MINDANAO MISSION ACADEMY

The School that Offers Something Better

Manticao, Misamis Oriental

LEARNING MODULE FOR GRADE 8 COMPUTER

LESSON 2

Prepare and Interpret Technical

Computer Technology and Livelihood Education (CTLE)

Alex G. Mampalawod
Computer Teacher
Teacher’s Information: Contact Number:
Degree BSBA – Banking and Finance Globe: 0906-297-1241 | Smart: 0963-920-8100
Facebook Account: https://www.facebook.com/alex.mampalawod E-mail Account: mampalawod@yahoo.com

PERFORMANCE STANDARDS

Calculation needed to complete work tasks is performed using the four fundamentals operations (addition,
subtractions, multiplication and division).
Numerical computation is self-checked and corrected for accuracy.

LEARNING OUTCOMES:
At the end of this Lesson, you are expected to do the following:

LO 1. Select components to be measured; and

LO 2. Carry out mensuration and calculation.

Definition of Terms

Bit - a fundamental unit of information having just two possible values, as either of the binary digits 0 or 1.

Byte - a unit of digital information in computing and telecommunications that most commonly consists of
eight bits.

Booting – starting (a computer) by loading an operating system from a disk.

Electronic storage - a device for recording (storing) information (data).

Firewire - Apple Computer's version of a standard, IEEE 1394, High Performance Serial Bus, for connecting
devices to your personal computer.

Hot-swappable - the connection and disconnection of peripherals or other components without interrupting
system operation.

Interface - the point of interaction or communication between a computer and any other entity, such as a
printer or human operator.

Laser - a device that emits light (electromagnetic radiation) through a process of optical amplification based on
the stimulated emission of photons.

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 Magnetic platter - a thin, high precision disk that is coated on both sides with a high precision magnetic
material and which is used in a hard disk drive (HDD) to store data.

Memory module - a narrow printed circuit board that holds memory chips.

Magnetic storage media - any storage medium in which different patterns of magnetization
are used to represent stored bits or bytes of information

Operating system - a set of programs that manage computer hardware resources and provide common
services for application software.

Optical storage media - any storage in which data is written and read with a laser for
archival or backup purposes.

Acronyms

HDD – hard disk drive

IDE - Integrated Drive Electronics

LEARNING OUTCOME 2

Carry out Mensuration and calculation

Materials

1. Workshop
2. Tables and Chairs
3. Computers
4. LCD
5. Different types of Memory
6. Different types of Storage Devices
7. Paper
8. Pencil/Ballpen

What Do You Already Know?

Let us determine how much you already know about carrying out mensuration
and calculation. Take this test.

Pretest LO 2

Direction. Perform the following:

1) Convert 14 to binary.

2) If a 10 KB file is stored in a 1 MB folder, then approximately how many files can be stored in that folder?

Refer to the Answer Key. What is your score?

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 What Do You Need To Know?

Read the Information Sheet 2.1 very well then find out how much you can
remember and how much you learned by doing Self-check 2.1.

DIGITAL REPRESENTATION
Information Sheet 2.1

Within a computer, information is represented and stored in a digital binary format. The
term bit is an abbreviation of binary digit and represents the smallest piece of data.
Humans interpret words and pictures; computers interpret only patterns of bits.

A bit can have only two possible values, a one digit (1) or a zero digit (0). A bit can be used
to represent the state of something that has two states. For example, a light switch can be
either On or Off; in binary representation, these states would correspond to 1 and 0,
respectively.

Computers use binary codes to represent and interpret letters, numbers and special characters with bits. A commonly used code
is the American Standard Code for Information
Interchange (ASCII). With ASCII, each character is represented by a string of bits. For example:

Capital letter: A = 01000001 Number:

9 = 00001001

Special character: # = 00100011

Each group of eight bits, such as the representations of letters and numbers, is known as a byte. Codes can be used
to represent almost any type of information digitally: computer data, graphics, photos, voice, video , and music.

CONVERT DECIMAL NUMBERS TO BINARY

To convert a decimal number to binary, all you have to do is divide the number by 2. Get the quotient and the
remainder. Bring down the quotient, divide it by 2, and get the quotient and remainder again. Do it repeatedly until the
quotient results to 0. Copy the remainder from bottom to top, and that is the binary equivalent.

Example: 25

Quotient Remainder

25/2 12 1

12/2 6 0

6/2 3 0

3/2 1 1

1/2 0 1

25 = 11001
Checking: 0 1 multiplier
1 1 0

16 8 4 2 1 equivalents

16 8 0 0 1 results

16+8+1 = 25

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CONVERT DECIMAL NUMBERS TO BINARY

In the computer world "binary digit" is often shortened to the word "bit"

So, there are only two ways we can have a binary digit ("0" and "1", or "On" and "Off")

__________________________________ __________________________________
8 Bits 32 Bits
 We will Off the 8 = 0  We will Off the 32 = 0
 We will Off the 4 = 0  We will Off the 16 = 0
 We will Off the 2 = 0  We will Off the 8 = 0
 We will On the 1 = 1  We will Off the 4 = 0
__________________________________  We will Off the 2 = 0
16 Bits  We will On the 1 = 1
 We will Off the 16 = 0 __________________________________
 We will Off the 8 = 0 64 Bits
 We will Off the 4 = 0  We will Off the 64 = 0
 We will Off the 2 = 0  We will Off the 32 = 0
 We will On the 1 = 1  We will Off the 16 = 0
__________________________________  We will Off the 8 = 0
 We will Off the 4 = 0
 We will Off the 2 = 0
 We will On the 1 = 1
__________________________________

We will use 8 Bits since we will convert only up to 10 decimal numbers to 10 binary numbers.

1. If you convert 1 to binary 1 in 8 bits we will do on and off process ( On = 1, Off = 0 )

1 = _____ ?

Steps: since the given number is 8 4 2 1

 We will Off the 8 = 0

 We will Off the 4 = 0
 We will Off the 2 = 0
 We will On the 1 = 1

Ans: Decimal 1 = Binary 0001

2. If you convert 2 to binary 1 in 8 bits we will do on and off process ( On = 1, Off = 0 )

2 = _____ ?

Steps: since the given number is 8 4 2 1

 We will Off the 8 = 0

 We will Off the 4 = 0
 We will On the 2 = 1
 We will Off the 1 = 0

Ans: Decimal 2 = Binary 0010

3. If you convert 3 to binary 1 in 8 bits we will do on and off process ( On = 1, Off = 0 )

3 = _____ ?

Steps: since the given number is 8 4 2 1

 We will Off the 8 = 0

 We will Off the 4 = 0
 We will On the 2 = 1
 We will On the 1 = 1

Since the 1 & 2 is On then we add the 2 & 1, so 2+1=3 Checking

Ans: Decimal 3 = Binary 0011

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4. If you convert 4 to binary 1 in 8 bits we will do on and off process ( On = 1, Off = 0 )
4 = _____ ?

Steps: since the given number is 8 4 2 1

 We will Off the 8 = 0

 We will On the 4 = 1
 We will Off the 2 = 0
 We will Off the 1 = 0

Ans: Decimal 4 = Binary 0100

5. If you convert 5 to binary 1 in 8 bits we will do on and off process ( On = 1, Off = 0 )

5 = _____ ?

Steps: since the given number is 8 4 2 1

 We will Off the 8 = 0

 We will On the 4 = 1
 We will Off the 2 = 0
 We will On the 1 = 1

Since the 4 & 1 is On then we add the 4 & 1, so 4+1=5 Checking

Ans: Decimal 5 = Binary 0101

6. If you convert 6 to binary 1 in 8 bits we will do on and off process ( On = 1, Off = 0 )

6 = _____ ?

Steps: since the given number is 8 4 2 1

 We will Off the 8 = 0

 We will On the 4 = 1
 We will On the 2 = 1
 We will Off the 1 = 0

Since the 4 & 2 is On then we add the 4 & 2, so 4+2=6 Checking

Ans: Decimal 6 = Binary 0110

7. If you convert 7 to binary 1 in 8 bits we will do on and off process ( On = 1, Off = 0 )

7 = _____ ?

Steps: since the given number is 8 4 2 1

 We will Off the 8 = 0

 We will On the 4 = 1
 We will On the 2 = 1
 We will On the 1 = 1

Since the 4, 2 & 1 is On then we add the 4, 2 & 1, so 4+2+1=7 Checking

Ans: Decimal 7 = Binary 0111

8. If you convert 8 to binary 1 in 8 bits we will do on and off process ( On = 1, Off = 0 )

8 = _____ ?

Steps: since the given number is 8 4 2 1

 We will On the 8 = 1
 We will Off the 4 = 0
 We will Off the 2 = 0
 We will Off the 1 = 0

Ans: Decimal 8 = Binary 1000

9. If you convert 9 to binary 1 in 8 bits we will do on and off process ( On = 1, Off = 0 )

9 = _____ ?

Steps: since the given number is 8 4 2 1

 We will On the 8 = 1
 We will Off the 4 = 0
 We will Off the 2 = 0
 We will On the 1 = 1
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 Since the 8 & 1 is On then we add the 8 & 1, so 8+1=9 Checking

Ans: Decimal 9 = Binary 1001

10. If you convert 10 to binary 1 in 8 bits we will do on and off process ( On = 1, Off = 0 )
10 = _____ ?

Steps: since the given number is 8 4 2 1

 We will On the 8 = 1
 We will Off the 4 = 0
 We will On the 2 = 1
 We will Off the 1 = 0

Since the 8 & 2 is On then we add the 8 & 2, so 8+2=10 Checking

Ans: Decimal 10 = Binary 1010

CALCULATING DATA STORAGE

While a bit is the smallest representation of data, the most basic unit of digital storage is the byte. A byte is 8 bits and
is the smallest unit of measure (UOM) used to represent data storage capacity.

When referring to storage space, we use the terms bytes (B), kilobytes (KB), megabytes (MB), gigabytes (GB), and
terabytes (TB).
One Byte = 8 Bits, 1 Sector = 512 Bytes, 1 Track = 63 Sectors, 1 Cylinder = 255 Tracks
One kilobyte is a little more than one thousand bytes, specifically 1,024. A megabyte represents more than a million
bytes or 1,048,576. A gigabyte is 1,073,741,824 bytes. A terabyte is 1,099,511,627,776. The exact number is gained
by taking 2^n power.

In general, when something is represented digitally, the greater the detail, the greater the number of bits needed to
represent it. A low-resolution picture from a digital camera will use around 360KB, and a high-resolution picture could
use 2 MB or more.

Kilobytes, megabytes, gigabytes, and terabytes are typically used to measure the size or storage capacity of a
device. Examples of components and devices that use byte storage include: random access memory (RAM), hard
disk drive space, CDs, DVDs, and MP3 players.

CDs have a data storage capacity of approximately 700 MB. DVDs have a data storage capacity of approximately 4.3
GB on a single-layer disc, and approximately 8.5 GB on a dual-layer disc. BDs have a storage capacity of 25 GB on a
single-layer disc, and 50 GB on a dual-layer disc.

Once we know the size of a file or folder, it is possible to determine the number of bytes being used. For
example:

A file is 20 KB in size 1 KB =

1,024 Bytes

20 * 1,024 = 20,480 bytes in a 20 KB file

If a 20 KB file is stored in a 1 MB folder (1 MB = 1,048,576 bytes of space); then approximately a total of 51 files
can be stored in that folder (1,048,576 / 20,480 = 51.2).

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