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The Forensic Science of Oil Analysis: Analytical Ferrography
The Forensic Science of Oil Analysis: Analytical Ferrography
Ferrography
The Forensic Science
of Oil Analysis
Utilizing Analytical Ferrography To
Diagnose Wear Conditions and Prevent Machine Failure
Analytical Ferrography: A Powerful Diagnostic Tool
There are many tests available for used fluids uncovers, most agree that the benefits
analysis. Some tests are qualitative while others significantly outweigh the costs and elect to
are quantitative in scope. One test often automatically incorporate it when abnormal
overlooked is Analytical Ferrography. wear is encountered.
Analytical Ferrography is among the most
powerful diagnostic tools in oil analysis today.
When implemented correctly it is an excellent
The Facts About
tool when attempting to diagnose an active
Analytical Ferrography
wear problem, yet it too has its limitations. It is
frequently excluded from oil analysis programs
Analytical Ferrography is the best
because of its comparatively high price and a
method for determining severity and
general misunderstanding of its value.
type of wear present.
The test is qualitative, which means it relies on
There are no particle size or metallurgy
the skill and knowledge of the ferrographic
limitations.
analyst. While this can have definite
advantages, the interpretation is somewhat Wear can be documented by digital
subjective and requires detailed knowledge of photography.
wear debris failure modes.
The test procedure is lengthy and
The test procedure is also lengthy and requires requires the skill of a trained analyst
the skill of a trained ferrographic analyst. As
The test is a qualitative test, which
such, there are significant costs in performing
means the interpretation is somewhat
Analytical Ferrography not present in other oil
subjective and relies on the skill and
analysis tests.
knowledge of the ferrographic analyst.
Nevertheless, if time is taken to fully
understand what Analytical Ferrography
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Inside The Lab
To perform Analytical Ferrography the solid particles and contaminants, unaffected by the
debris suspended in a lubricant is separated and magnetic field, travel downstream and are
systematically deposited onto a glass slide. The randomly deposited across the length of the
slide is examined under a microscope to slide. The deposited ferrous particles serve as a
distinguish particle size, concentration, dyke in the removal of nonferrous particles. The
composition, morphology and surface condition absence of ferrous particles substantially
of the ferrous and non‐ferrous wear particles. reduces the effectiveness with which
nonferrous particles are removed.
This detailed examination, in effect, uncovers
the mystery behind an abnormal wear condition After the particles are deposited on the
by pinpointing component wear, how it was ferrogram, a wash is used to remove any
generated and often, the root cause. remaining lubricant. The wash quickly
evaporates and the particles are permanently
attached to the slide. The ferrogram is now
The Ferrogram
ready for optical examination using a
Analytical Ferrography begins with the magnetic bichromatic microscope.
separation of machine wear debris from the
lubricating oil in which it is suspended using a
ferrogram slide maker. The lubricating oil
sample is diluted for improved particle
precipitation and adhesion. The diluted sample
flows down a specially designed glass slide
called a ferrogram. The ferrogram rests on a
magnetic cylinder, which attracts ferrous
particles out of the oil (Figure 1).
Due to the magnetic fluid, the ferrous particles
align themselves in chains along the width of
Figure 1. The Metal Alloy of the Particles
the slide with the largest particles being Determines Whether They Line up
deposited at the entry point. Nonferrous On or Adjacent to the Magnetic Field
Figure 2.
Red Light Source Above Slide,
Causing Light to be Reflect Off Top of Particles
Green Light Source Below Slide,
Causing Light to be Transmitted Up Through the Side
Size Does Matter...So Does Shape and Metallurgy!
Particles are categorized based on size, shape, and metallurgy. Conclusions can be drawn
regarding the wear rate and health of the component that the sample was drawn from. The
analyst relies on the following to determine the following characteristics of the particles:
✓ Composition: Color can identify the composition of the particles. Heat treating the
slide causes specific color changes to occur in various types of metals and alloys. The
particle’s composition indicates its source.
✓ Shape: The particle’s shape reveals how it was generated. Abrasion, adhesion, fatigue,
sliding, and rolling contact wear modes each generate a characteristic particle type in
terms of its shape and surface condition.
Cutting Wear
Description. Shaved metal particles that look like wood shavings from a
lathe. Seen in sleeve bearings and shaft couples. Abrasives embedded in
soft bearing or burrs on hardened metals create these wear particles.
Comments. Worm drives have a tendency to create this type of particle.
When seen it indicates abnormal wear.
It is proven that Analytical As with all fluids analysis samples, it
1 Ferrography is an excellent tool
when attempting to diagnose an
active wear problem. However,
3 is extremely importance to properly
take samples of the fluid. Samples
should be taken that are
remember that the test is a qualitative test, representative of the conditions that are going
which relies on the skill and knowledge of the on inside the equipment. Representative
ferrographic analyst. Be sure you enlist the samples are dependent on the way the sample
services of an experienced analyst because the is taken and the location where the sample is
interpretation is somewhat subjective and taken from. This is especially important when
requires detailed knowledge, not just of using Analytical Ferrography.
analytical chemistry, but also machine and
tribological failures. Another critical factor in fluids
4
analysis, and Analytical Ferrography
The test procedure is lengthy and in particular, is the need of the
2 requires the skill of a well‐trained
analyst. As such, there are
significant costs in performing
customer to provide as detailed as
possible the specific information about the
machine/component the sample was taken
Analytical Ferrography not present in other from. This includes lubricant information,
fluids analysis tests. But, if time is taken to fully component manufacturer, model and type of
understand what Analytical Ferrography can component. The more detailed the
uncover, most agree that the benefits machine/component information, the better
significantly outweigh the costs and elect to the diagnosis of the test results.
automatically incorporate it when an abnormal
wear condition is encountered.
Application: A steel mill uses this pump to boost the water pressure it supplies to the hot mill for descaling. Thin scale
forms rapidly on the hot slab and must be removed before entering the mill stands. The high pressure descaling water
breaks it loose from the slab and removes it. The pump has babbitt sleeve bearings with a Kingsbury thrust bearing on
the outboard bearings. This is a 12,000 gpm, single inlet pump driven by a 2000 hp motor at 1780 rpm.
History: Oil samples from this pump are routinely sent for analysis and historically have exhibited normal machine and
lubricant conditions. Spectroscopic analysis and direct reading ferrography are routinely performed in order to trend the
wear of the lubricated bearings. Analytical Ferrography is automatically performed when there is a machine
abnormality.
Problem Sample: The sample drawn on 7/3/12 exhibited excess iron wear, abnormal silicon and excessive total ferrous
wear. The machine was given a critical condition and Analytical Ferrography was automatically initiated to pinpoint the
source of the problem.
Spectroscopic Analysis (ppm)
DATE 7/3/12 6/23/12 3/20/12 12/23/11 9/28/11 6/15/11
Iron 171.03 5.45 1.84 3.71 10.43 5.57
Copper 5.71 2.84 3.25 2.08 2.93 4.59
Lead 2.53 ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐
Aluminum ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐
Silicon 31.23 8.0 7.78 4.94 4.84 3.51
Calcium 56.27 39.44 25.71 136.89 114.34 41.6
Phosphorus 303.4 310.36 318.15 535.85 507.0 258.4
Zinc 405.75 114.47 115.07 403.22 388.0 117.8
Ferrous Wear Concentration (ppm)
DATE 7/3/12 6/23/12 3/20/12 12/23/11 9/28/11 6/15/11
Total Ferrous 2118.0 22.2 33.6 24.2 33.4 13.4
Analytical Ferrography
100X 500X
Analytical Ferrography showed high amounts of dark metallic oxides and low alloy. This correlated with the data from
the spectrometer and the direct read ferrography.
Conclusions: The maintenance department issued a work ticket to change the oil and inspect the pump bearings. Upon
inspection it was found that the thrust bearing was severely damaged. The thrust shoes were deeply scored and the
thrust assembly was badly damaged. The pump was pulled from operation.
The routine oil analysis uncovered a problem that was easy to repair. The inspection occurred on a planned basis, thus
preventing possible downtime. If the pump were left in service, it would have catastrophically failed. This pump costs
more than $50,000!
Case Study II
Equipment: Westinghouse 5,000 HP Motor
Application: A steel mill uses this motor to drive a double reduction gearbox on a roughing mill at an input speed of 450
rpm. The motor has babbitt sleeve bearings and is coupled to the gearbox with a #11 Kop‐Flex gear coupling.
History: Oil samples from this motor are routinely sent for analysis and historically have exhibited normal machine and
lubricant conditions. Spectroscopic analysis and direct reading ferrography are routinely performed in order to trend the
wear of the lubricated bearings. Analytical Ferrography is automatically performed when there is a machine
abnormality.
Problem Sample: The sample drawn on 5/18/12 exhibited excess lead wear, excess tin wear and a high total ferrous
wear count. The customer was called and submitted another sample. The sample drawn on 5/24/12 exhibited the same
abnormalities and the machine was given a marginal condition and Analytical Ferrography was automatically initiated to
pinpoint the source of the problem.
Spectroscopic Analysis (ppm)
DATE 5/24/12 5/18/12 2/7/12 11/16/11 8/24/11 5/4/11
Iron 38.17 37.98 4.91 3.41 3.72 3.65
Copper 15.15 16.37 14.15 13.58 14.27 13.53
Lead 139.34 134.33 25.27 22.11 23.26 23.33
Tin 28.30 22.61 ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐
Silicon 7.39 8.83 ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐
Phosphorus 99.48 93.16 88.4 87.1 98.42 93.15
Zinc 61.44 51.63 50.19 45.79 48.49 50.85
Ferrous Wear Concentration (ppm)
DATE 5/24/12 5/18/12 2/7/12 11/16/11 8/24/11 5/4/11
Total Ferrous 169.8 58.5 46.4 21.8 23.3 32.0
Analytical Ferrography
500 x 500 x
Analytical Ferrography showed high amounts of low alloy steel and dark metallic oxides. The colored particles on the top
slide are low alloy steel that changed color after heat treatment.
Conclusions: The results of the oil analysis initiated a visual inspection, which revealed that the coupling appeared to be
locked. The maintenance department issued a work order to inspect the motor bearing and coupling. Upon removal of
the bearing cap, it was found that the faces of the bearing were wiped. The bearing surface that the shaft rode on was
also starting to wipe. The bearing was changed.
Maintenance completed the repairs on a planned basis with no delay to the mill. If left unrepaired, the motor bearing
would have failed catastrophically. Such a failure while the mill was running would have caused a four‐hour delay to the
mill with a cost in excess of $60,000!