Exercise 8.

2 (Solutions)
Mathcity.org Textbook of Algebra and Trigonometry for Class XI
Page 273

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Binomial Theorem
If a and x are two real number and n is a positive integer then
(a + x) n =   a n +   a n−1 x1 +   a n−2 x 2 + ... + 
n n n n  n−1  n  n
a x +  n x
0 1 2  n − 1  
Proof
We will use mathematical induction to prove this so let S (n) be the given
statement.
Put n = 1
S (1) : (a + x)1 =   a1 +   a1−1 x1 = (1) a + (1)(1) x ⇒ a + x = a + x
1 1
0 1
S (1) is true so condition I is satisfied.
Now suppose that S (n) is true for n = k .
S (k ) : (a + x )k =   a k +   a k −1 x1 +   a k −2 x 2 + ... + 
k k k k  k −1  k  k
 a x +  k  x …..(i)
0 1  2  k − 1  
The statement for n = k + 1
S (k + 1) : (a + x) k +1 = 
k + 1 k +1  k + 1 k +1−1 1  k + 1 k +1−2 2
a +  1 a x + a x + ...
 0     2 

+ 
k + 1  k +1−1  k + 1 k +1
a x + x
 k + 1 − 1  k + 1
⇒ (a + x )k +1 = 
k + 1 k +1  k + 1 k 1  k + 1 k −1 2
 a +  1  a x +  2  a x + ...
 0     

+ 
k + 1 k  k + 1 k +1
 a x +  k + 1 x
 k   
Multiplying both sides of equation (i) by (a + x)
 k k  k −1  k  k 
(a + x) k (a + x) =    a k +   a k −1 x1 +   a k −2 x 2 + ... + 
k k
 a x +  k  x  (a + x)
 0 1  2  k − 1   
 k k  k −1  k  k 
⇒ (a + x) k +1 =    a k +   a k −1 x1 +   a k −2 x 2 + ... + 
k k
 a x +  k  x  (a )
 0 1  2  k − 1   
 k k  k −1  k  k 
+    a k +   a k −1 x1 +   a k −2 x 2 + ... + 
k k
 a x +  k  x  ( x)
 0 1 2  k − 1   
⇒ (a + x )k +1 =   a k +1 +   a k x1 +   a k −1 x 2 + ... + 
k k k k  2 k −1  k  k
a x +  k a x
0 1  2  k − 1  
+   a k x +   a k −1 x 2 +   a k −2 x 3 + ... + 
k k k k  k  k  k +1
a x + k  x
0 1 2  k − 1  
 k k   k k 
⇒ (a + x)k +1 =   a k +1 +    +    a k x1 +    +    a k −1 x 2 + ...
k
 
0    
1 0    1
2
 FSc-I / Ex 8.2 - 2

 k k   k  k  k +1
+    +  a x +  k  x
  k   k − 1   
Since   = 
n + 1   n   n   n + 1
and   = 
n n n + 1
 ,  +  =  
 0   0   r   r − 1  r   n   n + 1
⇒ (a + x )k +1 = 
k + 1 k +1  k + 1 k 1  k + 1 k −1 2
a x + ... + 
k + 1 k  k + 1 k +1
 a +  a x +   a x +  k + 1 x
 0   1   2   k   
Thus S ( k + 1) is true when S (k ) is true so condition II is satisfied and S (n) is true for
all
positive integral value of n.
Question # 1
Using binomial theorem, expand the following:
6 4
5 x 2   x 
(i) (a + 2b) (ii)  − 2  (iii)  3a − 
2 x   3a 
8 6
 x
7
 x 2y   a x
(iv)  2a −  (v)  −  (vi)  − 
 a  2y x   x a
Solution
(i)
( a + 2b)5 = () ()
5 5 5 5−1
0
a +
1
a (2b)1 +
5 5− 2
2 ()
a (2b) 2 +
5 5−3
3
a (2b)3 +
4 ()
5 5− 4
a (2b) 4 +
5 5−5
5
a (2b)5 () ()
= (1) a 5 + (5) a 4 (2b) + (10) a 3 (4b 2 ) + (10) a 2 (8b3 ) + (5) a1 (16b 4 ) + (1) a 0 (32b5 )
= a 5 + 10 a 4b + 40 a 3b 2 + 80 a 2b3 + 80 ab 4 + 32b5 ∵ a0 = 1

6
 x 2  6 x 6 x 6 x 6 x
6 6 −1 1 6− 2 2 6 −3 3

(ii)  − 2  =     +      − 2  +      − 2  +      − 2 
2 2 2
 2 x   0  2   1  2   x   2  2   x   3  2   x 
 6  x   2   6  x   2   6  x   2 
6−4 4 6−5 5 6−6 6

+     − 2  +     − 2  +     − 2 
 4  2   x   5  2   x   6  2   x 
6 5 4 2 3 3
 x x  2   x  2  x  2 
= (1)   − (6)    2  + (15)    2  − (20)    2 
2 2  x  2  x  2  x 
2 4 1 5 6
x  2  x  2   2
+(15)    2  − (6)    2  + (1)(1)  2 
2  x  2  x  x 
 x6   x5   2   x4   4   x3   8 
=   − 6    2  + 15    4  − 20    6 
 64   32   x   16   x   8  x 
 x 2   16   x  32   64 
+15   8  − 6   10  +  12 
 4   x   2  x   x 
x 6 3x 3 15 20 60 96 64
= − + − 3 + 6 − 9 + 12
64 8 4 x x x x

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 FSc-I / Ex 8.2 - 3

(iii) Do yourself

(iv) Do yourself

(v) Do yourself

6 6 6 −1 1 6−2 2 6−3
 a x   6  a   6  a   x   6  a   x   6 a 
(vi)  −  =    +    −  +    −  +   
 x a   
0 x   
1 x   a   
2 x   a   3 x 

3 6− 4 4 6−5 5 6−6 6
 x   6  a   x   6  a   x   6 a   x
 −   
+   −   
+   −   
+   − 
 a   4  x   a   5  x   a   6  x   a 
6 5 1 4 2 3 3
 a  a  x  a  x  a  x
= (1)   − (6)     + (15)     − (20)     −
 x   x   a   x   a   x   a 
3 2 4 1 5 0 6
 x   a   x   a   x   a   x 
  + (15)     − (6)     + (1)     =
 a   x   a   x   a   x   a 
6 5 −1 4 −2 3 −3
 a   a   a   a   a   a   a 
  − 6    + 15     − 20    
 x   x   x   x   x   x   x 
−2 4 −1 5 6
 x  x  x  x  x
+15     − 6    + 1(1)  
 a  a  a  a  a
6 5 −1 4−2 3− 3 −2 + 4 −1+ 5 6
 a  a  a  a  x  x  x
=  − 6  + 15   − 20   + 15   − 6  + 1 
 x  x  x  x  a  a  a
6 4 2 0 2 4 6
 a  a  a  a  x  x  x
=  − 6  + 15   − 20   + 15   − 6  + 
 x  x  x  x  a  a  a
6 4 2 2 4 6
 1
  1
  1
  1
  1
  1

 a 2
 a 
2
 a 2
  x 
2
  x     x 2 
2
=   −6   + 15   − 20 (1) + 15   −6  
  a     a  
+
 x    x    x    a  
           
3 2 2 3
a a a x x x
=   − 6   + 15   − 20 + 15   − 6   +  
 x  x  x a a a
a3 a2 a x x 2 x3
= 3 − 6 2 + 15 − 20 + 15 − 6 2 + 3
x x x a a a
Question # 2
Calculate the following by means of binomial theorem:
(i) (0.97)3 (ii) (2.02) 4 (iii) (9.98)4 (iv) (2.1)5
Solution (i) (0.97)3 = (1 − 0.03)3
 3  3 3  3
=   (1)3 +   (1) 2 (−0.03) +   (1)1 (−0.03) 2 + +   (−0.03)3
0 1 2  3
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 FSc-I / Ex 8.2 - 4
= (1)(1) + 3(1)(−0.03) + 3(1)(0.0009) + + (1)(−0.000024)
= 1 − 0.09 + 0.0027 − 0.000027 = 0.912673

(ii) (2.02) 4 = (2 + 0.02) 4 Now do yourself.

(iii) (9.98)4 = (10 − 0.02) 4

4 4 4 4
=   (10) 4 +   (10)3 (−0.02) +   (10) 2 (−0.02) 2 +   (10)1 (−0.02)3
0 1 2 3
 4
+   (10)0 (−0.02) 4
 4
= (1)(10000) + 4(1000)(−0.02) + 6(100)(0.0004) + 4(10)(−0.000008)
+ (1)(1)(0.00000016)

= 10000 − 80 + 0.24 − 0.00032 + 0.00000016 = 9920.23968

(iv) (2.1)5 = (2 + 0.1)5 Now do yourself.

Question # 3
Expand and simplify the following:
4 4 5 5
(
(i) a + 2 x ) + (a − 2x ) (
(ii) 2 + 3 + 2 − 3 ) ( )
3 3
5
(iii) ( 2 + i ) − ( 2 − i )
5
( 2
(iv) x + x − 1 + x − x − 1 ) ( 2
)
4 4
Solution (i) (a + 2x ) + (a − 2x )
We take
4
(a + 2x )
 4  4  4
( 2 x ) +  43  a ( 2 x ) +  44  a ( 2 x )
1 2 3 4
=   a 4 +   a3
0 1
( )
2x +   a2
 2
1 0

= (1) a 4 + ( 4 ) a ( 2 x ) + ( 6 ) a ( 2 x ) + ( 4 ) a ( 2 2 x ) + (1)(1) ( 4 x )
3 2 2 3 4

4
(
⇒ a + 2x ) = a 4 + 4 2a 3 x + 12a 2 x 2 + 8 2 a x 3 + 4 x 4 …………. (i)
Replacing 2 by − 2 in eq. (i)
4
( a − 2x ) ( )
= a 4 + 4 − 2 a 3 x + 12a 2 x 2 + 8 − 2 a x 3 + 4 x 4 ( )
= a 4 − 4 2a 3 x + 12a 2 x 2 − 8 2 a x 3 + 4 x 4 ……………. (ii)
Adding (i) & (ii)
4 4
(a + 2x ) + (a − 2x ) = 2 a 4 + 24 a 2 x 2 + 8 x 4
(ii) Do yourself.
(iii) Since

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 FSc-I / Ex 8.2 - 5
5 5 5 5 5 5
(2 + i )5 =   25 +   25−1 i +   25−2 i 2 +   25−3 i 3 +   25−4 i 4 +   25−5 i 5
0 1 2  3  4 5
= (1) 25 + ( 5 ) 24 i + (10 ) 23 i 2 + (10 ) 22 i 3 + ( 5 ) 21 i 4 + (1) 20 i 5
= 32 + 80i + 80i 2 + 40i 3 + 10i 4 + i 5 ……….. (i)
Replacing i by −i in eq. (i)
2 3 4 5
(2 + i )5 = 32 + 80 ( −i ) + 80 ( −i ) + 40 ( −i ) + 10 ( −i ) + ( −i )
= 32 − 80i + 80i 2 − 40i 3 + 10i 4 − i 5 …….(ii)
Subtracting (i) & (ii)
(2 + i )5 − (2 − i )5 = 160i + 80i 3 + 2i 5
= 160i + 80(−1) ⋅ i + 2(−1)2 ⋅ i
= 160i − 80i + 2i = 82i

3 3
(iv) ( ) (
x + x2 − 1 + x + x2 − 1 )
Suppose t = x 2 − 1 then
3 3

( ) ( )
x + x2 − 1 + x + x2 − 1 = ( x + t ) + ( x + t )
3 3

= ( ( x )3 + 3( x ) 2 (t ) + 3( x ) (t ) 2 + (t )3 ) + ( ( x )3 + 3( x) 2 ( −t ) + 3( x ) ( −t ) 2 + (−t )3 )
= x3 + 3 x 2t + 3 xt 2 + t 3 + x3 − 3 x 2t + 3 xt 2 − t 3
= 2 x3 + 6 xt 2
2
3
= 2x + 6x ( x −1 2
) ∵ t = x2 − 1
= 2 x 3 + 6 x ( x 2 − 1) = 2 x3 + 6 x 3 − 6 x = 8 x3 − 6 x
Question # 4
Expand the following in ascending powers of x :
(i) (2 + x − x 2 ) 4 (ii) (1 − x + x 2 ) 4 (iii) (1 − x − x 2 ) 4
Solution (i) (2 + x − x 2 ) 4
Put t = 2 + x then
(2 + x − x ) = (t − x 2 ) 4
2 4

 4  4 4  4  4
=   (t ) 4 +   (t )3 ( − x 2 ) +   (t ) 2 ( − x 2 ) 2 +   (t )1 ( − x 2 )3 +   (t )0 ( − x 2 ) 4
0 1 2  3  4
= (1) (t ) 4 − ( 4 ) (t )3 ( x 2 ) + ( 6 ) (t ) 2 ( x 4 ) − ( 4 ) (t ) ( x 6 ) + (1) (1)( x8 )
= t 4 − 4t 3 x 2 + 6t 2 x 4 − 4t x 6 + x8 ………………… (i)
Now
 4  4  4  4 4
t 4 = (2 + x ) 4 =   (2) 4 +   (2)3 ( x ) +   (2) 2 ( x) 2 +   (2)1 ( x )3 +   (2)0 ( x ) 4
0 1  2  3 4
= (1) (16) + ( 4 ) (8)( x) + ( 6 ) (4)( x 2 ) + ( 4 ) (2) ( x 3 ) + (1) (1)( x 4 )
= 16 + 32 x + 24 x 2 + 8 x 3 + x 4

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 FSc-I / Ex 8.2 - 6
Also
t 3 = (2 + x )3 = (2)3 + ( 3) (2) 2 ( x ) + ( 3) (2)1 ( x ) 2 + ( x )3
= 8 + 12 x + 6 x 2 + x3
t 2 = (2 + x) 2 = 4 + 4 x + x 2
Putting values of t 4 , t 3 , t 2 and t in equation (i)
(2 + x − x 2 ) 4 = (16 + 32 x + 24 x 2 + 8 x 3 + x 4 ) − 4(8 + 12 x + 6 x 2 + x3 ) x 2
+6(4 + 4 x + x 2 ) x 4 − 4(2 + x) x 6 + x8
= 16 + 32 x + 24 x 2 + 8 x3 + x 4 − 32 x 2 − 48 x3 − 24 x 4 − 4 x5
+24 x 4 + 24 x 5 + 6 x 6 − 8 x 6 + 4 x 7 + x8
= 16 + 32 − 8 x 2 − 40 x3 + x 4 + 20 x5 − 2 x 6 − 4 x 7 − x8
(ii) Suppose t = 1 − x Do yourself
(iii) Suppose t = 1 − x Do yourself
Question # 5
Expand the following in descending powers of x :
3
3  1
(i) ( x + x − 1)
2
(ii)  x − 1 − 
 x
Solution (i) Suppose t = x − 1 Do yourself
3
 1
(ii)  x −1− 
 x
Suppose t = x − 1 then
3 2 3
 1 3 2 1  1  1
 t −  = (t ) + 3(t )  −  + 3(t )  −  +  − 
 x  x  x  x
1 1 1
= t 3 − 3t 2 ⋅ + 3t ⋅ 2 − 3 ………… (i)
x x x
Now
3
t 3 = ( x − 1) = ( x)3 + 3( x) 2 (−1) + 3( x)(−1) 2 + (−1)3
= x3 − 3x 2 + 3 x − 1
2
t 2 = ( x − 1) = x 2 − 2 x + 1
Putting values of t 3 , t 2 and t in equation (i)
3
 1 3 2 2 1 1 1
 x − 1 −  = ( x − 3x + 3 x − 1) − 3( x − 2 x + 1) ⋅ + 3( x − 1) ⋅ 2 − 3
 x x x x
1 1 1 1
= x3 − 3x 2 + 3x − 1 − 3x + 6 − 3 + 3 − 3 2 − 3
x x x x
3 1
= x3 − 3x 2 + 5 − 2 − 3
[[
x x
Question # 6
Find the term involving:

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 FSc-I / Ex 8.2 - 7
7
(i) x 4 in the expansion of ( 3 − 2 x ) (ii) x −2 in the expansion of
13
 2
x− 2 
 x 
9
4 2 
(iii) a in the expansion of  − a  (iv) y 3 in the expansion of
x 
11
( x− y )
Solution (i) Since
n
Tr +1 =   a n −r x r
r
Here a = 3 , x = −2 x , n = 7 so
7 7
Tr +1 =   (3) 7 −r ( −2 x ) r =   (3) 7 −r ( −2) r ( x ) r
r r
For term involving x 4 we must have
xr = x4 ⇒ r = 4
So
7
T4+1 =   (3)7 −4 ( −2) 4 ( x ) 4
4
⇒ T5 = ( 35 ) (3)3 ( −2) 4 ( x ) 4 = ( 35 ) (27)(16) ( x) 4
= 15120 x 4

n
(ii) Since Tr +1 =   a n −r x r
r
2
Here a = x , x = − 2 , n = 13 so
x
r
13  13−r  2  13  13−r r
Tr +1 =   ( x)  − 2  =   ( x ) ( −2 ) ( x) −2 r
r  x  r
 13  r  13  r
=   ( x)13−r −2 r ( −2 ) =   ( x)13−3r ( −2 )
r r
−2
For term involving x we must have
x13−3r = x −2 ⇒ 13 − 3r = −2 ⇒ − 3r = −2 − 13
⇒ − 3r = −15 ⇒ r = 5
So
 13  5
T5+1 =   ( x )13−3(5) ( −2 )
5
⇒ T6 = (1287) ( x )13−15 ( −32 ) = − 41184 x −2
(iii) Since
n
Tr +1 =   a n −r x r
r

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 FSc-I / Ex 8.2 - 8
2
Here a = , x = − a , n = 9 so
x
9−r 9− r
 9  2   9  2 
Tr +1 =     (− a ) =     (−1) r (a ) r
r

 r  x   r  x 
For term involving a 4 we must have
ar = a4 ⇒ r = 4
9− 4
 9  2 
So T4+1 =     (−1) 4 (a )4
 4  x 
5
2  32  4 a4
⇒ T5 = (126)   (1) a = (126)  5  a = 4032 5
4

x x  x

(iv) Here a = x , x = − y , n = 11 so
Since
n
Tr +1 =   a n −r x r
r
 11 11− r r
11 11− r r
Tr +1 =   ( x )
r
(
− y =  ( x)
r
)
1
−y2 ( )
11 11− r r
=   ( x ) ( −1) r y 2
r
( )
For term involving y 3 we must have
r r
y 2 = y3 ⇒ =3 ⇒ r =6
2
 11 11−6
So T6+1 =   ( x ) ( −1) 6 y 2
6
6

( )
5
( )
⇒ T7 = ( 462 )( x ) (1) y 3 = 462 x5 y 3
Question # 7
Find the coefficient of;
10 2n
 3   1
(i) x in the expansion of  x 2 − 
5
(ii) x in the expansion of  x 2 − 
n

 2x   x
3
Solution (i) Here a = x 2 , x = − , n = 10 so
2x
Since
n
Tr +1 =   a n −r x r
r
r
10  2 10−r  3  10  2(10−r ) (3) r
Tr +1 =   ( x )  −  =   ( x ) (−1) r

r  2x   r  (2)r ( x) r
 10  20−2 r  10  20−2 r −r
=  ( x) (−1) r (3) r (2) − r ( x ) − r =   ( x ) (−1)r (3) r (2) − r
r r

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 FSc-I / Ex 8.2 - 9
10  20−3r
=  ( x) (−1)r (3) r (2) − r
r
For term involving x 5 we must have
x 20 − 3r = x5 ⇒ 20 − 3r = 5 ⇒ − 3r = 5 − 20
⇒ − 3r = −15 ⇒ r = 5
 10  20−3(5)
So T5+1 =   ( x ) (−1)5 (3)5 (2) −5
 5
20−15 1 5 1
⇒ T6 = 252 ( x ) (−1)5 (3)5 5 = − 252 ( x ) (243)
2 32
61236 5 15309 5
=− x =− x
32 8
15309
Hence coefficient of x 5 = −
8
1
(ii) Here a = x 2 , x = − , n = 2n so
x
Since
n
Tr +1 =   a n −r x r
r
r
 2n  2 2 n−r  1   2n  2(2 n−r ) r 1
Tr +1 =   ( x )  −  =   ( x ) ( −1) r
 r   x  r  x
 2n  4 n−2 r r  2n  4 n − 2 r −r r
=  ( x) ( −1) x − r =   ( x ) ( −1)
 r   r 
 2 n  4 n −3 r r
=  ( x) ( −1)
 r 
For term involving x n we must have
x 4 n−3r = x n ⇒ 4n − 3r = n ⇒ − 3r = n − 4n
⇒ − 3r = − 3n ⇒ r = n
 2 n  4 n −3 n n
So Tn +1 =   ( x ) ( −1)
 n
(2n)! n n (2n)! n n
= ( x ) ( −1) = ( x ) ( −1)
(2n − n)!⋅ n! n!⋅ n!
n (2 n)! n
= ( −1) x
(n!) 2
n (2n)!
Hence coefficient of x n = ( −1)
(n!) 2
Question # 8
10
 3 
Find 6th term in the expansion of  x 2 − 
 2x 

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 FSc-I / Ex 8.2 - 10
3
Solution Here a = x 2 , x = − , n = 10 and r + 1 = 6 ⇒ r = 5 so
2x
Since
n
Tr +1 =   a n −r x r
r
5
10  10−5  3 
T5+1 =   ( x 2 )  − 
5  2x 
2 5 35   243 
⇒ T6 = 252 ( x )  − 5 
= 252 x10  − 5 
 (2 x)   32 x 
61236 10−5 15309 5
=− x =− x
32 8
Question # 9
Find the term independent of x in the following expansions..
10 10 4
 2  1  2 3 1 
(i)  x − 
 x
(ii)  x − 2 
 2x 
( )
(iii) 1 + x 1 + 2 
 x 
Solution (i) Do yourself as Q # 9 (ii)

1
(ii) Here a = x , x = , n = 10 so
2x2
Since
n
Tr +1 =   a n −r x r
r
r
10−r  1  10− r
 1 
10  10  12
Tr +1 =   x
r
( )  
 2x   r 
2 ( )
=  x  r 2r 
2 x 
 10  1 (10−r ) 1 −2 r  10  5 − 2r 1 −2 r
=  ( x)2 x =  ( x) x
r 2r r 2r
10  5 − r − 2 r 1  10  5 − 52r 1
=  ( x) 2 =  ( x)
r 2r  r  2r
For term independent of x we must have
5r
5− 5r 5r
x 2 = x 0 ⇒ 5 − = 0 ⇒ − = −5
2 2
 2
⇒ r = (−5)  −  ⇒ r = 2
 5
 10  5 − 5(2)
1
So T2+1 =   ( x ) 2 2
2 2
5 −5 1 1
⇒ T3 = 45 ( x ) = 45 x 0
4 4
1 45
= 45 (1) =
4 4

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 FSc-I / Ex 8.2 - 11
4 4

2 3 1  x2 + 1 
2 3
(iii) (1 + x ) 1 + 2  = (1 + x )  2 
 x   x 
4 2 4

= (1 + x 2 )3
( x + 1)
2

= (1 + x 2 )3
(1 + x )
2 4 x8
(x )
= x − 8 (1 + x 2 )3+ 4 = x − 8 (1 + x 2 )7
n
Now Tr +1 = x − 8   a n −r x r
r
Where n = 7 , a = 1, x = x2
7 r 7
Tr +1 = x − 8   (1)7 −r ( x 2 ) = x − 8   (1) x 2 r
r r
7
=   x2r −8
r
For term independent of x we must have
x 2 r − 8 = x 0 ⇒ 2r − 8 = 0 ⇒ 2r = 8 ⇒ r = 4
So
7
T4+1 =   x 2(4) − 8
 4
⇒ T5 = 35 x8 − 8 = 35 x 0 = 35
Question # 10
Determine the middle term in the following expensions:
12 11 2 m +1
 1 x2  3 1   1 
(i)  −  (ii)  x −  (iii)  2 x − 
x 2  2 3x   2x 

12
 1 x2 
Solution (i)  − 
x 2 
n + 2 12 + 2
Since n = 12 is an even so middle terms is = =7
2 2
Therefore r + 1 = 7 ⇒ r = 7 − 1 = 6
1 x2
And a = , x = − and n = 12
x 2
Now
n
Tr +1 =   a n −r x r
r
12 − 6 6
 12   1   x2 
⇒ T6+1 =     − 
 6  x   2

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 FSc-I / Ex 8.2 - 12
1 x12 924 12−6
⇒ T7 = 924 6
= x
x 64 64
231 6
= x
16
231 6
Thus the middle terms of the given expansion is x .
16
n + 1 11 + 1
(ii) Since n = 11 is odd so the middle terms are = = 6 and
2 2
n + 3 11 + 3
= =7
2 2
So for first middle term
3 1
a = x , x = − , n = 11 and r + 1 = 6 ⇒ r = 5
2 3x
Now
11 −5 5
 n  n−r r 11  3   1 
Tr +1 =   a x ⇒ T5+1 =    x   − 
r  5   2   3x 
Now simplify yourself.
Now for second middle term
r +1 = 7 ⇒ r = 6
11 −6 6
11  3   1 
so T6+1 =    x  −  Now simplify yourself.
 6  2   3x 

(iii) Since n = 2m + 1 is odd so there are two middle terms

n + 1 2m + 1 + 1 2m + 2
First middle term = = = = m +1
2 2 2
n + 3 2 m + 1 + 3 2m + 4
Second middle terms = = = =m+2
2 2 2
1
Here a = 2 x , x = − and n = 2m + 1
2x
For first middle term r + 1 = m + 1 ⇒ r = m .
Since
n
Tr +1 =   a n −r x r
r
m m
 2m + 1  2 m +1 − m  1  (2m + 1)! m +1  1 
⇒ Tm+1 =  (2x) −  = (2x)  − 
 m   2 x  (2 m + 1 − m )!⋅ m !  2x 
m m

( 2 ) ( x ) ( −1)    
(2m + 1)! m +1 m +1 m 1 1
=
(m + 1)!⋅ m! 2  x
(2m + 1)! m+1 m +1 m −m −m
= ( 2 ) ( x ) ( −1) ( 2 ) ( x )
(m + 1)!⋅ m!

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 FSc-I / Ex 8.2 - 13
(2m + 1)! m+1− m m+1− m m (2m + 1)! 1 1 m
= ( 2 ) ( x ) ( −1) = ( 2 ) ( x ) ( −1)
(m + 1)!⋅ m! (m + 1)!⋅ m!
(2m + 1)! m
= 2 x ( −1)
(m + 1)!⋅ m!
For second middle term
r +1 = m + 2 ⇒ r = m + 2 −1 ⇒ r = m +1
n
As Tr +1 =   a n −r x r
r
m+1
 2m + 1 (2 m +1) −( m+1)  1 
⇒ Tm+1+1 =   ( 2x ) − 
 m +1   2x 
Now simplify yourself
Question # 11
3n
 1 
Find ( 2n + 1) th term of the end in the expansion of  x − 
 2x 
1
Solution Here a = x , x = − ,
2x
Number of term from the end = 2n + 1
1
To make it from beginning we take a = − , x = x and r + 1 = 2n + 1
2x
⇒ r = 2n
n
As Tr +1 =   a n−r x r
r
3n −2 n n
 3n   1  2n (3n)!  1  2n
⇒ T2 n+1 =    −  ( x) = −  x
 2n   2 x  (3n − 2n)!⋅ (2n)!  2 x 
(3n)! n 1 (3n)! n 1
= ( −1) n n x 2n = ( −1) n x 2n−n
(n)!⋅ (2n)! 2 ⋅x n!⋅ (2n)! 2
(−1) n (3n)! n
= x Answer
2n n!⋅ (2n)!
Note: If there are p term in some expansion and qth term is from the end then the term
from the beginning will be = p − q + 1.
So in above you can use term from the end = (3n + 1) − (2n + 1) + 1 = n + 1
Question # 12
1.3.5...( 2n − 1) n n
2n
Show that the middle term of (1 + x ) is 2 x
n!
2n + 2
Solution Since 2n is even so the middle term is = n + 1 and
2
a = 1 , x = x , n = 2n , r + 1 = n + 1 ⇒ r = n
Now Tr +1 =   a n −r x r
n
r
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 FSc-I / Ex 8.2 - 14
 2n 
⇒ Tn +1 =   (1) 2 n −n x n
 n
(2n)! (2n)! n
⇒ Tn+1 = (1) n x n = x
(2n − n)!⋅ n! n!⋅ n!
2n (2n − 1)(2n − 2)(2n − 3)(2n − 4) ⋅ ...⋅ 5 ⋅ 4 ⋅ 3 ⋅ 2 ⋅ 1 n
= x
n!⋅ n!
=
[ 2n (2n − 2)(2n − 4) ⋅ ...⋅ 4 ⋅ 2][(2n − 1)(2n − 3) ⋅ ...⋅ 5 ⋅ 3 ⋅1] x n
n!⋅ n!
2n [ n (n − 1)(n − 2) ⋅ ...⋅ 2 ⋅ 1][ (2n − 1)(2n − 3) ⋅ ...⋅ 5 ⋅ 3 ⋅ 1] n
= x
n!⋅ n!
2n n! [ (2n − 1)(2n − 3) ⋅ ...⋅ 5 ⋅ 3 ⋅ 1] n
= x
n!⋅ n!
2n [1 ⋅ 3 ⋅ 5 ⋅ ... ⋅ (2n − 1) ] n
= x
n!
1 ⋅ 3 ⋅ 5 ⋅ ... ⋅ (2n − 1) n n
= 2 x
n!
Question # 13
Show that:
 n  +  n  +  n  + ... +  n  = 2n −1
1  3 5  n − 1
       
Solution Consider
n n n n n n
(1 + x ) n =   +   x +   x 2 +   x 3 +   x 4 +   x 5 + ... + 
 n  x n −1 +  n  x n
  
 0 1  2  3  4 5  n − 1 n
………. (i)
Put x = 1
n n n n n n
(1 + 1) n =   +   (1) +   (1) 2 +   (1) 3 +   (1) 4 +   (1)5 + ... + 
 n  (1) n −1 +  n  (1) n
 n
0 1  2  3 4 5  n − 1  
n n n n n n  n  n
⇒ 2n =   +   +   +   +   +   + ... +  + 
0 1 2 3 4 5  n − 1  n 
 n   n   n   n    n   n   n   n 
⇒ 2n =   +   +   + ... +    +   +   +   + ... +  
 0   2   4   n    1   3   5   n − 1  
………. (ii)
Now put x = −1 in equation (i)
n n n n n n
(1 − 1) n =   +   ( −1) +   ( −1) 2 +   ( −1) 3 +   ( −1) 4 +   ( −1)5 + ...
0 1  2  3  4 5
 n  (−1) n −1 +  n  (−1) n
... +   n
 n − 1  
If we consider n is even then
n n n n n n  n  n
⇒ (0) n =   −   +   −   +   −   + ... −  + 
0 1 2 3 4 5  n − 1  n 

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 FSc-I / Ex 8.2 - 15
 n n   n n 
⇒ 0 =   +   +   + ... +    −   +   +   + ... + 
n n n n

 0   2   4   n    1   3   5   n − 1  
 n n    n   n   n   n 
⇒   +   +   + ... + 
n n
  =   +   +   + ... +   
 1   3   5   n − 1    0   2   4   n 
Using it in equation (ii)
2n =   +   +   + ... + 
n    n   n   n  n 
+   +   +   + ... + 
n n n
 
 1   3   5   n − 1    1   3   5   n − 1  
 n n 
⇒ 2n = 2   +   +   + ... + 
n n

 1   3   5   n − 1 
2 n  n   n   n  n 
⇒ =   +   +   + ... +  
2  1   3   5   n − 1  
 n n 
⇒ 2n−1 =   +   +   + ... + 
n n

 1   3   5   n − 1  
n n n  n 
⇒   +   +   + ... +   = 2n −1
1  3 5  n − 1
Question # 14
Show that:
n 1 n 1n 1 n 1  n  2n+1 − 1
 0  +  1  +  2  +  3  + ... +  =
  2  3  4  n + 1 n  n +1
Solution

L.H.S =   +   +   +   + ... +
n 1 n 1 n 1 n 1 n
 
0 2 1 32 4 3 n + 1 n 
 n  1  n!  1  n!  1 n!  1  n 
=   +   +   +   + ... +  
 0  2  (n − 1)!⋅1!  3  (n − 2)!⋅ 2!  4  (n − 3)!⋅ 3!  n + 1  n 
n +1 1  n!  1 n!  1 n!  1 
= 1 +  +  +   + ... + ⋅ 1
n + 1  2  (n − 1)!⋅1!  3  (n − 2)!⋅ 2!  4  (n − 3)!⋅ 3!  n +1 
1  1  (n + 1) n !  1  (n + 1) n !  1  (n + 1) n !  n +1 
=  ( n + 1) +   +   +   + ... + ⋅ 1
n +1 2  (n − 1)!⋅1!  3  ( n − 2)!⋅ 2!  4  (n − 3)!⋅ 3!  n +1 
1   (n + 1)!   (n + 1)!   (n + 1)!  
= (n + 1) +  + +  + ... + 1
n +1  (n − 1)!⋅ 2 ⋅1!   (n − 2)!⋅ 3 ⋅ 2!   (n − 3)!⋅ 4 ⋅ 3!  
1   (n + 1)!   (n + 1)!   (n + 1)!  
=  ( n + 1) +   +  +  + ... + 1
n +1  ( n + 1 − 2)!⋅ 2!   (n + 1 − 3)!⋅ 3!   ( n + 1 − 4)!⋅ 4!  
1  n + 1   n + 1   n + 1   n + 1   n + 1 
=   1  +  2  +  3  +  4  + ... +  n + 1 
n + 1          
1   n + 1   n + 1   n + 1  n + 1   n + 1 
=  −1 + 1 +   +  +  +  + ... +  
n +1  1   2   3   4   n + 1 

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 FSc-I / Ex 8.2 - 16
1   n + 1   n + 1   n + 1   n + 1  n + 1  n + 1 
= −1 +   +   +   +   +   + ... +  
n + 1   0   1   2   3   4   n + 1 
1
=  −1 + 2n+1 
n +1
2n+1 − 1
= = R.H.S
n +1
Remember
 n + 1  n + 1  n + 1
 0  = 1 ,  1  = n + 1 and  n + 1 = 1
     

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Book: Exercise 8.2

Text Book of Algebra and Trigonometry Class XI
Punjab Textbook Board, Lahore.

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