Exercise 8.

3 (Solutions)
MathCity.org Textbook of Algebra and Trigonometry for Class XI
Merging man and maths Available online @ http://www.mathcity.org, Version: 3.6
Binomial Theorem when n is negative or fraction:
When n is negative or fraction and x < 1 then
n (n − 1) 2 n (n − 1)(n − 2) 3
(1 + x)n = 1 + n x + x + x + ...
2! 3!
Where the general term of binomial expansion is
n (n − 1)(n − 2)...( n − (r − 1) ) r
Tr +1 = x
r!
Question # 1
Expand the following upto 4 times, taking the values of x such that the expansion in
each case is valid.
1 1 1
−
2 −1 3 2
(i) (1 − x ) (ii) (1 + 2 x) (iii) (1 + x) (iv) (4 − 3 x)
−1
−1 −2 (1 − x ) (1 + 2 x )
(v) (8 − 2 x) (vi) (2 − 3x) (vii) 2
(viii)
(1 + x ) (1 − x )
1

(ix)
( 4 + 2x )2 (x) (1 + x − 2 x )
1
2 2
(xi) (1 − 2 x + 3 x )
1
2 2

(2 − x)
Solution
11  1  1  1 
1  − 1  − 1 − 2 
(1 − x) = 1 + (− x) + 
2 2 
(− x)2 + 
2
1 2 2  2  (− x)3 + ...
(i)
2 2! 3!
1 1 1  1  3 
 −   −  − 
1 2  2  2 2  2  2 
=1− x + x + (− x3 ) + ...
2 2 3⋅ 2
1 1 1
= 1 − x − x 2 − x3 + ...
2 8 16

(ii) Do yourself as above

(iii) Do yourself as above

1 1 1
  3x   2
1 1
 3x  2  3x  2
(iv) (4 − 3 x ) =  4 1 −   = (4) 2  1 −  = 2 1 − 
2

  4   4   4 

 11  1  1  1  
 1  3 x  2  2 − 1  3 x  2 2  2 − 1 2 − 2   3 x 3 
= 2 1 +  −  +   −
  +    −
  + ...
 2  4  2!  4  3!  4  
 
FSc-I / Ex 8.3 - 2
 1 1 1  1  3  
 3 x 2  − 2   9 x 2  2  − 2  − 2   27 x 3  
= 2 1 −     
+  + −  + ...
 8 2  16  3⋅ 2  64  
 
 3 x 1  9 x 2  1  27 x3  
= 2 1 − −   −   + ...
 8 8  16  16  64  
 3 x 9 x 2 27 x 3 
= 2 1 − − − + ...
 8 128 1024 
3x 9 x 2 27 x3
=2− − − + ...
4 64 512

1 −1 −1
2  2x 
−1 1 x 
(v) (8 − 2 x) = (8) 1 −  = 1 −  Now do yourself
 8  8 4 

(vi) Do yourself

(1 − x) −1
(vii) 2
= (1 − x) −1 (1 + x) −2
(1 + x)
 (−1)(−1 − 1) (−1)(−1 − 1)(−1 − 2) 
= 1 + (−1)(− x) + ( − x) 2 + (− x )3 + … 
 2! 3! 

 (−2)(−2 − 1) 2 (−2)(−2 − 1)(−2 − 2) 3 

× 1 + (−2)( x) + ( x) + ( x) + … 
 2! 3! 
 (−1)(−2) 2 (−1)(−2)(−3) 
= 1 + x + (x ) + (− x3 ) + … 
 2 3⋅ 2 
 (−2)(−3) 2 (−2)(−3)(−4) 3 
× 1 − 2 x + ( x) + ( x) + … 
 2 3⋅ 2 
( ) (
= 1 + x + x + x + ................... × 1 − 2 x + 3x − 4 x3 +…
2 3 2
)
= 1 + ( x − 2 x) + ( x 2 − 2 x 2 + 3 x 2 ) + ( x 3 − 2 x 3 + 3 x 3 − 4 x 3 ) + …
= 1 − x + 2 x 2 − 2 x3 +…

(viii) Do yourself as above

1 1 −1
(4 + 2 x) 2 1 1 2x  2  x
(ix) = (4 + 2 x) 2 (2 − x) −1 = (4) 2 1 +  (2)−1 1 − 
2− x  4   2
1 −1 1 −1 1 −1
 x 2
1  x  x 2 1  x   x 2  x 
= (4) 1 +  (2)−1 1 −  = 2 1 +  1 −  = 1 +  1 − 
2

 2  2  2  2 2   2  2

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 FSc-I / Ex 8.3 - 3
1 −1
 x 2  x 
= 1 +  1 − 
 2  2
 11  11  1 − 2  
 1  x  2  2 − 1   x 2 2  2 − 1 

2
 x 3
   + …
= 1 +   +   +   
 2  2  2!  2  3! 2 
 
 2
 x  (−1)(−1 − 1)  x  (−1)(−1 − 1)(−1 − 2)  x 
3

×  1 + (−1)  −  +  −  +  −  + … 
  2 2!  2 3!  2
 
 1 1 1  1  3  
 x 2  − 2   x 2  2  − 2 
 −   x3 
2 
= 1 + +   +   + … 
 4 2  4 3⋅ 2 8 
 
 x (−1)(−2)  x  (−1)(−2)(−3)  x 
2 3

× 1 + +   +  −  + … 
 2 2  4 3⋅ 2  8 
 x x2 x3   x x 2 x3 
= 1 + − + + …  × 1 + + + + … 
 4 32 128   2 4 8 
 x x  x x 2 x 2   x3 x3 x3 x3 
2
=1+  +  +  − + +  +  − + +  +…
 4 2   32 8 4   128 64 16 8 
3x 11x 2 23 x3
=1+ + + +…
4 32 128
1 1
(x) (1 + x − 2 x ) = (1 + ( x − 2 x ) )
2 2 2 2

11  11  1 
 − 1  − 1  − 2 
= 1 + ( x − 2 x 2 ) + 2  2  ( x − 2 x 2 ) 2 + 2  2  2  ( x − 2 x 2 )3 +…
1
2 2! 3!
1 1 1  1  3 
 −   −  − 
1 2 2 2 2 3 4 2  2  2 
= 1 + ( x − 2x ) + (x − 4x + 4x ) +
2 2 3⋅ 2
( 3 2 2 2 2 2 3
x + 3( x) (−2 x ) + 3( x)(−2 x ) − (2 x ) +… )
1 1 1
= 1 + ( x − 2 x 2 ) − ( x 2 − 4 x3 + 4x ) + ( x
4 3
− 6 x 4 + 12 x5 − 8 x 6 ) +…
2 8 16
1 2 1 4 4 1 6 12 8
= 1 + x − x 2 − x 2 − x3 + x 4 + x3 − x 4 + x5 − x 6 +…
2 2 8 8 8 16 16 16 16
1 1 1 1 1 3 3 1
= 1 + x − x 2 − x 2 − x 3 + x 4 + x 3 − x 4 + x 5 − x 6 +…
2 8 2 2 16 8 4 8
1 9 9
= 1 + x − x 2 − x3 +…
2 8 16
(xi) Do yourself as above

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FSc-I / Ex 8.3 - 4
Question # 2
Use the Binomial theorem find the value of the following to three places of decimials.
1 1
(i) 99 (ii) ( 0.98 ) 2 (iii) (1.03) 3 (iv) 3
65
5 1 1
(v) 4 17 (vi) 31 (vii) 3 (viii) 5
998 252
1 1
7 −
3
1 4
(ix) (x) (0.998) (xi) 6 (xii) (1280)
8 486
Solution
1
1
1
 1 21
(i) 99 = ( 99 ) = (100 − 1) = (100)  1 −
2

2 2

 100 
 11  
 1  1  2  2 − 1   1 2 
= 10 1 +  −  +  −  + … 
 2  100  2!  100  
 
 1 1 
  −  
 1 
+ 2 2
1
= 10 1 −  + … 
 200 2  10000  
 
 1 
= 10 1 − 0.005 − ( 0.0001) + … 
 8 
= 10 (1 − 0.005 − 0.0000125 + …)
≈ 10 ( 0.9949875 ) = 9.949875
≈ 9.950
1 1
(ii) ( 0.98) 2 = (1 − 0.02 ) 2 Now do yourself

1 1
(iii) (1.03) 3 = (1 + 0.03) 3 Now do yourself

1
1
1 1
 1 3
(iv) 3
65 = ( 65 ) 3 = ( 64 − 1) = (64)  1 − 
3 3
Now do yourself
 64 
1
1
1
 1
1 4
(v) 4
17 = (17 ) = (16 − 1) = (16)  1 − 
4 4 4
Now do yourself
 16 

1
1
1
 1 5
1
(vi) 5
31 = ( 31) = ( 32 − 1) = (32)  1 − 
5 5 5
Now do yourself
 32 

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 FSc-I / Ex 8.3 - 5
1
−
1 1 −
1
−
1
−
1
 2  3
(vii) = 1 = ( 998 ) = (1000 − 2 ) = (1000 )  1 − 
3 3 3
3
998 ( 998) 3  1000 
1
1 −
3 −3  1  3
= (10 ) 1 − 
 500 
 
−  − − 1 
1 1
1   1  1  3 3  1 
2

=   1 +  −  −  +  −  + … 
 10    3  500  2!  500  

 
 
−  − 
1 4
1   1  3 3   1  
=   1 +   +   + … 
 10    1500  2  250000  

 
 1  2 
=  1 + ( 0.0006667 ) + ( 0.000004 ) + … 
 10  9 
1
=   (1 + 0.0006667 + 0.00000089 + …)
 10 
1
≈   (1.00066759 ) = 0.100066759 ≈ 0.100 Answer
 10 

1
−
−  9 
1 1
1 1 − −
1 5
( viii) = 1 = ( 252 ) 5 = ( 243 + 9 ) 5 = ( 243 ) 5 1+
 
5
252 ( 252 ) 5  243 
1
1 −
5 −5  1  5
= (3 ) 1 +  Now do yourself as above
 27 
1 1
7 7  7 2  1 2
(ix) = =   = 1 − 
8 8 8  8
11 
 − 1
1 1 2 2  1
2

=1+  −  +  −  +…
2 8 2!  8 
1 1
1 2  2   1 
−
=1− +   +…
16 2  64 
1 1 1 
=1− −   +…
16 8  64 
1 1
=1− − +…
16 512
= 1 − 0.0625 − 0.00195 + …
≈ 0.93555 ≈ 0.936 Answer

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FSc-I / Ex 8.3 - 6

1 1
− −
3 3
(x) (0.998) = (1 − 0.002) Now do yourself as above

1
−
−  243 
1 1
1 1 − −
1 6
(xi) = 1 = ( 486 ) 6 = ( 729 − 243 ) 6 = ( 729 ) 6 1−
 
6
486 ( 486 ) 6  729 
1
1 −
6 −6  1 6
= (3 ) 1 −  Now do yourself
 3

1 1
1 1 1
 16  4 4 4
1
1 4
(xii) (1280) = (1296 − 16) = (1296 )  1 −  ( ) 1 − 
4 4
= 6 4
 1296   81 
Now do yourself
Question # 3
Find the coefficient of x n in the expansion of
2
1 + x2 (1+ x) (1 + x)3
(i) 2
(ii) (iii)
(1 + x ) (1 − x )
2
(1 − x)2
2

(iv)
(1 + x ) (v) (1 − x + x 2 − x 3 + …)
2
3
(1 − x )
Solution
1 + x2 −2
(i) 2
= (1 + x 2 ) (1 + x )
(1 + x )
 (−2)(−2 − 1) 2 (−2)(−2 − 1)(−2 − 2) 3 
= (1 + x 2 ) 1 + (−2)( x) + ( x) + ( x) + … 
 2! 3! 
 (−2)(−3) 2 (−2)(−3)(−4) 3 
= (1 + x 2 ) 1 − 2 x + x + x + …
 2 3⋅ 2 
= (1 + x 2 )(1 − 2 x + 3x 2 − 4 x3 +…)
= (1 + x 2 )(1 + (−1)2 x + (−1)2 3 x 2 + (−1)3 4 x3 +…)
Following in this way we can write
1 + x2
2
= (1 + x 2 ) (1 + (−1)2 x + (−1) 2 3x 2 + (−1)3 4 x3 + … + (−1)n−2 (n − 1) x n−2 +
(1 + x )
(−1) n−1 ( n) x n−1 + (−1) n (n + 1) x n + …)
So taking only terms involving x n we get
(−1) n (n + 1) x n + (−1) n−2 (n − 1) x n
= (−1)n (n + 1) x n + (−1)n (−1)−2 (n − 1) x n
= (−1)n (n + 1) x n + (−1)n (n − 1) x n ∵ (−1) −2 = 1
= (n + 1 + n − 1)(−1) n x n = (2n)(−1) n x n

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 FSc-I / Ex 8.3 - 7
Thus the coefficient of term involving x n is (2n)(−1)n

(ii)
Hint:
After solving you will get
2
(1 + x ) = 1 + 2 x + x 2 (1 + 2 x + 3x 2 + 4 x3 + … + (n − 1) x n−2 + (n) x n−1 + (n + 1) x n + …)
2 ( )
(1 − x )
Do yourself as above

(1 + x)3
(iii) 2
= (1 + x)3 (1 − x)−2
(1 − x)
3 (−2)(−2 − 1) (−2)(−2 − 1)(−2 − 2) 
= (1 + x ) 1 + (−2)(− x) + (− x) 2 + ( − x )3 + … 
 2! 3! 
3 (−2)(−3) 2 (−2)(−3)(−4) 
= (1 + x ) 1 + 2 x + ( x) + (− x 3 ) + … 
 2 3⋅ 2 
= (1 + 3x + 3x 2 + x3 )(1 + 2 x + 3x 2 + 4 x3 +…)
Following in this way we can write
(1 + x)3
(1 − x) 2 ( )
= 1 + 3x + 3x 2 + x3 (1 + 2 x + 3x 2 + 4 x3 + … + (n − 2) x n−3 + (n − 1) x n−2

+(n) x n−1 + (n + 1) x n + …)
So taking only terms involving x n we have term
(n + 1) x n + 3(n) x n + 3(n − 1) x n + (n − 2) x n
= ( ( n + 1) + 3(n) + 3( n − 1) + ( n − 2) ) x n
= ( n + 1 + 3n + 3n − 3 + n − 2 ) x n
= ( 8n − 4 ) x n
Thus the coefficient of term involving x n is ( 8n − 4 ) .

2
(1 + x ) = 1 + x 2 1 − x −3
(iv) 3 ( )( )
(1 − x )
2 (−3)(−3 − 1) (−3)(−3 − 1)(−3 − 2) 
= (1 + x ) 1 + (−3)(− x) + ( − x) 2 + (− x)3 + ... 
 2! 3! 
2 (−3)(−4) (−3)(−4)(−5) 
= (1 + x ) 1 + (−3)(− x) + (− x)2 + (− x)3 + ... 
 2 3⋅ 2 
 (3)(4) 2 (4)(5) 3 
= (1 + 2 x + x 2 ) 1 + 3 x + (x ) + ( x ) + ... 
 2 2 
 (2)(3) (3)(4) 2 (4)(5) 3 
= (1 + 2 x + x 2 ) 1 + x+ x + x + ... 
 2 2 2 

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FSc-I / Ex 8.3 - 8
Following in this way we can write
2
(1 + x ) = 1 + 2 x + x 2 1 + (2) (3) x + (3)(4) x 2 + (4) (5) x 3 + ...
3 ( ) 
(1 − x ) 2 2 2

(n − 1)(n) n−2 (n)(n + 1) n−1 (n + 1)(n + 2) n 

+ x + x + x + ... 
2 2 2 
n
So taking only terms involving x we have term
(n + 1)(n + 2) n (n)(n + 1) n (n − 1)(n) n
x +2 x + x
2 2 2
xn
= ( (n + 1)(n + 2) + 2(n)(n + 1) + (n − 1)(n) )
2
n
x
= ( n 2 + n + 2n + 2 + 2n 2 + 2n + n 2 − n )
2
n
x xn
= ( 4n 2 + 4 n + 2 ) = 2 ( 2n 2 + 2n + 1)
2 2
2
(
= 2n + 2n + 1 x n
)
Thus the coefficient of term involving x n is 2n2 + 2n + 1 . ( )
(v) Since we know that
(1 + x)−1 = 1 − x + x 2 − x3 + ...
Therefore
2 2 −2
(1 − x + x 2
− x 3 + ...) = ( (1 + x ) −1 ) = (1 + x )
(−2)(−2 − 1) 2 (−2)(−2 − 1)(−2 − 2) 3
= 1 + (−2)( x) + ( x) + ( x) + ...
2! 3!
(−2)(−3) 2 (−2)(−3)(−4) 3
= 1 − 2x + ( x) + ( x) + ...
2 3⋅ 2
= 1 − 2 x + 3 x 2 − 4 x3 + ...
= 1 + (−1) 2 x + (−1) 2 3x 2 (−1)3 4 x3 + ...
Following in this way we can write
= 1 + (−1) 2 x + (−1) 2 3 x 2 (−1)3 4 x3 + ... + (−1)n (n + 1) x n + ...
So the term involving x n = (−1)n (n + 1) x n
And hence coefficient of term involving x n is (−1) n (n + 1)

Question # 4
If x so small that its square and higher powers can be neglected, then show that
1− x 3 1 + 2x 3
(i) ≈= 1 − x (ii) ≈1+ x
1+ x 2 1− x 2
1 1
(9 + 7 x) 2 − (16 + 3 x) 4 1 17 4+ x 25
(iii) ≈ − x (iv) 3
≈2+ x
4 + 5x 4 384 (1 − x) 4
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 FSc-I / Ex 8.3 - 9
1 1 1 1
(1 + x) 2 (4 − 3x) 4  5x  (1 − x) 2 (9 − 4 x) 2 3 61
(v) 1
≈ 1 −  (vi) 1
≈ − x
(8 + 5 x ) 3  6 
(8 + 3x ) 3
2 48
1
4 − x + (8 − x) 3 1
(vii) 1
≈2− x
12
(8 − x )3
Solution
(i)
1
1− x 1− x −
2
L.H.S = = 1 = (1 − x )(1 + x )
1 + x (1 + x ) 2
  1 
= (1 − x) 1 +  −  ( x) + squares and higher power of x  .
  2 
1
= 1 − x − x + squares and higher power of x
2
3
≈ 1 − x = R.H.S Proved
2
1 1
1 + 2x −
(ii) Since = (1 + 2 x ) 2 (1 − x ) 2
1− x
1
1
Now (1 + 2 x ) 2 = 1 +   (2 x) + squares and higher power of x.
2
≈1+ x
−
1
 1
Now (1 − x ) 2 = 1 +  −  (− x) + squares and higher power of x.
 2
1
≈1+ x
2
1 + 2x  1 
≈ (1 + x ) 1 + x 
1− x  2 
1
=1+ x + x ignoring term involving x 2 .
2
3
= 1 + x Proved.
2
1 1
(9 + 7 x) 2 − (16 + 3 x) 4
(iii)
4 + 5x
1

( 1
= (9 + 7 x) 2 − (16 + 3 x) 4 ) ( 4 + 5x ) −1

1
 7x 2 1
2
1
2
Now (9 + 7 x) = 9 1 + 
 9 
1  1  7 x  
= (32 ) 2 1 +    + squres and higher of x. 
  2  9  

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FSc-I / Ex 8.3 - 10
 7x   7x  7x
≈ 31 +  = 3 + 3  = 3 +
 18   18  6
1
1 1
 3x  4
(16 + 3 x) 4 4
= (16) 1 + 
 16 
1  1  3x  
= (24 ) 4 1 +    + square and higher power of x 
  4  16  
 3x   3x  3x
≈ (2) 1 +  = 2 + 2   = 2 +
 64   64  32
−1
−1  5 −1
( 4 + 5x ) = 4 1 + x 
 4 
1 5  
= 1 + ( −1)  x  + squares and higher power of x 
4 4  
1 5  1 5
≈ 1 − x  = − x
4 4  4 16
1 1
(9 + 7 x) 2 − (16 + 3 x) 4  7 x   3x    1 5 
So ≈  3 +  −  2 +    − x 
4 + 5x  6   32    4 16 
 7x 3 x   1 5   103  1 5 
= 3 + − 2 −   − x  =  1+ x  − x 
 6 32   4 16   96  4 16 
1 103 5 1 17
= + x− x = − x Proved
4 384 16 4 384

(iv) Do yourself

1 3
(1 + x ) 2 ( 4 − 3x ) 2 = 1 + x 12 4 − 3x 32 8 + 5 x − 13
(v) 1 ( ) ( ) ( )
( 8 + 5 x ) 3

1 1
Now (1 + x ) 2 = 1 +   ( x) + square and higher power of x
2
1
≈1+ x
2
3
3 3
 3 2
( 4 − 3x ) 2 2
= 4 1 − x 
 4 
2 2  3  3  
3
= ( 2 ) 1 +   − x  + square and higher power of x 
  2  4  
3 9   9 
≈ ( 2 ) 1 − x  = 8  1 − x 
 8   8 
−1
−1 −1  5  3
(8 + 5x ) 3
= ( 8) 3
1 + x 
 8 

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 FSc-I / Ex 8.3 - 11
−1   1  5  
= ( 23 ) 3 1 +  −  x  + square and higher power of x 
  3  8  
 5  1 5 
≈ (2) −1 1 − x  = 1 − x 
 24  2  24 
1 3

So
(1 + x ) 2 ( 4 − 3x ) 2  1   9 
≈ 1 + x  8 1 − x 
1
1 −
5 
x
1 
( 8 + 5 x )3  2   8  2  24 
8 1   9 5 
= 1 + x  1 − x − x 
2 2   8 24 
 1  4   1 4   5 
= 4 1 + x  1 − x  = 4 1 + x − x  = 4 1 − x  Proved
 2  3   2 3   6 

(vi) Do yourself as above

(vii) Same as Question #4 (iii)
Question # 5
If x is so small that its cube and higher power can be neglected, then show that
1 9 1+ x 1
(i) 1 − x − 2 x 2 = 1 − x − x 2 (ii) = 1 + x + x2
2 8 1− x 2
Solution
1
(i) 1 − x − 2 x 2 = (1 − ( x + 2 x 2 ) ) 2

1
1 1 −1
= 1 +   ( −( x + 2 x ) ) + 2 2
( ) 2

2
2

2!
( −( x + 2 x 2 ) ) + cube & higher power of x.

1
1 −1
( )
≈ 1 −   ( x + 2 x ) + 2 2 ( x + 2 x2 )2
2

2 2
1 1 1 1 1
≈ 1 − x − (2 x 2 ) − x 2 = 1 − x − x 2 − x 2
2 2 8 2 8
1 9
= 1 − x − x2 Proved
2 8
(ii)
1
1 1
1 + x (1 + x) 2 2
−
2
= 1 = (1 + x) (1 − x)
1 − x (1 − x) 2
Now
1
2 1
1 1 −1
(1 + x) = 1 +   x + 2 2
( )
x 2 + cube & higher power of x.
2 2!
1
1 −1
( ) 1
≈ 1 + x + 2 2 x2 = 1 + x − x2
1
2 2 2 8

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FSc-I / Ex 8.3 - 12

(1 − x)
−
1
2  1 ( )(
= 1 +  −  (− x) +
)
− 12 − 12 − 1
(− x)2 + cube & higher power of x.
 2 2!
1
≈1+ x +
( )( )
− 12 − 23 2 1
x = 1 + x + x2
3
2 2 2 8
So
1+ x  1 1  1 3 
= 1 + x − x 2 1 + x + x 2 
1− x  2 8  2 8 
1 1 1 1 3 1
= 1 + x − x2 + x + x 2 + x2 = 1 + x + x2 Proved
2 8 2 4 8 2
Question # 6
If x is very nearly equal 1, then prove that px p − qx q = ( p − q ) x p + q
Solution
Since x is nearly equal to 1 so suppose x = 1 + h ,
where h is so small that its square and higher powers be neglected
L.H.S = px p − qx q
= p (1 + h) p − q (1 + h) q
= p (1 + ph + square & higher power of x)
−q (1 + qh + square & higher power of h)
≈ p (1 + ph) − q (1 + qh)
= p + p 2 h − q − q 2 h …………….. (i)
Now R.H.S = ( p − q ) x p + q
= ( p − q )(1 + h) p + q
= ( p − q ) (1 + ( p + q )h + square & higher power of h )
≈ ( p − q ) (1 + ( p + q )h ) = ( p − q ) (1 + ph + qh )
= p + p 2 h + pqh − q − pqh − q 2 h
= p + p 2 h − q − q 2 h …………….. (ii)
From (i) and (ii)
L.H.S ≈ R.H.S Proved

Question # 7
If p − q is small when compared with p or q , show that
1
(2n + 1) p + (2n − 1)q  p + q  n
=  .
(2n − 1) p + (2n + 1)q  2q 
Solution Since p − q is small when compare
Therefore let p − q = h  p = q + h
(2n + 1) p + (2n − 1)q (2n + 1)(q + h) + (2n − 1)q
L.H.S = =
(2n − 1) p + (2n + 1)q (2n − 1)(q + h) + (2n + 1)q

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 FSc-I / Ex 8.3 - 13
2nq + q + 2nh + h + 2nq − q 4nq + 2nh + h
= =
2nq − q + 2nh − h + 2nq + q 4nq + 2nh − h
−1
4nq + 2nh + h 4nq + 2nh + h  2nh − h 
= = 1 + 
 2nh − h  4nq  4nq 
4nq 1 +
 4nq 
4nq + 2nh + h   2nh − h  
= 1 + (−1)   + square & higher power of x 2 
4nq   4nq  
4nq + 2nh + h  2nh − h  4nq + 2nh + h  4nq − 2nh + h 
= 1 −  =  
4nq  4nq  4nq  4nq 
16n 2 q 2 + 8n 2 hq + 4nhq − 8n 2 hq + 4nhq
≈ ignoring squares of h
16n 2 q 2
16n 2 q 2 + 8nhq 16n 2 q 2 8nhq
= = +
16n 2 q 2 16n 2 q 2 16n 2 q 2
h
=1+ …………….. (i)
2nq
1 1
 p + q n  q + h + q n
Now R.H.S =   = 
 2 q   2q 
1 1 1
 2q + h  n  2q h  n  h n
=  = +  = 1 + 
 2q   2q 2 q   2q 
 1  h 
= 1 +    + square & higher power of h .
 n   2q 
h
≈1+ …………….. (ii)
2nq
Form (i) and (ii)
L.H.S ≈ R.H.S Proved

Question # 8
1
 n  2 8n n+ N
Show that   ≈ − where n and N are nearly equal.
 2(n + N )  9n − N 4n
Solution Since n and N are nearly equal therefore consider N = n + h ,
where h is so small that its squares and higher power be neglected.
1 1
 n 2  n 2
L.H.S =  =
  
 2(n + N )   2(n + n + h) 
1 1 1 1
   2(2n + h) 
− − −
n 2 2  4n + 2h  2  2h  2
=  =  =  =4+ 
 2(2 n + h )   n   n   n 

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FSc-I / Ex 8.3 - 14
1 1
1 − 1 −
 2h 
− 2  h − 2
= (4) 1 +  = (22 )  1 +
2

2

 4n   2n 
  1 h 
= (2) −1 1 +  −  + square & higher power of h 
  2  2n 
1 h  1 h
= 1 −  = − …………….. (i)
2  4n  2 8n
8n n+ N
Now R.H.S = −
9n − N 4n
8n n + (n + h) 8n n+n+h
= − = −
9n − ( n + h) 4n 9n − n − h 4n
−1
8n 2n + h 8n 2n + h  h  2n + h
= − = − = 1 −  −
8n − h 4n (8n 1 − h
8n )
4n  8n  4n

  h    2n h 
= 1 + (−1)  −  + square & higher power of h  −  + 
  8 n    4 n 4n 
 h  1 h  h 1 h
= 1 +  −  +  =1+ − −
 8 n   2 4 n  8n 2 4n
1 h
= − …………….. (ii)
2 8n
From (i) and (ii)
L.H.S = R.H.S Proved
Question # 9
Identify the following series as binomial expansion and find the sum in each case.
2 3
1  1  1⋅ 3  1  1⋅ 3 ⋅ 5  1 
(i) 1 −   +   −   +…
2  4  2! ⋅ 4  4  3! ⋅ 8  4 
2 3
1  1  1⋅ 3  1  1⋅ 3 ⋅ 5  1 
(ii) 1 −   +   −   +…
2  2  2⋅ 4  2  2.4.6  2 
3 3⋅5 3⋅5⋅ 7
(iii) 1 + + + +…
4 4 ⋅8 4 ⋅ 8 ⋅ 12
2 3
1  1  1⋅ 3  1  1⋅ 3 ⋅ 5  1 
(iv) 1 −   +   −   +…
2  3  2⋅4  3  2.4.6  3 
Solution
2 3
1  1  1⋅ 3  1  1⋅ 3 ⋅ 5  1 
(i) 1−   +   −   +…
2  4  2! ⋅ 4  4  3! ⋅ 8  4 
Suppose the given series be identical with
n(n − 1) 2
(1 + x)n = 1 + nx + x +…
2!
11
This implies nx = −   ……………….…… (i)
2 4
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 FSc-I / Ex 8.3 - 15
2
n(n − 1) 2 1 ⋅ 3  1 
x =   …………. (ii)
2! 2! ⋅ 4  4 
1 1
From (i) nx = −  x=− …………… (iii)
8 8n
Putting value of x in (ii)
2 2
n(n − 1)  1  1⋅ 3  1 
−  =  
2!  8n  2! ⋅ 4  4 
n(n − 1)  1  3 1
   =  
2  64n 2  2 ⋅ 4  16 
(n − 1) 3 3
 =  (n − 1) = ⋅ 128n  n − 1 = 3 n
128n 128 128
1
 n − 3n = 1  − 2n = 1  n = −
2
Putting value of n in equation (iii)
1 1
x=−  x=
8 −1
2 ( ) 4
So
1 1 1
− −
n  1 2 5 2  4 2 4
(1 + x) =  1 +  =   =  =
 4 4 5 5
(ii) Do yourself as above

3 3⋅5 3⋅5⋅ 7
(iii) 1+ + + +…
4 4 ⋅8 4 ⋅ 8 ⋅ 12
Suppose the given series be identical with
n(n − 1) 2
(1 + x)n = 1 + nx + x +…
2!
3
This implies nx = ……………….…… (i)
4
n(n − 1) 2 3 ⋅ 5
x = …………. (ii)
2! 4 ⋅8
3 3
From (i) nx =  x= …………… (iii)
4 4n
Putting value of x in (ii)
2
n(n − 1)  3  3 ⋅ 5 n(n − 1)  9  15
  =   =
2!  4n  4 ⋅8 2  16 n 2  32
9(n − 1) 15 15
 =  9( n − 1) = ⋅ 32 n  9n − 9 = 15 n
32 n 32 32

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FSc-I / Ex 8.3 - 16

9 3
 9n − 15n = 9  − 6n = 9  n = −  n=−
6 2
Putting value of n in equation (iii)
3 1
x=−  x=−
( )
4 −3
2
2
3 3
− −
 1 2 1 2 3 3
So (1 + x) =  1 −  =   = ( 2 ) 2 = 2 = 2 2 Answer
n

 2 2
( )
(iv) Do yourself as above
Question # 10
1 1⋅ 3 1⋅ 3 ⋅ 5
Use binomial theorem to show that 1 + + + +… = 2
4 4 ⋅8 4 ⋅ 8 ⋅ 12
1 1⋅ 3 1⋅ 3 ⋅ 5
Solution 1+ + + +…
4 4 ⋅8 4 ⋅ 8 ⋅ 12
Suppose the given series be identical with
n(n − 1) 2
(1 + x)n = 1 + nx + x +…
2!
This implies
1
nx = ……………….…… (i)
4
n(n − 1) 2 1 ⋅ 3
x = …………. (ii)
2! 4 ⋅8
1 1
From (i) nx =  x= …………… (iii)
4 4n
Putting value of x in (ii)
2
n( n − 1)  1  1 ⋅ 3 n( n − 1)  1  3
  =   =
2!  4n  4 ⋅8 2  16 n 2  32
(n − 1) 3 3
 =  (n − 1) = ⋅ 32 n  n − 1 = 3 n
32 n 32 32
1
 n − 3n = 1  − 2n = 1  n=−
2
Putting value of n in equation (iii)
1 1
x=  x=−
4 −1
2( ) 2
1 1
− −
 1 2 1 2 1
So (1 + x) n =  1 −  =   = ( 2 ) 2 = 2
 2 2
1 1⋅ 3 1⋅ 3 ⋅ 5
Hence 1+ + + +… = 2 Proved
4 4 ⋅8 4 ⋅ 8 ⋅ 12

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 FSc-I / Ex 8.3 - 17
Question # 11
2 3
1 1⋅ 3  1  1⋅ 3 ⋅ 5  1  2
If y = +   +   + … , then prove that y + 2 y − 2 = 0 .
3 2!  3  3!  3 
2 3
1 1⋅ 3  1  1⋅ 3 ⋅ 5  1 
Solution y= +   +   +…
3 2!  3  3!  3 
Adding 1 on both sides
2 3
1 1⋅ 3  1  1⋅ 3 ⋅ 5  1 
1+ y =1+ +   +   +…
3 2!  3  3!  3 
Let the given series be identical with
n(n − 1) 2
(1 + x)n = 1 + nx + x +…
2!
This implies
1
nx = ……………….…… (i)
3
2
n(n − 1) 2 1 ⋅ 3  1 
x =   …………. (ii)
2! 2!  3 
1 1
From (i) nx =  x= …………… (iii)
3 3n
Putting value of x in (ii)
2 2
n(n − 1)  1  1 ⋅ 3  1 
  =  
2!  3n  2!  3 
n( n − 1)  1  3 1
  = ⋅
2  9 n2  2 9
n −1 1 1
 =  n − 1 = ⋅ 18 n
18 n 6 6
 n − 1 = 3 n  n − 3n = 1
1
 − 2n = 1  n = −
2
Putting value of n in equation (iii)
1 2
x=  x=−
( )
3 −1
2
3
1 1
− −
 2 2 1 2
So (1 + x) n =  1 −  = 
 3 3
1
= ( 3) = 3
2

This implies
1+ y = 3
On squaring both sides

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FSc-I / Ex 8.3 - 18
2
(1 + y )
2
= ( )
3
 1 + 2 y + y2 = 3  1 + 2 y + y2 − 3 = 0
 y 2 + 2 y − 2 = 0 Proved.
Question # 12
1 1⋅ 3 1 1⋅ 3 ⋅ 5 1
If 2 y = 2 + ⋅ 4+ ⋅ 6 + ... , then prove that 4 y 2 + 4 y − 1 = 0 .
2 2! 2 3! 2
1 1⋅ 3 1 1⋅ 3 ⋅ 5 1
Solution 2y = 2 + ⋅ + ⋅ + ...
2 2! 24 3! 26
Adding 1 on both sides
1 1⋅ 3 1 1⋅ 3 ⋅ 5 1
1+ 2y =1+ 2 + ⋅ + ⋅ + ...
2 2! 24 3! 26
Let the given series be identical with
n(n − 1) 2
(1 + x)n = 1 + nx + x + ...
2!
This implies
1
nx = 2 ……………….…… (i)
2
n(n − 1) 2 1 ⋅ 3 1
x = ⋅ …………. (ii)
2! 2! 24
1 1
From (i) nx =  x= …………… (iii)
4 4n
Putting value of x in (ii)
2
n(n − 1)  1  1 ⋅ 3 1
  = ⋅
2!  4n  2! 24
n( n − 1)  1  3 1
  = ⋅
2  16 n 2  2 16
n −1
 = 3  n − 1 = 3n
n
1
 n − 3n = 1  − 2n = 1  n = −
2
Putting value of n in equation (iii)
1 1
x=  x=−
( )
4 −1
2
2
So
1
−
 1 2
(1 + x) n =  1 − 
 2
1
−
1 2 1
=  = ( 2) 2 = 2
2

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 FSc-I / Ex 8.3 - 19
This implies
1+ 2y = 2
On squaring both sides
2
(1 + 2 y )
2
= ( 2)
 1 + 4 y + 4 y2 = 4  1 + 4 y + 4 y2 − 2 = 0
 4 y2 + 4 y − 1 = 0 Proved
Question # 13
2 3
2 1⋅ 3  2  1⋅ 3 ⋅ 5  2  2
If y = +   +   + … , then prove that y + 2 y − 4 = 0 .
5 2!  5  3!  5 
2 3
2 1⋅ 3  2  1⋅ 3 ⋅ 5  2 
Solution y= +   +   +…
5 2!  5  3!  5 
Adding 1 on both sides
2 3
2 1⋅ 3  2  1⋅ 3 ⋅ 5  2 
1+ y =1+ +   +   +…
5 2!  5  3!  5 
Let the given series be identical with
n(n − 1) 2
(1 + x)n = 1 + nx + x +…
2!
This implies
2
nx = ……………….…… (i)
5
2
n( n − 1) 2 1 ⋅ 3  2 
x =   …………. (ii)
2! 2!  5 
2 2
From (i) nx =  x= …………… (iii)
5 5n
Putting value of x in (ii)
2 2
n(n − 1)  2  1 ⋅ 3  2 
  =  
2!  5n  2!  5 
n(n − 1)  4  3  4 
  =  
2  25n 2  2  25 
n −1
 = 3  n − 1 = 3 n  n − 3n = 1
n
1
 − 2n = 1  n = −
2
Putting value of n in equation (iii)
2 4
x=  x=−
( )
5 −1
2
5

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FSc-I / Ex 8.3 - 20
1 1
− −
 4 2 1 2
So (1 + x) n =  1 −  = 
 5 5
1
= ( 5) 2 = 5
This implies
1+ y = 5
On squaring both sides
2
(1 + y )
2
= ( 5)
 1 + 2 y + y2 = 5  1 + 2 y + y2 − 5 = 0
 y 2 + 2 y − 4 = 0 Proved.

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Faizan Yousaf (2019) Punjab College

Book: Exercise 8.3 (Page 283)

Text Book of Algebra and Trigonometry Class XI
Punjab Textbook Board, Lahore.
Edition: May 2017

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