UNIT 3

A. Reading Comprehension

METHODS OF BREEDING

Breeding is normally confined to animals of the same species and this is classified into three main
types, namely: (I) in-breeding, (2) line-breeding and (3) out-crossing.
In-breeding.-This is breeding with close relatives like father and daughter, mother and son, and
brother and sister. At least one ancestor appears twice in the last two generations, in the pedigree. In breeding
is tending to intensify the several characters possessed by individual animals and leads to uniformity in the
herd, particularly when certain individuals and their progeny are repeatedly used in mating. The character of
the individuals is using for in-breeding is thus fixed in the herd.
When in-breeding is continued for some generations using the same animal or its close relatives, and
removing the off-types whenever they occur, certain characters that the breeder wants are intensified and the
animals raised get pure for those characters. This secures uniformity. In-breeding has been a powerful tool in
the hands of capable breeders in other countries in producing very superior animals. All the successful breeds
of cattle, poultry and pigs in Western countries have had in-breeding at some stage or other during their
evolution. It is sometimes said that in-breeding is leading to loss of vigour and has therefore to be avoided.
,In-breeding is intensifing both good and weak points.
Line-breeding.-This is similar to in-breeding in general, but such close relatives are not used as in
in-breeding. The mating of cousins, grandfather and grand-daughter, stepbrother and sister, and grandmother
and grandson are adopted in line-breeding. Here, one ancestor figures twice in the last three generations, but
not consecutively. The inclusion of one ancestor within the last 5 generations is generally considered to be
the upper limit for linebreeding.
Out-breeding.-When animals not related within the last 5 generations are mated, it is considered
out-breeding. Any relationship beyond the fifth generation is treating as no relationship. Out-breeding of a
random type is leading nowhere. It is generally done with the object of building up certain characters
possessed by different individuals within the same breed, but outside the herd.
Mating outside the breed.-This type of mating is known as 'crossing'. It may be (a) outside the
species, (b) with animals of the same species, but outside the breed and (c) with animals of reputed breeds to
build up good herds from ordinary stock.
(a) Crossing different species.-The progeny is producing by mating animals of different species are
known as ' hybrids'. Crossing different species of animals is not always possible; they are not willing to mate
and often the chromosomes of different species are not compatible and impregnation is not taking place.
When hybrids are produced, they are generally sterile and not economically useful. The mule, producing
by mating the mare and the jack-ass, however, is a useful hybrid, though sterile. It is hardy and capable of
doing heavy work. The European breeds of cattle (Bas taurus) and the Indian cattle (Bas indicus) cross freely,
though they belong to different species. The American buffalo (Bas bison) has been crossed with
Hereford cows (B. taurus). The progeny are generally sterile, though occasionally fertile individuals are
produced. If a fertile female hybrid is mated to ~ taurus bull and the off-spring back:crossed to a bison bull,
the resulting progeny are called • cattaloes'. They grow rapidly and are able to withstand adverse weather
remarkably well. They are also resistant to Texas fever and black quarter.
(b) Crossing different breeds.-This is sometimes done with the object of building up new breeds and
combining the good traits possessed by two or more breeds. It is a laborious process that requires
considerable skill in the selection of suitable parents, in culling out the unwanted types of animals, and in
fixing the desired traits in the new breed.
(c) Grading-up.-This is the method used for raising the standard of mongrel stock of cattle by using
chosen. Pure-bred bulls for mating. If a suitable breed is chosen and prepotent bulls' are used for mating with
scrub cows, Continuously for a few generations, the stock is up-graded and the standard is raised.
 Questions:
1. How many classifications of breeding methods? Mention!
2. What is in-breeding, line-breeding, and out crossing? Explain!
3. What do you think of crossing different species?
4. What do you think of crossing different breeds?
5. And what do you think of grading up?

B. Vocabulary:
(verbs  progressive form/continuous form)
Crossing: menyilangkan, breeding: membiakkan/pembiakan, classifing: mengelompokkan,
producing: menghasilkan, combining: menggabungkan

C. Grammar:
1. Simple Present continuous Tense in Verbal:
The simple present continuous tense expresses an activity that is in progress at the moment of
speaking.
Example:
(+) I am crossing the different species of animals now
S tobe Verb-ing O Adverb of time
(-) I am not crossing the different species of animals now
S tobe Verb-ing O Adverb of time
(?) Am I crossing the different species of animals now ?
Tobe S Verb-ing O Adverb of time

So, the pattern of simple present continuous tense:

(+) S+tobe (is, am, are) V-ing + O+Adverb of time or place
(-) S+tobe (is, am, are) +not+ V-ing+ O+Adverb of time or place
(?) Tobe (is, am, are) +S+V-ing+ O+Adverb of time or place

2. Simple Present continuous tense in Nominal Phrase

This tense states about phrase such as Adjective, Noun, and Adverb of time or place in the
continuous tense form.
For example:
( + ) The breeding is being a good method in India
S tobe aux.verb Adjective Noun Adverb of Place
( - ) The breeding is not being a good method in India

( ? ) Is the breeding being a good method in India?

Note: tobe+auxiliary verb (is being, am being, are being)

3. Exercise
Write the examples of simple present continuous tense that includes verbal based on the text!

Adopted from:
Mudaliar, V.T.S. 1956. A Handbook of Animal Husbandry and Dairying. Bangalore: The
Bangalore Printing and Publishing Co., LTD.
Azar, B.S. 2002. Understanding and Using English Grammar: Third Edition with Answer
Key. New York: Pearson Education.
By: Mr. Fujiono