Thematic

Investing
For an Exponential World

Published: April 02, 2016

Author
Chris Burniske, Analyst at ARK Invest

Join the conversation on Twitter @ARKinvest www.ark-invest.com

 THEMATIC INVESTING FOR AN EXPONENTIAL WORLD
1
ARK INVEST | CHRIS BURNISKE

Today, investors are in the throes of change on a scale and at a speed they have never encountered. Whether a cloud-based
collapse in the costs of computing, man-machine combinations causing bursts of productivity, or genomic sequencing
driving lower costs and better outcomes into health care and farming, markets are unsettled as they encounter and react
to disruptive innovations.

In typical broad based benchmark indices, past performance is used to determine portfolio position sizes, an implicit assumption
that historical growth rates will remain intact. In the early stages of exponential change such an assumption is a good one, often
giving investors false comfort that future changes will continue apace. As exponential change progresses, however, not only do
trends change quickly, but the rate of change accelerates with each year.

Forecasts based on linear thinking become increasingly inaccurate as a theme evolves exponentially. In Figure 1, for example,
linear and exponential rates of change are roughly on par for the first three years but, in year four, exponential growth pulls
away and continues to do so at an increasing rate as time progresses.1

FIGURE 1
Exponential vs. Linear Change | 2 x vs 2x

Output
Exponential Growth Linear Growth
140
9X
120

100

80

60

40
2X
20

0
1 2 3 4 5 6 7
Year

Source: ARK Investment Management LLC

In 2010 Eric Schmidt, Google’s then CEO and now Executive Chairman, stated, “Every two days now we create as much
information as we did from the dawn of civilization up until 2003.” Combining Schmidt’s estimates with the rate of data growth
from 2010 to 2015, ARK Invest estimates that those two days have shrunk to a matter of hours.2 Schmidt went on to say,
“I spend most of my time assuming the world is not ready for the [forthcoming] technology revolution.”3

1 The graph depicts two simple equations using the scalar multiplier of 2. One equation is exponential, represented by “2X”, and the other is
linear, represented by “2x”. .
2 Seven hours per ARK Investment Management LLC’s estimates.
3 Eric Schmidt: “Every 2 Days We Create As Much Information As We Did Up To 2003,” TechCrunch, August 2010, http://arkinv.st/1mjxHfG.
 THEMATIC INVESTING FOR AN EXPONENTIAL WORLD
2
ARK INVEST | CHRIS BURNISKE

With such rapid change comes a compression in the lifecycle of products, services, companies and industries, thanks to
tremendous boosts in efficiency and productivity. Underlying this phenomenon are general purpose technologies (GPT),4 on
which other innovations depend. Notable among them in the past were the wheel, electricity, and the Internet.5 As illustrated
in Figure 2, the number of years it takes to invent a new GPT has collapsed, implying the rate of GPT creation has accelerated
exponentially.

FIGURE 2
Rate at which General Purpose Technologies were Created

Average number of years it has taken to invent a new general purpose technology (GPT)
Annual rate at which general purpose technologies have been created

Fraction of GPT Created Per Year

250 Years .25

.20

.15
100 Years

.10

.05
15 Years
4 Years .00

10K Years 900 - 1900 20th First 15 Years of

before 900 A.D. A.D. Century 21st Century

Source: ARK Investment Management LLC, based on research by Lipsey, R.G., K.I. Carlaw and C. Bekar (2005)

Thematic investors seek to capitalize on rapidly changing trends— anticipating, identifying, and quantifying multi-year
value-chain transformations— normally caused by technologically enabled innovation. Conventional wisdom typically
underestimates the implications of these transformations, giving thematic investors opportunities to identify stocks poised
to benefit from trends not yet properly priced into the market. Further, while many disruptive innovations initially appear
disparate, when viewed with the benefit of hindsight they frequently are seen to have converged to create unprecedented
productivity and efficiency gains across sectors, thanks largely to new products and services or lower unit costs. If properly
identified, investments in convergent innovations have the potential to provide significant outperformance.

THE INDICES UNDERLYING ARK’s ANALYSIS

During the last two market cycles, several industries— technology, health care, and industrials in particular— have been
converging thanks to innovation. This paper aims to show how a thematic approach to investing in converging innovations
and industries offers the possibility to produce outsized risk-adjusted returns with a moderate to negative correlation of relative
returns to broad based benchmark-sensitive investment strategies.

4 ARK views a general purpose technology (GPT) as an invention that serves as a foundational platform for future innovation and is therefore
a keystone to long term economic growth.
5 Lipsey, R.G., K.I. Carlaw and C. Bekar, Oxford University Press, 2005. “Economic Transformations: General Purpose Technologies, and Long-
Term Economic Growth.” Technologies 10,000 years before 900 A.D. included plant domestication, animal domestication, smelting of ore,
the wheel, bronze, writing, iron, and the waterwheel. 900-1900 A.D. included the three-masted sailing ship, printing, steam engine, factory
system, railways, iron steamship, internal combustion engine, automobile, and electricity. The 20th Century included mass production, chemical
engineering, lean manufacturing, computers, the Internet, and biotechnology. According to ARK Investment Management LLC’s research, the
last 15 years have included sequencing, mobile connected devices, autonomous robotics, machine learning, and blockchain technology.
 THEMATIC INVESTING FOR AN EXPONENTIAL WORLD
3
ARK INVEST | CHRIS BURNISKE

We began by constructing four hypothetical portfolios composed of mutual funds.6 Three of the hypothetical portfolios focus
on themes impacting several industries simultaneously and the fourth is a composite of the other three, focused on convergent
innovation at large. To determine the mutual funds that would make up each hypothetical portfolio, we screened the available
universe of mutual funds on Morningstar’s Premium Fund Screener, first by the Category of “Sector Equity.” Next, we screened
by applicable sector for each hypothetical portfolio. For the hypothetical “thematic web portfolio,” we screened by the equity
“Technology” sector, which returned 203 funds. For the hypothetical “thematic health care portfolio,” we screened by the equity
“Healthcare” sector, which returned 128 funds. And, for the hypothetical “thematic energy and industrial portfolio,” we screened
by the equity “Energy” and “Industrials” sectors, which returned a combined 134 funds.

To narrow down the participants to thematically focused mutual funds, or funds more likely to focus on powerful innovations
impacting multiple sectors, we selected funds with 5% exposure in at least three sectors for both the thematic web and thematic
energy and industrial portfolios, and 2% exposure in at least three sectors for the thematic health care portfolio.7 Because these
funds had allocations to multiple sectors, which is somewhat unusual for sector focused funds, we assumed that these funds were
thematic in nature. This thematic screen narrowed the thematic web portfolio from 203 funds to 32, the thematic health care
portfolio from 128 funds to 7, and the thematic energy and industrial portfolio from 134 funds to 10. For the hypothetical
“thematic innovation portfolio,” we equal-weighted its three constituent themes, a third each to thematic web, thematic health
care and thematic energy and industrial themes. We calculated performance for the hypothetical portfolios on a total return
basis (i.e., reinvested dividends), gross of the underlying funds’ fees, with all data sourced from Bloomberg.8

We compared the performance of these four thematic portfolios to the total return of four broad based market indices: the S&P
500 Index (SPX), the Russell 3000 Growth Index (RAG), the Russell 3000 Value Index (RAV), and the Russell 2000 Growth
Index (RUO). Together, they cover the range of investment styles having core, growth, value and small cap growth strategies,
respectively. We also included a comparison of the thematic portfolios to their S&P Select Sector Index counterparts.9

For two periods of time, we compared these various investment strategies based on absolute returns, volatility, risk-adjusted
returns, and the correlation of relative returns. The following periods capture the performance of the various themes, which
by our definition are long term in nature:
|| the last full market cycle from trough to trough (2002 to 2009), which ARK believes is the best recent gauge of
long term performance.
|| the last full market cycle plus the current incomplete market cycle (2002 to 2015), which spans over 13 years, and
is another perspective on long term performance.10

ABSOLUTE RETURNS
If the premise behind thematic strategies is to identify innovation and other important tailwinds, then over the long term
thematic investing should outperform traditional strategies and benchmarks on an absolute basis. The last full market cycle, as
measured from trough to trough, spanned from October 2002 to March 2009,11 as shown in Figure 3.

6 The hypothetical portfolios are not actual portfolios and are not available for investment. The hypothetical portfolios do not represent any
portfolios offered by ARK Investment Management LLC.
7 The percent exposure to multiple sectors was smaller for the health care funds in order to allow a larger sample size. One could make the
case, however, that the disruptive forces driving health care are more concentrated, warranting less cross-sector exposure.
8 While often cited as an inherent flaw in similar studies, these hypothetical thematic portfolios do not suffer from survivorship bias as funds
were “layered in” over time as they were launched, and funds that were closed were “layered out.” Performance of the hypothetical themat-
ic portfolios is back-tested and is derived from the retroactive application of a model designed with the benefit of hindsight. Performance
of the hypothetical thematic portfolios does not reflect performance of any actual portfolios. Hypothetical and back-tested performance
almost invariably will show attractive returns, due to the benefit of hindsight, while actual results going forward may not be as attractive.
9 All index performance is total return (i.e., reinvested dividends) and was sourced from Bloomberg.
10 The current market cycle has not yet ended with a bear market.
11 A full market cycle is defined as the bottom of a bear market to the bottom of a bear market, with the S&P 500 Index as the market proxy. In
2002, the bear market bottomed on October 9th, 2002, signifying the beginning of a new market cycle from that day on. That market cycle
ended on March 9th, 2009. Note, since monthly data was used in ARK’s analysis the market cycle ends on February 27th, 2009, as that
represented a lower point than March 31st, 2009. For the rest of the paper when 2002 to 2009 is referenced it refers to this period.
 THEMATIC INVESTING FOR AN EXPONENTIAL WORLD
4
ARK INVEST | CHRIS BURNISKE

FIGURE 3
Value of a Hypothetical $10,000 Initial Investment | Full Market Cycle: 2002 to 2009

$35,000 S&P 500 Index Russell 3000 Growth Index Russell 3000 Value Index
Russell 2000 Growth Index Thematic Web Portfolio Thematic Health Care Portfolio
$30,000 Thematic Energy and Industrial Portfolio Thematic Innovation Portfolio

$25,000

$20,000

$15,000

$10,000

$5,000

$-
Oct-02

Oct-03

Oct-04

Oct-05

Oct-06

Oct-07

Oct-08
Dec-02
Feb-03
Apr-03

Dec-03
Feb-04
Apr-04

Dec-04
Feb-05
Apr-05

Dec-05
Feb-06
Apr-06

Dec-06
Feb-07
Apr-07

Dec-07
Feb-08
Apr-08

Dec-08
Feb-09
Mar-09
Aug-03

Aug-04

Aug-05

Aug-06

Aug-07

Aug-08
Jun-03

Jun-04

Jun-05

Jun-06

Jun-07

Jun-08
Source: ARK Investment Management LLC, Morningstar, Inc., Bloomberg
Note: Performance shown is gross fees and total returns (i.e., reinvested dividends)

Because the Global Financial Crisis in 2008-2009 was a severe blow to the market’s long term uptrend, three indices had
negative performance for the period, as is illustrated in Figure 4. The thematic portfolios had positive performance for the
period, and outperformed all four indices.

FIGURE 4
Ending Value of a Hypothetical $10,000 Initial Investment | Full Market Cycle: 2002 to 2009

$13,500
$12,987 $13,031 $12,919 $12,979
$13,000

$12,500

$12,000

$11,500 $11,162
$11,000

$10,500

$10,000 $9,827
$9,399 $9,533
$9,500

$9,000
S&P 500 Index Russell 3000 Russell 3000 Russell 2000 Thematic Web Thematic Health Thematic Energy Thematic
Growth Index Value Index Growth Index Portfolio Care Portfolio and Industrial Innovation
Portfolio Portfolio

Source: ARK Investment Management LLC, Morningstar, Inc., Bloomberg

Note: Performance shown is gross fees and total returns (i.e., reinvested dividends)
 THEMATIC INVESTING FOR AN EXPONENTIAL WORLD
5
ARK INVEST | CHRIS BURNISKE

On average, the four thematic portfolios outperformed the S&P 500 Index, Russell 3000 Growth Index, and Russell 3000
Value Index by 4.8% at a compounded annual rate, as shown in Figure 5.12 At the end of the cycle, the thematic portfolios
were worth $12,979 on average compared to $9,586 for the average of the three larger cap indices (SPX, R AG and R AV).
Even compared to the Russell 2000 Growth Index, which was worth $11,162 in March 2009, the thematic portfolios on
average outperformed by more than 2.4% on a compound annual return basis.13 ARK believes that one likely explanation for the
underperformance of the broad market indices is that, over the long term, innovation disrupts well-established companies
that have disproportionately high weights in traditional broad based benchmarks.

FIGURE 5
Compound Annual Returns | Full Market Cycle: 2002 to 2009

6.0%
4.1%
4.0%
1.7%
2.0%
-0.7%
0.0%

-2.0% Average of Thematic Portfolios Average of SPX, RAG and RAV Russell 2000 Growth Index

Source: ARK Investment Management LLC, Morningstar, Inc., Bloomberg

Note: Performance shown is gross fees and total returns (i.e., reinvested dividends)

Since 2009, while they have corrected a few times, equities have not dropped into bear market territory, which would create
another full market cycle. Consequently, as a second take on long term performance, the following analysis is for the full market
cycle just described combined with the current bull market, spanning the last 13 years from October 2002 through the end of
2015.

FIGURE 6
Value of a Hypothetical $10,000 Investment | Full Market Cycle + Current Cycle: 2002 to 2015

$80,000
S&P 500 Index Russell 3000 Growth Index Russell 3000 Value Index
$70,000 Russell 2000 Growth Index Thematic Web Portfolio Thematic Health Care Portfolio
Thematic Energy and Industrial Portfolio Thematic Innovation Portfolio
$60,000

$50,000

$40,000

$30,000

$20,000

$10,000

$-
Oct-02
Feb-03
Jun-03
Oct-03
Feb-04
Jun-04
Oct-04
Feb-05
Jun-05
Oct-05
Feb-06
Jun-06
Oct-06
Feb-07
Jun-07
Oct-07
Feb-08
Jun-08
Oct-08
Feb-09
Jun-09
Oct-09
Feb-10
Jun-10
Oct-10
Feb-11
Jun-11
Oct-11
Feb-12
Jun-12
Oct-12
Feb-13
Jun-13
Oct-13
Feb-14
Jun-14
Oct-14
Feb-15
Jun-15
Oct-15

Source: ARK Investment Management LLC, Morningstar, Inc., Bloomberg

Note: Performance shown is gross fees and total returns (i.e., reinvested dividends)

12 This was calculated by taking the avg. ending dollar value of the thematic portfolios and computing the compound annual return in relation to
the beginning $10,000 initial investment. The same process was performed for the avg. compound annual return of the SPX, RAG and RAV.
13 Note that the thematic innovation portfolio represents the combined average performance of the three more focused thematic portfolios.
 THEMATIC INVESTING FOR AN EXPONENTIAL WORLD
6
ARK INVEST | CHRIS BURNISKE

During the past 13 years, as illustrated in Figure 6 and 7, the thematic portfolios grew from a $10,000 initial investment to an
ending value of $46,477 on average, and the S&P 500 Index, Russell 3000 Growth Index, and Russell 3000 Value Index grew to
$30,982 on average.

FIGURE 7
Ending Value of a Hypothetical $10,000 Initital Investment | Full Market Cycle + Current Cycle: 2002 to 2015

$80,000 $67,374

$60,000 $50,759
$46,477
$38,802
$40,000 $30,169 $32,696 $30,080
$21,297
$20,000

$-
S&P 500 Index Russell 3000 Russell 3000 Russell 2000 Thematic Web Thematic Health Thematic Energy Thematic
Growth Index Value Index Growth Index Portfolio Care Portfolio and Industrial Innovation
Portfolio Portfolio

Source: ARK Investment Management LLC, Morningstar, Inc., Bloomberg

Note: Performance shown is gross fees and total returns (i.e., reinvested dividends)

While the thematic portfolios on average outperformed the four indices over time, not all of the themes have moved in lockstep.
From 2002 to 2009, for example, the thematic energy and industrial portfolio enjoyed the tailwinds of a commodity supercycle
thanks to the emergence of China and other markets. During the current cycle, however, innovation in thematic energy and
industrials has been overwhelmed by the end of the supercycle and falling commodity prices. In contrast, as shown in Figure 7,
while the thematic health care portfolio meandered during the last full market cycle, it has outperformed the other thematic
portfolios and the four indices in the current cycle, with an ending value of $15,000 more than any of the other thematic
portfolios and indices. Combining the three thematic portfolios, the general innovation portfolio has provided a more
even-keeled source of outperformance relative to the indices.

Although they haven’t moved in lockstep, the thematic portfolios on average outperformed the three larger cap indices on a total
return basis by 3.4% per year. Relative to the Russell 2000 Growth Index, which had an ending value of $38,802, the thematic
portfolios on average outperformed by 2.4% on a compound annual return basis, as shown in Figure 8.

FIGURE 8
Compound Annual Returns | Full Market Cycle + Current Cycle: 2002 to 2015

13.0% 12.5%

12.0%

11.0%
10.1%
10.0%
9.1%
9.0%

8.0%
Average of Thematic Portfolios Average of SPX, RAG and RAV Russell 2000 Growth Index

Source: ARK Investment Management LLC, Morningstar, Inc., Bloomberg

Note: Performance shown is gross fees and total returns (i.e., reinvested dividends)
 THEMATIC INVESTING FOR AN EXPONENTIAL WORLD
7
ARK INVEST | CHRIS BURNISKE

VOL ATILITY
Thematic investing is prone to more volatility than is traditional investing, a good example being the recent behavior of the
thematic energy and industrial portfolio. Standard deviation (i.e., total risk) is the most common investment-related measure of
volatility. In Figure 9, as measured by monthly standard deviations, the volatility of the thematic portfolios generally was higher
than that of the broad based benchmark indices.

FIGURE 9
Monthly Standard Deviation

Full Market Cycle: 2002 to 2009 Full Market Cycle + Current Cycle: 2002 to 2015
8.0%
5.9% 5.7% 6.0% 6.1% 6.1%
5.5%
6.0% 5.0% 4.8%
4.1% 4.0% 4.3% 4.2% 4.4% 4.3%
3.8% 4.0%
4.0%

2.0%

0.0%
S&P 500 Index Russell 3000 Russell 3000 Russell 2000 Thematic Web Thematic Health Thematic Energy Thematic
Growth Index Value Index Growth Index Portfolio Care Portfolio and Industrial Innovation
Portfolio Portfolio

Source: ARK Investment Management LLC, Morningstar, Inc., Bloomberg

Note: Performance shown is gross fees and total returns (i.e., reinvested dividends)

Because of their high active share, the thematic portfolios tended to be volatile relative to traditional broad based
benchmarks. In other words, their overlap with benchmark-sensitive strategies was quite low. Consequently, in risk-off periods,
when investors seek the “safety” of the benchmark indices, thematic strategies will suffer when assessed by that “measure” of
safety. Conversely, as risk appetites grow in a bull market, thematic strategies typically outperform the broader benchmarks,
thanks to their high active share. Combining the three thematic portfolios, the thematic innovation portfolio was more
diversified and therefore the second least volatile thematic portfolio. The innovations in health care during the past decade
were powerful on a consistent basis, enough so that the thematic health care portfolio was the least volatile of the four
portfolios.

The relative stability of the thematic health care portfolio can be quantified by its beta. Beta measures how sensitive an equity is
to fluctuations in the equity market. A beta greater than 1.0 suggests that an equity is more sensitive to market movements, and
a beta less than 1.0 suggests that it is less sensitive. In Figure 10, the beta of each thematic portfolio is calculated relative to the
S&P 500 Index, with the three month Treasury bill rate as the risk free rate.

With the lowest beta, the thematic health care portfolio was relatively immune to broad market volatility during the last 13
years, while the thematic web and thematic energy and industrial portfolios had relatively high betas. The beta of the more
diversified thematic innovation portfolio fell between the two extremes.
 THEMATIC INVESTING FOR AN EXPONENTIAL WORLD
8
ARK INVEST | CHRIS BURNISKE

FIGURE 10
Beta of Hypothetical Thematic Portfolios

Full Market Cycle: 2002 to 2009 Full Market Cycle + Current Cycle: 2002 to 2015
1.4
1.25 1.23
1.19 1.20
1.2 1.09 1.08
1.0
0.80
0.8 0.75

0.6

0.4

0.2

0.0
Thematic Web Portfolio Thematic Health Care Portfolio Thematic Energy and Industrial Portfolio Thematic Innovation Portfolio

Source: ARK Investment Management LLC, Morningstar, Inc., Bloomberg

Note: Performance shown is gross fees and total returns (i.e., reinvested dividends)

RISK-ADJUSTED RETURNS
Standardizing reward relative to risk, the Sharpe Ratio adjusts absolute returns for total risk. As the industry standard, the
Sharpe Ratio measures returns above three-month Treasury bill rates (i.e., excess returns), per unit of standard deviation.
Important to note is the endpoint sensitivity of Sharpe Ratios, suggesting that they are most meaningful when comparing
strategies for the same period of time. In Figure 11, ARK annualized the Sharpe Ratio via methods outlined by Morningstar.14
As illustrated earlier, unlike the Russell 2000 Growth Index and the thematic portfolios, the S&P 500 Index, Russell 3000
Growth Index, and Russell 3000 Value Index all finished the full market cycle from 2002 to 2009 with negative absolute and
risk-adjusted returns.

FIGURE 11
Sharpe Ratio | Full Market Cycle: 2002 to 2009

0.30
0.18 0.19 0.18 0.18
0.20

0.10 0.06

0.00
S&P 500 Index Russell 3000 Russell 3000 Russell 2000 Thematic Web Thematic Health Thematic Energy Thematic
-0.10 Growth Index Value Index Growth Index Portfolio Care Portfolio and Industrial Innovation
-0.11 Portfolio Portfolio
-0.20 -0.18 -0.15

Source: ARK Investment Management LLC, Morningstar, Inc., Bloomberg

Note: Performance shown is gross fees and total returns (i.e., reinvested dividends)

Notably, the risk-adjusted returns of all four thematic portfolios were more than 2.5 times that of the Russell 2000 Growth
Index during the full market cycle. Combining both the full market cycle and the current cycle, three of the thematic portfolios
produced the three highest risk-adjusted returns, as shown in Figure 12. The exception was the thematic energy and industrial
portfolio, as the bursting of the commodity supercycle overwhelmed innovation themes like energy storage and robotics.

14  “Standard Deviation and Sharpe Ratio: Morningstar Methodology Paper,” Morningstar, Inc., January 2005, http://arkinv.st/1mjyLjJ.
 THEMATIC INVESTING FOR AN EXPONENTIAL WORLD
9
ARK INVEST | CHRIS BURNISKE

FIGURE 12
Sharpe Ratio | Full Market Cycle + Current Cycle: 2002 to 2015

1.20
1.03
1.00

0.80 0.68 0.72

0.58 0.61
0.55 0.56
0.60

0.40 0.32

0.20

0.00
S&P 500 Index Russell 3000 Russell 3000 Russell 2000 Thematic Web Thematic Health Thematic Energy Thematic
Growth Index Value Index Growth Index Portfolio Care Portfolio and Industrial Innovation
Portfolio Portfolio

Source: ARK Investment Management LLC, Morningstar, Inc., Bloomberg

Note Performance shown is gross fees and total returns (i.e., reinvested dividends)

Figure 12 includes some other interesting nuances. First, the absolute outperformance of the Russell 2000 Growth Index was
not significant enough to offset its small cap volatility, putting its Sharpe Ratio below that of the Russell 3000 Growth Index.
Second, while the thematic web portfolio outperformed the thematic innovation portfolio on an absolute basis, the more broad
based thematic innovation portfolio generated superior risk-adjusted returns thanks to the stability associated with diversification
across themes and sectors.

On yet another measure— Jensen’s Alpha (commonly referred to as “alpha”)— the thematic portfolios significantly
outperformed the S&P 500 Index on a risk-adjusted basis as shown in Figure 13.15 Unlike the Sharpe Ratio, which focuses on
performance relative to total risk, alpha shows performance relative to a specified benchmark. In other words, alpha strips the
returns that could have been captured by investing in the benchmark— in this case the S&P 500 Index— leaving only the
relative outperformance of a fund.

FIGURE 13
Jensen’s Alpha (“Alpha”)

Full Market Cycle: 2002 to 2009 Full Market Cycle + Current Cycle: 2002 to 2015
10.0%
7.8%
8.0% 6.9% 6.9%
5.9%
6.0% 4.4%
4.0% 3.2% 3.1%

2.0%
0.0%
Thematic Web Portfolio Thematic Health Care Portfolio Thematic Energy and Industrial Thematic Innovation Portfolio
-2.0%
Portfolio
-4.0% -3.2%

Source: ARK Investment Management LLC, Morningstar, Inc., Bloomberg

Note: Performance shown is gross fees and total returns (i.e., reinvested dividends)

15 Calculated per Morningstar methods, “Modern Portfolio Theory (MPT) Statistics: Morningstar Methodology Paper,” Morningstar, Inc.,
May 2009, http://arkinv.st/1P0HNJ7.
 THEMATIC INVESTING FOR AN EXPONENTIAL WORLD
10
ARK INVEST | CHRIS BURNISKE

CORREL ATION OF REL ATIVE RETURNS

According to modern portfolio theory, the best investment strategies eliminate unsystematic risk via diversification. The less
correlated assets are in an investment strategy, the lower the risk inherent in the overall portfolio. Thus, a sound investment
portfolio includes assets that are attractive on a risk-adjusted return basis and have a low correlation of relative returns. As shown
in Figure 14, with the S&P 500 Index as a benchmark,16 during the last full market cycle the correlation of relative returns of the
thematic portfolios to that of the Russell 3000 Value Index (RAV) was negative, and ranged from a low 0.22 to a moderate 0.76
when compared to the Russell 3000 Growth Index (RAG).

FIGURE 14
Correlation of Relative Returns to the S&P 500 Index | Full Market Cycle: 2002 to 2009

1.00000
0.74 0.76
0.80000

0.60000
0.44
0.40000
0.22
0.20000
-0.41 -0.23 -0.13 -0.39
0.00000
Thematic Web Thematic Web Thematic Health Thematic Health Thematic Energy Thematic Energy Thematic Thematic
-0.20000 Portfolio and Portfolio and Care Portfolio Care Portfolio & Industrial & Industrial Innovation Innovation
RAG RAV and RAG and RAV Portfolio and Portfolio and Portfolio and Portfolio and
-0.40000 RAG RAV RAG RAV
-0.60000

Source: ARK Investment Management LLC, Morningstar, Inc., Bloomberg

Note: Performance shown is gross fees and total returns (i.e., reinvested dividends)

While the hypothetical portfolios shown in this paper are not available for investment and do not represent the returns of any
actual portfolio, they can serve as proxies to demonstrate the benefits of diversification. For example, if over the last 13 years
an investor had included exposure to thematic investments focused on web, health care or convergent innovation at large as
a complement to a core value portfolio based on the Russell 3000 Value Index, then on days when the core value portfolio
underperformed the S&P 500, the thematic investments typically would have outperformed the S&P 500, and vice versa.
Relative to the Russell 3000 Growth Index, both the thematic health care and thematic energy and industrial investments would
have offered low correlation of relative returns, not only from 2002 to 2009 but also longer term, from 2002 to 2015, as shown
in Figure 15.

16 The S&P 500 Index is used as a relativity benchmark because it is commonly regarded as representative of the equity market as a whole.
 THEMATIC INVESTING FOR AN EXPONENTIAL WORLD
11
ARK INVEST | CHRIS BURNISKE

FIGURE 15
Correlation of Relative Returns to the S&P 500 Index | Full Market Cycle + Current Cycle: 2002 to 2015

0.8 0.73
0.69

0.6

0.4
0.30
0.25

0.2
0.07
-0.34 -0.19 -0.24
0
Thematic Web Thematic Web Thematic Health Thematic Health Thematic Energy Thematic Energy Thematic Thematic
Portfolio and Portfolio and Care Portfolio Care Portfolio & Industrial & Industrial Innovation Innovation
RAG RAV and RAG and RAV Portfolio and Portfolio and Portfolio and Portfolio and
-0.2
RAG RAV RAG RAV

-0.4

Source: ARK Investment Management LLC, Morningstar, Inc., Bloomberg

Note: Performance shown is gross fees and total returns (i.e., reinvested dividends)

THEMATIC STRATEGIES VS. TRADITIONAL SECTOR STRATEGIES

Based on the analysis described above, thematic portfolios tend to outperform on both an absolute and a risk-adjusted basis,
generally with a low to moderate correlation of relative returns to core growth and a negative correlation of relative returns to
value strategies. But, could such performance simply be a sector focus phenomenon?

To answer that question, ARK compared the performance of the thematic portfolios during the past 13 years to that of similar
sectors in the S&P 500: the Technology Select Sector Index (IXT), Health Care Select Sector Index (IXV), and a combination
index of the Industrial Select Sector Index (IXI) and Energy Select Sector Index (IXE).17

In Figure 16, on a compound annual return basis the combined S&P 500 Energy and Industrial sectors outperformed
the thematic energy and industrial portfolio by 4.3%. Meanwhile, the thematic web and thematic health care portfolios
outperformed their S&P 500 sector counterparts by 3.0% and 5.9% at an annual rate respectively, yielding the ending values
shown in Figure 17. Clearly, the commodity supercycle trounced energy and industrial innovation, as China evolved into an
industrial powerhouse during the first half of the 2002-2015 period and then unwound ferociously during the latter half.

17  These indices were sourced from Bloomberg as total return (i.e., reinvested dividends).
 THEMATIC INVESTING FOR AN EXPONENTIAL WORLD
12
ARK INVEST | CHRIS BURNISKE

FIGURE 16
Hypothetical $10,000 Initital Investment | Full Market Cycle + Current Cycle: 2002 to 2015

$80,000 $80,000
Web Portfolio Thematic Web Portfolio Technology Select Sector Index Technology Select Sector Index
$70,000
Health Care Portfolio $70,000 Thematic Health Care Portfolio Health Care Select Sector Index Health Care Select Sector Index
Energy and Industrial Portfolio Thematic Energy and Industrial Portfolio Combination of Industrial Select Sector Index & Energy Select
Combination
Sector Index
of Industrial Select Sector Index & Energy Sele
$60,000 $60,000

$50,000 $50,000

$40,000 $40,000

$30,000 $30,000

$20,000 $20,000

$10,000 $10,000

$- $-
Jul-04
Oct-04
Jan-05
Apr-05
Jul-05
Oct-05
Jan-06
Oct-02
Jan-03
Apr-06
Apr-03
Jul-06
Oct-06
Jul-03
Jan-07
Oct-03
Jan-04
Apr-07
Apr-04
Jul-07
Oct-07
Jul-04
Jan-08
Oct-04
Jan-05
Apr-08
Apr-05
Jul-08
Oct-08
Jul-05
Jan-09
Oct-05
Jan-06
Apr-09
Apr-06
Jul-09
Oct-09
Jul-06
Jan-10
Oct-06
Jan-07
Apr-10
Apr-07
Jul-10
Oct-10
Jul-07
Jan-11
Oct-07
Jan-08
Apr-11
Apr-08
Jul-11
Oct-11
Jul-08
Jan-12
Oct-08
Jan-09
Apr-12
Apr-09
Jul-12
Oct-12
Jul-09
Jan-13
Oct-09
Jan-10
Apr-13
Apr-10
Jul-13
Oct-13
Jul-10
Jan-14
Oct-10
Jan-11
Apr-14
Apr-11
Jul-14
Oct-14
Jul-11
Jan-15
Oct-11
Jan-12
Apr-15
Apr-12
Jul-15
Oct-15
Jul-12
Oct-12
Jan-13
Apr-13
Oct-02
Feb-03
Jun-03
Oct-03
Feb-04
Jun-04
Oct-04
Feb-05
Jun-05
Oct-05
Feb-06
Jun-06
Oct-06
Feb-07
Jun-07
Oct-07
Feb-08
Jun-08
Oct-08
Feb-09
Jun-09
Oct-09
Feb-10
Jun-10
Oct-10
Feb-11
Jun-11
Oct-11
Feb-12
Jun-12
Oct-12
Feb-13
Jun-13
Oct-13
Feb-14
Jun-14
Oct-14
Feb-15
Jun-15
Oct-15
Source: ARK Investment Management LLC, Morningstar, Inc., Bloomberg
Note: Performance shown is gross fees and total returns (i.e., reinvested dividends)

FIGURE 17
Ending Value of a Hypothetical $10,000 Initial Investment | Full Market Cycle + Current Cycle: 2002 to 2015

Thematic Strategy S&P 500 Sector Indices

$80,000
$67,374

$60,000 $50,759

$35,753 $34,189 $35,538

$40,000
$21,297
$20,000

$-
Technology
Web Health Care Energy and Industrial

Source: ARK Investment Management LLC, Morningstar, Inc., Bloomberg

Note: Performance shown is gross fees and total returns (i.e., reinvested dividends)

Measured in dollars, as shown in Figure 17, the differential performance is quite provacative. An investment of $30,000 in the
thematic web, health care, and energy and industrial portfolios ($10K in each portfolio) on October 31, 2002 would have more
than quadrupled to $139,430 in net asset value ($50,759, $67,374, and $21,297 in each portfolio, respectively) by December
31, 2015. In contrast, $30,000 allocated to the S&P Select Sector Index counterparts ($10K each) would have compounded to
$105,480, giving the thematic portfolios more than a 30% performance edge for the entire period.

The significant outperformance of the thematic portfolios relative to S&P 500 constituents in similar sectors is likely the result
of active fund management focused on innovation. Active share will become increasingly important as innovation changes the
world at an accelerated rate, putting index-based strategies at a disadvantage. Furthermore, ARK believes that the controversy
stirred by innovation cutting across economic sectors provides short term trading opportunities for active managers.
 THEMATIC INVESTING FOR AN EXPONENTIAL WORLD
13
ARK INVEST | CHRIS BURNISKE

CONCLUSION
ARK believes that broad based benchmark indices, which are backward looking by definition, will be disrupted as the world
experiences exponential change. Thematic strategies— which anticipate and embrace these disruptive multi-year changes—
position investors to enjoy the rising tides of innovation.

Often, these innovations seem discrete— like mobile and cloud computing— but later converge to produce unprecedented leaps
in productivity and efficiency. Due to their initially disparate appearance, innovative themes are not captured adequately by
focusing on a single sector, but instead by taking an active approach to investigating the catalysts of change (Figure 16).

Since the ramifications of converging innovations are not well understood, stocks poised to benefit are not priced properly in
the market until exponential growth pulls away from linear growth. By anticipating innovations that are misunderstood and
mispriced, thematic strategies can position investors to capitalize on inflections in growth. As a result, the majority of the
hypothetical thematic portfolios depicted above have outperformed broad market indices on an absolute and risk-adjusted basis
over the long term (Figure 11, 12).

Perhaps most importantly, the depicted thematic portfolios had moderate to negative correlation of relative returns to broad
based benchmarks— injecting growth while governing risk— showing that thematic strategies can be an attractive complement
to traditional investment portfolios (Figure 14, 15). The above characteristics demonstrate that investors potentially could
increase returns and lower risk by adding thematic strategies to traditional benchmark portfolios.

­­—

Room for further research

To avoid problems with sample size and data fidelity, ARK chose to start its analysis with the bear market of 2002. Given
properly constructed portfolios, a longer term study could prove valuable both to analyze performance over multiple decades
and to investigate a larger sample size of behavior within full market cycles.

Additionally, thematic strategies can incorporate sectors, such as commodities, which are not focused on capturing the
tailwinds of innovation featured in this analysis. Due to its open source research model, ARK is happy to collaborate with
research teams looking to leverage upon and expand this study of the thematic investing space.
©2016, ARK Investment Management LLC. No part of this content may be reproduced in any form, or referred to in any
other publication, without the express written permission of ARK Investment Management LLC (“ARK”). All statements
made herein are strictly beliefs and points of view held by ARK. Certain of the statements contained herein may be
statements of future expectations and other forward-looking statements that are based on ARK’s current views and
assumptions and involve known and unknown risks and uncertainties that could cause actual results, performance or
events to differ materially from those expressed or implied in such statements. An investment in any security is subject
to risks and you can lose money on your investment. There can be no assurance that any investment will achieve its
investment objective. Although ARK has taken reasonable care to ensure that the information contained herein is
accurate, no representation or warranty (including liability towards third parties), expressed or implied, is made by
ARK as to its accuracy, reliability or completeness. References herein to third parties do not indicate an endorsement
of or by or affiliation with ARK Investment Management. Nothing contained herein constitutes investment, legal, tax or
other advice and is not to be relied on in making an investment or other decision.

H Y P OT H E T I C A L P O R T F O L I OS: The hypothetical thematic portfolios (thematic web portfolio, thematic health care
portfolio, thematic energy and industrial portfolio and thematic innovation portfolio) were created by retroactively
applying a model developed with the benefit of hindsight. Hypothetical performance results often involve certain
material assumptions in creating the portfolios, based on the investment theory espoused, during the relevant historical
period and the data set chosen may not be indicative of present or future market conditions. Hypothetical and back-
tested performance almost invariably will show attractive returns, due to the benefit of hindsight, while actual results
going forward may not be as attractive. Performance for the hypothetical portfolios does not represent future results.
Performance for the hypothetical thematic portfolios is gross of fees.

The hypothetical thematic portfolios are not actual portfolios and do not represent any strategy or product currently
offered by ARK. Performance for the hypothetical thematic portfolios does not represent the actual performance of any
of ARK’s client accounts or any products offered by ARK. Performance of ARK’s strategies and products would differ.

I N D E X D E S C R I P T I O N S : The Russell 3000 Index measures the performance of the largest 3,000 U.S. companies
representing approximately 98% of the investable U.S. equity market. The Russell 3000 Growth Index measures the
performance of those Russell 3000 Index companies with higher price-to-book ratios and higher forecasted growth
values. The Russell 3000 Value Index measures the performance of those Russell 3000 Index companies with lower
price-to-book ratios and lower forecasted growth values. The Russell 2000 Growth Index measures the performance
of those Russell 2000 Index companies (the smallest 2,000 companies in the Russell 3000 Index) with higher price-to-
book ratios and higher forecasted growth values. The S&P 500 Index is a widely recognized capitalization-weighted
index that measures the performance of the large-capitalization sector of the U.S. stock market. The Technology
Select Sector Index combines constituents of the S&P 500 Index classified in the GICS Information Technology and
Telecommunication Services sectors. The Health Care Select Sector Index includes constituents of the S&P 500 Index
classified in the GICS Health Care sector. The Industrial Select Sector Index includes constituents of the S&P 500 Index
classified in the GICS Industrials sector. The Energy Select Sector Index includes constituents of the S&P 500 Index
classified in the GICS Energy sector. Direct investment in an index is not possible.

ARK Invest
JOIN THE CONVERSATION
155 West 19th, 5th Floor
New York, NY 10011 @ARKinvest
info@arkinvest.com | www.ark-invest.com