BE + TO-infinitive

arrangement
future
modals
obligation
BE TO

Be + to-infinitive is used to express:

 official arrangements:

The Prime Minister is to visit India next month.

 official orders:

At the end of the course, all students are to take a written exam.

 things that should be done:

What am I to do?

 a possible aim when saying what should be done to reach it:

If you are to work here for more than three months, you must have a residence
permit.

 prohibition (only in the negative):

You are not to do that again.

Be + to-infinitive can also be used in the past:

Mr Jones was to speak at the meeting. (it was arranged and he did)

But was/were + to + perfect infinitive means that the arranged event did not actually happen:

Mr Jones was to have spoken at the meeting, but he had to cancel because of his illness.
Inversion in conditional sentences

Conditional sentences with inversion are more formal than those that follow the usual
word order.

1) In real conditionals inversion is found with the modal verb should, but it is only used
in formal language.

Look at the following examples:

If you need more information, call our office in Green Street.

If you should require any further information, please contact us at our office in Green
Street. (formal)

Should you require any further information, please contact us at our office in Green
Street. (more formal than the previous example)

2) In unreal conditionals it is common to find inversions in formal language.

Were the negotiations to fall through, it would bring about unforeseen problems. (If the
negotiations were to fall through,...)

Had I known about Mr Smith's behaviour sooner , I would have fired him immediately.
(If I had known about Mr Smith's behaviour sooner,...)

In negative clauses with inversion, we don't use contracted forms:

Had the people not been informed, the situation would have been much worse.
Appositive Phrase
1. What is an Appositive Phrase?

An appositive is a noun or noun phrase (appositive phrase) that gives another name to the
noun right next to it. It adds descriptive words about a specific thing (the noun), which helps
make a sentence more detailed; or, it adds essential information to make the sentence’s
meaning clear.

2. Examples of an Appositive Phrase

An appositive noun or phrase can come before or after the main noun. It can be at the
beginning, middle, or end of a sentence, as long as it is right next to the noun it describes. In
the examples, appositives are red, and nouns are green.

 The smallest state in the US, Rhode Island is in the northeast.

 The dog, a beagle, is great at following a scent.
 The apartment had bugs, big brown cockroaches!

3. Types of Appositive Phrases

Apposite phrases follow two forms: a noun followed by apposite phrase, or appositive phrase
followed by a noun. You can identify an appositive phrase because it is what adds details to
the main noun, so, depending on the sentence’s style, sometimes it comes before, and
sometimes it comes after.

a. Noun followed by an Appositive

The most common way to use an appositive phrase is by putting it after a noun, like this:

 Sparky, the dog who loved popcorn, was well known around the neighborhood.
 The dog, who loved popcorn, could often be spotted at the fair.
 The dog named Sparky was loved by everyone.
 At the fair, we saw Sparky, the friendly neighborhood dog.

Even though it might add important information, an appositive phrase shouldn’t affect a
sentence’s grammar. So, a sentence should make sense without it:

Sparky was well known around the neighborhood.

You can see that though the sentence is less detailed, it is still grammatically correct!
b. Appositive followed by a Noun

Though not as common as the examples above, sometimes appositive phrases come before
the noun, like this:

 Named Sparky, the dog was well known around the neighborhood.
 A lover of popcorn, Sparky was often spotted at the fair.
 The neighborhood’s favorite dog, Sparky was friendly to everyone.

Here, the appositive phrase describes the noun that follows it. Again, if you remove the
appositive phrase, the sentences still make sense, like this:

The dog was well known around the neighborhood.

Reduced Adjective Clause

Reduced Adjective Clause dapat dilakukan dengan syarat di dalam complex sentence hanya
terdapat satu subject.

Pada reduksi active voice (kalimat aktif), relative pronoun dan verb to be (jika ada) dihapus serta
ditambahkan -ing pada  active verb bentuk simple present-nya (verb-1) sehingga
membentuk present participle.

Pada passive voice (kalimat pasif), relative pronoun dan verb to be (jika ada) dihapus serta
ditambahkan being sebelum past participle (jika berbentuk progressive tense).

Contoh Reduced Adjective Clause

Contoh Complex Sentence Contoh Complex Sentence (Reduced
Kondisi
(Adjective Clause) Adjective Clause)

The student who always studies in the The student always studying in the
library is my friend. library is my friend.

The athlete who is carrying the ball is The athlete carrying the ball is
Active Voice
Miroslav Klose. Miroslav Klose.

She is the woman who supported me day She is the woman supporting me day
and night. and night.

Passive Voice The girl who was advised is my neighbour. The girl advised is my neighbour.

The car which is being parked there is

The car being parked there is Ferarri.
Ferarri.

The project which has been being worked The project being worked for 3
 months is very difficult.
for 3 months is very difficult.

Subject + The building which is in front of you was The building in front of you was built
preposition built in 1928. in 1928.

Reduced Adverbial Clause

Pengertian Reduced Adverbial Clause

Reduced adverbial clause adalah adverbial clause yang diperpendek menjadi adverbial
phrase.

Tidak semua adverbial clause dapat direduksi. Hanya adverbial clause of time (waktu), cause and
effect (sebab dan akibat), dan contrast (pertentangan) yang memungkinkan untuk
direduksi. Adverbial clause tersebut mungkin dapat direduksi jika subject-nya sama dengan subject
pada main clause-nya. Adverbial phrase yang kemudian didapat mendeskripsikan subject pada
bagian main clause.

Rumus dan Contoh Kalimat Reduced Adverbial Clause

Adverbial Clause of Time

Reduced adverbial clause of time dengan subordinate conjunction before, after, dan since
didapat dengan menghilangkan subject dan mengganti verb (kata kerja) dengan verb-ing.
Sedangkan dengan as, subject dihilangkan bersama conjunction tersebut. Adverbial
clause yang menggunakan as soon as dapat diperpendek dengan menghilangkan subject,
mengganti verb dengan verb-ing, dan mengganti conjunction tersebut dengan
preposition (kata depan) upon atau on.

Rumus Contoh Kalimat

before / after / since / while+

They had met twice before they got married.
S+V
(Mereka telah bertemu dua kali sebelum menikah.)

 
 
 
 
 
 
reduced:
reduced:

before / after / since / while

They had met twice before getting married.
+ V-ing
 As I was driving home, I saw him crossing the street.
as + S + V (Saat saya sedang mengemudi pulang ke rumah, saya melihatnya
menyeberangi jalan.))
 
 
 
 
 
 
reduced:
reduced:
V-ing
Driving home, I saw him crossing the street.
As soon as he arrived home, he collapsed onto sofa.
(Segera setelah tiba di rumah, dia roboh ke sofa.)
as soon as + S + V

 
 
 
 
 
 
reduced:
reduced:

 Upon arriving home, he collaped onto sofa.

upon/on + V-ing
 On arriving hime, he collaped onto sofa.

listening

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=6FgBHpDcbnw