʽʭʹ ʳʵʳʹˆʵ ʫʨ
ʳʸʪʭʨʲʰ. ˄ʭʬʸʰ ʹʽʬʲʰ, ʿʻʸʬʩʰ ʶʨʺʨʸʨ, ʳʻʫʨʳ ʮʬʭʰʯ ʨ˂ʽʭʬʺʰʲʰ,
ʹʳʬʴʨ ʱʨʸʪʰ, ʼʬˆʬʩʰ ʳʨʾʨʲʰ ʫʨ ʳʵ˄ʭʸʰʲʵ. ʪʨ˅ʰʸʭʬʩʰʹ ʫʸʵʹ
ˇʰˆʭʰ ʴʨˆʺʵʳʹ ʹʨʷʬʴʮʬ ʳʬʺʹ ʨʱʬʯʬʩʹ. ʪʨʴ˂ʭʰʼʸʬʩʨˀʰ ʳʵˈʿʨʭʹ
ʨʫʨʳʰʨʴʰ ʳʰʹ ʹʰ˂ʽʭʰʺʬʹ, ʺʨʴʰʹ ʹʰʳʹʻʩʻʽʬʹ, ʼʬˆʰʹ ʹʰʳʨʸˇʭʬʹ ʫʨ
ʵʹʺʨʺʵʩʨʹ ˂ʰ˂ʨʩʵ ʱʲʫʬʬʩʮʬ ˆʺʻʴʭʰʹ ʫʸʵʹ. ʿʴʵʹʭʨ ˇʰˆʭʹ
ʰʳʫʬʴʨʫ ʨʽʭʹ ʪʨʴʭʰʯʨʸʬʩʻʲʰ, ʸʵʳ ʨʫʨʳʰʨʴʰʹ ʹʻʴʹ ʳʬʺʨʫ ʫʰʫ
ʳʨʴ˃ʰʲʮʬ ʪʸ˃ʴʵʩʹ. ʳʬʺʨʫʸʬ ʳʨˀʰʴ, ʸʵʫʬʹʨ˂ ʰʳ ʳˆʸʰʫʨʴ,
ʹʨʰʫʨʴʨ˂ ʳʵʴʨʫʰʸʬ ʬʶʨʸʬʩʨ, ʹʻʲ ʳ˂ʰʸʬ ʹʰʵ˂ ʸʵʳ ˈʽʸʵʫʬʹ. ʹʳʬʴʨ
ˇʰˆʭʹ ʳʨˆʭʰʲʰ ʨʽʭʹ.
ʪʨʳʵ˂ʫʰʲʳʨ ʳʵʴʨʫʰʸʬʬʩʳʨ ʳʰʹʰ ʿʭʬʲʨ ʬʹ ʯʭʰʹʬʩʬʩʰ ʱʨʸʪʨʫ
ʰ˂ʰʨʴ ʫʨ ʨʳʰʺʵʳ ˂ʫʰʲʵʩʬʴ, ʸʵʳ ˇʰˆʭʬʩʹ ˀʬʻʳˁʴʬʭʲʨʫ
ʳʰʬʶʨʸʵʴ, ʸʰʹʯʭʰʹʨ˂ ʰ˂ʭʨʳʬʴ ʱʲʫʰʹʨ ʫʨ ʳʰ˄ʰʹʼʬʸ ʸʻˆ
ʺʨʴʰʹʨʳʵʹʹ ʫʨ, ʯʻ ʽʨʸʰ ʰʽʰʯʱʬʴ ʽʸʰʹ, ʹʨʫʨ˂ ˇʰˆʭʬʩʰ ʬʪʻʲʬʩʨʯ,
ʳʰʹ ʫʨ˄ʿʴʨʸʬʩʨʳʫʬ ˄ʰʴ ʨʸ ˄ʨʭʲʬʴ; ʯʻ ʳʵʹʨˆʬʸˆʬʩʬʲʰʨ, ʹˆʭʨ
ʳˆʸʰʫʨʴ ˀʬʳʵʻʭʲʰʨʴ ˆʵʲʳʬ.
ʫʬʫʨʲʰ ˇʰˆʭʰ ,,ʱʭʰ˂ʸʨ³ ± ʳʨʳʨʲ ˇʰˆʭʮʬ ʩʬʭʸʨʫ ʶʨʺʨʸʨʨ.
ʳʰʹʰ ʸʽʬʩʰʹ ʹʰʪʸ˃ʬ 3-5 ʪʵˇʨʹ ʨʸ ʨʾʬʳʨʺʬʩʨ. ʼʬʸʨʫ ʰʹ ʳʨʳʨʲ
ˇʰˆʭʹʨ ˈʪʨʭʹ, ʳʨʪʸʨʳ ʹʰʲʨʳʨʮʰʯ ʩʬʭʸʨʫ ˁʨʳʵʻʭʨʸʫʬʩʨ.
ʨʸˁʭʰ ± ,,ʬʸʹʱʬʴ³ ± ʺʨʴʰʯ ʳʯʲʨʫ ˀʰʴʨʻʸʰ ʯˆʰʹ ʳʹʪʨʭʹʰʨ,
ʼʬʸʰ ʯʨʪʭʰʹʨ ʨʽʭʹ, ˀʻʩʲʮʬ ʳʵʿʭʰʯʨʲʵ ʼʨʸʯʵ ʮʵʲʰ ˁʨʿʭʬʩʨ.
ʸʽʬʩʰ ʨʽʭʹ ˄ʭʸʰʲʰ, ʹʰʪʸ˃ʰʯ 3-4 ʪʵˇʰ, ˄ʭʬʺʰʨʴʰ, ʩʵʲʵˀʰ

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ʲʨʳʨʮʨʫ ʳʵʱʨʻ˅ʬʩʻʲʰ ʫʨ ʻʱʨʴ ʪʨʫʨʾʻʴʻʲʰ. ʼʬˆʬʩʰ ˄ʭʸʰʲʰ,
ʻʱʨʴʨ ʼʬˆʬʩʰ ˄ʰʴʨ ʼʬˆʬʩʮʬ ʻʼʸʵ ʳʨʾʨʲʰ.
ˇʰˆʭʰ ʻʼʸʵ ʾʵʴʰʬʸʰʨ, ʳʨʸʫʰ, ʨʳʨʿʰ ʫʨ ʳʬʫʰʫʻʸʰ, ʨʸˁʭʰ ʱʰ
ʹʻʹʺʰ, ʼʸʯˆʨʲʰ, ʬˀʳʨʱʰ ʫʨ ˄ʻ˄ʱʰ.
ˇʰˆʭʬʩʰ ˂ˆʵʭʸʵʩʬʴ ʳʨʾʨʲ, ˂ʰ˂ʨʩʵ, ʨʫʨʳʰʨʴʰʹʯʭʰʹ
ʳʰʻ˄ʭʫʵʳʬʲ ʱʲʫʬʬʩˀʰ ˇʪʻʼ±ˇʪʻʼʨʫ ʨʴ ˇʵʪʬʩʰʯ, ˆˀʰʸʨʫ
˂ʨʲ-˂ʨʲʱʬ. ʨʸˁʭʬʩʰ ʻʼʸʵ ʫʨʩʨʲ ʱʲʫʬʬʩʹʨ˂ ʬʪʻʬʩʰʨʴ. ˆˀʰʸʨʫ
ˇʰˆʭʬʩʰ ʫʨ ʨʸˁʭʬʩʰ ˀʬʬʸʯʫʬʩʰʨʴ ˆʵʲʳʬ ʫʨ ʬʸʯʹ ˇʵʪʹ
ˀʬʨʫʪʬʴʬʴ. ʾʨʳʰʹ ʪʨʹʨʯʬʭʨʫ ˇʰˆʭʬʩʰ ʫʨ ʨʸˁʭʬʩʰ ʰʸˁʬʭʬʴ
ʳˀʭʰʫʵʩʰʨʴ ʨʫʪʰʲʹ. ʪʨʴʯʰʨʫʮʬ ʰʹʰʴʰ ʫʪʬʩʰʨʴ ʼʸʯˆʰʲʨʫ, ˃ʰʸʹ
ˁʨʳʵʫʰʨʴ ʰʳ ʨʫʪʰʲʬʩˀʰ, ʹʨʫʨ˂ ʩʨʲʨˆʰ ʬʪʻʲʬʩʨʯ. ʨʳ
ʳʵʪʮʨʻʸʵʩʰʹ ʫʸʵʹ ʰʹʰʴʰ ʸʨʳʵʫʬʴʰʳʬ ʴʨˆʺʵʳʰʹ ʪʨʱʬʯʬʩʰʹ
ˀʬʳʫʬʪ ʫʨʰʹʭʬʴʬʩʬʴ, ʨʸʬʳʨʸʬʹ ʯʭʨʲʹ ʪʨʫʨʨʭʲʬʩʬʴ, ʫʨʮʭʬʸʨʭʬʴ
ʿʭʬʲʨʼʬʸʹ, ʯʻ ʹʨʬ˅ʭʵ ʸʨʳ ˀʬʨʳˁʴʰʬʹ. ʫʰʫˆʨʴ ʻʿʻʸʬʩʬʴ
ʫʨʱʭʰʸʭʬʩʰʯ ʫʨ, ʸʵ˂ʨ ʳʫʪʵʳʨʸʬʵʩʨʹ ʪʨʳʵʨʸʱʭʬʭʬʴ, ʳʰʫʰʨʴ ˄ʰʴ,
ʨʴ ʻʱʨʴ ʩʸʻʴʫʬʩʰʨʴ. ʪʨʴʯʰʨʫʮʬ ʩʨʲʨˆʵʩʬʴ ʫʨ ʳʮʰʹ ʨʳʵʹʭʲʰʹʨʹ
ʰʹʬ ʰʳ ʳ˄ʭʬʸʭʨʲʬʩʮʬ ʨʫʰʨʴ, ʹʨʫʨ˂ ʳʨʯ ʹʨʼʸʯˆʬ ʨʸ ʳʵʬʲʰʯ,
ʹʨʾʨʳʵʳʫʬ ʫʨ˄ʵʲʰʲʰ ʨʸʰʨʴ ʫʨ ʰ˂ʵˆʴʰʨʴ. ʳʮʰʹ ˁʨʹʭʲʰʹʨʹ ʰʹʬʭ
ʫʨʬˀʭʬʩʰʨʴ ʹʨʩʨʲʨˆʵʫ ʫʨ ʫʨʾʨʳʬʩʰʹʨʹ ʯʨʭʰʹ ʴʨˁʭʬʭ ʹʨʫʪʵʳʹ
ʻʩʸʻʴʫʬʩʰʨʴ.
ˇʰˆʭʰ ʩʨʲʨˆʵʩʰʹ ʫʸʵʹʨ˂ ˀʰˀʰʯ ʨʸʰʹ ˀʬʶʿʸʵʩʰʲʰ,
ʨ,ʵʺʵʳʨ˂ ˀʬˀʼʵʯʬʩʰʯ ʳʵˈʪʲʬˇʹ ˆʵʲʳʬ ʩʨʲʨˆʹ ʫʨ, ʭʰʫʸʬ
ʫʨʾʬ˅ʨʭʫʬʹ, ʯʨʭʨ˄ʬʻʲʰ, ʿʻʸʬʩ ʨ˂ʽʭʬʺʰʲʰ ʫʨ ʪʨʴʨʩʻʲʰ ʨʽʬʯ-
ʰʽʰʯ ʰ˂ʽʰʸʬʩʨ, ʸʵʳ ʳʺʬʸʰ ʹʨʰʫʨʴʳʬ ʨʸ ʳʵʬʶʨʸʵʹ. ʨʾʹʨʴʰˀʴʨʭʰʨ ʰʹ,
ʸʵʳ, ʸʵʫʬʹʨ˂ ˇʰˆʭʰʹ ˇʵʪʰ ʩʨʲʨˆʵʩʹ, ˆˀʰʸʨʫ ʬʸʯʰ ˆʴʰʬʸʰ
ˇʰˆʭʰ ʳʮʭʬʸʨʭʰʹ ʳʵʭʨʲʬʵʩʨʹ ʨʹʸʻʲʬʩʹ ʫʨ ʩʨʲʨˆʵʩʰʹ ʫʸʵʹ
ʫʨʸʨˇʵʩʹ ˇʰˆʭʬʩʹ. ʰʹ ʨʫʰʹ ʻʼʸʵ ʳʨʾʲʨ, ʫʪʬʩʨ ʱʲʫʰʹ ˄ʭʬʸʮʬ,
ʮʬʭʰʫʨʴ ʳʬʫʰʫʻʸʨʫ ʪʨʫʨˈʿʻʸʬʩʹ ʨʸʬ-ʳʨʸʬʹ. ʮʭʬʸʨʭʹ ʨˆʲʵ-
ʳʨˆʲʵ ʿʭʬʲʨʼʬʸʹ ʫʨ, ʯʻ ʸʨʰʳʬ ʨʸ ˀʬʨʳˁʴʰʨ, ˁʻʳʨʫ ʨʸʰʹ. ʹˆʭʨ
ˇʰˆʭʬʩʰ ʱʰ ʨʳ ʫʸʵʹ ʨʸˆʬʰʴʨʫ ʩʨʲʨˆʹ ˀʬʬʽ˂ʬʭʰʨʴ. ˆʵʲʵ ʯʻ ʹʨʫʳʬ
ʳʺʬʸʰ ˀʬʨʳˁʴʰʨ, ʩʸʨʮʳʵʸʬʭʰʯ ʫʨ ʳ˅ʬʽʨʸʬʫ ʫʨʻʹʺʭʬʴʹ ʯʨʭʰʹ
ʨʳˆʨʴʨʪʬʩʹ, ʸʰʯʨ˂ ʳʺʸʰʹ ʳʵʨˆʲʵʬʩʨʹ ʨʴʰˀʴʬʩʹ. ˇʵʪʰ ʻ˂ʩʨʫ
ʼʸʯˆʬʩʨ, ʿʭʬʲʨ ʯʨʭʰʹ ˀʭʬʲʨʹ ʹ˂ʫʰʲʵʩʹ ʫʨ ˁʭʬʻʲʬʩʸʰʭ ʮʬʭʰʯ,
ʳʯʰʹ ʳ˄ʭʬʸʭʨʲʬʩʰʹʨʱʬʴ ʳʰʬʽʨʴʬʩʨ.
ˇʰˆʭʬʩʳʨ ʪʨ˅ʰʸʭʬʩʨˀʰ ˁʨʭʨʸʫʴʰʲʰ ʨʳˆʨʴʨʪʬʩʰʹ ʫʨˆʳʨʸʬʩʨ˂
ʰ˂ʰʨʴ. ʿʵʼʰʲʨ ʰʹʬʯʰ ˀʬʳʯˆʭʬʭʬʩʰ, ʸʵʫʬʹʨ˂ ʳʵʴʨʫʰʸʰʹ
411
ʪʨʹʸʵʲʰʲʰ ʺʿʭʰʰʯ ʫʨ˅ʸʰʲʰ ˇʰˆʭʰ ʹˆʭʨ ˇʰˆʭʬʩʹ ˄ʰʴ
ʪʨʻ˃ʾʭʨʴʬʩʰʨʯ ʫʨ, ʯʻ ʳʯʲʨʯ ʾʵʴʬʳʰˆʫʰʲʰ ʨʸ ʿʵʼʰʲʨ,
ʻʱʴʰʫʨʴ ʸʽʬʩʰʹ ʱʭʸʰʯ ʳʰʬˀʭʬʲʬʩʰʨʴ ʫʨ ʳʰʹ ʹʨʳˀʭʰʫʵʩʵʹ
ʳʰʿʭʨʴʨʹ ˂ʫʰʲʨʴ.
ˇʰˆʭʰ ʳʨʪʨʸʰ ʨʪʬʩʻʲʵʩʰʹʨʨ, ʬʸʯʰ ʺʿʭʰʰʯ, ʯʻ ʯʨʭˀʰ ʨʴ
ʪʻʲˀʰ ʨʸ ʳʵˆʭʫʨ, ʨʴ ˄ʿʭʰʲʰ ʼʬˆʬʩʰ ʨʸ ʫʨʻˀʨʭʫʨ, ʳʰʹʰ
ʫʨʳʵʸˁʰʲʬʩʨ ˃ʴʬʲʰʨ. ʹʸʵʲʰʹ ˀʬʳʫʬʪ ˇʰˆʭʰ ˃ʨʲʰʨʴ ˀʵʸʹ ʳʰʫʰʹ.
ˆˀʰʸʨʫ ʪʨʽ˂ʬʻʲʰ ˇʰˆʭʬʩʰ ˇʰʻʺʵʩʨʹʨ˂ ʰˁʬʴʬʴ ʫʨ ʳʵʴʨʫʰʸʬ
˄ʰʴʨ˂ ʸʵʳ ʫʨʻˆʭʫʬʹ, ʻʱʨʴ ʫʨʩʸʻʴʬʩʨʹ ʨʸ ʱʨʫʸʻʲʵʩʬʴ,
ʳʬʫʰʫʻʸʨʫ, ʮʰʮʾʰʯ ʨʴʯʬʩʻʲʰ ʯʭʨʲʬʩʰʯ ˁʨʻʸʩʬʴʬʴ ʪʭʬʸʫʰʯ
ʫʨ ʯʻ ʳʵʴʨʫʰʸʰʹ ˀʬʻʩʸʨʲʬʩʬʲ ʺʿʭʰʨʹ ʪʨʫʨʸˁʴʬʴ, ʸʨʳʵʫʬʴʰʳʬ
ʱʲʫʬ-ʾʸʬʹ ʪʨʫʨʰʸʩʬʴʬʴ ʫʨ ʹʨʳˀʭʰʫʵʩʵ ʨʫʪʰʲʨʹ ʳʰʹʭʲʨʳʫʬ
ʨʸʹʨʫ ʨʸ ˀʬˁʬʸʫʬʩʰʨʴ. ʳʨʪʸʨʳ ʨʸʰʹ ʰʹʬʯʰ ˀʬʳʯˆʭʬʭʬʩʰ˂, ʸʵ˂ʨ
ʳʵʴʨʫʰʸʬʬʩʰ ˇʰˆʭʹ ʰʹʬʯʰ ʻʼʹʱʸʻʲʰʹ ʴʨʶʰʸʮʬ ʳʰʰʳ˄ʿʭʫʬʭʬʴ,
ʹʨʫʨ˂ ʯʨʭʰʹ ʪʨʫʨʸˁʬʴʰʹ ʸʨʰʳʬ ˀʬʹʨ˃ʲʬʩʲʵʩʨ ʳʨʹ ʨʾʨʸ ʸˁʬʩʨ.
ʳʨˀʰʴ ʰʹ ʨʴ ʳʯʬʲʰ ˃ʨʲʾʵʴʰʯ ʰʹʱʻʶʬʩʹ, ʰʹʬ ʳʨʸʫʨʫ ʪʨʫʨˆʺʬʩʨ,
ʸʵʳ ʳʴʨˆʭʬʲʹ ʳʼʸʰʴʨʭʰ ʬʪʵʴʬʩʨ, ʨʴ ʨʯʭʨʲʰʬʸʬʩʹ ˂ʨʲʰ ʸʽʰʹ
˄ʭʬʸʰʯ ʫʨ ˂ʨʲʰ ʼʬˆʰʯ ʳʰʹʨʳʨʪʸʬʩʬʲ ʨʫʪʰʲʹ ʫʨ, ʹʨʴʨʳʫʬ
ˀʬʹ˃ʲʬʩʹ, ˂ʨʲʰ ʸʽʰʹʨ ʫʨ ˂ʨʲʰ ʼʬˆʰʹ ʹʨˀʻʨʲʬʩʰʯ ʪʨʴʨʪʸ˃ʵʩʹ
˄ʰʴʹʭʲʨʹ. ˆʵʲʵ ʸʵ˂ʨ ʬʹ ʰʳʬʫʰ˂ ʪʨʫʨʻ˄ʿʫʬʩʨ, ʰʹʱʻʶʬʩʹ ʫʨ ʨʴ
ʹʨʳˀʭʰʫʵʩʵʹ ʪʨʫʨˆʺʬʩʨ, ʨʴ ˆʸʨʳˀʰ ʪʨʫʨʰˁʬˆʬʩʨ.
ˇʰˆʭ-ʨʸˁʭʬʩˀʰ ʫʬʫʨˀʭʰʲʻʸʰ ʹʰʿʭʨʸʻʲʰ ʳʬʺʨʫ ˃ʲʰʬʸʰʨ.
ʯʻ ʴʻʱʸʹ (,,ʼʵʯʸʹ³ʳʵʴʨʫʰʸʰʹ ʻʲʳʵʩʬʲʰ ʺʿʭʰʨ ʳʰʹ ʹʨʿʭʨʸʬʲ
ʳˀʵʩʬʲ ʫʬʫʨʹ ʪʨʴʻʪʳʰʸʨʭʹ, ʨʳ ʻʩʬʫʻʸʬʩʰʹʨʪʨʴ
ʯʨʭʮʨʸʫʨ˂ʬʳʻʲʰ ʫʨ ʫʨʵʩʲʬʩʻʲʰ ʴʻʱʸʰ, ˆˀʰʸʨʫ
ʹʻʲʪʨʴʨʩʻʲʰ ʪʨ˄ʭʬʩʨ ʳʱʭʫʨʸʰ ʫʬʫʰʹ ʪʭʬʸʫʰʯ, ʫʨʬʱʭʸʰʹ ʳʰ˄ʨʹ
ʫʨ ʨʳʴʨʰʸʨʫ ʨʫʭʰʲʨʫ ʻʭʨʸʫʬʩʨ ʳʵʴʨʫʰʸʬʹ ˆʬʲˀʰ ʺʿʭʬʫ. ˆʵʲʵ
ʯʻ ʰʳ ʨʫʪʰʲʰʫʨʴ, ʹʨʫʨ˂ ʳʰʹʰ ʹʨʿʭʨʸʬʲʰ ʫʬʫʨ ʹʰ˂ʵ˂ˆʲʬʹ
ʪʨʳʵʨʹʨʲʳʬʹ, ʰʹ ʹˆʭʨ ˇʰˆʭʬʩʯʨʴ ʬʸʯʨʫ ʪʨʰʽ˂ʨ ʫʨ ˀʬʳʫʬʪ
ʪʨʳʵʨʸʱʭʰʨ ʯʨʭʰʹʰ ʫʬʫʰʹ ʫʨʾʻʶʭʨ, ʳʬʵʸʬ ʫʾʬʹ ʪʨʯʬʴʬʩʰʹʨʹ
ʪʻʲʹʨʱʲʨʭʰ ʩʾʨʭʰʲʰʯ ʳʵʫʰʹ ʱʨʺʨʹʺʸʵʼʰʹ ʨʫʪʰʲʮʬ, ʬ˃ʬʩʹ
ʯʨʭʰʹ ʫʬʫʨʹ, ʴʨˆʻʲʵʩʹ ʰʳ ʨʫʪʰʲʹ, ± ʹʨʫʨ˂ ʳʰʹʰ ʹʰʹˆʲʰʨ
ʫʨʴʯˆʬʻʲʰ ʫʨ, ʸʵ˂ʨ ʫʨʸ˄ʳʻʴʫʬʩʨ ʫʬʫʰʹ ʫʨʱʨʸʪʭʰʹʨ ʫʨ ʯʨʭʰʹ
ʪʨʻʩʬʫʻʸʬʩʨˀʰ, ʳ˄ʨʸʬʫ ʫʨʾʵʴʬʩʻʲʰ, ʹʨʮʨʸʬʲʰ ˆʳʰʯ
ʨʩʾʨʭʲʬʩʻʲʰ ʳʰʫʰʹ ʱʲʫʬʬʩˀʰ, ʹʨʫʨ˂ ʫʰʫʨʫ ʫʨʳ˄ʻˆʸʬʩʻʲʰ,

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ʪʻʲʫʨʯʻʯʽʻʲʰ ʯʨʭʰʹ ʩʬʫʱʸʻʲ ʹʰ˂ʵ˂ˆʲʬʹ ʵʩʲʵʩʨˀʰ
ʨʺʨʸʬʩʹ.
ˇʰˆʭʬʩʹ ʫʨ ʸˁʭʬʩʹ ˃ʨʲʰʨʴ ʻʿʭʨʸʯ ʳʷʨʭʬ ʸʱʰʴʰʹ ˄ʿʨʲʰ ʫʨ
ʳʲʨˀʬ ʳʰ˄ʰʹ ʲʵʱʭʨ. ʮʨʼˆʻʲʵʩʰʯ, ʸʵʫʬʹʨ˂ ʶʨʶʨʴʨʽʬʩʨ ʹʰ˂ˆʬ
ʳʯʬʩʹʨ˂ ʹʨʱʳʨʵʫ ʨʯʩʵʩʹ, ʳʷʨʭʬ ˄ʿʲʰʹ ʳʵʯˆʵʭʴʰʲʬʩʨ ʰʳʫʬʴʨʫ
ʨʻˀʲʰʹ ˆʵʲʳʬ ˇʰˆʭ-ʨʸˁʭʬʩʹ ʹʨʾʬʸʾʬʲʹ, ʸʵʳ ʰʹʰʴʰ
ʯʨʭʫʨʭʰ˄ʿʬʩʨʳʫʬ ʳʰʫʰʨʴ, ʨʸʨʼʬʸʹ ʨʸ ʬʸʰʫʬʩʰʨʴ, ʳʯʰʹ
ʳ˄ʭʬʸʭʨʲʬʩʰʫʨʴ ˀʻʸʫʻʲʰʭʰʯ ʰʽʰʯʱʬʴ ʫʨʬˀʭʬʩʰʨʴ, ʹʨʫʨ˂ ʬʹ
ʹʨʴʨʺʸʬʲʰ ʳʷʨʭʬʻʲʵʩʨ ʬʪʻʲʬʩʨʯ, ʫʨ ʳʨʫʰʨʴʨʫ ʫʨʬ˄ʨʼʬʩʰʨʴ
ˆʵʲʳʬ ʳʷʨʭʬ ˄ʿʨʲʹ, ʨʴ ʳʲʨˀʬ ʳʰ˄ʰʹ ʲʵʱʭʨʹ ʰ˄ʿʬʩʬʴ.
ʳʵʴʨʫʰʸʬʬʩʳʨ ʰ˂ʰʨʴ ʨʹʬʯʰ ʨʫʪʰʲʬʩʰ, ʳʨʯ ʳʨˆʲʵʩʲʨʫ
ʳʨʸˇʭʬ ʹʨʼʨʸʬʩʰ ʨʽʭʯ ʪʨʱʬʯʬʩʻʲʰ ʫʨ ʰʽʰʫʨʴ ʨʫʭʰʲʨʫ ˆʵ˂ʨʭʬʴ
ˇʰˆʭʬʩʹ. ʹʨʴʨʳ ʹʭʨʴʬʯˀʰ ʱʨʷʰʨʴʰ ʯʵʼʬʩʰʯ ʴʨʫʰʸʵʩʫʴʬʴ, ˇʰˆʭʬʩʹ
ʰʳʫʬʴʰ ʹʨʼʸʯˆʬ ʨʸ ʬʲʵʫʨʯ, ʴʨʱʲʬʩʨʫ ʳʨʸ˂ˆʫʬʩʵʫʴʬʴ,
ʯʻʳ˂ʨʾʨ ʳʬ ʭʰ˂ʴʵʩʫʰ ʬʸʯ ʻˀʪʻʲʬʲ ʳʵʴʨʫʰʸʬʹ, ʴʨʹʿʰʫʨ
ʴʰʷʨʸʨ˃ʬʹ, ʸʵʳʬʲʹʨ˂ ʱʨʷʰʨʴʰ ʯʵʼʰʯʨ˂ 800 ʳʬʺʰ ˇʰˆʭʰ ʫʨ 30
ʫʨʯʭʰ ˈʿʨʭʫʨ ʳʵʱʲʻʲʰ. ʸʬʭʵʲʻ˂ʰʰʹ ˀʬʳʫʬʪ ʱʰ
ʳʹ˄ʸʨʼʲʳʹʸʵʲʬʲʰ ʰʨʸʨʾʬʩʰʹ ʪʨʭʸ˂ʬʲʬʩʨʳ ʯʰʯʽʳʰʹ
ʪʨʨʴʨʫʪʻʸʨ ʳʯʬʩʰʹ ʬʹ ʳˀʭʬʴʬʩʨ ± ˇʰˆʭ-ʨʸˁʭʯʨ ʹʨʳʬʼʵ ± ʫʨ
ʪʨʫʨˀʬʴʬʩʨʳʫʬ ʳʰʰʿʭʨʴʨ ʬʹ ˃ʭʰʸʼʨʹʰ ˂ˆʵʭʬʲʬʩʰ.
ˇʰˆʭʬʩʹ ʳʸʨʭʨʲʰ ʳʺʬʸʰ ˈʿʨʭʯ. ˇʰˆʭʬʩʰʹ ʶʨ˄ʰʨ ʴʻʱʸʬʩʹ
ʫʨʹʫʬʭʬʴ ʨʸ˄ʰʭʬʩʰ, ʸʵʳʲʬʩʰ˂ ʻʬ˂ʸʨʫ ʫʨʬ˂ʬʳʰʨʴ ˆʵʲʳʬ ʳʨʯ,
ˀʬʻʩʸʨʲʬʩʲʨʫ ˁʨʻʸ˅ʵʩʬʴ ʯʨʭʰʹ ʱʲʹʴ˅ʬʩʹ ʴʵʸˁ ʹˆʬʻʲˀʰ,
ʳʵʹʺʨ˂ʬʩʬʴ ʲʨʳʨʮ ˀʭʰʲʹ ʫʬʫʨʹʨ ʫʨ ˈʨʬʸˀʰ ʪʨʨʽʨʴʬʩʬʴ.
ʨʩʾʨʭʲʬʩʻʲʰ ʫʬʫʨ ʫʰʫˆʨʴʹ ʻʿʻʸʬʩʹ ˈʨʬʸˀʰ ʨʸ˄ʰʭʰʹ ʱʲʨʴ˅ʬʩˀʰ
ʳʱʭʴʬʹʨʸʬ ˀʭʰʲʹ, ˀʬʳʫʬʪ ʩʸʨʮʳʵʸʬʻʲʰ, ʨʾˀʼʵʯʬʩʻʲʰ ʫʨ
ʨʩʾʨʭʲʬʩʻʲʰ ʨʳʨʵʫ ʫʨʸʩʰʹ ʱʲʫʬʬʩˀʰ ˀʭʰʲʰʹ ʹʨ˃ʬʩʸʨʫ.
ˇʰˆʭʬʩʰʹ ʿʭʬʲʨʮʬ ʻʼʸʵ ʳ˃ʲʨʭʸʰ ʳʺʬʸʰ, ʳʨʯʰ
ʪʨʳʨʴʨʫʪʻʸʬʩʬʲʰ ʫʨ ʯʨʭʮʨʸʫʨʳ˂ʬʳʰ ʨʸʰʹ
ˆʨʴʪʸ˃ʲʰʭʰ,ʫʰʫʯʵʭʲʰʨʴʰ ʫʨ ʹʻʹˆʰ ʮʨʳʯʨʸʰ. ʩʨʲʨˆʰ ʨʳ ʫʸʵʹ
ʯʵʭʲˀʰʨ ʪʨˆʭʬʻʲʰ. ˇʰˆʭʬʩʰ ˀʰʳˀʰʲʰʹʨʪʨʴ ʱʻ˅ʨʳ˄ʭʨʸʰ,
ʹʰ˂ʰʭʰʹʨʪʨʴ ʨʱʨʴʱʨʲʬʩʻʲʰ ˆˀʰʸʨʫ ʰʳʰʹʯʨʴʨ ʳʫʪʵʳʨʸʬʵʩʨˀʰ
ʭʨʸʫʬʩʰʨʴ, ʸʵʳ ʬʸʯʳʨʴʬʯʹ ʩʨʲʨʴʹ ʪʲʬˇʬʴ ʫʨ ʳʰʹʰ ˅ʨʳʰʯ
ˀʰʳˀʰʲʹ ʰʱʲʨʭʬʴ. ʹʨʨʸʹʬʩʵ ʲʻʱʳʰʹ ʹʨ˃ʬʩʸʨʫ ʹʨʫʳʬ ˄ʨʹʭʲʰʹʨʹ ʱʰ
ʳʨʾʨʲʰ ʱʲʫʬʬʩʰʫʨʴ ˆˀʰʸʨʫ ˁʨʳʵʹ˄ʿʫʬʩʨ ˆʵʲʳʬ ʯʵʭʲʰʹ ˀʭʨʭʰ,
ʸʵʳʬʲʰ˂ ʽʭʬˀ ʳʵʰʺʨʴʹ ˇʰˆʭʰʹ ˇʵʪʹ ʫʨ ʳʸʨʭʲʨʫ ʾʻʶʨʭʹ. ʯʻ ʨʳ
413
ʻʩʬʫʻʸʬʩʨʹ ʪʨʫʨʸˁʴʬʴ ʫʨ ʳʯʰʹ ʳ˄ʭʬʸʭʨʲʬʩʰʫʨʴ ʳʨʯ ˃ʰʸʬʩˀʰ,
ʨʴʻ ʺʿʰʨʴ ʳʰʫʨʳʵʬʩˀʰ ʳˀʭʰʫʵʩʰʨʴʨʫ ˁʨʳʵʭʰʫʴʬʴ, ʨʽʨ˂ ʴʵʸˁʰ
ˆʬʬʩʰʹ ʿʲʵʸʺʬʩʰʹ ˅ʨʳʨʹ ʫʨʴʨʺʸʬʩʻʲʯ, ʨ˄ʻˆʬʩʬʴ ʬʸʯʰ ʳˆʸʰʯ
ʳʵʴʨʫʰʸʬʬʩʰ, ʳʬʵʸʬ ʳˆʸʰʯ ʳʪʲʬʩʰ. ʨʳ ʻʳʨʱʴʵ ʨʸʹʬʩʰʹ ʬʸʯʨʫ-
ʬʸʯ ʳʼʨʸʭʬʲʨʫ ʨʸʰʹ ʳʵʭʲʰʴʬʩʻʲʰ ,,ʳʻʿʬʲ³ʨʴʻ ˀʻʸʯˆʰ (ʳʯʰʹ
ʰʴʫʨʻʸʰ). ʬʹ ʼʸʰʴʭʬʲʰ ʳʵʴʨʫʰʸʬʬʩʰʹ ʨʮʸʰʯ ˇʰˆʭʬʩʹ ʳʨʸʯʲʨ˂
ʫʰʫʰ ʳʼʨʸʭʬʲʵʩʨʹ ʫʨ ʹʨʳʹʨˆʻʸʹ ʻ˄ʬʭʹ. ˇʰˆʭʰ ʯʻ ʳʯʰʹ
˂ˆʵʭʬʲʬʩʰʹ ʹʰʨʳʨʿʬʹ ˀʬʨʫʪʬʴʹ, ˀʻʸʯˆʰ ʳʯʰʹ ʼʸʰʴʭʬʲʰʹ
ʩʨʺʵʴʨʫ ˀʬʰ˃ʲʬʩʨ ˁʨʰʯʭʨʲʵʹ.
ˀʻʸʯˆʹʨ˂, ʸʵʪʵʸ˂ ˇʰˆʭʬʩʹʨ ʫʨ ʨʸˁʭʬʩʹ, ʳʰʻʫʪʵʳʬʲ ʳʯʰʹ
ʳ˄ʭʬʸʭʨʲʬʩʮʬ ʿʵʼʴʨ ʻʿʭʨʸʹ ʫʨ ʨʳʰʺʵʳ, ʳʵʴʨʫʰʸʬʬʩʰʹ ʨʮʸʰʯ,
ʨʸ˂-ʬʸʯʰ ʹʻʲʫʪʳʻʲʰ ˇʰˆʭ-ʨʸˁʭʯʨʴ ʰʹʬ ʫʨʨˆʲʵʭʬʩʻʲʰ ʨʸ
ʨʸʰʹ, ʸʵʪʵʸ˂ ʬʹ ʼʸʰʴʭʬʲʰ.
ʳʵʴʨʫʰʸʬʬʩʰʹ ʯʽʳʰʯ, ʮʨʼˆʻʲˀʰ ˀʻʸʯˆʬʩʰ ʩʨʲʨˆʹʨ˂
˄ʰ˄ʱʴʰʨʴ ʫʨ ʴʰʹʱʨʸʺʰʯ ˀʬʨʽʭʯ ʰʳ ʪʨʳʵʽʭʨʩʻʲʬʩˀʰ, ʹʨʫʨ˂
ˇʰˆʭʬʩʹ ʻˆʫʬʩʨʯ ʮʨʳʯʸʵʩʰʯ ʩʰʴʨʫʸʵʩʨ. ʨʳʴʨʰʸʨʫ ˀʻʸʯˆʰ
ʯʨʭʰʹ ʳʬʪʵʩʸʬʩʰʹʨʯʭʰʹ ʹʨʮʨʳʯʸʵʫ ʶʨʺʨʸʨ ʯʰʭʰʹ ʳʨʸʨʪʹ
ʨʳʮʨʫʬʩʹ, ʯʭʰʯʵʴ ʱʰ ʪʨ˅ʰʸʭʬʩʰʹ ʫʸʵʹ ˇʰˆʭʰʹ ʪʨʴʨʭʨʲʰʯ
ʰʱʭʬʩʬʩʨ.
ˀʻʸʯˆʰ ʼˆʰʮʲʨʫ ʫʨʸʨˇʵʩʹ ˇʰˆʭʬʩʹʨ ʫʨ, ʸʵ˂ʨ ʳʯʬʩˀʰ
ʳʵʴʨʫʰʸʬʹ ˀʬʨʳˁʴʬʭʹ, ʰʹʬ ʹʨʹʺʰʱʨʫ ʫʨ ʳ˅ʬʽʨʸʬʫ ʫʨʻʹʺʭʬʴʹ, ʸʵʳ
ˀʵʸʹ ʪʨʨʪʵʴʬʩʹ ˆʵʲʳʬ ʿʭʬʲʨʹ. ˀʻʸʯˆʰ ʨʳ ʪʮʰʯ ʨʺʿʵʩʰʴʬʩʹ
ˇʰˆʭʬʩʹ ʳʺʸʰʹ ʳʵʨˆʲʵʭʬʩʨʹ ʫʨ ʹʨˀʻʨʲʬʩʨʹ ʨ˃ʲʬʭʹ ʫʸʵʮʬ
ʻˀʭʬʲʵʴ ʯʨʭʹ. ˇʰˆʭʰ˂ ʨʳ ʫʸʵʹ ʪʨʸʩʰʹ ʫʨ ʯʨʭʹ ˀʭʬʲʰʹ.
ʳʵʴʨʫʰʸʰʹʨʯʭʰʹ ʯʰʯʽʳʰʹ ʹʸʻʲʰʨʫ ʹʨʱʳʨʸʰʹʰʨ ˀʻʸʯˆʰʹ
ʹʺʭʬʴʰʹ ʪʨʪʵʴʬʩʨ, ʸʵʳ ʫʨʸ˄ʳʻʴʫʬʹ ˇʰˆʭʰʹ ʨʳ ʱʲʫʬʬʩʰʫʨʴ ʹʨʫʳʬ
ʹˆʭʨʪʨʴ ʪʨʫʨʹʭʲʨˀʰ, ʨʳ ʨʫʪʰʲʬʩˀʰ ʴʨʫʰʸʵʩʰʹ ʻʴʨʿʵʼʵʫ
ʫʨʳʯʨʭʸʬʩʨˀʰ ʫʨ ʨʳʰʺʵʳ ʳʰʹʰ ʴʨʫʰʸʵʩʰʹ ʪʬʪʳʨ˂ ˆˀʰʸʨʫ ʨʳ
ʪʨʸʬʳʵʬʩʰʹ ʳʰˆʬʫʭʰʯ ʰ˂ʭʲʬʩʨ ˆʵʲʳʬ.
ʳʵʴʨʫʰʸʬʬʩʰ ʳʵʪʭʰʯˆʸʵʩʬʴ, ʸʵʳ ʳʨʯ ˇʰˆʭʰʹ ˇʵʪˀʰ ˆˀʰʸʨʫ
ˀʬʻʳˁʴʬʭʰʨʯ ʬʸʯʰ ʯʬʯʸʰ ˇʰˆʭʰ ± ,,ˇʭʬʪʰ ʯʭʨʲ³ʳʨʯʰ ʸ˄ʳʬʴʰʯ,
ʰʹ ˇʰˆʭʰʹ ˇʵʪʹ ʶʨʺʸʵʴʵʩʨʹ ʫʨ ʳʼʨʸʭʬʲʵʩʨʹ ʻ˄ʬʭʹ ʫʨ
˄ʨʸʳʵʨʫʪʬʴʹ ʰʹʬʯʰ ˇʨʫʵʹʴʻʸʰ ʯʭʰʹʬʩʬʩʰʯ ʨʾ˅ʻʸʭʰʲ ʨʸʹʬʩʨʹ,
ʸʵʳʲʰʹ ʳʵʱʭʲʨ ʹʨ˃ʴʬʲʵ˂ʨʨ ʫʨ ʹʨˆʰʼʨʯʵ˂. ʳʨʯʰ ʯʽʳʰʯ, ʿʵʼʰʲʨ
ˀʬʳʯˆʭʬʭʨ, ʸʵ˂ʨ ʰʹ ʳʵʴʨʫʰʸʬʹ ʳʵʻʱʲʨʭʹ, ʸʰʹʯʭʰʹʨ˂ ʳʯʬʲʰ ʳʰʹʰ
ʵˇʨˆʰ ʪʨ˄ʿʭʬʺʰʲʨ ʫʨ ʪʨʫʨˀʬʴʬʩʻʲʨ.
414
 ˇʰˆʭʬʩʰ ʫʨ ʨʸˁʭʬʩʰ ʩʵʺʵʩʬʴ ʫʨ ʳʨʱʫʬʩʰʨʴ ˀʬʳʵʫʪʵʳʨʮʬ ʫʨ
ʰʪʬʩʬʴ ʯʰʱʴʬʩʹ (,,ʼʵʯʸʹ³ʪʨʮʨʼˆʻʲʮʬ. ʩʵʺʵʩʰʹ ʫʸʵʹ ʳʨʳʨʲʰ
ˇʰˆʭʬʩʰ ˆˀʰʸʨʫ ʰʹʬ ʨʸʰʨʴ ʪʨʺʨ˂ʬʩʻʲʰ ʫʨ ʪʨˀʺʬʸʬʩʻʲʰ, ʸʵʳ
ʨʸ˂ ʳʺʬʸʹ ʬʸʰʫʬʩʰʨʴ ʨʸ˂ ʳʵʿʭʨʸʬʹ ʻʪʫʬʩʬʴ ʿʻʸʹ ʫʨ ʨʳʰʯ
ʻʨʫʭʰʲʬʩʬʴ ʳʵʴʨʫʰʸʬʬʩʹ ʳʨʯ ʴʰˀʨʴˀʰ ʨʳʵʾʬʩʨ.
ˇʰˆʭʬʩʹ ʻʿʭʨʸʯ ʸʽʬʩʰʯ ʯʨʳʨˀʰ, ʨʴʻ ˅ʰʫʰʲʰ, ʰʹʰʴʰ
ʫʨʫʪʬʩʰʨʴ ˆʵʲʳʬ ʿʨʲʿʮʬ ʫʨ, ʸʨ˂ ˃ʨʲʰ ʫʨ ʾʵʴʬ ʨʽʭʯ, ʬˇʨˆʬʩʰʨʴ
ʬʸʯʳʨʴʬʯʹ ʻʮʨʸʳʨʮʨʸʰ ʸʽʬʩʰʯ, ʨʹʬ ʸʵʳ ʨˆʲʵ ʳʿʵʼʹ ʬʪʵʴʬʩʨ
ʱʲʫʬʬʩʰ ʰʴʪʸʬʭʨʵ. ʳʨʪʸʨʳ ʩʵʺʵʩʰʹ ʫʸʵʹ, ʸʵ˂ʨ ʬʸʯʳʨʴʬʯʹ
ʹʨʺʸʼʵʹ ʬ˂ʰʲʬʩʰʨʴ, ˆˀʰʸʨʫ ˁˆʻʩʰ ʳʵʹʫʰʯ ʫʨ ʯʨʳʨˀʹʨ ʫʨ
ʸʽʬʩʰʹ ʸʨˆʻʴʹ ʬʸʯʳʨʴʬʯʰʹ ˂ˆʭʰʸ-ʶʰʸʰʹ ʳʺʭʸʬʭʰʯ ˀʬʹ˂ʭʲʰʨʴ
ˆʵʲʳʬ.
ʿʨʸʨˁʨˀʰ ʿʵʼʰʲʨ ˀʬʳʯˆʭʬʭʨ, ʸʵ˂ʨ ʯˆʰʹ ˇʵʪʰ ʳʯʬʩˀʰ
ʫʨʱʨʸʪʻʲʨ, ʳʯʬʲʰ ʮʨʳʯʨʸʰ ʰʽ ʪʨʻʺʨʸʬʩʰʨ. ʳʨʯˀʰ ˇʰˆʭʬʩʰ
ˀʬʸʬʻʲʨʴ ʫʨ ʯˆʬʩʰ ʫʨʻʳʨʱʬʩʰʨʯ. ʮʨʼˆʻʲʮʬ ʰʹʰʴʰ ʶʨʺʸʵʴʹ
ʻʴʨˆʨʭʹ. ˇʰˆʭʬʩʰʹʨʪʨʴ ʫʨʳʨʱʬʩʻʲ ʯˆʬʩʹ ʯʰʱʴʬʩʰ ʳʵʻʪʰʨʯ ʫʨ
ʨʳʸʰʪʨʫ ˇʰˆʭʰʹ ˇʵʪʰ ʳʵʻˀʬʴʬʩʰʨʯ.
ʻʴʫʨ ʨʾʭʴʰˀʴʵʯ, ʸʵʳ ʨʸ˂ ʬʸʯʰ ʪʨʸʬʻʲʰ ˂ˆʵʭʬʲʰ ʨʸʨʨ ʰʹʬ
ʨʫʭʰʲʰ ʳʵʹʨˀʰʴʨʻʸʬʩʬʲʰ, ʸʵʪʵʸ˂ ʶʨʺʨʸʨʵʩʨˀʰ ʫʨ˅ʬʸʰʲʰ
ˇʰˆʭʰ. ʰʹ ˃ʨʲʰʨʴ ʬˁʭʬʭʨ ʶʨʺʸʵʴʹ, ʳʯʲʰʨʴʨʫ ˅ʨʳʹ ʯʰʭʨʹ, ʶʻʸʹ,
ʽʬʸʹ, ʩʵʹʺʴʬʻʲʵʩʨʹ ʫʨ ʩʨʲʨˆʹ, ˃ʨʲʰʨʴ ʻʿʭʨʸʹ ʳʨʸʰʲʰ, ʳʨʪʸʨʳ
ʹʰ˂ˆʬˀʰ ˃ʨʲʰʨʴ ʹ˄ʻˆʹ ʫʨ ʹʨʽ˂ʰʬʲʰ ʻʼʻ˅ʫʬʩʨ.

›ˆš…†„ Œ€ƒˆ €‡€Œ ƒ€‰€…–ˆ „‘Šˆ š€Šš‘ ˆ †Œ„-

—…„‘Š„€Œˆ (—…„Œˆ ‹š€ „‡‹£ƒŒ„ˆ€‡…ˆ)

ʮʬʳʵ-ʹʭʨʴʬʯʰʹ ʳʯʬʩˀʰ ʳʸʨʭʨʲʰ ,,ʾʭʨˀʰ³ ʫʨ ,,ʬʸʹʱʨʴʰ³ ʬ.ʰ.

ˇʰˆʭʰ ʫʨ ʨʸˁʭʰ ʩʰʴʨʫʸʵʩʹ. ʩʬʭʸʰ ʳʨʯʪʨʴʰ ˆʨʴ ʯʨʭʰʹ ʴʬʩʰʯ, ˆʨʴ
ʳʵʴʨʫʰʸʬʬʩʰʹʨʪʨʴ ʫʨʼʸʯˆʵʩʰʲʰ, ʳʵʫʰʹ ʨʽ ʱʨʭʱʨʹʰʵʴʰʹ ʽʬʫʰʹ
ʿʵʭʬʲ ʳˆʸʰʫʨʴ, ʻʬʸʯʫʬʩʨ ʨʽ ʳʿʵʼ ˇʰˆʭʬʩʹ ʫʨ ʨʳ ʪʮʰʯ ˆˀʰʸʨʫ
ʫʰʫʰ ˇʵʪʬʩʰ ˀʬʹʫʪʬʩʨ ˆʵʲʳʬ.
ʹʭʨʴʬʯʰʹ ʳʯʬʩˀʰ ʴʨʫʰʸʵʩʨ ˃ʨʲʰʨʴ ʰʺʨ˂ʬʩʹ ʨʫʨʳʰʨʴʹ. ʬʸʯʰ
ʳˆʸʰʯ ʳʯʬʩʰʹʨ ʫʨ ʳʿʰʴʭʨʸʬʩʰʹ ʹʰʲʨʳʨʮʬ, ʩʻʴʬʩʰʹ
ʳʸʨʭʨʲʼʬʸʵʭʴʬʩʨ, ʨʯʨʹʴʨʰʸʰ ʹʨʱʭʰʸʭʬʲʰ ʫʨ ʰˀʭʰʨʯʰ
ʹʨʴʨˆʨʵʩʨʴʰ, ʴʨʰʸ-ʴʨʰʸʰ ʿʭʨʭʰʲʬʩʰ ʫʨ ʩʨʲʨˆʬʩʰ, ˆʵʲʵ ʳʬʵʸʬ
415
ʳˆʸʰʯ ʳʯʬʩʰʹ ʲʨʳʨʮʹʨ ʫʨ ʲʨʾ ˂ˆʵʭʬʲʬʩʮʬ ± ˇʰˆʭʬʩʮʬ
ʴʨʫʰʸʵʩʨ ʫʰʫ ʹʨʹʨˆʬʲʵ ʹʨʽʳʬʫ ʰʯʭʲʬʩʨ ʹʭʨʴʬʯˀʰ ʫʨ ʰʹʬʯʰ
ʶʨʺʰʭʰʹ˂ʬʳʰʯ ʫʨ ʹʰʳʶʨʯʰʰʯ ʨʸʨʭʰʴ ʨʸ ʹʨʸʪʬʩʲʵʩʹ ˆʨʲˆʰʹ
ʯʭʨʲˀʰ, ʸʵʪʵʸ˂ ʳʵʴʨʫʰʸʬ. ʨʳʨ ʯʻ ʰʳ ʯʬʳʰʹ ʪʨʴʯʽʳʻʲ
ʳʵʴʨʫʰʸʬʬʩʹ ʳʯʬʲʰ ʹʭʨʴʬʯʰ ʰ˂ʴʵʩʹ. ʹʭʨʴʰ ʰʹʬ ʪʻʲʳʵʫʪʰʴʬʯ
ʨʸʨʼʬʸʹ ʨʸ ʰʹʳʬʴʹ, ʸʵʪʵʸ˂ ʳʵʴʨʫʰʸʰʹ ʳʰʬʸ ʴʨʫʰʸʵʩʰʹ ˀʬʹʨˆʬʩ
ʳʵʯˆʸʵʩʰʲ ʨʳʩʨʭʹ.
ʹʭʨʴʰʹ ʴʨʫʰʸʵʩʨʹ ʩʬʭʸʰ ʳʰʮʬʮʰ ʬʾʵʩʬʩʨ ˄ʰʴ. ʹʨʴʨʫʰʸʵʯ
ʹʭʨʴʰ ʰʹʬ ʭʬʸ ˄ʨʭʨ, ʯʻ ʨʸ ʫʨʸ˄ʳʻʴʫʬʩʨ, ʸʵʳ ʳʰʹ ʵˇʨˆˀʰ ʫʨ
ʳʬʮʵʩʲʬʩˀʰ ʽʨʲʬʩʹ ʯʭʰʻʸʰ ʨʭʨʫʳʿʵʼʵʩʨ ʨʸ ʨʽʭʹ, ʯʻ ʽʨʲʹ
ʳˀʵʩʰʨʸʵʩʨ ˈʽʵʴʫʨ ʫʨ ʳʨʹ ˀʬʳʫʬʪ ʬʸʯʰ ʯʭʬ ʨʸʨʨ ʪʨʹʻʲʰ, ʯʻ
ʳʰ˂ʭʨʲʬʩʻʲʰʨ ʳʰʹ ʹʵʼʬʲˀʰ, ʯʻ ʸʨʳʫʬʴʰʳʬ ʫʾʰʹ ʪʨʴʳʨʭʲʵʩʨˀʰ
ʳʨʹ ʨʴ ʳʰʹ ʵˇʨˆʰʹ ʸʵʳʬʲʰʳʬ ˄ʬʭʸʹ ʹˆʭʨ ʽʨʲʯʨʴ ʹʽʬʹʵʩʸʰʭʰ
ʱʨʭˀʰʸʰ ˈʽʵʴʰʨ ʫʨ ʹˆʭʨ.
ʯʻ ʹʭʨʴʳʨ ʴʨʫʰʸʵʩʨˀʰ ʭʬʸ ʪʨʰʳʨʸˇʭʨ ʫʨ ˇʰˆʭʰ ʭʬʸ ʳʵʱʲʨ,
ʨʳʨʹ ʰʹ ʨ˄ʬʸʹ ʹʨʴʨʫʰʸʵʫ ,,ʻʸ˄ʿʻʲʫ ʲʰʮʰʹ³ ʻ˄ʳʰʴʫʻʸʨʫ)
˄ʨʹʭʲʨʹ, ʨʴʻ ʴʨʫʰʸʵʩʰʹ ʮʬʳʵˆʹʬʴʬʩʻʲʰ ˄ʬʹʬʩʰʹ ʫʨʸʾʭʬʭʨʹ.
ʨʳʴʨʰʸʨʫ, ʸʵʫʬʹʨ˂ ʳʵʴʨʫʰʸʬ ʹʭʨʴʰ ʮʬʳʵˆʹʬʴʬʩʻʲ
ʫʨʩʸʱʵʲʬʩʰʹʨʪʨʴ ʯʨʭʰʹʻʼʨʲʰʨ ʫʨ ,,˄ʿʰʲʰʨʴ ʫʸʬʭʹ³ ˄ʳʰʴʫʨ
ʫʸʵʹ) ʰˆʬʲʯʬʩʹ ʴʨʫʰʸʵʩʰʹʨʯʭʰʹ, ʰʹ ʰʩʨʴʹ ʺʨʴʹ, ʰ˂ʭʨʳʹ ʴʨʫʰʸʰʹ
ʺʿʨʭʰʹʨʪʨʴ ʪʨʱʬʯʬʩʻʲ ʽʻʸʽʹ ʨʴ ʸʻˆ ˁʵˆʨʹ, ʰʳʮʨʫʬʩʹ ʸʨʳʵʫʬʴʰʳʬ
ʫʾʰʹ ʹʨʳʿʵʼ ʹʨʪʮʨʲʹ, ʨ˂ˆʵʩʹ ,,ʲʬʳʮʻʸʨʲʹ³ˀʬʹʨ˄ʰʸʨʭ ʶʻʸʬʩʹ),
ˁʨʳʵʽʴʰʹ ʯʨʼʲʰʹ ʹʨʴʯʬʲʹ, ʨʹˆʨʳʹ ,,ʮʬʫʨˀʹ³ʯʨʭ ʨʸʨʿʹ) ʩʵʯʲˀʰ
ʨʴ ʲʰʺʸʨˀʰ, ʨ˄ʿʵʩʹ ʿʭʬʲʨ ʨʳʨʹ ʯˆʰʹ ʪʻʫʨˀʰ, ʳʵʰʱʰʫʬʩʹ ʳʨʹ
ʮʻʸʪʮʬ, ʪʨʫʨʰʱʰʫʬʩʹ ʯʵʼʹ ʳˆʨʸʮʬ, ʫʨʰʱʨʭʬʩʹ ˆʬʲˀʰ
,,ʳʻˇʻʸʨʹ³ ± ˇʵˆʹ ʸʱʰʴʰʹ ʯʨʭʰʯ ʫʨ ʪʨʴʯʰʨʫʮʬ, ʹˆʭʰʹ
ˀʬʻʳˁʴʬʭʲʨʫ, ± ʹʨʰʫʻʳʲʵʫ ʳʰʫʰʹ ʹʨʴʨʫʰʸʵʫ ʳʯʨˀʰ.
ʸʵʫʬʹʨ˂ ʹʨʴʨʫʰʸʵ ʹʨˇʰˆʭʵ ʳʯʬʩʮʬ ʨʭʨ, ʳʵʴʨʫʰʸʬ ʶʰʸʹ
ʫʨʰʩʨʴʹ (ʯʻ ʨʸʰʹ ˄ʿʨʲʰ ʨˆʲʵʹ), ʹʨʴʯʬʲʹ ʨʨʴʯʬʩʹ, ʨʰʾʬʩʹ ˂ʨʲ
ˆʬʲˀʰ ʹʨʳ ,,ʲʬʳʮʰʸʹ³ ˀʬʹʨ˄ʰʸʨʭ ʶʻʸʹ), ˆʵʲʵ ʳʬʵʸʬ ˆʬʲˀʰ
,,ʮʬʫʨˀʹ³ ± ʨʸʨʿʹ, ʶʰʸʹ ʨʾʳʵʹʨʭʲʬʯʰʹʨʱʬʴ ʰʮʨʳʹ ʫʨ
ʳʻˆʲʳʵʫʸʬʱʰʯ ʬʭʬʫʸʬʩʨ ʹʭʬ-ʩʬʫʰʹ ʳʰʳ˂ʬʳ ,,ʫʨʲʹ³ʴʨʫʰʸʵʩʨˀʰ
ʪʨʳʨʸˇʭʬʩʰʹ ʳʰʴʰ˅ʬʩʨʹ. ʨʳʰʹ ˀʬʳʫʬʪ ʹʨʻʮʳʵʩʹ, ʳʬʸʬ ʨʫʰʹ
ʼʸʯˆʰʲʨʫ ʹʨʴʨʫʰʸʵ ʱʲʫʬʬʩˀʰ, ± ʨʯʭʨʲʰʬʸʬʩʹ ʳʨʯ, ʫʨ, ʯʻ
ʹʨʫʳʬ ʴʨʫʰʸʰ ʫʨʰʴʨˆʨ, ʳʵˆʬʸˆʬʩʻʲ ʨʫʪʰʲʰʫʨʴ ʳʰʻʬʶʨʸʬʩʨ ʳʨʹ.
ʯʻ ʹʨʴʨʫʰʸʵʫ ˄ʨʹʭʲʰʹ ˄ʰʴʨ ʾʨʳʬʹ, ʨʴ ʴʨʫʰʸʵʩʨˀʰ ʿʵʼʴʰʹ ʫʸʵʹ
416
ʳʵʴʨʫʰʸʬʹ ʫʨʬʹʰʮʳʸʬʩʨ ʲʨʳʨʮ ʽʨʲʯʨʴ ʨʸˀʰʿʵʩʨ, ʹʽʬʹʵʩʸʰʭʰ
ʨʽʺʰʹ ˀʬʻʹʸʻʲʬʩʲʨʫ, ʬʹ ʴʨʫʰʸʵʩʨˀʰ ʫʨʲʰʹ ˄ʿʨʲʵʩʰʹ
ʳʵʳʨʹ˄ʨʭʬʩʬʲʰʨ, ˆʵʲʵ ʯʻ ʾʭʰʴʵ ʭʰʴʳʬʳ ʫʨʨʲʬʭʰʴʨ, ʬʹ ʴʨʫʰʸʰʹ
ʹʰʹˆʲʰʯ ʪʻʲʰʹ ʪʨˆʨʸʬʩʰʹ ʴʰˀʨʴʰʨ.
ʫʰʫ ʳʴʰˀʭʴʬʲʵʩʨʹ ʨ˃ʲʬʭʬʴ ʹʭʨʴʬʯˀʰ ʳʵʴʨʫʰʸʬʬʩʰ
ʹʨʴʨʫʰʸʵʫ ˄ʨʹʭʲʰʹʨʹ ˄ʰʴ ʫʨʳˆʭʫʻʸʹ. ʳʨʪʨʲʰʯʨʫ ʯʻ ʳʨʯ
ʩʨʿʨʿʰ ˀʬˆʭʫʨʯ, ʬʹ ʩʬʫʴʰʬʸʰ ʳʪʮʨʭʸʵʩʰʹʨ ʫʨ ʱʨʸʪʰ ʴʨʫʰʸʵʩʰʹ
ʳʵʳʨʹ˄ʨʭʬʩʬʲʰʨ, ʯʻ ʱʻʸʫʾʬʲʰ ʨʴ ʳ˄ʬʭʨʸʰ ˀʬˆʭʫʨʯ, ʨʴ ˁˆʰʱʭʬʩʳʨ
ʳʨʸ˂ˆʴʰʫʨʴ ʫʨʹˁˆʰʭʲʨ ± ˂ʻʫʰ ʳʪʮʨʭʸʵʩʰʹ ʴʰˀʨʴʰʨ.
ʹʭʨʴʬʯˀʰ ʫʾʬʳʫʬ ˀʬʴʨˆʻʲʰʨ ʬʸʯʰ ʼʬʸˆʻʲʰ ʹʰʳʾʬʸʨ
,,ʻˀʪʻʲʨˀ-ʳʨˆʬʾʭʨʷʨʸʬ³ ʻˀʪʻʲʰʹ ʨˆʨʲʪʨʮʸʫʵʩʨ), ʸʵʳʬʲʰ˂
ʳʵʪʭʰʯˆʸʵʩʹ, ʸʵʳ ʬʸʯˆʬʲ, ʸʵʫʬʹʨ˂ ʻˀʪʻʲʰʹ ʨˆʨʲʪʨʮʸʫʵʩʨ
ʹʨʴʨʫʰʸʵʫ ˄ʨʭʰʫʨ, ʳʨʯ ʩʨʭʨʸʰʹ ʳʯʨʮʬ ʳ˄ʿʸʰʹ ʽʨʸʨʭʨʴʰ ˀʬˆʭʫʨʯ.
ʨʳʰʹ ˀʬʳʫʬʪ ʴʨʳʿʭʨʳʰʹ ʳʯʨˀʰ ʳʨʯ ʳʰʬʸ ʫʨʼʸʯˆʵʩʰʲʰ ˇʰˆʭʬʩʰ
ʸʵʳ ʪʨʸʩʵʫʬʴ, ʳʵʹ˄ʿʫʨ ʯʵʭʲʰʹ ʮʭʨʭʰ ʫʨ 12 ʳʵʴʨʫʰʸʬ ʬʸʯʨʫ
ʫʨʰʺʨʴʨ. ʹʰʳʾʬʸʨ ʨʳ ʻʩʬʫʻʸʰ ˀʬʳʯˆʭʬʭʰʹ ʳʰʮʬʮʨʫ ʳ˄ʿʸʰʹ
ʽʨʸʨʭʨʴʰʹ ˀʬˆʭʬʫʸʨʹ ʯʭʲʰʹ.
ʯʻ ʳʵʴʨʫʰʸʬʳ ʴʨʫʰʸʰ ʳʵʱʲʨ, ʰʹ ,,ʹʭʬʭʰ ʳʻˈʫʰ ʾʬʸʩʨʫ³
(ʹʭʬ-ʩʬʫʰʹ ʳʰʳ˂ʬʳʹ ʾʳʬʸʯʹ) ʳʨʫʲʵʩʨʹ ʹ˄ʰʸʨʭʹ, ʴʨʫʰʸʹ ʬʳʯˆʭʬʭʨ,
ʪʨʨʺʿʨʭʬʩʹ, ˆʵʸ˂ʹ ʳʰʹ ʺʿʨʭˀʰ ˁʨʨ˄ʿʵʩʹ, ʨʰʱʰʫʬʩʹ ʮʻʸʪʮʬ, ʳʰʫʰʹ
ʺʿʰʨʴ ʨʫʪʰʲˀʰ, ʪʻʲ-ʾʭʰ˃ʲʹ, ʼʰʲʺʭʬʩʹ ʫʨ ˇʰʪʨʸʹ ˀʨʳʼʻʸʮʬ
ʨʨʪʬʩʹ, ˀʬʹ˄ʭʨʭʹ, ˀʬʳʫʬʪ ˀʬʹ˄ʰʸʨʭʹ ʫʨʲʹ, ʻ˃ʾʭʴʰʹ ʳʨʹ ʳʨʫʲʵʩʨʹ
ʴʨʫʰʸʰʹ ʳʰ˂ʬʳʰʹʯʭʰʹ ʫʨ ˅ʨʳʹ.
ʴʨʫʰʸʵʩʨʹ ʸʵʳ ʨʭʰ ʯʭʨʲʰ ʨʸ ʬ˂ʬʹ, ʫʨʾʨʳʬʩʰʹʨʹ ʳʵʴʨʫʰʸʬ
ʹʨʰʫʻʳʲʵʫ ʳʰʫʰʹ ʹʨˆʲˀʰ. ˇʰˆʭʰʹ ʯʭʹ ʽʨʲʬʩʹ ʨʸ ʪʨʳʵʻˁʬʴʹ,
ˆʵʲʵ ʯʻ ʳˀʵʩʰʨʸʵʩʨ ʨʴ ʯʭʰʻʸʰ ʨʭʨʫʳʿʵʼʵʩʨ ʨʽʭʹ ʸʵʳʬʲʰʳʬ
ʳʨʯʪʨʴʹ, ± ˆʵʸ˂ʹʨ˂ ʨʸ ʨ˅ʳʬʭʹ. ʾʵʸʰʹ ˆʵʸ˂ʰʹ ʴʨˆʨʸˀ ʽʭʨʩˀʰ ˇʰˆʭʰʹ
ˆʵʸ˂ʰʹ ʳʵˆʨʸˀʭʨʹ ˃ʨʲʰʨʴ ʬʸʰʫʬʩʰʨʴ, ʴʨˆʨʸˀ ˄ʿʨʲʹ ˃ʨʾʲʬʩʹ ʱʰ
ʨ˅ʳʬʭʬʴ, ʳʨʪʸʨʳ ʾʵʸʬʩʰʹʯʭʰʹ ʳʰ˂ʬʳʨ ʳʰʹʰ ˀʬʻ˃ʲʬʩʬʲʰʨ.
ʯʻ ʰʳ ʳʵʴʨʫʰʸʬʹ, ʸʵʳʬʲʳʨ˂ ʴʨʫʰʸʰ ʳʵʱʲʨ, ʨʳˆʨʴʨʪʰ ˈʿʨʭʹ,
ʾʬʩʻʲʵʩʫʨ ʯʻ ʨʸʨ ʬʹ ʻʱʨʴʨʹʱʴʬʲʰ ʳʵʱʭʲʨˀʰ ʳʵʨʴ˄ʰʲʬʵʩʨʹ,
ʹʻʲ ʬʸʯʰʨ ± ʴʨˆʬʭʨʸʰ ˆʵʸ˂ʰ ʳʰʹʰʨ, ʴʨʳʫʭʰʲ ʳʱʭʲʬʲʹ ʸˁʬʩʨ
ʮʬʫʳʬʺʨʫ, ʳˆʵʲʵʫ, ʺʿʨʭʰ ʫʨ ʸʽʬʩʰ.
ʻʩʸʨʲʵ ʳʪʮʨʭʸʰ˂ ʸʵʳ ˀʬˆʭʫʬʹ ʳʵʴʨʫʰʸʬʹ ʳʯʨʮʬ, ʰʳʨʹʨ˂
˄ʰʲʹ ʨ˃ʲʬʭʬʴ.

417
 ʮʵʪʰʬʸʯ ʯʬʳʬʩˀʰ, ʳʵʴʨʫʰʸʬ ʸʵʳ ˇʰˆʭʹ ʳʵʱʲʨʭʹ ʫʨ
ʴʨʫʰʸʵʩʰʫʨʴ ʪʨʳʨʸˇʭʬʩʻʲʰ ʫʨʩʸʻʴʫʬʩʨ, ʳʬʵʸʬ ʫʾʬʹʭʬ ʳʰʫʰʹ
ʬʱʲʬʹʰʨˀʰ, ʶʨʺʰʷʵʩʹ ʯʨʭʰʹ ʳʬʮʵʩʲʬʩʹ, ʳʰʨʽʭʹ ʨʸʨʿʰ, ʶʻʸʰ,
ˆʵʸ˂ʰ ʫʨ ʹ˄ʰʸʨʭʹ ʴʨʫʰʸʵʩʨˀʰ ʪʨʳʨʸˇʭʬʩʰʹ ʳʰʳ˂ʬʳ ʫʨʲʹ, ˀʬʳʫʬʪ
ʰʳʨʸʯʬʩʨ ʬʱʲʬʹʰʰʹ ʪʨʲʨʭʨʴˀʰ ʽʬʰʼʰ. ˆˀʰʸʨʫ ˇʰˆʭʰʹ ʸʽʬʩʹ
ʳʵʴʨʫʰʸʬʬʩʰ ʬʱʲʬʹʰʨʹ ʹ˄ʰʸʨʭʬʴ.
ʳʬ ˆˀʰʸʨʫ ʳʰʺʨ˂ʬʩʫʨ ʳʵʴʨʫʰʸʬʬʩʰʹ ʴʨʨʳʩʵʩʰ ʴʨʫʰʸʵʩʰʹ
ˀʬʹʨˆʬʩ ʫʨ ʨʳʰʺʵʳ ʬʸʯˆʬʲ ʪʨʫʨʭ˄ʿʭʰʺʬ ˄ʨʭʹʻʲʭʰʿʨʭʰ
ʹʨʴʨʫʰʸʵʫ ʲʨʺʨʲʰʹ ʳʯʬʩˀʰ ʫʨ ʯʭʰʯʵʴʨ˂ ʳʬʴʨˆʨ ʨʳʰʹ ʪʬʳʵ.
ʫʨʭʰʩʨʸʬ ˁʬʳʹ ʩʰʴʨʮʬ ʲʨʺʨʲʰʹ ʯʬʳʰʹ ʪʨʴʯʽʳʻʲʰ ʳʵʴʨʫʰʸʬ
ʨʩʸʨʳ ʯʨʳʲʰʨʴʰ ʫʨ ʵʸʰ˂ ʹˆʭʨ, ʹʨˆʬʲʫʵʩʸ ʩʬʽʻʮʨ ʫʨ ʪʰʵʸʪʰ
ʪʭʰ˅ʰʨʴʬʩʰ, ʫʨ ʪʨʴʭʻ˂ˆʨʫʬ ʳʨʯʯʨʴ ʬʸʯʨʫ ʹʨʴʨʫʰʸʵʫ ˄ʨʹʭʲʰʹ
ʹʻʸʭʰʲʰ. ʳʨʪʸʨʳ ʪʨʳʵʰʸʱʭʨ, ʸʵʳ ʩʬʽʻʮʨʹ ʵˇʨˆˀʰ ʹʨʳʰ ʱʭʰʸʰʹ
ʳʵʸˁʬʴʰʲʰ ʽʨʲʰ ʿʵʼʰʲʨ ʫʨ ʨʩʸʨʳʰʹʨʹ ʱʰ ʯʭʰʻʸʰʯ ʨʭʨʫʳʿʵʼʰ.
ʨʳʰʺʵʳ ˁʭʬʴʰ ʹʨʴʨʫʰʸʵʫ ʪʨʳʪʮʨʭʸʬʩʨ ʬʸʯʰ ʱʭʰʸʰʯ ʪʨʫʨʰʫʵ.
ʪʨʫʨʭ˄ʿʭʰʺʬʯ, ʸʵʳ ʨʳ ʬʸʯʰ ʱʭʰʸʰʹ ʪʨʴʳʨʭʲʵʩʨˀʰ ʨʸ˂ ʬʸʯ
ˁʭʬʴʪʨʴʹ ʽʨʲʯʨʴ ʹʽʬʹʵʩʸʰʭʰ ʱʨʭˀʰʸʰ ʨʸ ʫʨʬ˅ʰʸʨ, ʯʭʰʻʸʰʯ
ʨʭʨʫʳʿʵʼʰ ʫʨ ʳˀʵʩʰʨʸʵʩʰʹ ʳʽʵʴʬ ʽʨʲʰʹ ʵˇʨˆʹ ʨʸʨʭʰʴ ʨʸ
ʪʨʱʨʸʬʩʵʫʨ, ʴʨʫʰʸʵʩʰʹ ˄ʬʹʬʩʰʹ ʹʨ˅ʰʸʵ ʹʰʹʶʬʺʨʱʬ, ʹʰ˄ʳʰʴʫʬ
ʳʺʱʰ˂ʬʯ ʫʨʪʭʬ˂ʨ ʫʨ ʫʨʴʰˀʴʻʲ ʾʨʳʬʹ ʿʭʬʲʨʹ ʬʸʯʨʫ ʳʵʪʭʬʿʨʸʨ
ʯʨʭʰ. ʪʨʭʰʫʨ ʬʸʯʰ ʱʭʰʸʨ ʫʨ ʳʵʴʨʫʰʸʬʬʩʰ ʫʨʴʰˀʴʻʲ ʫʸʵʹ
ˁʬʳʯʨʴ ʪʨˁʴʫʬʴ.
ʯʨʭʰ ʨʸʨʿʰ, ˀʬʹʨ˄ʰʸʨʭʰ ʶʻʸʬʩʰ ,,ʲʬʳʮʻʸʨʲ³ ʫʨ ʹʨʴʯʬʲʰ
ʯʭʰʯʬʻʲ ʳʨʯʪʨʴʹ ˈʽʵʴʫʨ ʪʻʫʨˀʰ ˁʨ˄ʿʵʩʰʲʰ, ʵʸ ʳʨʯʪʨʴʹ
ʱʨʷʰʨʴʰ ʹʺʨʳʩʻʲʰʹ ʹʰʹʺʬʳʰʹ ʯʵʼʰ ˈʽʵʴʫʨ, ʬʸʯʹʨ˂ ʸʻʹʻʲʰ
ʩʬʸʫʨʴʱʨ.
ʵʸ ʼʻʯʨʳʫʬ ʪʨʳʵʳ˂ˆʭʨʸʰ ʶʻʸʰ, ˆʻʯʰ ʩʵʯʲʰ ʾʭʰʴʵ, ʾʵʸʰʹ
ˀʨˀˆʰ ʹʨʪʮʲʨʫ ʳʬ ʳʽʵʴʫʨ ʫʨʳʮʨʫʬʩʻʲʰ. ʬʹʬ˂ ʹʨʳʨʫ ʪʨʴʨ˄ʰʲʫʨ
ʪʻʫʬʩˀʰ ˁʨʹʨ˄ʿʵʩʨʫ ʫʨ ʪʨʯʬʴʬʩʨʳʫʬ ʳʯʬʩʰʹʱʬʴ ʪʨʭʬʳʪʮʨʭʸʬʯ.
ʺʿʰʨʴ ʨʫʪʰʲʬʩˀʰ ʳʰʹʭʲʨʳʫʬ ˃ʨʲʰʨʴ ˁʽʨʸʨ ˄ʨʹʭʲʨʹ
ʭ˂ʫʰʲʵʩʫʰʯ, ʸʵʳ ʪʨʯʬʴʬʩʰʹʨʹ ʳʰʴʫʭʸʨʫ ʨʸʨʭʰʹ ʭʬʴʨˆʬʯ. ʺʿʬʹ
ʸʵʳ ʯʨʭʰ ˀʬʭʨʼʨʸʬʯ, ʻʼʸʵ ʻʫʨʸʫʬʲʨʫ ʫʨ ʴʬʲʨ ʳʰʭʫʰʵʫʰʯ,
ˆʵʲʵ ʸʵʫʬʹʨ˂ ʹʨˇʰˆʭʬ ʳʯʬʩʮʬ ʨʭʬʫʰʯ, ʬʸʯ ʳˀʭʬʴʰʬʸ ʨʫʪʰʲʨʹ,
ʹʨʫʨ˂ ʳʯʰʹ ʨʴʱʨʸʨ ˄ʿʨʸʵ ʳʵˁʻˆˁʻˆʬʩʫʨ, ʫʨʭʹˆʬʫʰʯ,
ʫʨʭʰʹʭʬʴʬʯ, ʶʰʸʰ ʫʨʭʰʩʨʴʬʯ, ʪʻʫʬʩʹ ʯʨʭʰ ʳʵʭˆʹʬʴʰʯ,
ʨʳʵʭʨʲʨʪʬʯ ˀʬʹʨ˄ʰʸʨʭʨʫ ʹʨ˅ʰʸʵ ʹʨʪʴʬʩʰ (ʶʻʸʰ, ʨʸʨʿʰ, ʹʨʴʯʬʲʰ),
418
ʳʵʴʨʫʰʸʬʬʩʳʨ ʶʰʸʰ ʨʾʳʵʹʨʭʲʬʯʰʹʨʱʬʴ ˈʽʴʬʹ ʫʨ ˀʬʹ˄ʰʸʬʹ
ʿʵʭʬʲʰʭʬ ʬʹ ʫʨʲʹʨ ʫʨ ʹʭʬ-ʩʬʫʰʹ ʳʰʳ˂ʬʳ ʾʳʬʸʯʹ. ˀʬʳʫʬʪ
ˀʬʻʫʬʽʰʯ ʹʨʻʮʳʵʩʨʹ, ʸʵʳʲʰʹ ʫʸʵʹʨ˂ ʳʬ ʭʹʯˆʵʭʬ ʨʩʸʨʳʹ ˁʬʳʰ
ʹʨʪʮʲʰʫʨʴ ˆʵʸ˂ʰ ʨʳʵʬʾʵ ʫʨ ʯʰʯʵ ʴʨ˅ʬʸʰ ʿʭʬʲʨʹʯʭʰʹ
ˁʨʳʵʬʸʰʪʬʩʰʴʨ. ʨʩʸʨʳʳʨ ʬʹ ˀʬʨʹʸʻʲʨ, ʳʨʪʸʨʳ ʳ˄ʨʸʬ ˀʬʰʽʳʴʨ
ˁʬʳʯʭʰʹ ʬʹ ʹʨʻʮʳʬ ʫʨ ʨʳˆʨʴʨʪʬʩʰʹʨʫʳʰ ʶʨʺʰʭʰʹ˂ʬʳʨ. ʹʨʪʮʲʨʫ
ʾʵʸʰʹ ˀʨˀˆʰ ʳʽʵʴʫʨ. ʯʻʸʳʬ ʴʨʫʰʸʵʩʰʹ ʫʸʵʹ ʾʵʸʰʹ ˆʵʸ˂ʰʹ
ʹʨʪʮʲʨʫ ˄ʨʾʬʩʨ ˇʰˆʭ-ʨʸˁʭʯʨ ʳʬʻʼʰʹʨ, ʳʯʨʯʨ ʫʨ ʹʰʳʨʾʲʬʯʨ
ʾʳʬʸʯʰʹ ʫʨʲʰʹ ʹʨʩʰʴʨʫʸʵ ʹʶʬʺʨʱ ʳʯʬʩˀʰ ʿʵʭʲʨʫ ʫʨʻˀʭʬʩʬʲʰ
ʹʨʽʳʬ ʿʵʼʰʲʨ. ʬʹ ʳʬ ʨʸ ʭʰ˂ʵʫʰ ʫʨ ˃ʭʰʸʨʫʨ˂ ʫʨʳʰˇʫʨ. ʩʬʽʻʮʨ
ʬʸʯʵʩ ʨˆʰʸʬʩʻʲʰ ʱʨ˂ʰ ʰʿʵ. ˀʨˀˆʰ ʯʻʳ˂ʨ ʰʳʨʴʨ˂ ʳʨʫʰʨʴʨʫ
ʳʰʰʸʯʭʨ ʫʨ ʱʨʸʪʨʫʨ˂ ʫʨʴʨʿʸʫʨ, ʳʨʪʸʨʳ ʳʬ ʱʰ ʳʨʫʲʵʩʰʹ ʳʨʪʰʭʸʨʫ
ʾʵʸʰʹ ˀʨˀˆʰʹ ˄ʨʳʵʾʬʩʰʹʨ ʫʨ ʳʰʯ ʴʨʫʰʸʵʩʰʹ ,,˄ʨʩʰʲ˄ʭʰʹʨʯʭʰʹ³
ʲʨʴ˃ʾʭʨ-ʪʰʴʬʩʰʯʨ ʫʨ ˄ʿʬʭʲʨ-ʱʸʻʲʭʰʯ ʨʳʰʱʲʵ. ʹˆʭʬʩʰ ʱʰ ʳʬʺ
ʯʨʭʫʨ˅ʬʸʰʲʵʩʨʹ ʰˁʬʴʫʬʴ, ˁʭʬʴʰ ˁˆʻʩʰʯ ʯʨʭʹ ʰʽ˂ʬʭʫʬʴ,
ʰ˂ʰʴʵʫʬʴ ʫʨ ʹʬʰʸʹ ʻʿʻʸʬʩʫʬʴ.
ʹʨʻʮʳʰʹ ˀʬʳʫʬʪ ʪʨʭʻʫʬʽʰʯ ʱʲʫʬʬʩʹ. ʩʬʽʻʮʨ ʬʸʯʵʩ ʮʨʴʺʰ
ʱʨ˂ʰ ʰʿʵ, ʿʭʬʲʨʮʬ ʻʱʨʴ ʳʵʫʰʵʫʨ ʫʨ ʨʳʰʺʵʳ ʫʨʭʻ˃ʨˆʬ: ,,ʩʬʽʻʮʨ,
ʳʨʲʬ ʪʨʳʵʰʨʸʬ³-ʳʬʯʽʰ. ʨʳʨʮʬ˂ ʳʨʴ ˄ʿʬʭʲʰʯ ʳʰʶʨʹʻˆʨ: ,,ʪʨʪʰˆʳʵʹ
ʾʳʬʸʯʳʨ ʬʴʨ ʫʨ ʮʬʫ ʳʰ˄ʨ ʫʨʭʨʿʨʸʬ, ʹʨˆʬʲʹ ʴʻ ʳʰ˃ʨˆʰ ,,ʴʨʶʵʵʲ³
(ʼʸʰʴʭʬʲʰ) ʫʨʳʰ˃ʨˆʬ ˆʵʲʳʬʵ³ ʯʻʸʳʬ ʳʵʴʨʫʰʸʰʹ ʹʨˆʬʲʰʹ
ʫʨ˃ʨˆʬʩʨ ʳʯʬʩˀʰ ʫʨʻˀʭʬʩʬʲʰ ʿʵʼʰʲʨ, ʳʨʪʸʨʳ ʳʬ ʳʨʰʴ˂ ʭʻʶʨʹʻˆʬ:
ˀʬ ʳʨʳʨ˂ˆʵʴʬʩʻʲʵ, ʼʸʰʴʭʬʲʹ ʸʨ ʪʰʪʨʭʹ, ˃ʲʰʭʹ ʳʵʬʯʸʬʭʰ ʳʬʯʽʰ.
ʩʬʭʸʰ ʹʰ˂ʰʲʰʹ ˀʬʳʫʬʪ ʳʰʭʬʫʰʯ ʬʸʯ ʨʫʪʰʲʨʹ, ʹʨʫʨ˂
ʯʵʭʲʰʨʴ ʺʿʬˀʰ ʫʨʯʭʰʹ ʴʨʱʭʨʲʬʭʹ ˄ʨʭʨ˄ʿʫʰʯ. ʨʳ ʺʿʬˀʰ ˂ʨʲ-
˂ʨʲʱʬ ʻʴʫʨ ʪʭʬʭʲʵ, ʸʵʳ ʺʿʰʹ ʳʬʺʰ ʴʨ˄ʰʲʰ ʪʨʪʭʬʨʸʨ ʫʨ ʬʸʯ
ʸʵʳʬʲʰʳʬʹ ʳʨʰʴ˂ ʪʭʬʴʨˆʨ ʴʨʫʰʸʰ. ʳʨʪʸʨʳ ʩʬʽʻʮʨʳ ʨʳʨʮʬʫʨ˂ ʻʨʸʰ
ʪʨʴʨ˂ˆʨʫʨ: ,,ʹʻʲʬʲʬʩʰ ˆʵʳ ʨʸʨ ˆʨʸʯ, ʫʨʯʭʹ ʸʵʳ ˁʬʳʰ ʱʨʷʰʨʴʰ
ʯʵʼʰ ʭʬʹʸʵʲʵ ʫʨ ʬʸʯʰ ʺʿʭʰʰʯ ʭʬʸ ʳʵʭʱʲʨ, ʹʨʴʨʳʫʬ
ˆʬʲʳʬʵʸʬʫ ʪʨʭʺʬʴʰʫʬ, ʰʽʴʬʩʨ ʳʵʳʰʩʸʻʴʫʬʹ ʫʨ ʫʨʳʪʲʰˇʵʹʵ³
ʯʵʼʰ, ʳʨʸʯʲʨ˂ ʿʭʬʲʨʮʬ ˂ʻʫʰ ʩʬʽʻʮʨʹ ˈʽʵʴʫʨ, ʯʻʳ˂ʨʾʨ
ʹʻʲ ʳʰʹ ʽʬʩʨ-ʫʰʫʬʩʨˀʰ ʰʿʵ. ʳʬ ʳʰʹʰ ʯʵʼʰʹ ʳʨʹˆʸʨʫ ʨʪʫʬʩʨ
ʳʰʴʫʵʫʨ ʫʨ ʭʻʯˆʨʸʰ: ʩʬʽʻʮʨ, ʬʹ ʯʵʼʰ ʻʴʫʨ ʳʵʳʿʰʫʵ-ʳʬʯʽʰ.
ʯʻʸʳʬ ʴʨʫʰʸʵʩʰʹ ʫʸʵʹ ʯʵʼʰʹ ˆʹʬʴʬʩʨ˂ ʹʨˆʰʼʨʯʵ ʿʵʼʰʲʨ ʫʨ
ʩʬʽʻʮʨ ʨʳʨʮʬʫʨ˂ ʪʨʳʰ˄ʿʸʨ ʫʨ ʳʰʯˆʸʨ: ,,ʯʵʼʹ ʴʻʴ ʨʳʩʵʩ, ʯʵʼʰʹ
ʳʨʪʰʭʸʨʫ ,,ʺʨʸˆʨʴ³˅ʵʲʵʱʰ) ʫʨʻ˃ʨˆʬʵ³
419
 ʰʳ ʫʾʬʹ ˁʭʬʴʳʨ ʴʨʫʰʸʵʩʨʳ ʻʴʨʿʵʼʵʫ ˁʨʰʨʸʨ. ʾʨʳʰʹ
ʪʨʹʨʯʬʭʨʫ ʱʲʫʬˀʰ ʬʸʯ ʪʨʳʵʽʭʨʩʻʲˀʰ ˀʬʭʬʫʰʯ, ʱʨʸʪʨ ˆʨʴʹ
ʭˆʻʳʸʵʩʫʰʯ ʫʨ ʮʾʨʶʸʬʩʰʯ ʭʰʸʯʵʩʫʰʯ ʯʨʭʹ. ˀʬʳʫʬʪ
ʭʰʭʨˆˀʳʬʯ ʫʨ ʫʨʭʰ˃ʰʴʬʯ. ʫʨ˃ʰʴʬʩʰʹ ˄ʰʴ ʩʬʽʻʮʨʳ ʬʸʯʰ ʩʸ˃ʴʻʲʰ
ʫʨʸʰʪʬʩʨ ˀʬʳʵʪʭʯʨʭʨʮʨ: ,,ʭʰʹʨ˂ ʸʨ ʫʨʪʬʹʰʮʳʸʵʯ, ʿʭʬʲʨʳ ʪʻʲˀʰ
ˁʨʰʩʬ˅ʫʬʯ, ʹʰʮʳʨʸʰ ʫʨʰʳʨˆʹʵʭʸʬʯ, ʸʵʳ ˁʭʬʴʰ ʴʨʫʰʸʵʩʰʹ ʹʭʬ-
ʩʬʫʰ ʪʨʳʵʭʨʸʱʭʰʵʯʵ³ˁʬʳʹ ˀʬʱʰʯˆʭʨʮʬ ʰʳʰʹ ˀʬʹʨˆʬʩ, ʯʻ ʸʵʪʵʸ
ˀʬʰ˃ʲʬʩʨ ʹʰʮʳʸʰʯ ʴʨʫʰʸʵʩʰʹ ʪʨʳʵʸʱʭʬʭʨ, ʩʬʽʻʮʨʹ ʳʨʪʰʭʸʨʫ
ʨʩʸʨʳʳʨ ʳʰʶʨʹʻˆʨ: ʯʻ ʲʨʳʨʮ ʽʨʲʯʨʴ ʨʸˀʰʿʵʩʨ ʫʨʪʭʬʹʰʮʳʸʨ, ʬʹ
,,ʫʨʲʰʹ³ ˄ʿʨʲʵʩʰʹ ʳʵʳʨʹ˄ʨʭʬʩʬʲʰʨ, ˆʵʲʵ ʯʻ ʾʭʰʴʵ ʭʰʴʳʬʳ
ʫʨʪʭʨʲʬʭʰʴʨ, ˁʭʬʴ ʳʰʬʸ ʪʨʹʸʵʲʰʲʰ ʯʵʼʰʹ ʼʰʴʯʰˆʰʯ (ʺʿʭʰʰʯ)
ˇʰˆʭʰʹ ʹʰʹˆʲʰʹ ʫʨʽ˂ʬʭʰʹ ʴʰˀʨʴʰʨʵ ʫʨ ʹˆʭ.
ʹʨʹʻʸʭʬʲʰ ʹʰʮʳʨʸʰ ʨʸʨʭʰʹ ʫʨʪʭʹʰʮʳʸʬʩʰʨ, ʹʨʳʰ ʫʾʬ ʭʰʨʸʬʯ
ʫʨ, ʹʨʪʮʨʲʰ ʸʵʳ ˀʬʳʵʪʭʬʲʰʨ, ˆʬʲ˂ʨʸʰʬʲʰ ʹʨˆʲˀʰ
ʫʨʭʩʸʻʴʫʰʯ. ʯʻʸʳʬ ˁʭʬʴʰ ʹʨʴʨʫʰʸʵʫ ˄ʨʹʭʲʨ ʿʭʬʲʨʹ ʪʨʬʪʵ
ʹʵʼʬʲˀʰ, ˃ʨʲʰʨʴ ʬʰʴʺʬʸʬʹʬʩʵʫʨʯ, ʯʻ ʸʰʯ ʫʨʳʯʨʭʸʫʬʩʵʫʨ
ˁʭʬʴʰ ʴʨʫʰʸʵʩʨ. ʸʵʫʬʹʨ˂ ʨʹʬ ˀʬʸ˂ˆʭʬʴʰʲʬʩʰ ʹʨˆʲˀʰ
ʫʨʭʩʸʻʴʫʰʯ, ʬʸʯʰ ʳˆʸʰʯ ˂ʵʲʰ ʨʳʰˆʰʸʫʨ: ʱʨ˂ʵ, ʯʻ ʸʨʳʬ
ʪʨʪʭʨˁʴʫʨ, ʹʨʪʮʲʨʫ ˄ʨʰʾʬ ʫʨ ʬʸʯʰ ʳʯʰʹ ʽʨʯʨʳʰ ʳʨʰʴ˂ ʭʬʸ
ʳʵʱʨʲʰʯʵ, ˆʵʲʵ ʳʬʵʸʬ ʳˆʸʰʯ ʩʬʽʻʮʨʳ ʴʨʫʰʸʵʩʰʫʨʴ ʨʹʬ
ˆʬʲ˂ʨʸʰʬʲʰ ʫʨʩʸʻʴʬʩʰʹ ʳʰʮʬʮʨʫ ˆʨʲˆˀʰ ʰʹ ʫʨʨʹʨˆʬʲʨ, ʸʵʳ ʳʬ
ʾʵʸʰʹ ˀʨˀˆʰ ʳʽʵʴʫʨ ʹʨʪʮʲʨʫ ˄ʨʾʬʩʻʲʰ. ʨʳʰʹ ʪʨʳʵ ʿʵʭʬʲ
ʴʨʩʰˇʮʬ ʫʨ˂ʰʴʭʨʹ ʭˆʭʫʬʩʵʫʰ. ʨʹʬ ʹʨʹʨ˂ʰʲʵ ʫʨ ʹʨʳʨʹˆʨʸʨʵ
ʹʨʪʴʨʫ ʪʨʫʨʰʽ˂ʨ ˁʬʳʰ ʶʰʸʭʬʲʰ ʴʨʫʰʸʵʩʨ.
ʸʨʳʵʫʬʴʰʳʬ ˆʴʰʹ ˀʬʳʫʬʪ, ˆʻʯʰ ʨʳˆʨʴʨʪʰʯ ˄ʨʭʬʫʰ
ʹʨʴʨʫʰʸʵʯ ʳʻʲʨˆʰʹ ʰˀʭʰʨʯ ʹʨˇʰˆʭʬ ʹʨʴʨʫʰʸʵ ʯʭʬʯʴʻʲʫʰʹ ʫʨ
˄ʨʴʬʸʰʹ ʳʯʬʩˀʰ. ʨʸʨ ʳʪʵʴʰʨ, ʹʨʫʳʬ ʳʵʰʶʵʭʬʩʵʫʬʹ ʨʳʰʹʯʨʴʨ
ʹʨʴʨʫʰʸʵʬʩʰ. ʹʵʼ. ʷʨʩʬˀʰʫʨʴ 4-5 ʭʬʸʹʰʹ ʳʨʴ˃ʰʲʮʬ ʳʫʬʩʨʸʬ,
ʱʨʭʱʨʹʰʵʴʰʹ ʻʳʯʨʭʸʬʹ ʽʬʫʮʬ ʨʾʳʨʸʯʻʲʰ, ˀʨʽʸʰʹ ʯʨʭʰʹʬʩʻʸʨʫ
˄ʭʬʸ˄ʨ˄ʭʬʺʰʲʰ, ʳʻʫʳʰʭʰ ʯʵʭʲʰʯ ʫʨʼʨʸʻʲʰ, ˁʸʫʰʲʵʬʯʰʯ
ʫʨ ʨʾʳʵʹʨʭʲʬʯʰʯ ʳʿʰʴʭʨʸʬʩʰʯ ˀʬʳʱʵʩʰʲʰ ʲʨʳʨʮʰ ʯʭʬʯʴʻʲʫʰ
(4853 ʳʬʺʸʰ) ˅ʬˀʳʨʸʰʺʨʫ ˄ʨʸʳʵʨʫʪʬʴʹ ʳʵʴʨʫʰʸʬʬʩʰʹ ʳʰʬʸ
ʹˆʭʨʫʨʹˆʭʨ ʽʭʬʿʴʬʩˀʰ ʫʨʼʸʯˆʵʩʰʲ ˇʰˆʭ-ʨʸˁʭʯʨ ʯʨʭˀʬʹʨʼʨʸʹ.
ʯʭʰʹʰ ʳʰʻʫʪʵʳʲʵʩʰʯ ʯʭʬʯʴʻʲʫʰʹ ʳʯʨ ʭʬʸʨʪʰ ʳʺʸʰʹ ʳʰʬʸ
ʫʬʭʴʰʲʰ ʴʨʫʰʸʰʹʨʯʭʰʹ ʹʨʻʱʬʯʬʹʵ ʹʰʳʨʪʸʬʨ. ʳʰʹʰ ʱʨʲʯʬʩʰ
ʳʫʰʫʨʸʰʨ ˇʰˆʭ-ʨʸˁʭʰʹʨʯʭʰʹ ʹʨʨʳʻʸʰ ʩʨʲʨˆʰʯ, ˆʵʲʵ ˃ʰʸʬʩʰ
420
ʳʨʯʯʭʰʹ ʹʨʴʨʺʸʬʲʰ ʳʷʨʭʬ ˄ʿʲʬʩʰʯʨ ʫʨ ʳʲʨˀʬ ʳʰ˄ʰʯ. ʨʳʰʺʵʳʨ˂
ʨʳ ʳʯʬʩˀʰ ˆˀʰʸʨʫ ˀʬˆʭʫʬʩʰʯ ˇʰˆʭ-ʨʸˁʭʯʨ ˇʵʪʬʩʹ.
ʨʳ ʳʷʨʭʬ ˄ʿʲʬʩʰʹ ʨˆʲʵʹ ʳʵʴʨʫʰʸʬʬʩʹ ʪʨʱʬʯʬʩʻʲʰ ʨʽʭʯ
ʹʨʼʨʸʬʩʰ ʹʨʯʵʼʻʸʬʩʰʯ, ʮʬʭʰʫʨʴ ʽʭʰʯ ʫʨˆʻʸʻʲʰ ʫʨ ʳʰ˄ʰʯ
ʫʨʼʨʸʻʲʰ, ʸʵʳ ʴʨʫʰʸʳʨ ʳʺʬʸʰ ʭʬʸ ˀʬʨʳˁʴʰʵʹ. ˄ʿʲʰʹ ʹʨʹʳʬʲʨʫ
ʳʯʬʩʰʫʨʴ ˁʨʳʵʹʻʲ ʹʨʩʸʨʲʵ ˂ˆʵʭʬʲʬʩʹ ˀʬʻʩʸʨʲʬʩʲʨʫ ʹʶʵʩʬʴ
ʨʳ ˆʬʸˆʰʹ ʹʨˀʻʨʲʬʩʰʯ.
ʨʳ ʳʯʬʩˀʰ ʳʬ ʪʨʭʬʳʪʮʨʭʸʬ ʹʨʴʨʫʰʸʵʫ ʹʨʳʰ ʹʭʨʴʰʹʨ ʫʨ ʵʸʰ
ʻ˂ˆʵʬʲʰʹ ʯʨʴˆʲʬʩʰʯ. ʪʨʯʬʴʬʩʨʳʫʬ ʪʨʭʬʫʰʯ ʹʵʼ. ʷʨʩʬˀʰʴʰʫʨʴ
ʫʨ ʳʮʰʹ ʨʳʵʹʭʲʨʳʫʬ ʹʨʴʨʫʰʸʵ ʨʫʪʰʲʬʩʮʬ ʭʰʿʨʭʰʯ. ʺʿʬˀʰ ʬʸʯ
ʨʫʪʰʲʨʹ, ʪʮʰʹ ʶʰʸʨʹ, ˁʭʬʴ ˀʬʭʨʳˁʴʰʬʯ ʩʸʺʿʬʲʰ ʽʭʨ, ʸʵʳʬʲʮʬʫʨ˂
˄ʭʸʰʲʰ ʱʬʴ˅ʬʩʰ ʬ˄ʿʵ, ʨʳʨʴ ˁʬʳʰ ʿʻʸʨʫʾʬʩʨ ʳʰʰʽ˂ʰʨ, ˀʬʭˁʬʸʫʰ.
ʳʵʴʨʫʰʸʬ ʺʸʰʼʵʴʳʨ ʨʳʰˆʹʴʨ: ʹʨʳʨʸˁʰʬʲʵ ʽʭʨʨ, ʨʳ ʨʫʪʰʲʨʹ
ʳʵʴʨʫʰʸʬʬʩʰ ʰʹʭʬʴʬʩʬʴ, ʽʭʨʮʬ ʱʬʴ˅ʬʩʰʯ ʳʨʸˁʰʬʲʵʩʬʴ ʫʨ
ʨʸʱʭʬʭʬʴ, ʳʰʹ˂ʬʳʹ ʳʨʯ ʳʯʨʯʨ, ʹʰʳʨʾʲʬʯʨ ʫʨ ʴʨʫʰʸʯʨ ʾʳʬʸʯʰ
ʴʨʫʰʸʹ ʯʻ ʨʸʨʵ. ʨʳ ʨʫʪʰʲʨʹ ˁʭʬʴ ʳʨʸˁʰʬʲʵʩʰʹ ʳʨʪʰʭʸʨʨʫ
ˁʭʬʻʲʬʩʸʰʭʰ ,,ʲʰʳʮʰʸ³ ʳʹˆʭʬʸʶʲʯ ˀʬ˄ʰʸʭʨ) ʪʨʫʨʭʰˆʨʫʬʯ,
ʭʰʹʨʻʮʳʬʯ ʫʨ ˀʬʳʫʬʪ ʪʨʭʻʫʬʽʰʯ ʪʮʨʹ. ʹʨʴʨʫʰʸʵ ʨʫʪʰʲʬʩʹ ʸʵʳ
ʳʰʭʻʨˆʲʵʭʫʰʯ, ʺʸʰʼʵʴʳʨ ʳʷʨʭʬ ˄ʿʨʲʮʬ ʹʨʳʰ ˇʰˆʭʰ ʫʨʰʴʨˆʨ.
ʨʳ ʨʫʪʰʲʬʩʨʳʫʬ ʻ˂ˆʵʬʲʬʩʰ ʫʰʫʰ ʭʨʰ-ʭʨʪʲʨˆʰʯ
ʳʰʭʰʿʭʨʴʬʯ, ʨʽ ʱʰ ʫʨʽʨʴ˂ʻʲʬʩʰ ˁʨʳʵˇʫʬʴ ʫʨ ˇʰˆʭʬʩʰʹʨʱʬʴ
˄ʨʹʭʲʨʮʬ ʻʨʸʰ ʪʨʴʨ˂ˆʨʫʬʹ. ʰʹʰʴʰ ʰʽʭʬ ʨˆʲʵ ʱʲʫʬˀʰ ʬʸʯ
ʪʨʳʵʽʭʨʩʻʲˀʰ ʫʨʭʨʩʰʴʨʭʬʯ, ʫʨʴʨʸˁʬʴʴʰ ˇʰˆʭʬʩʰʹʨʱʬʴ ˄ʨʭʬʫʰʯ.
ʳʨʪʸʨʳ ʭʰʫʸʬ ʳʰʭʨˆ˄ʬʭʫʰʯ ʰʳ ʨʫʪʰʲʬʩʨʳʫʬ, ʹʨʫʨ˂ ˇʰˆʭʬʩʰ
ʰʿʭʴʬʴ, ʰʹʰʴʰ ʻʱʭʬ ˄ʨʹʻʲʰʿʭʴʬʴ ʫʨ ˆʬʲ˂ʨʸʰʬʲʰ ʫʨʭʩʸʻʴʫʰʯ
ʻʱʨʴ. ʾʨʳʬ ʿʭʬʲʨʳ ʪʨʳʵʽʭʨʩʻʲˀʰ ʪʨʭʨʺʨʸʬʯ, ʳʬʵʸʬ ʫʾʬʹ
ʻ˂ˆʵʬʲʬʩʳʨ ʻʱʨʴ ʫʨʩʸʻʴʬʩʨ ʻʯˆʵʭʬʹ ʫʨ ʬʸʯʰ ʳʵʴʨʫʰʸʰʹ
ʯʨʴˆʲʬʩʰʯ ˀʰʴʰʹʨʱʬʴ ʪʨʹ˄ʰʬʹ. ʫʨʴʨʸˁʬʴʬʩʰ ± ʳʬ, ʺʸʰʼʵʴʰ ʫʨ
ʩʬʹʰ ± ˄ʨʴʬʸʰʹ ʳʿʰʴʭʨʸʬʩʰʯ ʳʯʬʩʰʹʨʱʬʴ ʪʨʭʬʳʪʮʨʭʸʬʯ. ʨʭʬʫʰʯ
ʯʻ ʨʸʨ ʻʼʹʱʸʻʲʬʩʰʯ ʫʨʹʨʬʸʰʲ ʮʾʨʶʸʻʲ ʳʿʰʴʭʨʸʮʬ, ʻ˂ʩʨʫ
ʳʮʰʹ ʹˆʰʭʬʩʰʯ ˄ʰʯʲʨʫ ʨʼʬʸʨʫʬʩʻʲʰ ʳʯʰʫʨʴ ˇʰˆʭʰʹ ʴʻʱʸʰʹ
ʹʨʮʨʸʬʲʰ ʩʾʨʭʰʲʰ ʳʵʪʭʬʹʳʨ. ˁʭʬʴ ʹʳʬʴʨʫ ʪʨʫʨʭʰʽʬ˂ʰʯ, ʰʽʭʬ
ˁʨʳʵʭˇʬʽʰʯ ʫʨ ʳʯʨʹ ˅ʵʪʸʬʩʰʯ ʫʨʭʻ˄ʿʬʯ ʯʭʨʲʰʬʸʬʩʨ. ʻ˂ʩʨʫ
ʫʨʭʰʴʨˆʬʯ, ʸʵʳ ʹʨ˂ʵʫʨʭʰ ʴʻʱʸʰ ʪʻʲʹʨʱʲʨʭʰ ʩʾʨʭʰʲʰʯ
ˁʭʬʴʹʱʬʴ ʳʵʬʳʨʸʯʬʩʵʫʨ. ˁʭʬʴ ʳʰʭˆʭʫʰʯ, ʸʵʳ ʳʨʹ ʫʬʫʨ ʨʸʨ ˈʿʨʭʫʨ,
ʨʲʩʨʯ ʳʵʴʨʫʰʸʰʹ ʻʲʳʵʩʬʲʳʨ ʺʿʭʰʨʳ ʳʵʻʹʶʵ ʳʨʹ ʹʰ˂ʵ˂ˆʲʬ.
421
ʫʨʵʩʲʬʩʻʲ, ʪʨʳ˄ʨʸʬʩʻʲ, ʪʮʨ-ʫʨʩʴʬʻʲ ʫʨ ʻʶʨʺʸʵʴʵʯ
ʳʵˆʬʺʰʨʲʬ, ʹʨ˂ʵʫʨʭ ʴʵʸˁ ʨʸʹʬʩʨʹ, ʬʺʿʵʩʨ, ˁʭʬʴ˂ ʱʰ, ± ʳʰʹʰ
ʳʺʸʬʩʰʹ ʩʨʴʨʱʰʫʨʴ ʪʨʳʵʹʻʲʰ ʳʵʴʨʫʰʸʬʬʩʰ, ʫʬʫʨʫ ʳʵʭʬˁʭʬʴʬʯ.
ʸʵʫʬʹʨ˂ ʹʨʩʸʨʲʵ ˂ˆʵʭʬʲʰ ʹʨʱʳʨʵʫ ʳʵʪʭʰʨˆʲʵʭʫʨ, ʩʬʹʰʳ
ʯʨʭʰʹ ,,ʿʰʸʳʰʲʮʬ³ʯʵʼʮʬ) ʪʨʰʹʭʨ ˆʬʲʰ ʫʨ ʫʨʨʶʰʸʨ ʳʰʹʰ ʴʰˀʨʴˀʰ
ʨʳʵʾʬʩʨ. ʳʬ ʫʨ ʺʸʰʼʵʴʰ ʭʬ˂ʰʯ ʳʨʹ ʯʵʼˀʰ ʫʨ ʹʸʵʲʨ ʨʸ
ʫʨʭʨʴʬʩʬʯ. ʸʵʫʬʹʨ˂ ʹʨ˂ʵʫʨʭʰ ʴʻʱʸʰ ʫʨʸ˄ʳʻʴʫʨ, ʸʵʳ ˁʭʬʴˀʰ
ʫʬʫʵʩʨʹ ʭʬʸ ˈʶʵʭʬʩʫʨ, ʰʩʸʻʴʨ ʶʰʸʰ ʫʨ ʺʿʭʰʨʹʨʭʰʯ ʳʯʬʩʰʹʨʱʬʴ
ʪʨʭʨʸʫʨ.
ˁʭʬʴ ʪʨʴʭʨʪʸ˃ʬʯ ʪʮʨ, ʸʨʳʫʬʴʰʳʬ ʳʨʴ˃ʰʲʰ ʸʵʳ ʪʨʭʰʨʸʬʯ,
ˁʨʳʵʭˇʬʽʰʯ, ʫʨʭʰʹʭʬʴʬʯ ʫʨ ˅ʵʪʸʬʩʰ ʨʭʨʳʻˀʨʭʬʯ. ʳʨʲʬ ˃ʨʲʰʨʴ
ʨˆʲʵʹ ʫʨʭʰʴʨˆʬʯ ʵ˂ʨʳʫʬ ˇʰˆʭʰ, ʳʨʪʸʨʳ ʨʳ ʨʫʪʰʲʰʫʨʴ
ˇʰˆʭʬʩʰʹʨʱʬʴ ʴʰʨʭʰ ʽʸʵʫʨ ʫʨ ʹʨˀʰˀʰ ʰʿʵ, ʸʵʳ ˇʰˆʭʬʩʹ ˁʭʬʴʰ ʹʻʴʰ
ʨʸ ʨʬʾʵʯ, ʭʰʫʸʬ ʴʰʨʭʰ ʨʸ ˁʨʫʪʬʩʵʫʨ, ʰ˃ʻʲʬʩʻʲʰ ʭʰʿʨʭʰʯ
ʨʫʪʰʲʰʫʨʴ ʨʸ ʫʨʭ˃ʸʻʲʰʿʨʭʰʯ. ʴʨˆʬʭʨʸʰ ʹʨʨʯʰʹ ˀʬʳʫʬʪ ˇʰˆʭʬʩʰ
ʸʨʺʵʳʾʨ˂ ʫʨʼʸʯˆʬʴ ʫʨ ʳ˄ʭʬʸʭʨʲʬʩʰʹʱʬʴ ʪʨʽʨʴʫʴʬʴ.
ʳʵʴʨʫʰʸʬʬʩʳʨ ʨʳʰʹ ʫʨʴʨˆʭʨʮʬ ʬʸʯˆʳʨʫ ʪʨʫʨʹ˄ʿʭʰʺʬʹ: ˁʭʬʴ ʳʰʬʸ
ʳʰʾʬʩʻʲʰ ʹʰʼʸʯˆʰʲʰʹ ʮʵʳʬʩʰ ʨʲʩʨʫ ʹʨʱʳʨʸʰʹʰ ʨʸ ʰʿʵ,
ˇʰˆʭʬʩʹ ˁʭʬʴʰ ʹʻʴʰ ʳʨʰʴ˂ ʬ˂ʨʯ. ˁʭʬʴ ʳʰʭʿʬʯ ʨʳ ˇʰˆʭʬʩʰʹ ʱʭʨʲʹ,
ʬʸʯʰ ʽʬʫʰʫʨʴ ʪʨʭʰˆʬʫʬʯ ˁʭʬʴ ˄ʰʴ ʳʫʬʩʨʸʬ ʳʯʰʹ ʱʨʲʯʬʩˀʰ ʫʨ
ʫʨʭʰʴʨˆʬʯ ʻʯʭʨʲʨʭʰ ˇʰˆʭʰʹ ˇʵʪʰ. ʨʳ ˇʵʪʰʹ ʫʨʴʨˆʭʨʮʬ ʿʭʬʲʨʹ
ʯʭʨʲʬʩʰ ʨʪʭʬʴʯʵ, ʪʻʲʰ ʨʪʭʰ˃ʪʬʸʫʨ.
ʫʰʫʰ ʹʰʼʸʯˆʰʲʰʯ ʰʹʬʭ ʫʨʩʲʨ ʫʨʭʬˀʭʰʯ ʫʨ ˇʰˆʭʬʩʹ
ʰʹʬʯʰ ʨʫʪʰʲʰʫʨʴ ʳʵʭʬʽʬ˂ʰʯ, ʹʨʫʨ˂ ʰʹʰʴʰ ʻʯʻʵʫ ʻʴʫʨ
ˁʨʪʭʭʨʸʫʴʵʫʬʴ ʴʰˀʨʴˀʰ. ʫʨʭʰʱʨʭʬʯ ˀʬʹʨʼʬʸʰ ʨʫʪʰʲʬʩʰ. ʹʨʾʨʳʵ
ʷʨʳʰ ʰʿʵ. ʳʨʲʬ ʫʨʭʰʴʨˆʬʯ, ʸʵʳ ˇʰˆʭʰʹ ˇʵʪʰ ʩʨʲʨˆʰʹ ˃ʵʭʰʯ
ˁʭʬʴʹʱʬʴ ʳʵʫʰʵʫʨ, ʬʸʯʰ ʳʬʯʨʻʸʰ ˇʰˆʭʰ ʱʰ ʨʳ ˇʵʪʰʹ ʳʵˀʵʸʬʩʰʯ
ʳʨʾʲʨ ʱʲʫʬʬʩʰʯ ʴʬʲ-ʴʬʲʨ ʳʵʫʰʵʫʨ. ʪʨʫʳʵʫʪʬʩʵʫʨ ˆʵʲʳʬ
ʨʳʨʿʨʫ ʱʲʫʰʹ ˇʬʸ ʬʸʯʰ ʱʵʸʺʵˆʰʫʨʴ, ʳʬʸʬ ʳʬʵʸʬʫʨʴ ʫʨ
ʨʯʭʨʲʰʬʸʬʩʫʨ ʨʽʬʯ-ʰʽʰʯ ʨʸʬ-ʳʨʸʬʹ. ʺʸʰʼʵʴʳʨ ˁʨʳʰˁʻʸˁʻʲʨ: ʨʰ
ʬʹʨʨ ˇʰˆʭʰʹ ˇʵʪʰʹ ʿʨʸʨʻʲʰʵ. ʩʬʹʰʳ ˄ʨʳʵʰ˃ʨˆʨ: ʸʨʹ ʭʻ˂ʫʰʯ
ˇʵʪʰʹ ʳʵʨˆʲʵʭʬʩʨʹ, ʭʬʹʸʵʲʵʯ ʫʨ ʳʵʭʱʲʨʯ ʬʹ ˇʰˆʭʰʵ.
ʺʸʰʼʵʴʰ ʨʳʰʹ ˄ʰʴʨʨʾʳʫʬʪ ˄ʨʭʰʫʨ: ˇʵʪʰ ʶʰʸʫʨʶʰʸ ʯʵʼʰʹ ʺʻˁʮʬ
ʳʵʫʰʹ, ʸʨʾʨ ʨʳ ʬʸʯʹ ʭʬʹʸʵʲʵʯ, ʫʨʭʻ˂ʨʫʵʯ ʫʨ ʯʰʯʵ ˇʰˆʭʰ
ʿʭʬʲʨʳ ʨʳʵʭʰʾʵʯ ʴʰˀʨʴˀʰ, ʹʨʳˀʰ ʬʸʯʹ ʳʨʰʴ˂ ʳʵʭʱʲʨʭʯʵ. ʩʬʹʰ
ʳʨʰʴ˂ ʯʨʭʰʹʨʹ ʪʨʰ˃ʨˆʵʫʨ. ʨʳ ʫʨʭʨˀʰ ʸʨʳʵʫʬʴʰʳʬ ʹʨʷʴʰʹ ʳʨʴ˃ʰʲʮʬ
422
ˁʭʬʴ ˄ʰʴ ʯʨʭʰ ʰˁʰʴʨ ˇʵʪʳʨ. ʳʬ ʫʨ ʺʸʰʼʵʴʳʨ ʴʰˀʨʴˀʰ ʨʳ ˇʵʪʰʹ
˄ʰʴʨʳ˃ʾʵʲʰ ʵʸʰ ˇʰˆʭʰ ʨʳʵʭʰʾʬʯ. ʩʬʹʰʳ ʿʨʸʨʻʲ ˇʰˆʭʹ ʨʸ
ʳʵʨˀʵʸʨ ʯʭʨʲʰ. ʿʭʬʲʨʳ ʬʸʯʨʫ ʪʨʭʰʹʸʵʲʬʯ ʯʵʼʬʩʰ. ʳʬ ʫʨ
ʺʸʰʼʵʴʳʨ ʯʰʯʵ ˇʰˆʭʰ ʳʵʭʱʨʲʰʯ, ʩʬʹʰ ʱʰ ˆʨˆʨʳˀʸʨʲʰ ʫʨʸˁʨ.
ʭʬʸʨʼʬʸʰ ʳʵʱʲʨ. ʳʬ ʫʨ ʺʸʰʼʵʴʳʨ ʬʸʯʳʨʴʬʯʹ ʳʰʻʲʵ˂ʬʯ
ʪʨʳʨʸˇʭʬʩʨ. ʺʸʰʼʵʴʳʨ ˇʬʸ ʯʵʼʹ ʨʱʵ˂ʨ, ˀʬʳʫʬʪ ʳʨʫʲʵʩʨ
ʪʨʫʨʻˆʨʫʨ ʪʨʳʨʸˇʭʬʩʰʹ ʳʰʳ˂ʬʳ ʾʳʬʸʯʹ. ʹʰʸʩʰʲʰʯ ʫʨʭʬˀʭʰʯ
˃ʰʸʹ, ʹʨʫʨ˂ ʫʨˆʵ˂ʰʲʰ ˇʰˆʭʬʩʰ ʪʭʬʪʻʲʬʩʵʫʨ. ʺʸʰʼʵʴʰ ʬʳʯˆʭʰʨ
ʳʨʯ ʶʰʸʰʹʹʨˆʬʮʬ. ˇʰˆʭʬʩʰ ʰʽʭʬ ʪʨʭʨʺʿʨʭʬʯ. ʬʸʯʰ ˇʰˆʭʰʹ ˆʵʸ˂ʰ
ʨʭʰʱʰʫʬʯ ʮʻʸʪʮʬ ʹʨʳʯʨʭʬʳ ʫʨ ʹʨʾʨʳʵʳʫʬ ʰʹʬʭ ʰʳ ʪʨʳʵʽʭʨʩʻʲˀʰ
ˁʨʳʵʭʬʫʰʯ, ʹʨʫʨ˂ ˄ʰʴʨ ʾʨʳʬ ʻ˂ˆʵʬʲʬʩʯʨʴ ʬʸʯʨʫ ʪʨʭʨʯʰʬʯ. ʰʳ
ʾʨʳʬʹ ʫʨˆʵ˂ʰʲʰ ʴʨʫʰʸʰʹ ˇʰʪʨʸʰʯ ʳʹˆʭʬʸʶʲʯ ˀʬ˄ʰʸʭʨ
ʪʨʫʨʭʰˆʨʫʬʯ, ʳʬʵʸʬ ʫʾʬʹ ʫʰʲʨʫ ʨʫʸʬ ʺʸʰʼʵʴʰ ʫʨ ʩʬʹʰ
ʫʨʩʸʻʴʫʴʬʴ ʳʬʵʸʬ ˇʰˆʭʰʹ ˆʵʸ˂ʰʹ ˁʨʳʵʹʨʺʨʴʨʫ, ʳʬ ʱʰ
ʪʨʳʵʽʭʨʩʻʲˀʰ ʺʿʭʰʲʨʫ ˇʫʵʳʨʹ ʭʨʸˁʰʬ ˃ʰʸʹ ˁʨʭʹʻʲʰʿʨʭʰ ʫʨ
ʹʨʾʨʳʵʳʫʬ ʰʳ ʳʷʨʭʬ ˄ʿʲʰʹ ʳʨˆʲʵʩʲʨʫ, ʺʿʬˀʰ ʭʿʵʼʰʲʰʿʨʭʰ,
ʸʵʳʬʲʮʬʫʨ˂ ˆˀʰʸʨʫ ʳʵʫʰʨʴ ˆʵʲʳʬ ˇʰˆʭʬʩʰ.
ʳʨʸʯʨʲʰʨ ʨʳ ʮʾʨʶʸʻʲʰ ʹʰʲʨʳʨʮʰʹ ʩʻʴʬʩʨˀʰ ʨʫʨʳʰʨʴʹ ʨʸ
ʳʵʹ˄ʿʰʴʫʬʩʨ, ʸʨ˂ ʻʴʫʨ ʫʨʽʨʴ˂ʻʲʰ ʰʿʵʹ, ʰʳʫʬʴʨʫ ʰʺʨ˂ʬʩʹ
ʯʭʨʲʹ ʬʹ ʹʨʱʭʰʸʭʬʲʰ ʹʨʴʨˆʨʵʩʬʩʰ, ʳʨʪʸʨʳ ʳʬ ʳʨʰʴ˂ ʺʱʩʰʲʨʫ
ˁʨʳ˃ʰʴʬʩʵʫʨ. ʹʨʾʨʳʵʹ ʷʨʳʹ ʪʨʳʵʳʬʾʭʰ˃ʨ ʫʨ ʳʷʨʭʬ ˄ʿʨʲʮʬ ʨʯʨʳʫʬ
ˇʰˆʭʰ ʫʨʭʰʴʨˆʬ. ʫʨʭʻʳʰʮʴʬ ʯʵʼʰ ʬʸʯʹ ʫʨ ʭʬʹʸʵʲʬ. ˇʰˆʭʰ ʰʽʭʬ
˄ʨʰʽ˂ʨ ʫʨ ʳʵʱʭʫʨ. ʳʨʲʬ ʫʨʾʨʳʫʨ, ʳʬ ʪʨʳʵʽʭʨʩʻʲˀʰ ʫʨʭʩʸʻʴʫʰ.
˄ʰʴʨ ʫʾʰʯ ʳʵʱʲʻʲʰ ˇʰˆʭʰʹ ˆʵʸ˂ʰʹ ˁʨʳʵʹʨʺʨʴʨʫ ˄ʨʹʻʲʰ
ʨʳˆʨʴʨʪʬʩʰ ʫʨʩʸʻʴʫʴʬʴ, ˇʰˆʭʰʹ ˆʵʸ˂ʰ ʪʨʳʵʽʭʨʩʻʲˀʰ
ˀʬʳʵʰʺʨʴʬʹ ʫʨ ʫʨʽʨʴ˂ʻʲʬʩʰ ʶʰʸʰʹʹʨˆʰʫʨʴ ʵʼʲʹ ˁʵˆʰʹ
ʱʨʲʯʬʩʰʯ ʰˆʵ˂ʫʴʬʴ. ʳʬ ʭʻʨʳʩʬ ˇʰˆʭʰʹ ʳʵʱʭʲʨ. ʳʵʳʰʲʵ˂ʬʹ,
ʪʨʫʨʳʱʵ˂ʴʬʹ.
ˀʬʳʫʬʪ ˀʬʻʫʬʽʰʯ ʭʨˆˀʳʰʹ ʳʮʨʫʬʩʨʹ. ʸʵʪʵʸ˂ ʻʱʭʬ ʴʨʯʽʭʨʳʰ
ʳʽʵʴʫʨ, ʹʭʨʴʻʸʰ ʨʫʨʯʰʯ, ʳʵʱʲʻʲʰ ʴʨʫʰʸʰʹ ˇʰʪʨʸʰ ʳʯʨˀʰʭʬ
ʻʴʫʨ ˀʬʬ˄ʰʵʹ ʳʯʨʯʨ ʫʨ ʹʰʳʨʾʲʬʯʨ ʳʬʻʼʬʹ, ʴʨʫʰʸʯʨ ʳʼʨʸʭʬʲʹʨ
ʫʨ ʳʵʳ˂ʬʳ ʾʳʬʸʯʹ.
ʳʵʴʨʫʰʸʬʬʩʳʨ ʪʨʨʱʬʯʬʹ ʵʸʰ ʫʰʫʰ ˀʨʳʼʻʸʰ, ʨʨʪʬʹ ʵʸʰ
ˇʰˆʭʰʹ ˇʰʪʨʸʰ, ˀʬʹ˄ʭʬʹ ʫʨ ˀʬʹ˄ʰʸʬʹ ʴʨʫʰʸʵʩʨˀʰ ʪʨʳʨʸˇʭʬʩʰʹ
ʳʰʳʴʰ˅ʬʩʬʲʹ. ˀʬ˄ʰʸʭʰʹ ˀʬʳʫʬʪ ˇʰʪʨʸʹ ʳʨʫʰʨʴʨʫ ˀʬʭʬʽʬ˂ʰʯ.

423
 ʳʬʵʸʬ ʫʾʬʹ ˁʨʭʬʫʰʯ ˁʬʳ ʳʰʬʸ ʳʵʱʲʻʲʰ ˇʰˆʭʰʹ ʨʳʵʹʨʺʨʴʨʫ
ʪʨʳʵʽʭʨʩʻʲˀʰ. ʸʵʫʬʹʨ˂ ˇʰˆʭʹ ʭʨʺʿʨʭʬʩʫʰʯ, ʭʴʨˆʬʯ, ʸʵʳ ʬʹ ʰʿʵ
ʫʬʫʨʲʰ ˇʰˆʭʰ, ʸʵʳʬʲʹʨ˂ ʶʨʺʨʸʨ ˀʭʰʲʰ ˃ʻ˃ʻʮʬ ʿʵʲʰʨ. ʨʳʨʴ
˃ʨʲʰʨʴ ˀʬʳʨ˄ʻˆʨ, ʻ˂ʩʨʫ ˄ʨʸʳʵʳʰʫʪʨ ʮʬʳʵʯʨ˄ʬʸʰʲʰ, ˄ʰʴʨ
ʫʾʬʬʩˀʰ ʴʨˆʻʲʰ ʹʻʸʨʯʰ, ʭʰʾʨ˂ ʳʵʴʨʫʰʸʰʹ ʳʰʬʸ ʳʵʱʲʻʲ
ˇʰˆʭʰʹ ˀʭʰʲʰʹ ʻʴʻʪʬˀʵ ʳʫʪʵʳʨʸʬʵʩʨ, ʻʪʮʵ-ʻʱʭʲʵʫ ʳʯʬʩˀʰ
ʳʰʹʰ ˆʬʺʰʨʲʰ ʫʨ ʪʻʲʹʨʱʲʨʭʰ ʩʾʨʭʰʲʰ.
ʳʨʪʸʨʳ ˁʬʳʰ ʺʨʴˇʭʨ, ʹʨˀʰʴʬʲʰ ʹʻʲʰʬʸʰ ʪʨʴ˂ʫʨ ʫʨ ʹʰʴʫʰʹʰʹ
ʽʬˇʴʨ ʪʨʨʵʸʱʬ˂ʨ ʰʳ ʹʨʮʨʸʬʲʳʨ ʹʻʸʨʯʳʨ, ʸʵʳʬʲʰ˂ ʻ˂ʩʨʫ ˁʬʳʹ
ʯʭʨʲ˄ʰʴ ʨʳ ʩʵʸʵʺʳʵʽʳʬʫʬʩʰʹ ˁʨʫʬʴʰʹ ʨʫʪʰʲʮʬ ʪʨʫʨʰˀʨʲʨ. ʰʳ
ʨʫʪʰʲʮʬ, ʹʨʫʨ˂ ˁʭʬʴ ˇʰˆʭʹ ʭʨʺʿʨʭʬʩʫʰʯ, ʪʨʯʬʴʬʩʰʹʨʹ, ʹʨˀʰʴʬʲʰ
ʩʾʨʭʰʲʰʯ, ˄ʰʴʨ ʫʾʬʹ ˁʬʳ ʳʰʬʸ ʳʵʱʲʻʲ, ʳʰʹʯʭʰʹ ʫʨʱʨʸʪʻʲʰ
ʫʬʫʰʹ ʹʨ˃ʬʩʸʨʫ ʳʵʫʰʵʫʨ ʳʰʹʰ ʻʩʬʫʻʸʰ ˀʭʰʲʰ.
˄ʨʸʻˆʵ˂ʬʲʰ ʰʽʴʬʩʨ ˁʬʳʹ ʳʬˆʹʰʬʸʬʩʨˀʰ ʳʰʹʰ ʳʫʪʵʳʨʸʬʵʩʰʯ
ʳʰʾʬʩʻʲʰ ˀʯʨʩʬ˅ʫʰʲʬʩʨ.
ʯʵʼʰʹ ˆʳʰʹʨʪʨʴ ˀʬˀʰʴʬʩʻʲʰ ʹʨ˂ʵʫʨʭʰ ʴʵʸˁʰ ˂ˆʵʭʬʲʰ,
ʬʺʿʵʩʨ, ʫʬʫʰʹ ʫʨʱʨʸʪʭʨˀʰ ʻ˂ʩʨʫ ʭʬʸ ʪʨʳʵʰʸʱʭʨ, ʹˆʭʨ ˇʰˆʭʬʩʯʨʴ
ʬʸʯʨʫ ʳʯʰʹ ʳ˄ʭʬʸʭʨʲʬʩʰʹʱʬʴ ʪʨʰʽ˂ʨ. ʰʳ ʾʨʳʬʹ ʳʨʴ ˀʬʰʺʿʵ ʫʬʫʰʹ
ʫʨʱʨʸʪʭʨ, ʳʬʵʸʬ ʫʾʬʹ ʪʨʬˀʻʸʨ ʨʳʩʰʹ ʪʨʹʨʪʬʩʨʫ ʰʽ, ʹʨʨʫʨ˂ ʫʬʫʨʹ
ʫʨˀʵʸʫʨʨ. ʰʪʰ ʨʯʭʨʲʰʬʸʬʩʫʨ ʿʵʭʬʲʳˆʸʰʯ ʨʫʪʰʲʬʩʹ, ʫʨʬ˃ʬʩʫʨ
ʫʬʫʨʹ ʫʨ, ʸʵʫʬʹʨ˂ ʨʸʹʨʰʫʨʴ ʳʰʹ ʹʨʮʨʸʬʲ ʩʾʨʭʰʲʹ ʫʬʫʨ ʨʸ
ʪʨʳʵʬˆʳʨʻʸʨ, ˁʨʳʵʭʰʫʨ ʶʰʸʫʨʶʰʸ ʰʳ ʨʫʪʰʲʮʬ, ʹʨʫʨ˂ ʰʹ
ʻʱʨʴʨʹʱʴʬʲʨʫ, ʫʬʫʨʹʯʨʴ ʳʷʨʭʬ ˄ʿʨʲʹ ˀʬʬʽ˂ʬʵʫʨ, ʫʨ ʹʨʫʨ˂
ʻʲʳʵʩʬʲʳʨ ʺʿʭʰʨʳ ʰʹʰʴʰ ʬʸʯʳʨʴʬʯʹ ʫʨʨˀʵʸʨ. ʰʽ ʰʹ ʴʨˆʻʲʵʩʹ
ʳˀʵʩʬʲʰ ʫʬʫʰʹ ʹʰʹˆʲʰʯ ˀʬʾʬʩʰʲ ʨʫʪʰʲʹ, ʸ˄ʻʴʫʬʩʨ ʫʬʫʰʹ
ʫʨʱʨʸʪʭʨˀʰ ʫʨ ʻʼʸʵ ʹʨʮʨʸʬʲʹʨ ʫʨ ʹʨʩʸʨʲʵ ʩʾʨʭʰʲʹ ʰ˄ʿʬʩʹ,
ˀʬʳʫʬʪ ˄ʬʲʳʵ˄ʿʭʬʺʰʲʰ ʳʰʫʰʹ ʳʯʰʹ ʳ˄ʭʬʸʭʨʲʬʩʰʹʨʱʬʴ ʫʨ, ʭʰʴ
ʰ˂ʰʹ, ʨʳʰʹ ˀʬʳʫʬʪ ʸʨ ʩʬʫʰ ʬ˄ʰʨ ʨʳ ʻʳʨʴʱʵ ʴʵʸˁ ʨʸʹʬʩʨʹ.
ˇʰˆʭʮʬ ʴʨʫʰʸʵʩʨ ʳʵʴʨʫʰʸʬʬʩʹ ʯʨʭʫʨʭʰ˄ʿʬʩʨʳʫʬ ʰʺʨ˂ʬʩʹ.
ʨʸʨʼʬʸ ʹʨʽʳʬʮʬ ʳʵʴʨʫʰʸʬ ʹʭʨʴʰ ʰʹʬʯ ʸʰʹʱʹ ʨʸ ʪʨʹ˄ʬʭʹ ʫʨ
ʹʰ˂ʵ˂ˆʲʬʹ ʹʨʹ˄ʵʸʮʬ ʨʸ ʫʨʫʬʩʹ, ʸʵʪʵʸ˂ ˇʰˆʭʮʬ ʴʨʫʰʸʵʩʰʹ
ʫʸʵʹ.
ʮʨʳʯʸʵʩʰʯ ˇʰˆʭʬʩʰ ʰ˃ʻʲʬʩʻʲʰ ˆʫʬʩʰʨʴ ʳʯʰʹ
ʳ˄ʭʬʸʭʨʲʬʩʰʫʨʴ ˃ʰʸʹ ˁʨʳʵʭʰʫʴʬʴ ʫʨ ʰʹʬʯ ʨʫʪʰʲʬʩˀʰ
ʫʨʰʮʨʳʯʸʵʴ, ʹʨʫʨ˂ ʪʨʳˆʳʨʸʰ ʩʨʲʨˆʰ ʳʨʰʴ˂ ʰˀʵʭʬʩʨ. ʳʵʴʨʫʰʸʬʬʩʹ
ʬʹ ʨʫʪʰʲʬʩʰ ˀʬʹ˄ʨʭʲʰʲʰ ʨʽʭʯ. ʨʳʰʺʵʳ ˆˀʰʸʨʫ ˆʫʬʩʨ ʨʳ
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ʨʫʪʰʲʬʩˀʰ ˇʰˆʭʬʩʰʹ ʭʬʸʨʪʻʲʨʫ ʨʳʵʷʲʬʺʨ. ʻˀʪʻʲˀʰ, ˆʨʲʫʬˀʰ,
ʨʫʰˀˀʰ ʫʨ ʳʻʲʨˆˀʰ ʨʸʰʹ ʰʹʬʯʰ ʹʨʮʨʳʯʸʵ ʹʨˇʰˆʭʬ ʨʫʪʰʲʬʩʰ,
ʹʨʫʨ˂ ˇʰˆʭʬʩʰ ʫʰʫ ʯʵʭʲʰʨʴʵʩʰʹ ʫʸʵʹ ˀʬʫʰʨʴ, ʳʨʪʸʨʳ ʯʻ
ʳʵʴʨʫʰʸʬʬʩʳʨ ʰʽ ʳʵʰʳ˄ʿʭʫʰʬʹ, ʪʨʳʵʹʨʭʨʲʰ ʳʨʸʺʵ ʵʸ-ʹʨʳ
ʨʫʪʰʲʨʹ ʨʽʭʯ.
ʳʰʻˆʬʫʨʭʨʯ ʰʳʰʹʨ, ʸʵʳ ʮʨʳʯʨʸˀʰ ʰʽ ʹʨʴʨʫʰʸʵʫ ˄ʨʹʭʲʨ
ʫʰʫ ʹʨˀʰˀʸʵʬʩʨʹʯʨʴ ʨʸʰʹ ʫʨʱʨʭˀʰʸʬʩʻʲʰ, ʸʨʳʫʬʴʰʳʬ ʱʨ˂ʰ
ʰʿʸʰʹ ʯʨʭʹ. ʾʨʳʬ ʳʰʫʰʨʴ ʰʳ ʭʨʸʨʻʫʰʯ, ʸʵʳ ʪʨʴʯʰʨʫʮʬ ʹʨˇʰˆʭʬ
ʨʫʪʰʲʬʩˀʰ ʰʿʵʴ. ʨʿʬʴʬʩʬʴ ʿʨʸʨʻʲʹ ʰʳ ʨʫʪʰʲʬʩʮʬ, ʹʨʫʨ˂ ˇʰˆʭʬʩʹ
ʪʨʳʵʹʭʲʨ ˀʬʻ˃ʲʰʨʯ. ʫʨʴʨʸˁʬʴʬʩʰ ʳʰʫʰʨʴ ʹˆʭʨ ʳˆʸʰʯ ʫʨ, ʯʻ
ˇʰˆʭʬʩʰ ˀʰʪ ʫʨʰʴʨˆʬʹ, ʻʺʬˆʬʴ ʹʸʵʲʨʹ ʫʨ ʱʲʨʭʬʴ; ʸʵʳʲʬʩʰ˂ ʳʨʯ
ʪʨʫʨʻʸˁʬʩʨʯ ʫʨ ʪʨʬʽ˂ʬʭʨʯ, ʳʨʯ ʨʫʭʰʲʨʫ ˆʵ˂ʨʭʬʴ ʹʨʫʨʸʨˇʵʮʬ
ʼˆʰʮʲʨʫ ʳʿʵʼʰ ʳʵʴʨʫʰʸʬʬʩʰ.
ˆˀʰʸʨʫ ʿʵʼʰʲʨ ˀʬʳʯˆʭʬʭʬʩʰ, ʸʵʳ ʳʵʴʨʫʰʸʬʬʩʰʹ ʳʰʬʸ
ʫʨʼʸʯˆʵʩʰʲʰ ʪʨʽ˂ʬʻʲʰ ˇʰˆʭʬʩʰʹ ˄ʿʨʲʵʩʰʯ ʱʲʫʬʬʩʰʫʨʴ
ˁʨʳʵˀʭʬʩʻʲʨ ʯʵʭʲʰʹ ʫʰʫʰ ˀʭʨʭʰ ʫʨ ʳʵʴʨʫʰʸʬʬʩʰ˂ ʳʰʹʰ
ʳʹˆʭʬʸʶʲʰ ʪʨʳˆʫʨʸʨʴ. 1915 ˄. ʹʵʼ. ˆʨʲʫʬˀʰʫʨʴ ʮʻʸʨʩ
ˁʵʼʲʰʨʴʰʹ ʳʬʯʨʻʸʵʩʰʯ ˆʨʲʫʬˀʰʹ ʹʨˇʰˆʭʵ ʳʯʬʩˀʰ ʹʨʴʨʫʰʸʵʯ
˄ʨʹʻʲʰ ˆʻʯʰ ʳʵʴʨʫʰʸʬ ˀʭʨʭʰʹʨʪʨʴ ʬʸʯʨʫ ʫʨʰʾʻʶʬʴ. ˆʵʲʵ
ˇʰˆʭʬʩʳʨ ʯʨʭʹ ʻˀʭʬʲʬʹ ʫʨ ʹˆʭʨ...
ʸʵʫʰʹ ʰʽʴʬʩʨ ʰʹ ʫʸʵ, ʸʵʳ ʳʯʰʹ ʳ˄ʭʬʸʭʨʲʬʩʮʬ ʳʵˆʬʺʰʨʲʬ,
ʳʯʬʩʰʹ ʳˀʭʬʴʬʩʨ ʻʭʴʬʩʬʲ, ʻʳʨʴʱʵ, ʲʨʳʨʮʹʨ ʫʨ ʲʨʨʨʾ ˇʰˆʭʬʩʹ
ʨʫʨʳʰʨʴʰ ʨʸ ʨ˄ʻˆʬʩʫʬʹ, ʨʸ ʨʴʨʫʪʻʸʬʩʫʬʹ ʫʨ ʯʭʰʯʵʴʨ˂ ʳʨʯʯʨʴ
ʩʸ˃ʵʲʰʹ ʳʹˆʭʬʸʶʲʰ ʨʸ ˆʫʬʩʵʫʬʹ.

›ˆš…†„ Œ€ƒˆ €‡€Œ ƒ€‰€…–ˆ „‘Šˆ Š„‚„Œƒ„ˆ

ʹʭʨʴʬʩʰʹ ʬʱʵʴʵʳʰʻʸ ˂ˆʵʭʸʬʩʨˀʰ ʴʨʫʰʸʵʩʨʹ ʬʸʯ ʫʸʵʹ

ʻʳʯʨʭʸʬʹʰ ʨʫʪʰʲʰ ʬ˅ʰʸʨ. ʨʳʰʺʵʳʨ˂ ʳʯʬʩˀʰ ʫʨ ʱʲʫʬʬʩˀʰ ʳʿʵʼ
ˇʰˆʭ-ʨʸˁʭʰʹ ʾʳʬʸʯʰ˂ ʱʰ ˀʬʻʽʳʴʰʨʯ ʳʨʯ ʫʨ ʴʨʫʰʸʵʩʨ ʫʾʬʳʫʬ
ʹʨʸ˄ʳʻʴʵʬʩʸʰʭ ʴʰʨʫʨʪʮʬʨ ʫʨʳʿʨʸʬʩʻʲʰ. ʨʳ ʾʳʬʸʯʹ ʹʭʨʴʬʩʰ
ʹʨˆʬʲʨʫ ,,ʫʨʲʹ³ʻ˄ʵʫʬʩʬʴ, ʳʨʯʰ ˄ʨʸʳʵʫʪʬʴʰʯ ʬʹ ˇʰˆʭ-ʨʸˁʭʯʨ
ʾʳʬʸʯʰ ʻʲʨʳʨʮʬʹʰ, ʳʮʬʯʻʴʨˆʨʭʰ, ʳʻʫʨʳ ʱʲʫʬˀʰ ʳʿʵʼʰ,
ʵʽʸʵʹʴʨ˄ʴʨʭʰʨʴʰ ʽʨʲʰʨ.

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 ʹʭʨʴʬʩʹ ʯʨʭʰʹʰ ʯʭʨʲ˄ʨʸʳʺʨ˂ʰ, ʨʫʨʳʰʨʴʰʹ ʳʵʳʨˇʨʫʵʬʩʬʲʰ
ʫʨ ʮʾʨʶʸʻʲʰ ʹʰʲʨʳʨʮʰʹ ʳʯʬʩʰ ʫʨʲʰʹ ʹʨʩʰʴʨʫʸʵ ʨʫʪʰʲʬʩʨʫ
ʳʰʨˁʴʰʨʯ, ˆʵʲʵ ʨʳ ʳʯʬʩˀʰ ʳʿʵʼʰ ˇʰˆʭ-ʨʸˁʭʰ ʫʨʲʰʹ ʱʻʯʭʴʰʲ
˂ˆʵʭʬʲʬʩʨʫ. ʫʾʬʳʫʬ ʫʨʸˁʬʴʰʲʰ ʹʨʳʰ ʼʬʸˆʻʲʰ ʹʰʳʾʬʸʰʹ
ʳʰˆʬʫʭʰʯ ʹʽʬʹʵʩʸʰʭʰ ʳʵʯˆʵʭʴʰʲʬʩʨ ʫʨʲʹʨ˂ ʨʽʭʹ. ʰʹ ˆˀʰʸʨʫ
ʳʵʴʨʫʰʸʬʬʩʹ ʿʭʨʸʬʩʰʨ. ʳʨʪʨʲʰʯʨʫ ʹʭʨʴʬʯˀʰ ʫʾʬʳʫʬ ʨʸʹʬʩʵʩʹ
ʬʸʯʰ ʲʬʪʬʴʫʨ ʫʨʸˇʬʲʰʨʴʮʬ ʫʨ ʨʳʰʸʨʮʬ (ʨʳʰʸʨʴʮʬ), ʸʵʳʲʰʹ
ʳʰˆʬʫʭʰʯʨ˂ ʫʨʲʰ ʫʨʸˇʬʲʰʨʴʰʹ ʹʨʿʭʨʸʬʲʰ ʰʿʵ, ʨʳʰʸʨʴʰ
ʫʨʲʰʹʨ ʫʨ ʳʵʴʨʫʰʸʬ ʫʨʸˇʬʲʰʨʴʰʹ ˀʭʰʲʰʨ.
ʬʹ ʲʬʪʬʴʫʨ ʳʵʪʭʰʯˆʸʵʩʹ, ʸʵʳ ʬʸʯʰʹ ʹʵʼʲʰʹ ʯʨʭˀʰ
ʨʾʳʨʸʯʻʲ ˂ʰ˂ʨʩʵ ʱʲʫʰʫʨʴ ʿʵʭʬʲʫʾʰʻʸʨʫ ʹʨʳˇʬʸ ʰʳʰʹʯʨʴʨ
ʳ˄ʨʸʬ ʱʰʭʰʲʰ ʰʹʳʵʫʨ, ʸʵʳ ʵʸʹʻʲ ʽʨʲʹ, ʳʨʱʬ ˂ˆʬʴʹ, ˃ʸʵˆʨʹʨ ʫʨ
ʹˆʭʨ ˂ˆʵʭʬʲʬʩʹ ˀʰˀʰʹʨʪʨʴ ʳʻ˂ʬʲˀʰ ˀʭʰʲʰ ʨʸ ʸˁʬʩʵʫʨʯ. ʳʰ˄ʨ ʫʨ
ˆʬ-ʺʿʬ ˃ʭʸʨʹ ʰ˄ʿʬʩʫʬʴ. ʳʵʴʨʫʰʸʬ ʫʨʸˇʬʲʨʴʳʨ ʪʨʫʨʹ˄ʿʭʰʺʨ
ʨʹʻʲʰʿʵ ʨʳ ʱʲʫʬʮʬ ʫʨ ʪʨʬʪʵ, ʯʻ ʭʰʴ ʰʿʵ ʳʰʹʰ ʹʵʼʲʰʹ
ʫʨʳʾʻʶʭʬʲʰ.
ʳʨʴ ʪʨʨ˅ʬʫʭʰʨ ʬʸʯ ʳ˅ʬʫʬʲʹ ʹʨʳʰ ʼʵʲʨʫʰʹ ʱʬʺʰ, ʨʭʰʫʨ
ʱʲʫʬʮʬ, ʸʵʳʬʲʹʨ˂ ʹʨʳˇʬʸ ʱʬʺʰ ˁʨˈʱʸʨ ʫʨ ʱʲʫʬ ˀʰʪ ˁʨʺʬˆʨ.
ʫʨʸˇʬʲʨʴʰ ˀʬʭʰʫʨ ˀʰʪ ʪʨʳʵʽʭʨʩʻʲˀʰ ʫʨ ʴʨˆʨ ʫʨʲʰ. ʫʨʲʹ ʫʨ
ʳʵʴʨʫʰʸʬʹ ʬʸʯʳʨʴʬʯʰ ˀʬʻʿʭʨʸʫʨʯ ʫʨ ʫʨʲʰ ʳʨʲʬ ʫʨʵʸʹʻʲʫʨ.
ʫʨʸˇʬʲʨʴʳʨ ʱʲʫʬˀʰ ʹʰʨʸʻʲʹ ʳʵʻˆˀʰʸʨ, ʳʰʹʰ ˂ʵʲʰ
ʫʨʬ˅ʭʰʨʴʫʨ ʫʨ ʬʸʯˆʬʲ ʯʨʭʰʹ ʽʳʨʸʹ ʻʱʨʴ ʪʨˈʿʭʨ, ʫʨʲʯʨʴ
ʫʨ˃ʰʴʬʩʻʲʰ ˀʬʰʹ˄ʸʵ. ʰʹ ʳʰʬʶʨʸʨ ʫʨʲʹ ʫʨ ʵʽʸʵʹ ʳʨʱʸʨʺʲʰʯ
ʵʽʸʵʹ ʴʨ˄ʴʨʭʰ ʳʵʹ˅ʸʨ. ʫʨʲʳʨ ʸʵʳ ʪʨʰʾʭʰ˃ʨ, ʳʰˆʭʫʨ, ʸʨ˂
ʫʨʬʳʨʸʯʨ ʫʨ ˃ʨʲʰʨʴ ˀʬ˄ʻˆʫʨ. ʳʨʲʬ ʫʨʲʳʨ ˀʬʰʺʿʵ, ʸʵʳ
ʳʵʴʨʫʰʸʰʹʨʪʨʴ ʰʹ ʫʨʵʸʹʻʲʬʩʻʲʨ ʫʨ ʹʯˆʵʭʨ ʫʨʸˇʬʲʰʨʴʹ
ʪʨʬ˅ʸʨ ʳʰʹʯʭʰʹ ʳʻ˂ʬʲʰ, ʪʨʳʵʬʾʵ ʰʽʬʫʨʴ ˀʭʰʲʰ, ʱʻʸʵʹ ʺʿʨʭˀʰ
ʪʨʬˆʭʰʨ ʫʨ ʰʹʬʯʹ ʨʫʪʰʲʨʹ ʫʨʬʫʵ, ʹʨʫʨ˂ ʹʨʳʰ ʪʮʨ ʬʸʯʨʫ ʯʨʭʹ
ʰʿʸʰʹ. ʫʨʸˇʬʲʨʴʳʨ ʳʰʹʰ ʩʸ˃ʨʴʬʩʨ ˀʬʨʹʸʻʲʨ, ʫʨ ʸʵʫʬʹʨ˂ ʨʳ
ʪʮʰʯ ʹʨʳʰ ˄ʳʰʴʫʨʴʰ ʳʰʫʰʵʫʨ ʫʨ ʩʨʭˀʭʰʹ ʱʰʭʰʲʰ ʳʵʬʹʳʨʯ, ʰʹʰʴʰ
ʪʨʵ˂ʫʬʴ. ʰ˂ʴʬʹ, ʸʵʳ ʳʨʯʰ ʴʨʯʬʹʨʭʰʹ ˆʳʨ ʰʿʵ, ʪʨˆʹʴʬʹ ʱʻʸʵʹ
ʺʿʨʭʰ, ʬʹ ʩʨʭˀʭʰ ʨʰʿʭʨʴʬʹ, ʳʰʨʩʨʸʬʹ ʪʨʹʨʮʸʫʬʲʨʯ ʫʨʸˇʬʲʨʴʹ,
ʸʵʳʬʲʳʨ˂ ʰʹ ʪʨʳʵʮʨʸʫʨ, ʳʵʴʨʯʲʨ ʫʨ ʹʨˆʬʲʨʯ ʨʳʰʸʨʴʰ ʫʨʨʸʽʭʨ.
ʨʳʰʸʨʴʰʹ ʪʳʰʸʯʨ-ʪʳʰʸʵʩʨ ʨʰˆʹʴʬʩʨ ʳʰʯ, ʸʵʳ ʰʹ ʫʨʲʰʹ ˀʭʰʲʰ
ʰʿʵ.

426
 ʹʰʳʾʬʸʨ ,,ʫʨʲʰ ʱʵˇʨʹ ˆʬʲʾʭʨʷʨʲʬ³ ʫʨʲʰ ʱʲʫʬʬʩˀʰ
ʳˀʵʩʰʨʸʵʩʹ) ʪʭʨʻ˄ʿʬʩʹ, ʸʵʳ ʫʨʲʹ ʨʳ ʳˀʵʩʰʨʸʵʩʰʹ ʫʸʵʹ
ʱʲʫʰʫʨʴ ,,ˁʭʰˁʲʰʫ³ ˀʭʰʲʰ ʪʨʳʵʻʭʨʸʫʨ, ʳʨʹ ʳʪʬʲʳʨ ˄ʨʨʭʲʵ
ʱʩʰʲʰ ʫʨ ʺʿʰʹʱʬʴ ʪʨʨʽʨʴʨ. ʬʸʯʳʨ ʳʵʴʨʫʰʸʬʳ ʳʪʬʲʰ ʳʵʱʲʨ, ʩʨʭˀʭʰ
ʫʨʨʺʵʭʬʩʰʴʨ ʫʨ ʫʬʫʨʹ ʳʰˈʪʭʨʸʨ. ʪʨˆʨʸʬʩʻʲʳʨ ʫʨʲʳʨ ʳʵʴʨʫʰʸʬ
ʫʨʲʵ˂ʨ ʫʨ ʫʨʨˇʰʲʫʵʭʨ ʿʵʭʬʲ˄ʲʰʻʸʨʫ ʳʨʸʰʨʳʵʩʰʹ ʯʭʬˀʰ
ʹʨʳʳʺʱʨʭʲʰʨʴ ʸʽʬʩʰʹ ʳʽʵʴʬ ʸʭʨ ,,ʾʭʨˀʰ³-ʹ (ˇʰˆʭʰʹ) ʳʰ˂ʬʳʰʯ,
ʩʨʸʩʨʲʵʩʨʹ ˀʭʰʫʰ ʾʭʨˀʰʹ, ʿʵʭʬʲ ʱʭʰʸʨʹ ʯʰʯʵ ,,ʬʸʹʱʴʰ³-ʹ
(ʨʸˁʭʰʹ) ʳʰ˂ʬʳʰʯ, ʫʰʫʰ ˆʴʰʹ ʹʰ˂ʵ˂ˆʲʰʹ ʳʰʴʰ˅ʬʩʰʯ ʫʨ ʹˆʭʨ.
ˆʨʲˆʹ ʬʹ ʪʨʻʲʬʽʹʨʭʹ, ʫʾʬʳʫʬ ˀʬʴʨˆʻʲʰʨ ʹʨˀʨʰʸʵʯ ˀʬʳʫʬʪʰ
ʹʨˆʰʯ:

ƒ€Šˆ1
ʫʬʫʨˁʬʳʵ ʳˀʭʬʴʰʬʸʵ,
ʪʨʳʵʳʰ˂ˆʭʬ ʫʾʬʹ ʹʨʪʮʨʲʰ,
ʸʵʹ ʫʨʫʨʪʬʩʨ ʪʨʴʯʰʨʫʰ
ʫʨ ʪʨʫʨʭʨ ʱʭʰʸʨ˃ʨʲʰ,
ʳʯʨˀʰ ˄ʨʭʨʲ ʹʨʴʨʫʰʸʵʯ,
ʳʵʳʬʴʨʺʸʨ ˇʰˆʭʰ-ʨʸˁʭʰ,
ʳʵʳʬʴʨʺʸʨ ʺʿʬ ʲʨʳʨʮʰ,
ˀʬʳʵʹʰʲʰ ʳ˄ʭʨʴʬ ʼʨʸˁʰʯ.
ʪʨʳʵʻ˂ˆʵʩʹ ʫʬʫʨ ʹʨʪʮʨʲʹ
ʫʨ ʹʰʺʿʭʨʹʨ˂ ʬʺʿʭʰʹ ʳ˂ʰʸʬʹ;
ʳʯʬʩʰʹʨʱʬʴ ʬˀʻʸʬʩʨ
ʬʹ ʪʻʲʨʫʰ ʳʵʴʨʫʰʸʬ.
ʸʵʳ ˀʬʻʫʬʪ ʳʨʾʲʨ ʨʾʳʨʸʯʹ,
ʪʨʫʨʭʲʨˆʬ ʪʮʬʩʰ ʩʬʭʸʰ;
ʬʸʯ ʨʫʪʰʲʨʹ, ʹʨʫ ˀʸʰʨʲʬʩʹ
ʳ˄ʭʨʴʬ ʩʻˁʽʰ, ʳ˄ʭʨʴʬ ʺʬʭʸʰ,
ʹʨʻʮʳʰʹʯʭʰʹ ʳʵʭʬʳʮʨʫʬ,
ʶʰʸʰ ʳʵʭˆʹʬʴ ˁʬʳʹʨ ʪʻʫʨʹ;
ʪʻʲˀʰ ˀʭʬʩʨ ʪʨʰˀʨʲʨ,
ʪʻʲˀʰ ʼʰʽʸʳʨ ʫʨʰʩʻʫʨ.
ˀʬʳʵʳʬʹʳʨ ʳ˄ʨʸʬ ʳʵʯʽʳʨ
ʳ˄ʻˆʨʸʬʩʰʹ ʸʨʳ ʱʰʭʰʲʰ;
427
ʪʻʲʰ ˀʬˆʺʨ ʹʨʪʻʲʬˀʰ,
ʰʪʸ˃ʴʵ ʸʨʾʨ˂ ʳʨʴ ʺʱʰʭʰʲʰ.
ʿʻʸʰ ʻʪʫʬ ʹʨʵ˂ʨʸ ˆʳʨʹ,
ˆʳʨʹ ˆʬʭʬʩˀʰ ʫʨʸˆʬʻʲʹʨ,
ʳʹʻʸʹ ˀʬʭʰʺʿʵ ʭʰʹ ʸʨ ʻ˅ʰʸʹ,
ʭʰʹ ʻʶʵʩʬʴ ʰʹʸʰʯ ʪʻʲʹʨ!
ʨʾʳʵʹʨʭʲʬʯ ʪʨʭʰˆʬʫʬ,
ʹʨʫ ʱʲʫʬ ʯʬʯʸʰ ʼʬʸʰʯ ʨʲʵʩʹ,
ʱʲʫʬˀʰ ʫʨʲʰ ˄ʬʭʹ ʫʨ ʱʭʴʬʹʰʹ,
ʱʲʫʬˀʰ ʫʨʲʰ ʳˀʵʩʰʨʸʵʩʹ.
ʫʨʩʲʰʯ ʳʪʬʲʰ ˀʬ˃ʻ˃ʪʻʸʬʩʹ,
ʻʩʸʰʨʲʬʩʹ ˂ʬ˂ˆʲʰʯ ʯʭʨʲʬʩʹ,
ʻʴʫʨ ˀʭʰʲʰ ʪʨʳʵʹʺʨ˂ʵʹ,
ʫʨʨʵʩʲʵʹ ʴʨʮʰ ʫʨʲʰ.
ʫʨʲʰʹ ˀʭʰʲʰ ʪʨʫʳʵʭʨʸʫʨ,
ʳʵʰʺʨ˂ʨ ʳʪʬʲʳʨ ʺʿʬˀʰ,
ʫʨ ʳʨʳʰʺʵʳ ˈʱʰʭʰʹ ʫʨʲʰ,
ʫʨ ʨʳʰʺʵʳ ʳʵʹʯʽʭʨʳʹ, ʱʭʴʬʹʰʹ.
ʳʵʴʨʫʰʸʬ ʱʲʫʰʹʨ ˃ʰʸˀʰ
ʳʰʭʰʫʨ ʫʨ ʻˆʳʵ ʫʨʲʹʨ:
-ʫʰʫʬʩʨ ˀʬʴ! ʸʨ ʪʨ˄ʻˆʬʩʹ,
ʭʰʴ ʪʰʹʭʬʲʬʩʹ ˂ʸʬʳʲʰʯ ʯʭʨʲʹʨ?
-ʳʬ ʭʨʸ ʫʨʲʰ, ʱʲʫʰʹ ʳʬʻʼʬ,
ʪʨʳʵʳʺʨ˂ʨ ʳʪʬʲʳʨ ˀʭʰʲʰ;
ʨʳʨʹ ʭʺʰʸʰ, ʨʳʨʹ ʭʪʲʵʭʵʩ
ʳ˄ʻˆʨʸʬ ʫʨ ʯʳʨʪʨˀʲʰʲʰ.
-ʴʻ ʹ˄ʻˆʫʬʩʰ, ʳˆʴʬʯ ʰʿʨʭʰ,
ʻʯˆʨʸ ʳʬ ʭʨʸ ʳʵʴʨʫʰʸʬ,
ʳʬ ʭʬʼˆʻʸʰ ʴʨˆʺʵʳʬʩʰʯ
ʪʨʫʨʭʬʭʲʬ ʱʲʫʰʹ ʴʨʶʰʸʬʩʹ.
ʳʪʬʲʰ ʹʬʸʮʬ ʳʰʸʩʰʹ ʳʨʲʰ,
ʫʨʲʰʹ ˀʭʰʲʰ ʳʰʨʽʭʹ ʶʰʸʰʯ,
ʳʨʹ ʨʸ ʬʹʳʰʹ ʫʨʲʰʹ ʵˆʭʸʨ,
ʫʨʲʰʹ ʪʻʲʰʹ ʪʨʹʨ˅ʰʸʰ.
ˁʨʻʹʨʼʸʫʰ ʹʬʸʮʬ ˁʻʳʨʫ,
ʯʵʼʰ ˁʨˆʳʨˆʹ ˀʬʭʨʿʬʴʬ;
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ˀʰˀʰʯ ʳʯʬʩʰ ˀʬʰʸˆʬʴ ʫʨ
ʨˀʸʰʨʲʫʬʴ ʳ˄ʭʨʴʬ ˆʬʴʰ.
ʫʨ ʪʨʭʨʸʫʨ ˁʬʳʰ ʯʵʼʰ,
ʳʪʲʰʹ ʪʻʲ-ʩʵʿʭʰ ˀʬʨʸʿʰʨ;
ʺʿʬʳ ʳ˄ʻˆʨʸʬʫ ʫʨʰʪʳʰʴʨ,
ʺʿʬʳ ʼʵʯʲʬʩʰ ˀʬʨʸˆʰʨ.
ʫʨʲʰʹ ˀʭʰʲʰ ʳˆʨʸʹ ˀʬʭʰʹʭʰ,
ʪʨʳʵʻʫʬʽ ʳʯʬʩʰʹ ʪʨʴʬʩʹ, ʫʨ ʳˆʰʨʸʻʲ ʹʰʳʾʬʸʰʯʨ
ʫʨʲʹʨ ˀʭʰʲʰ ʳʰʻʿʭʨʴʬ.
ʱʲʫʰʹ ˃ʰʸʰʫʨʴ ʫʨʲʹ ˀʬʭ˃ʨˆʬ:
-ˁʨʳʵʻˀʭʰ, ʫʨʲʵ, ʯʳʬʩʰ!
ʫʨʲʹ ʯʭʨʲʬʩʰ ʪʨʻʴʨʯʫʨ,
ʸʵʹ ʳʵʬʹʳʨ ˁʭʬʴʰ ˆʳʬʩʰ.
ʫʨʲʳʨ ʵʽʸʵʹ ʴʨ˄ʴʨʭʬʩʰ
ˁʨʳʵʻˀʭʨ ʱʲʫʰʫʨʴ ˃ʰʸʹʨ,
ʳʰʹʰ ʯʭʨʲʰ ʹʰˆʨʸʻʲʰ
ʫʨ ʹʰʨʳʰʹ ˂ʸʬʳʲʰʯ ʹʺʰʸʹʨ.
ʫʨʲʳʨ ʸʵ˂ʨ ˀʭʰʲʰ ʴʨˆʨ,
ʩʬʭʸʰ ʨʾʨʸ ʫʨʨˆʨʴʨ,
ʫʨ ʵʽʸʵʹʼʬʸ ʴʨ˄ʴʨʭʬʩʰʯ
ʱʲʫʬˀʰ ˀʭʰʲʰ ʨʰʿʭʨʴʨ.
ʫʨʲʳʨ ˀʭʬʩʰʯ ʪʨʫʳʵʳ˃ʨˆʨ:
-ˁʬʳʰ ʳʨʫʲʰ ˀʬʪʬ˄ʰʵʹ,
ʫʰʲʰʯ ʴʨʳʰ ˀʻʩʲʹ ʪʬʹˆʻʸʵʹ,
ʹʨʾʨʳʵʹ ʱʰ ʴʨʮʰ ʹʰʵ.
˄ʿʨʲʵʩʨ ʸʨʳ ʯʻ ʪʰʴʫʵʫʬʹ,
ˁʬʳʵ ʱʨʸʪʵ ʳʵʴʨʫʰʸʬ,
ʳʰʰʾʬʩʫʬ ˁʬʳʪʨʴ ʿʵʭʬʲʹ
ʻʨʳʸʨʭʹ ʫʨ ʨʸʨ ʳ˂ʰʸʬʹ.
ʹʨʳʻʫʨʳʵʯ ʼʰ˂ʰ ʫʨʭʫʵʯ
ˁʭʬʴ ʫʨ-˃ʳʻʸʰ ʹʰʿʭʨʸʻʲʰʹ!..
-ʫʨʲʰ! ʫʨʲʰ! ˀʬʴʹʨ ʳʨʫʲʹʨ
ʾʰʸʹʰ ʨʸ ʨʸʹ ˁʬʳʰ ʪʻʲʰ.
ʳʬ ˀʬʴ ˃ʳʵʩʨʹ ʭʬʸ ˀʬʪʱʨʫʸʬʩ,
ʹˆʭʨ ˄ʿʨʲʵʩʨʹ ʳʵʳ˂ʬʳ ʸʨʳʬʹ,
ʹˆʭʨ ˄ʿʨʲʵʩʨ ʳʰʩʵ˃ʬ ʳʬ, -
429
 ʨʳʨʹʨ ʪʯˆʵʭ, ʳˆʵʲʵʫ ʨʳʨʹ.
-ʳʨʸʰʨʳʵʩʰʹʯʭʰʹ ʫʨʳʫʬʪʹ,
ʸʵʹ ʳʮʬ ʰʹʭʸʰʹ ʵʽʸʵʹ ʱʵʴʬʩʹ,
ʳʵʳʰ˂ʰʨ ʳʬ ʸʭʨ ˇʰˆʭʰ
ʹʨʳʳʺʱʨʭʲʰʨʴ ʸʽʬʩʰʹ ʳʽʵʴʬ.
ʩʨʸʩʨʲʵʩʨʹ ˀʭʰʫʰ ˇʰˆʭʰ,
ʿʵʭʬʲʱʭʰʸʰʯ ʬʸʯʰ ʨʸˁʭʰ.
ʳʯʨˀʰ ˀʭʬʩʰʯ ʰˆʨʸʬʩʫʬ
ʫʨ ʻʱʭʫʨʭʰ ʳʨʸʨʫ ʫʨʸˁʰ.
ʫʨ ʿʵʭʬʲʰ ʳʵʴʨʫʰʸʬ
ʻʱʭʫʨʭ ʰʿʵʹ ˀʬʴʰ ʪʭʨʸʰʹ,
ʳʨʸˇʭʬʴʨ ʳˆʸʰʯ ʪʬʿʵʲʬʩʰʯ
ʳʬ ʯʽʭʬʴʰʫʨ, ʯʽʭʬʴʰ ʫʨʲʰ.
ʳʯʬʲʹ ʹʭʨʴʬʯˀʰ ʫʾʬʳʫʬ ʿʭʬʲʨʮʬ ʻʼʸʵ ʪʨʭʸ˂ʬʲʬʩʻʲʰʨ
ʼʬʸˆʻʲʰ ʹʰʳʾʬʸʨ ,,ʩʬʯʽʰʲʰ³ʨʳ ʹʰʳʾʬʸʰʹ ˀʰʴʨʨʸʹʰʹ ʳʰˆʬʫʭʰʯ,
,,ʫʨʲʰ³ ʬʸʯʰ ʹʨˆʬʲʪʨʴʯʽʳʻʲʰ ʳʵʴʨʫʰʸʰʹ ʩʬʯʽʰʲʰʹ
ʹʨʿʭʨʸʬʲʰʰʿʵ.
ʩʬʯʽʰʲʳʨ ʫʨʲʹ ʻʾʨʲʨʺʨ ʫʨ ˀʬʰʿʭʨʸʨ ʯʨʭʰʹʰ ʸ˃ʨʲʰ
ʯʨʳʨʸʰ. ʨʳ ʳʵʭʲʬʴʰʯ ʪʨʴʸʰʹˆʬʩʻʲʳʨ ʫʨʲʳʨ ʩʬʯʽʰʲʮʬ ˀʻʸʰ
ʰ˃ʰʨ ʫʨ ʹʨʹʺʰʱʨʫ ʫʨʹʨˇʨ. ʬʸʯˆʬʲ, ʿʭʬʲʰʬʸʰʹ ʨʾʬʩʰʹ ʱʭʰʸʨʹ,
ʸʵʫʬʹʨ˂, ʳʯʬʲʰ ʳʻʲʨˆ-ʳʻʷʨʲʰʹ2) ˆʨʲˆʰ ˁʭʬʻʲʬʩʸʰʭʨʫ ʹʵʼ.
ʷʨʩʬˀˀʰ ,,ʨʾʩʨ ʲʨʾʸʨʲʰʹ³ ʿʬʰʴʵʩʰʹ) ʫʾʬʹʨʹ˄ʨʻʲʮʬ ʰʿʵ
ʯʨʭʳʵʿʸʰʲʰ, ʨʳ ʫʸʵʹ ʩʬʯʽʰʲʰʹ ʳʯʬʩˀʰ ʪʨʹʨʺʿʻʬʩʲʨʫ ʫʨʲʰʹ
ʳʰʬʸ ,,ʱʭʰ˂ʸʨ³ ˇʰˆʭʰ) ʳʵʭʲʰʴʬʩʻʲʰ ʰʽʴʨ ʯʭʬʯʴʻʲʫʰʹ
ʳʯʬʩʰʫʨʴ, ʸʵʳʬʲʳʨ˂ ʼʬʸˆʻʲˀʰ ˁʨʩʳʻʲ ʩʬʯʽʰʲʰʹ ʲʨˇʬʩˀʰ
ʪʨʻʨʸʨ ʫʨ ˀʬʳʫʬʪ ʳʯʬʩʰʹʱʬʴ ʪʨʬˀʻʸʨ.
ˇʰˆʭʰʹ ʨʳʪʭʨʸʳʨ ʹʨʵ˂ʨʸʳʨ ʹʨʽ˂ʰʬʲʳʨ ʰʳʵʽʳʬʫʨ
ʹʨˆʬʲʪʨʴʯʽʳʻʲ ʳʵʴʨʫʰʸʰʹ ʯʨʭʳʵʿʭʨʸʬʵʩʨʮʬ. ˆʨʲˆʳʨ˂ ʳʨʹ
ʬʸʯˆʳʨʫ ˀʬʹ˃ʨˆʨ: ,,ʨʳ ˇʰˆʭʹ, ʩʬʯʽʰʲ, ˀʬʴ ʻʴʫʨ ʫʨʬʫʬʭʴʵ³-ʵ.
ʩʬʯʽʰʲʰ ʫʨʬʫʬʭʴʨ ˇʰˆʭʹ, ʳʯʬʲʰ ˆʨʲˆʰ ʳʨʯʮʬ ʰʿʵ
ʳʰˀʺʬʸʬʩʻʲʰ, ʿʭʬʲʨʹ ʨʰʴʺʬʸʬʹʬʩʫʨ ˇʰˆʭʰʹ ʩʬʫʰ ʫʨ ʩʬʯʽʰʲʰʹ
ʳʨʹʮʬ ʪʨʳʨʸˇʭʬʩʨ. ˇʰˆʭʰ ʩʬʯʽʰʲʹ ʯʭʬʯʴʻʲʫʰʹ ʳʯʰʹ ˃ʰʸˀʰ
,,ʽʭʨʴʰʹ³ ʱʲʫʬˀʰ ˀʬʻ˃ʾʭʨ. ʨʳ ʹʨˀʰʴʬʲ ˂ʰ˂ʨʩʵ ʱʲʫʬˀʰ ʩʬʯʽʰʲʰ
ˇʰˆʭʹ ʳʰˈʿʭʬʩʵʫʨ, ʹʨʴʨʳʫʬ ʰʳʰʹʯʨʴʨ ʨʫʪʰʲˀʰ ʨʸ ˀʬʰ˅ʸʨ, ʹʨʫʨ˂
ʳʨʸʺʵ ʳʨʸˇʭʬʴʨ ʼʬˆʰʹ ʫʨʹʨʫʪʨʳʰ ʫʨ ʳʨʸ˂ˆʬʴʨ ˆʬʲʰʹ
ʳʵʹʨʱʰʫʬʩʬʲʰ ʨʫʪʰʲʰ ʨʸ ˀʬʸˁʨ ˆʬʲˀʰ. ʯʨʭʰʹ ˀʭʬʲʰʹ
430
ʿʵʭʬʲʪʭʨʸ ʹʨˀʻʨʲʬʩʨʹ ʳʵʱʲʬʩʻʲʰ ʩʬʯʽʰʲʰ ʳʨʲʬ ʫʨʸ˄ʳʻʴʫʨ,
ʸʵʳ ˇʰˆʭʰ ʫʨʲʰʲʹʨʪʨʴ ʰʿʵ ʪʨʳʵʪʮʨʭʴʰʲʰ, ʸʨʯʨ ʰʪʰ ʨʳ ʱʲʫʬˀʰ
ʪʨʬʺʿʻʬʩʰʴʨ ʫʨ ʱʲʫʰʫʨʴ ʪʨʫʨʪʫʬʩʰʯ ˀʻʸʰ ʬ˃ʰʨ ʳʨʹʮʬ
ʾʨʲʨʺʰʹʨʯʭʰʹ.
ʩʬʯʽʰʲʰ ˄ʿʬʭʲʨ-ʱʸʻʲʭʰʯ ʰˆʹʬʴʰʬʩʹ ʯʨʭʰʹ ʸ˃ʨʲʹ ʯʨʳʨʸʹ,
ʸʵʳʬʲʳʨ˂ ʰʹ ˀʬʰʿʭʨʸʨ, ˀʬʨ˂ʫʰʴʨ, ʫʨʲʰʹʨʫʳʰ ʾʨʲʨʺʰ ˁʨʨʫʬʴʰʴʨ
ʫʨ ʨʳʰʹʯʨʴʨ ʳʫʪʵʳʨʸʬʵʩʨˀʰ ˁʨʨʿʬʴʨ.
ʷʨʩʬˀˀʰ ʯʨʭʳʵʿʸʰʲʰ ʳʻʲʨˆ-ʳʻʷʨʲʰʹ ˆʨʲˆʰ ʨʸ ʰˀʲʬʩʨ,
ʿʭʬʲʨ ʯʵʼʰʹ ˆʳʰʹ ʳʵʲʵʫʰʴˀʰ ʹʳʬʴʨʫ ʨʸʰʹ ʪʨʫʨʽ˂ʬʻʲʰ, ʿʭʬʲʨʹ
ʯʭʨʲʰ ʫʨ ʿʻʸʰ, ʳʨʯ ˄ʰʴ ʨʾʳʨʸʯʻʲʰ, ʰʳ ʯʭʬʯʴʻʲʫʰʹʱʬʴʨʨ
ʳʰʶʿʸʵʩʰʲʰ, ʹʨʫʨ˂ ʩʬʯʽʰʲʰ ʬʪʻʲʬʩʨʯ.
ʩʬʯʽʰʲʰ ʸ˄ʳʻʴʫʬʩʨ ʯʨʭʰʹ ʻʩʬʫʻʸʬʩʨˀʰ ʫʨ ʬʸʯʹ ʳ˄ʨʸʬʫ
ʫʨʰʱʰʭʲʬʩʹ. ˆʨʲˆʰ ʸ˄ʻʳʴʫʬʩʨ ʳʰʹ ʫʨʾʻʶʭʨˀʰ. ʿʭʬʲʨ ʰ˄ʿʬʩʹ
ʳʮʨʫʬʩʨʹ ʳʰʹ ʳʰʹʨˀʭʬʲʬʩʲʨʫ. ʮʵʪʹ ʽʬˁʨ-ʴʨʩʨʫʰ ʳʰʨʽʭʹ, ʮʵʪʹ
ʪʸ˃ʬʲʰ ʱʰʩʬʬʩʰ ʫʨ ʮʵʪʹʨ˂ ʩʨ˄ʨʸʰ. ʳʨʪʸʨʳ ʹʨ˂ʵʫʨʭʰ ʩʬʯʽʰʲʰ
ʪʨʫʨʸˁʬʴʰʹ ʹʨˀʻʨʲʬʩʨʹ ʳʵʱʲʬʩʻʲʰ ʨʾʳʵˁʴʫʨ.
ʳʯʬʲʰ ʾʨʳʬ ʳʨʹ ʹʰ˂ʵ˂ˆʲʬ ʳˆʵʲʵʫ, ʰʳ ˂ʨʲʰ ˆʬʲʰʯʨ ʫʨ
ʼʬˆʰʯ ʻʱʨʭʰʨ, ʸʵʳʲʰʯʨ˂ ʰʪʰ ʱʲʫʰʹ ʻʼʹʱʸʻʲʰʹ ʴʨʶʰʸʮʬʨ
ˁʨʳʵʱʰʫʬʩʻʲʰ. ʪʨʳʵʬ˂ʲʬʩʨ ʨʳ ˆʬʲ-ʼʬˆˀʰ ˃ʨʲʨ, ʰʹʰ˂ ʹʰ˂ʵ˂ˆʲʬʹ
ʪʨʳʵʬʹʨʲʳʬʩʨ.
ˆʨʲˆʰ ʱʲʫʰʹ ˃ʰʸˀʰ ʳʰʹʰ ʫʨʾʻʶʭʰʹ ʳʵʲʵʫʰʴˀʰ ʨʯʬʭʹ
ʾʨʳʬʹ. ʪʨʯʬʴʬʩʰʹʨʹ ʾʵʴʬ ʳʰˆʫʰʲ ʩʬʯʽʰʲʹ ˆʬʲʰ ʫʨ ʼʬˆʰ
ʾʨʲʨʺʵʩʹ. ʫʨʾʻʶʭʰʹʨ ʫʨ ʹʰ˂ʵ˂ˆʲʰʹ ʪʨʳʵʹʨʲʳʬʩʰʹ ˄ʰʴ
ʳʵʹʯʽʭʨʳʹ ʩʬʯʽʰʲʰ:
ʳʨʳʨˁʬʳʹ ʭʬʭʬʫʸʬʩʰ ʩʬʭʸʰ ʸʨʴʪʰ ʫʨ ʾʭʰʴʵ ʳʰʱʻʸʯˆʬʩʰʴʵʹ,
ʫʬʫʨˁʬʳʹ ʭʻʨʴʫʬʸ˃ʬʩ ± ʩʬʭʸʰ ˆʨ˅ʨʶʻʸʰ ʳʰʱʻʸʯˆʬʩʰʴʵʹ,
ˁʬʳʹ ˂ʵʲʹ ʭʬˆʭʬ˄ʬʩʰ ˀʭʰʲʬʩʰ ʱʨʸʪʨʫ ʪʨʳʰʮʨʸʫʵʹ,
ˁʬʳʹ ˃ʳʬʩʹ ʭʻʨʴʫʬʸ˃ʬʩ ʯʵʼ-ʰʨʸʨʾʹ ʳʵʻʨʸʵʴ,
ˁʬʳʹ ʫʬʩʹ ʪʨʫʨʬ˂ʰʯ ± ʴʨ˄ʴʨʭʬʩʰ ʱʨʸʪʨʫ ʪʨʰˀʨʲʵʴ,
ˁʬʳʹ ʹʨʿʭʨʸʬʲʹ ʪʨʫʨʬ˂ʰʯ ± ˂ˆʨʸʬ ˂ʸʬʳʲʰ ʫʨʳʨʾʭʨʸʵʹ,
ˁʬʳʹ ʨʳˆʨʴʨʪʬʩʹ ʭʯˆʵʭ ʬʸʯʰ ʼʬʸˆʻʲʰ ʪʨʳʨʪʵʴʵʴ, ʮʨʸʰ˂
ʱʨʸʪʰ ˀʬʳʵʳ˃ʨˆʵʴ,
ˁʬʳʹ ʹʵʼʲʬʲʬʩʹʨ ʭʹʯˆʵʭ ʱʻʩʵ ʱʨʸʪʰ ʪʨʳʰʱʬʯʵʴ,
ʯʨʳʨʸʳʨ, ˁʬʳʳʨ ʹʨʿʭʨʸʬʲʳʨ, ʲʬˁʨʽʰ ʳʨʸ˂ˆʴʰʭ ʫʨʳʰʺʸʰʨʲʵʹ.
ʳˀʭʰʫʵʩʰʯ, ʳʯʬʩʵ, ʳˀʭʰʫʵʩʰʯ ˇʰˆʭʬʩʵ.
ʳˀʭʰʫʵʩʰʯ, ʳˀʵʩʲʬʩʵ, ʫʬʩʵ ʫʨ ˃ʳʬʩʵ,
431
 ʳˀʭʰʫʵʩʰʯ ʹʨʳˀʵʩʲʵ,
ʳˀʭʰʫʵʩʰʯ, ʳʬʮʵʩʲʬʩʵ ʫʨ ʳʬʪʵʩʸʬʩʵ.
ʳˀʭʰʫʵʩʰʯ, ʱʲʫʬʬʩʵ, ʳˀʭʰʫʵʩʰʯ, ʫʨʲʬʩʵ !3)
ʨʳ ʹʰʺʿʭʬʩʰʹ ˀʬʳʫʬʪ ʩʬʯʽʰʲʰ ʱʲʫʰʫʨʴ ʪʨʫʳʵʭʨʸʫʬʩʨ ʫʨ
ʫʨʰʾʻʶʬʩʨ. ʳʰʹ ˃ʭʲʬʩʹ ˆʨʲˆʰ ʱʲʫʰʹ ˃ʰʸˀʰ ˈʱʸʬʩʹ ʫʨ
ˇʨʲʨʭʬʸʰʯ ʳʻʲʨˆˀʰ ʳˀʵʩʲʬʩʯʨʴ ʳʰʨʹʭʬʴʬʩʹ.
ʹʭʨʴʬʯˀʰ ʴʨʫʰʸʵʩʰʹ ʫʸʵʹ ʳʵʴʨʫʰʸʰʹ ʫʬʭʯʨʴ ʩʸ˃ʵʲʰʹ
ˀʬʹʨˆʬʩ ʨʸʹʬʩʵʩʹ ʩʬʭʸʴʨʰʸʰ ʭʨʸʰʨʴʺʬʩʰʹ ʲʬʪʬʴʫʬʩʰ.
ʹʭʨʴʬʩʹ ʫʾʬʳʫʬ ʹ˄ʨʳʯ ʫʬʭʰʹ (ʺʿʰʹ ʱʨ˂ʰʹ) ʨʸʹʬʩʵʩʨ. ʳʨʯʰ
˄ʨʸʳʵʫʪʬʴʰʯ ʰʹ ʨʸʰʹ ʻʮʨʸʳʨʮʨʸʰ ʺʨʴʰʹ, ˂ʨʲʯʭʨʲʰʨʴʰ,
ʩʨʲʴʰʨʴʰ, ʸʽʰʨʴʰ, ˆˀʰʸʨʫ ʯʵʸʳʬʺʯʨʭʰʨʴʰ, ʨʫʨʳʰʨʴʰʹ ʳʹʪʨʭʹʰ,
ʻʫʨʩʻʸ ʺʿʬʬʩˀʰ ʫʨ ʾʸʬʬʩˀʰ ʳʵʩʰʴʨʫʸʬ ʨʸʹʬʩʨ, ʸʵʳʬʲʰ˂
ʳʵʴʨʫʰʸʬʬʩʹ ˆˀʰʸʨʯ ʻʴʨˆʨʭʯ ʫʨ ʸʵ˂ʨ ʳʵʻʱʲʨʭʯ, ʽʨʼʨʯ
ʽ˂ʬʻʲʨ. ʫʬʭʰ ʯʻ ʱʨ˂ʹ ʫʨʲʵ˂ʨʭʹ ± ʩʬʫʴʰʬʸʰʨ, ʯʻ ʫʨʹ˄ʿʬʭʲʰʹ ±
ʻʩʬʫʻʸʰʨ. ʨʳʰʺʵʳ ʮʵʪʪʨʴ ʳʰʹ ʹʨʶʨʺʰʭʰʹ˂ʬʳʵʯ ʳʹˆʭʬʸʶʲʯ
ˀʬ˄ʰʸʭʨʹʨ˂ ʨʽʭʹ ʨʫʪʰʲʰ.
ʻˀʪʻʲˀʰ ʫʾʬʳʫʰ ʨʸʹʬʩʵʩʹ ʬʸʯʰ ʲʬʪʬʴʫʨ, ʸʵʳʬʲʰ˂
ʳʵʪʭʰʯˆʸʵʩʹ, ʸʵʳ ʫʬʭʰ ʫʨ ʻˀʱʻʲʬʲʰ ʳʵʴʨʫʰʸʬ ʾʨʳʬ ʬʸʯ
ʻʫʨʩʻʸ ʺʿʬˀʰ ˀʬˆʭʫʬʴ ʬʸʯʳʨʴʬʯʹ. ʳʵʴʨʫʰʸʬʳ ʫʬʭʰ ʳʵˈʱʲʨ.
ʫʬʭʰʹ ˀʭʰʲʰ ˀʬʻʫʪʨ ˀʻʸʰʹ ˃ʰʬʩʨʹ, ʳʨʪʸʨʳ ʳʨʳʰʹ ʹʰʹˆʲˀʰ
ʳʰʹʯʭʰʹ ʨʸ ʰʿʵ ʫʨʳʨʱʳʨʿʵʼʰʲʬʩʬʲʰ ʳʵʴʨʫʰʸʰʹ ʹʰʹˆʲʰ. ʨʳʰʺʵʳ
ʳʨʴ ʪʨʫʨʹ˄ʿʭʰʺʨ ʻˀʱʻʲʰʹ ʾʭʯʰʹʳˀʵʩʬʲʮʬ ʪʨʫʨʬʺʨʴʨ ˀʻʸʰʹ-
˃ʰʬʩʨ, ʫʨʬˆʸˁʵ ʰʪʰ. ʨʳ ʳʰʮʴʰʯ ʻˀʱʻʲʰʹ ʫʨʹʨʭʲʬʯʰʯ ʬʸʯ ʭʰ˄ʸʵ
ʱʲʫʵʭʨʴ ʬʴʪʻʸʰʹ ˆʬʵʩʨˀʰ ʨʨʪʵ ʳʨʪʨʸʰ ʱʲʫʰʹ ʱʬʫʲʬʩʰ,
ʸʵʳʲʬʩʰ˂ ʫʾʬʳʫʬ ʨʺʨʸʬʩʬʴ ʫʬʭʰʹ ʴʨˀʬʴʬʩ ʱʬʫʲʬʩʰʹ
ʹʨˆʬʲ˄ʵʫʬʩʨʹ. ʨʳ ʱʬʫʲʬʩʰʯ ʳʨʹ ʻʴʫʵʫʨ ʫʨʬʪʻʩʬʩʰʨ ʳʫ.
ʬʴʪʻʸʰʹ ˄ʿʨʲʰ ʰʳ ʹʰʳʨʾʲʬʳʫʬ, ʸʵʳ ʻˀʱʻʲʰʹ ʾʭʯʰʹʳˀʵʩʲʰʹ
ʯʨ˃ʨʸʰ ʳʨʹˀʰ ʪʨʳʵʬˆʸˁʵ. ʪʨʴʹʨ˂ʫʬʲˀʰ ˁʨʭʨʸʫʴʰʲʳʨ ʻˀʱʻʲʰʹ
ʾʭʯʰʹʳˀʵʩʬʲʳʨ ʳʰʳʨʸʯʨ ʱʨʲʰʹ ˄ʳ. ʱʭʰʸʰʱʬʹʨ ʫʨ ʹʯˆʵʭʨ
ʳʰˀʭʬʲʬʩʨ. ʳʨʴ ʱʰ ʫʨʹʨʭʲʬʯʰʫʨʴ ʪʨʳʵʻˀʭʨ ʵʽʸʵʹ ʸʽʰʨʴʰ ʭʬʸ˃ʰ,
ʸʵʳʬʲʰ˂ ʬ˃ʪʬʸʨ ʸʽʬʩʰʯ ʫʬʭʰʹ ʳʰʬʸ ʾʭʯʰʹʳˀʵʩʲʰʹ
ʫʨʹʨˆʸˁʵʩʨʯ ʨʪʬʩʻʲ ʱʲʫʰʹ ʱʬʫʲʬʩʹ,ʫʨʨʴʪʸʰʨ ʰʹʰʴʰ,
ʫʨʪʻʩʬʩʻʲʰ ˄ʿʨʲʰ ʯʨʭʰʹ ʪʮʰʯ ʪʨʻˀʭʨ ʫʨ ʹʨʹʵ˄ʨʸʱʭʬʯʰʲʬʩʨˀʰ
ˁʨʭʨʸʫʴʰʲʰ ʾʭʯʰʹʳˀʵʩʬʲʰ ʰˆʹʴʨ ʫʨˆʸˁʵʩʰʹʨʪʨʴ.
ʫʬʭʰ ʨʳ ʫʸʵʹ ʰʳʿʵʼʬʩʵʫʨ ʰʼʨʸʰʹ ʯʬʳʰʹ ʺʿʬʬʩˀʰ, ʹʨʫʨ˂
ʯʨʭʰʹ ʱʬʫʲʬʩʰʹ ʪʨʹʨʳʨʪʸʬʩʲʨʫ ʬ˃ʬʩʫʨ ʫʰʫ ʽʭʬʩʹ. ʳʨʹ ʹʨ˅ʰʸʵ
432
ʽʭʬʩʰ ʻʴʨˆʨʭʹ, ʫʨʬ˄ʿʵ ʰʹʰʴʰ ʬʸʯʰ ʳʨʸˇʭʬʴʨ, ʳʬʵʸʬ ʳʨʸ˂ˆʬʴʨ
ʳˆʨʸʬʮʬ ʫʨ ʳʯʬʩʰʯ ʻˀʱʻʲʰʹʨʱʬʴ ʳʰˈʽʵʴʫʨ. ʨʳ ʫʸʵʹ ʳʨʴ
ʳʨʾʲʰʫʨʴ ʪʨʫʳʵˆʬʫʨ ʳʫ. ʬʴʪʻʸʹ, ʸʵʳʬʲʰ˂ ʪʨʳˀʸʨʲʰ ʰʿʵ ʳʰʹ
ʳʰʬʸ ʨˀʬʴʬʩʻʲ ʱʬʫʲʬʩʰʹʨʪʨʴ ˄ʿʲʰʹ ʫʨʪʻʩʬʩʰʹ ˄ʿʨʲʵʩʰʯ ʫʨ
ʫʨʰʴʨˆʨ, ʸʵʳ ʨʳʫʬʴ ˆʴʰʹ ʫʨʪʻʩʬʩʻʲʰ ʳʫʰʴʨʸʬ ʰʹʬ ʨʫʰʫʬʩʻʲʰ,
ʹʨˀʰʴʬʲʰ ˆʳʨʻʸʰʯ ʳʵʫʰʵʫʨ, ʸʵʳ ʱʲʫʬʬʩʹʨ ʫʨ ʺʿʬʬʩʹ
ʬˆʬʯʽʬʩʵʫʨ ʫʨ ʨʸʬʳʨʸʬʹ ʨʴʪʸʬʭʫʨ. ʫʬʭʰ ʳʰˆʭʫʨ ʸʨˀʰ˂ ʰʿʵ ʹʨʽʳʬ,
ʹʨˀʰʴʲʨʫ ˀʬ˄ʻˆʫʨ, ʨʾʸʰʨʲʫʨ, ʩʸʨʮʳʵʸʬʻʲʳʨ ʳˆʸʬʩʮʬ
ʫʨ˄ʿʵʩʰʲʰ ʽʭʬʩʰ ʬʸʯʰ ˁʸʫʰʲʵʬʯʰʹʨʱʬʴ ʪʨʫʨʰʹʸʵʲʨ, ʳʬʵʸʬ
ʹʨʳˆʸʬʯʰʹʨʱʬʴ. ʻʱʨʴʨʹʱʴʬʲʰ ˀʬˁʬʸʫʨ ʰʼʨʸʰʫʨʴ ʬʸʯ ʭʬʸʹʰʹ
ʳʨʴ˃ʰʲʮʬ ± ˄ʿʲʰʹ ʶʰʸʨʫ ʳʫʬʩʨʸʬ ʳʰʴʫʵʸˀʰ, ʹʨʫʨ˂ ˀʬʳʫʬʪˀʰ
ˆʨʲˆʰʹ ʳʰʬʸ ʨʳ ʽʭʨʮʬ ʨˀʬʴʬʩʻʲ ʰʽʴʨ ʫʾʬʳʫʬ ʨʽ ʨʸʹʬʩʻʲʰ ʱʵˀʱʰ,
ʸʵʳʬʲʹʨ˂ ʹʨ˃ʰʸʱʭʲʨʫ ʰʹ ʫʰʫʰ ʽʭʨ ʻ˃ʬʭʹ.

ʹʭʨʴʬʩʰ ʳʨʸʺʵ ˇʰˆʭ-ʨʸˁʭʮʬ ʨʸ ʴʨʫʰʸʵʩʬʴ, ʰʹʰʴʰ ʴʨʫʰʸʵʩʬʴ

ʨʪʸʬʯʭʬ: ʳʪʬʲʮʬ, ʫʨʯʭʮʬ, ʱʭʬʸʴʨʮʬ ʫʨ ʳʬʲʨʮʬ. ʱʻʸʫʾʬʲʮʬ
ʴʨʫʰʸʵʩʨ ʹʨʳʨʸ˂ˆʭʰʴʵʯ ʳʰʨˁʴʰʨʯ ʫʨ ʳʰʹʰ ˆʵʸ˂ʰ ʯʰʯʽʳʰʹ
ʬ˃ʨʪʬʩʨʯ.
ʳʪʲʬʩʹ ʹʭʨʴʬʩʰ ˄ʳʰʴʫʨ ʪʰʵʸʪʰʹ ˃ʨʾʲʬʩʹ ʬ˃ʨˆʰʨʴ, ʳʨʯ ʰ˅ʬʸʬʴ
ˆʨʼʨʴʪʰʯ, ʱʲʨʭʬʴ ʯʵʼʰʯ. ʳʵʴʨʫʰʸʬʬʩʰ ʪʭʨʸ˄ʳʻʴʬʩʬʴ, ʯʰʯʽʵʹ,
ʳʪʬʲʹ, ʯʻ ʰʹ ʨˆʲʵʹ ʨʸʰʹ, ʯʵʼʰʹ ʳʵˇʨʫʵʬʩʨ ˀʬʬ˃ʲʵʹ.
ʳʵʱʲʻʲʰ ʳʪʲʰʹ ʱʩʰʲʰ ʫʨ ʿʨʴʿʸʨʺʵʹ ʴʨ˅ʬʸʰ ʨʭʰ ʮʴʰʯ
ʫʨʨʭʨʫʬʩʻʲʯʨʯʭʰʹ ʻʬʩʨʸ ˄ʨʳʲʨʯ ʳʰʨˁʴʰʨʯ. ʨʳʰʺʵʳ ʨʹʬʯʰ ʹʨˆʰʹ
ʨʭʨʫʳʿʵʼʯ ʪʨʳʵʨʩʨʳʬʴ ˆʵʲʳʬ ʨʳ ʹʨʪʴʬʩʹ ʿʬʲʮʬ, ʸʵʳ ʨʭʰ ʹʻʲʰ ʨʸ
˄ʨʬʱʨʸʵʯ. ʳʪʲʰʹ ʱʩʰʲʹ ʿʬʲʮʬ ʫʨˈʱʰʫʬʩʬʴ ˆʵʲʳʬ ʲʨʳʨʮ
ʩʨʭˀʭʬʩʹ, ʨʭʰ ʯʭʨʲʰʹʨʪʨʴ ʫʨʹʨ˂ʨʭʨʫ. ʹʭʨʴʰ ʸʵʳ ʳʪʬʲʹ ʳʵˈʱʲʨʭʫʨ,
ʳʰʹ ʺʿʨʭʹ ˁʨʳʵˈʱʰʫʬʩʫʨ ˆʵʲʳʬ ʪʸ˃ʬʲ ʱʬʺʮʬ, ˁʨʳʵʨʺʨʸʬʩʫʨ ʳʨʹ
ʳʯʬʲ ʹʭʨʴʬʯˀʰ, ˁʨʳʵʻʭʲʰʫʨ ʱʨʸʫʨʱʨʸ ʿʵʭʬʲ ʳʵʹʨˆʲʬʹ, ʸʨʹʨ˂
ˀʨˀʨʴʪʬʲʵʹ ʬ˃ʨˆʫʬʴ ʫʨ ʳʰʹʰ ʳʱʭʲʬʲʰ ʿʭʬʲʨʹʨʪʨʴ ʲʵ˂ʭʨ-
ʱʻʸʯˆʬʭʨʹ, ʶʻʸʹ, ʽʬʸʹ ʫʨ ˂ʬʸ˂ʭʹ ʾʬʩʻʲʵʩʫʨ ʹʨˁʻʽʸʨʯ. ʨʳʷʨʳʨʫ
ʬʹ ˁʭʬʻʲʬʩʨ ʪʨʫʨʭʨʸʫʨ.
ʳʪʲʬʩʰʹʨʪʨʴ ʶʰʸʻʺʿʭʰʹ ʫʨʹʨ˂ʨʭʨʫ ʹʭʨʴʬʯˀʰ ˆˀʰʸʨʫ
ʨʫʪʰʲʰ ʨʽʭʹ ʳʹˆʭʬʸʶʲʯ ˀʬ˄ʰʸʭʨʹ. ˄ʬʲʰ˄ʨʫˀʰ ʬʸʯˆʬʲ (3
ʯʬʩʬʸʭʨʲʹ) ʳʪʲʰʹ ʹʨʶʨʺʰʭ˂ʬʳʵʫ ʱʨʲʵʬʩˀʰ ʨʸʿʰʹ ˆʰʹʨʪʨʴ
ʪʨʱʬʯʬʩʻʲ ʲʨʳʶʨʹ ʨʴʨʯʬʩʬʴ, ʸʨʹʨ˂ ʳʪʲʰʹ ʲʨʳʶʸʵʩʨʹ ʬ˃ʨˆʰʨʴ.
ʾʨʳʬ ʪʨʸʬʯ ʫʨʸˁʬʴʰʲʰ ʶʰʸʻʺʿʭʰʹ ʳʪʲʬʩʰʹʨ ʫʨ ʫʨʯʭʬʩʰʹʨʪʨʴ
433
ʫʨ˂ʭʰʹ ʳʰʮʴʰʯ ʵˇʨˆʰʹ ʻʼʸʵʹʰʹʨʯʭʰʹ ʪʨʱʬʯʬʩʻʲ ʼʰˁʽʹ
(ʹʻʼʸʨʹ) ˀʬʳʵʻ˅ʰʸʬʩʬʴ ˆʵʲʳʬ ʼʬˆʬʩʮʬ ʩʨ˄ʨʸʹ, ˀʰʪ ʳʨʱʸʨʺʬʲʹ
ʪʨʻʸ˅ʵʩʬʴ, ˀʬʻʲʵ˂ʨʭʬʴ: ,,ʬʱʬʴʰʨ, ʩʬʱʬʴʰʨ, ʩʬʱʬʴ ˁʻʽʭʨʴ ʹʨʴʬʼʰʨ
ʨʾʫʬˀ, ʩʨʾʫʬˀ ʯˆʸʬʲʹ ʹʰʱʭʫʰʲ³ʪʨʰʺʨʴʬʴ ʹʨˆʲʰʫʨʴ ʫʨ ʪʨʸʬʯ
ʫʨʹʫʬʩʬʴ. ʿʭʬʲʰʬʸʰʹ ʨʾʬʩʨ ʾʨʳʬʹ ʴʨʭʨˆˀʳʬʭʹ ʹʭʨʴʬʩʰ ˀʨʳʼʻʸʮʬ
ˁʨʳʵʨ˂ˆʵʩʬʴ ˆʵʲʳʬ ʶʻʸʹ, ˆʵʸ˂ʰʹ ʴʨ˅ʸʬʩʹ, ˃ʭʲʬʩʹ, ʨʫʰʨʴ ʹʨˆʲʰʹ
ʹʨˆʻʸʨʭʮʬ ʨʴ ʨʰʭʨʴʮʬ ʫʨ ʰ˃ʨˆʰʨʴ: ,,ʬʲʵʫ ʪʬʲʵʫ (ʳʪʬʲʵ) ˄ʬʲʹ
ʬʹʨ ʪʽʵʴʫʬʹ, ʪʨʰʹʨʫ ˆʨʸʰʹ ʩʬ˅ʹ ʳʵʪʨʸʯʳʬʭʵ³ʫʨ ʪʨʫʨʻʪʫʬʩʬʴ ʨʳ
,,ʩʨʷʹ³ ʳʪʬʲʹ. ʯʻ ʱʻʸʫʾʬʲʮʬ ʴʨʫʰʸʵʩʨ, ʸʵʪʵʸ˂ ʮʬʳʵʯʨ
ʭʯʽʭʰʯ, ʸʵʪʵʸ˂ ʹʻʹʺʹʨ ʫʨ ʼʸʯˆʨʲ ʨʸʹʬʩʨʮʬ, ʹʭʨʴʬʩʹ
ʹʨʳʨʸ˂ˆʭʰʴʵʯ ʳʰʨˁʴʰʨʯ, ʹʨʳʨʪʰʬʸʵʯ ʫʨʯʭʮʬ ʴʨʫʰʸʵʩʨ, ʸʵʪʵʸ˂
ʳʨʪʨʸʹʨ ʫʨ ʾʵʴʰʬʸ ʨʸʹʬʩʨʮʬ ʹʭʨʴʬʩʹ ʭʨʷʱʨ˂ʵʩʨʯ ʳʰʨˁʴʰʨʯ ʫʨ ʳʰʹʰ
ʳʵʱʭʲʨ ʹʨʹʨˆʬʲʵʯ. ʯʨʯʬʩʹ ʳʵʱʲʻʲ ʫʨʯʭʹ ʳʰʨ˅ʸʰʨʴ ˆʵʲʳʬ ʫʨ
ʳʵʴʨʫʰʸʰʹ ʭʨʷʱʨ˂ʵʩʰʹ ʴʨˀʯʨʯ ʳʰʨ˅ʬʫʬʩʬʴ ʱʬʫʬʲʹ ʰʳʰʹʯʨʴʨ
ʨʫʪʰʲʨʹ, ʸʵʳ ʿʭʬʲʨʳ ʫʨʰʴʨˆʵʹ.
ʫʨʯʭʰʹ ʯʨʭʮʬ ʹʭʨʴʬʩʰ ʰʹʬʯʰ ˀʬˆʬʫʻʲʬʩʰʹ ʨʸʰʨʴ, ʯʰʯʽʵʹ,
ʳʨʹ ˄ʿʨʲʫʰʫʵʩʰʹ ʫʸʵʹ ʳʫʰʴʨʸʰʹ ʰʳ ʴʨʶʰʸʰʹ ˄ʨʲʬʭʱʰʹʨʪʨʴ
ʫʨ˂ʭʨ ˀʬʬ˃ʲʵʹ, ʸʵʳʬʲ ʴʨʶʰʸʮʬ˂ ʰʹ ʫʨʳʨʸˆʻʲʰ ʰʽʴʬʩʨ. ʨʳʰʺʵʳ
ʳʫʰʴʨʸʰʹ ʨʳʨ ʯʻ ʰʳ ʴʨʶʰʸʮʬ ʳʫʬʩʨʸʬ ʹʨʯʰʩʬʩʰʹʨ ʫʨ ʿʨʴʬʩʰʹ
˄ʿʨʲʫʰʫʵʩʰʹʨʪʨʴ ʫʨʹʨ˂ʨʭʨʫ ʫʨʯʭʰʹ ʯʨʭʹ, ʰʳ ʴʨʶʰʸʮʬ
ʫʨʳʨʸˆʨʭʬʴ ˆʵʲʳʬ, ʸʵʳʬʲʹʨ˂ ˄ʿʨʲʫʰʫʵʩʰʹʨʪʨʴ ˄ʨʲʬʱʭʨ
ʳʵʬʲʰʹ. ʨʳ ʻʱʨʴʨʹʱʴʬʲ ˆʨʴʬʩˀʰ ʬʹ ˁʭʬʻʲʬʩʨ˂ ʽʸʬʩʨ. ʫʨʯʭʰʹ
ʴʨʾʭʬʲʰ ʳʻ˂ʲʰʹ ʺʱʰʭʰʲʰʹ ʹʨʻʱʬʯʬʹʵ ˄ʨʳʲʨʫ ʳʰʨˁʴʰʨʯ. ʱʭʬʸʴʨ
ʹʭʨʴʬʯʰʹ ʻʫʨʩʻʸ ʺʿʬʬʩˀʰ ʻʨʳʸʨʭʰʨ ʫʨ ʳʨʹʮʬ ʴʨʫʰʸʵʩʨʹ ʼʨʸʯʵ
ʨʫʪʰʲʰ ʻ˅ʰʸʨʭʹ. ʱʭʬʸʴʨ ʹʭʨʴʬʯˀʰ ʵʸʴʨʰʸʰʨ: ʬʸʯʹ ʨʽʭʹ ʯʬʯʸʰ
ʳʱʬʸʫʰ ʫʨ ʩʬ˄ʭʰ˂ ʫʨʩʨʲʰ ˆʨʸʰʹˆʰʹ. ʳʬʵʸʬʹ ʿʭʰʯʬʲʰ ʱʭʬʸ˂ˆʰʹ
ʪʻʲʰʹʬʩʻʸʰ ʪʻʲʳʱʬʸʫʰ, ʸʵʳʬʲʰ˂ ʻʼʸʵ ʱʨʸʪʰ ʾʰʸʹʬʩʰʹʨʨ.
ʴʨʫʰʸʵʩʨʹ ʸʵʳ ʨʭʰ ʯʭʨʲʰ ʨʸ ʬ˂ʬʹ, ʱʭʬʸʴʨʮʬ ʴʨʫʰʸʵʩʨ ʫʰʫʰ
ʹʨʰʫʻʳʲʵʬʩʰʯ ʨʸʰʹ ʳʵ˂ʻʲʰ. ʨʳʰʺʵʳ ʹʨʴʨʳʫʰ ʮʨʳʯʸʰʹ
ʶʬʸʰʵʫˀʰ ʱʭʬʸʴʨʮʬ ʴʨʫʰʸʵʩʨ ʨʸ ʫʨʳʯʨʭʸʫʬʩʨ, ʳʨʴʨʳʫʬ ʨʸʨʭʰʹ
ʨʸ ˀʬʻ˃ʲʰʨ ʰʳʰʹ ʪʨʪʬʩʨ, ʸʵʳʬʲʳʨ ʳʵʴʨʫʰʸʬʳ ʸʨʳʫʬʴʰ ʫʨʰ˅ʰʸʨ.
ʱʭʬʸʴʨʹ ʰ˅ʬʸʬʴ ʻʳʯʨʭʸʬʹʨʫ ˆʨʼʨʴʪʰʯ, ʫʨ ʯʰʯʵ ʳʵʴʨʫʰʸʬ
ʹʨˀʻʨʲʵʫ 5-10-ʨʳʫʬ. ʿʵʭʬʲ˄ʲʰʻʸʨʫ ʳʰʹʰ ʺʿʨʭʰ ʪʨʫʰʹ ʩʨʮʨʸʮʬ
1000-ʳʫʬ. ʱʭʬʸʴʰʹ ʴʨʾʭʬʲʰ ˂ʰʬʩʰʹ ʻʬʩʨʸ ˄ʨʳʲʨʫ ʳʰʨˁʴʰʨʯ.
ʹʭʨʴʬʯʰʹ ʺʿʬʬʩʹʨ ʫʨ ʱʲʫʬʬʩˀʰ ˆˀʰʸʨʫ ʭʴʨˆʻʲʵʩʯ ʰʸʳʰʹ
ʸʽʬʩʹ. ˀʭʬʲʰʹ ʴʻʱʸʰʹ ʫʨ˅ʬʸʨʹʨ˂ ʨʫʪʰʲʰ ˈʽʵʴʰʨ. ʹʭʨʴʬʯʰʹ
434
ʫʨʹʨʭʲʬʯ ʴʨ˄ʰʲˀʰ, ʸʵʪʵʸ˂ ʳʵʪʭʰʯˆʸʵʩʬʴ, ʫʵʳʩʨ˂ ʳʵʻʱʲʨʭʯ,
ʮʵʪʰʬʸʯ ʨʫʪʰʲʬʩʹ ʹʨˆʬʲʨʯ ,,ʫʵʳʩʨʰ ʲʨʸʬ³ ʫʨʻʸʽʳʬʭʰʨʯ
(ʫʵʳʩʨʹ ʹʨʩʨʲʨˆʵ). ʬʹ ʪʨʸʬʳʵʬʩʨ ʨˀʱʨʸʨʫ ʨʳʺʱʰ˂ʬʩʹ, ʸʵʳ
ʹʭʨʴʬʯˀʰ ʹʭʨʴʬʯˀʰ ʵʫʬʹʾʨ˂ ʬʹ ˃ʭʰʸʼʨʹʰ ˂ˆʵʭʬʲʬʩʰ ʿʵʼʰʲʨʴ,
ʳʨʪʸʨʳ ʨʳʷʨʳʨʫ ʳʨʯʰ ˆʹʬʴʬʩʨ˂ ʨʸ ʨʸʰʹ. ʨʹʬʯʰʭʬ ʳ˄ʨʸʬ ʩʬʫʰ ʳʵʬʲʰʹ
ʹʭʨʴʬʯʰʹ ʳʯʨʯʨ ʫʨ ʹʰʳʨʾʲʬʯʨ ʳˀʭʬʴʬʩʨʹʨ ʫʨ ʹʰʨʳʨʿʬʹ - ʲʨʳʨʮ
ˇʰˆʭʹ, ʯʻ ʬˆʲʨʭʬ ʨʸ ʰʽʴʬʩʨ ʳʰʾʬʩʻʲʰ ʹʬʸʰʵʮʻʲʰ ʮʵʳʬʩʰ ʳʰʹ
ʪʨʴʨʫʪʻʸʬʩʰʹʨʪʨʴ ʫʨʹʨ˂ʨʭʨʫ.

1) ʪʨʲʬʽʹʰʲʰʨ ʨ. ʵʴʬʲʰʹ ʳʰʬʸ.

2) ʯʨʭʰʹʻʼʨʲʰ ʹʭʨʴʬʯʰʹ ʬʸʯʰ ʯʬʳʰʨ.
3) ʰˆ. ʪʭ. 39.

„‡“ˆŠˆ
(ʹʭʨʴʻʸʰ ʯʽʳʻʲʬʩʨ, ʪʨʲʬʽʹʰʲʰ 12 ˄ʲʰʹ ʪʰʭʰ ʬʪ.-˃ʬ ʪʨʩʲʰʨʴʰʹ ʳʰʬʸ).

ʰʽ ʹʨʫʨ˂ ʳʨʸʨʫ ʳʬʼʵʩʹ ʯʵʭʲʰ,

ʰʽ ʹʨʫʨ˂ ʳʯʬʩʰʹ ʹʨʳʿʨʸʵ ʨʸʰʹ
ʹʭʨʴʬʩʳʨ ˀʬˈʽʳʴʬʹ ʲʬʪʬʴʫʨ ʩʬʯʽʰʲ
ʫʨ ʬʹ ʲʬʪʬʴʫʨ ʼʬʸˆʻʲʨʫ ˈʿʭʨʭʰʹ.

ʨʳʩʵʩʬʴ, ʿʵˁʨʾ ʳʻʲʨˆʬʲ ʩʬʯʽʰʲʹ

ʭʬʸ ʭʰʴʨ ʹˇʵʩʫʨ ˇʰˆʭʰʹ ˄ʿʭʬʺʨˀʰ,
ʳʸʨʭʨʲʰ ʱʵˆʺʨ ʳʯʬʩʰʹ ʳʬʻʼʬ
ʳʨʹ ʻʳʹˆʭʬʸʶʲʰʨ ʴʨʫʰʸʵʩʨˀʰ.

ʬʸʯˆʬʲ ʩʬʯʽʰʲʰ ˇʰˆʭʰʹ ʹʨ˃ʬʩʸʨʫ

ʬˆʬʺʬʩʵʫʨ ʹʨʲʹʨ ʱʲʫʬʬʩˀʰ,
ʻ˂ʩʨʫ ʳʵʬʹʳʨ ʽʨʲʰʹ ʴʨʮʰ ˆʳʨ
ʻ˂ˆʵ ʸʨʳ ˃ʨʲʨ ʰʪʸ˃ʴʵ ʳʻˆʲʬʩˀʰ.

ʱʲʫʰʹ ˄ʭʬʸʮʬʫ ʰʫʪʨ ʴʨʮʰ ʽʨʲ˄ʻʲʰ,

ʴʨʫʰʸʵʩʰʹʨ ʽʨʲ-ʾʳʬʸʯʰ ʫʨʲʰ
ʴʨˆʨ ʫʨ... ʩʬʯʽʰʲʹ ʭʨʷʱʨ˂ʻʸ ʪʻʲˀʰ
ʹʰʿʭʨʸʻʲʰʹʨ ʳʵʬʫʭʨ ʨʲʰ.

435
,,ʫʰʫʬʩʨ ʫʨʲʵ ˀʬʴ ʳʯʰʹ ʽʨʲ-ʾʳʬʸʯʵ³
ˀʬʹ˃ʨˆʨ ʳʿʰʹʭʬ ʽʨʲʹʨ ʩʬʯʽʰʲʳʨ.
,,ʱʬʯʰʲʰ ʰʿʵʹ ʨʽ ˀʬʴʰ ʳʵʹʭʲʨ³
ʪʨʹ˂ʨ ʶʨʹʻˆʰ ʩʨʪʰʯ ˆʬʯʽʰʲʳʨ.

ʳʬ ˀʬʳʰʿʭʨʸʫʰ, ˀʬʴ ˁʬʳʯʨʴ ʫʨʸˁʰ,

ʨʾʨʸ ˄ʨˆʭʰʫʬ ʨʽʬʫʨʴ ʨʸʹʨʫ,
ʯʵʸʬʳ, ʾʨʲʨʺˀʰ, ʯʻ ʫʨʪʰ˅ʰʸʬ,
ʳʬ ˀʬʴ ʨʳ ʾʨʲʨʺʹ ʫʨʪʰʹʭʨʳ ʼʨʹʨʫ.

ʩʬʯʽʰʲʳʨ˂ ʳʰʹ˂ʨ ʼʰ˂ʰ ʹʭʨʴʻʸʰ,

ʹʨʭʹʬ ʭʨʷʱʨ˂ʻʸ ʶʨʺʰʵʹʴʬʩʰʯ.
ʳʿʰʹʭʬ ʨʰʭʹʵ ʰʳʰʹʰ ʪʻʲʰ
ʫʨʲʯʨʴ ˂ˆʵʭʸʬʩʰʹ ʺʱʩʰʲʰ ʵ˂ʴʬʩʰʯ.

ʳʨʪʸʨʳ ʪʨʭʰʫʨ ʹʻʲ ˂ʵʺʨ ˆʨʴʰ,

ʩʬʯʽʰʲʹ ʬʻʼʲʨ ʸʨʾʨ˂ ʫʨʸʫʬʩʰ,
ʨʸ˂ ʴʨʫʰʸʵʩʫʨ, ʨʾʨʸ˂ʨ ʹ˅ʨʳʫʨ,
ʨʸ ʻʯˆʸʨ ʫʨʲʹʨ˂ ʪʻʲʰʹ ʴʨʫʬʩʰ.

ʨʪʵʴʫʬʩʵʫʨ ʩʬʯʽʰʲʹ ʫʬʫ-ʳʨʳʨ,

˃ʳʬʩʰ, ʵˇʨˆʰ ʫʨ ʳʬʪʵʩʸʬʩʰ,
ˀʬʿʭʨʸʬʩʻʲʰ ʸ˃ʨʲʰ ʯʨʳʨʸʰ,
ʸʵʪʵʸ˂ ʸʵʳ ʳʺʸʬʩʰ, ʰʹʬ ʳʵʿʭʸʬʩʰ.

ʳʵʰʳʰʮʬʮʨ ʨʭʨʫʳʿʵʼʵʩʨ,
ʫʨʹʺʵʭʨ ʫʨʲʰ, ʫʨʹʺʵʭʨ ʳʯʬʩʰ,
ʳˆʨʸʮʬʫ ʳʵʰʪʫʵ ʯʨʭʰʹʰ ʯʵʼʰ,
ʹʨˆʹʵʭʸʨʫ ʳʵʹ˅ʸʨ ʫʨʲʹ ˂ʵʺʨ ʯʳʬʩʰ.

ʳʰʫʰʹ ʫʸʵ, ʳʰʸʩʰʹ ʭʰʯ ʽʨʸʰ ʳʯʨʮʬʫ,

ʫʨʲʰ ʲʵʫʰʴʨʫ ʪʨʫʨʽ˂ʬʻʲʨ,
ʨʸʹʨʫ ʹˁʨʴʹ ʳʰʹʰ ʺʻʸʼʨ ʩʬʯʽʰʲʰ
ʳʨˀ ʻʾʨʲʨʺʨ ʫʨ ʪʨʽ˂ʬʻʲʨ.

436
ˀʻʸʰʹ ˃ʰʬʩʰʯ ʨʰʭʹʵ ʫʨʲʰ,
ʹʰʱʭʫʰʲʰ ʩʬʯʽʰʲʹ ʬʹ ʨʸ ˀʬʸˁʬʩʨ.
ʳʨʴ ʳʰʾʨʲʨʺʨ ʳʬ˂ ʳʨʹ ʫʨʭʾʻʶʨʭ
ʫʨ... ʳʵʱʲʬ ˆʨʴˀʰ ʳʱʭʫʨʸʰ˂ ʰʽʴʬʩʨ.

ʬʸʯˆʬʲ ʸʵʫʬʹʨ˂ ,,ʨʾʩʨ ʲʨʾʸʨʲʹ1)

ʳʻʲʨˆ-ʳʻʷʨʲʰ ʷʨʩʬʹ ʻʽʳʵʩʫʨ,2)
ʼʬʸˆʻʲˀʰ ˁʨʩʳʻʲ ʩʬʯʽʰʲʰʹʨʱʬʴ
ʫʨʲʰʹ ʩʸ˃ʨʴʬʩʰʯ ˇʰˆʭʰ ʳʵˈʽʸʵʫʨ.

ʵʽʸʵʹ ʸʽʰʨʴʳʨ ʫʨʲʰʹ ʳʹʨˆʻʸʳʨ

ʲʨˇʬʲˀʰ ʩʬʯʽʰʲʹ ʪʨʫʨʻʸʩʰʴʨ,
ʪʨˈʱʭʰʸʫʨ ˆʨʲˆʰ ʯʨʳʨʳʰ ˇʰˆʭʰʯ,
ʩʬʯʽʰʲʰ ˇʰˆʭʳʨ ʸʰʯ ˀʬʨʸ˂ˆʭʰʴʨ.

ˇʰˆʭʹ ʫʨʬʫʬʭʴʬ ʳʿʰʹʭʬ ʩʬʯʽʰʲʵ

ˀʬʹ˃ʨˆʨ ʩʬʯʽʰʲʹ ʨʳʨʿʳʨ ˆʨʲˆʳʨ
ʫʨ ʹʳʬʴʨʫ ʰʽ˂ʴʬʴ, ʸʵʳ ʪʨʰʪʵʴʵʴ
ʩʬʯʽʰʲʰʹ ʯʵʼʰʹ ʳ˅ʬʽʨʸʰ ʳʨʯ ˆʳʨ.

ˇʰˆʭʰ ˀʬʻ˃ʾʭʨ ʩʬʯʽʰʲʹ ʬʸʯ ʱʲʫʬˀʰ

ʯʭʬʯʴʻʲʫʰʹ ʨʹʶʰʺ ʳʿʰʴʭʨʸʬʩʹ ˀʵʸʰʹ.
ʩʬʯʽʰʲʹʨ ʳʨʰʴ˂ ʨʸ ʬʱʨʸʪʬʩʨ
ʰʳʬʫʰ ˇʰˆʭʰʹ ʵʽʸʵʹ ʸʽʰʹ ˀʵʭʴʰʹ.

ʩʵʲʵʹ ʩʬʯʽʰʲʰ ʰʳ ʱʲʫʬʹ ʳʰʨʫʪʨ,

ʹʨʫ ʺʨʴʰ ˂ʨʲʰ ˆʬʲʰʯ ʫʨˈʱʰʫʨ,
ʨˆʲʨ ʪʨʰʪʵ ʯʻ ʭʰʴ ʾʻʶʨʭʫʨ
ʨʳ ʹʨˀʰˀ ʱʲʫʬʩʰʹ ʳʹˆʭʬʸʶʲʨʫ ʭʰʴ ˆʫʰʫʨ.

˄ʿʬʻʲʰ˂ ʰʿʨʭ ʸ˃ʨʲʵ ʯʨʳʨʸʵ,

ˀʬʴ ˀʬʳʨ˂ʫʰʴʬ ʳʬ ˀʬʴ, ʫʨʳʾʻʶʬ,
ˀʬʴʰ ʪʻʲʰʹʯʭʰʹ ʫʨʲʳʨ ʪʨʳʹ˄ʰʸʨ
ʫʨ ʳʰʹ ʪʻʲʰʹʯʽʳʨʹ ʨʽ ʳʬ ʭʬʳʹˆʭʬʸʶʲʬ.

ˆʨʲˆʰ ʨʸ ʳʰʫʰʹ, ʰ˂ʫʰʹ ʷʨʩʬˀˀʰ

437
ʹʻʸʯ ʸʵʳ ʪʨʰʪʵʴ ʩʬʯʽʰʲʰʹ ʩʬʫʰ.
ʻ˂ʩʨʫ ʳʵʬʹʳʨʯ ʳ˄ʨʸʬ ʱʰʭʰʲʰ
ʹʨʫ ʨʾʳʨʸʯʻʲʨ ʯʭʬʯʴʻʲʫʰʹ ʽʬʫʰ.

ʮʵʪʹ ʳʰʨʽʭʹ ʱʰʩʬ, ʽʬˁʨ, ʴʨʩʨʫʰ.

ʪʸ˃ʬʲʰ ʩʨ˄ʸʬʩʰ, ʳʨʺʿʲʬʻʲʵʩʨ,
ʼʬʴʬʴ ʳʯʰʹ ˃ʰʸˀʰ, ʻʴʫʨʯ ˃ʳʰʹ ˀʭʬʲʨ
ʭʬʸ ˀʭʬʲʰʹ ʩʬʯʽʰʲʹ ʼʨʸˁʬʻʲʵʩʨ.

ʪʨʯʬʴʬʩʨʳʫʰʹ ʰʹ ʨʳ ʿʵʼʨˀʰ
ʨʯʬʭʹ ʳʯʬʲ ʾʨʳʬʹ, ʾʨʳʬʹ ʻʩʬʫʻʸʹ
ʨʯʨʹʴʨʰʸʰ ʼʰʽʸʰ ʨ˄ʭʬʩʨ
ʳʰʹ ʪʻʲʹ ʭʨʷʱʨ˂ʻʸʹ ʬˆʲʨ ˄ʨʳʬʩʻʲʹ.

ʳʨʪʸʨʳ ʬʲʬʭʨ ˆʬʲˀʰ ˃ʨʲ-ʾʵʴʬ

ʫʨ ʹʰʱʭʫʰʲʰʹ ˄ʰʴ ʨʴʫʬʸ˃ʹʨ ʹʺʵʭʬʩʹ,
ʨʹʬʯʰʹ ʯˆʵʭʴʰʯ ʫʨ ʪʻʲ˄ʸʼʬʲʵʩʰʯ
ʳʰʳʨʸʯʨʭʹ ʰʪʰ ʯʨʭʰʹ ʳʬʪʵʩʸʬʩʹ:

ʳʵˆʻ˂ ʫʬʫ-ʳʨʳʨʹ ʪʨʫʨʬ˂ʰ ˁʬʳʰ ʨʴʫʬʸ˃ʰ:

ʳʰʱʻʸʯˆʬʩʰʴʵʹ ʬʸʯʳʨ ʸʨʴʪʰ,3) ʳʬʵʸʬʳ ʶʻʸʰ.
˂ʵʲʹ ʭʬˆʭʬ˄ʬʩʰ ʫʨʳʰʮʨʸʫʵʹ ˀʭʰʲʬʩʰ ʱʨʸʪʨʫ
ʫʨ ʨʸ ʫʨʳ˄ʿʭʰʺʵʹ ʨʳ ʨʴʫʬʸ˃ʮʬ ʰʳʨʴʨ˂ ʪʻʲʰ.

ˁʬʳ ʲʵʳ-ʪʻʲ ˃ʳʬʩʹʨ ʭʻʨʴʫʬʸ˃ʬʩ, ʸʵʳ ʰʨʸʨʾʹʨ

ʳʵʻʨʸʵʴ, ˀʬʰʴʨˆʵʴ, ʸʵʪʵʸ˂ ʯʭʰʹ ˀʭʰʲʰ,
ʫʬʩʹ ʪʨʫʨʬ˂ʰʯ, ʴʨ˄ʴʨʭʬʩʰ ʱʨʸʪʨʫ ʪʨˀʨʲʵʴ,
˂ʸʬʳʲʰʯ ˀʬʨʳʱʵʴ ʳʵʴʨʫʰʸʬ ,,ʩʨʰʲ-ʩʬʯʽʰʲʰ³

ʹʨʿʭʨʸʬʲʳʨ ˁʬʳʳʨ ʸ˃ʨʲʳʨ ʺʻʸʼʨ ʯʨʳʨʸʳʨ

ʫʨʳʰʺʸʰʨʲʵʹ ʭʰʯ ˄ʬʹʰʨ ʳʨʸ˂ˆʴʰʯ ʲʬˁʨʽʰ,
ʫʨʾʭʨʸʵʹ ʫʨʳʹˆʭʸʬʻʲ ˃ʭʲʬʩʹ ˂ʸʬʳʲʰ ʳʫʻʾʨʸʬ,
ʸʵʳ ʪʻʲʹ ʨʸ ʫʨʸˁʬʹ ʳ˄ʻˆʨʸʬʩʰʹ ʸʨʰʳʬ ʲʨʽʰ.

ʨʳˆʨʴʨʪʬʩʹ ʫʨ ʪʻʲʰʯʨʫ ˁʬʳʹʨ ʳʬʪʵʩʸʬʩʹ

ʪʯˆʵʭʯ ʪʨʳʨʪʵʴʵʯ ʬʸʯˆʬʲ ʳʨʰʴ˂ ˁʭʬʴʰ ʼʬʸˆʻʲʰ,
438
 ˀʬʳʵʳ˃ʨˆʵʯ ˁʭʬʴʬʩʻʸʰ ʳ˄ʻˆʨʸʬ ʮʨʸʰ,
ʹʵʼʬʲʳʨ ʱʻʩʵ ʪʨʳʰʱʬʯʵʹ ʨʸ ʫʨʳ˄ʿʫʬʹ ʪʻʲʰ.

ʪʬʳˀʭʰʫʵʩʬʩʰʯ ʯʽʭʬʴ: ʫʨʲʬʩʵ, ʲʨʾʴʵ ˇʰˆʭʬʩʵ,

ʯʽʭʬʴ˂ ʳʬʪʵʩʸʬʩʵ, ʳʬʮʵʩʲʬʩʵ, ʹʭʨʴʬʯʰʹ ʳʯʨʴʵ,
ʺʱʩʰʲʵ ʨʾʳʮʸʫʬʲʵ ˀʬʴ ʹʨʳˀʵʩʲʵ ʯʭʰʯʵʴ ʹʭʨʴʬʯʵ,
ʯʽʭʬʴʨ˂ ʳˀʵʩʲʬʩʵ, ʹʨʿʭʨʸʬʲʴʵ ʫʨʴʵ ʫʨ ˃ʳʨʴʵ.

ʸʨ ʪʨʨʯʨʭʨ ʬʹ ʹʰʺʿʭʬʩʰ ʳʱʭʬʯʸʰ, ʩʬʯʽʰʲʳʨ

ʼʬʸˆʻʲʰʹ ˆʳʨˀʰ ʳʵʹ˄ʿʫʨ ʰʪʰ ʳˀʵʩʲʰʻʸ ʱʲʫʬʬʩʹ,
ˆʨʲˆʳʨ ʨʱʸʰʩʨ ʫʨʳʹˆʭʸʬʻʲʰ ʳʰʹʰ ˂ˆʬʫʨʸʰ
ʫʨ ˇʨʲʨʭʬʸʰʯ ʳʰʻʺʨʴʬʹ ʳ˄ʻˆʨʸʬ ʳˀʵʩʲʬʩʹ.

ʫʾʬʹʨ˂ ʼʬʸˆʻʲˀʰ ʰʹʳʰʹ ʽʬʩʨ ʭʨʷʱʨ˂ ʩʬʯʽʰʲʰʹ,

ʳʰʹ ʩʬʫʰʹ ˄ʬʸʨʹ ʫʨˈʽʭʰʯʰʴʬʩʹ ˁʵʴʪʻʸʮʬʫ ʽʨʲʰ
ʨʳ ʹʰʳʾʬʸʨˀʰ ʳʬ ˀʬʭʰ˂ʴʬ ʹʭʨʴʯʨ ˇʨʭʨʸʰ
ʫʨ ˀʻʸʰʹ ʪʬʩʨ ʪʨ˄ʩʰʲʬʩʻʲ ʽʨʲ˄ʻʲʰ ʫʨʲʰʹ.

1) ʿʭʬʲʰʬʸʰʹ ʨʾʬʩʰʹ ʫʾʬʹʨʹ˄ʨʻʲʰ, ʨʴʻ ʿʬʰʴʵʩʨ.

2) ʳʻʲʨˆʰʹ ʯʬʳʰʹ ʬʸʯʰ ʹʵʼʬʲʰʹ ʹʨˆʬʲʰʨ, ʳʫʬʩʨʸʬʵʩʹ ʯʭʬʯʴʻʲʫʰʹ ʳʯʰʹ
˃ʰʸˀʰ.
3) ʯʨʼʲʰʹʨʪʨʴ ʪʨʱʬʯʬʩʻʲʰ ʹʨʹʳʬʲʰ.

–ˆŒ€€ ˆ
ˇʰˆʭʰ ʹʭʨʴʬʯʰʹ ʳʯʬʩˀʰ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . 1-14

ˇʰˆʭʮʬ ʴʨʫʰʸʵʩʨʹʯʨʴ ʫʨʱʨʭˀʰʸʬʩʻʲʰ ˆʨʲˆʻʸʰ ʮʴʬ-

ˁʭʬʻʲʬʩʨʴʰ . . . . 15-27

ˇʰˆʭʮʬ ʴʨʫʰʸʵʩʨʹʯʨʴ ʫʨʱʨʭˀʰʸʬʩʻʲʰ ʲʬʪʬʴʫʬʩʰ . . . . . . . . . . . . .

. . . . . 27-43

439
„‚Œ€¢„ ‚€Šˆ€Œˆ Ž‘Šˆ£ˆ¢ˆ‰€

†€ ƒŠ€–ˆ. (…€Œ„‡ˆ)46

ʮʨʸʨʲʰ ʳʫʰʴʨʸʰʹʨʪʨʴ. ʨʳ ʹʵʼʲʰʹʯʨʴʨ ʪʨ˅ʰʸʭʬʩʨˀʰ ʨʸ˂

ʬʸʯʰ ʹʵʼʬʲʰ ʨʸ ʨʸʰʹ ʳʯʬʲʹ ʹʭʨʴʬʯˀʰ. ʹʨʮʵʪʨʫʵʫ ʬʹ ʹʵʼʬʲʰ
ʿʭʬʲʨʼʸʰʯ ʻʩʬʫʻʸʰʨ, ʨʳ ʹʵʼʲʰʹ ʨˆʲʵ ˁʸʫʰʲʵʬʯʰʫʪʨʴ
ˁʨʳʵʫʰʹ ʬʸʯʰ ʳʫʰʴʨʸʬ, ʸʵʳʬʲʹʨ˂ Äʺʭʰʩʸʨʹ³ ʬ˃ʨˆʰʨʴ, ʰʿʵ ʫʸʵ,
ʸʵʫʬʹʨ˂ ʨʳ Äʺʭʰʩʸʨʳ³ ˄ʨʲʬʱʨ ʳʸʨʭʨʲʰ ʳʵʹʨˆʲʬ, ʸʨʹʨ˂ ʨʳʺʱʰ˂ʬʩʹ
ʹʨˆʲʰʹ ʴʨʨʴʪʸʬʭʬʩʰ ʫʨ ˂ʰˆʰʹ ʴʨˆʬʭʨʸʰ ʱʬʫʬʲʰ ʨʳ Äʺʭʰʩʸʨˀʰ³.
ʬˆʲ˂-ʱʰ ʿʵʭʬʲ ʮʨʼˆʻʲʵʩʰʯ ʳʵʬʲʰʨʴ ʨʳʰʹʯʨʴʨ ˀʬʳʯˆʭʬʭʨʹ,
ʸʨʫʪʨʴʨ˂ ʮʨʼˆʻʲˀʰ ʫʰʫʰ ˄ʿʨʲʰ ˁʨʳʵʫʰʹ ʫʨ ʳʰʨʽʭʹ ʽʭʬʰʯ. ʨʳ
ʹʵʼʲʰʹ ʳʵʹʨˆʲʬʬʩʰʹ ʬʮʵʬʩʰ ʫʨ ʿʨʴʬʩʰ ʸʵʳ ʹʻʲ ˄ʨʨʸʯʭʨ ʫʨ ʰʹ
ʨʸʰʹ! ʹʨ˄ʿʨʲʰ ʳʵʹʨˆʲʬʬʩʰ ʻʯʳʵʩʬʴ ʫʨ ʻʯʳʵʩʬʴ ʨʫʪʰʲʹ ʯʨʭʰʹ
ʳʺʬʸʹʨ ʫʨ ʫʨʳʾʻʶʭʬʲʹ ʫʨ ʨʳ ʴʨʰʸʨʫ ʹʻʲ ʫʨʹʨʭʲʬʯʰʹʨʱʬʴ
ʪʨʨʽʭʯ ʹʨˆʲʬʩʰ, ʸʨʫʪʨʨʴ˂ ʰʽʰʯ ʳʰ˄ʨ ˇʬʸ-ˇʬʸʵʩʰʯ ʻʼʸʵ

46
ʪʨʮʬʯʰ Äʰʭʬʸʰʨ³ʵʽʺʵʳʩʬʸʰ, 1904 ˄ʬʲʰ, ʪʭ., 3.

440
ʳʨʪʸʨʫʨʨ; ʪʨʭʨ ʸʨʳʫʬʴʰʳʬ ˄ʬʲʰ˄ʨʫʰ ʫʨ ʬʹ Äʺʭʰʩʸʨ³ ʹʻʲ
ʪʨʴʫʬʭʴʰʹ ʨʳ ʹʵʼʲʰʫʪʨʴ ʳʵʹʨˆʲʬʬʩʹ.
ʹʨʹ˄ʨʭʲʬʩʲʰʹ ʹʰˀʵʸʬ. ʳʯʬʲ ʹʵʼʬʲˀʰ, ʹʨ˂ʨ ʵʸʨʹ ʹʻʲʨʳʫʬ
ʱʨ˂ʰʨ, ʵʸʰʹ ʳʬʺʰ ʸ ʳʵʰ˃ʬʩʴʬʩʨ ʰʳʰʹʯʨʴʨ, ʸʵʳ ʽʨʸʯʻʲ-ʸʻʹʻʲʨʫ
˄ʬʸʨ-ʱʰʯˆʭʨ ʰ˂ʵʫʬʹ. ʵʸʰʹ ʳʬʺʹ ʨʸʨʭʰʹ ˈʿʨʭʹ ˀʭʰʲʰ ʫʨ ʨʸ˂
ʴʨʯʬʹʨʭʰ ʹʨʹ˄ʨʭʲʬʩʬʲˀʰ; ʯʻʳ˂ʨ ʹʵʼʲʰʹ ʱʲʨʹʰʹ ʪʨʸʫʨʹʨˆʨʫʹ
ʰˆʫʰʹ, ʳʨʪʸʨʳ ʹʨʸʪʬʩʲʵʩʰʯ ʱʰ ʨʸʨʼʬʸʹ ʹʨʸʪʬʩʲʵʩʬʴ, ʸʨ ʨʸʰʹ
ʳʰʮʬʮʰ ʻʹʨʸʪʬʩʲʵʩʰʹʨ? ʨʳʰʹʰ ʳʰʮʬʮʰ ʰʹ ʨʸʰʹ, ʸʵʳ
ʹʨʹ˄ʨʭʲʬʩʬʲʰ ʳʵˀʵʸʬʩʻʲ ʹʵʼʬʲˀʰ ʨʸʹʬʩʵʩʹ, ʨʹʬ ʸʵʳ, ʹʵʼʬʲ
ʮʨʲʫʨˀʰʫʨʴ ʰʳ ʹʵʼʲʨʳʫʬ ʨʸʰʹ ʵʯˆʰ ʭʬʸʹʰ. ʬʹ ʪʮʨ ˀʵʸʰ ʨʸ
ʨʸʰʹ, ʳʨʪʸʨʳ ʹʨʫ ʫʨ ʸʵʪʵʸ? ʵʯˆʰʹ ʭʬʸʹʰʹ ʪʮʨʳ ʩʬʭʸʹ ʱʨ˂ʹ
ʨʹ˄ʨʭʲʨ ˅ʱʻʨ ʨʳ ʹʭʨʴʬʺˀʰ, ʹʨʫʨ˂ ʵ˂ʫʨ ˆʻʯʳʬʺ ʪʸʨʫʻʹʮʬ ʳʬʺʰʨ
ʹʰ˂ʰʭʬ. ʨʽʨʻʸʰ ʪʮʬʩʰ ˆʵʳ ʰʳʰʹʯʨʴʨ ʻʩʬʫʻʸʰʨ, ʸʵʳ ʿʵʭʬʲ
ʴʨʩʰˇʮʬ ʱʨ˂ʰ ʻʴʫʨ ʹʰʱʭʫʰʲʹ ʬʲʵʫʬʹ ʮʨʳʯʨʸˀʰ; ʰʳʰʹʯʨʴʨ
ʨʾʳʨʸʯ-ʫʨʾʳʨʸʯʰʨ, ʸʵʳ ʳʻʫʨʳ ˀʰˀˀʰ ˆʨʸʯ, ʨʰ, ʬˆʲʨ ˁʨʳʵʭʨ
ʮʭʨʭʰ ʫʨ ʨʰ ʬˆʲʨʵ.
ʹʨ˅ʰʸʵʨ ʹʨʹ˄ʨʭʲʬʩʲʰʹ ʻʼʸʵ ʨˆʲʵʹ ʫʨʨʸʹʬʩʨ. ʯˆʵʭʴʨ ʨʽʭʹ
ʫʰʸʬʽ˂ʰʨˀʰ ˀʬʺʨʴʰʲʰ ʳʻʲʨˆʰʹ ʵʸ-ʱʲʨʹʰʨʴ ʹʨʹ˄ʨʭʲʬʩʲʰʹ
ʹʨʾʳʸʯʵ ʹʱʵʲʰʹ ʳʨʹ˄ʨʭʲʬʩʬʲʹ ʳʾ. ʫ. ʳʨʸʫʭʰʨʴʹ ʫʨ ʨʳʨʭʬ
ʹʨʹ˄ʨʭʲʬʩʲʰʹ ʮʬʫʨʳˆʬʫʭʬʲʹ ʩ. ʱ. ˇʻʾʬʲʹ, ʸʵʳ ʬʸʯʰ ʹʱʵʲʨ
ʫʨʨʸʹʫʬʹ ˂ʨʲʱʬ ʵʯˆʰʹ ʹʵʼʲʰʹʨʯʭʰʹ. ʬʹ ʹʵʼʲʬʩʰʨ ʮʨʸʫʲʨˀʰ,
ʳʻʸˀʭʬʸʰ, ʵʸ˂ˆʬʲʰ ʫʨ ʾʭʬʩʸʨ.
„‚. ‚. ‚€Šˆ€Œˆ.

€“€ ‡…„Š, †„‹ …€Œ„‡ˆ 47

ʽʻʸʫʵʩʨ-ʨʭʨʮʨʱʵʩʨ. ʹʨʳ˄ʻˆʨʸʵʫ, ʨʳ ʻʱʨʴʨʹʱʴʬʲ ʫʸʵʹ

ʹʭʨʴʬʯˀʰ ʪʨʭʸ˂ʬʲʫʨ ʽʻʸʫʵʩʨ ʫʨ ʨʭʮʨʱʵʩʨ. ʳʨʸʺʵ ʮʬʳʵ-
ʹʭʨʴʬʯˀʰ, ʫʨʴʨʳʫʭʰʲʬʩʰʯ, ʵ˂ʰ ʱʨ˂ʰ ʰʽʴʬʩʨ ʿʨˁʨʾʰ. ʳʰʮʬʮʰ ʰʹ
ʨʸʰʹ, ʸʵʳ ʹʭʨʴʬʯˀʰ ˇʬʸ ʱʰʫʬʭ ʹʰʩʴʬʲʬ ʫʨ ʪʨʻʴʨʯʲʬʩʲʵʩʨʨ.
ʹʭʨʴʰ ʯʨʭʰʹ ʫʾʬˀʰ ʨʸ ʫʨʰʭʰ˄ʿʬʩʹ ʯʨʭʰʹ ˄ʰʴʨʶʨʸʯʨ ˀʬʻʸʨ˂ˆʿʵʼʨʹ

47
ʪʨʮʬʯʰ Äʰʭʬʸʰʨ³ʴʵʬʳʩʬʸʰ, 1904. ʪʭ., 2.

441
ʫʨ ʨʳʰʺʵʳʨ˂ ʪʨˆˀʰʸʫʨ ʱʨ˂ʰʹ ʱʭʲʨ ʫʨ ʹʰʹˆʲʰ ʾʭʸʨ. ... ˂ʸʻ
ʳʵ˄ʳʬʩʰʯ ʯʨʭʰ ʰʳʨʸʯʲʵʴ.
ʹʨʹ˄ʨʭʲʬʩʲʰʹ ʹʨʽʳʬ. ʬʹ ʳʬʯʵʸʳʬʺʬ ˄ʬʲʰ˄ʨʫʰ ʰʽʴʬʩʨ, ʸʨ˂
ʹʭʨʴʬʯˀʰ ʶʰʸʭʬʲʰ ʹʨʹ˄ʨʭʲʬʩʬʲʰ ʫʨʨʸʹʫʨ, ʫʰʫʰʹ ʩʸ˃ʵʲʰʯʨ ʫʨ
ʨʪ˅ʰʸʭʬʩʰʯ. ʸʵ˂ʨ ʹʨʭʨʴʬʩʳʨ ʪʨʰʪʬʹ, ʳʯʨʭʸʵʩʨʳ ʹʨʹ˄ʨʭʲʬʩʲʰʹ
ʫʨʨʸʹʬʩʨ ʰʹʻʸʭʨʵ, ʬʸʯʰ ʨʲʰʨʽʵʯʰ ʳʵʨˆʫʰʴʬʹÄʨʸ ʪʭʰʴʫʨ ˁʭʬʴ
ʸʻʹʻʲʰ ʶʸʨˀʴʰ-ʶʸʻˀʴʰʵ, ʨʳʩʵʩʫʴʬʴ, ˁʭʬʴ ʳʨʳʨ-ʶʨʶʨʻʸʨʫ ʫʨ
˃ʭʬʲʬʩʻʸʨʫ ʪʭʰʴʫʨ ʭʰ˂ˆʵʭʸʵʯʵ³. ʨˆʲʨ˂ ʿʵʭʬʲ ˀʬʳʵʫʪʵʳʨʮʬ
ʳʨʹ˄ʨʭʲʬʩʲʬʩʰ ʩʵʽʨʻʲʰʹ ˀʬʳ˄ʬʵʩʰʯ ʬ˃ʬʩʬʴ ʩʨʭˀʭʬʩʹ, ʳʨʪʸʨʳ
ʸʨʫʪʨʴʨ˂ ʭʬʸʨʼʬʸʹ ʪʨˆʫʬʴ, ʫʨʨʫʪʰʴʬʹ ˇʨʸʰʳʨ. ʨʳ ˇʨʸʰʳʰʹ
ʪʨʫʨˆʫʨ ʹʭʨʴʰʹʨʯʭʰʹ ˀʬʻ˃ʲʬʩʬʲʰʨ ʫʨ ʨʳʰʹ ˀʰˀʰʯ ʩʨʭˀʭʰʹ
ʹʨʹ˄ʨʭʲʬʩʬʲˀʰ ʳʰ˂ʬʳʨʹ ʨʸˁʬʭʬʴ, ʳʨʪʸʨʳ ʬʸʯ ʫʾʬʹ Äʻˁʬʴʰʱʰ´
ʳʬʵʸʬ ʫʾʬʹ ʳ˄ʿʬʳʹʰ ʩʨʭˀʭʰ ʭʬʸʨʼʬʸʹ ʭʬʸ ʹ˄ʨʭʲʵʩʹ. ʨʳʨʹ ʱʰ
ʹʭʨʴʬʩʰ ʳʨʹ˄ʨʭʲʬʩʬʲʹ ʨʩʸʨʲʬʩʬʴ. ʳʨʸʯʨʲʰʨ, ʳʨʹ˄ʨʭʲʬʩʲʬʩʰ ʭʬʸ
ʨʹʸʻʲʬʩʬʴ ʯʨʭʰʨʴʯ ʭʨʲʫʬʩʻʲʬʩʨʹ ʰʹʬ, ʸʵʪʵʸ˂ ˄ʬʹʰ ʫʨ ʸʰʪʰʨ,
ʳʨʪʸʨʳ ʳʨʰʴ˂ ʭʬʸ ʪʨʭʨʳʺʿʻʴʬʩ, ʸʨʫʪʨʴʨ˂ ʭʰ˂ʰ, ʸʨ ʳʫʪʵʳʨʸʬʵʩʨˀʰ
ʨʸʰʨʴ ʨʽʨʻʸʰ ʳʨʹ˄ʨʭʲʬʩʲʬʩʰʫʨ ʳʵ˄ʨʼʬʴʰ. ʳʨʰʴ˂ ʹʨ˅ʰʸʵʨ, ʸʨ˂
ˀʬʰ˃ʲʬʩʨ, ʻʼʸʵ ʪʻʲʳʵʫʪʰʴʬʫ ʳʵʬʱʰʫʴʬʴ ʹʨʽʳʬʹ
ʳʨʹ˄ʨʭʲʬʩʬʲʴʰ ʨʳ ʪʨʻʴʨʯʲʬʩʬʲ ˆʨʲˆˀʰ ʫʨ ʨʸ ʨˈʿʭʴʬʴ ʰʳʨʯ
ʪʨʻʪʬʩʲʵʩʨʹ. ʸʨʳ ʻʴʫʨ ʻˀʭʬʲʵʹ ʨʳ ʿʵʭʲʰʹʼʸʰʯ ʫʨ˂ʬʳʻʲ
ʳˆʨʸʬʹ, ʯʻ ʨʸʨ ʹ˄ʨʭʲʨʳ ʫʨ ʪʨʴʭʰʯʨʸʬʩʨʳ? ʹ˄ʨʭʲʰʯʨ ʫʨ
ʪʨʴʭʰʯʨʸʬʩʰʯ ʱʰ ʿʵʭʬʲ ʳˆʨʸʬʮʬʫ ʹʨʽʨʸʯʭʬʲʵˀʰ ʻʱʨʴ
ˁʨʳʵʸˁʬʴʰʲʰ ʬʹʨʨ.
ˀʰʳˀʰʲʰ ʫʨ ʻʼʻʲʵʩʨ ʨʸ˂ ʬʸʯʹ ʱʻʯˆʬʹ ʹ ʨʽʨʸʯʭʬʲʵˀʰ ʨʸ
ʨ˄ʻˆʬʩʹ ʰʹʬ, ʸʵʪʵʸ˂ ʹʭʨʴʬʩʹ. ʨʳʰʹ ʪʨʸʫʨ, ʨʯʨʹʵʩʰʯ ʸʵʳ ˆʨʲˆʰ
ʰˆʵ˂ʬʩʵʫʬʹ, ʹʨˀʭʬʲʰ ʨʸʹʨʰʫʨʴ ʨʸʨʨ ʳʰʹʯʭʰʹ, ʸʨʫʪʨʴʨ˂ ʽʰʴʨʽʰʴʰʹ
ʳʬʺʹ ʭʬʸʨʼʬʸ ˄ʨʳʨʲʹ ʭʬʸ ˀʵʻʲʵʩʬʴ. ʻʩʬʫʻʸʵʩʨ ʰʹʨʨ, ʸʵʳ
ʰʳʨʹʨ˂ ʭʬʸ ˀʵʻʲʵʩʬʴ, ʸʨʫʪʨʴʨ˂ ʳʯʬʲ ʹʭʨʴʬʯʹ ˈʿʨʭʹ ʬʸʯʰ ʬʽʰʳʰ
ʫʨ ʬʸʯʰ ʼʬʸˀʨʲʰ. ʬʽʰʳʰ ʱʰ ʹʨʳʰʹ ʯʭʰʹ ʳʬʺʹ ʨʸ ʬʳʹʨˆʻʸʬʩʨ
ʹʭʨʴʬʯʹ, ʸʨʫʪʨʴʨ˂ ʨʸʨ ʨʽʭʹ ʨʽ ʹʨˆʲʰ ʫʨ ʨʸ˂ ʰʳʫʬʴʰ ˇʨʳʨʪʰʸʰ, ʸʵʳ
ʯʨʭʰ ˀʬʰʴˆʵʹ.
ʹʰʾʨʸʰʩʰʹʨ ʫʨ ʻʼʻʲʵʩʰʹ ʪʨʳʵ ʹʭʨʴʬʩʰ ʮʨʳʯʸʵʩʰʯ
ʹʨʳʻˀʨʵʫ ʫʨʫʰʨʴ ʹˆʭʨ ʫʨ ʹˆʭʨ ʳˆʨʸʬʬʩˀʰ, ʹʨʫʨ˂ ʳʻˀʨʵʩʬʴ ʫʾʬˀʰ
20-50 ʱ. ʫʨ ʻʪʮʵʵʩʰʹ ʳʰʮʬʮʰ ʱʰ, ʸʵʫʬʹʨ˂ ʫʰʫ ˆʨʴʹ ʪʨʸʬʫ
ʴʨʳʿʵʼʴʰ, ʵˇʨˆʵʩʰʹ ʴʨˆʭʰʹ ʴʨʺʭʸʰʯ ʹʨʭʹʬʴʰ, ʳʵʫʰʨʴ ʯʨʭʰʹ
ʽʭʬʿʨʴʨˀʰ, ʹʨˆʲˀʰ ʳʰʹʭʲʨʳʫʬ ʰʾʻʶʬʩʰʨʴ ʳʯʨʮʬ ʮʭʨʭʰʯʨ ʫʨ
442
ʩʻʽʰʯ. ʨʰ, ʨʳʰʹʯʨʴʨ ʳʫʪʵʳʨʸʬʵʩʨˀʰ ʪʨˆʲʨʭʯ ʫʾʬʹ-ʫʾʬʰʹʵʩʰʯ
ʬʹ ʾʭʯʰʹʨʪʨʴ ʫʨʭʰ˄ʿʬʩʻʲʰ ʳˆʸʬ.

„‚. ‚. ‚€Šˆ€Œˆ.

€“€ ‡…„Š †„‹ …€Œ„‡ˆ, ˆ¢€Šˆ„Šˆ ‹‚†€‘ ˆ, -

‹”….‚. ‹€ ‚ˆ€Œˆ. - ’. €ƒˆ–ˆ48

ʨʳ ʮʨʼˆʻʲʹ ʪʭʬʹʺʻʳʸʨ ʬʸʯʰ ʻ˂ˆʵ ʽʭʬʿʴʰʹ ʳʵʪʮʨʻʸʰ,

ʺʵʳʰʯ ʰʺʨʲʰʬʲʰ. ˃ʨʲʰʨʴ ʳʵʰ˄ʵʴʨ ʨʽʨʻʸʰ ˈʨʬʸʰ ʫʨ ʩʻʴʬʩʨ,
ˀʬʨʫʨʸʨ ˀʭʬʰ˂ʨʸʰʨʹ ʫʨ ʨʳʩʵʩʫʨ Äʭʰʴ˂ ʹʭʨʴʬʯˀʰ ʨʸ ʿʵʼʰʲʨ, ʰʹ
ʱʨʭʱʨʹʰʨˀʰ ʴʨʳʿʵʼʨʫ ʨʸ ˁʨʰʯʭʲʬʩʨʵ³. ˁʭʬʴʬʩʻʸʳʨ ˄ʬʹ-
˄ʿʵʩʰʲʬʩʨʳ ʫʨ ˆʨʲˆʰʹ ʳʫʪʵʳʨʸʬʵʩʨʳ ʱʰ ʳʬʺʰʹ-ʳʬʺʨʫ ˀʬʨ˄ʻˆʨ,
ʫʨʨʾʵʴʨ ʫʨ ˁʨʻˀˆʨʳʨ ʹʰʨʳʵʭʴʬʩʨ.
ʹʺʻʳʨʸʹ ʳʯʬʲʰ ʹʭʨʴʬʯʰ ʫʨʭʨʺʨʸʬ ʫʨ ʪʨʭʨ˂ʨʴʰ. ʿʭʬʲʨʮʬ
ʳʬʺʨʫ ʻʱʭʰʸʫʨ ʾʨʸʰʩʻʲʰ ˂ˆʵʭʸʬʩʨ ˆʨʲˆʰʹʨ, ʪʨʻʴʨʯʲʬʩʲʵʩʨ
ʫʨ ʹʰʩʴʬʲʬ ʳʰʹʰ, ʻʱʭʰʸʫʨ ˂ʰˆʬ-ʱʵˀʱʬʩʰʹʨ ʫʨ ˃ʭʬʲʰʹ
ʬʱʱʲʬʹʰʬʩʰʹ ʹʰʳʸʨʭʲʬ˂ʨ. ʸʵ˂ʨ ʰʺʨʲʰʬʲʳʨ ʻʱʨʴ ʫʨʩʸʻʴʬʩʨ
ʰʹʻʸʭʨ, ʳʵʰʴʫʵʳʨ ʳʨʾʨʲ ʱʲʫʬʬʩʰʹ ʻʼʸʵ ʨˆʲʵʹ ʴʨˆʭʨ.
ʪʨʻʫʬʽʰʯ ʪʮʨʹ. ʹʨʾʨʳʵʹ ʳʰʭʨʾ˄ʰʬʯ ʳʾ. ʳʨʳʨ ʪʰʵʸʪʰ ʳʨʸʪʰʨʴʰʹ
ʹʨˆʲʨʳʫʬ. ʨʳ ˄ʳʰʴʫʨ ʨʩʸʨʳʰʭʰʯ ʹʺʻʳʸʰʹ ʳʵʿʭʨʸʬʳ ˁʭʬʻʲʬʩʸʰʭʰ
ʳʨʹʶʰʴ˃ʲʵʩʨ ʪʨʪʭʰ˄ʰʨ ʫʨ ʩʬʭʸʰ ʸʨʳ ʹʨʰʴʺʬʸʬʹʵ ʪʭʰʨʳʩʵ
ʹʭʨʴʬʯʰʹʨ. ʪʰʵʸʪʰ ʳʨʸʪʰʨʴʰ, ʳʾ. ʶ. ʱʨʸʩʬʲʨˀʭʰʲʰʹ ʯʨʴʨˆʳʨʫ,
ʬʸʯʰ ʻʶʰʸʭʬʲʬʹʰ ʳʨʳʻʲʰʹ-ˀʭʰʲʰʨ, ʳʬʺʰʹ ʳʬʺʨʫ ʹʺʻʳʸʰʹ
ʳʵʿʭʨʸʬ, ʾʨʸʰʩʬʩʰʹ ˀʬʳʩʸʨʲʬʩʬʲʰ ʫʨ ʿʭʬʲʨʮʬʫ ʻˆʴʬʹʰ ʹ.
ʳʻʲʨˆˀʰ. ʹʭʨʴʬʯˀʰ ʸʵʳ ʻ˄ʰʴ ³ʶʨʶʨʩʰ´ʰʿʭʴʬʴ, ʬʹ ʪʰʵʸʪʰ ʳʨʸʪʰʨʴʰ
ʰʳʨʯ ʸʰ˂ˆʭˀʰ ʰʯʭʲʬʩʵʫʨ. 1857 ˄ʬʲʹ ˁʨʭʰʫʨ ʽʻʯʨʰʹˀʰ, ʹʨʫʨ˂
ʬʪʮʨʸˆʵʹʳʨ ʳʵʴʨʯʲʨ ʫʨ ʳʰʨʩʨʸʨ ʪʨʩ. ʬʶʰʹʱʵʶʵʮʹ. 1865 ˄ʬʲʹ ʪʨʩ.
ʬʶʰʹʱʵʶʵʮʳʨ ʳʾʭʫʲʨʯ ʨʱʻʸʯˆʨ. ˀʬʳʫʬʪ ʰʹʬʭ ʯʨʭʰʹ ʽʭʬʿʨʴʨʹ
ʳʰʻʩʸʻʴʫʨ ʫʨ ˀʬʻʫʪʨ ʽʸʰʹʺʰʨʴʵʩʰʹ ʪʨʭʸ˂ʬʲʬʩʨʹ. ʨʳ ˀʸʵʳʰʹ
ʳʵʿʭʨʸʬ ʳʵ˃ʾʭʨʸʳʨ ʪʨʻʮʨʸʫʨ ʵʯˆʰ ˀʭʰʲʰ ʹʨˀʻʨʲʵ
ʹʨʹ˄ʨʭʲʬʩʬʲˀʰ ʹʨʳˀʵʩʲʵʹ ʫʰʫʰʹ ˀʸʵʳʰʯʨ ʫʨ ʪʨ˅ʰʸʭʬʩʰʯ.

48
ʪʨʮʬʯʰ Äʰʭʬʸʰʨ³ʫʬʱʬʳʩʬʸʰ, #276, 1904 ˄ʬʲʰ ʪʭ. 2.

443
ʰʹʰʴʰ˂ ʫʾʬʹ ʯʨʭʰʹ ʿʸʻ ʳˆʨʸʬʹ ʬʳʹʨˆʻʸʬʩʰʨʴ. ʬʸʯʰʹ ʹʰʺʿʭʰʯ,
ʳʨʸʪʰʨʴʰ ʪʨʴʯʽʳʻʲʰʨ ʳʯʬʲʹ ʹʭʨʴʬʯˀʰ. ʳʾʭ. ʳʨʸʪʰʨʴʰʹ, ʸʵʪʵʸ˂
ʪʨʸʬʪʨʴʳʨ ˀʬˆʬʫʻʲʵʩʨʳ, ʨʪʸʬʫʭʬ ʬʴʬʸʪʰʻʲʳʨ ʲʨʶʨʸʨʱʳʨ ʫʨ
ʵˇʨˆʵʩʰʹ ˄ʬʹ-˄ʿʵʩʰʲʬʩʨʳ ʫʰʫʨʫ ʰʳʵʽʳʬʫʨ ʰʺʨʲʰʬʲʮʬʫ.
ʳʬʵʸʬ ʫʾʬʹ ʪʨʴʭʨʪʸ˃ʬʯ ʪʮʨ, ˄ʨʭʬʫʰʯ ʨʾʳʵʹʨʭʲʬʯʰʹʨʱʬʴ ʫʨ
ʳʰʭʬʫʰʯ ʹʵʼʬʲ ʨʫʰˀʹ. ʪʮʨʮʬʫ ʩʬʭʸʹ ʱʨʸʪʹ ʹʨʩʨʲʨˆʵʬʩʹʨ ʫʨ
ʨʫʪʰʲʬʩʹ ˀʬʭˆʭʫʰʯ, ʸʵʳʲʬʩʳʨ˂ ʨʾʺʨ˂ʬʩʨˀʰ ʳʵʰʿʭʨʴʨ
ʰʺʨʲʰʬʲʰ. ʯʵʭʲʰʨʴ ʳʨʾʨʲ ʱʲʫʬʬʩʰʹ ʻʼʸʵ ʨˆʲʵʹ ʴʨˆʭʨʳ ˆʵʳ
ʹʻʲ ʪʨʫʨʸʰʨ. ʹʨʾʨʳʵʹ ʳʰʭʬʫʰʯ ʮʬʳʵˆʹʬʴʬʩʻʲ ʹʵʼʬʲˀʰ,
ʸʵʳʬʲʰ˂ ˇʵˇʵˆʬʯʹ ʳʵʪʨʪʵʴʬʩʯ. ˂ʰʹ ʳʬʺʹ ʨʳ ʹʵʼʲʰʫʨʴ
ʭʬʸʨʼʬʸʹ ʫʨʰʴʨˆʨʭʯ, ʸʨʫʪʨʴʨ˂ ʪʨʸˀʬʳʵ ʰʸʪʭʲʰʭ ʱʲʫʬʬʩʰ
ʨʸʺʿʰʨ ʫʨ ˅ʨʹʨ ˈʪʨʭʹ. ʰʺʨʲʰʬʲʹ ˃ʨʲʰʨʴ ʻʱʭʰʸʫʨ ʨʳ ʹʵʼʲʰʹ
ʨʳʩʨʭʰ ʫʨ ʪʨʸʬʳʵʬʩʨ: ʸʨʯ ʫʨʹʨˇʨ ʾʳʬʸʯʳʨ ʫʨ ʹʨʰʫʪʨʴ ʪʨʳʵʨʨ˄ʬʹʨ
ʨʽ ʬʹ ʹʨ˄ʿʨʲʰ ˆʨʲˆʰʵ. ʻʱʭʰʸʫʨ ʨʪʸʬʫʭʬ, ʯʻ ʸʨʴʨʰʸʨʫ ʰʸˁʬʴʬʴ
ʯʨʭʹʨ, ʸʵʫʬʹʨ˂ ʽʬʸʰʹ ʳʬʺʰ ʭʬʸ˂ ʬʸʯʰ ʳ˂ʬʴʨʸʬ ʭʬʸ ʳʵʨʹ˄ʸʬʩʹ
ˆʵʲʳʬ ʫʨʳ˄ʰʼʬʩʨʹ, ʸʨʫʪʨʴʨ˂ ˂ʰʭʰ ʫʨ ʯʵʭʲʰʨʴʰ ʱʲʫʬʬʩʰ
ʯʨʭʮʬʫ ʫʨʹ˂ʽʬʸʰʹ ʫʨ ˁʨʳʵʯʵʭʹ ˆʵʲʳʬ ʳʨˀʰʴ, ʸʵʫʬʹʨ˂ ʨʸ˂ ʬʹ
ʽʬʸʰʨ ˀʬʳʵʹʻʲʰ. ʨʳʴʨʰʸʨʯ ʹʨ˄ʿʨʲ ʳʨ˂ˆʵʭʸʬʩʲʬʩʹ ʺʿʭʰʲʨʫ
ʬʱʨʸʪʬʩʨʯ ˀʸʵʳʨ. ˃ʨʲʰʨʴ ʻʱʭʰʸʫʨʯ ˁʭʬʴʰ ʪʨʸʬʪʴʵʩʨ, ʸʨʫʪʨʴ
³ʬʭʸʵʶʰʻʲ´ ʺʨʴʹʨ˂ʳʬʲʰʨʴʰ ʱʨ˂ʰ ʯʨʭʰʹ ʫʾʬˀʰ ʻʳʬʺʬʹ ʴʨ˄ʰʲʹ
ʰʳʨʯʪʨʴʹ ʨʸ ʻʴʨˆʨʭʹ. ʩʰʴʨ ʭʹʯˆʵʭʬʯ, ʳʨʪʸʨʳ ʹʨʴʨʳʫʰ ʨʸ ʳʰ˂ʴʬʹ ʫʨ
ʨʸ ʪʨʰʪʬʹ, ʸʵʳ ʹʭʨʴʰ ʭʰʿʨʭʰ, ʳʨʴʨʳʫʬ ʻʨʸʮʬʫ ʰʫʪʴʬʴ: ʩʨʺʵʴʵ, ʹʨʫ
ʪʭʨʽʭʹ ʯʽʭʬʴʰ ʹʨʱʨʫʸʰ ʩʰʴʨʵ. ʳˆʵʲʵʫ ʸʵ˂ʨ ʳʰ˂ʴʬʹ, ʰʳʨʯ
ʹʰˆʨʸʻʲʹ ʹʨʮʾʭʨʸʰ ʨʸʨ ˈʽʵʴʫʨ ʫʨ ʳʨʲʬ˂ ʫʨʪʭʨʩʰʴʨʭʬʹ.
ʳʨʳʨʹʨˆʲʰʹʰ ʳʵʪʭʰʿʭʨʴʬʹ. ʳʨʳʨʹʨˆʲʰʹʳʨ ʫʰʳʰʺʸʰʳ ʯʭʨʲ ˄ʰʴ
ʫʨʪʭʰˆʨʺʨ ʯʨʭʰʨʴʯʰ ˂ˆʵʭʸʬʩʨ ʫʨ ʳʫʪʵʳʨʸʬʵʩʨ. ʶʰʸʭʬʲʰ ʰʳʨʯʰ
ʹʨˁʰʭʨʸʰ ʻʳʾʭʫʬʲʵʩʨ ʰʿʵ, ʸʰʹ ʪʨʳʵ˂ ʨʽ, ʸʵʪʵʸ˂ ʫʰʳʰʺʸʰ
ʨʳʩʵʩʫʨ, ʬʱʲʬʹʰʬʩʰʹ ʱʨʸʬʩʰ ˆʨʲˆʹ ʨʸ ʻʴʨˆʨʭʹʵ. ʻʳʬʺʬʹʰ ʴʨ˄ʰʲʰ
ʻʮʰʨʸʬʩʲʨʯ ʻʳʾʭʫʬʲʵʯ ʰʳʨʸˆʬʩʨ. ʫʰʳʰʺʸʰʳ ʪʭʯˆʵʭʨ,
ʽʨʾʨʲʫʰ ʳʰʪʭʬʸʯʳʰʨ ˆʬʲʳ˄ʰʼʬʹʯʨʴ, ʸʵʳ ʨʴ ʻʸʰʵʩʰʹ ʴʬʩʨ
ʳʵʪʭ˂ʬʹʵ, ʨʴ ʫʨ ʽʸʰʹʺʰʨʴ ˆʨʲˆʰʹ ˄ʬʹ-˄ʿʵʩʰʲʬʩʨʮʬ ʫʨ ʶʰʸʵʩʨʮʬ
ʫʨʪʭʨʿʬʴʵʹʵ. ʳʾʭʫʬʲʰ ʱʰ ˈʿʵʲʰʨ ʨʳ ʹʵʼʬʲʹʨ˂, ʳʨʪʸʨʳ ʰʳʿʵʼʬʩʨ
ʰʹʬʯ ʳʵˀʵʸʬʩʻʲ ʹʵʼʲʬʩˀʰ, ʸʵʳ ʿʵʭʲʨʫ ˀʬʻ˃ʲʬʩʬʲʰʨ,
ʬʳʹʨˆʻʸʵʹ ʨʳ ʹʵʼʬʲʹ, ʸʨʫʪʨʴʨ˂ ʨʳ ʹʵʼʲʬʩʹ ˀʻʨ ʹʨʮʵʪʨʫʵʯ
ʮʨʳʯʨʸˀʰ ʸʨʳʫʬʴʰʳʬ ʯʭʰʹ ʪʨʴʳʨʭʲʵʩʨˀʰ ʪʮʩʰ ʫʨʱʨʭʬʩʻʲʰʨ ʫʨ,

444
ʨʸʨʳ˂ ʯʻ ʱʨ˂ʰ, ʨʸʨʳʬʫ ˁʰʺʰ˂ ʭʬʸ ʪʨʫʨʼʸʰʴʫʬʩʨ ʬʸʯʰʫʨʴ
ʳʬʵʸʬˀʰ.

„‚Œ. ‚. ‚Šˆ€Œˆ.

…€Œ„‡ˆ49

ʹʭʨʴʬʯʰ. ʨʳʨʹ ˄ʰʴʨʯ ˀʰˀʱʬʭʰˁʳʨ ʫʬʶʻʺʨ˂ʰʨ ʫʨʰʩʨʸʨ ʮʬʳʵ

ʹʭʨʴʬʯʰʫʨʴ; ʯʨʭʰʹʻʼʨʲ ʹʭʨʴʬʯˀʰ ʯʰʯʵ ʹʨʮʵʪʨʫʵʬʩʰʫʨʴ
ʪʨʳʵʰʸˁʰʬʹ ʵʯˆ-ʵʯˆʰ ʱʨ˂ʰ ʫʨ ˀʭʰʫʰ ʹʨʮʵʪʨʫʵʬʩʰʹ ʫʬʶʻʺʨ˂ʰʨ
1 ʨʳ ʯʭʬʹ ʪʨʳʵʬʳʪʮʨʭʸʬʴ ʽʭʬʳʵ ʹʭʨʴʬʯʰʹʨʱʬʴ, ʹʨʫʨ˂ ʨʳʷʨʳʨʫ
ʰʳʿʵʼʬʩʨ ˀʰˀʱʬʭʰˁʰ ʫʬʶʻʺʨ˂ʰʰʹ ʸʰ˂ˆʭˀʰ ʨʸʰʨʴ ʨʪʸʬʯʭʬ
ʨʫʪʰʲʵʩʸʰʭʰ ʳʾʭʫʲʬʩʰ ± ʫʨʸʰʹʶʨʴ ʳʨʸʪʰʨʴʰ ʫʨ ʩʬʹʨʸʰʵʴ
ʴʰʷʨʸʨ˃ʬ. ʨʳ ʫʬʶʻʺʨʺʬʩʳʨ ˀʬʳʫʬʪʰ ʫʨʫʪʬʴʰʲʬʩʨ ʪʨʳʵʰʺʨʴʬʹ
ˀʰˀʱʬʭʰˁʰʹ ʳʵʹʨˆʹʬʴʬʩʲʨʯ: ʰʨʸʨʾʰʹ ˀʬʹʨˆʬʩ ʻʯˆʸʬʹ, ʸʵʳ ʰʨʸʨʾʰ
ʭʰʯʵʳ ʯʨʭʰʹʻʼʨʲ ʹʭʨʴʬʯˀʰ ʨʸʨʭʰʹ ʽʵʴʫʬʹ ʫʨ ʸʨ ʻʴʫʨ ʳʵʪ˂ʬʯ
ʸʨ˂ ʨʸ ʪʭʨʽʹʵ. ,,ʹʨʲʫʨʯʹ³ʳʵʪ˂ʬʳʯ ʰʳ ʶʰʸʵʩʰʯ, ʸʵʳ ʱʨʭʱʨʹʰʨʹ ʨʸ
ʪʨʨ˂ʰʲʵʯ ʫʨ ʨʽ ʫʨʨʸˁʰʴʵʯ ʹʨʳʹʨˆʻʸˀʰ, ʸʨʫʪʨʴ ʹˆʭʨ ʽʭʬʿʴʰʹ
ʶʻʸʰ ʨʸ ʻˆʫʬʩʨʯ ʫʨ ʻʳʬʺʬʹʰ ʴʨ˄ʰʲʰ ʰʽ ʱʭʫʬʩʨʵ. ʪʨʫʨʹʨˆʨʫʹ
(ʸʵʳʬʲʰ˂ ˀʬʨʫʪʬʴʹ 1 ʳ. 20 ʱ.) ʳʰʭ˂ʬʳʯ; ʳʬʯʨʻʸʬʩʰ ˁʭʬʴ ʨʸ
ʪʭʿʵʲʰʨ ʨʸʨʭʰʴ ʫʨ ʨʸ˂ ʳʵʳˆʫʨʸʨ ʸʨʳ ˁʭʬʴˀʰ ʳʯʨʭʸʵʩʰʹ
ʹʨ˄ʰʴʨʨʾʳʫʬʪʵ ʳʨʴʨʳʫʰʹ ʹʨʴʨʳ ʯ. ʪʨʸʫʨʼˆʨ˃ʬʬʩʰ, ʸʵʳʲʬʩʰ˂
ʽʭʬʳʵ ʹʭʨʴʬʯʰʫʨʴ ʪʨʴʫʬʭʴʰʲ ʰʽʴʬʴ ʫʨ ʨʸ ʳʵʭʰʫʬʴ ʮʬʳʵ
ʹʭʨʴʬʯˀʰʵ. ʫʰʨˆ, ʰʹʰʴʰ ʳʵʭʰʫʬʴ ʮʬʳʵ ʹʭʨʴʬʯˀʰ, ʸʨʳʵʫʬʴʰʳʬ ʱʨ˂ʰ
ˀʬʰʼʰ˂ʬʹ ʬʸʯʪʻʲʬʩʨʮʬ ʫʨ ʨʳʨʴ ʨʪʭʨʾʬʲʭʨ ˁʭʬʴ. ˁʭʬʴ˂ ʳʨʯʰʹ
ʹʨ˄ʰʴʨʨʾʳʫʬʪʵʯ ʬʸʯʵʩʨʮʬ ʫʨʭʰʼʰ˂ʬʯʵ. ʸʨ ʶʨʹʻˆʹ ʳʰʰʾʬʩʫʬʴ
ʨʳʨʬʩʮʬ ˀʰˀʱʬʭʰˁʰʹʨʪʨʴ ʫʨ ʸʵʪʵʸ ˀʬʸʰʪʫʬʩʰʨʴ ʨʸ ʭʰ˂ʰʯ; ʨʳʨʹ
ʭʬ˂ʫʬʩʰ ˀʬʳʫʬʪˀʰ ʪʨ˂ʴʵʩʵʯ.
ʫʬʶʻʺʨ˂ʰʨ ʳʵʫʰʹ ʨʪʸʬʯʭʬ ʹʨʫʨʫʬˀʱʬʲʰʨʴʵ ʹʭʨʴʬʯʰʫʨʴ,
ʳʨʪʸʨʳ ʸʵʪʵʸ˂ ʪʨʭʰʪʬ ʹʨʬ˅ʭʵʨ ʯʻʸʳʬ, ʸʵʳ ʳʵʸʰʪʬʩʨ ʳʵˆʭʫʬʹ
ʹʨʫʨʫʬˀʱʬʲʰʨʴʵ ʹʭʨʴʬʩʹʨ ʫʨ ˀʰˀʱʬʭʰˁʰʹ ˀʵʸʰʹ ʫʨ ʹʭʨʴʬʩʰ ˃ʲʰʬʸ

49
,,ˀʰʱʸʰʱʰ³ʰʭʲʰʹʰȹ˄.; ʪʭ. 3.

445
ʳʮʨʫʬʩʨˀʰ ʨʸʰʨʴ ʯʻʸʳʬ ʰʨʸʨʾʰ ʸʵʪʵʸ˂ ʫʨʴʨʳʫʭʰʲʬʩʰʯ ʪʨʭʰʪʬ,
ʨʸ˂ ʬʸʯ ʹʨʮʵʪʨʫʵʬʩʨˀʰ ʨʸ ʫʨʻʿʸʰʨʯ ˆʨʲˆʹ.
ʹʵʼʬʲ ˁʵʲʻʸˀʰ ʫʨʻʺʻʹʨʾʬʩʰʨʯ ʹʨʳʰ ʱʨ˂ʰ: ʪʰʵʸʪʰ
ʳʻʱʸʨʴʰʨʴʰ, ʨʴʫʸʰʨ ˆʨʩʻʲʰʨʴʰ ʫʨ (ʳʬʹʨʳʬʹ ʪʭʨʸʰ ʫʨ ʹʨˆʬʲʰ ʨʸ
ʭʰ˂ʰ) ʫʨ ʹʵʼʬʲ ʲʨˀˆʬʯˀʰ˂ ʫʨʻʺʻʹʨʾʬʩʰʨʯ ʸʨʳʵʫʬʴʰʳʬ ʱʨ˂ʰ,
ʳʨʪʸʨʳ ʨʳʩʵʩʬʴ: ʿʭʬʲʨʹ ʯʨʭʫʬʩ ʽʭʬˀ ʨʴʯʨʭʰʹʻʼʲʬʩʬʴʵ; ʨʳʨʭʬ
ʹʵʼʬʲˀʰ ʵʸ ʪʨʫʨʭʨʸʫʴʰʲ ˄ʰʯʬʲ ʸʨʮʳʬʲʹ ʹʨˆʲ-ʱʨʸʰ ʫʨʻ˄ʭʬʹ
˂ʰˆʬʩʰ ʮʨʸʩʨʮʴʬʩʰʯ ʫʨʨʴʪʸʰʬʹ ʯʻʸʳʬ. ʨʹʬ ʸʵʳ ˇʬʸ-ˇʬʸʵʩʰʯ
ʱʰʫʬʭ ˃ʴʬʲʰ ʹʨʯʽʳʬʲʰʨ, ʳʵˆʫʬʩʨ ʯʻ ʨʸʨ ˀʬʺʨʱʬʩʨ ˇʨʸʹʨ ʫʨ
ˆʨʲˆʹ ˀʵʸʰʹ. ʰʨʸʨʾʮʬ ʫʨ ʳʬʩʨʺʵʴʬʬʩʰʹ ʫʨʱʳʨʿʵʼʰʲʬʩʨʮʬ
ʨˀʱʨʸʨʨ ʭʨʸʹ ʨʳʩʵʩʬʴ ʯʻʸʳʬ. ʰʹ ˆʳʨ, ʸʵʳ ˇʨʸʹʨ ʫʨ ʯʨʭʨʫʬʩʹ
ʻʱʳʨʿʵʼʰʲʬʩʨ ʳʵʻʭʰʫʨʯ ʬʸʯʳʨʴʬʯˀʰʵ ± ʪʨʳʨʸʯʲʫʨ ʫʨ
ʯʨʭʨʫʬʩʰ ʨʸ ʬʱʨʸʬʩʰʨʴ ʹʻʲ ˇʨʸʹ. ˇʨʸʰʹ ʱʨ˂ʬʩʰ ʮʬʳʵ ʹʭʨʴʬʯˀʰ
˄ʨʹʭʲʰʹ ˀʬʹʨˆʬʩ ʱʰʫʬʭ ʶʸʵʺʬʹʺʹ ʨ˂ˆʨʫʬʩʬʴ ʯʻʸʳʬ.

„‚Œ€¢„ …€Œˆ.

…€Œ„‡ˆ50

ʹʭʨʴʬʯʰ. 14 ʰʭʲʰʹʹ ʳʯʬʲʳʨ ʮʬʳʵ ʹʭʨʴʬʯʰʹ ʫʬʶʻʺʨ˂ʰʨʳ

ʪʨʨʯʨʭʬʹ ʹʨʽʳʬ ˀʰˀʱʬʭʰˁʯʨʴ ʫʨ ʪʨʳʵʬʳˀʭʰʫʵʩʬʴ ʳʨʹ. ʸʨ ʶʰʸʵʩʬʩʰʯ
ˀʬʸʰʪʫʬʴ ˀʰˀʱʬʭʰˁʰ ʫʨ ʹʭʨʴʬʩʰ ʫʨ˄ʭʸʰʲʬʩʰʯ ˇʬʸ ʨʸ ʭʰ˂ʰ ʫʨ
ʭʬ˂ʫʬʩʰ ˀʬʳʫʬʪˀʰ ʪʨ˂ʴʵʩʵʯ, ʳˆʵʲʵʯ ʬʹ ʱʰ ʴʨʳʫʭʰʲʨʯ ʪʨʭʰʪʬ,
ʸʵʳ ˇʨʸʰ ʮʬʳʵ-ʹʭʨʴʬʯˀʰ ʨʸ ʳʰʫʰʹ. 15 ʰʭʲʰʹʹ ʫʨʩʸʻʴʫʨ ʻʱʨʴ ʫʨ
ʪʨʳʵʬʳʪʮʨʭʸʨ ʲʬˁˆʻʳʰʹʨʱʬʴ. ʭʰ˂ʰ ʨʪʸʬʯʭʬ, ʸʵʳ ʹʭʨʴʬʩʳʨ
ʫʨʨʱʳʨʿʵʼʰʲʬʹ ʸʨʳʫʬʴʰʳʬ ˀʰˀʱʬʭʰˁʰʹ ʳʵʯˆʵʭʴʰʲʬʩʨʴʰ, ʳʨʪʸʨʳ
ʹʨʹʺʰʱʰ ʭʨʸʰ ʪʨʳʵʨ˂ˆʨʫʬʹ ʰʨʸʨʾʰʹ ʫʨʿʸʨʮʬ, ʳʬʯʨʻʸʬʩʰʹ
ʪʨ˂ʬʳʨʮʬ ʫʨ ʯʨʭʨʫʬʩʰʹ ʫʨʱʳʨʿʵʼʰʲʬʩʨʮʬ. ʮʨʸʨʲʰ ʹʭʨʴʬʯˀʰ
ˆʨʲˆʰʹʨʯʭʰʹ ˇʨʸʹ ʨʸʨʼʬʸʰ ʳʰʻʿʬʴʬʩʰʨ ʪʨʸʫʨ ʰʳʰʹʨ, ʸʨ˂ ʸʵʳ ʵʸ
ʪʨʫʨʭʨʸʫʴʰʲ ˄ʰʯʬʲ ʸʨʮʳʬʲʹ ʹʨˆʲ-ʱʨʸʰ ʪʨʫʨʻ˄ʭʬʹ ʫʨ ʰʹʰ˂,
ʸʵʪʵʸ˂ ʪʨʭʰʪʬ ʰʳʰʺʵʳ, ʸʵʳ ʹʨʹʺʰʱʨʯ ʫʨʻʹʳʬʴʰʨ ʬʹ ʵʸʰ ʱʨ˂ʰ
ˀʰˀʱʬʭʰˁʯʨʴ ʰʳ ʪʬʲʵʭʨʴʹ, ʸʵʳʲʰʹ ˃ʳʨ˂ ʳʵʱʲʬʹ ʹʭʨʴʬʩʳʨ ʨʳ ˂ʵʺʨ

50
,,ˀʰʱʸʰʱʰ³ʰʭʲʰʹʰȹ˄. ʪʭ., 4.

446
ˆʴʰʹ ˄ʰʴʨʯ. ʹʭʨʴʬʩʰ, ʸʵʳʲʬʩʰ˂ ʫʨʻ˅ʬʸʰʨʯ ʰʽʨʭʬ
ʪʨʨʴʯʨʭʰʹʻʼʲʬʹ ʯʻʸʳʬ ʸʨʳʵʫʬʴʰʳʬ ʯʨʭʫʬʩ ʽʭʬˀ.

„‚Œ€¢„ …€Œˆ.

…€Œ„‡ˆ51

ʹʭʨʴʬʯʰ. ʼʸʰʨʫ ʹʨʳ˄ʻˆʨʸʵ ʳʫʪʵʳʨʸʬʵʩʨˀʰʨ ʫʾʬʹ ʹʭʨʴʬʯʰ.

ʨʸ˂ ʰʹʬ ʰʿʭʬʴ ʱʨʸʪ ʳʫʪʵʳʨʸʬʵʩʨˀʰ ʹʭʨʴʬʩʰ ʫʨ ʻʱʨʴʨʹʱʴʬʲʰ ˄ʬʲʰ
ʹʻʲ ʾʭʯʰʹ ʸʰʹˆʭʨʯ ʳʵʬʭʲʰʴʨ. ʯʰʯʽʳʰʹ ʳʬʵʸʬ ˄ʬʲʰ˄ʨʫʰʨ, ʸʨ˂
ʨʽ ˀʰʳˀʰʲʵʩʨʳ ʰˁʰʴʨ ʯʨʭʰ ʳʵʻʹʨʭʲʵʩʰʹ ʪʨʳʵ. ʨʳʰʯ ʰʹʨʸʪʬʩʲʬʹ
ʨʽʨʻʸʳʨ ˁʨʸˁʬʩʳʨ ʫʨ ʨʻ˄ʰʬʹ ʶʻʸʰʹ, ʹʰʳʰʴʫʰʹ, ʽʬʸʰʹʨ ʫʨ ʹˆʭʨ
ʹʨʴʵʭʨʪʰʹ ʼʨʹʬʩʹ. ʼʻʯʰ ʶʻʸʰʹ ʼʨʹʰ ʨʳ ʷʨʳʨʯ 2 ʳ. 50 ʱ. ʨʫʰʹ ʳʨʪʸʨʳ
ʻʩʬʫʻʸʵʩʨ˂ ʰʹʨʨ, ʸʵʳ ʨʳ ʼʨʹˀʰʫʨ˂ ʭʬʸ ˀʵʻʲʵʩʬʴ ʫʨ
ʰ˃ʻʲʬʩʻʲʰ ʨʸʰʨʴ ˄ʨʭʰʫʬʴ ʯʰʯʽʳʰʹ ʹʨʳʬʪʸʬʲʵʹ ʹʨʮʾʭʸʬʩʮʬ
ʳʫʬʩʨʸʬ ʹʵʼʲʬʩʨʳʫʬ, ʹʨʫʨ˂ ʪʨ˂ʰʲʬʩʰʯ ʻʼʸʵ ʰʨʼʰʨ ʫʨ ʰʽʰʫʨʴ
ʬʮʰʫʬʩʰʨʴ ʹʨʸˁʵʹ ʮʻʸʪʰʯ. ˁʨʸˁʬʩʳʨ ʳʨʸʺʵ ʶʻʸʰ ʨʸ ʰʱʳʨʸʬʹ,
ʼʻʲʰʹ ʶʸʵ˂ʬʴʺʹʨ˂ ʨʻ˄ʰʬʹ 60 ʶʸʵ˂ʬʴʺʨʳʫʬ. ʿʭʬʲʨ ʨʳ
ʻʩʬʫʻʸʬʩʨʹ ʮʬʫ ʫʨʬʳʨʺʨ ʹˆʭʨ ʫʨ ʹˆʭʨ ʬʶʰʫʬʳʰʻʸʰ ʨʭʨʯʳʿʵʼʵʩʨ,
ʸʰʹ ʪʨʳʵ˂ ʹʰʱʭʫʰʲʵʩʨ ˃ʨʲʰʨʴ ʪʨˆˀʰʸʬʩʻʲʰʨ ʮʵʪʰʬʸʯ
ʹʨʮʵʪʨʫʵʬʩʬʩˀʰ. ʳʨʸʯʨʲʰʨ ʨʽ ˀʨʸˀʨʴʫʬʲʹ ʨʽʬʯ ʹ. ʳʬʹʺʭʨˀʰ
ʨʸʹʬʩʵʩʹ ʹʨʨʭʨʯʳʿʵʼʵ, ʳʨʪʸʨʳ, ʹʨʳ˄ʻˆʨʸʵʯ, ʭʬʸ ʨʸʰʹ
ʫʨʿʬʴʬʩʻʲʰ ʸʰʪʰʨʴ ʴʰʨʫʨʪʮʬ, ʸʵʳ ʸʨʳʬ ʯʭʨʲʹʨˁʰʴʵ
ʹʨʸʪʬʩʲʵʩʨ ʳʵʻʺʨʴʵʹ ʨʽʨʻʸ ˆʨʲˆʹ. ʻʳʯʨʭʸʬʹ ʳʰʮʬʮʹ ʨʳʰʹʨʹ ʱʰ,
ˀʬʹʨʼʬʸ ˀʬʴʵʩʰʹ ʻʽʵʴʲʵʩʨ ˀʬʨʫʪʬʴʹ.
ʫʰʫʰ ˆʨʴʰʨ ʹʭʨʴʬʯˀʰ ˆʳʨ ʪʨʭʸ˂ʬʲʫʨ, ʸʵʳ ʨˆʲʵ ʳʵʳʨʭʨʲˀʰ
ʻʴʫʨ ʫʨʰ˄ʿʵʴ ʹʭʨʴʬʯʰʹ ˀʨʸʨ ʪʮʰʹ ʪʨʱʬʯʬʩʨ ʳʫʰʴʨʸʬ ʰʴʪʻʸʰʹ
ʴʨʶʰʸʨʯ ˇʭʸʰʫʨʴ ʩʬˁʵʳʫʬ; ʸʨʰʹʯʭʰʹʨ˂ ʿʵʼʰʲʨ ʪʨʫʨʫʬʩʻʲʰ
6000 ʳʨʴ. ˆʨʲˆʰ ʳʵʻʯʳʬʴʲʨʯ ʬʲʰʹ ʨʳ ʫʰʫʨʯ ʹʨʹʨʸʪʬʩʲʵ ʫʨ
ʳʴʰˀʭʴʬʲʵʭʨʴ ʹʨʽʳʰʹ ʫʨ˄ʿʬʩʨʹ, ʯʻʳ˂ʨ ʻʰʳʬʫʵʯ ʻʿʻʸʬʩʹ. ʨʳʰʹ
ʳʰʮʬʮʰ ʰʹ ʨʸʰʹ, ʸʵʳ ʨʳ ʵʸʰ-ʹʨʳʰ ˄ʲʰʹ ˄ʰʴʬʯ ˆʹʬʴʬʩʻʲ ʪʮʰʹ

51
Äˁʭʬʴʰ ʪʨʮʬʯʰ³ʨʶʸʰʲʰȹ˄., ʪʭ. 4.

447
ʪʨʹʨʱʬʯʬʩʲʨʯ ʳʯʨʭʸʵʩʨʳ ʪʨʰʳʬʺʨ ʸʨʳʵʫʬʴʰʳʬ ʨʯʨʹʰ ʳʨʴʬʯʰ
ʸʵʳʬʲʰ˂ ʹʻʲ ʻʱʭʨʲʵʯ ʫʨ ʻʴʨʿʵʼʵʯ ʫʨʰʱʨʸʪʨ.
ʹʭʨʴʬʯʰʹ ʫʾʬʭʨʴʫʬʲ ʫʨ˂ʬʳʻʲ ʱʻʲʺʻʸʻʲ ʫʨ
ʬʱʵʴʵʳʰʻʸʰ ʳʫʪʵʳʨʸʬʵʩʰʹ ʪʨʹʨʻʳˇʵʩʬʹʬʩʲʨʯ ʹʨ˅ʰʸʵ ʨʸʰʹ ʪʮʨ.
ʳʻʫʳʰʭʰ ʱʨʭˀʰʸʰ ʹˆʭʨ ʫʨ ʹˆʭʨ ʱʻʲʺʻʸʻʲʨʯ ʳʨʹʮʬ ʻʼʸʵ ʳʨʾʲʨ
ʹʨʼʬˆʻʸʮʬ ʳʫʪʵʳ ʽʭʬʿʴʬʩʯʨʴʨ˂ ʨʻ˂ʰʲʬʩʲʨʯ ʰʽʵʴʰʬʩʹ ʪʨʭʲʬʴʨʹ
ʹʭʨʴʬʯʰʹ ʮʸʫʨ ʪʨʴʭʰʯʨʸʬʩʨʮʬ.
ʳʯʨʭʸʵʩʨʹ ʨʮʸʨʯ ʨʽʭʹ ʪʨˆʹʴʨʹ ʹʭʨʴʬʯˀʰ ʼʵʹʺʰʹ
ʪʨʴʿʵʼʰʲʬʩʨ ʸʨʰ˂ ʫʰʫʹ ʹʨ˅ʰʸʵʬʩʨʹ ʫʨ ʳʵʯˆʵʭʴʰʲʬʩʨʹ
ˀʬʨʫʪʬʴʹ ʨʽʨʻʸ ʳ˂ˆʵʭʸʬʩʲʬʩʰʹʨʯʭʰʹ ʫʨ ʪʨʴʹʨʱʻʯʸʬʩʰʯ
ʱʰʳʵʳʹʨˆʻʸʬ ʶʰʸʯʨʯʭʰʹ, ʸʵʳʲʬʩʰ˂ ʫʾʬʹ ʳʵʱʲʬʩʻʲʰ ʨʸʰʨʴ
ʯʰʯʽʳʰʹ ʿʵʭʬʲʪʭʨʸ ʹʻʲʰʬʸʹʨ ʫʨ ʪʵʴʬʩʸʰʭ ʹʨʮʸʫʵʹ, ʨʸʨ
ʾʬʩʻʲʵʩʬʴ ʨʸʨʭʰʯʨʸ ʷʻʸʴʨʲ-ʪʨʮʬʯʬʩʹ ʫʨ ʹˆ...

„‚Œ€¢„ ‚€Šˆ€Œˆ.

Ž€‘šˆ Žˆ …„Š52

ʩ-ʴʵ ʸʬʫʨʽʺʵʸʵ! ʻʳʵʸˁʰʲʬʹʨʫ ʪʯˆʵʭʯ ʫʨʻʯʳʵʯ

ʨʫʪʰʲʰ ʯʽʭʬʴʹ ʶʨʺʰʭ˂ʬʳʻʲ ʪʨʮʬʯˀʰ ˀʬʳʫʬʪ ˁʬʳ ˄ʬʸʰʲʹ: ʪʨʮʬʯ
,,ʹʨʽʨʸʯʭʬʲʵʹ³˄ʨʸʹʻʲʰ ˄ʲʰʹ 159-ʬ ʴʻʳʬʸˀʰ ʨʸʰʹ ʳʵʯʨʭʹʬʩʻʲʰ
˄ʬʸʰʲʰ ,,ʹʭʨʴʬʯʰʹ ʨʳʵʯʽʳʨ³ ʸʵʳʬʲˀʰʨ˂ ʳʰʹʰ ʨʭʺʵʸʰ ʹˆʭʨʯʨ
ˀʵʸʰʹ ʳʬˆʬʩʨ ʳʬ˂. ʸʵ˂ʨ ʪʨʭʬ˂ʨʴʰ ʨʳ ʯʨʭʰʫʨʴ ʩʵʲʵʳʫʬ
ʹʰʳʨʸʯʲʬʹ ʳʵʱʲʬʩʻʲ ʻʹʨʼʻ˃ʭʲʵ ʩʸʨʲʫʬʩʨʹ, ʭʰʼʰʽʸʬ ʶʨʹʻˆʰ
ʨʸ ʪʨʳʬ˂ʨ, ʳʨʪʸʨʳ ʹʨʮʵʪʨʫʵʬʩʰʹ ʰʳ ʴʨ˄ʰʲʳʨ, ʸʵʳʬʲʰ˂ ʳʬ ʱʨʸʪʨʫ
ʨʸ ʳʰ˂ʴʵʩʹ ʹˆʭʨʹ ʨʸ ʳʰʨ˄ʬʸʵʹ ˁʬʳʰ ʹʰˁʻʳʬ, ʫʨ ʨʳʰʺʵʳ ʹʨ˅ʰʸʵʫ
ʭʹ˂ʨʴʰ ʵʸʰʵʫʬ ʹʨʶʨʹʻˆʵʹʰʺʿʭʨ ʳʵʭʨˆʹʬʴʵ ʳʰʹ ʨʭʺʵʸʹ.
ʻʳʯʨʭʸʬʹ ˁʬʳʹ ʿʻʸʨʫʾʬʩʨʹ ʰʽ˂ʬʭʹ ˄ʬʸʰʲʰʹ ʰʹ ʴʨ˄ʰʲʰ
ʹʨʫʨ˂ ʩ. ʶ-ʲʰ ʩʸ˃ʨʴʬʩʹ, ʭʰʯʵʳ˂ ʹʭʨʴʬʯʰʫʨʴ ˇʨʸʰʹ ʱʨ˂ʯʨ
ʪʨʳʵʻʳ˂ˆʨʫʬʩʲʵʩʰʹ ʳʰʮʬʮʰ ,,ʸʨʳʵʫʬʴʰʳʬʯ ʳʨʰʴ˂
ʨʫʪʰʲʵʩʸʰʭʰ ʳʯʨʭʸʵʩʨ ʻʴʫʨ ʿʵʼʰʲʰʿʵ, ʸʵʳʬʲʹʨ˂ ʻʴʫʨ
ˁʨʬʫʰʴʵʹ ʬʹ ʹʨʽʳʬ ʹʭʨʴʬʩʰʹʨʯʭʰʹ ʯʨʭʰʹʰ ʹʨʱʻʯʨʸʰ
˄ʨʸʳʨʺʬʩʰʹʯʭʰʹ ʫʨ ˀʬʳʫʬʪ ʬʹ ʹʭʨʴʬʩʰ ʻʳʨʾʲʬʹ ʳʯʨʭʸʵʩʰʹ ˄ʰʴʨˀʬ

52
ʪʨʮ. ,,ʹʨʳˀʵʩʲʵ´ʨʶʸʰʲʰ, ȹ337, ʪʭ. 4; ȹ 338, ʪʭ. 4, 1916 ˄.
448
ʳʵʾʨʲʨʺʰʹ ʹʨˆʬʲʰʯ ʻʴʫʨ ʳʵʬʴʨʯʲʨ ʰʳʨʭʬ ʳʯʨʭʸʵʩʨʹ.
(ʰʪʻʲʰʹˆʳʬʯ ʨʫʪʰʲʵʩʸʰʭʰ ʩʵʽʨʻʲʰ ʫʨ ʹˆʭʨ)...
ʹʨʩʸʨʲʵʨ ˅ʬˀʳʨʸʰʺʨʫ ʰʹʬʯʰ ʫʨʻʼʰʽʸʬʩʬʲʰ
ʱʵʸʬʹʶʵʴʫʬʴʺʰ, ʸʵʪʵʸʰ˂ ʩ. ʶ-ʲʰ ʩʸ˃ʨʴʬʩʻʲʨ, ʸʨʫʪʨʴ ʭʰʫʸʬ
ʱʨʸʪʨʫ ʨʸ ʫʨʸ˄ʳʻʴʫʬʩʵʫʨ ʹʨʽʳʰʹ ʹʰʴʨʳʫʭʰʲʬˀʰ, ʨʸ ʻʴʫʨ
ʪʨʳʵʬʲʨˀʽʸʨ ˁʬʳʹ ˄ʰʴʨʨʾʳʫʬʪ ʳʰʯ ʻʼʸʵ ʸʵʳ ʨʹʬʯʰ ˆʳʬʩʰʹ ʶʸʬʹʰʹ
ʹʨˀʻʨʲʬʩʰʯ ʪʨʭʸ˂ʬʲʬʩʰʯ ʰʹ ʨʸʨ ʳʨʸʺʵ ˁʬʳʹ ʶʰʸʨʫʵʩʨʹ ʹ˂ˆʬʩʹ
ʫʨʻʳʹʨˆʻʸʬʩʬʲ ˁʰʸʽʹ, ʨʸʨʳʬʫ ʳʯʬʲʹ ʹʭʨʴʬʯʹ, ʭʰʴʨʰʫʨʴ ʨʹʬʯʰ
˂ʴʵʩʬʩʰʹ ʪʨʳʵʽʭʬʿʴʬʩʰʯʨ ʫʨ ʫʨʯʭʻʸʰ ʹʨʳʹʨˆʻʸʰʯ, ʳʨˀʰʴ ʸʵ˂ʨ
ʳʯʨʭʸʵʩʨʹ ʵʫʴʨʭʨ˂ ʨʸ ʳʰʹ˂ʬʳʰʨ ʹʨʩʻʯʰ, ʸʵʳ ʹʭʨʴʬʩʰ ʸʨʳʬ
ʾʨʲʨʺˀʰ ˀʬʬʴʰˀʴʨ ʫʨ ʨʸ˂ ʳʰʬ˂ʬʳʨ, ʨʫʭʰʲʨʯ ˀʬʰ˃ʲʬʩʨ, ʯʭʰʯ
ʳʨʴʭʬ ʶ-ʳʨ ˀʬʰʿʭʨʴʵʹ ʳʯʨʭʸʵʩʨ˂ ʫʨ ʹʨʮʵʪʨʫʵʬʩʨ˂ ʬ˅ʭˀʰ ʫʨ
ʹʭʨʴʬʯʰʹ ʳʺʸʬʩʹ ʱʰ ʼʸʯʬʩʰ ˀʬʨʹˆʨʹ ʳʰʹ ˁʰʸʽʰʹ ʳʵʹʨ˂ˆʬʩʨʫ.
ˁʬʳʰʹ ʫʨʱʭʰʸʭʬʩʰʯ ʫʨʴʰˀʴʻʲʬʩʰʹʨʳʬʩʸ ʪʨʳʵʻ˂ˆʨʫʬʩʬʲ
ˇʨʸʰʹ ʱʨ˂ʯʨ ʸʰ˂ˆʭʰ, ʸʵʪʵʸ˂ ʵʼʰ˂ʰʨʲʻʸ ˂ʴʵʩʬʩʰʫʨʴʨ˂ ʹˁʨʴʹ,
ʹˆʭʨ ʱʻʯˆʬʬʩʰʫʨʴ ʳʬʺʰʨ, ʭʰʫʸʬ ʹʭʨʴʬʯʰʫʨʴ, ʳʨʪʸʨʳ ʨʳʨʹ
ʳʯʨʭʸʵʩʰʹ ˀʬˆʬʫʻʲʬʩʰʯ ʹʨʮʵʪʨʫʵʬʩʸʰʭʰ ʳʴʰˀʭʴʬʲʵʩʨ ʨʸ˂
ʨʽʭʹ ʫʨ ʨʸ˂ ʳʰʰʾʬʩʹ ʫʨ ʨʳʰʺʵʳ ʨʸ˂ ʬʸʯʹ ʱʻʯˆʬʮʬ ʨʳʰʹ ˀʬʹʨˆʬʩ
ʰʹʬʯʰ ʨʸʨʼʬʸʰ ʨʸ ʫʨ˄ʬʸʰʲʨ ʸʵʪʵʸ˂ ʩ. ʶ-ʳʨ ˀʬʹʯˆʮʨ ʹʭʨʴʬʯʮʬ.
ʹˆʭʬʩʰʹ ʪʨʫʳʵ˂ʬʳʰʯ ʫʨ ˁʬʳʰ ʫʨʱʭʰʸʭʬʩʰʯ ʶ-ʰʹ ˄ʬʸʰʲʰ ʻʴʫʨ
ʬˆʬʩʵʫʬʹ ʻʱʨʴʨʹʱʴʬʲ ʳʵʩʰʲʰʮʨ˂ʰʨʹ ʫʨ ʫʨʭʰ˄ʿʵʯ ʨʽʬʫʨʴ:
ʸʵʫʬʹʨ˂ ʹʭʨʴʬʯˀʰ ʻʱʨʴʨʹʱʴʬʲ ʳʵʩʰʲʰʮʨ˂ʰʰʹ ˀʬʹʨˆʬʩ ˂ʴʵʩʨ
ʳʵʭʰʫʨ, ʹ˄ʵʸʬʫ ʰʳ ʫʸʵʹ ʳʬ ʭʰʿʨʭʰ ʯʬʸʪʰʹ ʵʲʽˀʰ, ˁʬʳʹ
ʯʨʴʨʳʫʬʩʵʩʨʹ ʨʹʸʻʲʬʩʫʨ ˁʬʳʰ ʯʨʴʨˀʬʳ˄ʬ. ʨʳʰʺʵʳ ʨʸ˂ ˀʬʳʬ˃ʲʵ
ʰʽʰʫʨʴ ʹʭʨʴʬʯˀʰ ʫʨʩʸʻʴʬʩʨʳʫʬ ʸʨʰʳʬ ʳ˂ʵʫʴʵʫʨ ʳʵʩʰʲʰʮʨ˂ʰʰʹ
ˀʬʹʨˆʬʩ, ʳʨʪʸʨʳ ˇʨʸʰʹ ʱʨ˂ʯʨ ˀʬʱʸʬʩʰʹʨʯʭʰʹ ʪʨʴʱʨʸʪʻʲʬʩʨ
ʳʵʬˆʫʰʴʨ ʯʨʭʰʹ ʫʸʵʮʬ ˆʹʬʴʬʩʻʲ ˁʬʳʹ ʯʨʴʨˀʬʳ˄ʬʹ.
ʯʬʸʪʰʹ ʵʲʽʰʫʨʴ ʫʨʭʩʸʻʴʫʰ 5 ʨʪʭʰʹʺʵʹ ʫʨ ʳʨʸʯʨʲʰʨ,
ʳʵʹʭʲʨʹʯʨʴʨʭʬ ʫʨʳˆʭʫʨ ʰʹ ʨʳʩʨʭʰ, ʸʵʳ ʹʨʽʳʬ ˂ʻʫʨʯ ʰʿʵ
ʫʨʿʬʴʬʩʻʲʰ, ʸʨʫʪʨʴ ˇʨʸʰʹ ʱʨ˂ʯʨ ʻʳʸʨʭʲʬʹʰ ʴʨ˄ʰʲʰ
ˁʭʬʻʲʬʩʸʰʭʨʫ ʵʹʬʯˀʰ ʰʿʵ ˄ʨʹʻʲʰ ʹʨʳʻˀʨʵʯ ʫʨ ʰʹ ʻʳ˂ʰʸʬʹʵʩʨ,
ʸʵʳʬʲʰ˂ ʹʭʨʴʬʯˀʰ ʰʳʿʵʼʬʩʵʫʨ ʨʳʨʯ ˇʰʴʨʮʬ ʫʨʷʰʴʬʩʰʯ ʻʨʸʹ
ʨ˂ˆʨʫʬʩʫʨ ˄ʨʹʭʲʨʮʬ, ʭʰʫʸʬ ʿʭʬʲʨ ʯʨʭʹ ʨʸ ʳʵʰʿʸʰʫʨ. ˁʬʳʹ
ʪʨʴʱʨʸʪʻʲʬʩʨˀʰ ʱʰ ʨʳ ʹʨʽʳʰʹ ʪʨʳʵʹʨʱʬʯʬʩʲʨʯ ʫʨʸˁʨ ʵʸʰʵʫʬ
ʫʾʬ, ʭʰʴʨʰʫʨʴ ʯʬʸʪʰʹ ʵʲʽʰʫʨʴ ʸʵʪʵʸ˂ ʨʸʰʹ ʮʬʳʵʯ ʴʨʯʽʭʨʳʰ
ʫʨʭʩʸʻʴʫʰ 5 ʨʪʭʰʹʺʵʹ ʫʨ, ʯʨʴʨˆʳʨʫ ʳʨʮʸʰʹ ʻʼʸʵʹʰʹ
449
ʳ˄ʬʸʲʵʩʰʹʨ, 12 ʰʳʨʭʬ ʯʭʬʹ ʽʻʯʨʰʹˀʰ ʻʴʫʨ ʭʿʵʼʰʲʰʿʨʭʰ (ˆʻʯʰ
ʫʾʬ ʩʬˁʵʫʨʴ ʽʻʯʨʰʹʨʳʫʬ ʳʪʮʨʭʸʵʩʨʹ ʻʴʫʨ.) ʳˆʵʲʵʫ, ʨʳʰʹʫʨ
ʳʰʻˆʬʫʨʭʨʯ, ˀʬʹʨʼʬʸʰ ʪʨʴʱʨʸʪʻʲʬʩʨ ʳʵʭʨˆʫʰʴʬ ʨʳ ʹʨʽʳʰʹ
ˀʬʹʨˆʬʩ, ʳʨʪʸʨʳ ʮʬʳʵʯ ʳʵˆʹʬʴʬʩʻʲ ʳʰʮʬʮʰʹ ʪʨʳʵ ʨʳʨʵʯ ˁʨʳʰʨʸʨ.
ʨʹʬ˂ ʸʵʳ ʨʸ ʿʵʼʰʲʰʿʵ ʴʻ ʫʨʪʨʭʰ˄ʿʫʬʩʨʯ ʩ. ʶ-ʲʵ ʸʵʳ
ʳʵʩʰʲʰʮʨ˂ʰʰʹ ʱʨʴʵʴʰʯ ʩʵʽʨʻʲʹ ʬʭʨʲʬʩʨ ʫʸʵʮʬʫ ʨ˂ʴʵʩʵʹ ʫʨ
ʰʹʬ˂ ʳʨʳʨʹʨˆʲʰʹʬʩʰʹ ʶʰʸʰʯ ˇʨʸʰʹ ʱʨ˂ʬʩʹ ʻʳʨʾʲʬʹʰ ʩʸ˃ʨʴʬʩʨ ʳʨʯ
ʪʨ˄ʭʬʭʰʹ ˀʬʹʨˆʬʩ ʫʨ ʰʹʰʴʰ ʱʰ ʭʨʲʫʬʩʻʲʰ ʨʸʰʨʴ ʹʨʫʨ˂ ʻʴʫʨ ʰʿʵʴ
ʰʽʰʫʨʴ ʪʨʳʵ˂ˆʨʫʫʬʴ ʫʨʴʰˀʴʻʲʬʩʰʹʨʳʬʩʸ ʫʨ ʨʸʨʭʰʯʨʸʰ
ʸʬʶʸʬʹʰʻʲ ʮʵʳʬʩʹ ʩʵʽʨʻʲʰʹ ʳˆʸʰʯ ʨʽ ʨʫʪʰʲʰ ʨʸ ʨʽʭʹ ʱʨʴʵʴʰʯ.
ʬˆʲʨ ˀʬʭʬʱʰʯˆʵʯ ʯʭʰʯ ʶʰʸʭʬʲʹ ʪʨʴʨ ʲʵʾʰʱʻʸʨʯ ʸʵʳ
ʳʰʹ ʹʨʽ˂ʰʬʲʹ ˃ʨʸʾʭʰ ʪʨʻʹʰʴˇʵʯ ʳʬ ˀʬʳʬ˃ʲʵ ʨʳʪʭʨʸʰ ʹʨʹʰʸ˂ˆʵ
ʹʨʽʳʰʹ ˁʨʫʬʴʨ ʰʳ ˆʨʲˆʰʹ ˀʬʹʨˆʬʩ, ʸʵʳʬʲʹʨ˂ ʳʬ ʩʨʭˀʵʩʰʫʪʨʴ
ʭʬʳʹʨˆʻʸʬʩʰ ʱʨʲʳʰʯʨ˂ ʫʨ ʹʨʽʳʰʯʨ˂ ʫʨ ʸʵʳʲʬʩʯʨʴʨ˂ ˅ʰʸʹʨ ʫʨ
ʲˆʰʴˀʰ ʬʸʯʨʫ ʻʴʫʨ ʭʰʿʵ ʹʰʱʭʫʰʲʨʳʫʬ ʫʨ ʰʹʰ˂ ʳʨˀʭʰʴ, ʸʵ˂ʨ
ˇʨʸʰʹ ʱʨ˂ʯʨ ʻʳʸʨʭʲʬʹʰ ʴʨ˄ʰʲʰʨ ʸʵʪʵʸ˂ ʨʸʰʹ ʮʬʳʵʯ ʴʨʯʽʭʨʳʰ
ʨʸ˂ ʱʰ ʫʨʳˆʭʬʫʸʰʨ ʨʫʪʰʲʵʩʸʰʭ, ʸʨʹʨ˂ ʹʨʩʻʯʬʩʰʯ ʫʨʭʨʳʺʱʰ˂ʬʩ
ʯʨʭʰʹ ʫʸʵʮʬ?
ʻʳʨʾʲʬʹ ʳʯʨʭʸʵʩʰʹ ˄ʰʴʨˀʬ ʸʵʳ, ʳʬ ʹʭʨʴʬʩʰ ʳʵʾʨʲʨʺʬʯ
ʨʸ ʳʵʳʰʴʨʯʲʨʭʹ ʫʨ ʨʳʰʹʯʭʰʹ ʨʸʨʭʰʯʨʸʰ ˇʰʲʫʵ ʨʸ˂ ʪʨʳˆʹʬʴʬʩʰʨ
ʫʨ ʨʸ˂ ʳʵʳ˂ʬʳʰʨ ʫʨ ʶʰʸʰʽʰʯ ʿʵʭʬʲʪʭʨʸ ʮʵʳʬʩʹ ʳʰʭʳʨʸʯʬ ʳʨʯ
ʪʨʹʨʳʨʸʯʲʬʩʲʨʯ, ʨʳʨʹ ʫʨʳʰʳʵ˄ʳʬʩʹ ʯʭʰʯ ʩ. ʪʻʩʬʸʴʨʺʵʸʰ ʫʨ
ʲʬˁˆʻʳʰʹ ʳʨʮʸʰʹ ʻʼʸʵʹʰ.
ʹʭʨʴʬʯʰʫʨʴ ʪʨ˂ʰʲʬʩʰʹ ʨʳʩʨʭʹ ʨʹʬ ʳʵʪʭʰʯˆʸʵʩʹ:
,,ʹʭʨʴʬʯʰʹ ˃ʭʬʲ ʳ˄ʿʬʳʹʹ ˃ʭʬʲʰ ʩʨʺʵʴʻʸʰ ˂ˆʵʭʸʬʩʨ ʨʾʻʫʪʬʴʰʨ,
ˀʬʻʱʸʬʩʰʨ 25 ˂ˆʬʴʵʹʨʴʰ ʹʭʨʴʰ ʫʨ ʬʸʯ ʾʨʳʬʹ ʬʸʯʹ ʬʹʺʻʳʸʬʩʨ,
ʳʬʵʸʬ ʾʨʳʬʹ ± ʳʬʵʸʬʹʵ³ ˁʬʳ ʹʨʶʨʺʰʭ˂ʬʳʲʵʯ ʪʨʳʵ˄ʭʬʻʲ
ˆʨʸˇʬʩʮʬ ʹ˄ʻˆʹ ʩ. ʨʭʺʵʸʰ ʸʨˀʰ ˆʬʫʨʭʹ ʩ. ʶʰʸʭʬʲʰ ˃ʭʬʲʰ
˂ˆʵʭʸʬʩʰʹ ʩʨʺʵʴʵʩʰʹ ʹʰʹʺʬʳʰʹ ʨʾʫʪʬʴʨʹ, ʨʸ ʳʬʹʳʰʹ. ʯʻ ʹʭʨʴʬʩʳʨ
ʳʵʰʴʫʵʳʬʹ ʫʨ ʳʰˆʭʫʬʴ, ʸʵʳ ˁʬʳʰ ʪʨ˂ʰʲʬʩʨ ʨʾʬʴʰˀʴʨʯ ˄ʸʼʬʲʰ
ʶʨʺʰʭʰʹ˂ʬʳʰʯ ± ʬʹ, ʳʬ ʳʪʵʴʰʨ, ˁʬʳ ʳʰʬʸ ʳʨʯˀʰ ʫʨʯʬʹʰʲ
ʹʰʿʭʨʸʻʲʰʹ ʴʨʿʵʼʹ ʻʼʸʵ ʻʴʫʨ ʳʰʭʨ˄ʬʸʵʯ, ʭʰʫʸʬ ˃ʭʬʲ
ʩʨʺʵʴʻʸ ˂ˆʵʭʸʬʩʰʹ ʹʰʹʺʬʳʰʹ ʨʾʫʪʬʴʨʹ. ʨʸʨʭʰʯʨʸ ˃ʨʲʫʨʺʨʴʬʩʨʹ
ʨʽ ʨʸʨʯʻ ʨʫʪʰʲʰ ʽʵʴʰʨ, ʶʰʸʰʽʰʯ ʰʳʫʬʴʰ ʪʨʳʵˁʴʫʨ ˁʬʳʰ
ʶʨʺʰʭʳ˂ʬʳʬʲʯʨ ʸʰ˂ˆʭʰ, ʸʵʳ, ʹʨʴʨʳʫʰ ʸʵʳʬʲʰʳʬ ʹʵʼʬʲˀʰ
ˀʬʭʰʫʵʫʰ, ʸʨʳʵʫʬʴʰʳʬ ʱʨ˂ʰ ʸʭʨ-˂ˆʸʨ ʭʬʸʹʰʹ ʳʨʴ˃ʰʲʮʬ
450
ʳʬʪʬʩʬʩʵʫʨ, ʹʨˆʲˀʰ ʳʰ˄ʭʬʭʫʬʴ ʫʨ ʸʵ˂ʨ ʨʳʨʯʰ ʸʰ˂ˆʭʰ, ʭʰʳʬʵʸʬʩ,
ʰʹʬ ʪʨʳʸʨʭʲʫʨ, ʸʵʳ ʿʭʬʲʨʹʯʨʴ ˁʬʳʰ ʳʰʹʭʲʨ ˀʬʻ˃ʲʬʩʬʲʰ ˀʬʰʽʴʨ,
ʪʨʫʨʹ˄ʿʭʰʺʬʹ ʱʬʴ˅ʰ ʬʿʨʸʨʯ ʫʨ ʭʰʹʨ˂ ʰʪʰ ˀʬˆʭʫʬʩʵʫʨ ʰʳʨʹʯʨʴ
ʳʨʸʺʵ ʳʰʭʹʻʲʰʿʨʭʰ. ʳʨʪʸʨʳ ʨʹʬ˂ ʸʵʳ ʨʸ ʿʵʼʰʲʰʿʵ, ʴʻʯʻ ʱʨ˂ʹ
ʳʨˀʰʴ, ʸʵʫʬʹʨ˂ ʰʹ ʯʵʸʳʬʺʰʹ ˄ʲʰʹ ʹʨʳʹʨˆʻʸʰʹ ˀʬʳʫʬʪ ʬʯˆʵʭʬʩʨ
ʸʵʳʬʲʰʳʬ ʱʻʯˆʬʹ ʫʨ ʳʰʯ ʻʳʬʺʬʹ ʯʨʭʰʹ ʹʨʳˀʵʩʲʵ ʽʭʬʿʨʴʨʹ, ʨʸ
ˀʬʻ˃ʲʰʨ ʫʨʻʶʨʺʰʷʬʩʲʨʯʨ˂ ʬ˄ʭʰʵʹ ʯʨʭʰʹ ʨˆʲʵʩʬʲ ʴʨʯʬʹʨʭ
ʳʬʪʵʩʸʬʩʹ ʫʨ ʹˆʭʨ ʱʬʯʰʲʬʩʹ? ˁʬʳʰʹ ʨʮʸʰʯ ʨʳʨʹ ʳʵʰʯˆʵʭʹ ʯʭʰʯ
ʻʩʸʨʲʵ ʮʸʫʰʲʵʩʨ˂, ʹˆʭʨ ʳʵʭʨʲʬʵʩʨʹ ʸʵʳ ʯʨʭʰ ʫʨʭʨʴʬʩʵʯ ʸʨ˂
ˀʬʬˆʬʩʨ ˆʨʸˇʬʩʹ ± ʬʪ ˆʵʳ ʹʨˆʹʬʴʬʩʬʲʰ˂ ʨʸʨʨ, ʸʨʫʪʨʴ ʻʳʴʰˀʭʴʬʲʵ
ʰʿʵ ʫʨ ʳʨʹʯʨʴ ʬʸʯʨʫ ʹʨʱʻʯʨʸʰ ʹʻʸʭʰʲʰʯ ʪʨʳʵ˄ʭʬʻʲʰ ʫʨ
ʨʸʹʨʫ ʨʸ˂ ˃ʸʵˆʨ ʫʨ ʨʸ˂ ˆʨʸʰ ʨʸ ʫʨʱʲʻʲʨ ʸʵʪʵʸ˂ ʩ. ʶʰʸʭʬʲʰ
ʩʸ˃ʨʴʬʩʹ, ʯʵʸʬʳ ˁʬʳʹ ˃ʳʨʹ ʸʵʳ ˁʬʳʹ ʶʨʺʰʭʹʨ˂ʬʳʨʯ ˃ʸʵˆʨ ʫʨʬʱʲʨ,
ʬʹ, ʭʪʵʴʬʩ, ʨʸʨʭʰʯʨʸʰ ʹʰʴʰʫʰʹʰʹ ʹʨ˄ʰʴʨʨʾʳʫʬʪʵ ʨʸ ʻʴʫʨ ʰʿʵʹ.
ʸʨʳʫʬʴʰ ʵʼʰ˂ʰʨʲʻʸʰ ʹʨʫʰʲʬʩʰ ʰʳʨʸʯʬʩʨ ʱʻʲʺʻʸʻʲ
˄ʸʬʬʩˀʰ ʳʵˆʬʲʬʯʨ ʪʨ˂ʰʲʬʩʰʹ ʫʸʵʹ ʭʰʴ ʳʵʹʯʭʲʰʹ, ʳʨʪʸʨʳ ʪʨʴʨ
ʬʹ ,,˃ʭʬʲ ʩʨʺʵʴʻʸ ˂ˆʵʭʸʬʩʰʹ ʹʰʹʺʬʳʰʹ ʨʾʫʪʬʴʨʹ ʴʰˀʴʨʭʹ?
ʳʨʫʲʵʩʨ ʾʳʬʸʯʹ! ˁʬʳʹ ʹʨʫʰʲʬʩʹ ʵʼʰ˂ʰʨʲʻʸʰ ˆʨʹʰʨʯʰ ʨʸ ʽʵʴʰʨ
ʫʨ ʪʻʲ˄ʸʼʬʲʰ ʰʿʵ, ʩʬʭʸʪʨʴ ʹʨʮʵʪʨʫʵʬʩʨˀʰ ʸʵ˂ʨ
ʪʨʳʵʭʬʳʪʮʨʭʸʬ ʹʭʨʴʬʯʰʫʨʴ ʳʸʨʭʨʲʰ ʱʨ˂ʰ ʯʨʭʳʵʿʸʰʲʰ
ʳˆʭʫʬʩʵʫʨ ʪʮʬʩˀʰ ʫʨ ʩʬʭʸʰ ʳʨʯʪʨʴʰ ʯʨʭʰʹ ʹʵʼʲʰʫʨʴ ˀʬʳʫʬʪ
ʹʵʼʲʨʳʫʬ ʳʨ˂ʰʲʬʩʫʨ ʳ˄ʻˆʨʸʬʩʰʯ. ʫʨ ʨʰ ʹ˄ʵʸʬʫ ʰʹ ʵ˂ʫʨˆʻʯʰ
ʱʨ˂ʰ, ʸʵʳʲʬʩʰ˂ ˃ʭʬʲ ʩʨʺʵʴʻʸ ˂ˆʵʭʸʬʩʰʹ ʹʰʹʺʬʳʰʹ ʨʾʹʨʫʪʬʴʨʫ
ʫʨʳʿʨʭʫʨ, ʩ. ʶ. ʨʮʸʰʯ, ʹ˄ʵʸʬʯ ʬʹʬʴʰ ʪʨˆʲʫʨʯ. ˄ʬʸʰʲʰʹ
ʫʨʴʨʸˁʬʴ ʴʨ˄ʰʲʹ ʻʿʻʸʨʫʾʬʩʵʫ ʭʹʺʵʭʬʩ, ʸʨʫʪʨʴ ʰʹ ʰʳʫʬʴʨʫ
ʹʰ˂ʸʻʬʨ ʸʵʳ ʳʰʹ ˀʬʹʨˆʬʩ ʩʨʨʹʰ ʨʸ˂ ʱʰ ˀʬʰ˃ʲʬʩʨ ʫʨ ʶʸʬʹʰʹ ʬʯʰʱʰʹ
ˀʬʲʨˆʭʨʯ ʳʰʳʨˁʴʰʨ ʳʨʹʮʬ ʹʨʻʩʨʸʰ. ʯʻ ʸʨ ʻʱʳʨʿʵʼʰʲʬʩʨ
ʪʨʳʵʰ˄ʭʰʨ ʩ. ʶ. ʫʨʻʼʰʽʸʬʩʬʲʳʨ ʭʰʾʨ˂ ʩʨʲʾʬʩʰʹ ʫʨ ʮʴʬʫʨ˂ʬʳʻʲ
ʶʰʸʰʹ ʳʰʬʸ ʴʨʲʨʶʨʸʨʱʬʭʮʬ ʫʨʳʿʨʸʬʩʻʲʳʨ ˄ʬʸʰʲʳʨ, ʨʳʨˀʰ
ʯʭʰʯʵʴʭʬ ʫʨʸ˄ʳʻʴʫʬʩʨ, ʸʵ˂ʨ ʹʭʨʴʬʯˀʰ ʳʰʩʸ˃ʨʴʫʬʩʨ. ʳˆʵʲʵʫ
ʳʱʰʯˆʭʬʲʯʨ ʫʨʹʨ˄ʸʳʻʴʬʩʲʨʫ ʹʨ˅ʰʸʵʫ ʳʰʳʨˁʴʰʨ ˄ʨʸʻʫʪʰʴʵ
ʸʬʫʨʽ˂ʰʨʹ ʹʨʻʱʬʯʬʹʵ ʫʨ ˀʬʪʴʬʩʻʲ ʹʭʨʴʬʯʰʹ ʳʱʭʰʫʸʯʨʪʨʴ
ʳʵ˄ʬʸʰʲʰ ˄ʬʸʰʲʬʩʰ ʫʨ ʨʪʸʬʯʭʬ ʳʵʭʨʯʨʭʹʵ ʨʽʭʬ ʩ. ʶʰʸʭʬʲʰʹ
ʳʨʳʰʹʨʪʨʴ ʳʵ˄ʬʸʰʲʰ ˄ʬʸʰʲʰ: ,,˃ʳʨʵ ʬʪʴʨʺʬ! ʳʬ ˀʬʭʰʺʿʭʬ, ʭʰʯʵʳ˂
ʨʩʵʹ ʸʨʰʳʬ ʫʨʬ˄ʬʸʵʹ ˀʬʴʹ ˀʬʹʨˆʬʩ ʪʨʮʬʯˀʰ ʫʨ ʨʳʨʮʬ ʯʭʰʯ ʳʨʹʨ˂
ʳʰʭʹ˄ʬʸʬ ˄ʬʸʰʲʰ ʫʨ ʪʨʮʬʯˀʰ˂ ʪʨʭʨʪʮʨʭʴʬ ˄ʬʸʰʲʰ. ʪʯˆʵʭʯ
451
ʪʻʲʰ ʴʻ ʫʨʪ˄ʿʫʬʩʨʯ ʫʨ ʳʬ ʯʰʯʵʴ ʪʨʳʵʭʬʱʨʳʨʯʬʩʰ ʪʨʮʬʯʰʹ
ʹʨˀʻʨʲʬʩʰʯ. ʲʬʴˇʬˆʬʲʰ ʳʵ˄ʨʼʬʬʩʰ ʫʨ ʭʰʾʨ˂ ʪʨʼʻ˅ʬʩʻʲʰ
ʩʨʲʾʬʩʰ ʸʨ˂ʾʨ ʹʰʮʳʨʸʹ ʻʨʳʩʵʩʫʬʴ ʸʨʾʨ ʳʵʰˆʭʰʨ ʯʨʭʮʬʫ ʨʳ
ʺʿʭʰʲʬʩʰʯ ʪʨʴʫʸʬʱʰʲ ʫʨ ʪʨʽʲʬʽʰʲ ʶʰʸʬʩʰʹʨʪʨʴ ʳʵ˄ʵʫʬʩʻʲʰ
ʳʨʹʨʲʬʩʰ"³

„‚Œ€¢„ ‚€Šˆ€Œˆ

‚‘„ Œˆˆ ‰‹ˆ€ ˆ €•‘ €ƒ”„‡53.

ʿʭʬʲʨʳ ʱʨʸʪʨʫ ʰ˂ʰʹ, ʸʵʳ ʲʬˁˆʻʳʰʹ ʳʨʮʸʨ ʨʳ ʷʨʳʨʫ ʱʨʴʵʴʹ

ʪʨʸʬˀʬʨ ʪʨʳʵ˂ˆʨʫʬʩʻʲʰ, ʨʳʨʹ ˄ʰʴʬʯ ʰʽ ʳʵʳˆʫʨʸ ʨʳʩʬʩʰʹ ʪʨʳʵ.
ʲʬˁˆʻʳʰʹ ʳʨʮʸʰʹ ʴʨ˄ʰʲʹ ˀʬʨʫʪʬʴʹ ʹʭʨʴʬʯʰ ʸʵʳʲʰʹ ʳ˂ˆʵʭʸʬʩʯʨ
ʸʰ˂ˆʭʰ 23000 ʱʨ˂ʮʬ ʳʬʺʰʨ. ʯʭʰʯ ʪʻʩʬʸʴʰʰʹ ʱʵʳʰʹʨʸʳʨ ʱʨʸʪʨʫ
ʻ˄ʿʰʹ, ʸʵʳ ʹʭʨʴʬʯʹ ʲʬˁˆʻʳˀʰ ʳʵʳˆʫʨʸ ʹʨʽʳʬʬʩˀʰ ʨʸʨʭʰʯʨʸʰ
ʳʵʴʨ˄ʰʲʬʵʩʨ ʨʸ ʳʰʻʾʰʨ. ʶʰʸʰʽʰʯ ˀʬʰ˃ʲʬʩʨ ʹʭʨʴʬʩʰ
ʻʱʳʨʿʵʼʰʲʵʴʰ ʰʽʴʬʴ ʰʳʰʯ ʸʨ˂ ʳʵˆʫʨ.
ʪʻʩʬʸʴʰʰʹ ʱʵʳʰʹʸʰʹ ʫʬʱʸʬʺʰ ʯʨʭʰʹʰ ʹʸʻʲʰ
ʳʴʰˀʭʴʬʲʵʩʰʯ ʹʭʨʴʬʩʮʬ˂ ʰʹʬ ʭʸ˂ʬʲʫʬʩʨ, ʸʵʪʵʸ˂ ʫʨʴʨʸˁʬʴ
ʲʬˁˆʻʳˀʰ ʳ˂ˆʵʭʸʬʩʲʬʩʮʬ: ʹʭʨʴʬʯʰʹ ʹʨʹ˄ʨʭʲʬʩʲʬʩʹ ʱʸʬʫʰʺʰ
ʫʨʻˆʻʸʬʹ, ʶʸʵʶʻʹʱʰ ʳʨʯʯʭʰʹʨ˂ ʰʹʬʯ ʳ˄ʭʨʭʬ ʹʨʱʰʯˆʹ ˀʬʨʫʪʬʴʹ,
ʸʵʪʵʸ˂ ʲʬˁˆʻʳʲʬʩʰʹʯʭʰʹ. ʫʨʰˆʻʸʨ ʨʽʨ˂ ʿʭʬʲʨ
ʨʫʳʰʴʰʹʺʸʨ˂ʰʻʲʰ ʫʨ ʹˆʭʨ ʫʨ˄ʬʹʬʩʻʲʬʩʬʩʰ. ʨʳ ʳʵʭʲʬʴʨʹ
ʨʻ˂ʰʲʬʩʲʨʫ ʳʵʿʭʬʩʨ ʹʨˀʰʴʬʲʰ ʨʸʬʭ-ʫʨʸʬʭʨ ʫʨ ʨʴʨʸʽʰʨ. ʸʵʳʲʰʹ
ˀʬʫʬʪʬʩʰ˂ ʹʨˀʰʴʬʲ ʳ˄ʭʨʭʬ ˆʨʹʰʨʯʹ ʳʰʰʾʬʩʬʴ ʫʨ ʳʬʸʬ ʳʰʹ ˁʨʽʸʵʩʨ
ʰʹʬʯ ˆʨʲˆˀʰ ʸʵʪʵʸ˂ ʨʸʰʨʴ ʹʭʨʴʬʩʰ, ʫʰʫ ʫʸʵʹ ʫʨ ˃ʨʲʬʩʹ
ʳʵʰʯˆʵʭʬʴ. ʳʬ ʳʪʵʴʰʨ ʯʭʰʯ ʩ. ʱʵʳʰʹʨʸʰ˂ ʫʨʳʬʯʨʴˆʳʬʩʨ ʰʳʨˀʰ ʸʵʳ
ʹʭʨʴʬʩʰ ʹʸʻʲʰʨʯ ʻʫʨʴʨˀʨʻʲʵʯ ʨʸʰʨʴ ʫʨʹˇʰʲʴʰ ʫʨ ʨʳ
ʹʨʹˇʬʲʰʹ ʳʵˆʹʴʨʹ ʯʨʭʰʹ ʮʴʬʵʩʸʰʭ ʳʵʭʨʲʬʵʩʨʯ ˁʨʹʯʭʲʰʹ.

„. ˆŒ‚‘ „Šˆ.

53
ʪʨʮ. ,,ˆʨʲˆʰʹ ʳʬʪʵʩʨʸʰ³ʳʨʸʺʰ, ȹ127, 1918 ˄.

452
†„‹ …€Œ„‡ˆ ƒ„Š„‚€£ˆ€ ‹‡€… ˆ ¡ˆŒ€–„54

12 ʯʬʩʬʸʭʨʲʹ ʹʭʨʴʬʯʰʹ ʫʬʲʬʪʨ˂ʰʨ ˄ʨʸʻʫʪʨ ʳʯʨʭʸʵʩʰʹ

ʯʨʭʳˇʫʵʳʨʸʬʹ ʩ. ʷʵʸʫʨʴʰʨʹ. ʫʬʲʬʪʨ˂ʰʰʹ ʯʨʭʳˇʫʵʳʨʸʬ
ʪʨʩʲʰʨʴʳʨ ʳʰʹʨʹʨʲʳʬʩʬʲ ʹʰʺʿʭʰʯ ʳʰˈʳʨʸʯʨ:
,,ʴʬʩʨ ʳʵʪʭʬ˂ʰʯ ʳʻʫʨʳ ʯʨʭʰʹʻʼʲʬʩʰʹ ʳʵʺʸʼʰʨʲʬʴʰ
ʳʵʪʬʹʨʲʳʵʯ ʹʭʨʴʬʯʰʹ ʹʨˆʬʲʰʯ³
ʯʽʭʬʴ ʩʬʫʳʨ ʪʨʸʪʻʴʨʯ ʹʨʽʨʸʯʭʬʲʵʹ ʨʾʫʪʬʴʨˀʰ
ʩʬʲʨʫʵʩʨ ʫʨ ʪʰʹʻʸʭʬʩʯ ʸʵʳ ˀʬʹ˃ʲʵʯ ʹʨʽʨʸʯʭʬʲʵʹ ʰʳ ʪʮʨʮʬʫ
ʫʨʿʬʴʬʩʨ, ʸʨʯʨ ʳʨʴ ʰʨʸʹʬʩʵʹ ʳʵʳʨʭʨʲˀʰ ʹʨˆʬʲʵʭʴʨʫ.
ʻ˃ʭʬʲʬʹ ʫʸʵʰʫʪʨʴ ʱʨʭʱʨʹʰʰʹ ʳʯʬʩ ˀʻʨ ʳʵʳ˄ʿʭʫʬʻʲʰ
ʹʭʨʴʬʩʰ ʨʳ ʩʵʲʵ ʫʸʵʹ ʬʸʯʵʩ ˁʨʳʵʭʸˁʰʯ ˂ˆʵʭʸʬʩʨʹ, ʨʸʹʬʩʻʲ
ʨʫʪʰʲʵʩʸʰʭ ʩʻʴʬʩʸʰʭ ʫʨ ʪʬʵʪʸʨʼʰʻʲ ʶʰʸʵʩʬʩʰʹ ˄ʿʨʲʵʩʰʯ.
ʭˆʬʫʨʭʯ ʰʳʨʹʨ˂, ʸʵʳ ʨʳʰʹʯʨʴʨ ʫʸʵʹ ʳʯʨʭʸʵʩʨʳ ʭʬʸ ʳʵʪʭʨ˄˂ʰʨ
ˇʬʸʵʭʨʴʰ ʿʻʸʨʫʾʬʩʨ ʫʨ ʨʳʰʺʵʳ ˁʭʬʴ ʯʭʰʯʵʴ ˁʨʳʵʭʬʫʰʯ ʳʰʹ
ʹʨ˃ʬʩʸʨʯ ʫʨ ˁʭʬʴʰ ʽʭʬʿʴʰʹ ʳʫʪʵʳʨʸʬʵʩʰʹ ʪʨʹʨ˂ʴʵʩʨʯ.
ʳʨʸʯʨʲʰʨ ˁʭʬʴ ʫʨʭˀʵʸʫʰʯ ʫʨʴʨʸˁʬʴ ʽʨʸʯʭʬʲʬʩʹ ʳʬ-VII
ʹʨʻʱʻʴʬˀʰ ʽʸʰʹʺʬʹ ˀʵʩʨʳʫʬ ʳ˂ʰʸʬ ʨʮʰʨˀʰ, ʳʨˀʰʴ, ʸʵʫʬʹʨ˂
ʨʹʻʸʬʲʬʩʯʨʴ ʵʸʨʹʰ ˄ʲʰʹ ʪʨʴʳʨʭʲʵʩʨˀʰ ʪʨʴʻ˄ʿʭʬʺʬʲʰ
ʩʸ˃ʵʲʰʯ ʫʨʽʨʴ˂ʻʲʰ ʽʨʸʯʭʬʲʬʩʰ ʱʰʰʳʬʸʲʬʩʰʹʨ, ˆʨʮʨʸʬʩʰʹʨ ʫʨ
ʹˆʭʨ ʭʬʲʻʸʰ ˆʨʲˆʬʩʰʹ ˀʬʳʵʹʬʭʰʹ ˄ʿʨʲʵʩʰʯ ʰʿʭʴʬʴ ʨʿʸʰʲʴʰ ʫʨ
ʫʬʭʴʰʲʴʰ, ʳʨʪʸʨʳ ʳʸʨʭʨʲʰ ʰʹʺʵʸʰʻʲʰ ʹʨʩʻʯʬʩʰ
ʳʵʪʭʰʯˆʸʵʩʬʴ, ʸʵʳ ʹʭʨʴʬʩʰ ʸʵʪʵʸ˂ ʳʨʴʨʳʫʰ ʨʪʸʬʫʭʬ ʳʰʹ
ˀʬʳʫʬʪʨ˂ ʿʵʭʬʲʯʭʰʹ ʹʨʽʨʸʯʭʬʲʵʹʯʨʴ ʳ˅ʰʫʸʵʯ ʰʿʭʴʬʴ
ʫʨʱʨʭˀʰʸʬʩʻʲʰ ˅ʰʸˀʰ ʫʨ ʲˆʰʴˀʰ. ʨʳʨʹ ʹˆʭʨʯʨ ˀʵʸʰʹ
ʪʭʰʳʺʱʰ˂ʬʩʹ ʰʹ ʪʨʸʬʳʵʬʩʨ˂, ʸʵʳ ʹʨʽʨʸʯʭʬʲʵʹ ʳʬʼʬʬʩʹ
ʿʵʭʬʲʯʭʰʹ ʫʰʫʰ ʿʻʸʨʫʾʬʩʨ ˈʽʵʴʫʨʯ ʹʭʨʴʬʯʮʬ ʳʰʽ˂ʬʻʲʰ ʫʨ
ʹʭʨʴʬʩʰ˂ ʳʨʯʰ ʬʸʯʪʻʲʴʰ ʽʭʬˀʬʭʸʫʵʳʴʰ ʰʿʭʴʬʴ. ʳʨʪʨʲ. ʫʨʭʰʯ
ʨʾʳʨˀʬʴʬʩʬʲʳʨ ʫʨʰ˄ʿʵ ʹʭʨʴʬʯˀʰ ʬʱʲʬʹʰʬʩʰʹ ʨˀʬʴʬʩʨ ʫʨ
ʽʸʰʹʺʰʨʴʵʩʰʹ ʪʨʭʸ˂ʬʲʬʩʨ. ʯʨʳʨʸ ʳʬʼʰʹ ʳʨʳʰʹ ʫʸʵʹ ʹʭʨʴʬʩʳʨ
ˀʨʴˀʬ ʫʨʫʰʨʴʰʹ ʳʬʯʨʻʸʵʩʰʯ ʨʰʾʬʹ ʹʵʳˆʬʯʰʹ ʹʨʺʨˆʺʵ ʽʨʲʨʽʰ
ʨʴʰʹʰ.

54
ʪʨʮ. ,,ʹʨʽʨʸʯʭʬʲʵ³ʯʬʩʬʸʭʨʲˋ ȹ, 1919 ˄.

453
 ʯʨʳʨʸ ʳʬʼʬ, ʸʵʳʲʰʹ ʹʨˆʬʲʰ˂ ʹʰʲʨʳʨʮʰʹʨ ʫʨ ʫʰʫʬʩʰʹ
ˀʨʸʨʭʨʴʫʬʫʰʯ ʨʸʰʹ ˀʬʳʱʻʲʰ ʹʭʨʴʬʯʰʹ ʳʬˆʹʰʬʸʬʩʨˀʰ, ʰʿʵ ˁʭʬʴʰ
ʳ˄ʿʨʲʵʩʬʲʰ. ʳʨʴ ʩʬʭʸʰ ʺʨ˃ʸʬʩʰ ʨʨʪʵ ʹʭʨʴʬʯˀʰ ʫʨ ʳʸʨʭʨʲʰ ˆʨʺ-
ˇʭʨʸʰʯ ˀʬʨʳʱʵ ʰʹʰʴʰ. ʨʳʰʺʵʳ ʪʰʵʸʪʰ ʸʻʹʰʹ ˁʨʪʵʴʬʩʰʯ ʯʨʳʨʸʰʹ
ʳʹʨˆʻʸʯ ʻˆʻ˂ʬʹʰʹ ʭʨʸʫʨʴ ʫʨʫʰʨʴʰʹ ʳʰʬʸ ʯʨʳʨʸ ʳʬʼʰʹ
ʹʨ˄ʰʴʨʨʾʳʫʬʪʵʫ ʨˇʨʴʿʬʩʻʲʳʨ ʹʭʨʴʬʩʳʨ ʯʭʰʯ ʪʰʵʸʪʰ ʸʻʹʰ
ʫʨʰ˅ʰʸʬʹ ʫʨ ˆʬʲ-ʼʬˆ ˀʬʱʸʻʲʰ ʯʨʳʨʸ ʳʬʼʬʹ ʳʰʻʿʭʨʴʬʹ.
ʳʬʬʽʭʹʬ ʹʨʻʱʻʴʬˀʰ ʱʵʲˆʬʩʰʹʨ ʫʨ ʹʭʨʴʬʩʰʹ ˀʬʬʸʯʬʩʻʲʰ
ʲʨˀʽʨʸʰ ʬʸʯʨʫ ʬʩʸ˃ʵʫʬʴ ʹʶʨʸʹʬʲʬʩʹ, ʨʰʾʬʹ ʽʨʲʨʽʰ ʶʨʺʸʨ ʫʨ
ʫʨʨʴʪʸʰʬʹ ˂ʰˆʬ ʹʨ˃ʰʸʱʭʲʬʩʨʳʫʬ. ʨʳʰʹʯʨʴʨ ʹʨʨʸʨʱʵ ʰʬʸʰˀʬʩʰ
ʳʺʸʰʹ ˄ʰʴʨʨʾʳʫʬʪ ʹʭʨʴʬʩʹ ʳʸʨʭʨʲˇʬʸ ʳʰʻʺʨʴʰʨʯ.
ʳʸʨʭʨʲʰ ˆʨʺ-ˇʭʨʸʰ, ˃ʭʬʲʰ ˆʬʲʯʴʨ˄ʬʸʬʩʰ ʫʨ ʹˆʭʨ
ʹʨʬʱʲʬʹʰʵ ʹʰʳʫʰʫʸʬ ʫʨ ʰʹ ˃ʭʬʲʰ ʴʨˀʯʬʩʰ, ʸʵʳʲʬʩʰ˂ ʹʭʨʴʬʯʳʨ
ʫʾʬʳʫʰʹ ʫʨʰ˂ʭʨ ʫʨ ˀʬʻʴʨˆʨ ʹʨʽʨʸʯʭʬʲʵʹ, ʨʸʰʨʴ ʹʨʻʱʬʯʬʹʵ
ʳʵ˄ʨʳʬ ʹʭʨʴʬʩʰʹʨ ʫʨ ʫʨʴʨʸˁʬʴ ʽʨʸʯʭʬʲʬʩʰʹ ʬʸʯʰʨʴʵʩʰʹʨ ʫʨ ʳʨʯʰ
ʩʸ˄ʿʰʴʭʨʲʬ ˄ʨʸʹʻʲʰʹʨ.
ʫʾʬʹ, ʸʵʫʬʹʨ˂ ʳʵʴʵʩʰʹ ʩʵʸʱʰʲʬʩʰ ʫʨʰʳʹˆʭʸʨ ʫʨ
ʯʨʭʰʹʻʼʲʬʩʰʹ ʳʮʬ ʹʭʨʴʬʯʹʨ˂ ʳʵʬʼʰʴʨ, ˁʭʬʴ˂ ʪʭʰʴʫʨ ʫʨʸʨˇʨʫ
ʫʨʻʫʪʬʯ ʯʨʭʰʹʻʼʲʬʩʨʹ ʫʨ ʯʽʭʬʴʯʨʴ ʬʸʯʨʯ ʭʰʩʸ˃ʵʲʵʯ ʳʰʹ
ʳʺʸʬʩʰʹ ˄ʰʴʨʨʾʳʫʬʪ. ʨʳʰʺʵʳ ʪʯˆʵʭʯ ʨˆʲʨ ʳʨʰʴ˂ ʿʻʸʨʫʾʬʩʨ
ʳʰʨʽ˂ʰʵʯ ʳʨʹ, ʶʨʺʸʵʴʵʩʨ ʪʨʻ˄ʰʵʯ ʳʨʹ ʫʨ ʪʨʳʵʰʿʬʴʵʯ ˁʭʬʴʰ ʬʸʰʹ
ʹʨʱʬʯʰʲʫʾʬʵʯ ʬʹ ˇʨʴʹʨʾʰ ˆʨʲˆʰ ʫʨ ʹʭʨʴʬʯʰʹ ʩʻʴʬʩʸʰʭʰ
ʹʰʳʫʰʫʸʬ.
ˀʬʳʫʬʪ ʫʬʲʬʪʨ˂ʰʨʳ ˄ʨʸʨʫʪʰʴʨ ʳʵˆʹʬʴʬʩʨ, ʸʵʳʬʲˀʰ˂
˄ʨʳʵʿʬʴʬʩʻʲʰʨ ˀʬʳʫʬʪʰ:
1. ʹʭʨʴʬʯʰ ʵʫʬʹʾʨ˂ ʱʰʲʺʻʸʰʹ ʳʨʺʨʸʬʩʬʲʰ, ʿʵʭʬʲʯʭʰʹ
ʿʵʼʰʲʨ ʪʨʴʻʿʸʬʲʰ ʴʨ˄ʰʲʰ ʹʨʽʨʸʯʭʬʲʵʰʹʨ ʫʨ ʫʾʬʹʨ˂ ʳˆʨʸʹ
ʻ˅ʬʸʹ ʹʨʽʨʸʯʭʬʲʵʹ ʫʨʳʵʻʱʰʫʬʩʲʵʩʨʹ, ʸʵʳʲʰʹ
ʪʨʴʳʺʱʰ˂ʬʩʰʹʨʯʭʰʹ ʰʪʰ ʳʮʨʫ ʨʸʰʹ ʯʨʭʰ˂ ˀʬʹ˄ʰʸʵʹ.
2. ʬʯˆʵʭʵʹ ʻʳʨʾʲ. ʳʯʨʭʸʵʩʨʹ, ʸʨʯʨ ʳʨʴ ʹʭʨʴʬʯˀʰ ʯʨʭʰʹ
˄ʨʸʳʵʳʨʫʪʬʴʲʬʩʰʹʨʪʨʴ ˀʬʳʫʪʨʸʰ ʱʵʳʰʹʰʨ ʪʨʳʵʪʮʨʭʴʵʹ,
ʸʵʳʬʲʰ˂ ʨʫʪʰʲʵʩʸʰʭ ʪʨʬ˂ʴʵʩʨ ʿʵʭʬʲ ʳˆʸʰʭ ʹʭʨʴʬʯʰʹ
ʳʫʪʵʳʨʸʬʵʩʨʹ, ˆʨʲˆʹʨ˂ ʨʻˆʹʴʰʹ ʳʯʨʭʸʵʩʰʹ ʳʵʯˆʵʭʴʰʲʬʩʬʩʹ ʫʨ
ʨʳ ʱʵʳʰʹʰʨʹʭʬ ʳʰʬʴʫʵʹ ʹʭʨʴʬʯʰʹ ʰʨʸʨʾʰʹ ʨʿʸʰʹ ʹʨʽʳʬ.
3. ʮʵʪʰʬʸʯ ʨˆʨʲʪʨʮʸʫʨ ʹʭʨʴʬʩʹ ʩʸʨʲʰ ʬʫʬʩʨʯ ʳʬʮʵʩʬʲ
ˆʨʲˆʰʹʨʪʨʴ ʹʨʽʵʴʲʰʹ ʳʵʺʨ˂ʬʩʨˀʰ ± ʬʯˆʵʭʵʹ ʳʯʨʭʸʵʩʨʹ,
454
ʬʶʨʺʰʵʯ ʰʳ ʶʰʸʬʩʹ, ʸʵʳʬʲʴʰ˂ ʫʨʮʨʸʨʲʬʩʻʲʯ ˀʬʻʸʰʪʫʬʩʰʨʴ
ʫʨ ʫʨʨʱʳʨʿʵʼʰʲʬʩʬʴ ʳʬʫʰʨʺʵʸʻʲ ˄ʬʹʰʯ
4. ʬʯˆʵʭʵʹ ʳʯʨʭʸʵʩʨʹ, ʸʵʳ ʹʭʨʴʬʯʹ ʳʰʬ˂ʬʹ ʴʬʩʨ
ʳʬʫʰʨʺʵʸʻʲʰ ˄ʬʹʰʯ ʳʵʸʰʪʬʩʰʹʨ, ʭʰʹʯʨʴʨ˂ ʻʱʳʨʿʵʼʰʲʬʩʨ ʨʽʭʯ
ʨʳʨ ʯʻ ʰʳ ʹʨʽʳʬʮʬ.
5. ʭʰʴʨʰʫʨʴ ʹʭʨʴʬʯʰ ʳʵ˄ʿʭʬʺʰʲʰʨ ʻʪʮʵ-ʻʱʭʲʵʩʰʹʨ ʪʨʳʵ
ʱʻʲʺʻʸʻʲ ˂ʬʴʺʸʹ, ʸʵʳʲʰʹ ʳʰʮʬʮʰʯʨ˂ ʿʵʭʬʲʪʭʨʸʰ
ʱʻʲʺʻʸʻʲʰ ˄ʨʸʳʨʺʬʩʨ ˀʬʻ˃ʲʬʩʬʲʰʨ, ± ʬʯˆʵʭʵʹ ʳʯʨʭʸʵʩʨʹ,
ʸʨ˂ ˀʬʰ˃ʲʬʩʨ ʳʵʱʲʬ ˆʨʴˀʰ ʹʭʨʴʬʯˀʰ ʰʽʳʴʬʹ ʪʨʿʭʨʴʰʲʰ ʪʮʬʩʰ ±
ʻʳʯʨʭʸʬʹʰ ʼʨʽʺʵʸʰ ʨʾʬʩ-ʳʰ˂ʬʳʵʩʰʹʨ ʫʨ ʱʻʲʺʻʸʰʹʨ. ʹʭʨʴʬʯʰ
ʩʻʴʬʩʨʹ ʻˆʭʨʫ ʫʨʻˇʰʲʫʵʭʬʩʰʨ ʳʸʨʭʨʲ-ʪʭʨʸʰ ʹʰʳʫʰʫʸʰʯ
(ʵʽʸʵ-ʭʬʸ˂ˆʲʰ, ˆʬ-ʺʿʬ ʫʨ ʹˆʭʨ ʳʨʫʴʬʻʲʰ), ʻʬ˅ʭʬʲʰʨ ʪʮʬʩʰʹ
ʪʨʿʭʨʴʨ ˆʬʲʹ ˀʬʻ˄ʿʵʩʹ ʹʰʳʫʰʫʸʰʹ ʪʨʳʵʺʨʴʨʹ ʫʨ ˂ʬʴʺʸʯʨʴ
ʪʨʬʸʯʰʨʴʬʩʨʹ.
6. ʳʹʨˇʻʲʰʹ ʨʫʪʰʲʵʩʸʰʭ ʻʿʵʲʵʩʰʹʨ ʪʨʳʵ ʹʭʨʴʬʯʰ ʭʬʸ
ˀʬʬʪʻʨ ʱʨʴʵʴʬʩʹ ʫʨ ʯʨʭʰʹʬʩʻʸʨʯ ʪʨʴʨʪʸ˃ʵʩʹ ʯʨʭʰʹ
ʫʨʱʳʨʿʵʼʰʲʬʩʨʹ, ʨʳʰʺʵʳʨ˂ ʪʨˆˀʰʸʫʨ ʹʰʹˆʲʰʹ ʨʾʬʩʨ.
ʳʬʺʰʹʳʬʺʨʫ ʹʨ˅ʰʸʵʨ ʹʭʨʴʬʯˀʰ ʳʻʫʳʰʭʨʫ ʰʿʵʹ 2 ʳʹʨˇʻʲʰ.
7. ʬʯˆʵʭʵʹ ʳʯʨʭʸʵʩʨʹ ʸʨʯʨ ʴʬʩʨ ʫʨʬʸʯʵʹ ʹʭʨʴʬʯʳʨ ʯʨʭʰʹ
ʳˆʸʰʯ ʹʨʳʰ ˄ʨʸʳʵʳʨʫʪʬʴʬʲʰ ʨʰʸˁʰʵʹ ʫʨʳʼʻ˃ʴʬʩʬʲ ʱʸʬʩʨˀʰ.
8. ʿʵʭʬʲʪʭʨʸʰ ʨʸˁʬʭʴʬʩʰ ʹʨˆʨʲˆʵ ʫʨ˄ʬʹʬʩʻʲʬʩʬʩʰʹʨ
ʹʭʨʴʬʯˀʰ ʪʨʫʨʫʬʩʻʲʰʨ, ʯʰʯʽʵʹ ʹʭʨʴʬʯʹ ʨʸ ˀʬʬ˃ʲʵʹ ʹʨʮʵʪʨʫʵ
ʼʬʸˆʻʲˀʰ ˁʨʬʩʨʹ, ʨʳʰʹ ʳʰʮʬʮʰʯ ʱʰ ʹʭʨʴʬʯʰʹ ʰʴʺʬʸʬʹʬʩʰ
ʰʲʨˆʬʩʨ; ʪʨʫʨʫʬʩʻʲʰʨ ʬʸʵʩʰʹ ʨʸˁʬʭʴʬʩʰ ʫʨ ʳʵ˄ʿʨʲʬʩʨʹʨʭʰʯ
ʫʨʸˁʬʴʰʲʰʨ ʹʭʨʴʬʯʰʹʨʯʭʰʹ ˆʻʯʰ ʨʲʨʪʰ ʳʨˀʰʴ, ʸʵʫʬʹʨ˂ ʸʰʪʰʯ
ʳʨʹ ʳʯʬʲʰ ʳʨʮʸʰʹ ˆʳʵʹʨʴʯʨ ʸʰ˂ˆʭʰʹ ʳʰˆʬʫʭʰʯ ʳʬʵʯˆʬʫʰ ʳʨʰʴ˂
ʻʴʫʨ ˈʿʨʭʫʬʹ, ʨʳʰʹ ʪʨʳʵ ʬʯˆʵʭʵʹ ʳʯʨʭʸʵʩʨʹ ± ʹʭʨʴʬʯʹ ʳʰʬ˂ʬʹ
ʻʼʲʬʩʨ ʯʨʭʰʹ ʳˆʸʰʯ ʹʨʳʨʮʸʵ ʬʸʵʩʨˀʰ ʨʰʸˁʰʵʹ ʨʯʰ ˄ʬʭʸʰ.
9. ʪʨʰˆʹʴʨʹ ʹʭʨʴʬʯˀʰ ʼʵʹʺʨ-ʺʬʲʬʪʸʨʼʰʹ ʪʨʴʿʵʼʰʲʬʩʨ.
10. ʳʬʻʸʴʬʵʩʰʹ ʪʨʹʨʻʳˇʵʩʬʹʬʩʲʨʫ ʪʨʰˆʹʴʨʹ ʹʭʨʴʬʯˀʰ ʬʸʯʰ
ʹʨʳʬʻʸʴʬʵ ʹʨʹ˄ʨʭʲʬʩʬʲʰ ʫʨ ʵʸʰ ʶʰʸʭʬʲ ʫʨ˄ʿʬʩʰʯʰ ʻʳʨʾʲʬʹʰ
ʹʨʹ˄ʨʭʲʬʩʬʲʰ.
11. ʹʨʳʾʭʯʵ ʹˇʻʲʰʹ ʪʨʴʫʬʭʴʨʮʬ ʹʱʵʲʬʩʰʫʨʴ, ʹʭʨʴʬʯʰ
ʻʯʨʴˆʳʵʬʩʨʹ ʨ˂ˆʨʫʬʩʹ.
12. ʬʯˆʵʭʵʹ ʳʯʨʭʸʵʩʨʹ ʮʬʳʵ ʹʭʨʴʬʯʰʹ ʹʨʳˆʬʫʸʵ ʩʬʪʨʸʰʹ
ʳʵʹʨˆʫʬʲʨʫ ʪʨ˄ʭʬʻʲʰ ʨˆʨʲʪʨʮʸʫʬʩʰ ʰ˄ʭʸʯʴʬʩʵʫʬʴ
455
ʨʫʪʰʲʵʩʸʰʭ ʹʭʨʴʬʯˀʰ, ʸʰʹʯʭʰʹʨ˂ ʪʨʪʮʨʭʴʰʲ ʻʴʫʨ ʰʽʳʴʬʴ
ʹʨ˅ʰʸʵ ʰʴʹʺʸʻʽʺʵʸʬʩʰ.
ʩ-ʴ ʷʵʸʫʨʴʰʨʳ ʳʵʰʹʳʰʴʨ ʸʨ ʿʭʬʲʰʭʬ ± ʫʬʲʬʪʨ˂ʰʨʹ
ʫʨˆʳʨʸʬʩʨʹ ʫʨˈʶʰʸʫʨ, ʸʰʹʰ˂ ʹʸʻʲʰ ʰʳʬʫʰ ʻʴʫʨ ʭʰʽʵʴʰʵʯ,
ʰʳʬʫʰʨ ʫʾʬʰʫʨʴ ʳʨʰʴ˂ ʳʰʬʽ˂ʬʭʨ ʹʭʨʴʬʯʹ ˇʬʸʵʭʨʴʰ ʿʻʸʨʫʾʬʩʨ,
ʸʨʹʨ˂ ʳʯʨʭʸʵʩʰʹ ʯʨʭʳˇʫʵʳʨʸʰʹ ʪʻʲʯʩʰʲʰ ʫʨˆʳʨʸʬʩʨ
ʪʭʨʰʳʬʫʬʩʹ.

ˆ. ‚‘Š„ƒ€Œˆ55

55
ʪʨʳʵʳ˂ʬʳʲʬʩʰʹ ˀʬʴʰˀʭʴʨ: ʸʵʪʵʸ˂ ˁʨʴʹ, ʬʹ ˄ʬʸʰʲʰ ʬʪʴʨʺʬʳ ʪʨʳʵʨʽʭʬʿʴʨ ʹˆʭʰʹʰ
ʪʭʨʸʰʯ. ʰˆÄʸʬʫʨʽʺʵʸʬʩʰʹʪʨʴ³
456
¡€…Š€ ‚€Œ€‡Š„ˆ €“‹„ …€Œ„‡–ˆ56

ʹʭʨʴʬʯʰ ʸʵʳ 1853 ˄. ʸʻʹʬʯʹ ˀʬʻʬʸʯʫʨ, ʨʳ ʽʭʬʿʨʴʨˀʰ ʰʳ ʫʸʵʹ

ʨʸ ʳʵʰʶʵʭʬʩʵʫʨ ʨʸ˂ ʬʸʯʰ ˄ʬʸʨ-ʱʰʯˆʭʰʹ ʳ˂ʵʫʴʬ.
ˀʬʳʫʬʪ ʹʨˆʬʲʳ˄ʰʼʵ ˆʨʸˇʮʬ ʰʮʸʫʬʩʨ ʸʨʳʵʫʬʴʰʳʬ ʹʭʨʴʰ. ʳʬ-
19 ʹʨʻʱʻʴʰʹ ʩʵʲʵ ˆʨʴʬʩˀʰ ʨʽ ʰˆʹʴʬʩʨ ʽʨʸʯʭʬʲʯʨ ˀʵʸʰʹ ˄ʬʸʨ-
ʱʰʯˆʭʰʹ ʪʨʳʨʭʸ˂ʬʲʬʩʬʲ ʹʨʮʵʪʨʫʵʬʩʰʹ ʳʰʬʸ 6 ʹʨʹ˄ʨʭʲʬʩʬʲʰ,
ʸʵʳʲʬʩʰ˂ ˀʬʳʫʬʪˀʰ ʪʨʫʨʭʰʫʴʬʴ ʳʯʨʭʸʵʩʰʹ ˆʬʲˀʰ. ʨʳʰʹ ˀʬʳʫʬʪ
ʳʯʨʭʸʵʩʨ ʰ˄ʿʬʩʹ ʹʭʨʴʬʯˀʰ ʹʱʵʲʬʩʰʹ ʪʨˆʹʴʨʹ.
˃ʭʬʲ ʫʸʵʹ ʽʨʸʯʻʲʰ ʬʴʨ ʨʹʬʯ ʹʱʵʲʬʩˀʰ ʪʨʴʰ˂ʫʰʫʨ
ʹʨˀʰʴʬʲ ʫʬʭʴʨʹ, ʳʰʹʰ ˀʬʹ˄ʨʭʲʨ ʹʨʹʺʰʱʨʯ ʰʿʵ ʨʱʸ˃ʨʲʻʲʰ.
ʳʰʻˆʬʫʨʭʨʯ ʰʳʰʹʨ, ʸʵʳ ʩʨʭˀʭʹ ʹ˄ʨʭʲʰʹ ʼʻʲʰ ʨʸ ˆʫʬʩʵʫʨ,
ʹʨʳʵʹ˄ʨʭʲʵ ʴʰʭʯʬʩʰ ʻʼʨʹʵʫ ʬ˃ʲʬʵʫʨ, ʹ˄ʨʭʲʨ-ʪʨʴʨʯʲʬʩʰʹ
ʹʨʽʳʬ ʹʭʨʴʬʯˀʰ ˄ʰʴ ʳʨʰʴ˂ ʭʬʸ ʳʰʫʰʵʫʨ. ʹ˄ʨʭʲʰʹ ʫʨʳʯʨʭʸʬʩʰʹ
ˀʬʳʫʬʪ ʩʨʭˀʭʰʹ ʳˀʵʩʲʬʩʹ ʨʸ ˈʽʵʴʫʨʯ ʹʨˀʻʨʲʬʩʨ ʯʨʭʰʹʰ ˀʭʰʲʰ
ʹʨʫʳʬ ʹ˄ʨʭʲʰʹ ʫʨʹʨʳʯʨʭʸʬʩʲʨʫ ʪʨʬʪʮʨʭʴʨʯ, ʨʳʰʺʵʳ ʳʵ˄ʨʼʬ ʰʹʬʭ
ʻʩʸʻʴʫʬʩʵʫʨ ʶʰʸʭʬʲ-ʿʵʼʰʲ ˂ˆʵʭʸʬʩʨʹ.
ʸʬʭʵʲʻ˂ʰʰʹ ˀʬʳʫʬʪ ʹʭʨʴʬʯʰʹ ʹʱʵʲʬʩʰ ʫʨʸˁʬʴ ʻʶʨʺʸʵʴʵʯ,
ʳʬʴˀʬʭʰʱʬʩʳʨ ʳʨʯ ˆʬʲʰ ʭʬʸ ʪʨʻ˄ʵʫʬʹ, ʳʬʺʨʫʸʬ ʶʰʸʭʬʲ ˆʨʴʬʩˀʰ;
ʹʨʹ˄ʨʭʲʬʩʲʬʩʰ ʫʨʰʴʪʸʬʴ, ʪʨʰ˃ʨʸ˂ʭʴʬʴ ʫʨ ʫʨʰʱʬʺʬʴ. ʸʨʳʵʫʬʴʰʳʬ
ˆʴʰʹ ˀʬʳʫʬʪ ʪʨʴʰʮʸʨˆʬʹ ʹʱʵʲʬʩʰʹ ʨʾʫʪʬʴʨ, ʳʨʪʸʨʳ ʨʳʨʵʯ,
ʴʵʸʳʨʲʻʸʰ ʳʫʪʵʳʨʸʬʵʩʨ ʹʱʵʲʬʩˀʰ ʭʬʸ ˀʬʽʳʴʬʹ ʫʨ ʳʨʯʰ
ʨʸʹʬʩʵʩʨ ʨʸ ʨʸʹʬʩʵʩʨʹ ʻʫʸʰʫʨ.
ʨʳ ʻʱʨʴʨʹʱʴʬʲ ˄ʲʬʩˀʰ ʹʨʩ˅ʵʯʨ ˆʬʲʰʹʻʼʲʬʩʰʹ ʳʰʬʸ
ʹʬʸʰʵʮʻʲʰ ʿʻʸʨʫʾʬʩʨʨ ʳʰʽ˂ʬʻʲʰ ʹʭʨʴʬʯʰʹ ʹʱʵʲʬʩʮʬ.
ʳʯʨʭʸʵʩʨʳ ʫʰʫʰ ʯʨʴˆʨ ʪʨʫʨʫʵ ʹʱʵʲʬʩʰʹ ˀʬʹʨʱʬʯʬʩʲʨʫ.
ˀʬʴʵʩʬʩʰ ʻʱʭʬ ʨʾʫʪʬʴʰʲʰ ʫʨ ʪʨʴʨˆʲʬʩʻʲʰ ʨʸʰʨʴ ʿʭʬʲʪʨʴ.
ʫʨʰ˄ʿʵ ʳʻˀʨʵʩʨ ʨˆʨʲ ʹʱʵʲʬʩʰʹ ʪʨʹʨˆʹʴʬʲʨʯ, ʪʨʰˆʹʴʨ ʵʩʵʲ
ʩʨʭˀʭʯʨ ʯʨʭˀʬʹʨʼʨʸʰ, ʹʨʰʫʨʴ ʨʳ ʷʨʳʨʫ ʯʩʰʲʰʹˀʰ ʨʸʰʨʴ
˄ʨʳʵʿʭʨʴʰʲʰ ʳʸʨʭʨʲʰ ʳʵ˄ʨʼʬʴʰ. ʰʹ ʹʭʨʴʬʯʰʹ ʨˆʨʲʪʨʮʸʫʵʩʨ,
ʸʵʳʬʲʯʨ˂ ʨʫʪʰʲʵʩʸʰʭ ʹʱʵʲʬʩˀʰ ʹ˄ʨʭʲʰʹ ʫʨʳʯʨʭʸʬʩʰʹ ˀʬʳʫʬʪ
ʨʸ ˈʽʵʴʫʨʯ ʹʨˀʻʨʲʬʩʨ ʹʭʨʴʬʯʰʹ ʪʨʸʬʯ ʹ˄ʨʭʲʰʹ

56
,, ʱʵʳʻʴʰʹʺʰ³ʰʨʴʭʨʸʰȹ˄., ʪʭ. 4.

457
ʫʨʹʨʳʯʨʭʸʬʩʲʨʯ ˄ʨʹʭʲʰʹʨ, ʫʾʬʹ ʰʮʸʫʬʩʰʨʴ ʹʨˆʬʲʳ˄ʰʼʵ
ˆʨʸˇʮʬ ʽ. ʯʩʰʲʰʹˀʰ ʫʨ ʹˆʭʨ ʽʨʲʨʽʬʩˀʰ.
ʨʾʹʨʴʰˀʴʨʭʰʨ, ʸʵʳ ʹʭʨʴʬʯˀʰ ʹ˄ʨʭʲʨ ʪʨʴʨʯʲʬʩʰʹ ʹʨʽʳʬ
ˀʬʻ˃ʲʬʩʬʲʰʨ ʫʨʫʪʬʹ ʹʨʹʻʸʭʬʲ ʴʰʨʫʨʪʮʬ ʳʨʴʨʳʫʬ, ʹʨʴʨʳ ʹʭʨʴʬʯʹ
ʨʸ ʪʨʬˆʹʴʬʩʨ ʪʮʨ ʱʻʲʺʻʸʻʲ ʽʭʬʿʴʬʩʯʨʴ ʫʨʹʨʱʨʭˀʰʸʬʩʲʨʫ.
ʮʨʳʯʸʵʩʰʯ ʹʭʨʴʬʯʰ ʯʰʯʽʳʰʹ ʳʰʻʭʨʲʰʨ. ʹʭʨʴʰ ʰ˃ʻʲʬʩʻʲʰ
ˆʫʬʩʨ ʪʨʫʨʲʨˆʵʹ ʿʵʭʬʲʪʭʨʸʰ ʫʨʩʸʱʵʲʬʩʬʩʰ ʫʨ ˆˀʰʸʨʯ
ʪʨʫʨʫʰʨʴ ʫʨ ʪʨʫʳʵʫʰʨʴ ˀʻˀʻʸʰʹ ʳʯʰʯ, ʳʨʪʸʨʳ ʳʸʨʭʨʲʰ ʹʭʨʴʰ
ˆʫʬʩʨ ʿʵʭʬʲ ˄ʲʰʻʸʨʫ ʳʹˆʭʬʸʶʲʰ ʨʹʬʯʰ ʳʵʪʮʨʻʸʵʩʰʹʨ.
ʨʳ ʷʨʳʨʫ ʹʨʩ˅ʵʯʨ ˆʬʲʰʹʻʼʲʬʩʨ ʬʳʮʨʫʬʩʨ ʹʭʨʴʬʯˀʰ ʪʮʰʹ
ʪʨʹʨʿʭʨʴʨʫ ʫʨ ʯʻ ʹʭʨʴʬʯʰʹ ʨʳ ʿʵʼʴʨ ʨʸ ʿʵʼʴʰʹ ʹʨʱʰʯˆʰʹ
ʪʨʫʨʹʨ˄ʿʭʬʺʨʯ ʳʨʴ ʳʺʱʰ˂ʬ ʴʨʩʰˇʰ ʪʨʫʨʫʪʨ, ʰʳʬʫʰʨ ʨˆʲʵ
ʳʵʳʨʭʨʲˀʰ ʹʭʨʴʬʯʰʹ ʳʸʨʭʨʲʺʨʴˇʻʲʰ ʫʨ ʪʨ˅ʰʸʭʬʩʻʲʰ
ʪʲʬˆʱʨ˂ʵʩʨ ʰʽʴʬʩʨ ʪʨʴʯʨʭʰʹʻʼʲʬʩʻʲʰ ˂ˆʵʭʸʬʩʰʹ ʳ˃ʰʳʬ
ʶʰʸʵʩʬʩʹʨ ʫʨ ʳʵʻʸˁʬʴʬʲ ʺʱʰʭʰʲʬʩʰʹʪʨʴ.
ʪʮʨ, ʫʨ ʳˆʵʲʵʫ ʪʮʨ, ʰˆʹʴʰʹ ʹʭʨʴʬʯʹ ʫʨʾʻʶʭʰʹʨʪʨʴ ʫʨ
ʳʰʹʰ ʪʨʱʬʯʬʩʰʹʯ ʹʨʳʻʫʨʳʵʯ ʪʨʫʨ˄ʿʫʬʩʨ ʹʭʨʴʬʯʰʹ ʩʬʫ-ʰʾʩʨʲʰ.

„‚Œ€¢„ ‚€Šˆ€Œˆ.

458
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„Š€ƒ‚‘ ˆ €‹„ˆ €‰ˆ‡šˆ

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ʹʭʨʴʬʯʰʹ ʳʨʮʸʨʾʳʨʹʱʵʳʰʹ ʬʸʯ-ʬʸʯ ʨʳʵ˂ʨʴʨʹ ʨʳʷʨʳʨʫ

ˀʬʨʫʪʬʴʹ ʬʲʬʽʺʸʵ-ʹʨʫʪʻʸʰʹ ʨʪʬʩʨ. ʹʭʨʴʬʯʰʹ ʳʫʰʴʨʸʬʬʩʰ ʫʨ
ʨʫʪʰʲ-ʳʫʬʩʨʸʬʵʩʨ ʨʳʰʹʯʭʰʹ ʰ˃ʲʬʭʨ ʰʹʬʯ ʶʰʸʵʩʬʩʹ, ʸʵʳ ʹʻʲ
ʻʳʴʰˀʭʴʬʲʵ ʯʨʴˆʬʩʰʹ ʫʨˆʨʸˇʭʰʯ ˀʬʹʨ˃ʲʬʩʬʲʰʨ ʨʳ ʫʰʨʫʰ
ʹʨʽʳʰʹ ʪʨʱʬʯʬʩʨ. ˃ʭʬʲʰ ʱʵʴʹʺʸʻʽ˂ʰʰʯ ʨʪʬʩʻʲʰ ʹʭʨʴʻʸʰ
ʹʨˆʲʬʩʰ ʫʾʬ ʫʨ ʾʨʳʬ ʯˆʵʻʲʵʩʬʴ ʪʨʴʨʯʬʩʨʹ, ʸʨ˂ ʴʨʭʯʰʹ
ʴʨʱʲʬʩʵʩʰʹ ʪʨʳʵ ˆʫʬʩʨ ʱʭʨʸʰʯ, ʨʳʨʹ ʱʰ ʳʸʨʭʨʲʪʭʨʸʰ ʮʨʸʨʲʰ
ʳʵʨʽʭʹ ʳʵʹʨˆʲʬʵʩʰʹʯʭʰʹ.
ʪʨʹʨʩ˅ʵʬʩʰʹ ˀʬʳʫʬʪ, ʹʭʨʴʬʯˀʰ ʸʵʪʵʸ˂ ʳʯʨʭʸʵʩʨ, ʰʹʬ
ʳʵʹʨˆʲʬʵʩʨ˂ ˀʬʻʫʪʨ ʼʨʸʯʬ ʨʾʳˀʬʴʬʩʲʵʩʨʹ, ʳʰʹ ˀʬʳʫʪʵʳ
ʪʨʴʭʰʯʨʸʬʩʰʹʨʯʭʰʹ ʨʻ˂ʰʲʬʩʬʲ ʹʨ˅ʰʸʵʬʩʨʹ ˀʬʨʫʪʬʴʹ ʵʯˆ
ʨʫʪʰʲʨʹ ʬʸʯ ˆʬʸˆʰʨʴ ˆʬ-ʺʿʰʹ ʹʨˆʬʸˆʰ ʳʨʴʽʨʴʬʩʰʹ ʳʵ˄ʿʵʩʨ
ˈʰʫʸʵ-ʬʲʹʨʫʪʻʸʰʹ ʹʨˀʻʨʲʬʩʰʯ, ʳʫʰʴʨʸʬʬʩʰ, ʸʵʳʬʲʴʰ˂
˄ʰʹʽʭʰʲʬʩʹ ʨʳʻˀʨʭʬʩʬʴ ʮʨʼˆʻʲʵʩʰʯ, ʮʨʳʯʸʵʩʰʯ 6-7 ʯʭʰʹ
ʪʨʴʳʨʭʲʵʩʨˀʰ ʰʿʰʴʬʩʰʨʴ. ʸʰʹ ʪʨʳʵ ʳʵʹʨˆʲʬʵʩʨ ʳʵʱʲʬʩʻʲʰʨ
ʶʻʸʰʹ ʫʨʼʽʭʰʹ ʹʨˀʻʨʲʬʩʨʹ ʫʨ ʪʨʴʰ˂ʫʰʹ ʪʨ˅ʰʸʭʬʩʨʹ.
ʬʲʹʨʫʪʻʸʰʹ ʨʪʬʩʨ ʹʨˀʻʨʲʬʩʨʹ ʳʵʪʭ˂ʬʳʹ ʸʨʳʵʫʬʴʰʳʬ ˄ʰʹʽʭʰʲʰʹ
ʬʲʬʽʺʸʵʴʻʲʰ ˃ʨʲʰʯ ʨʳʻˀʨʭʬʩʰʹʨʯʭʰʹ.
ʹʭʨʴʬʯʹ, ʸʵʳ ʫʰʫʰ ʳʵʳʨʭʨʲʰ ʨʽʭʹ, ʬʹ ʿʭʬʲʨʹʯʭʰʹ ʻʫʨʭʵʨ.
ʳʰʹʰ ʩʻʴʬʩʸʰʭʰ ʹʰʳʫʰʫʸʬʬʩʰʹ ʪʨʳʵʳʷʾʨʭʴʬʩʨ ʫʾʰʻʸ ˄ʬʹʸʰʪˀʰ
ʹʫʪʨʹ ʫʨ ʬʲʹʨʫʪʻʸʰʹ ʨʪʬʩʨ ʹʨˀʻʨʲʬʩʨʹ ʳʵʪʭ˂ʬʳʹ ʳʵʳʨʭʨʲˀʰ
ʳʨʯʰ ʫʨʳʻˀʨʭʬʩʰʹʨʯʭʰʹ ˈʰʫʸʵ-ʬʲʬʽʺʸʵʴʻʲʰ ʹʨʫʪʻʸʰʹ ʨʪʬʩʨʹ
ʬʽʴʬʩʨ ʫʰʫʰ ʶʵʲʰʺʰʱʻʸʰ ʳʴʰˀʭʴʬʲʵʩʨ˂.
ʹʨʽʨʸʯʭʬʲʵʹ ʻʳʨʾʲʬʹ ʹʨʳʬʻʸʴʬʵ ʹʨʩ˅ʵʳ ʨʳ ʮʨʼˆʻʲˀʰ
ʹʭʨʴʬʯʰʹ ʳʫʰʴʨʸʬʬʩʰʹʨ ʫʨ ˈʰʫʸʵ-ʬʲʬʽʺʸʵʴʻʲʰ ʹʨʫʪʻʸʰʹ
ʨʹʨʪʬʩ ʨʫʪʰʲʰʹ ʪʨʳʵʹʨʸʱʭʬʭʨʫ ʫʨ ʨʪʸʬʯʭʬ ˀʬʹʨʼʬʸʰ
ˆʨʸˇʯʨʾʸʰ˂ˆʭʰʹ ˀʬʹʨʫʪʬʴʨʫ ʪʨʳʵʪʮʨʭʴʨ ʰʴʷʬʴʸʬʩʰ, ʸʵʳʬʲʯʨ

57
,,ʱʵʳʻʴʰʹʺʰ³ʫʬʱʬʳʩʬʸʰ, ȹ 292; 1927 ˄., ʪʭ. 3.

459
ʪʨʳʵʱʭʲʬʭʰʯʨ˂ ʹʨʻʱʬʯʬʹʵ ʨʫʪʰʲʨʫ ʰʽʴʨ ˂ʴʵʩʰʲʰ ʳʬʹʺʰʰʫʨʴ
ʵʸʰ ʭʬʸʹʰʹ ʳʨʴ˃ʰʲʮʬ ʳʫʬʩʨʸʬ ʼʻˀʿʭʬʸʰ. ʼʻˀʿʭʬʸʰʹ ʳʫʰʴʨʸʬ
ʫʰʫʰ ʫʨʹʨʽʨʴʰʹ ʳʬʵˆʬʩʰʯ, 130.000 ʳʨʴʬʯʰʹ ʫʨˆʨʸˇʭʰʯ ʰ˃ʲʬʭʨ ʨʹ
˂ˆʬʴʰʹ ˃ʨʲʨʹ ʫʨ ʨʴʨʯʬʩʹ ʹʭʨʴʬʯʹ 15 ʭʬʸʹʰʹ ʳʨʴ˃ʰʲʮʬ
ʫʨʹʨʭʲʬʯʰʯ, 18 ʭʬʸʹʰʹ ʳʨʴ˃ʰʲʮʬ ʨʾʳʵʹʨʭʲʬʯʰʯ, ʬ. ʰ. 6.000
ʹʻʲʰʹʨʪʨʴ ˀʬʳʫʪʨʸ ʳʵʹʨˆʲʬʵʩʨʹ. ʬʲʹʨʫʪʻʸʰʹ ʨʹʨʪʬʩ
ˆʨʸˇʯʨʾʸʰ˂ˆʭʨˀʰ ʴʨˁʭʬʴʬʩ ʯʨʴˆʰʹ 130.000 ʳʨʴʬʯʰʹ ± 70 ʶʸʵ˂ʬʴʺʹ
ʰ˃ʲʬʭʨ ʬʲʬʽʺʸʵ-ʩʨʴʱʰ, ʪʸ˃ʬʲʭʨʫʰʨʴ ʹʬʹˆʰʹ ʹʨˆʰʯ. ˆʵʲʵ
ʫʨʴʨʸˁʬʴ ʯʨʴˆʨʹ ʹʭʨʴʬʯʰʹ ʳʨʮʸʨʾʳʨʹʱʵʳʰ ˆʨʸˇʨʭʹ ʯʨʭʰʹ
ʹʨˀʻʨʲʬʩʰʫʨʴ.
ˁʭʬʴ ʫʨʸ˄ʳʻʴʬʩʻʲʰ ʭʨʸʯ, ʸʵʳ ʹʭʨʴʬʯʰʹʨʯʭʰʹ ʨʳ
ʫʰʫʳʴʰˀʭʴʬʲʵʭʨʴ ʹʨʽʳʰʹ ˀʬʹʸʻʲʬʩʨʹ ʨʾʨʸʨʼʬʸʰ ˀʬʻˀʲʰʹ ˆʬʲʹ.
„. ‚€Šˆ€Œˆ

…€Œ„‡ˆ ‹ˆŒ„ €Š‘ ˆ ˆ‹ƒˆƒ „Œˆ58

ʪʨʹʻʲʰ ˄ʲʰʹ ʮʨʼˆʻʲˀʰ ʹʨʽ. ʻʳʨʾʲʬʹ ʹʨʳ. ʹʨʩ˅ʵʹ ʳʰʬʸ

ʹʭʨʴʬʯˀʰ ʳʰʭʲʰʴʬʩʻʲʰ ʰʿʵ ʪʬʵʲʵʪʰʻʸʰ ʱʵʳʰʹʰʨ, ʹʭʨʴʬʯʰʹ
ʳʰʴʬʸʨʲʻʸ ʹʰʳʫʰʫʸʬʬʩʰʹ ʪʨʳʵʹʨʱʭʲʬʭʨʫ, ʸʵʳʬʲʰ˂ ʳʻˀʨʵʩʫʨ
ʰʽ ʵʸʰ ʯʭʬ ʫʨ ʻʴʫʨ ʨʾʭʴʰˀʴʵʯ, ʸʵʳ ʳʨʯ ʨʸ ʽʵʴʫʨʯ ʰʳʫʬʴʰ ʨʸ˂
ʫʸʵ ʫʨ ʨʸ˂ ʹʨˀʻʨʲʬʩʨ, ʸʵʳ ʹʭʨʴʬʯʰʹ ʳʯʬʩʰʹ ʹʨʰʫʻʳʲʵʬʩʨ
ʪʨʳʵʬʳʷʾʨʭʴʬʩʰʨʯ ʫʨ ʫʨʳʨʱʳʨʿʵʼʰʲʬʩʬʲʰ ˀʬʫʬʪʬʩʰʯ
ʫʨʬʪʭʰʸʪʭʰʴʬʩʰʨʯ ʳʨʯʮʬ ʫʨʱʰʹʸʬʩʻʲʰ ʻʨʾʸʬʹʨʫ ʫʰʫ
ʳʴʰˀʭʴʬʲʵʭʨʴʰ ʳʻˀʨʵʩʨ. ʳʨʸʯʨʲʰʨ, ʪʨʮʬʯʬʩˀʰ ʪʨʳʵʽʭʬʿʴʫʨ ʨʳ
ʱʵʳʰʹʰʰʹ ʳʰʬʸ ˂ʴʵʩʬʩʰ, ʹʭʨʴʬʯˀʰ ʹˆʭʨʫʨʹˆʭʨ ʳʨʫʴʬʻʲʵʩʰʹ
ʨʾʳʵˁʬʴʰʹ ˀʬʹʨˆʬʩ ʫʨ ʸʨ ʯʽʳʨ ʻʴʫʨ ʬʹ ʹʰʳʨʸʯʲʬʹ ˀʬʬʼʬʸʬʩʨ,
ʳʨʪʸʨʳ ʨˆʨʲʰ ˇʬʸ-ˇʬʸʵʩʰʯ ʳʨʴ ʨʸʨʼʬʸʰ ʳʵʪʭ˂ʨ. ʨʳʰʺʵʳ, ʹʨ˅ʰʸʵʨ
ʳʵʳʨʭʨʲ ʮʨʼˆʻʲˀʰ ʳʵˆʫʬʹ ʹʭʨʴʬʯʰʹ ʳʰʴʬʸʨʲʻʸʰ
ʹʰʳʫʰʫʸʬʬʩʰʹ ʻʼʸʵ ʹʬʸʰʵʮʻʲʰ ʫʨ ʹʨʼʻ˃ʭʲʰʨʴʰ ʪʨʳʵʱʭʲʬʭʨ.
ˁʭʬʴʯʭʰʹ ʻʫʨʭʵ ˅ʬˀʳʨʸʰʺʬʩʨʹ ˀʬʨʫʪʬʴʹ ʰʹ ʫʬʩʻʲʬʩʨ, ʸʵʳ
ʹʭʨʴʬʯʰ ʩʻʴʬʩʰʹʨʪʨʴ ʻˆʭʨʫ ʨʸʰʹ ʫʨˇʰʲʫʵʭʬʩʻʲʰ ʿʵʭʬʲʪʭʨʸʰ
ʩʻʴʬʩʸʰʭʰ ʹʰʳʫʰʫʸʰʯ, ʸʵʳ ʰʹ ˃ʭʬʲʯʨʪʨʴʭʬ ˂ʴʵʩʰʲʰʨ ʯʨʭʰʹʰ

58
ʪʨʮ. ,,ʱʵʳʻʴʰʹʺʰ³ ʰʨʴʭʨʸʰ; ȹ9, 1928 ˄., ʪʭ. 3.

460
ʳʨʫʴʬʻʲʵʩʬʩʰʯ, ˃ʭʬʲ ʫʸʵˀʰ, ʸʵʳ ʨʽ ʳʨʸʯʲʨ˂ ʼʨʸʯʵʯ
ʿʵʼʰʲʨ ʫʨʿʬʴʬʩʻʲʰ ʳʨʫʴʬʻʲʵʩʰʹ ʫʨʳʻˀʨʭʬʩʰʹ ʹʨʽʳʬ, ʨʳʨʹ
ʨʫʨʹʺʻʸʬʩʬʴ ˃ʭʬʲʰ ʩʰʮʨʴʺʰʬʲʰ ʱʲʨʹʰʱʻʸʰ ʳ˄ʬʸʲʬʩʰ
ʶʲʰʴʰʻʹʰ ʫʨ ʹʺʸʨʩʵʴʰ. ʶʰʸʭʬʲʰ ʳʵʪʭʰʯˆʸʵʩʹ: ,,ʳʬʼʬ ʹʨʭʯʨʱʳʨ
ʹʭʨʴʯʨ ʽʭʬʿʨʴʨˀʰ ʩʬʭʸʰ ʵʽʸʵ ʫʨ ʭʬʸ˂ˆʲʰ ˈʶʵʭʨ, ʹʭʨʴʯʨ ˆʬʲʵʩʨʨ
ʵʽʸʵʹʨ ʫʨ ʭʬʸ˂ˆʲʰʹ ʫʨʳʻˀʨʭʬʩʨʵ³ ʫʨ ʹˆʭʨ. ˆʵʲʵ ʹʺʸʨʩʵʴʰ
ʨʳʩʵʩʹ: ,,ʹʭʨʴʬʯʰʹ ʳʯʰʹ ʴʨʱʨʫʻʲʬʩˀʰ ʨʸʰʹ ʵʽʸʵ, ʸʵʳʬʲʹʨ˂
ʨʫʪʰʲʵʩʸʰʭʰ ʳʱʭʰʫʸʴʰ ʰʾʬʩʬʴ ˃ʰʸʫʨˁʭʸʬʺʰʲʰ ʱʨʹʸʬʩʰʯ ʫʨ
ʹʨ˄ʳʰʹʬʩʰʯ. ʨʲʩʨʫ, ʨʽʬʫʨʴ ˄ʨʸʳʵʹʫʪʨ ʯʭʰʯ ʪʨʫʳʵ˂ʬʳʨ
ʱʵʲˆʰʫʨˀʰ ʵʽʸʵʹ ʹʨ˄ʳʰʹʰʹ ˀʬʹʨˆʬʩʵ³ʫʨ ʹˆʭʨ.
ʳʨʸʯʨʲʰʨ, ʨʳʪʭʨʸ ˂ʴʵʩʬʩʹ ʬʸʯ ʫʸʵʹ ʹʭʨʴʬʯʰʹ ʳʱʭʲʬʭʨʸʴʰ
ʮʾʨʶʸʨʫ ʹʯʭʲʰʫʬʴ, ʳʨʪʸʨʳ ʨʳʷʨʳʨʫ ʪʨʻʪʬʩʸʵʩʨʹ ʼʨʸʫʨ ʨʬˆʨʫʨ
ʫʨ ʳʨʯʰ ʴʨʯʽʭʨʳʰ ʻʫʨʵ ˅ʬˀʳʨʸʰʺʬʩʨʫ ʪʨʫʨʰʽ˂ʨ. 1892 ˄ʲʰʫʨʴ
ʹʭʨʴʬʩʳʨ ʰ˄ʿʬʹ ʹʭʨʴʬʯʰʹ ʫʨʹʨʭʲʬʯ ʴʨ˄ʰʲˀʰ, ʹʨˆʬʲʫʵʩʸ ʳʫʰʴʨʸʬ
ʴʨʴʹʱʸʨʹ (˅ʭʰʩʸʻʲʫ) ˆʬʵʩʨˀʰ ʳʫʬʩʨʸʬ ˅ʭʰʩʬʸˀʰ ʪʨʫʨʹʨˆʲʬʩʨ. ʰʳ
ʫʸʵʰʫʨʴ ʫʨ˄ʿʬʩʻʲʰ ʫʾʬʳʫʬ ʨʫʪʰʲʵʩʸʰʭʰ ʳʱʭʰʫʸʴʰ ʺʿʬʬʩˀʰ
ʳʻˀʨʵʩʰʹʨ ʫʨ ʿʨʴʬʩʰʹ ʫʨʳʻˀʨʭʬʩʰʹ ʫʸʵʹ ʴʨˆʻʲʵʩʬʴ ʫʨ ʳʰ˄ʰʹ
ʪʻʲʰʫʨʴ ʰʾʬʩʬʴ ʹˆʭʨʫʨʹˆʭʨ ʴʰʭʯʬʩʹ, ʨʲʬʽʹʨʴʫʸʬ ʳʨʱʬʫʵʴʬʲʰʹ
ʵʽʸʵʹ ʼʻʲʬʩʹ, ʭʬʸ˂ˆʲʰʹʨ ʫʨ ʲʰʯʵʴʰʹ ʹˆʭʨʫʨʹˆʭʨ ʫʸʵʰʹ
ʼʻʲʬʩʹ, ʳʨʫʴʬʻʲʵʩʬʩʰʹ ʫʨʹʨʳʻˀʨʭʬʩʬʲ ʰʨʸʨʾʬʩʹ; ʴʨˆʻʲʵʩʬʴ
ʨʪʸʬʯʭʬ ʹʨʳ˅ʬʫʻʸʬʩʰʹ (ʽʨʸˆʴʬʩʰʹ) ʴʨʴʪʸʬʭʬʩʹ ʫʨ ʳʸʨʭʨʲ
ʨʸʽʬʵʲʵʪʰʻʸ ʯʭʨʲʹʨʮʸʰʹʰʯ ˃ʭʰʸʼʨʹ ʴʨˀʯʬʩʹ, ʸʵʳʬʲʴʰ˂
ʴʨʯʲʨʫ ʪʭʰʳʺʱʰ˂ʬʩʬʴ, ʸʵʳ ʬʹ ʳʨʫʴʬʻʲʵʩʬʩʰ ʨʽ ʹˆʭʨ ʽʭʬʿʴʬʩʰʫʨʴ
ʱʰ ʨʸ ˀʬʳʵˈʽʵʴʫʨʯ, ʨʸʨʳʬʫ ʨʫʪʰʲʵʩʸʰʭʨʫ ʰʾʬʩʫʬʴ ʫʬʫʨʳʰ˄ʰʹ
˄ʰʨʾʰʫʨʴ ʫʨ ʨʽʭʬ ʨʳʻˀʨʭʬʩʫʬʴ ʫʨ ʿʭʨʭʵʫʨ ʳʨʯʰ ʫʨʳʻˀʨʭʬʩʰʹ
ʱʻʲʺʻʸʨ.
ʹʭʨʴʬʯˀʰ ʵʽʸʵʹʨ ʫʨ ʹˆʭʨ ʳʨʫʴʬʻʲʵʩʬʩʰʹ ʻˆʭʨʫ ʨʸʹʬʩʵʩʨʹ
ʪʭʰʳʺʱʰ˂ʬʩʹ ʨʪʸʬʯʭʬ ˀʬʳʫʬʪʰ ʨˆʨʲʰ ʪʨʳʵʱʭʲʬʭʨʴʰ: ʳʨʪʨʲʰʯʨʫ
1863 ˄. ˂ʴʵʩʰʲ ʪʬʵʲʵʪʰ ʪʰʲʬʬʭʰʹ ʳʰʬʸ ʳʵʳˆʫʨʸʰ ʪʨʳʵʱʭʲʬʭʨ;
1902 ˄ʬʲʹ ʰʴʷʰʴʬʸ ʩʵʹʺʨʱʰʹ ʹʭʨʴʬʯˀʰ ʳʻˀʨʵʩʨ ʫʨ ʹʭʨʴʬʯʰʫʨʴ
ʳʵʺʨʴʰʲ ʴʰʳʻˀʬʩˀʰ ʵʽʸʵʹʨ ʫʨ ʭʬʸ˂ˆʲʰʹ ʨʾʳʵˁʬʴʨ (ʰˆ. ʳʰʹʰ
˄ʰʪʴʰ: ,,ʳʵʪʮʨʻʸʵʩʨ ʹʭʨʴʬʯʹʨ ʫʨ ʸʨ˅ʨˀʰ³ʪʭ. 20).
ʨʳʨʹʭʬ ʨʳʺʱʰ˂ʬʩʹ ʹʰʳʬʴʵʭʰʹʨ ʫʨ ʹʨʸʵʱʨʴʰʹ ʳʻˀʨʵʩʨ ʫʨ
ʻʱʨʴʨʹʱʴʬʲʨʫ ʰʴʷ. ʱʵʴʰˀʬʭʹʱʰʹ ʳʰʬʸ ʳʵʳˆʫʨʸʰ ʪʨʳʵʱʭʲʬʭʬʩʰ,
ʸʵʳʬʲʳʨ˂ ʨʾʳʵʨˁʰʴʨ ʵʽʸʵʹ ʬʴʪʻʸʰʹ ʴʨʶʰʸʬʩʮʬ: ˆʻʩʬʸˀʰ,
ʯʵʯʨʴʨˀʰ, ʰʫʲʰʨʴʰˀʰ, ʲʨʲˆʵʸˀʰ, ʼʨʸˀʰ, ʩʬˁʵˀʰ, ʳʬʹʺʰʨˀʰ ʫʨ
461
ʨʼʨʸˀʰ. ʺʿʭʰʰʹ ʳʨʫʨʴʰ ʭʬʫˀʰ; ʹʻʸʳʰʹ ± ʪʻʲˀʰ ʫʨ ʻˀʪʻʲˀʰ,
ʨʮʩʬʹʺʰʹ ± ˆʨʲʫʬʩˀʰ ʫʨ ʹˆʭʨ.
ʼʨʸʳʨ˂ʰʰʹ ʳʨʪʰʹʺʸʳʨ ʵʺʺʬʴʳʨ 4 ʹʬʽʺ. 1911 ˄. ʹʭʨʴʬʯʰʫʨʴ
ˁʨʳʵʺʨʴʰʲ ʨʮʩʬʹʺˀʰ ʨʾʳʵʨˁʰʴʨ 65 ʶʸʵ˂. ˄ʳʰʴʫʨ ʨʮʩʬʹʺʰʹʨ ʫʨ
ʳʻˀʨʵʩʨʹʨ˂ ˀʬʻʫʪʨ ʭʰʴʳʬ ˆʨˁʨʺʻʸʵʬʭʰ, ʳʨʪʸʨʳ ʳʹʵʼʲʰʵ ʵʳʳʨ
ʳʨʲʬ ˆʬʲʰ ʨʨʾʬʩʰʴʨ ʳʻˀʨʵʩʨʮʬ. ʿʻʸʨʫʾʬʩʰʹ ʾʰʸʹʰʨ ʨʪʸʬʯʭʬ
ʽʭʨʴʨˆˀʰʸʰ ʫʨ ʪʸʨʼʰʺʰ ʲʬˆʬʸʨˀʰ.
1926 ˄. ʮʨʼˆʻʲˀʰ ˂ʴʵʩʰʲʰ ʽʰʳʰʱʵʹʰ ʱʻʶ˂ʰʹʰʹ ʪʨʳʵʱʭʲʬʭʰʯ
ʲʨˀˆʬʯʰʹ ʯʬʳˀʰ ʫʨʫʰʨˀʰʹ ʳʯʰʹ ʴʨʱʨʫʻʲʬʩˀʰ ʨʾʳʵˁʴʫʨ ʸʨʫʰ
500 ʳʨˆʰʹ ʬʸʯʬʻʲʰ, ʳʨˀʰʴ, ʸʵʫʬʹʨ˂ ˄ʿʨʲʺʻʩʵʹ ʹʨʳʱʻʸʴʨʲʵ
˄ʿʲʬʩˀʰ ʸʨʫʰ ˀʬʰ˂ʨʭʹ ʳˆʵʲʵʫ 40 ʬʸʯʬʻʲʹ.
ʪʨʸʫʨ ʨʳʰʹʨ, ʹʭʨʴʬʯʰ ˂ʴʵʩʰʲʰʨ: ʳʻʨˀʰʹʨ ʫʨ ʳʸʨʭʨʲʰ ʹˆʭʨ
ʹʨʳʱʻʸʴʨʲʵ ˄ʿʲʬʩʰʯ, ʯʭʨʲ˄ʨʸʳʺʨ˂ ʩʻʴʬʩʰʹ ˄ʰʨʾˀʰ ʪʨʫʨˀʲʰʲ
ˀʬʻʫʨʸʬʩʬʲ ʹʨʨʪʨʸʨʱʵ ʨʫʪʰʲʬʩʰʯ, ˆʬ-ʺʿʰʯ, ʸʵʳʲʰʹ ʹʰʭʸ˂ʬ˂
200 000 ʫʬʹʬʺ. ʻʫʸʰʹ, ʹʨʩʨʲʨˆʵ ʳʯʬʩʰʯ ʫʨ ʹˆʭʨ.
ʰʳʬʫʰʨ, ʳʵʳʨʭʨʲˀʰ ʹʭʨʴʬʯʰʹ ʳʰʴʬʸ. ʹʰʳʫʰʫʸʬʬʩʰʹ
ʪʨʳʵʱʭʲʬʭʨ ʻʼʸʵ ʪʨʼʨʸʯʵʭʫʬʩʨ ʫʨ ʬʹ ʳʻˀʨʵʩʨ ʫʨ ʱʭʲʬʭʨ-˃ʰʬʩʨ
ʻʼʸʵ ʹʨʼʻ˃ʭʲʰʨʴʨʫ ʪʨʳʵʨʸʱʭʬʭʹ ʫʾʬʳʫʬ ʩʻʸʻʹˀʰ ʪʨˆʭʬʻʲ
ʹʭʨʴʬʯʰʹ ʳʯʬʩʰʹ ʹʨʰʫʻʳʲʵʬʩʨʹ ʫʨ ʳʵʻʳʮʨʫʬʩʹ ʨʳ ʽʭʬʿʨʴʨʹ
ʩʸ˄ʰʴʭʨʲʬ ʳʵʳʨʭʨʲʹ
„. ‚€Šˆ€Œˆ

†„‹-…€Œ„‡ˆ59

ʨʳ ʻʱʨʴʨʹʱʴʬʲ ˄ʲʬʩˀʰ ʹʭʨʴʬʯʰ ʱʭʲʬʭʨ-˃ʰʬʩʰʹ ʹʨʪʴʨʫ

ʪʨʫʨʰʽ˂ʨ. 1925 ˄ʲʰʹ ʮʨʼˆʻʲˀʰ ʨʽ ʳʻˀʨʵʩʫʬʴ: ʬʽʰʳʯʨ ʬʽʹʶʬʫʰ˂ʰʨ
ʶʸʵʼ. ʨʹʨʯʰʨʴʰʹ ʳʬʯʨʻʸʵʩʰʯ ʹˆʭʨʫʨʹˆʭʨ ʹʴʬʻʲʬʩʨʯʨ ʫʨ
ʻʳʯʨʭʸʬʹʨʫ ʱʰ ˁʰʿʭʰʹ ʪʨˁʬʴʰʹ ʳʰʮʬʮʬʩʰʹ ʪʨʳʵʹʨʸʱʭʬʭʨʫ;
,,ʳʬʷʸʨʩʶʵʳ ʸʻʹʰʹ³ ʱʰʴʵ ʬʽʹʶʬʫʰ˂ʰʨ, ʸʵʳʬʲʳʨ˂ ʪʨʫʨʰʾʵ
ʹʭʨʴʬʯʰʹ ˂ˆʵʭʸʬʩʰʫʨʴ ʱʰʴʵ-ʹʻʸʨʯʰ ,,ʫʰʴʨ ˃ʨ˃ʻ³ ʸʵʳʬʲˀʰʨ˂
ʳˀʭʬʴʰʭʸʨʫ ʫʨʨʹʻʸʨʯʨ ʹʭʨʴʬʯʰ ʬʯʴʵʪʸʨʼʰʻʲʰ ʳˆʸʰʭ; ʰʳʨʭʬ

59
,,ʱʵʳʻʴʰʹʺʰ³ʳʨʸʺʰ, ȹ63; 1928 ˄., ʪʭ. 3.

462
˄ʬʲˀʰ ʹʭʨʴʬʯʰʹ ʳʯʬʩʰ ˀʬʳʵʰʨʸʨ ± ʪʰʵʸʪʰ ʴʰʱʵʲʨ˃ʬʹ
ʬʽʹʶʬʫʰ˂ʰʨʳ.
1926 ˄. ʹʭʨʴʬʯˀʰ ʳʯʨʭʸʵʩʰʹ ʳʰʬʸ ʰʽʴʨ ʪʨʳʵʪʮʨʭʴʰʲʰ
ʳʬʹʨʴʪʸʬʯʨ ʩʨʯʨʲʰʵʴʰ ʹʭʨʴʬʯʰʹʨʯʭʰʹ ʫʰʫ ʳʴʰˀʭʴʬʲʵʭʨʴ ʪʮʰʹ
ʪʨʹʨʱʬʯʬʩʲʨʫ.
˄ʨʸʹʻʲ ˄ʬʲʹ ʮʨʼˆʻʲˀʰʭʬ ʹʭʨʴʬʯˀʰ ʳʻˀʨʵʩʫʨ ʻʳʨʾ. ʹʨʳ.
ʹʨʩ˅ʵʹ ʳʰʬʸ ʹʭʨʴʬʯʰʹ ʳʰʴʬʸʨʲʻʸ ʹʰʳʫʰʫʸʬʬʩʰʹ ʪʨʳʵʹʨʱʭʲʬʭʨʫ
ʳʰʭʲʰʴʬʩʻʲʰ ʪʬʵʲʵʪʰʻʸʰ ʱʵʳʰʹʰʨ. ʰʳʨʭʬ ʮʨʼˆʻʲˀʰ ʨʽ
ʳʻˀʨʵʩʫʨ ,,ʬʲʬʽʺʸʵ-ʹʬʲʹʺʸʵʰʹ³ ʳʰʬʸ ʪʨʳʵʪʮʨʭʴʰʲʰ
ʰʴʷʬʴʬʸʬʩʰ ˈʰʫʸʵ-ʬʲʬʽʺʸʵ ʹʨʫʪʻʸʰʹ ʨʹʨʪʬʩ ʨʫʪʰʲʰʹ
ʪʨʳʵʹʨʱʭʲʬʭʨʫ, ʹʨ˅ʰʸʵ ˆʨʸˇʯʨʾʸʰ˂ˆʭʰʹʨ ʫʨ ʪʬʪʳʰʹ ˀʬʹʨʫʪʬʴʨʫ,
ʸʵʳʬʲʳʨ˂ ʯʨʭʰʹʰ ʳʻˀʨʵʩʨ ʫʨʨʳʯʨʭʸʨ ʫʨ ʹʭʨʴʬʯˀʰ ʳʫ.
ʼʻˀʿʭʬʸʮʬ ʬʲʹʨʫʪʻʸʰʹ ʨʪʬʩʨ ˀʬʺʨʴʰʲʰʨ ˆʻʯ˄ʲʰʨʴ
ʹʨʶʬʸʹʶʬʽʺʰʭʵ ʪʬʪʳʨˀʰ.
ʳʸʨʭʨʲʰ ʬʽʹʱʻʸʹʨʴʺʬʩʰ ʹʭʨʴʬʯʹ ʬ˄ʭʰʨ ʨʳ ʻʱʨʴʨʹʱʴʬʲ ˄ʲʬʩˀʰ
ʸʻʹʬʯʰʹ ʹˆʭʨʫʨʹˆʭʨ ʱʻʯˆʬʬʩʰʫʨʴ.
ʬʹ ʮʾʨʶʸʻʲʰ ʹʰʲʨʳʨʮʰʹ ʹʨʴʨˆʨʵʩʨʴʰ, ʯʨʭʰʹʰ ʰˀʭʰʨʯʰ
ʩʻʴʬʩʸʰʭʰ ʯʭʰʹʬʩʬʩʰʯ ʨʫʨʳʰʨʴʰʹ ʳʵʳʨˇʨʫʵʬʩʬʲʰ ʱʻʯˆʬ ʿʭʬʲʨʹ
ʿʻʸʨʫʾʬʩʨʹ ʰʶʿʸʵʩʹ. ʹʨʳʨʸʯʲʰʨʴʨʫ ʨʾʴʰˀʴʨʭʫʬʴ ʬʭʸʵʶʰʬʲʬʩʰ,
ʸʵʳ ,,ʭʰʴ˂ ʹʭʨʴʬʯˀʰ ʨʸ ʿʵʼʰʲʨ, ʳʨʹ ʨʸ ˀʬʻ˃ʲʰʨ ʹʯʽʭʨʹ ʱʨʭʱʨʹʰʨˀʰ
ʭʰʿʨʭʰʵ, ˅ʬˀʳʨʸʰʺʨʫ ʬʹ ʱʻʯˆʬ ˄ʨʸʳʵʨʫʪʬʴʹ ʱʨʭʱʨʹʰʰʹ
ˀʭʬʰ˂ʨʸʰʨʹʵ³ʫʨ ʹˆʭʨ.
ʨʳʴʨʰʸ ˀʬˆʬʫʻʲʬʩʨʹ ʪʨʳʵʹʯʽʭʨʳʹ ʹʭʨʴʬʯʮʬ ʨʳˆ. ʼʰʲʰʶʬ
ʳʨˆʨʸʨ˃ʬ˂, ʸʵʳʬʲʳʨ˂ ˀʬʳʵʰʨʸʨ ʬʹ ʱʻʯˆʬ. ʪʨʬ˂ʴʵ ʹʭʨʴʬʯʰʹ ˆʨʲˆʹ,
ʳʰʹ ʿʵʼʨ-˂ˆʵʭʸʬʩʨʹ, ˅ʰʸ-ʭʨʸʨʳʹ, ʨʲʾʵ ʨʻʾʵ ʰʽʨʻʸ
ʳʫʪʵʳʨʸʬʵʩʨʹ ʫʨ ʨʹ˄ʬʸʨ ʬʹ ʳˆʨʸʬ ʳʰʹ ʳʰʬʸ ʪʨʳʵ˂ʬʳʻʲ ˄ʰʪʴˀʰ
,,ʹʭʨʴʬʯʰ³
ʨʳˆ. ʼʰʲʰʶʬ ʨʾʺʨ˂ʬʩʨˀʰ ʳʵʰʿʭʨʴʨ ʨʸʨ ʳʨʸʺʵ ʹʭʨʴʬʯʰʹ
ʩʻʴʬʩʨʳ, ʨʸʨʳʬʫ ʯʭʰʯ ʹʭʨʴʬʯʰʹ ˆʨʲˆʰʹ ʩʻʴʬʩʸʰʭʳʨ ʴʰ˅ʳʨ˂.
ʨʰ, ʬʹ ʳˀʭʬʴʰʬʸʰ, ʻˆʹʵʭʨʸ ʫʸʵʰʫʨʴ ʫʾʬʳʫʬ ʰʹʺʵʸʰʻʲ ʫʨ
ʪʬʵʪʸʨʼʰʻʲ ʶʰʸʵʩʬʩʰʹ ˄ʿʨʲʵʩʰʯ ʽʭʬʿʴʰʬʸʬʩʨʹ ʳʵ˄ʿʭʬʺʰʲʰ,
ʱʻʲʺʻʸʻʲ ʫʨ ʬʱʵʴʵʳʰʻʸ ˄ʰʴʹʭʲʨʹ ʳʵʱʲʬʩʻʲʰ ʳʰʹʰ ʳʱʭʰʫʸʰ
ʪʨʴʨʪʸ˃ʵʩʬʴ ˂ˆʵʭʸʬʩʰʹ ʶʰʸʭʬʲʿʵʼʰʲ ʫʨ ʬʱʵʴʵʳʰʻʸʨʫ ʳ˃ʰʳʬ
ʶʰʸʵʩʬʩˀʰ ʨʸʹʬʩʵʩʨʹ, ˃ʭʬʲʰ ʺʸʨʫʰ˂ʰʬʩʰʹ ʫʨ ˀʻʸʰʹ˃ʰʬʩʰʹ
ʰʴʹʺʰʽʺʬʩʰʹ ʯʨʿʭʨʴʰʹʳ˂ʬʳʲʵʩʨʹ.

463
 ʳʰ˄ʰʹ ʹʰʭʰ˄ʸʵʭʰʹʨ ʫʨ ʳʵʻʹʨʭʲʰʨʴʵʩʰʹ ʪʨʳʵ ˆʨʲˆʰ
ʴʨˆʬʭʸʨʫ ʳˀʰʬʸʰ, ˁʨʻ˂ʳʬʲʰ, ʳʬʻʸʴʬʵʩʰʹ ʨʳʨ ʯʻ ʰʳ ʫʨʸʪʰʹ
ʪʨʴʭʰʯʨʸʬʩʰʹʨ ʫʨ ʨʾʬʩ-ʳʰ˂ʬʳʵʩʰʹʨʯʭʰʹ ʹʨˀʻʨʲʬʩʨʹ
ʳʵʱʲʬʩʻʲʰ, ʨʴʺʰ-ʹʨʴʰʺʨʸʻʲʰ ʫʨ ʨʴʺʰ-ˈʰʪʰʬʴʻʸʰ ʶʰʸʵʩʬʩʰʯ
˄ʬʲʳʵ˄ʿʭʬʺʰʲʰ, ʩʻʴʬʩʸʰʭʰ ʹʰʳʱʨ˂ʸʬʹʯʨʴ ʳʻʫʳʰʭʰ ʩʸ˃ʵʲʰʯ
ʫʨʽʨʴ˂ʻʲʰ, ʪʨʴʨʪʸ˃ʵʩʹ ʨʹʬʯ ʹʰ˂ʵ˂ˆʲʬʹ ʫʨˆʳʨʸʬʩʰʹʨ ʫʨ ʨʹʬʯʰ
ʳʫʪʵʳʨʸʬʵʩʰʫʨʴ ʪʨʳʵʿʭʨʴʰʹ ʳʵʲʵʫʰʴˀʰ.
ʬʹ ʪʨʸʬʳʵʬʩʨ ʫʰʫ ʳʮʸʻʴʭʬʲʵʩʨʹ ʨʱʰʹʸʬʩʹ ˆʬʲʰʹʻʼʲʬʩʨʹ,
ʸʵʳʬʲʹʨ˂ ˄ʰʲʨʫ ˆʭʫʨ ʹʭʨʴʬʯʰʹ ʳˀʸʵʳʬʲʰ ˆʨʲˆʰʹ ʳʵʭʲʨ ʫʨ
ʶʨʺʸʵʴʵʩʨ.
ʳʨʸʯʨʲʰʨ, ʪʨʹʨʩ˅ʵʬʩʰʹ ˀʬʳʫʬʪ ʫʰʫʰ ʴʨʩʰˇʰʨ ʪʨʫʨʫʪʳʻʲʰ
ʹʭʨʴʬʯʰʹ ʳˀʸʵʳʬʲʰ ˆʨʲˆʰʹ ʳʫʪʵʳʨʸʬʵʩʰʹ ʪʨʹʨʻʳˇʵʩʬʹʬʩʲʨʫ,
ʩʬʭʸʰ ʨˆʨʲʰ ʫʨ ʾʰʸʹˀʬʹʨʴʰˀʴʨʭʰʨ ʪʨʱʬʯʬʩʻʲʰ. ʳʨʪʸʨʳ ʻʴʫʨ
ʨʾʰʴʰˀʴʵʹ, ʸʵʳ ʰʹ, ʸʨ˂ ʫʾʬʳʫʬʨ ʪʨʱʬʯʬʩʻʲʰ, ˄ʭʬʯʰʨ ʮʾʭʨˀʰ
ʰʳʨʹʯʨʴ ˀʬʫʨʸʬʩʰʯ, ʸʨ˂ ʨʸʰʹ ʪʨʹʨʱʬʯʬʩʬʲʰ.
ˀʬʳʫʬʪˀʰ ʳʬ ʭʬ˂ʫʬʩʰ ʪʨʭʨˀʻʽʵ, ʯʻ ʸʨʹ ʻʴʫʨ ʳʰʬʽ˂ʬʹ ʳʯʨʭʨʸʰ
ʿʻʸʨʫʾʬʩʨ ʹʭʨʴʬʯʰʹ ʮʬʳʵʫ ʨʾ˄ʬʸʰʲ ʳʫʪʵʳʨʸʬʵʩʰʫʨʴ
ʪʨʳʵʿʭʨʴʰʹ ʹʨʱʰʯˆˀʰ ʫʨ ʹʭʨʴʬʯʰʹ ʳˀʸʵʳʬʲ ˆʨʲˆʰʹ ʹʨˆʬʲʰʯ
ʪʨʳʵʭʹʯʽʭʨʳ ʰʳʬʫʹ, ʸʵʳ ʹʨʩ˅ʵʯʨ ˆʬʲʰʹʻʼʲʬʩʨ ˀʬʽʳʴʰʹ ʹʭʨʴʬʯʰʹ
ʰʹʺʵʸʰʨˀʰ ʨˆʨʲ ˆʨʴʨʹ ʳʰʹ ʱʻʲʺʻʸʻʲʨʫ ʫʨ ʬʱʵʴʵʳʰʻʸʨʫ
ʨʾʵʸ˃ʰʴʬʩʰʹʨʯʭʰʹ.
„. ‚€Šˆ€Œˆ

…€Œ„‡ˆ ‹– ‹„Š‡€ ‘ƒˆƒ„ˆ ‹ˆ”¡„…€60

ʻˆʹʵʭʨʸ ʫʸʵʰʫʨʴ ʹʭʨʴʬʯʰ ʪʮʰʹ ʻʽʵʴʲʵʩʰʹ ʪʨʳʵ

ʳʵ˄ʿʭʬʺʰʲʰʨ ʳʯʬʲ ʽʭʬʿʴʰʬʸʬʩʨʹ. ʳʵʹʨˆʲʬʵʩʨ ʬ˄ʬʭʨ ʱʨʸˁʨʱʬʺʰʲ
˂ˆʵʭʸʬʩʨʹ, ʶʰʸʭʬʲʿʵʼʰʲ ʶʰʸʵʩʬʩˀʰ ʨʸʹʬʩʵʩʨʹ ʫʨ ʳʵʱʲʬʩʻʲʰʨ
ʿʵʭʬʲʪʭʨʸ ʱʻʲʺʻʸʻʲ ʫʨ ʬʱʵʴʵʳʰʻʸ ʪʨʴʭʰʯʨʸʬʩʰʹ
ʹʨˀʻʨʲʬʩʨʹ. ʹʭʨʴʬʯʰʹ ˂ˆʵʭʸʬʩʨˀʰ ʫʾʬʳʫʬ ʾʸʳʨʫ ʨʽʭʹ
ʪʨʫʨʫʪʳʻʲʰ ʼʬʹʭʬʩʰ ʳʸʨʭʨʲʪʭʨʸ, ˆʨʲˆʰʹ ʮʴʬʵʩʸʰʭʨʫ,

60
ʪʨʮ. ,,ʱʵʳʻʴʰʹʺʰ³ʰʭʴʰʹʰ; ȹ132, 1930 ˄., ʪʭ. 7.

464
ʱʻʲʺʻʸʻʲʨʫ ʫʨ ʼʰʮʰʱʻʸʨʫ ʪʨʳʨʴʨʫʪʻʸʬʩʬʲ ˃ʭʬʲ, ʳʨʭʴʬ
ʺʸʨʫʰ˂ʰʬʩʹ ʫʨ ˀʻʸʰʹ˃ʰʬʩʰʹ ʴʰʨʫʨʪʮʬ ʹʰʹˆʲʰʹ ʾʭʸʨʹ.
ʹʭʨʴʬʯʰʹ ʨʹʬʯʰ ʳʫʪʵʳʨʸʬʵʩʰʫʨʴ ʪʨʳʵʿʭʨʴʨʮʬ ʩʬʭʸʹ
ʮʸʻʴʨʭʹ ʹʨʩ˅ʵʯʨ ˆʬʲʰʹʻʼʲʬʩʨ. ʳʨʪʸʨʳ ʿʵʭʬʲʪʭʨʸʰ
ʳʮʸʻʴʭʬʲʵʩʨ ʻʾʵʴʵʨ, ʳʨʴʨʳ, ʹʨʴʨʳ ʹʭʨʴʬʯˀʰ ʪʮʨ ʨʸ ʰʽʴʬʩʨ
ʪʨʿʭʨʴʰʲʰ, ʫʨ ʬʹ ʽʭʬʿʴʰʬʸʬʩʨʹ ʳʵ˄ʿʭʬʺʰʲʰ ʱʻʯˆʬ ʪʮʰʹ
ʹʨˀʻʨʲʬʩʰʯ ʨʸ ʫʨʻʱʨʭˀʰʸʫʬʩʨ ˂ʬʴʺʸʹ ʫʨ ʱʻʲʺʻʸʨʹ. ʨʳʰʺʵʳ
ʳʯʨʭʨʸʰ ʿʻʸʨʫʾʬʩʨ ʻʴʫʨ ʳʰʬʽ˂ʬʹ ʹʭʨʴʬʯˀʰ ʪʮʰʹ ʪʨʿʭʨʴʰʹ ʹʨʽʳʬʹ.
ʯʭʰʯʳʶʿʸʵʩʬʲʻʸ ʸʻʹʬʯʯʨʴ ʹʭʨʴʬʯʰʹ ˀʬʬʸʯʬʩʰʹ ʫʾʰʫʨʴ,
ʹʭʨʴʬʯʰʹ ʪʮʰʹ ʪʨʿʭʨʴʨʮʬ ʩʬʭʸʰ ʸʨʳ ʯʽʳʻʲʨ ʫʨ ʫʨ˄ʬʸʰʲʨ, ʳʨʪʸʨʳ
ʿʭʬʲʨ ʬʹ ˄ʿʲʰʹ ʴʨʿʭʨ ʫʨ ˂ʨʸʰʬʲʰ ʲʨʿʩʵʩʨ ʪʨʳʵʫʪʨ. ˆˀʰʸʨʫ
ʿʵʼʰʲʨ ʪʮʰʹ ʪʨʿʭʨʴʰʹ ʪʨʴʮʸʨˆʭʬʩʰ˂, ʳʨʪʸʨʳ ʿʵʭʬʲʯʭʰʹ
ʻˀʬʫʬʪʵʫ ʫʨʳʯʨʭʸʬʩʻʲʨ ʫʨ ʬʹ ʨʸ˂ ʪʨʹʨʱʭʰʸʰʨ.
ʯʭʰʯʳʶʿʸʵʩʬʲʵʩʨ ʪʨʴʪʬʩ ʻ˄ʿʵʩʫʨ ˆʬʲʹ ʳˀʸʵʳʬʲʰ ˆʨʲˆʰʹ
ʹʰʩʴʬʲʬʹ ʫʨ ʻʭʰ˂ʵʩʨʹ. ʨʸ˂ ʳʬʴˀʬʭʰʱʻʸ ˆʬʲʰʹʻʼʲʬʩʨʹ ʻʼʰʽʸʰʨ
ʹʭʨʴʬʯˀʰ ʪʮʰʹ ʪʨʿʭʨʴʰʹ ˀʬʹʨˆʬʩ ʫʨ ʨʳ ʫʰʫʳʴʰˀʭʴʬʲʵʭʨʴʰ ʹʨʽʳʰʹ
ˀʬʹʸʻʲʬʩʨ ʨʳ ʻˆʬʸˆʬʳʲʵ ʳʯʨʭʸʵʩʨʹ ʳʨʰʴ˂ ʨʸ ˀʬʬ˃ʲʵ. ʳˆʵʲʵʫ
ʹʨʩ˅ʵʯʨ ʳʯʨʭʸʵʩʨʳ ʪʨʫʨʹ˄ʿʭʰʺʨ ʹʭʨʴʬʯˀʰ ʪʮʰʹ ʪʨʿʭʨʴʨ ʫʨ
˄ʰʴʨʹ˄ʨʸʰ ˀʬʫʬʪʬʩʰ ʰʳʨʹ ʳʵ˄ʳʵʩʹ, ʸʵʳ ʹʭʨʴʬʯʰʹ ˂ˆʵʭʸʬʩʨˀʰ ʨʳ
ʫʰʫ ʳʴʰˀʭʴʬʲʵʭʨʴ, ʰʹʺʵʸʰʻʲ ʹʨʽʳʬʹ ʰʹ ˄ʨʸʳʨʺʬʩʰʯ
ʫʨʨʳʯʨʭʸʬʩʹ.
1929 ˄. ˀʸʵʳʰʹʨ ʫʨ ʯʨʭʫʨ˂ʭʰʹ ʹʨʩ˅ʵʹ ʫʨʫʪʬʴʰʲʬʩʰʯ,
ʹʨʱʨʭˀʰʸʵ ʹʨˆʱʵʳʹʨʩ˅ʵʹ ʹʨʸʬʮʬʸʭʵ ʼʵʴʫʰʫʨʴ ʹʭʨʴʬʯʰʹ ʪʮʰʹ
ʪʨʳʵʱʭʲʬʭʰʹ ʫʨʹʨʳʯʨʭʸʬʩʲʨʫ ʫʨ ʳʻˀʨʵʩʰʹ ʫʨʹʨ˄ʿʬʩʨʫ
ʪʨʫʨʰʫʵ 350.000 ʳʨʴ. ʨʳ ʯʨʴˆʰʯ ʪʨʹʻʲ ˄ʬʲˀʰ ʳʵˆʫʨ ʪʮʰʹ
ʪʨʳʵʱʭʲʬʭʨ ʫʨ 12 ʱʰʲʵʳʬʺʸʮʬ ʹʨʨʭʺʵʳʵʩʰʲʵ ʪʮʰʹ ʪʨʿʭʨʴʨ.
ʳʰʳʫʰʴʨʸʬ ʹʨʩʰʻˇʬʺʵ ˄ʬʲˀʰ ʪʨʾʬʩʻʲʰʨ: ʹʨʱʨʭˀʰʸʵ
ʹʨˆʱʵʳʹʨʩ˅ʵʹ ʹʨʸʬʮʬʸʭʵ ʼʵʴʫʰʫʨʴ ± 200.000 ʳʨʴʬʯʰ, ʪʮʨʯʨ
ʱʵʳʰʹʨʸʰʨʺʰʹ ʯʨʴˆʬʩʰʫʨʴ ± 200.000 ʳʨʴʬʯʰ, ʨʳʰʬʸʱʨʭʱʨʹʰʰʹ
ʩʰʻˇʬʺʰʫʨʴ ± 200,000 ʳʨʴ. ʫʨ ʹʶʬ˂ʰʨʲʻʸ ʯʨʴˆʬʩʰʫʨʴ ʳʫ.
ʳʵʪʨʴʨʮʬ ʨˆʨʲʰ ʹʰʹʺʬʳʰʹ ˆʰʫʰʹ ʨʹʨʪʬʩʨʫ 10,000 ʳʨʴʬʯʰ. ʹʻʲ
700.000 ʳʨʴʬʯʰ.
ʳʰʳʫʰʴʨʸʬ ˄ʲʰʹ ʪʨʴʳʨʭʲʵʩʨˀʰ ʮʬʳʵˆʹʬʴʬʩʻʲʰ ʯʨʴˆʰʯ
ʻʴʫʨ ʪʨʱʬʯʫʬʹ 20 ʱʰʲ. ʪʮʨ, 20 ˆʰʫʰ (1 ʫʰʫʰ 70 ʳʬʺʸ ʹʰʪʸ˃ʰʹ)
ʳʫ. ʳʵʪʨʴʨʮʬ, 54 ʳʬʺʸʰʨʴʰ ʪʭʰʸʨʩʰ ʫʨ ʹʨʿʸʫʴʵʩʰ ʱʬʫʲʬʩʰ.

465
 ʳʻˀʨʵʩʨ ʫʨ˄ʿʬʩʻʲʰʨ 10 ʳʨʸʺʰʫʨʴ, ʹʨʳʻˀʨʵʹ ʴʨˆʬʭʨʸʰ
ʪʨ˂ʬʳʻʲʰʨ ʰˇʨʸʰʯ ˀʸʵʳʰʹ ʨʸʺʬʲ ,,ʳʨʸʫ³-ʮʬ, ʴʨˆʬʭʨʸʰ ʱʬʯʫʬʩʨ
ʹʨʳʴʬʵ ˄ʬʹʰʯ.
ʳʻˀʨʵʩʰʹ ʶʸʵ˂ʬʹˀʰ, ʺʬˆʴʰʱʵʹ ʭ. ʬʸʰʹʯʨʭʰʹ ʰʴʰ˂ʰʨʺʰʭʰʯ
ʳʵˆʫʨ ʮʵʪʰʬʸʯʰ 1920 ˄. ʪʨʳʵʱʭʲʬʭʰʯ ʳʵ˂ʬʳʻʲʰ ʭʨʸʰʨʴʺʹ
ˀʬ˂ʭʲʨ, ʪʮʰʹ ʳˀʬʴʬʩʲʵʩʨʹ. ʨʳ ʨˆʨʲʰ ʭʨʸʰʨʴʺʰʯ ʸʨʳʨ˂ ʼʸʰʨʫ
ʫʰʫʰ ʹʨʸʪʬʩʲʵʩʨ ʳʵʻʺʨʴʨ ʯʨʭʰʫʨʴ ʨʻ˂ʰʲʬʩʬʲ ʰʽʴʨ 500
ʳʬʺʸʮʬ ʴʨˆʬʭʸʨʫ ʪʭʰʸʨʩʰʨʴʰ ʱʲʫʰʹ ʹʨʳʻˀʨʵʬʩʰ ʫʨ ʹʵʼ. ʺʿʭʰˀʰʹ
ʨʿʸʨ. ʨˆʨʲʳʨ ʭʨʸʰʨʴʺʳʨ ʳʵʪʭ˂ʨ ʰʹʬʯʰ ʬʱʵʴʵʳʰʨ, ʸʵʳʬʲʰ˂
ʹʨˀʻʨʲʬʩʨʹ ʪʭʨ˃ʲʬʭʹ ˄ʬʲʹʭʬ ˆʨʸˇʯʨʾʸʰ˂ˆʭʰʯ
ʪʨʯʭʨʲʰʹ˄ʰʴʬʩʻʲʰ 20 ʱʰʲʵʳʬʺʸʰʹ ʪʨʸʫʨ ʱʰʫʬʭ ʪʨʭʨʱʬʯʵʯ 5-10
ʱʰʲʵʳʬʺʸʨʳʫʬ ʪʮʨ.
ʪʮʰʹ ʳˀʬʴʬʩʲʵʩʨ ʻʳʨʪʨʲʰʯʵ ʹ˄ʸʨʼʰ ʺʬʳʶʰʯ ʳʰʳʫʰʴʨʸʬʵʩʹ,
ʨʳʷʨʳʨʫ ʳʻˀʨʵʩʹ 1500 ʱʨ˂ʮʬ ʳʬʺʰ. ʹʨʳʴʬʵ ˄ʬʹʰʯ ʳʻˀʨʵʩʨ
ʫʨʳʯʨʭʸʫʬʩʨ ˄ʬʲʹ ʪʬʪʳʰʯ ʪʨʯʭʨʲʰʹ˄ʰʴʬʩʻʲʰ ʶʰʸʭʬʲ
ʰʭʲʰʹʨʳʫʬ, ʳʵʰˇʨʸʨʫʸʰʹ ʳʰʬʸ ʱʰ ʨʪʭʰʹʺʵʹ ʶʰʸʭʬʲ ʸʰ˂ˆʭʬʩˀʰ.
ʨʪʭʰʹʺʵʫʨʴ 15 ʵʽʺʵʳʩʸʨʳʫʬ ʱʭʲʨʭ ˀʬʹʨ˃ʲʬʩʬʲʰʨ ʳʻˀʨʵʩʰʹ
ʪʨʪʸ˃ʬʲʬʩʨ ʫʨ ʨʳʰʺʵʳ ʹʨʳʻˀʨʵ ʹʬʮʵʴʰ ʸʵʳ ʨʸ ʪʨʪʭʰ˂ʫʬʹ ʫʨ ʨʹʬ
ʱʨʸʪʨʯ ʳʵ˄ʿʵʩʰʲʰ ʹʨʽʳʬ ʫʨ ʨʶʨʸʨʺʰ ʨʸ ˁʨʭˀʨʲʵʯ, ʨʻ˂ʰʲʬʩʬʲ
ʹʨ˅ʰʸʵʬʩʨʹ ˀʬʨʫʪʬʴʹ ʨˆʨʲʰ ʯʨʴˆʬʩʰʹ ʪʨʳʵʴʨˆʭʨ ʳʻˀʨʵʩʰʹ
ʪʨʹʨ˃ʲʰʬʸʬʩʲʨʫ.

„. ‚€Šˆ€Œˆ

€ “„Š‚ˆ‘ ˆ ‚€‡š „ˆ …€Œ„‡–ˆ61

ʳʰʳʫʰʴʨʸʬ ˄ʲʰʹ ʮʨʼˆʻʲˀʰ ʹʵʼ. ʰʼʨʸˀʰ ʭ˂ˆʵʭʸʵʩʫʰ. ʬʹ

ʹʵʼʬʲʰ ʳʵʯʨʭʹʬʩʻʲʰʨ ʬʴʪʻʸʰʹ ʭʰ˄ʸʵ ˆʬʵʩʨˀʰ, ʳʫʰʴ. ʬʴʪʻʸʰʹ
ʳʨʸ˂ˆʬʴʨ ʴʨʶʰʸʮʬ, ʹʭʨʴʬʯʰʹ ʹʨʳʨʮʸʵ ˂ʬʴʺʸʰʫʨʴ - ʳʬʹʺʰʰʫʨʴ 60
ʱʰʲʵʳʬʺʸʰʹ ʳʨʴ˃ʰʲʮʬ.
ʨʳ ʹʵʼʲʰʫʨʴ ʬʸʯʰ ʱʰʲʵʳʬʺʸʰʹ ʳʨʴ˃ʰʲʮʬ ʨʾʳʵʹʨʭʲʬʯʰʯ,
ʰʽ ʹʨʫʨ˂ ʳʫ. ʬʴʪʻʸʹ ʹʨʳˆʸʬʯʰʫʨʴ ʬʸʯʭʰʹ ʳʫ. ˆʬʲʬʫʻʸʨ.

61
ʷʻʸʴʨʲʰ ,,ʫʸʵˀʨ³˄ʲʰʹ ȹ18 ʪʭ. 13-14; ʫʨ ȹ-19 ʪʭ. 12-13.

466
ʳʫʬʩʨʸʬʵʩʹ ʬʸʯʰ ʳʨʾʲʵʩʰ, ʹʨʫʨ˂, ʹˆʭʨʯʨ ˀʵʸʰʹ, ʹʶʵʴʺʰʱʰʹ
ʯʲʰʲʰ ʽʭʰʹʨʪʨʴ ʨʪʬʩʻʲʰʨ ʶʨʺʨʸʨ ʺʨ˃ʨʸʰ. ʨʳ ʨʫʪʰʲʰʹ
ʨʾʳʵʹʨʭʲʬʯ ʳˆʨʸʬʮʬ, ʳʯʬʩʰʫʨʴ ʳʵˁʻˆˁʻˆʬ ʱʨʲʳʨˆʰʯ ʳʫʰʫʨʸ
ʳʫʰʴʨʸʬ ˆʬʲʬʫʻʸʨʹ ˁʨʻ˅ʸʰʨ ʱʲʫʬ, ʸʵʳʲʰʹʨʪʨʴʨ˂ ˀʬʽʳʴʰʲʰʨ
ˆʸʨʳʰ ʹʰʳʨʾʲʰʯ 100 ʹʨʷʬʴʨʳʫʬ, ˆʵʲʵ ʫʨʹʨʭʲʬʯʰʯ, ʹʨʳˆʸʬʯʰʯʨ
ʫʨ ˁʸʫʰʲʵʬʯʰʯ ʪʲʬˆʬʩʹ ʮʵʪʰʬʸʯ ʨʫʪʰʲʨʹ ʪʨʻʱʨʼʨʭʯ ʺʿʬ ʫʨ
ʹʨˆʴʨʭʨʯ ʪʨʫʨʻʽ˂ʬʭʰʨʯ.
ʸʵʫʬʹʨ˂ ˀʬʳʯˆʭʬʭʰʯ ʨʳ ʨʫʪʰʲʮʬ ʳʬ ʳʵʳʰˆʫʨ ʪʨʭʲʨ,
ˀʬʭʨʳˁʴʰʬ ʻʨʳʸʨʭʰ ʯʰˆʰʹ ʳʰʲʬʩʰ ʫʨ ʴʨˀʱʰʫʻʸʨ, ʸʵʪʵʸ˂ ʳʰ˄ʰʹ
ʮʬʫʨ ʼʬʴʨʮʬ ʫʨʿʸʰʲʰ, ʰʹʬ ʳʰ˄ʨˀʰ ˀʬʸʬʻʲʰ. ʨʳ ʪʨʸʬʳʵʬʩʨʳ
˃ʨʲʰʨʴ ʫʨʳʨʰʴʺʬʸʬʹʨ ʫʨ ˀʬʭʻʫʬʽʰ ʨʳ ʨʫʪʰʲʰʹ ʫʬʺʨʲʻʸʨʫ
ʫʨʯʭʨʲʰʬʸʬʩʨʹ, ʸʵʳʲʰʹ ʫʸʵʹʨ˂ ʪʨʳʵʰʸʱʭʨ ˀʬʳʫʬʪʰ: ʵ˂ʫʨ ʨʯʰ
˄ʲʰʹ ˄ʰʴʨʫ ʹ. ʲʨˆʨʳʻʲʰʫʨʴ ʹ. ʰʼʨʸˀʰ ʪʨʳʵʹʨˆʲʬʩʻʲ ʪʲʬˆʬʩʹ
ʮʬʳʵʫ ʫʨʹʨˆʬʲʬʩʻʲ ʨʫʪʰʲʨʹ ʺʿʬˀʰ ʪʨʻʱʬʯʬʩʰʨʯ 4-5
ˈʬʽʺʨʸʨʳʫʬ ʿʨʴʬʩʰ. ʿʨʴʬʩʰʹ ˆʭʴʰʹ ʫʸʵʹ ʿʵʭʬʲ˄ʲʰʭ ʳʰ˄ʰʹ
˄ʰʨʾʰʫʨʴ ʨʳʵʫʰʵʫʨ ʻʨʳʸʨʭʰ ʯʰˆʰʹ ʳʰʲʬʩʰ, ʴʨˀʱʰʫʻʸʨ ʫʨ ʹˆʭʨ
ʹʨʪʴʬʩʰ, ʨʳʷʨʳʨʫ ʳʯʬʲʰ ʬʹ ʨʫʪʰʲʬʩʰ ʨʳ 4 ˈʬʽʺʨʸʰʹ ʳʨʴ˃ʰʲʮʬ
ʳʵʼʬʴʰʲʰʨ ʨʳ ʹʨʪʴʬʩʰʯ.
ʹʨʾʨʳʵʹ ʹʵʼʬʲˀʰ ʸʵʳ ʫʨʭʩʸʻʴʫʰ, ʳʵʭʻʿʨʸʬ ʪʲʬˆʬʩʹ ʯʨʭʰ
ʫʨ ˀʬʭʻʫʬʽʰ ʫʨʱʰʯˆʭʨʹ ʰʳʰʹ ˀʬʹʨˆʬʩ, ʯʻ ʭʰʹ, ʸʵʫʰʹ ʫʨ ʹʨʫ ʸʨ
ʻʴʨˆʨʭʹ ʮʬʳʵʨʾʴʰˀʴʻʲ ʨʫʪʰʲʬʩˀʰ. ʪʨʳʵʰʸʱʭʨ, ʸʵʳ
ʿʵʭʬʲ˄ʲʰʻʸʨʫ ˆʭʴʰʹ ʫʸʵʹ, ʸʵʪʵʸ˂ ʮʬʳʵʯ ʨʾʭʴʰˀʴʬʯ, ʳʰ˄ʰʹ
ʪʻʲʰʫʨʴ ʨʳʵʫʰʵʫʨ ʹˆʭʨʫʨʹˆʭʨ ʲʰʯʵʴʰʹ ʫʨ ʸʱʰʴʰʹ ʹʨʪʴʬʩʰ,
ʳ˃ʰʭʬʩʰ, ʳʰʲʬʩʰ, ʴʨˀʱʰʫʻʸʨ ʫʨ ʹˆʭʨ.
ʬʸʯʳʨ ʪʲʬˆʳʨ, ʰ. ˅ʱʨʫʻʨʳ ʪʨʴʨ˂ˆʨʫʨ, ʸʵʳ 1918 ˄ʬʲʹ,
ʸʵʫʬʹʨ˂ ʰʹ ʿʨʴʨʹ ˆʴʨʭʫʨ, ˆʨʸʹ ʳʰ˄ʨˀʰ ˁʨʻʭʨʸʫʨ ʻʱʨʴʨ ʼʬˆʰ.
ʳʰʮʬʮʰʹ ʪʨʹʨʪʬʩʨʫ ʳʨʹ ʪʨʳʵʻ˅ʸʰʨ ʬʸʯʹʨʷʬʴʰʨʴʰ ʱʬʺʰ ʫʨ ˁʨʻʹʭʰʨ
ʰʽ, ʹʨʫʨ˂ ˆʨʸʹ ʼʬˆʰ ˁʨʻʭʨʸʫʨ. ʬʹ ʱʬʺʰ ʳʯʲʨʫ ʫʨʼʨʸʻʲʨ ʳʰ˄ʨˀʰ.
ʨʳʰʺʵʳ ʱʰʫʬʭ ʳʵʻ˅ʸʰʨ ʳʬʵʸʬ ʵʸʹʨʷʬʴʰʨʴʰ ʱʬʺʰ ʫʨ ʰʹʰ˂ ʰʳ
ʨʫʪʰʲʨʹ ˁʨʻʹʭʰʨ. ʳʨʪʸʨʳ ʰʹʰ˂ ʳʰ˄ʨˀʰ ˁʨʳʨʲʻʲʨ ʫʨ ʳʬʸʬ ʵʸʰʭʬ
ˀʰʪ ˁʨʻʺʵʭʬʩʰʨ ʫʨ ʮʬʭʰʫʨʴ ʳʰ˄ʨ ʪʨʫʨʻʿʸʰʨ.
ʳʬʵʸʬ ʫʾʬʹʭʬ ˄ʨʭʰʿʭʨʴʨʬ ʵʯˆʰ ʱʨ˂ʰ ʨʳ ʨʫʪʰʲʨʹ ʪʨʯˆʸʬʩʰʹ
ʳʵʹʨˆʫʬʴʨʫ. ʸʨʳʵʫʬʴʰʳʬ ʹʨʨʯʰʹ ʳʻˀʨʵʩʰʹ ˀʬʳʫʬʪ ˁʭʬʴ ʳʰʭʨʪʬʴʰʯ
ʮʬʳʵˆʹʬʴʬʩʻʲ ˅ʱʨʫʻʨʹ ʳʰʬʸ ʳʰ˄ʨˀʰ ˁʨʹʵʩʰʲ ʵʸ ˇʵˆʹ ʫʨ
ʨʾʳʵˁʴʫʨ, ʸʵʳ ʨʳ ʨʫʪʰʲʨʹ ʵʫʬʹʾʨ˂ ʿʵʼʰʲʨ ʪʨʱʬʯʬʩʻʲʰ
ʹʨʳ˅ʬʫʲʵ, ʸʵʳʬʲˀʰʨ˂ ʹˆʭʨʯʨ ˀʵʸʰʹ, ʭʴʨˆʬʯ ʬʸʯʰ ʯʰˆʰʹ
467
ʽʵʯʨʴʰ. ʯʭʰʯ ʳʨʫʨʴʰ, ʸʵʳʬʲʹʨ˂ ʳʨʯˀʰ ʨʳʻˀʨʭʬʩʫʬʴ, ʴʨˆˀʰʸʰ,
ʴʨˀʱʰʫʻʸʨ, ʳʰʲʬʩʰ, ʸʱʰʴʰʹ ʹʨʪʴʬʩʰ, ʳ˃ʰʭʬʩʰ, ʬʳʨʲʰʹ ʴʨʳʺʭʸʬʭʬʩʰ
ʫʨ ʱʨʲʨʶʵʺˀʰ ˁʨʳʵʹˆʳʻʲʰ ˄ʵʴʰʯ 5-10 ʪʰʸʭʨʴʽʨʳʫʬ,
ʳʨʫʴʬʻʲʵʩʰʹʨʪʨʴ ʪʨʫʨʫʴʵʩʰʹ ˀʬʳʫʬʪ ʫʨʸˁʬʴʰʲʰ ˇʬʸ ˁʭʬʴʯʭʰʹ
ʪʨʳʵʻʸʱʭʬʭʬʲʰ ˀʬʳʨʫʪʬʴʲʵʩʰʹ ʴʰʭʯʰʬʸʬʩʨ. ʴʨˆˀʰʸʰ,
ʴʨˀʱʰʫʻʸʨ ʫʨ ʳʰʲʬʩʰ ʬʸʯʳʨʴʬʯˀʰ ˀʬʸʬʻʲʰ ʨʳ ʨʫʪʰʲʬʩˀʰ ʿʸʰʨ
ʬʸʯʰ ʹʨʷʬʴʰʹ ʹʰʾʸʳʬʮʬ, ˀʬʳʫʬʪ ˁʴʫʬʩʨ ʴʨʳʫʭʰʲʰ ʨʫʪʰʲʵʩʸʰʭʰ
ʳʰ˄ʨ, ʻʴʫʨ ʨʾʭʴʰˀʴʵʯ, ʸʵʳ ʳʰʲʬʩʰ ʹʰʪʸ˃ʰʯ 1 ʨʸˀʰʴʮʬ ʳʬʺʰ ʨʸ
ʪʭʰʴʨˆʨʭʹ. ʨʳ ʳʰʲʬʩʰʹ ʰʹ ʴʨ˄ʰʲʰ, ʸʵʳʬʲʰ˂ ʹʨʩʬʸʭʬʲʰʹʨʱʬʴ
ʿʵʼʰʲʨ, ˂ʬ˂ˆʲʰʹʨʪʨʴ ʫʨʻʮʰʨʴʬʩʬʲʰ ʫʨʸˁʬʴʰʲʨ, ˆʵʲʵ ʰʹ
ʴʨ˄ʰʲʰ, ʸʵʳʬʲʰ˂ ˂ʬ˂ˆʲʰʹʨʱʬʴ ʿʵʼʰʲʨ, ʫʨʳ˄ʭʨʸʰ ʨʾʳʵˁʴʫʨ.
ʳʨʯˀʰ ˀʰʪ ʴʨˀʱʰʫʻʸʨ ˀʬʹʻʲʨ. ʪʨʸˀʬʳʵ˂ ʨʳ ʳʰʲʬʩʹ ʴʨˀʱʰʫʻʸʨ
ˀʬʫʻʾʬʩʵʫʨ ʨʲʩʨʫ, ʨʳʰʹ ʪʨʳʵ ʻʭʨʸʪʰʹʰ ˆʫʬʩʵʫʬʴ ʫʨ ʳʨʯ
ʿʸʰʫʬʴ ʪʨʸʬʯ. ʻʯʻʵʫ ʨʳʰʯ ʨʰˆʹʴʬʩʨ ʳʨʯʰ ʹʰʳʸʨʭʲʬ ʨʳ
ʨʫʪʰʲʬʩˀʰ. ʨʳ ʨʫʪʰʲʬʩʰʫʨʴ ʨʾʳʵʹʨʭʲʬʯʰʯ 50 ʹʨʷʴʰʹ ʳʨʴ˃ʰʲʮʬ
ʨʸʰʹ ʮʬʳʵˆʹʬʴʬʩʻʲʰ ˆʸʨʳʰ, ʹʨʫʨ˂ ˀʬʭʨʳˁʴʰʬ ˃ʭʲʬʩʰ 1 ʴʨˆʬʭ.
ʨʸˀʰʴʰʹ ʹʰʾʸʳʬʮʬ ʳʰ˄ʨˀʰ ʫʨʳʨʸˆʻʲʰ. ˀʬʭʻʫʬʽʰʯ ʨʳ ˃ʭʲʬʩʰʹ
ʨʳʵʯˆʸʨʹ ʫʨ ʨʾʳʵʭʨˁʰʴʬʯ ʸʨʳʫʬʴʰʳʬ ʹʨʼʲʨʭʰ, ʹʨʫʨ˂
ʨʫʨʳʰʨʴʬʩʰʹ ˃ʭʲʬʩʰʹ ʪʨʸʫʨ ʫʨʳʨʸˆʻʲʰ ʰʿʵ ʨʪʸʬʯʭʬ ˂ˆʬʴʬʩʰ˂
ʸʱʰʴʰʹ ʫʰʫʰ ʲʨʪʳʬʩʰʯ ʶʰʸˀʰ, ʸʱʰʴʰʹ ʻʮʨʴʪʬʩʰʯ ʫʨ ʹˆʭʨ
ʴʨ˄ʰʲʬʩʰʯ, ʸʨˆʺʬʩʰʯ, ʭʰʶʵʭʬʯ ʨʪʸʬʯʭʬ ˅ʻʸʰʹ ʫʨ ʫʵʽʰʹ
ʴʨʳʺʭʸʬʭʬʩʰ˂ ʫʨ ʹˆʭʨ ʹʨʪʴʬʩʰ. ʴʨˀʱʰʫʻʸʨ ʳʰʲʬʩʰ ʫʨ ʴʨˆˀʰʸʰ
ʬʸʯʳʨʴʬʯˀʰ ˀʬʸʬʻʲʰ ʬʸʯʰ ʹʨʷʬʴʰʹ ʹʰʾʸʳʬʮʬʨ.
ʳʰʴʫʵʫʨ ʪʨʯˆʸʬʩʰ ʻʼʸʵ ʾʸʳʨʫ ʳʬ˄ʨʸʳʵʬʩʰʴʨ, ʳʨʪʸʨʳ
ʨʳʰʹʯʭʰʹ ʴʰʭʯʰʬʸʰ ʹʨˀʻʨʲʬʩʨ ʨʸʨ ʳʽʵʴʫʨ, ʨʳʰʺʵʳ ʳʰʭʳʨʸʯʬ
ʹʭʨʴʬʯʰʹ ʳʨʮʸʨʾʳʨʹʱʵʳʹ ˀʬʳ˄ʬʵʩʰʹʨʯʭʰʹ. ʨʾʳʨʹʱʵʳʰ ʳˆʻʸʭʨʲʬ
ʯʨʴʨʪʸ˃ʴʵʩʰʯ ˀʬˆʭʫʨ ˁʬʳʹ ʯˆʵʭʴʨʹ ʫʨ ʪʨʫʳʵʳ˂ʨ 200 ʳʨʴʬʯʰ
ʪʨʯˆʸʬʩʰʹ ʪʨʹʨʪʸ˃ʬʲʬʩʲʨʫ.
ʨʳʰʹ ˀʬʳʫʬʪ ʹʨˀʻʨʲʬʩʨ ʳʵʳʬ˂ʨ ʪʨʳʬʫʰʫʬʩʰʴʨ ʳʻˀʬʩʰʹ ʸʰ˂ˆʭʰ
ʫʨ ʻʼʸʵ ʹʬʸʰʵʮʻʲʨʫ ˀʬʭʹʫʪʵʳʵʫʰ ʳʻˀʨʵʩʨʹ. ʨʯʰ ʱʨ˂ʰʯ ʹʨʳʰ
ʫʾʰʹ ʳʻˀʨʵʩʨʳ ʳʵʪʭ˂ʨ ˀʬʳʫʬʪʰ ˀʬʫʬʪʬʩʰ: ʹˆʭʨʫʨʹˆʭʨ ʨʫʪʰʲʨʹ
ʨʾʳʵʭʨˁʰʴʬ ʵʯˆʨʳʫʬ ʹʨʳ˅ʬʫʲʵʹ ʴʨʴʪʸʬʭʬʩʰ. ʬʸʯˀʰ ʬ˄ʿʵ
ʳʨʫʴʰʹʨʪʨʴ ʪʨʳʵʫʴʵʩʰʲʰ, ʱʨʲʨʶʵʺˀʰ ˁʨʳʵʹˆʳʻʲʰ, ˄ʵʴʰʯ 5-10
ʪʰʸʭʨʴʽʨʳʫʬ, ʨʴʨʲʰʮʰʯ ʳʨʪʴʰʺʰʹ ʸʱʰʴʨʫ ˂ʴʵʩʰʲʰ ʴʰʭʯʰʬʸʬʩʨ,
ʳʰʹ ˁʨʳʵʹʨʹˆʳʬʲʨʫ ʽʭʰʹʨʪʨʴ ʪʨʱʬʯʬʩʻʲʰ ʹˆʭʨʫʨʹˆʭʨ ʮʵʳʰʹ

468
ʱʨʲʨʶʵʺʬʩʰ, ˆʵʲʵ ʫʨʴʨʸˁʬʴʬʩˀʰ - ʳʰʲʬʩʰ, ʴʨˆˀʰʸʰ, ʬʳʨʲʰ,
ʫʨʻʳʻˀʨʭʬʩʬʲʰ ʳʨʫʨʴʰ, ʳ˃ʰʭʰ ʫʨ ʹˆʭʨ ʬʸʯʳʨʴʬʯˀʰ ˀʬʸʬʻʲʰ.
ʨʾʳʵʭʨˁʰʴʬ ʰʹʬʯʰ ʨʫʪʰʲʰ˂, ʹʨʫʨ˂ 10-15 ʹʨʷʬʴʰʹ ʹʰʪʸ˃ʬʮʬ,
ʵʯˆʰ ʹʨʷʬʴʰʹ ʹʰʼʨʸʯʵʬʮʬ ʫʨ ʬʸʯʰ ʹʨʷʬʴʰʹ ʹʰʳʨʾʲʬʮʬ, ʳˆʵʲʵʫ
ʳʰʲʬʩʰ ʨ˄ʿʭʰʨ. ˁʬʳʰ ʨʮʸʰʯ, ʨʳ ʨʫʪʰʲʰʹ ʯʨʭˀʰ ʻʴʫʨ ʿʵʼʰʲʰʿʵ
ʳʯʨʭʨʸʰ ʽʨʸˆʨʴʨ ʫʨ ʨʽʬʫʨʴ ʻʴʫʨ ʰʿʵʹ ʪʨʫʳʵʿʸʰʲʰ ʬʹ ʳʰʲʬʩʰ.
ʨʳʰʺʵʳʨ˂ ʨʽ ˀʻʨ ʨʫʪʰʲʨʹ ˁʨʭ˅ʬʸʰ ʳʰ˄ʨ 1 ʴʨˆ. ʹʨʷ. ʹʰʾʸʳʬʮʬ ʫʨ 4
ʹʨʷ. ʹʰʪʸ˃ʬʮʬ. ʨʹʬʯ ʮʵʳʨʹ ʰʳ ʳʵʹʨʮʸʬʩʰʯ ʳʰʭʳʨʸʯʬ, ʸʵʳ ʨʽʬʫʨʴ
ʮʬʳʵˆʹʬʴʬʩʻʲ ʳʰʲʬʩʰʫʨʴ ʨʫʪʰʲʰʹ ʯʨʭʨʳʫʬ ʪʨʳʬʯˆʨʸʨ ʳʰ˄ʨ ʫʨ
ʳʰʹʰ ʯʨʭʰ ʪʨʳʵʳʬʴʨˆʨ.
ʹ˄ʵʸʬʫ ʨʳ ʨʫʪʰʲʨʹ ʬʸʯʰ ʹʨʷʴʰʹ ʹʰʾʸʳʬʮʬ ʳʰ˄ʨ ʸʵʳ
ʪʨʭʯˆʨʸʬ, ʨʾʳʵˁʴʫʨ ʭʬʸʺʰʱʨʲʻʸʨʫ ʳʰ˄ʨˀʰ ʨʾʳʨʸʯʻʲʰ ʽʨʸˆʴʰʹ
ʳʰʲʰ, ʸʵʳʲʰʹ ʫʰʨʳʬʺʸʰ 1 ʨʸˀʰʴʹ ʻʫʸʰʹ. ʬʹ ʳʰʲʰ ʪʨʸˀʬʳʵ ʽʭʰʹ
ʱʬʫʲʬʩʰʯ ʨʸʰʹ ʨʳʵˀʬʴʬʩʻʲʰ. ʳʰʲʹʨ ʫʨ ʱʬʫʲʬʩʹ ˀʻʨ ʨʿʨʲʵ ʳʰ˄ʨ
ʨʿʸʰʨ 1 ʴʨˆ. ʨʸˀʰʴʰʹ ʹʰʹʽʬʮʬ. ˂ʬ˂ˆʲʰʹʨʪʨʴ ʳʰʲʰ ˀʰʪʴʰʯ ˃ʨʲʰʨʴ
ʫʨʳ˄ʭʨʸʰʨ. ʳʰʹ ʪʨʸˀʬʳʵ ʫʨʿʸʰʲʰ ʳʰ˄ʨ˂ ˃ʨʲʮʬ ʪʨ˄ʰʯʲʬʩʻʲʰʨ.
ʳʰʲʰ ʬʸʯʰ ʳˆʸʰʫʨʴ ʪʨʯˆʸʰʹ ʫʸʵʹ ʻ˂ʨʩʬʫʨʯ ʪʨʺʿʫʨ, ʨʳʰʺʵʳ
ʹʨˀʻʨʲʬʩʨ ʳʽʵʴʫʨ ʳʰʹʰ ʹʰʳʨʾʲʬ ʪʨʳʬʮʵʳʨ ʱʬʺʰʯ. ʱʬʺʰ ʨʭʰʫʨ
ʮʬʭʰʯ 1 ʴʨ. ʹʨʷʬʴʰʹ ʹʰʳʨʾʲʬʮʬ, ʬ. ʰ. ʰʳ ʨʫʪʰʲʨʳʫʬ, ʹʨʫʨ˂ ʳʰʹ
ʯʨʭʮʬ ʺʿʬʨ ʨʳʵʹʻʲʰ.
ʨʳ ʹʨʰʴʺʬʸʬʹʵ ʴʨˀʯʰʹ ʴʨˆʭʰʹ ˀʬʳʫʬʪ ʳʬ ʫʨʭʸ˄ʳʻʴʫʰ, ʸʵʳ ʨʽ
ʳʬʺʰ ʹʰʼʸʯˆʰʲʬ ʫʨ ʹʬʸʰʵʮʻʲʰ ʪʨʯˆʸʬʩʰ ʰʿʵ ʹʨ˅ʰʸʵ
ʹʶʬ˂ʰʨʲʰʹʺʬʩʰʹ ˆʬʲʳ˃ʾʭʨʴʬʲʵʩʰʯ, ʨʳʰʺʵʳ ˀʬʭʨˁʬʸʬ ʳʻˀʨʵʩʨ ʫʨ
ʫʬʶʬˀʬʩʰʯ ʬʹ ʨʳʩʨʭʰ ʭʨ˂ʴʵʩʬ ʸʵʪʵʸ˂ ʹʨʽ. ʹʨˆʱʵʳʹʨʩ˅ʵʹ, ʨʪʸʬʯʭʬ
ʹʨʽʨʸʯʭʬʲʵʹ ʳʻʮʬʻʳʹ ʫʨ ʭʹʯˆʵʭʬ ʫʨˆʳʨʸʬʩʰʹ ʨʾʳʵˁʬʴʨ ʸʵʪʵʸ˂
ʴʰʭʯʰʬʸʨʫ, ʰʹʬ ʹʶʬ˂ʰʨʲʰʹʺʬʩʰʹ ʪʨʳʵʪʮʨʴʰʯ. ˁʬʳʰ
ˀʻʨʳʫʪʵʳʲʵʩʨ ˇʬʸ-ˇʬʸʵʩʰʯ ʻˀʬʫʬʪʵʯ ʫʨʸˁʨ, ʳʨʪʸʨʳ ʳʵʳʨʭʨʲ
ʮʨʼˆʻʲˀʰ ʰʽ ʪʨʯˆʸʬʩʰʹ ˁʨʹʨʺʨʸʬʩʲʨʫ ʬʳʮʨʫʬʩʰʨʴ
ʹʶʬ˂ʰʨʲʰʹʺʬʩʰ. ʰʳʬʫʰʨ ʨʳ ʹʨʰʴʺʬʸʬʹʵ ʹʨʽʳʬʹ ʹʬʸʰʵʮʻʲʰ
ʿʻʸʨʫʾʬʩʨ ʳʰʬʽ˂ʬʭʨ ʫʨ ʳʵʳʨʭʨʲʰ ʱʭʲʬʭʨ-˃ʰʬʩʨ ʪʨʳʵʨʳʷʾʨʭʴʬʩʹ
ʹʭʨʴʬʯʰʹ ʩʻʴʬʩʰʹ ʫʾʬʳʫʬ ʩʻʸʻʹˀʰ ʪʨʽ˂ʬʻʲ ʹʨʰʫʻʳʲʵʬʩʨʹ.

469
¡ˆ ‹ˆŒƒˆ ‚€‡š „ˆ

ʰʼʨʸʰʹ ʨʸʽʬʵʲʵʪʰʻʸ ʪʨʯˆʸʬʩʰʹ ˀʬʳʫʬʪ ʨʫʪʰʲʵʩʸʰʭʳʨ

ʳʵʹʨˆʲʬʵʩʨʳ ʫʨʰʴʨˆʨ, ʸʵʳ ʳʬ ˃ʭʬʲʰ ʴʨˀʯʬʩʰʹ ʨʾʳʵˁʬʴʰʯ
ʫʨʰʴʺʬʸʬʹʬʩʻʲʰ ʭʰʿʨʭʰ ʫʨ ʨʳʰʺʵʳ ʩʬʭʸʰ ʳʨʯʪʨʴʰ ʳʵʫʰʵʫʨ
ˁʬʳʯʨʴ ʫʨ ʳʨ˃ʲʬʭʫʨ ˂ʴʵʩʨʹ, ʯʻ ʭʰʹ, ʹʨʫ ʫʨ ʸʵʫʰʹ ʸʨ ʻʴʨˆʨʭʹ ʨʴ
ʸʨ ʹʳʬʴʰʨ ʨʳ ʹʨʽʳʰʹ ˀʬʹʨˆʬʩ.
ʹˆʭʨʯʨ ˀʵʸʰʹ, ʬʸʯʳʨ ʨʫʪʰʲʵʩʸʰʭʳʨ ʳʱʭʰʫʸʳʨ ʹʬʰʯʩʬ
˅ʱʨʫʻʨʳ ʳʰʨʳʩʵ, ʸʵʳ ʵʸʰ ˄ʲʰʹ ˄ʰʴʨʫ, ʸʵʫʬʹʨ˂ ˄ʰʸʳʰʴʫʰʹ
ʻʫʨʩʻʸ ʺʿʬˀʰ ʬʸʯʰ ʪʲʬˆʰ, ʨʮʨ ˅ʱʨʫʻʨ ʯˆʬʩʰʹ ʹʨ˃ʬʩʸʨʫ
ʿʵʼʰʲʨ ˄ʨʹʻʲʰ, ʨʳ ʫʸʵʹ ʽʨʸʹ ˄ʨʻʽ˂ʬʭʰʨ ʴʨ˃ʭʰʹ ʫʰʫʰ ˆʬ,
ʸʵʳʲʰʹ ʼʬʹʭʬʩʹ ʽʭʬˀ ʯʻʸʳʬ ʨʾʳʵˁʴʫʨ ʹʨʼʲʨʭʰ, ʸʵʳʬʲˀʰʨ˂ ʹʨʳʰ
ʨʫʨʳʰʨʴʰ ʬʳʨʸˆʨ. ʨʳ ʨʫʪʰʲʰʫʨʴ ʫʨʹʨʭʲʬʯʰʯ 30 ʹʨʷʬʴʰʹ
ʳʨʴ˃ʰʲʮʬ ʻʴʫʨ ʰʿʵʹ ʺʨ˃ʸʰʹ ʫʨ ʹˆʭʨ ʴʨʴʪʸʬʭʬʩʰ.
ʨʳ ʨʳʩʨʭʳʨ ˃ʨʲʰʨʴ ʫʨʳʨʰʴʺʬʸʬʹʨ, ʳʵʭʰˆʳʬ ˆʹʬʴʬʩʻʲʰ ʨʮʨ
˅ʱʨʫʻʨ, ʪʨʳʵʭʱʰʯˆʬ ʿʵʭʬʲʰʭʬ ʫʨ ʵʯˆʰ ʱʨ˂ʰʯ ˇʵʸʱʭʨʲʰʫʨʴ
˄ʰʸʳʰʴʫˀʰ ʪʨʭʬʳʪʮʨʭʸʬ.
ʨʽ, ʬʸʯ ʹʸʻʲʰʨʫ ʳʰʻʫʪʵʳʬʲ ʻʫʨʩʻʸ ʺʿʰʨʴ ʫʨ ʱʲʫʵʭʨʴ
ʨʫʪʰʲʨʹ 10 ˄ʲʰʹ ˄ʰʴʬʫ ʵʯˆ ʪʲʬˆʹ: ʪʸʰʪʵʲ, ʨʲʬʽʹʰ, ʳʰˀʨ ʫʨ
ʪʰʵ ˅ʱʨʫʻʬʩʹ ʫʨʻʱʨʼʨʭʯ ʺʿʬ, ʪʨʻʱʬʯʬʩʰʨʯ ʿʨʴʬʩʰ, ʨʻʪʰʨʯ ˆʰʹ
ʹʨˆʲʬʩʰ ʫʨ ʫʨʹʨˆʲʬʩʻʲʨʴ.
˄ʨʸʳʵʻʫʪʬʴʬʲʰ ʰʿʵ ˁʬʳʯʭʰʹ ʨʳʰʹʯʨʴʨ ʨʫʪʰʲʨʹ ʨʫʨʳʰʨʴʰʹ
˂ˆʵʭʸʬʩʨ ʫʨ ʨʳ ʹʵʼʲʰʹ ʨʸʹʬʩʵʩʰʹ ˀʬʹʨˆʬʩ ʨʸʨʼʬʸʰ ʭʰ˂ʵʫʰ.
˄ʨʻˀʲʬʲʰ ʰʽʴʬʩʨ ˁʬʳʹ ʳʬˆʹʰʬʸʬʩʨˀʰ ʨʳ ʵʯˆʰ ʪʲʬˆʰʹ ʿʵʼʨ-
˂ˆʵʭʸʬʩʰʫʨʴ ʳʰʾʬʩʻʲʰ ʳ˃ʰʳʬ ˀʯʨʩʬ˅ʫʰʲʬʩʨ.
ʬʹ ʨʫʪʰʲʰ ʿʵʭʬʲ ʳˆʸʰʫʨʴ ʪʨʸˀʬʳʵʸʺʿʳʻʲʰʨ ʻʫʨʩʻʸʰ
ʺʿʬʬʩʰʯ ʫʨ ʪʸʨʴʫʰʵʮʻʲ ʾʸʬ-ʱʲʫʬʬʩʰʯ. ʩʻʴʬʩʨ ʨʽ ʳʬʺʨʫ
ʳʱʨ˂ʸʰʨ ʫʨ ʬʹ ʵʯˆʰ ʵˇʨˆʰ ʳʵ˄ʿʭʬʺʰʲʰʨ ʽʭʬʿʴʰʬʸʬʩʨʹ ʨʸʨ ʳʨʸʺʵ
ʮʨʳʯʸʵʩʰʯ, ʨʸʨʳʬʫ ʮʨʼˆʻʲʵʩʰʯʨ˂.
ʨʫʪʰʲʳʫʬʩʨʸʬʵʩʰʹ ʹʨʼʻ˃ʭʲʰʨʴʨʫ ʫʨʯʭʨʲʰʬʸʬʩʰʯ ʫʨ ʨʳ
ʵʯˆʰ ʪʲʬˆʰʹ ʫʨʱʰʯˆʭʰʯ ʪʨʳʵʰʸʱʭʨ, ʸʵʳ ˀʵʸʬʻʲ ˄ʨʸʹʻʲˀʰ ʨʽ
ˆʨʲˆʰ ʿʵʼʰʲʨ ʫʨʹʨˆʲʬʩʻʲʰ, ʨʳʨʹ ʨʳʺʱʰ˂ʬʩʹ, ʹˆʭʨʯʨ ˀʵʸʰʹ,
ˆʻʯʳʬʺʨʳʫʬ ʹʨˆʲʰʹ ʫʾʬʳʫʬ ʫʨ˂ʻʲʰ ʴʨʴʪʸʬʭʬʩʰ, ʸʵʳʲʬʩʰʹʨʪʨʴ
ˀʬʴʨˆʻʲʨ ʹʨ˃ʰʸʱʭʲʬʩʰ, ˆʭʴʰʹ ʫʸʵʹ ʳʰ˄ʰʹ ʪʻʲʰʫʨʴ ʨʳʵʹʻʲʰ
ˆʬʲʰʹ ˄ʰʹʽʭʰʲʬʩʰ, ˅ʻʸ˅ʲʬʩʰʹʨ ʫʨ ʫʵʽʬʩʰʹ ʴʨʳʺʭʸʬʭʬʩʰ ʫʨ ʹˆʭ.

470
 ʨʳʨʭʬ ʨʫʪʰʲʨʹ ʫʾʬʳʫʬ ˀʬʴʨˆʻʲʨʴ ʳʹˆʲʰʹʨ ʫʨ ʭʨˀʲʰʹ ʫʰʫʰ
ˆʬʬʩʰ, ʸʵʳʬʲʯʨ˂ ʹˆʭʨʪʨʴ ʳʰʹ ʪʨʸˀʬʳʵ ʳʫʬʩʨʸʬ ʨʫʪʰʲʬʩˀʰ
ʭʬʸʹʨʫ ʭʬʸ ʭˆʭʫʬʩʰʯ.
ʪʨʫʳʵ˂ʬʳʰʯ, ˃ʭʬʲ ʫʸʵˀʰ ʨʽ ʻʴʫʨ ʿʵʼʰʲʰʿʭʴʬʴ
ʫʨʹʨˆʲʬʩʻʲʰ ʫʾʬʭʨʴʫʬʲʰ ʹʵʼ. ʲʨʩʹʿʨʫʲʰʹ ʳ˂ˆʵʭʸʬʩʯʨ
˄ʰʴʨʶʸʬʩʰ, ʸʵʳʲʬʩʰʹʨʯʭʰʹʨ˂ ʳʺʬʸʹ ʳʻʹʸʰ ʪʨʻʭʲʰʨ. ˀʬʳʯˆʭʬʭʰʯ
ʪʨʫʨʸˁʬʴʰʲʨ ʨʳ ʫʸʵʹ ʹʨʴʨʫʰʸʵʯ ˄ʨʹʻʲʰ ʬʸʯʰ ʳʵʴʨʫʰʸʬ,
˄ʰʴʨʶʨʸʰ ʫʾʬʭʨʴʫʬʲʰ ʲʨʩʹʿʨʫʲʬʲʬʩʰʹʨ, ʨʳʰʺʵʳ, ʸʵʫʬʹʨ˂ 1918
˄. ˄ʰʸʳʰʴʫˀʰ ʮʬʳʵˆʹʬʴʬʩʻʲʰ ʵʯˆʰ ʪʲʬˆʰ ʫʨʹʨˆʲʬʩʻʲʨ, ʹʵʼ.
ʲʨʩʹʿʨʲʫʰʹ ʳ˂ˆʵʭʸʬʩʲʬʩʹ ʳʨʯʯʭʰʹ ʫʨʭʨ ʨʻʺʬˆʰʨʯ.
ʨʰ ʨʳ ʨʫʪʰʲʰʫʨʴ 200 ʹʨʷʬʴʰʹ ʳʨʴ˃ʰʲʮʬ ʫʨʹʨʭʲʬʯʰʯ
ʻʫʨʩʻʸʰ ʺʿʰʯ ʫʨʼʨʸʻʲ ʼʬʸʫʵʩʬʩˀʰ ʨʸʰʹ ʰʹ ˆʬ, ʸʵʳʬʲʰ˂
ʸʵʪʵʸ˂ ʮʬʳʵʯ ʨʸʰʹ ʴʨʯʽʭʨʳʰ, ʽʨʸʹ ˄ʨʻʽ˂ʬʭʰʨ ʫʨ ʳʰʹ ʽʭʬˀ
ʹʨʼʲʨʭʰ ʨʾʳʵˁʬʴʰʲʨ. ʳʬʵʸʬ ʫʾʬʹʭʬ ʫʰʲʰʯ ʨʫʸʬ ˄ʨʭʬʫʰʯ ʨʳ
ʨʫʪʰʲʰʹ ʹʨ˃ʬʩʸʨʫ ʫʨ ʳʨʲʬ ʱʰʫʬ˂ ʳʰʭʨʪʬʴʰʯ.
ʰʳ ʨʫʪʰʲʨʹ, ʹʨʫʨ˂ ʽʨʸʰʹʨʪʨʴ ˄ʨʽ˂ʬʻʲʰ ʮʬʳʵˆʹʬʴʬʩʻʲʰ ˆʬʨ,
ʺʿʰʹ ʼʬʸʫʵʩˀʰ ʨʸʰʹ ʭʨʱʬ ʨʫʪʰʲʰ ʨʯ ʱʭʨʫʸʨʺʻʲ ʹʨʷʬʴʨʳʫʬ, ʬʹ
ˆʬ ʿʵʼʰʲʨ ʹʨʼʲʨʭʮʬ ʨʳʵʹʻʲʰ ʫʨ ʨʳʰʺʵʳ ʳʰʹ ˄ʨʽ˂ʬʭʰʹ ˀʬʳʫʬʪ
ʪʨʳʵˁʴʫʴʬʴ ʨʫʨʳʰʨʴʰʹ ˃ʭʲʬʩʰ ʫʨ ʯʨʭʰʹ ʽʨʲʨ. ʹ˄ʵʸʬʫ ʨʳ
ʨʫʪʰʲʰʫʨʴ ʫʨʭʰ˄ʿʬʯ ʪʨʯˆʸʨ. ʳʬ ˀʬʭʻʫʬʽʰ ʨʳ ʨʫʪʰʲʬʩʰʹ
ʫʬʺʨʲʻʸʨʫ ʫʨʯʭʨʲʰʬʸʬʩʨʹ. ʳʻˀʬʩʳʨ ʳʨʲʬ ʳʰʨʪʴʬʹ ʹʨʼʲʨʭʹ,
ʹʨʫʨ˂ ʹʨʳʰ ʱʨ˂ʰ ʬʸʯʨʫ ʰʿʵ ʫʨʳʨʸˆʻʲʰ, ʳʨʪʸʨʳ ˃ʭʲʬʩʰ ʹʰ˃ʭʬʲʰʹ
ʪʨʳʵ ʰʼˀʭʴʬʩʵʫʬʴ ʫʨ ʳʰ˄ʰʫʨʴ ʳʨʯʰ ʳʯʲʰʨʴʨʫ ʨʳʵʾʬʩʨ
ˀʬʻ˃ʲʬʩʬʲʰ ˀʬʰʽʴʨ.
ʨʳ ʨʫʪʰʲʰʫʨʴ ʨʾʳʵʹʨʭʲʬʯʰʯ ˆʻʯʰ ʹʨʷ. ʳʨʴ˃ʰʲʮʬ ʫʰʫʰ
ˆʬʬʩʰʹ ʼʬʹʭʬʩʹ ʽʭʬˀ ˀʬʭʨʳˁʴʰʬ ʱʬʫʬʲʰ.ʳʵʭʨʿʬʴʬ ʨʽ ʹʨʳʻˀʨʵʯ ʵʸʰ
ʱʨ˂ʰ ʫʨ ʨʾʳʵˁʴʫʨ, ʸʵʳ ʬʹ ʰʿʵ ʵʫʬʹʾʨ˂ ʨʽ ʨʸʹʬʩʻʲ ʺʨ˃ʸʰʹ
ʴʨʴʪʸʬʭʬʩʰʹʨʪʨʴ ʫʨʸˁʬʴʰʲʰ ʹʨ˃ʰʸʱʭʬʲʰ. ʹʰʪʸ˃ʬ ʨʳ ʱʬʫʲʰʹʨ, ʨʴʻ
ʺʨ˃ʸʰʹ ʴʨʴʪʸʬʭʬʩʰʹʨ, ʨʸʰʹ 13 ʨʸˀʰʴʰ, ʹʰʪʨʴʬ 8 ʨʸˀʰʴʰ, ʹʰʹʽʬ
(ʱʬʫʲʰʹ) 1 ʴʨˆ. ʨʸˀʰʴʰ. ʱʬʫʲʬʩʰ ʽʭʰʯʱʰʸʰʹʨʨ.
ʨʾʳʵʹʨʭʲʬʯʰʹ ʴʨ˄ʰʲʰ ʱʬʫʲʰʯ ʨʸʰʹ ʪʨʺʰˆʸʻʲʰ. ʬʺʿʵʩʨ, ʬʹ
ʻʴʫʨ ʿʵʼʰʲʰʿʵ ʺʸʨʶʬʮʰ. ʳʰʹʰ ʱʬʫʲʬʩʰʹ ʪʨʸʬʯʨ ʴʨ˄ʰʲʰ
ʽʭʰʯʱʰʸʰʹʨʨ. ˀʰʪʴʰʯʨ ʱʬʫʬʲʰ ʱʰ ʨʪʻʸʰʹʨʨ ʫʨ ʳʨʯ ˀʻʨ ˁʨʹˆʳʻʲʰʨ
ʱʰʸʰʹ ˆʹʴʨʸʰ. ʨʳ ʱʬʫʲʰʹ ˀʰʪʴʰʯ ʨʸʰʹ ʱʰʫʬʭ ʽʭʰʹ
ʱʬʫʬʲʰ, ˀʬʳʫʬʪ ʰʹʬʭ ʨʪʻʸʰʹʨ, ˀʻʨˀʰ ʱʰʸʰʹ ˆʹʴʨʸʰʯ
ʨʳʵʭʹʬʩʻʲʰ. ʳʯʨʭʨʸʰ ʿʻʸʨʫʾʬʩʨ ʫʨʬʯʳʵ ʨʳ ʨʫʪʰʲʨʹ ʪʨʯˆʸʰʹ
471
˄ʨʸʳʵʬʩʨʹ, ʸʨʳʨ˂ ʳʵʪʭ˂ʨ ʨʹʬʯʰ ˀʬʫʬʪʰ: ʸʵʫʬʹʨ˂ ʨʳ ʵʯˆ ʱʬʫʬʲʹ
ˀʰʪʴʰʯ ʳʰ˄ʨ 12 ʨʸˀʰʴʰʹ ʹʰʾʸʳʬʮʬ ʪʨʭʯˆʨʸʬʯ, ʨʾʳʵˁʴʫʨ ʨʪʻʸʰʹ
ʰʨʺʨʱʰ, ʱʰʸʰʹ ˆʹʴʨʸʫʨʹˆʳʻʲʰ. ˀʰʪ ʿʵʼʰʲʨ ʫʨʳʨʸˆʻʲʰ ʵʸʰ
ʨʫʨʳʰʨʴʰ. ʳʨʯʰ ˃ʭʲʬʩʰ ʫʨʼʬʸʼʲʰʲʰʨ ʫʨ ʳˆʵʲʵʫ ʯʨʭʰʹ ʽʨʲʨʹ
ʮʵʪʰʬʸʯʰ ʴʨ˄ʰʲʰ ʫʨ ʱʩʰʲʬʩʰ ˀʬʴʨˆʻʲʨ. ʭʴʨˆʬʯ ʵʸʰ ʭʬʸ˂ˆʲʰʹ
ʶʨʺʨʸʨ ˇʭʨʸʰ ʫʨ ʵʸʰ ʫʨʴʨ. ʳʰ˄ʰʹ ʹʰʳʨʾʲʬ ʰʨʺʨʱʰʫʨʴ ʨʸʰʹ 2 ʴʨ
ʨʸˀʰʴʰ. ʰʪʰ ˀʬʹʫʪʬʩʨ ʹʨʳʰ ʮʵʲʰʹʨʪʨʴ: ʽʭʬʫʨ ʼʬʴʨ ʨʸʰ ʱʭʬʸ˂ˆʰʹ
ʪʻʲʰʹʬʩʻʸʰ ʿʭʰʯʬʲʰ ʳʰ˄ʨ ˆʻʯʰ ʭʬʸˀʵʱʰʹ ʹʰʹʽʬʮʬ. ˀʻʨʼʬʴʰ
ˀʨʭʰ ʨʫʪʰʲʵʩʸʰʭʰ ʳʰ˄ʰʹʨʪʨʴ ˀʬʹʫʪʬʩʨ ʫʨ 4 ʭʬʸˀʵʱʰʹ ʹʰʹʽʬʮʬʨ.
ʮʬʫʨʼʬʴʰ 1 ʨʸˀʰʴʰʹ ʹʰʹʽʬʮʬ ʨʸʰʹ ʨʪʻʸʰʹʨ ʫʨ ʽʭʰʹʨʪʨʴ ʱʰʸʰʹ
ˆʹʴʨʸʰʯ ʴʨʪʬʩʰ ʱʬʫʬʲʰ. ʳʨʹʮʬ ʨʳʵʹʻʲʰʨ ʫʰʫʰ ʼʰ˅ʭʰʹ ˆʬʬʩʰ,
ʬʺʿʵʩʨ, ʨʽ ʫʨʳʨʸˆʻʲʰ ʿʵʼʰʲʨ ʭʰʴʳʬ ʹʨʶʨʺʰʵ ʶʰʸʬʩʰ.
ʨʳ ˀʬʴʵʩʰʹ ʴʨʴʪʸʬʭʬʩʰʹ ʪʨʸˀʬʳʵ ˄ʨʸʳʵʬʩʻʲʳʨ ʪʨʯˆʸʨʳ
ʫʨʪʭʨʴʨˆʭʨ, ʸʵʳ ʳʰʹ ʨʾʳʵʹʨʭʲʬʯʰʯ, ʹʨʳˆʸʬʯʰʯ ʫʨ ʫʨʹʨʭʲʬʯʰʯ
ʿʭʬʲʪʨʴ ʳʰ˂ʭʨʲʬʩʻʲʬʩʰ ʿʵʼʰʲʨʴ ʫʨʳʨʸˆʻʲʰ. ʳʨʯ
ʫʨʹʨʳʨʸˆʨʭʨʫ ʮʵʪʨʴ ʨʪʻʸʰʹ ʱʬʫʲʬʩʰʹʨʪʨʴ ʨʱʲʫʨʳʬʩʰ ʿʵʼʰʲʨ
ʪʨʱʬʯʬʩʻʲʰ, ʮʵʪʨʴ ʻʩʸʨʲʵ ʹʨʼʲʨʭʬʩʰ ˀʰʪʴʰʯ ʨʪʻʸʰʹ
ʱʬʫʲʬʩʰʯ ʨʳʵˀʬʴʬʩʻʲʰ, ʮʬʭʰʫʨʴ ʨʪʻʸʰʯ ʪʨʫʨˆʻʸʻʲʰ ʫʨ
ʱʰʸʰʹ ˆʹʴʨʸʰ ʪʨʫʨʹˆʳʻʲʰ. ʨʳ ʹʨʼʲʨʭʬʩˀʰ ʮʵʪˀʰ ʬʳʨʸˆʨ ʹʨʳ-ʹʨʳʰ,
ʮʵʪˀʰ ʵʯˆ-ʵʯˆʰ ʫʨ ʹˆʭ.
ʷʨʴʪʰʹʨʪʨʴ ˀʬ˅ʳʻʲ ʸʱʰʴʰʹ ʫʨʴʬʩʹ ʯʰʯʽʳʰʹ ʿʭʬʲʨ ʹʨʼʲʨʭˀʰ
ʭʶʵʻʲʵʩʫʰʯ. ʮʵʪʰʬʸʯ ʹʨʼʲʨʭˀʰ ʳʰ˂ʭʨʲʬʩʻʲʯʨ ʯʨʭʽʭʬˀ
ʰʸʳʰʹʨ ʫʨ ˇʰˆʭʰʹ ʸʽʬʩʰ ˈʽʵʴʫʨʯ ʨʳʵʫʬʩʻʲʰ. ʮʵʪʰʬʸʯʬʩˀʰ ʱʰ
ʬʿʨʸʨ ʻʨʳʸʨʭʰ ʸʽʬʩʰ ˇʰˆʭʬʩʰʹʨ ʫʨ ʨʸˁʭʬʩʰʹʨ. ʳʨʯʰ ʪʨʸʬʱʨʴʰ ʨʴʻ
ʸʽʰʹ ʴʨ˄ʰʲʬʩʰ ʫʨʳʶʨʲʰ ʰʿʵ ˃ʭʲʰʹ ʴʨ˄ʰʲʬʩʰ ʱʰ ˀʬʴʨˆʻʲʰ.
ʬʺʿʵʩʨ, ʬʹʬʴʰ ʳʵʴʨʫʰʸʬʬʩʰʹ ʹʨʼʲʨʭʬʩʰ ʿʵʼʰʲʨʴ. ʩʬʭʸʪʨʴ
ʭʴʨˆʻʲʵʩʫʰʯ ʨʪʸʬʯʭʬ ʯʰˆʰʹ ˅ʻʸ˅ʲʬʻʲʵʩʰʹ ʴʨʳʺʭʸʬʭʬʩʹ.
ʨʲʩʨʫ, ʬʹ ʰʳʰʯ ʨʰˆʹʴʬʩʨ, ʸʵʳ ʯʨʭʰʹ ʨʸʨʿʰʯ ʹʨʭʹʬ ʫʵʽʬʩʹ ʹʭʨʴʬʩʰ
ˁʭʬʻʲʬʩʰʹʨʳʬʩʸ ʱʻʩʵˀʰ ˁʨʻʫʪʨʳʫʬʴ ˆʵʲʳʬ ʳʰ˂ʭʨʲʬʩʻʲʹ ʰʳ
ʳʵʹʨʮʸʬʩʰʯ, ʸʵʳ ʹʨʰʽʰʵʹ ʫʨʬʲʰʨ.
ʸʨʳʫʬʴʰʳʬ ʯʨʭʰʹ ʽʨʲʨʹ, ʹˆʭʨ ˃ʭʲʬʩʰʹʨ ʫʨ ʱʩʰʲʬʩʰʹ ʳʰ˄ʰʫʨʴ
ʳʯʲʰʨʴʨʫ ʨʳʵʾʬʩʨ ˀʬʭ˃ʬʲʰ ʫʨ ʰʹʰʴʰ ʹʨʱʳʨʵʫ ʫʰʫʴʰ ʨʸʰʨʴ.
ʹʨʹʨʼʲʨʵʬʩʮʬ ʿʭʬʲʪʨʴ ʨʳʵʹʻʲʰʨ ʩʮʨ, ʸʵʳʬʲʰ˂ ʹˆʭʨʪʨʴ ʨˆʲʵ-
ʳʨˆʲʵ ʨʸʹʨʫ ʨʸ ʳʵʰʶʵʭʬʩʨ. ʨʪʻʸʰ, ʸʵʳʬʲʰ˂ ʨʱʲʫʨʳʬʩʰʹ
ʱʬʫʲʬʩʰʹʨʯʭʰʹ ʨʸʰʹ ʴʨˆʳʨʸʰ ʮʵʳʰʯ 5 ʱʭ. ʭʬʸˀʵʱʨʳʫʬʨ. ʬʹ ʨʪʻʸʰ
ʰˀʭʰʨʯʰ ˆʨʸʰʹˆʰʹʨʨ. ʳʰ˄ʨ, ʸʵʳʲʰʹʨʪʨʴʨ˂ ʬʹ ʱʬʯʫʬʩʨ, ʨʾʳʵˁʴʫʨ
472
ʹʵʼ. ˄ʰʸʳʰʴʫʰʹ ʯʨʭˀʰ. ʻʴʫʨ ʨʾʭʴʰˀʴʵʯ, ʸʵʳ ʹʭʨʴʬʯˀʰ ʯʻ
ʨʳʰʹʯʨʴʨ ʨʪʻʸʰ ʱʬʯʫʬʩʵʫʨ ʫʨ ˆʳʨʸʬʩʨˀʰ ʰʿʵ, ʬʹ ʨʽʨʳʫʬ ʨʸ ʰʿʵ
˂ʴʵʩʰʲʰ ʫʨ ʹʭʨʴʬʯˀʰ ʰʪʰ ʫʾʬʳʫʬ ʨʸʹʨʫ ʿʵʼʰʲʨ ʨʾʳʵˁʬʴʰʲʰ.
ʮʬʳʵʨʾ˄ʬʸʰʲʰ ʨʫʪʰʲʰʫʨʴ 30 ʹʨʷ. ʳʨʴ˃ʰʲʮʬ ʫʨʹʨʭʲʬʯʰʯ
ʬʸʯ ʳʨʾʨʲ ˂ʰ˂ʨʩʵ ʳʰʻʫʪʵʳʬʲ ʱʲʫʬʮʬ ʨʾʳʵˁʴʫʨ ʸʨʾʨ˂ ˀʬʴʵʩʰʹ
ʴʨʴʪʸʬʭʬʩʰ. ʨʳ ʱʲʫʰʹ ʹʰʳʨʾʲʬ ʫʨʹʨʭʲʬʯʰʹʨ, ʹʨʳˆʸʬʯʰʹʨ ʫʨ
ʨʾʳʵʹʨʭʲʬʯʰʹ ʳˆʸʰʯ ʰʽʴʬʩʨ 250-300 ʹʨʷʬʴʰ, ˆʵʲʵ ˁʸʫʰʲʵʬʯʰʹ
ʳˆʸʰʯ 10 ʹʨʷʬʴʨʳʫʬ. ʳʰʹ ˄ʭʬʸʮʬ ʨʪʬʩʻʲʰ ʿʵʼʰʲʨ, ʸʨʾʨ˂ ˀʬʴʵʩʨ
ʹʰʪʸ˃ʰʯ 13 ʨʸˀʰʴʰ ʫʨ ʹʰʪʨʴʰʯ 8 ʨʸˀʰʴʰ. ʨʳ ˀʬʴʵʩʰʹ ʪʨʸʬʯ
ˁʸʫʰʲʵʬʯʰʹ ʳˆʸʰʯ ʱʲʫʬ ʪʨˆʬʯʽʰʲʰ ʿʵʼʰʲʨ, ʳʨʹˀʰ (ʨʲʩʨʫ
ʪʨʹʨʳʨʪʸʬʩʲʨʫ) ˁʨʹˆʳʻʲʰʨ ʱʰʸʰʹ ˆʹʴʨʸʰ. ʫʨʹʨʭʲʬʯʰʹ ʱʬʫʲʨʫ
ʪʨʳʵʿʬʴʬʩʻʲʰʨ ʱʲʫʬ, ʹʨʫʨ˂ ʫʰʸʬʬʩʰʹ ʪʨʹʨʫʬʩʨʯ ʪʨʱʬʯʬʩʻʲʰ
ʫʨ ʱʰʸʰʹ ˆʹʴʨʸʰʯ ʨʳʵʲʬʹʰʲʰ ʴʨˆʭʸʬʺʬʩʰ ʫʾʬʳʫʬ ˀʬʴʨˆʻʲʨ.
ʨʾʳʵʹʨʭʲʬʯʰʹ ʳˆʸʰʯ ʽʭʰʯʱʰʸʰʹ ʱʬʫʬʲʰ ˀʬʴʨˆʻʲʨ ʹʰʳʨʾʲʰʯ 2
ʨʸˀʰʴʨʳʫʬ.
˃ʴʬʲʰ ʪʨʳʵʹʨʸʱʭʬʭʰʨ, ʯʻ ʫʨʴʰˀʴʻʲʬʩʰʹʨʯʭʰʹ ʰʿʵ ʬʹ ˀʬʴʵʩʨ
ʨʪʬʩʻʲʰ. ˀʬʰ˃ʲʬʩʨ ʬʹ ʰʿʵ ʺʨ˃ʨʸʰ, ʸʨʫʪʨʴʨ˂ ˂ʴʵʩʰʲʰʨ, ʸʵʳ
ʺʨ˃ʸʬʩʰʹ ʨʹʨʪʬʩʨʫ ˃ʭʬʲ ʫʸʵˀʰ ˆˀʰʸʨʫ ʨʳʰʹʯʨʴʨ ʨʫʪʰʲʬʩʹ
ʰʸˁʬʭʫʬʴ, ʨʴ ˀʬʰ˃ʲʬʩʨ ʰʹ ˄ʨʸʳʵʨʫʪʬʴʫʨ ˂ʰˆʬ-ʹʰʳʨʪʸʬʹ ʨʳ
ʹʵʼʲʰʹ ʫʨʹʨ˂ʨʭʨʫ.
ʨʸʨʭʰʹ ˀʬʬ˃ʲʵ ʬʼʰʽʸʨ, ʸʵʳ ʹ. ʰʼʨʸʰʹ ʳʰʫʨʳʵʬʩˀʰ
ʳʨʫʴʬʻʲʵʩʬʩʰʹ ʫʨʳʻˀʨʭʬʩʨ ʨʹʬ ʼʨʸʯʵʫ ʰʽʴʬʩʨ ʫʨʿʬʴʬʩʻʲʰ,
ʳʨʪʸʨʳ ʹˆʭʨ ʨʫʪʰʲʬʩˀʰ, ʹʭʨʴʬʯˀʰ, ʸʵʳ ˃ʭʬʲʨʫ ʳʨʫʴʬʩʹ
ʴʨˆʻʲʵʩʫʬʴ ʫʨ ʨʳ ʳʨʫʴʬʩʰʹ ʫʨʹʨʳʻˀʨʭʬʩʬʲʰ ʽʨʸˆʴʬʩʰ
ʨʸʹʬʩʵʩʫʬʴ, ʨʳʨʹ ˀʬʳʫʬʪʰ ʰʹʺʵʸʰʻʲʰ ˂ʴʵʩʬʩʰ ʫʨ ʳʬ˂ʴʰʬʸʬʩʰʹ
ʳʰʬʸ ˇʬʸ ˆʬʲˀʬʻˆʬʩʬʲʰ, ʹʭʨʴʬʯˀʰ ʨʳʷʨʳʨʫ ʨʾʳʵˁʬʴʰʲʰ
ʹʨʩʻʯʬʩʰ ʨˀʱʨʸʨʫ ʨʳʺʱʰ˂ʬʩʬʴ:
ʪʨʳʵˁʬʴʰʲʰ ʩʰʮʨʴʺʰʬʲʰ ʪʬʵʪʸʨʼʰ ʹʺʸʨʩʵʴʰ, ʹˆʭʨʯʨ
ˀʵʸʰʹ, ʹ˄ʬʸʹ: ,,ʹʭʨʴʬʩʰ ʹ˂ˆʵʭʸʵʩʬʴ ʱʨʭʱʨʹʰʵʴʰʹ ʳ˄ʭʬʸʭʨʲʬʩʮʬ
ʫʰʵʹʱʻʸʰʰʹ ʮʬʳʵʫ, ʨʳ ʽʭʬʿʴʰʹ ʳʯʰʹ ʴʨʱʨʫʻʲˀʰ ʨʸʰʹ ʵʽʸʵ,
ʸʵʳʬʲʹʨ˂ ʰʾʬʩʬʴ ʶʰʸʫʨˁˆʭʬʺʰʲʬʩʰ ʱʨʹʸʬʩʰʯʨ ʫʨ ʹʨ˄ʳʰʹʬʩʰʯ...
ʨʳʰʹ ʪʨʳʵ, ʨʲʩʨʯ, ˄ʨʸʳʵʹʫʪʨ ʯʭʰʯ ʪʨʫʳʵ˂ʬʳʨ ʵʽʸʵʹ ʹʨ˄ʳʰʹʰʹ
ˀʬʹʨˆʬʩ³ ʫʨ ʹˆʭ... ˆʵʲʵ ʶʲʰʴʰʻʹʰʹ ʯʽʳʰʯ, ʬʪʭʰʶʺʰʹ ʳʬʼʬ
ʹʬʮʵʹʺʸʰʹʰʹ ʳʵʪʮʨʻʸʵʩʨʹ ʱʵʲˆʰʫʨˀʰ ʫʨ ʨʮʵʴʰʹ ʳʬʯʨʻʸʵʩʰʯ
ʨʸʪʵʴʨʭʺʬʩʰʹ ˀʬʳʵʹʭʲʨʹ ʬʸʯʰ ʫʨ ʰʪʰʭʬ ʵʽʸʵʹʳʨʺʿʲʵʭʨʴ ʭʬʸ˃ʰʹ
ˆʬʲˀʰ ˁʨʪʫʬʩʨ ʬʫʭʨ ʹʨʼʻ˃ʭʲʨʫʵ, ˆʵʲʵ ʳʰʹʰ ʳʼʲʵʩʬʲʴʰ ʱʰ
473
ʰʿʭʴʬʴ ,,ʹʭʨʴ-ʱʵʲˆʬʩʰ ʫʨ ʨʸʨ ʬʪʭʰʶʺʬʲ-ʱʵʲˆʬʩʰʵ³ʫʨ ʹˆʭ. ʪʨʸʫʨ
ʨʳʰʹʨ, ʶʲʰʴʰʻʹʰ ʹ˄ʬʸʹ ʱʰʫʬʭ: ,,ʨʳʩʵʩʬʴ, ʸʵʳ ʱʵʲˆʬʯʰʹ ʳʬʼʬʫ
ʰʿʵ ʹʨʭʯʨʱʰ, ʨʰʬʯʰʹ ˀʯʨʳʵʳʨʭʨʲʰ. ʨʳʨʴ ʹʭʨʴʯʨ ʽʭʬʿʴʰʫʨʴ ʩʬʭʸʰ
ʵʽʸʵ ʫʨ ʭʬʸ˂ˆʲʰ ʪʨʳʵʰʾʵ. ʹˆʭʨʯʨ ˆʬʲʵʩʨʨ ʵʽʸʵʹ ʳʨʫʴʬʩʰʹ
ʫʨʳʻˀʨʭʬʩʨʵ. ʨʳʰʹ ʪʨʸʫʨ, ʬʹ ʽʭʬʿʨʴʨ ˂ʴʵʩʰʲʰʨ ʱʰʫʬʭ ʵʽʸʵʹ
ʹʨ˄ʳʰʹʰ ʨʳʩʰʯ, ʨʪʸʬʯʭʬ ʳʵʯˆʸʵʩʰʯ ˀʬʹʨˆʬʩ ʵʽʸʵʹ ʱʨʳʨʸʨʫʬʩʰʹʨ,
ʭʬʸ˂ˆʲʰʹ ʱʵ˅ʨʱʬʩʰʹʨ ʫʨ ʹʭʬʺʬʩʰʹʨ, ʸʵʳʬʲʰ˂ ʨʳ ʳʬʼʬʳ ˄ʨʨʸʯʭʨ
ʬʪʭʰʶʺʰʹ ʼʨʸʨʵʴʹ ʹʬʮʵʹʺʸʰʹʹ³ʫʨ ʹˆʭ.1)
ʹʨʳ˄ʻˆʨʸʵʫ, ʹʭʨʴʬʯʰ ʳʬ˂ʴʰʬʸʻʲʨʫ ˇʬʸ ʱʰʫʬʭ
ˀʬʻʹ˄ʨʭʲʬʲʰ ʫʨ ʪʨʳʵʻʱʭʲʬʭʬʲʰʨ ʫʨ ʨʳʰʺʵʳʨ˂ ʨʳ ʱʻʯˆʰʹ ʩʬʭʸʰ
ʰʹʬʯʰ ʨʫʪʰʲʬʩʰ, ʹʨʫʨ˂ ʳʸʨʭʨʲʰ ˁʭʬʴʰ ˃ʭʬʲʰ ʱʻʲʺʻʸʰʹ,
ˆʬʲʵʭʴʬʩʰʹʨ ʫʨ ʹʰʳʫʰʫʸʰʹ ʹʨʻʱʬʯʬʹʵ ʴʨˀʯʬʩʰʨ ʫʨʳʨʸˆʻʲʰ,
ʫʾʬʳʫʬ ˆʬʲˀʬʻˆʲʬʩʬʲʰ ʫʨ ʩʻʸʻʹˀʰ ʪʨˆʭʬʻʲʰ ʸˁʬʩʰʨʴ ʫʨ
ʨʳʰʺʵʳʨ˂ ʨʸʰʹ, ʸʵʳ ʹʺʸʨʩʵʴʰʹʨ ʫʨ ʶʲʰʴʰʻʹʰʹ ʮʬʳʵˆʹʬʴʬʩʻʲʰ
˃ʭʰʸʼʨʹʰ ˂ʴʵʩʬʩʰ ʹʭʨʴʬʯʰʹ ˀʬʹʨˆʬʩ, ʯʰʯʽʳʰʹ ʲʬʪʬʴʫʨʸʻʲ ʨʴʻ
ʮʾʨʶʸʻʲ ʯʽʳʻʲʬʩʨʯ ʳʰʨˁʴʰʨʯ ʹʭʨʴʬʯʰʹ ʳʱʭʲʬʭʨʸʯ, ʳʨʪʸʨʳ
ʫʾʬʹ ʱʰ ʳʨʯ ʼʨʹʰ ʻʴʫʨ ʫʨʬʫʭʨʹ, ʭʰʴʨʰʫʨʴ ʻʱʭʬ ʯʨʭʰ ʰˁʰʴʨ ʫʨ
ʳʸʨʭʨʲʳʨ ʹʨʩʻʯʳʨ ʰʳʰʹ ʫʨʹʨʳʺʱʰ˂ʬʩʲʨʫ, ʸʵʳ ʨʳ ʰʹʺʵʸʰʱʵʹʬʩʹ
ˁʭʬʴʯʭʰʹ ʻʺʿʻʨʸ ʼʨʽʺʬʩʮʬ ʫʨʳʿʨʸʬʩʻʲʰ ˂ʴʵʩʬʩʰ
ʫʨʻʺʵʭʬʩʰʨʯ, ʸʨʹʨ˂ ʴʨʯʬʲʹ ˈʼʬʴʬʴ ʹʭʨʴʬʯˀʰ ʿʵʭʬʲ˄ʲʰʻʸʨʫ
ʴʨˆʻʲʰ ʰʹ ˃ʭʬʲʰ ʴʨˀʯʬʩʰ, ʸʵʳʬʲʯʨ ʳʰˆʬʫʭʰʯʨ˂ ʨʫʭʰʲʨʫ
ˀʬʰ˃ʲʬʩʨ ʰʯʽʭʨʹ, ʸʵʳ ʸʵʪʵʸ˂ ʪʨʫʳʵʪʭ˂ʬʳʹ ʹʺʸʨʩʵʴʰ, ʯʭʰʯ
ʪʨʫʳʵ˂ʬʳʨ ʵʽʸʵʹ ʭʬʸ˃ʮʬ ʰʿʵʹ ˄ʨʸʳʵʳʫʪʨʸʰ ʰʳ ʳʨʺʿʲʵʭʨʴʰ
ʺʿʨʭʬʩʰʹʨʪʨʴ, ʸʵʳʬʲʯʨ ʹʨˀʻʨʲʬʩʰʯʨ˂ ʳʯʰʹ ʴʨʱʨʫʻʲʬʩʰʫʨʴ
ʹʭʨʴʬʩʰ ʵʽʸʵʹ ʰʾʬʩʫʴʬʴ ʫʨ ʹˆʭ.
ˆʵʲʵ ʹʭʨʴʬʯʰʹ ʳʫʰʴʨʸʬʬʩʹ, ʸʵʳ ʬʸʯ ʫʸʵʹ ʳʨʸʯʲʨ˂ ʵʽʸʵʹ
ʽʭʰˀʨ ˁʨʳʵˈʽʵʴʫʨʯ ʫʨ ʳʸʨʭʨʲʴʨʰʸʰ ʳʨʫʴʬʻʲʵʩʬʩʰʹ ʫʨʳʻˀʨʭʬʩʨ
ʹʭʨʴʬʯˀʰ ʹ˄ʨʸʳʵʬʩʫʨ ʰʳ ʫʸʵʹ, ʨʳʰʹ ʫʨʹʨʳʺʱʰ˂ʬʩʬʲʳʨ ʹʨʩʻʯʬʩʳʨ,
ʸʵʪʵʸ˂ ʨʸʰʹ ʻʱʭʬ ʴʨʯʽʭʨʳʰ, ʳʸʨʭʲʨʫ ʰˁʰʴʨ ʯʨʭʰ.
ʮʬʳʵ-ʹʭʨʴʬʯˀʰ (ˁʻʩʬˆʬʭʰʹ ʹʨʮʵʪʨʫʵʬʩʨˀʰ) ʳʫʰʴʨʸʬ
ʴʬʴʹʱʸʨʹ (˅ʭʰʩʸʻʲʫʰʹ) ˆʬʵʩʨˀʰ ʳʫʬʩʨʸʬ ʻʫʨʩʻʸ ʺʿʬʬʩʰʯ ʫʨ
ʼʰ˅ʭ-ʴʨ˃ʭʴʨʸʰʯ ʫʨʼʨʸʻʲ ʨʫʪʰʲʨʹ ˈʽʭʰʨ ,,˅ʭʰʩʬʸ³-ʰ. ʬʹ ʱʻʯˆʬ
ʳʬ-18 ʹʨʻʱ. ʬʱʻʯʭʴʵʫʨ ʹʭʨʴʬʯʰʹ ʪʲʬˆʱʨ˂ʵʩʨʹ, ʳʬʸʬ ʯʨʭʨʫ
ʳʻʸʮʨʿʨʴʹ (ʱʵʴʹʺʨʴʺʰʴʬ) ʫʨʫʬˀʽʬʲʰʨʴʰʹ ʳʰʬʸ 1857 ˄. 22 ʵʽʺ.
ʽʻʯʨʰʹʰʹ ʪʻʩʬʸʴʨʺʵʸʰʹ ʪʨʪʨʸʰʴʰʹ ʳʵʱʭʲʨʳʫʬ ʫʨʫʬˀʽʬʲʰʨʴʬʩʹ,
ˆʵʲʵ ʨʳʰʹ ˀʬʳʫʬʪ ˆʨʮʰʴʨʹ.
474
 ʨʳ ʨʫʪʰʲʹ ˀʻʨʮʬʫ ˈʿʵʼʹ ʰʳ ʫʵʴʪʻʮ-ʵʸʻʴʰʹ
ʳʿʰʴʭʨʸʬʩʰʫʨʴ ʳʵʳʫʰʴʨʸʬ ˄ʿʨʲʰ ʴʬʴʹʱʸʨ, ʸʵʳʬʲʹʨ˂ ʹʭʨʴʬʩʰ
˅ʭʰʩʸʻʲʫʹ ʬ˃ʨˆʰʨʴ. ʨʳ ʱʻʯˆʬˀʰ ˃ʭʬʲʨʫ ˆʨʲˆʰ ʨʸ ˂ˆʵʭʸʵʩʫʨ,
ʳʨʪʸʨʳ ʫʨʨˆʲʵʬʩʰʯ 1890 ˄ʲʰʫʨʴ ˁʻʩʬˆʬʭʰʹʨ ʫʨ ˀʬʳʫʬʪ ʼʨʸʰʹ
ʹʨʮ. ʪʲʬˆʱʨ˂ʵʩʨʳ ʫʨʰ˄ʿʵ ʰʽ ʪʨʫʨʹʨˆʲʬʩʨ, ʺʿʬʬʩʰʹʨʪʨʴ
ʨʫʪʰʲʬʩʰʹ ʪʨ˄ʳʬʴʫʨ, ʿʨʴʬʩʰʹ ʪʨʱʬʯʬʩʨ ʫʨ ʳʰ˄ʰʹ ʫʨʳʻˀʨʭʬʩʨ,
ʸʨʳʨ˂ ʳʰʹ˂ʨ ʳʨʯ ʹʨʹʻʸʭʬʲʰ ˀʬʫʬʪʬʩʰ ʫʨ ʨʳʷʨʳʨʫ ʬʹ ʱʻʯˆʬ
˄ʨʸʳʵʨʫʪʬʴʹ 120 ʳʵʹʨˆʲʰʹʨʪʨʴ ˀʬʳʫʪʨʸ, ʳʰ˄ʰʹ ʴʨʿʵʼʰʬʸʬʩʰʹ
˄ʿʨʲʵʩʰʯ ʳʫʰʫʨʸʹ ʹʵʼʬʲʹ. ʿʵʭʬʲ˄ʲʰʻʸʨʫ ʨʽ ˆʭʴʰʹ ʫʸʵʹ
ʿʨʴʬʩˀʰ, ˆʵʲʵ ʺʿʬʬʩˀʰ ʳʻˀʨʵʩʰʹʨ ʫʨ ʳʵʪʮʨʻʸʵʩʰʹ ʫʸʵʹ
ʨʫʪʰʲʵʩʸʰʭʰ ʳʱʭʰʫʸʴʰ ʴʨˆʻʲʵʩʬʴ ʨʻʨʸʬʩʬʲ ʵʽʸʵʹ,
ʭʬʸ˂ˆʲʰʹ, ʯʰʯʩʬʸʰʹ ʼʻʲʬʩʹ ʫʨ ʴʰʭʯʬʩʹ, ʳʨʫʴʬʩʰʹ
ʫʨʹʨʳʻˀʨʭʬʩʬʲ ˀʬʴʵʩʬʩʰʹ ʴʨʴʪʸʬʭʬʩʹ ʫʨ ʰʨʸʨʾʬʩʹ,
ʫʨʳʻˀʨʭʬʩʻʲʹʨ, ʫʨʳʮʨʫʬʩʻʲʹʨ ʫʨ ʫʨʻʳʻˀʨʭʬʩʬʲ ʳʨʹʨʲʬʩʹ ʫʨ
ʹˆʭ.
ʶʰʸʭʬʲʨʫ ˆʭʴʰʹ ʫʸʵʹ ʨʽ ʳʰ˄ʨˀʰ ʴʨˆʨ ʩʲʵʳʨʫ ʵʽʸʵʹ ʼʻʲʬʩʰ
ʨʫʪʰʲʵʩʸʰʭʳʨ ʳʱʭʰʫʸʳʨ ʴʨʭʲʨʫ ʭʰʩʲʰʨʴʳʨ, ʳʨʪʸʨʳ ʨʳ ˃ʭʰʸʼʨʹ
ʨʸʽʬʵʲʵʪʰʻʸ ʴʨˀʯʬʩʹ, ʼʨʹʰʹ ʻ˂ʵʫʰʴʨʸʵʩʰʹ ʪʨʳʵ, ʬʹ ʿʸʻ ʹʭʨʴʰ
ʰʹʬ ʳʵʬʶʿʸʨ, ʸʵʪʵʸ˂ ʳʨʳʨʲʰ ʳʨʸʪʨʲʰʺʰʹ ʳʨʸ˂ʭʨʲʹ ʫʨ ʳʨʲʬ
ʰʹʰʴʰ ˁʨʻʪʫʵ ˆʬʲˀʰ ʳʻʽʯʨʫ ʮʵʪʰ ʹʭʨʴʬʯˀʰ ʳʵʭʨ˅ʸʬ ʹʵʳˆʬʩʹ,
ʮʵʪʰ ʯʨʯʸʬʩʹ ʫʨ ʹˆʭ.
ʳʨʹ ˀʬʳʫʬʪ ʨʹʬʯʰ ʼʻʲʬʩʰ ʴʨˆʨ ʺʿʬˀʰ ʳʻˀʨʵʩʰʹ ʫʸʵʹ. ʹ.
ʳʨʸˆˀʰ ʬʸʯʰ ʫʰʫʰ ˆʰʹ ʽʭʬˀ ʳʬʵʸʬ ʹʭʨʴʳʨ ʰʭʨʴʬ ʫʬʭʫʨʸʰʨʴʳʨ,
ʳʨʪʸʨʳ ʰʳʨʴʨ˂ ʨʹʬ ʻʯʨʭʩʵʲʵʫ ʪʨʼʲʨʴʪʨ ʳʨʲʬʹ ʹʰʳʫʰʫʸʬ.
ʬʹ ʼʻʲʬʩʰ ʰʿʵ ʪʨʿʵʼʰʲʰ ʹʨʳ ʱʨʺʬʪʵʸʰʨʫ. ʬʸʯʮʬ ʰʿʵ
ʫʨˆʨʺʻʲʰ ʬʸʯʰʹ ʳˆʸʰʯ ʸʨˀʰ, ʸʵʳʬʲʹʨ˂ ʱʰʹʬʸˀʰ ʰʹʨʸʰ ʨʽʭʹ
ʪʨʿʸʰʲʰ, ˆʵʲʵ ʳʨʸˇʭʬʴʨ ʼʬˆʮʬ ʨʾʳʵ˂ʬʴʬʩʻʲʰʨ ʶʻʸʰʹ
ʳʨʸ˂ʭʨʲʰ. ʳʬʵʸʬ ʪʭʬʸʫʮʬ ʱʰ ʫʨˆʨʺʻʲʰʨ ʱʨ˂ʰʹ ʯʨʭʰ ʬʱʲʰʹ
ʪʭʰʸʪʭʰʴʰʯ ˀʬʳʱʵʩʰʲʰ (ʶʵʴʺʰʱʨʶʬʰʱʨ).
ʳʬʵʸʬ ʼʻʲʮʬ ʬʸʯʰʹ ʳˆʸʰʯ ʨʸʰʹ ʫʨˆʨʺʻʲʰ ʨʲʬʽʹʨʴʫʸʬ
ʳʨʱʬʫʵʴʬʲʰʹ ʯʨʭʰ, ˆʵʲʵ ʳʬʵʸʬ ʪʭʬʸʫʮʬ ʨʴʪʬʲʵʮʰʹ ʽʭʬˀ
ʩʬʸ˃ʴʻʲʰ ˄ʨʸ˄ʬʸʨ: ,,ʨʲʬʽʹʨʴʫʸ³
ʳʬʹʨʳʬ ʼʻʲʮʬ ʫʨˆʨʺʻʲʰʨ: ʱʨ˂ʰ ʶʻʸʰʹ ʳʨʸ˂ʭʲʰʯ ˆʬʲˀʰ,
ʳʬʵʸʬ ʪʭʬʸʫʮʬ ʨʽʭʹ ˄ʨʸ˄ʬʸʨ ,,ʱʬʸˁ³
ʸʵʪʵʸ˂ ʰʸʱʭʬʭʨ, ʮʬʳʵˆʹʬʴʬʩʻʲʰ ʴʨʭʲʨʫ ʭʰʩʲʰʨʴʰ
ʴʨʫʰʸʵʩʰʹ ʫʸʵʹ, ʹʨʫʾʨ˂ ʻʫʨʩʻʸ ʺʿʬˀʰ ʹʸʻʲʰʨʫ ˀʬʳʯˆʭʬʭʰʯ
475
˄ʨʨ˄ʿʫʨ ʯʻʸʳʬ ʨʪʸʬʯʭʬ ʰʹʬʯ ˀʬʴʵʩʨʹ, ʸʵʳʲʰʹ ˀʬʳˁʴʬʭʨ˂ ˃ʴʬʲʰʨ.
ʭʰʴʨʰʫʨʴ ʰʹ ʫʨʼʨʸʻʲʰ ʿʵʼʰʲʨ ʳʰ˄ʰʯʨ ʫʨ ˆʨʭʹʰʯ ʹʰ˃ʭʬʲʰʹ
ʪʨʳʵ. ʨʳ ˀʬʴʵʩʨˀʰ ʳʨʹ ʻʴʫʨ ʬʴʨˆʨ ʩʬʭʸʰ ʵʽʸʵʹ ʼʻʲʰ, ʵʽʸʵʹ ʹʱʨʳʰ,
ʩʬʭʸʰ ʹˆʭʨʫʨʹˆʭʨ ʵʽʸʵʹ ʰʨʸʨʾʬʩʰ, ʴʰʭʯʬʩʰ, ʵʽʸʵʹ ʭʬʸ˃ʰ ʫʨ
ʨʳʰʺʵʳʨ˂ ʰʹ ʬʱʲʬʹʰʨʯ ʳʰʻʾʰʨ. ʰʹ ʵʽʸʵʹ ʼʻʲʬʩʰ, ʸʵʳʲʬʩʰ˂ ʳʨʹ
ˈʽʵʴʫʨ, ʻʴʫʨ ʿʵʼʰʲʰʿʭʴʬʴ ± ʮʵʪʰ ʳʰ˄ʨˀʰ ʴʨˆʻʲʰ, ʮʵʪʰ˂ ʨʳ
,,ʬʱʲʬʹʰʰʫʪʨʴ³ʪʨʫʳʵʺʨʴʰʲʰ.
ʨʳʰʹ ˀʬʳʫʬʪ ʨʸ ʪʨʹʻʲʨ ʬʸʯʰ ʯʭʬ ʫʨ ʳʨʹ ʫʨʬˆʵ˂ʨ ˂ʵʲ-
ˀʭʰʲʰ, ˂ˆʬʴʰ, ˆʨʸʰ, ˃ʸʵˆʨ ʫʨ ʹˆʭʨ ʶʰʸʻʺʿʭʰ. ʹʭʨʴʳʨ ʨʹʬʯʰ
ʻʩʬʫʻʸʬʩʰʹ ʳʵʭʲʰʴʬʩʨ ʫʨ ʳ˃ʰʳʬʯ ʫʨʹˇʨ ʳʰʨ˄ʬʸʨ ,,ʬʱʲʬʹʰʰʫʪʨʴ³
ʴʰʭʯʬʩʰʹʨ ʫʨ ʼʻʲʬʩʰʹ ʪʨʳʵʺʨʴʨʹ ʫʨ ʸʵʳ ʨʹʬʯʰ ʾʭʯʰʹ
ʪʨ˄ʿʸʵʳʰʹʨ ʫʨ ʸʰʹˆʭʰʹʨʪʨʴ ʳʨʹ ʯʨʭʰ ʫʨʬˆ˄ʰʨ, ʿʭʬʲʨ ʬʹ ʴʰʭʯʬʩʰ
(ʸʨ˂ ʪʨʿʰʫʻʲʰ ʨʸ ˈʽʵʴʫʨ) ʬʱʲʬʹʰʨʹ ʫʨʻʩʸʻʴʨ, ˆʵʲʵ ˁʨʫʬʴʰʲ
˂ʵʫʭʬʩʰʹ ʳʵʹʨʴʨʴʰʬʩʲʨʫ ʫʨ ʾʭʯʰʹ ʪʻʲʰʹ ʳʵʹʨʪʬʩʨʫ ʳʨʴ
ʨʾʻʯʽʭʨ ʾʳʬʸʯʹ ʿʵʭʬʲ˄ʲʰʻʸʨʫ ʬʸʯʰ ˆʨʸʰʹ ʳʹˆʭʬʸʶʲʨʫ
ˀʬ˄ʰʸʭʨ. ʨʳʰʹ ˀʬʳʫʬʪ ʹʭʨʴʳʨ ʯʨʭʰʹʰ ʹʨʰʫʻʳʲʵ ʨʸʨʭʰʹ ʪʨʻʮʰʨʸʨ ±
ʨʹʬ ˁʨʭʰʫʨ ʹʨʼʲʨʭˀʰ.
1910 ˄ʬʲʹ ˅ʻʩʬʸˀʰ, ʹʵʼ ʳʨʸˆˀʰ, ˆʭʴʰʹ ʫʸʵʹ, ʳʰ˄ʰʹ ʽʭʬˀʨ
ʨʾʳʵʨˁʰʴʬʹ ʪʲʬˆʬʩʳʨ ʽʭʰʹ ˀʬʴʵʩʨ, ʸʵʳʬʲʰ˂ ʹʨʭʹʬ ʰʿʵ ʹˆʭʨʫʨʹˆʭʨ
ʲʰʯʵʴʰʹ ˁʨʽʻˁʬʩʰʯ, ʳʨʱʸʨʺʲʬʩʰʯ, ʰʨʸʨʾʰʯ ʫʨ ʹˆʭʨ ʴʰʭʯʬʩʰʯ.
ʹˆʭʨʯʨ ˀʵʸʰʹ ʨʳ ˀʬʴʵʩʨˀʰ ʴʨˆʬʹ ʨʪʸʬʯʭʬ ʲʬʱʻʸʰ ʫʨ ʱʨʴ ʳʵʳ˄ʭʨʸʰ
ʶʻʸʰʹ ˆʵʸʩʨʲʰ,2) ˆʵʲʵ ʰʳʰʹ ʨˆʲʵ-ʳʨˆʲʵ ʳʫʬʩʨʸʬ ʨʫʪʰʲʬʩˀʰ
ʿʵʭʬʲ˄ʲʰʻʸʨʫ ʨʫʪʰʲʵʩʸʰʭʰ ʳʱʭʰʫʸʴʰ ʳʻˀʨʵʩʰʹ ʫʸʵʹ
ʴʨˆʻʲʵʩʫʴʬʴ ʩʬʭʸ ʹˆʭʨʫʨʹˆʭʨ ʩʸʰʴˇʨʵʹ, ʵʽʸʵʹʨ ʫʨ ʭʬʸ˂ˆʲʰʹ
ʴʰʭʯʬʩʹ, ʰʨʸʨʾʬʩʹ, ʳ˃ʰʭʬʩʹ ʫʨ ˁʨʳʵʹʨʹˆʳʬʲ ʫʨʳʮʨʫʬʩʻʲ ʵʽʸʵʹ
ʼʻʸ˂ʲʬʩʹ, ʸʵʳʲʬʩʰʹʨʪʨʴʨ˂ ʨʫʪʰʲʵʩʸʰʭʰ ʳ˅ʬʫʲʬʩʰ ʩʬ˅ʫʬʩʹ
ʨʱʬʯʬʩʫʴʬʴ.
1913 ˄ʬʲʹ ʨʳ ʨʫʪʰʲʰʫʨʴ ʹʨʳʰ ʭʬʸʹʰʹ ʳʨʴ˃ʰʲʮʬ ʹʨʲʰʩʬ
ʽʨʲʫʨʴʳʨ ʴʨˆʨ ʩʬʭʸʰ ʴʰʭʯʬʩʰ ʫʨ ʳʨʯ ˀʵʸʰʹ ʭʬʸ˂ˆʲʰʹ ʼʻʲʰ,
ʸʵʳʬʲʮʬʫʨ˂ ʬˆʨʺʨ ʯʬʭʮʰ ʨʸ˄ʰʭʰʹ ʩʸ˅ʿʨʲʬʩˀʰ ʫʨ ʹˆʭ. ˆʵʲʵ
ʳʬʵʸʬ ʹʭʨʴʳʨ ˆʨʸʰʹ ʶʨʺʨʸʨ ʵʽʸʵʹ ʯʨʭʰ. ʨʹʬʯʳʨ ʹʨʿʻʸʨʫʾʬʩʵ
ʳʵʭʲʬʴʬʩʳʨ ˁʬʳˀʰ ʪʨʨʾʭʰ˃ʬʹ ʹʻʸʭʰʲʰ ʶʰʸʨʫʨʫ ʳʬʴʨˆʨ ʫʨ
ʫʨʳʬʯʭʨʲʰʬʸʬʩʰʴʨ ʬʹ ʨʸʽʬʵʲʵʪʰʻʸʰ ʱʻʯˆʬ, ʨʫʪʰʲʵʩʸʰʭʨʫ
ʪʨʭ˂ʴʵʩʵʫʰ ʿʭʬʲʨ ʹʨʩʻʯʬʩʹ ʫʨ ʨʳʰʺʵʳ ˄ʨʭʬʫʰ ʹʵʼ. ˅ʭʰʩʬʸˀʰ,
ʹʨʫʨ˂ ʹʨʽʳʰʹ ʫʨʱʭʰʸʭʬʩʨʳ ʯʭʨʲ˄ʰʴ ʪʨʫʨʳʰˀʨʲʨ ˀʬʳʫʬʪ ʹʻʸʨʯʰ:
ʳʫ. ˅ʭʰʩʸʻʲʫʨʹ ˆʬʵʩʨˀʰ ʨʸʰʹ ʳʵʯʨʭʹʬʩʻʲʰ ʮʬʳʵˆʹʬʴʬʩʻʲʰ
476
ʹʵʼʬʲʰ ˅ʭʰʩʬʸʰ, ʸʵʳʬʲʹʨ˂ ʬʹ ʳʫʰʴʨʸʬ ˀʻʨʮʬ ˈʿʵʼʹ. ʳʰʹ
ʳʨʸ˂ˆʬʴʨ ʴʨʶʰʸʮʬ ʹʵʼ. ʳʨʸˆʰʹ ˁʸʫʰʲʵʬʯʰʯ ʺʿʰʹ ʼʬʸʫʵˀʰ ʨʸʰʹ
ʨʾʳʨʸʯʻʲʰ ʬʸʯʰ ʳʨʾʲʵʩʰ, ʳʰ˄ʰʯʨ ʫʨ ʭʬʬʩʬʸʯʬʲʨ ˆʬʬʩʰʯ
ʫʨʼʨʸʻʲʰ, ʳʨʯ ʼʬʹʭʬʩʹ ʽʭʬˀ ʨʾʳʵˁʴʫʨ ˀʬʴʵʩʬʩʰʹ ʴʨʴʪʸʬʭʬʩʰ,
ʹʨʫʨ˂ ʬʸʯ ʫʸʵʹ, ʸʵʪʵʸ˂ ʭʸ˄ʳʻʴʫʬʩʰʯ, ˄ʨʸʳʵʬʩʫʨ ʹˆʭʨʫʨʹˆʭʨ
ʳʨʫʴʬʩʰʹ ʫʨʳʻˀʨʭʬʩʨ ʫʨ ʳʰʹʪʨʴ ʹˆʭʨʫʨʹˆʭʨ ʴʰʭʯʬʩʰʹʨ, ʵʽʸʵʹʨ ʫʨ
ʭʬʸ˂ˆʲʰʹ ʼʻʲʬʩʰʹ ʪʨʱʬʯʬʩʨ.
ʨʳ ʴʨʴʪʸʬʭʬʩʰʹ ʪʨʸˀʬʳʵ ˁʨʼʲʻʲʰʨ ʳʰ˄ʨˀʰ ˅ʻʸʬʩʰ,
ʸʵʳʲʬʩʰ˂ ʹʰʲʰʯ ʨʸʰʨʴ ʨʳʵʭʹʬʩʻʲʰ. ʳʰʹ ʹʨʳˆʸʬʯʰʯ ʳʫʬʩʨʸʬ
ʺʿʬ ʸʨʳʵʫʬʴʰʳʬ ʭʬʸʹʰʹ ʳʨʴ˃ʰʲʮʬ ʫʨʼʨʸʻʲʰʨ ʴʨˀʱʰʫʻʸʰʯ ʨʴʻ
ʴʨʳ˅ʬʫʻʸʰʯ (ʹʭʨʴʻʸʨʫ ± ˀˆʰʩ). ʰʳ ʯʰˆʰʹ ʳʰʲʬʩʰʹ ʴʨʺʬˆʬʩʰʯ
ʸʵʳʲʬʩʹʨ˂ ˃ʭʬʲ ʫʸʵˀʰ ʹʨʳ˅ʬʫʻʸʬʩˀʰ ʹʨʩʬʸʨʭʬʩʰʹ ʯʨʭʬʲʬʩʨʫ
ˆʳʨʸʵʩʫʴʬʴ. ʨʳ ʳʰʲʬʩˀʰ ʪʨʱʭʬˆʬʩʻʲʰʨ ʴʨʱʰʫʻʸʨ, ʸʰʹ ʪʨʳʵ˂
ʰʹʰʴʰ ʬʺʿʵʩʨ ʹʨʽʳʰʹʯʭʰʹ ʻʭʨʸʪʰʹʰ ˆʫʬʩʵʫʬʴ ʫʨ ʺʿʬˀʰ
ˈʿʸʰʫʴʬʴ.
ʨʳ ʴʨʴʪʸʬʭʬʩʰʹ ʨʾʳʵʹʨʭʲʬʯʰʯ ʨʾʳʵˁʬʴʰʲʰʨ ʰʭ.
ʫʬʭʫʨʸʰʨʴʰʹ ʳʰʬʸ ʰʹ ʼʻʲʬʩʰ, ʸʵʳʲʬʩʮʬʫʨ˂ ʮʬʳʵʯ ʰʿʵ
ʲʨʶʨʸʨʱʰ. ʳʰʹ ˁʸʫʰʲʵʬʯʰʯ ʺʿʬˀʰ 12-ʳʫʬ ʫʰʫʰ ʽʭʰʹ ʸʵʫʰʴʬʩʰ
(ʽʭʨʹʨʴʨʿʬʩʰʨ). ʹʨʳˆʸʬʯʰʯ ʹʨʲʰʩʬ ʽʨʲʫʨʴʰʹ ʳʰʬʸ ʴʨʶʵʭʴʰ ʼʻʲʰ,
ʹˆʭʨ ʴʰʭʯʬʩʰ ʫʨ ʨʪʸʬʯʭʬ ʰʹ ʮʬʳʵˆʹʬʴʬʩʻʲʰ 1910 ˄. ʹ. ʳʨʸˆˀʰ
ʳʰ˄ʰʹ ʽʭʬˀ ʳʻˀʨʵʩʰʹ ʫʸʵʹ ʨʾʳʵˁʬʴʰʲʰ ˀʬʴʵʩʰʹ ʴʨʴʪʸʬʭʬʩʰ,
ʹʨʫʨ˂ ʩʬʭʸʰ ʴʰʭʯʬʩʰ ʰʿʵ:
ˆʵʲʵ ʳʫʰʴʨʸʰʹ ʳʨʸˇʭʬʴʨ ʴʨʶʰʸʮʬ ʹʵʼ. ˅ʬʸˀʰ ʳʬʱʭˀʫʨ ʩʵʪʰʹ
(ʳʵʱʲʬ ˆʰʫʰʹ) ʿʻʸʯʨʴ ʨʸʰʹ ʳʰ˄ʰʯʨ ʫʨ ʺʿʰʯ ʫʨʼʨʸʻʲʰ, ˇʬʸ
ˆʬʲʻˆʲʬʩʬʲʰ ˀʬʴʵʩʰʹ ʴʨʴʪʸʬʭʬʩʰ (ʳʨʾʲʵʩʰ)ʨʳ ʴʨʴʪʸʬʭʬʩʰʹ
ʫʨʹʨʭʲʬʯʰʯ ʬʸʯʰ ʭʬʸʹʰʹ ʳʨʴ˃ʰʲʮʬ ʨʾʳʵˁʬʴʰʲʰʨ ʶʰʸʭʬʲʨʫ
ʮʬʳʵˆʹʬʴʬʩʻʲ ʴʨʭʲʨʫ ʭʰʩʲʰʨʴʰʹ ʳʰʬʸ ʰʹ ʵʽʸʵʹ ʼʻʲʬʩʰ,
ʸʵʳʲʬʩʮʬʫʨ˂ ʮʬʭʰʯ ʪʭʽʵʴʫʨ ʲʨʶʨʸʨʱʰ ʫʨ ʨʪʸʬʯʭʬ ʬʸʯʰ
ˀʬʴʵʩʰʹ ʴʨʴʪʸʬʭʬʩʰ ʫʨ ʹˆʭ.3)
ʨʰ ʿʭʬʲʨ ʬʹ ʴʨʴʪʸʬʭʬʩʰ ˇʬʸ-ˇʬʸʵʩʰʯ ˆʬʲʻˆʲʬʩʬʲʴʰ ʨʸʰʨʴ,
ʳʨʪʸʨʳ ʳʨʯ ʪʨʸˀʬʳʵ ʨʸʹʬʩʻʲʰ ʹʨʪʴʬʩʰ, ʸʵʪʵʸ˂ ʫʨʭʰʴʨˆʬʯ,
ʨˀʱʨʸʨʫ ʳʵ˄ʳʵʩʬʴ ʫʨ ʴʨʯʲʨʫ ʪʭʰʳʺʱʰ˂ʬʩʬʴ, ʸʵʳ ˁʭʬʴ ʪʭʨʽʭʹ ʹʨʽʳʬ
ʰʳ ʫʰʫʳʴʰˀʭʴʬʲʵʭʨʴ ʻˆʹʵʭʨʸ ʫʸʵʰʫʪʨʴ ʫʸʵʯʨ ʭʰʯʨʸʬʩʰʹ
ʳʬʵˆʬʩʰʯ ʳʰ˄ʰʹ ʪʻʲˀʰ ʪʨˆʭʬʻʲ ˃ʭʰʸʼʨʹ ʨʸʽʬʵʲʵʪʰʻʸ
ˀʬʴʵʩʬʩʰʹ ʴʨʴʪʸʬʭʬʩʯʨʴ, ʸʵʳʲʬʩˀʰʨ˂ ʬʸʯ ʫʸʵʹ ʬʴʯʵ ʲʨʳʶʨʸʰ
˄ʨʸʹʻʲʰ ʱʻʲʺʻʸʰʹʨ ʫʨ ˆʬʲʵʭʴʬʩʰʹʨ.
477
 1926 ˄. ˅ʻʩʬʸˀʰ ʴʨˆʻʲʰ ʵʽʸʵʹ ʼʻʲʰ ʸʵʳʲʰʹ ʳʹʪʨʭʹʰ˂
ʫʾʬʳʫʬ ʨʸ ʴʨˆʻʲʨ ʨʳʷʨʳʨʫ ʨʽʭʹ ˂ʬʽʨ ˂ʰʴʫʬʲʰʨʴʹ. ʰʳʨʭʬ ˆʬʵʩʨˀʰ
ʨʲʬʽʹʨʴʫʸʬ ʪʨʫʸʨʴʳʨ ʴʨˆʨ ʹʶʰʲʬʴ˃ʰ ʱʨʲʨʶʵʺˀʰ ˁʨʳʵʹˆʳʻʲʰ,
˄ʵʴʰʯ ʹʨʳʰ ʼʻʯʰ. ʰʳʨʭʬ ˄ʬʲʹ ʴʨˆʻʲʰ ʵʽʸʵʹ ʳʵʮʸʫʰʲʰ ʴʨ˅ʬʸʰ
ʨʽʭʹ ʩʨʭˁʰ ʽʨʲʫʨʴʹ.
ʨʳʴʨʰʸʨʫ ʳʬ ʭʼʰʽʸʵʩ, ʸʵʳ ʨʳ ʴʨʴʪʸʬʭʬʩʰʹʨ ʫʨ ˅ʭʰʩʬʸʰʹ
ˀʬʹ˄ʨʭʲʨ ʳʵʳʨʭʨʲˀʰ ʼʨʹʫʨʻʫʬʩʬʲ, ʰˀʭʰʨʯ ʫʨ ʻ˂ˆʵ ʳʨʹʨʲʬʩʹ
ˀʬʹ˃ʬʴʹ ʳʬ˂ʴʰʬʸʬʩʨʹ, ʬʸʯʰ ʳˆʸʰʭ, ʰʳ ʹʨʱʰʯˆʰʹ ʪʨˀʻʽʬʩʨˀʰ, ʸʵʳ
ʫʾʬʹ-ʫʾʬʵʩʰʯ ʻʱʻʲʺʻʸʵ, ˁʨʳʵʸˁʬʴʰʲʰ ʹʭʨʴʬʯʰ ʵʫʬʹʾʨ˂
ʰˀʭʰʨʯʰ ʱʻʲʺʻʸʰʹʨ ʫʨ ˆʬʲʵʭʴʬʩʰʹ ʨʱʭʴʨʯ ʽ˂ʬʻʲʨ, ˆʵʲʵ
ʳʬʵʸʬ ʳˆʸʰʯ ʹʺʸʨʩʵʴʰʹʨ ʫʨ ʶʲʰʴʰʻʹʰʹ ʮʬʳʵˆʹʬʴʬʩʻʲʰ
˂ʴʵʩʬʩʰʹ ˀʬʹʨˆʬʩ ʫʨ ʹˆʭ.
„‚Œ€¢„ ‚€Šˆ€Œˆ

1) ʩʨʺʵʴʰˀʭʰʲʰ ʭʨˆʻˀʺʰ. ʹʨʽʨʸʯʭʬʲʵʹ ʪʬʵʪʸʨʼʰʨ - ʪʭ. 316 ʫʨ 30. (ˀʬʴʰˀʭʴʨ

ˇʨʴʨˀʭʰʲʰʹʨ).
2) ʹʭʨʴʬʩʰʹ ʨˆʹʴʰʯ, ˃ʭʬʲʨʯ ʶʻʸʰʹ ʳʨʸʨʪʰ ʸʵʳ ʨʸ ˄ʨˆʫʬʴʵʫʨʯ, ʪʨˆʻʸʬʩʻʲ
ʽʭʨʩʬʩˀʰ ʶʻʸʰʹ ˆʵʸʩʨʲʹ ʿʸʰʫʬʴ, ʱʨʴʹ ʳʵʹ˄ʭʨʭʫʬʴ ʫʨ ʰʹʬ ʰʴʨˆʨʭʫʬʴ.
3) ʹʨʪʻʲʰʹˆʳʵ ʰʹ ʨʸʰʹ, ʸʵʳ ʿʭʬʲʨ ʨʳ ˀʬʴʵʩʬʩʹ ʬʺʿʵʩʨ ˈʽʵʴʫʨʯ ʬʸʯʰ ʫʨ
ʰʪʰʭʬ ʫʨʴʰˀʴʻʲʬʩʨ ± ʳʨʫʴʬʻʲʵʩʰʹ ʫʨʳʻˀʨʭʬʩʨ ʫʨ ʻʩʸʨʲʵ ʨʴʻ
ʹʨ˂ˆʵʭʸʬʩʬʲʰ ʹʨˆʲʰʹ ʹʨˆʬ ʫʨ ʹʰʫʰʫʬ ʨʸʨ ʨʽʭʯ.

478
 სარჩევი
ʸʬʫʨʽʺʵʸʬʩʰʹʨʪʨʴ 5

„‚Œ€¢„‚€Šˆ€Œˆ£š… „ˆ€ƒ€‹”…€¡„ˆ˜ˆ ˆ‡€ƒˆ
€Ž„“¢„ˆ

ʬʪʴʨʺʬʪʨʩʲʰʨʴʰ˄˄ 9

ʬʪʴʨʺʬ ʪʨʩʲʰʨʴʰ ʫʨ  ˄ʲʰʹ ʨʴʺʰʹʨʩ˅ʵʯʨ ʬʸʵʭʴʻʲʰ

ʨˇʨʴʿʬʩʨʹʭʨʴʬʯˀʰ 

ʳʵʪʵʴʬʩʬʩʰʬʪʴʨʺʬʪʨʩʲʰʨʴʰʹˀʬʹʨˆʬʩ 

„‚Œ€¢„‚€Šˆ€Œˆ‹„£Œˆ„ ‘Šˆ‹„‹‰…ˆƒ „€

˜…„Šˆƒ€€š€Šˆ…€Œ„‡ˆ

ʨʭʺʵʸʰʹʨʪʨʴ 

ʹʭʨʴʬʯʰʹʳʵʱʲʬʪʬʵʪʸʨʼʰʨ 

ʹʭʨʴʬʩʰʹʻ˃ʭʬʲʬʹʰʰʹʺʵʸʰʨʫʨʩʰʴʨʫʸʵʩʨ 

ʹʭʨʴʬʩʰʹ ʳ˂ʰʸʬ ʨʮʰʰʫʨʴ ʪʨʳʵʹʭʲʨ ʫʨ ʨʳʰʬʸʱʨʭʱʨʹʰʨˀʰ

ʫʨʳʱʭʰʫʸʬʩʨ 

ʹʭʨʴʬʩʰʹʹʨʳˆʸʬʯʰʫʨʴʹʭʨʴʬʯˀʰˀʬʳʵʹʭʲʨʫʨʫʨʳʱʭʰʫʸʬʩʨ 65

ʹʭʨʴʬʩʰʹ˃ʭʬʲʰʱʻʲʺʻʸʨʫʨʬʱʵʴʵʳʰʻʸʰʳʫʪʵʳʨʸʬʵʩʨ 

ʹʭʨʴʬʯʰʹ ʶʵʲʰʺʰʱʻʸʰ ʳʫʪʵʳʨʸʬʵʩʨ  ʹʨʻʱʻʴʰʫʨʴ ʳʬ

ʹʨʻʱʻʴʬʳʫʬ 

ʹʭʨʴʬʯʰʹʬʸʰʹʯʨʭʬʩʰ 

ʯʨʭʨʫʰʸʰˁʪʭʰʨʴʬʩʰ 

ʯʫʫʨʫʬˀʽʬʲʰʨʴʬʩʰʹʪʨʩʨʺʵʴʬʩʨʹʭʨʴʬʯˀʰ 

ʼʻʯʨʫʨʫʬˀʽʬʲʰʨʴʰʹʳʵʱʭʲʨʻˀʪʻʲˀʰ 
ʹʭʨʴʬʯʰʹʶʵʲʰʺʰʱʻʸʰʳʫʪʵʳʨʸʬʵʩʨʳʬʹʨʻʱʻʴʬˀʰ 

ʯʨʭʰʹʻʼʨʲʰʹʭʨʴʬʯʰʹ˄˄ʨˇʨʴʿʬʩʨ 

ʹʭʨʴʬʯʰʹ˄ʲʰʹʨˇʨʴʿʬʩʨ 

ʹʭʨʴʬʯʰʹʬʱʲʬʹʰʬʩʰʫʨ˃ʭʬʲʰʴʨˀʯʬʩʰ 

ʽʸʰʹʺʰʨʴʵʩʰʹ ʪʨʭʸ˂ʬʲʬʩʨ ʹʭʨʴʬʯˀʰ ʱʬʸʶʯʨʯʨʿʭʨʴʰʹ

ʳ˂ʬʳʲʵʩʰʹʴʨˀʯʬʩʰ˃ʭʬʲʰʮʴʬˁʭʬʻʲʬʩʬʩʰ

ʩʨʶʬʩʰʹ³ʲʵ˂ʭʨʳʾʭʫʲʨʯʨʴʻʫʰʨʱʭʴʨʯʱʻʸʯˆʬʭʰʹʫʸʵʹ 

ˈʬʬʸʰʨʱʻʫʰʨʴʰ 

ʺʿʰʹʱʨ˂ʰʨʴʻʫʬʭʰ˂ˆʬʱʰʫʨʨʭ³ 

ˀʨˀˀʨʸ˅ʰʴʱʬʩʰ 

ʲʨˆʭʨʨʸ 

ʳʴʨʯʵʩʯʨʯʨʿʭʨʴʰʹʳ˂ʬʳʲʵʩʨ 

ˀʻʸʰʹ˃ʰʬʩʰʹʹʨˀʰʴʬʲʬʩʨʴʰʹʭʨʴʬʯˀʰ 

ˀʨʴʯʵʩʨʹʭʨʴʬʯˀʰ 

ʹʨʰʽʰʵ˂ˆʵʭʸʬʩʨʫʨʳʰ˂ʭʨʲʬʩʻʲʯʨʶʨʺʰʭʰʹ˂ʬʳʨ

ʹʭʨʴʬʩʰʹˀʬˆʬʫʻʲʬʩʨʽʨʲʬʩʰʹʯʭʰʻʸʨʭʨʫʳʿʵʼʵʩʨʮʬʫʨʳˀʵ
ʩʰʨʸʵʩʨʮʬ 

˂ʵʲʰʹʯˆʵʭʴʨʨʴʻʽʨʲʰʹʪʨʯˆʵʭʬʩʨʹʭʨʴʬʯˀʰ 

ʹʺʻʳʨʸʯʳʵʿʭʨʸʬʵʩʨʹʭʨʴʬʯˀʰ 

ʳʨʸʯʭʨʪʨʳʪʬʵʩʰʹʹʨʽʳʬʹʭʨʴʬʯˀʰ 

ʹʨˆʨʲˆʵʹʨʹʨʳʨʸʯʲʵ
ˇʨʴʳʸʯʬʲʵʩʰʹʹʨʱʰʯˆʰʫʨʬʽʰʳʵʩʨʹʭʨʴʬʯˀʰ

ʹ˄ʨʭʲʨʪʨʴʨʯʲʬʩʰʹʹʨʽʳʬʹʭʨʴʬʯˀʰ

ʹʭʨʴʬʯʰʹʬʱʵʴʵʳʰʻʸʰʳʫʪʵʳʨʸʬʵʩʨ

ʳʬʼʻʺʱʸʬʵʩʨʹʭʨʴʬʯˀʰ

ʳʬʹʨʽʵʴʲʬʵʩʨʹʭʨʴʬʯˀʰ

ʹʭʨʴʬʯʰʹʺʿʬʬʩʰ

ʭʨ˅ʸʵʩʨʳʸʬ˄ʭʬʲʵʩʨ

ʪʨ˂ʭʲʨʪʨʳʵ˂ʭʲʰʯʰʳʸʬ˄ʭʬʲʵʩʨ

ʶʨʺʨʸʨʹʭʨʴʬʯʰʫʨʳʰʹʰʬʱʵʴʵʳʰʻʸʰʳʴʰˀʭʴʬʲʵʩʨ

ʹʭʨʴʬʯʰʹʪʮʬʩʰʹˀʬʱʬʯʬʩʨʫʨʪʨʿʭʨʴʨ 

ʱʵʵʶʬʸʨʺʰʭʬʩʰ 

ʹʨʳʱʰʯˆʭʬʲʵʬʩʰ

ʹʭʨʴʬʩʰʫʨʹʭʨʴʻʸʰʬʴʨ 

ʹʭʨʴʻʸʰʪʭʨʸʬʩʰ

ʹʭʨʴʻʸʰˆʨʲˆʻʸʰʼʬʸˆʻʲʰʹʰʳʾʬʸʬʩʰʭʰ˂ʩʰʲʳʨ˂ʩʰʲʹʨˆ
ʬʲʬʩʰ 

ʽʨʲʹʨʭʰʹʳʨ 

ʹʨʴʨʫʰʸʵ

ʳʨʭʲʰʨʳʵʭʲʬʴ

ʹʵʲʵʳʵʴ 

ʪʰʭʬʸʪʰʲʨ
ʫʨʲʰʱʵˇʨʹˆʬʲʾʭʨʷʨʲʬ

ʯʨʭʰʹʻʼʨʲʰʹʭʨʴʬʯʰ

ʨʭʺʵʸʰʹʨʪʨʴ

,ʹʭʨʴʬʩʰʹʫʨʳʵʱʰʫʬʩʻʲʬʩʨʼʬʵʫʨʲʰʮʳʰʹʨʫʨʩʨʺʵʴʿʳʵʩʰ
ʹʨʫʳʰ 

ʸʨ˅ʰʹ ʯʨʭʨʫʬʩʰʹ ˇʨʼʨʸʰ˃ʬʬʩʰʹ ʫʨˆʵ˂ʭʨ ʯʨʭʰʹʻʼʨʲʰ

ʹʭʨʴʬʩʰʹʳʰʬʸʳʬ;9ʹʨʻʱʻʴʬˀʰ

ʯʨʭʰʹʻʼʨʲʰʹʭʨʴʬʯʰʫʨʯʨʭʫʨʫʬˀʽʬʲʰʨʴʬʩʰ

ʫʨʫʬˀʽʬʲʰʨʴʬʩʰʹʳʰʬʸʲʨʺʨʲʬʲʰʹʫʨʺʿʭʬʭʬʩʨ 

ʲʨˀˆʬʯʰʹ ʩʨʺʵʴʰʹ ʩʬʷʨʴʨ ʿʰʼʰʨʴʰʹ ʳʵʱʭʲʨ ʻˀʪʻʲʬʲʬʩʰʹ

ʳʰʬʸ 

ʩʨʲʿʨʸʰʹʩʨʺʵʴʰʹʫʬʭʬʯʪʬʸʰʳʻʸʮʨʿʻʲʵʭʰʹʳʵʱʭʲʨʻˀʪʻ
ʲˀʰ 

ʹʬʺʬʲʰʩʨʶʰʹ³±ʳʾʭʫʲʰʹʼʻʯʻʼʨʲʰʨʴʰʹʳʵʱʭʲʨʳʬʹʺʰʨ
ˀʰ

ˇʨʼʨʸʰ˃ʰʹʳʵʱʭʲʨʳʬʹʺʰʨˀʰ

ʲʨʺʨʲʬʲʬʩʰʹʪʨʳʵʹʭʲʨˁʨʸʱʭʰʨʴʬʩʰʹ˄ʰʴʨʨʾʳʫʬʪ 

ʲʨʺʨʲʰʹ ʪʲʬˆʱʨ˂ʵʩʰʹ ʫʨʫʬˀʽʬʲʰʨʴʬʩʰʹ ˄ʰʴʨʨʾʳʫʬʪ

ʪʨʲʨˀʽʸʬʩʨ˄

ʪʨʲʰʼˆʨʴʬʩʰʹ ʪʨʸʫʨʼˆʨ˃ʬʬʩʰʹ ʨʳʵ˄ʿʭʬʺʨ ˁʵʲʻʸʰʹ

ʪʲʬˆʵʩʰʹʳʰʬʸ˃ʭʬʲʫʸʵˀʰ

,,ʹʭʨʴʬʩʰʫʨʯʭʰʯʳʶʿʸʵʩʬʲʻʸʸʻʹʬʯʰʹʰʳʶʬʸʰʨʲʰʮʳʰ

,,,ˆʨʲˆʰʹʯʭʰʯʳʳʨʸʯʭʬʲʵʩʨʹʭʨʴʬʯˀʰ

ʽʵʸʨʳʨˆʭˀʰ³ʨʴʻʶʨʺʸʰʨʸʽʨʲʻʸʰ˄ʬʹ˄ʿʵʩʰʲʬʩʨ 
ʯʬʳʵʩ³ʪʭʨʸʵʭʴʻʲʰ˄ʬʹ˄ʿʵʩʰʲʬʩʨ

ʹʵʼʲʰʹʳʨˆʭˀʰʵʩ³ʨʴʻʹʵʼʲʵʩ³±ʹʵʼʲʰʹʻʼʸʵʹʵʩʨʨʴʻ
ʹʵʼʲʵʩʨ 

ˆʬʭʵʩ³±ʯʬʳʵʩʸʰʭʰ˄ʬʹ˄ʿʵʩʰʲʬʩʨ

ˀʭʨʴʰʨˆʬʭʵʩ³±ʹʸʻʲʰʨʫʹʭʨʴʬʯʰʹʯʬʳʯʨʹʨʱʨʭˀʰʸʵʿʸʰʲʵ
ʩʨ 

ʳʨˆʭˀʰ³ʯʬʳʰʹʻʼʸʵʹʰ

ʳʨˆʭˀʰʹʻʼʲʬʩʬʩʰʫʨʳʵʭʨʲʬʵʩʬʩʰ

ʹʭʨʴʻʸʰʰʻʸʰʫʰʻʲʰ˄ʬʹ˄ʿʵʩʰʲʬʩʨʫʨʹʨʳʨʸʯʲʰʹ˄ʬʹʬʩʰ

ʳʵʸʭʨʲ³

ʹʨʳʬʫʰʨʺʵʸʵʪʨʴʨˁʬʴʰʹʹʰʹʸʻʲʬˀʰʳʵʿʭʨʴʨ

˄ʵʸ³±ʹʰʹˆʲʰʹʼʨʹʰʯʨʭʰʹʻʼʨʲʹʭʨʴʬʯˀʰ

˄ʵʸ³±ʹʨʫʨʫʬˀʽʬʲʰʨʴʵʹʭʨʴʬʯˀʰ

ʲʰ˂ʭʸʬ³±ʳʰʺʵʭʬʩʨ˂ʵʲʰʹʨʴʽʳʸʰʹ

ʲʰʩ˅ʨʨʴʰ³

ʼʻʸʨ³±ʪʨˆʳʵʩʨ˅ʸʰʲʵʩʰʹʨʪʨʴ

ʽʨˁʵʩ³ʫʨʹʰʹˆʲʰʨʴʬʩʨ

ʼʻʱʭʰʫ³ʨʴʻʱʨʫʨʸʫʴʨʿʰʸʭ³ 

ʲʰ˄ʸʨʨʲ³ʹʰʺʿʭʰʯˀʬʻʸʨ˂ʿʵʼʰʹʳʰʿʬʴʬʩʨ 

ʽʵʸʨʱʭʨˀʨ³ʹʨˆʲʰʹʪʨʺʬˆʨ

ʺʿʭʬʵʩ³ʺʿʭʬʵʩʨ
ʸʵʪʵʸˆʫʬʩʵʫʨʹʨˆʹʸʰʹʳʰ˂ʬʳʨ

˄ʬʹʰʯʨʭʰʹʪʨʳʨʸʯʲʬʩʰʹʨʹʨʬ˅ʭʵʹʨʽʳʬʮʬ..... 

ʹʰʳʾეʸʨˇʨʳʨʯʨʮʬʻˀʪʻʲˀʰʾʬʩʰʫʨʴˀʬʳʵʹʻʲʰ


9ʩʨʺʵʴʿʳʻʸʰ˄ʬʹ˄ʿʵʩʰʲʬʩʨʹʭʨʴʬʯˀʰ

9,ʸʬʭʵʲʰʻ˂ʰʵʴʻʸʰʳʵ˃ʸʨʵʩʨʲʬˁˆʻʳʹʭʨʴʬʯˀʰ˄


ჯიხვი სვანეთის მთებში..

ˇʰˆʭʮʬ ʴʨʫʰʸʵʩʨʹʯʨʴ ʫʨʱʨʭˀʰʸʬʩʻʲʰ ˆʨʲˆʻʸʰ

ზნეˁʭʬʻʲʬʩʨʴʰˁʭʬʴʰʳˆʨʸʬʯʳ˂ʵʫʴʬʵʩʰʹʨʯʭʰʹ 

ˇʰˆʭʮʬʴʨʫʰʸʵʩʨʹʯʨʴʫʨʱʨʭˀʰʸʬʩʻʲʰʲʬʪʬʴʫʬʩʰ

ʫʨʲʰ 

ʩʬʯʽʰʲʰ

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ʮʨʸʫʲʨˀʰʹʭʨʴʬʯʰ

ʹʨʽʨʸʯʭʬʲʵʮʬʳʵʹʭʨʴʬʯʰ

ʹʨʽʨʸʯʭʬʲʵ ʮʬʳʵ ʹʭʨʴʬʯʰ ʰʺʨʲʰʬʲʰ ʳʵʪʮʨʻʸʰ  ʳʾʭʪ

ʳʨʸʪʰʨʴʰʹʵʼʨʫʰˀʰ

ʹʭʨʴʬʯʰ 

ʹʭʨʴʬʯʰ 

ʹʭʨʴʬʯʰ 

ʶʨʹʻˆʰʶʰʸʭʬʲʹ

ʪʻʩʬʸʴʰʰʹʱʵʳʰʹʨʸʰʹʹʨʿʻʸʨʫʾʬʩʵʯ
ʮʬʳʵʹʭʨʴʬʯʰʹʫʬʲʬʪʨ˂ʰʨʳʯʨʭʸʵʩʰʹ˄ʰʴʨˀʬ

ʹ˄ʨʭʲʨʪʨʴʨʯʲʬʩʰʹʹʨʽʳʬʹʭʨʴʬʯˀʰ

ʬʲʹʨʫʪʻʸʰʹʨʳʩʬʩʰʹʹʨʱʰʯˆʰ˄ʬʸʰʲʰʹʭʨʴʬʯʰʫʨʴ

ʹʭʨʴʬʯʰʹʳʰʴʬʸʨʲʻʸʰʹʰʳʫʰʫʸʬʴʰ

ʮʬʳʵʹʭʨʴʬʯʰ 

ʹʭʨʴʬʯʰʹʳˀʸʵʳʬʲʯʨʻʫʰʫʬʹʰʳʰʾ˄ʬʭʨ

ʨʸʽʬʵʲʵʪʰʻʸʰʪʨʯˆʸʬʩʰʹʭʨʴʬʯˀʰ

˄ʰʸʳʰʴʫʰʹʪʨʯˆʸʬʩʰ
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