My SIWES PRogram Within The NNPC

CC
ISESELE Victor
CHEMICAL
MY SIWES PROGRAM ENGINEERING

DEPARTMENT.
WITHIN THE NNPC. UNIVERSITY OF

BENIN.
Skills and practices acquired; innovations and contributions during the period of
my SIWES
Technical report on my SIWES program at NNPC
A TECHNICAL REPORT ON
STUDENT INDUSTRIAL WORK EXPERIENCE SCHEME(SIWES)
HELD AT
NIGERIAN NATIONAL PETROLEUM CORPORATION(NNPC)
ABUJA
(JANUARY 2018-JUNE 2018)
BY
ISESELE VICTOR (Mat No: ENG1507721)
SUBMITTED TO
THE DEPARTMENT OF CHEMICAL ENGINEERING
UNIVERSITY OF BENIN, BENIN CITY, EDO STATE.
IN PARTIAL FULFILMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE AWARD OF A

BACHERLOR OF ENGINEERING, B.ENG IN CHEMICAL ENGINEERING.
HOD: DOC. ANDREW
1
LETTER OF CERTIFICATION
2
DECLARATION
I hereby declare that the contents of this document are a detailed description of the experience
gained at NNPC during the period of my SIWES program.
As the humble writer of this report, I own an exclusive authority to grant permission for any
review, modification, or commercial distribution of this document. And any use of this write-up
for research or such purposes should be appropriately acknowledged.
That every aspect cited from other documents or out-sourced information has been duly noted in
the reference section. Therefore, this document is and should be handled as my intellectual
property
3
DEDICATION
This work is dedicated to those without whom my industrial training would be impossible. First
is my loving family; my parents Mr. and Mr.’s ISESELE, and all those whom helped me in one
way or the other in achieving a successful SIWES program including the staffs of NNPC, my
friends and colleagues.
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ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
I give all thanks to almighty GOD for the grace to complete the SIWES program at NNPC
successfully, and to all those who contributed immensely to my success.
The GMD NNPC, Kolo Mele Kyari, COO CS, Sa’id Faruk, GGM ETD, Engr Awoyomi
Johnson, GM CPM, Jajiri Zengiru, H.R ETD, Mrs Talatu Okojie and other top management
staffs of NNPC for their role in the inception and success of my SIWES.
ENGR SHEHU SANI my supervisor who I can call my mentor and guardian at the workplace,
He always ensured I and my colleagues were engaged in gainful activities at work and that we
never lacked the necessities for work.
MRS. UJU ANAMEGE who has always advised and guided me anytime I came calling, towards
a successful SIWES program.
Other NNPC STAFFS that were of positive influence to me in one way or the other.
My friends and colleagues at the office who made my stay at the corporation a worthwhile,
Surely my forever wonderful PARENTS, who supported me all the way in every way.
THANK YOU ALL.
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TABLE OF CONTENTS
LETTER OF CERTIFICATION.....................................................................................................2
DECLARATION.............................................................................................................................3
DEDICATION.................................................................................................................................4
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT...............................................................................................................5
TABLE OF CONTENTS................................................................................................................6
LIST OF FIGURES.........................................................................................................................8
CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION....................................................................................................9
1.1 THE NEED.......................................................................................................................9
1.2 STUDENTS INDUSTRIAL WORK EXPERIENCE SCHEME (SIWES)......................9
1.3 HISTORY OF SIWES....................................................................................................10
1.4 OBJECTIVE AND SCOPE OF SIWES IN NIGERIA..................................................10
1.5 NIGERRIAN NATIONAL PETROLEUM CORPORATION.......................................11
1.6 NNPC ORGANIZING AND MANAGEMENT REPORTING STRUCTURE.............11
1.7 ENGINEERING TECHNOLOGY DIVISION(ETD)....................................................13
1.8 NNPC BUSINESS OPERATION..................................................................................14
CHAPTER 2: SKILLS, PRACTICES AND EXPERIENCES......................................................15
2.1 INTRODUCTION..........................................................................................................15
2.2 MY DAILY ACTIVITY SCHESDULE.........................................................................15
2.3 ENGINEERING DESIGN CARRIED OUT..................................................................16
2.4 PROJECT MANAGEMENT ACTIVITIES...................................................................18
2.5 THE CONSTRUCTING PHASE OF A FIRE TRUCK CANOPY PROJECT..............19
2.5.1 REVIEW OF SCHEDULE DOCUMENT....................................................................19
2.5.2 REVIEW OF WORK METHOD STATEMENT.........................................................20
2.5.3 PROJECT SITE SUPERVISION..................................................................................21
2.6 PERIODIC OFFICE ACTIVITIES................................................................................21
2.7 SOME RESEARCH WORK..........................................................................................23
2.8 WORK RELATION AND ENGEGEMENTS...............................................................24
CHAPTER 3: DISCUSSION ON PROJECT MANAGEMENT AND ECONOMICS................26
3.1 PROJECTS...........................................................................................................................26
3.2 PROJECT MANAGEMENT...............................................................................................27
3.3 PROJECT LIFE CYCLE.....................................................................................................27
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3.3.1 PROJECT IDENTIFICATION.....................................................................................29

3.3.2 CONCEPT SCREENING/EVALUATION AND SELECTION..................................32
3.3.3 FEED/EXECUTION PLANNING................................................................................33
3.4 COST ENGINEERING.......................................................................................................36
3.4.1. COST ESTIMAION.....................................................................................................37
3.5 HEALTH SAFETY AND ENVIRONMENT (HSE)..........................................................38
CHAPTER 4: CONCLUSION......................................................................................................47
CHAPTER 5: RECOMMENDATIONS.......................................................................................48
CHAPTER 5: REFERENCES.......................................................................................................49
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LIST OF FIGURES
Figure 1 NNPC ORGANOGRAM................................................................................................12
Figure 2 MY DAILY ACTIVITY SCHEDULE...........................................................................16
Figure 3 SINGLE LINE DIAGRAM FOR POWER STATION AT MOSIMI............................16
Figure 4 AN ILLUSTRATION OF A 100M^3 TANK.................................................................17
Figure 5 SCHEDULE DOCUMENT FOR FIRE TRUCK CANOPY PROJECT........................20
Figure 6 INTERNAL MEMO DOCUMENT................................................................................22
Figure 7- A FLOW CHART OF PHASES OF A PROJECT LIFE-CYCLE................................27
Figure 8- THE PROJECT LIFE-CYCLE......................................................................................28
Figure 9- DISTRIBUTION OF PROJECT EFFORT....................................................................29
Figure 10 A FIRE TRIANGLE.....................................................................................................38
Figure 11 WATER FOAM FIRE EXTINUISHER.......................................................................42
Figure 12 CARBON DIOXIDE FIRE EXTINUISHER...............................................................42
Figure 13 DRY CHEMICAL FIRE EXTINGUISHERS..............................................................43
Figure 14 WET CHEMICAL OR CLASS K EXTINGUISHERS................................................43
Figure 15 DRY POWDER EXTINGUISHERS............................................................................43
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CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION
1.1 THE NEED
SIWES (Student Indusial Work Experience Scheme) has provided a means through which
Engineering students in Nigerian Universities apply for temporary placements into industries to
gain experience.
Before the establishment of the scheme, there was a growing need concern among industrialists,
that graduates of institutions of higher learning lacked adequate and perquisite knowledge and
technical knowhow required for industrial work and manufacturing or simply put- skills required
in the work place and this was traced to the deficient learning methodology undertaken in
various universities across the country.
It was therefore the opinion of various employers of labor that there was a need for a more
practical approach to teaching in the higher institutions so as to produce a more effective
workforce.
1.2 STUDENTS INDUSTRIAL WORK EXPERIENCE SCHEME (SIWES)
The student industrial work experience scheme (SIWES) is a compulsory skills training program
designed to expose and prepare students of Universities, Polytechnics, Colleges of Agriculture
and Education for the industrial work situation they are likely to meet after graduation. The
scheme also affords students the opportunity of familiarizing and exposing themselves to the
needed experience in handling equipment and machinery that are usually not available in their
institutions of learning. The scheme is a corporate Industrial internship program that involves
9
institutions of learning, Industries, the federal government of Nigeria, Industrial Training fund
(ITF), and the Nigerian Universities Commission (NUC).
1.3 HISTORY OF SIWES
In 1993 SIWES was introduced, initiated, and designed by the Industrial Training Fund (ITF) to
acquaint students with the skills of handling equipment and machinery.
The Industrial Training Fund solely funded the scheme in its formative years however, due to
financial constraints, the fund withdrew from the scheme in 1973. The federal government
noting the significance of the skills training handed the management of the scheme to both the
National Universities Commission (N.U.C) and the National Board for Technical Education
(N.B.T.E) in 1979.
The management and implementation of the scheme was however reverted to the I.T.F by the
federal government in November, 1984 and was effectively taken over by the Industrial Training
Fund in 1985, with the funding solely borne by the federal government.
1.4 OBJECTIVE AND SCOPE OF SIWES IN NIGERIA
1) Provide placement in industries for students of higher institutions of learning approved by the
relevant regulation authority (NUC, NBTE) to acquire work experience and skills relevant to
their course of study.
2) Prepare students for the real work situation they will meet after graduation.
3) Expose students to work methods and techniques in the handling of equipment and
machinery that may not be available in school.
4) Make transition from school to the labor market smooth and enhance students contact for
better job placement.
5) Provide students with the opportunity to supply their knowledge in real life situation thereby
bridging the gap between theory and practice
6) Strengthen employer involvement in the entire educational process and prepare students for
the employment industry
7) Provide the desired technology knowhow required for the advancement of the nation.
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1.5 NIGERRIAN NATIONAL PETROLEUM CORPORATION
The Nigeria National Petroleum Corporation (NNPC) is the Oil Corporation through which the
federal government of Nigeria regulates and participates in the country’s petroleum industry.
NNPC was established on 1 April 1977 as a merger of the Nigerian National Oil Corporation and
the federal Ministry of Mines and Steel. NNPC by law manages the joint venture between the
Nigerian federal government and a number of foreign multinationals corporations, which
includes Royal Dutch Shell, Agip., Exon Mobil, Total S.A, Chevron, and Texaco (now merged
with Chevron). Through collaboration with these companies, the Nigerian government conducts
petroleum exploration and production.
The NNPC Towers consisting of four identical towers is the headquarters of NNPC. It is located
on Herbert Macaulay way, Central Business District Abuja. NNPC also has zonal offices in
Lagos, Kaduna, Port-Harcourt and Warri, and an International office located in London, United
Kingdom.
The current Group General Manager of NNPC(GGM) is Mele Kolo Kyari.
1.6 NNPC ORGANIZING AND MANAGEMENT REPORTING STRUCTURE
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NNPC BOARD
COMPANY SECRETARY MS
GROUP MANAGING
GGM, GOVERNENCE, RISK &
DIRECTOR NNPC COMPLIANCE M3
LEGAL ADVISER MS
GMD’S STA M3 GGM SPECIAL DUTIES MS
GGM FRONTIER GGM, GPAD M3

EXPLORATION SERVICES GGM, COMD M3
(FES) M3
MD, NNPC TRADING M3
GGM CORPORATE
PLAANING & STRATEGY
(CP&S)
12
COO, COO, COO, CS COO, COO, GAS & COO, COO,

R&P M2 F&A M2 M2 UPSTREAM POWER M2 VENTURES DOWNST
M2 REAM M2
GGM MD PPMC MD PHRC

ACCOUNT M3 M3
S M3 MD NPSC MD WRPC
GGM, M3
M3
FINANCE MD KRPC
GGM M3
GGM,
SHIPPING GGM
NNPC
CAPITAL M3 GREEN
M3 MD, NNPC FIELD M3
GGM RETAIL GM,
TREASUR GM PLANNING
Y M3 PLANNING & BUS
GGM DEVT M4
& BUS
RISK
DEVT M4
MANAGE
MENT &
INSURAN
CE M3
MD NNPC
AND
PENSION
S M3
GM
PLANNIN
G & BUS
DEVT.
Figure 1 NNPC ORGANOGRAM
The NPC Group comprises the NNPC Board, the Group managing director’s office/ GMD’s
office, seven operational units as listed below. Each UNIT is headed by a Chief Operating
Officer (COO). Its Divisions are headed by Group General Managers (GGMs), while its
subsidiary companies are headed by Managing Directors (MDs). NNPC has several
subsidiaries; two partly owned subsidiaries and 16 associated companies, with these
companies, the Nigerian government conducts petroleum exploration and production.
Subsidiaries are business entities that are either fully or partially owned by NNPC with offices
outside of the corporate headquarters. While Divisions are part of the Corporate Headquarters
structure (CSUs) headed by a GGM which is equivalent to MDs of the various SBUs. These
SBU’s are grouped under units called Autonomous Business Units(ABU’s) and Corporate
Services Units(CSU’s) headed by COO’s as earlier mentioned while the finance and
accounting unit is headed by the CFO (chief operating officer). The Autonomous units
comprise of the following:
 Upstream Company
 Downstream Company
 Refinery Company
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 Ventures Company
 Gas and Power Company
While the Corporate Services Units(CSU’s) comprise:
 Finance and accounts
 Corporate Services
1.7 ENGINEERING TECHNOLOGY DIVISION(ETD)
The Engineering Technology Division ETD, is the Engineering Division that offers Engineering
services to other business units within and outside the corporation. ETD has to its disposal
Engineers and Technicians in various discipline ready to execute significant projects
professionally for better improved products and services. Some of the functions of the division
includes:
1. ETD provides Engineering and technical services to the corporation.
2. ETD also provides operational and technical support services to other NNPC facilities.
3. Executing NNPC capital Projects.
4. Regulate Engineering Policies, Procedures and Standards in NNPC Operations and
Projects
5. ETD provides services of Cost Engineering for Project management in NNPC.
ETD operates through three (3) departments each having unique duties. They are:
1. Capital project management(CPM)
2. Cost engineering department (CED)
3. Engineering procedures standard & specification department (EPSS).
During my SIWES program, I worked (was posted to) the CPM department were we execute
capital projects and stand in as NNPC’s representatives in a contract for monitoring such projects
and ensure compliance to contract terms through activities such as project site supervision,
Engineering Design, etc. Some functions of E.T.D includes the following:
1. Approving project concept for capital allocation.
2. Managing Projects in ETD.
3. To monitor and control ABUs contracts up to close-out
4. Coordinating the planning and implementation of projects from inception to
commissioning
5. Providing Project Management Assistance to ABUs and CSUs.
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1.8 NNPC BUSINESS OPERATION
The NNPC business operations are managed through Strategic Business Units –SBUs (Business
focused) and Corporate Services Units –CSUs (Service provider) in diverse locations across
Nigeria.
All Investments of the Nigeria government in the oil and gas sector of the economy is managed
by the upstream arm of NNPC NAPIMS which is an acronym for the National Petroleum
Investment Management Services. Aside her corporate services relations, Such investments
springs through Deepwater Projects, Crude oil Reserves/Production and Gas Development.
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CHAPTER 2: SKILLS, PRACTICES AND EXPERIENCES.

2.1 INTRODUCTION
This chapter explains explicitly the various work and activity undertaken during the period of my
SIWES in the Engineering and Technology Division of NNPC and the important skills and
practices of Commerce, Engineering and Technology I learnt in the industry, gaining practical
experience in various aspects of my field of study Chemical Engineering; other engineering
discipline, general Engineering practice, commerce, trade, technology, investment, software,
corporate affairs, industrial relations etc.
A Work Experience is a skill or knowledge gained by direct observation or participation in some
special king of activity or set of activities. Most Engineering firms have subdivisions usually
called departments or divisions, so that their business operations can be broken down into easily
executable portions and carried out by these departments. Such departments/division may
include; services, operation, maintenance, construction, design, and even external services such
as consultancy.
Within NNPC the ETD an acronym for Engineering Technology Division is a service oriented
Division concerned with providing the necessary engineering and technical support services for
other Strategic Business Units within the corporation.
I worked alongside staffs of ETD to ensure efficient and effective delivery of Engineering
services, I also got to perform jobs relating to other fields of engineering including the
Telecommunication sector, Administrative duties and through interactive sessions with skilled
and experienced staffs I leant about activities in various segments of the oil and gas sector.
The Student Industrial Work Experience Scheme (SIWES) program I carried out in NNPC
allowed me ample opportunity to first interact with other students from various tertiary
institutions across the Nation, the platform to share ideas and concepts on topics of interest in the
Engineering field and the corporate environment. I was on several occasions grouped in various
teams were we had to produce results to tasks or assignments given to us. More commonly, I was
in a project team that had to carry out functions of a typical project management team, where we
were assigned supervisory and inspectorial roles overs a couple of projects undertaken by my
Division- Engineering and Technology Division (ETD).
2.2 MY DAILY ACTIVITY SCHESDULE
The daily schedule and activities during the six months are well tabled below:
TIME 8:00 to 9:30 to 11:00 to 12:00 1:00 to 3:30 to
9:30am 11:00am 12:00pm to 3:30pm 4:00pm
1:00p
16
m
ACTIVIT SIGN IN GROUP KNOWLED LUNC OFFICE SIGNING
Y DURING TECHNICA GE H DUTIES & OUT IN
O.K.V.C L/ SITE SHARING BREA ASSESSME UBITS
(STUDEN WORK CLASS K. NT OF OFFICE
TS WITH ETD LOGBOOK &
FORUM). STAFFS CLOSEIN
G
Figure 2 MY DAILY ACTIVITY SCHEDULE
2.3 ENGINEERING DESIGN CARRIED OUT
During the course of my SIWES program, I was engaged in Engineering design activities that
involved some Engineering drawing including use of AutoCAD for the design of a single line
diagram for power lines to be installed by the corporation in one of its subsidiaries, another was
the design of an overhead tank with a required volume. That for the design of an overhead tank
was assigned to me and other members of my team. The success of the entire design process was
dependent on teamwork and corporation from/ each member of the team as well as application of
the perquisite knowledge that was required for the design. Below are diagrams of these design
works and all calculations that were involved.
1. A single line diagram for power station at MOSIMI
I was delegated to design a single line diagram for electrical power lines to be installed in a
facility.
2. Tank design with a capacity of 100m^3
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Figure 3 AN ILLUSTRATION OF A 100M^3 TANK
The fluid tank was designed to hold water. The 100,000 liters(100m³) capacity tank is built to
serve a rural population of about 2,000 people.
a) Assumptions taken include:

▪ volume of water = volume of tank
▪ Flow rate (Q)= 4.26m³/s
▪ Gradient velocity (G)=1000sec⁻¹
▪ Depth of tank = 4m
b) Data analysis and result evaluation for retention time

Retention time of water (td) = volume/flow rate
(volume is 100,000litres = 100m³, flowrate is 4.26m³/s)
RT = 100/4.26
RT = 23.47secs
Retention time = 23.47seconds
c) Data analysis and result evaluation for volume of tank
18
The area, volume, power of the pump, and detention time were calculated for the design of the
tank based on some assumptions
Volume = Area * depth (vol. = 100m³, depth = 4m)
Area = 100m³/ 4m = 25m²
Since it is a square tank, length = breadth = √Area
L = B = √25m² = 5m
Dimension of tank (5m * 5m *4m)
d) Power of the pump, P can be determined from the formula: (G² * V * µ)

µ (co-efficient of friction) is 1.004*10⁻³,
volume(v) is 100m³, gradient is (1000sec⁻¹) ²
Power = {(1000sec⁻¹) ² * 100m³ * 1.004 * 10⁻³pas} =100,400,000 N.
Power = 1.004 MN (Required power of the pump).
2.4 PROJECT MANAGEMENT ACTIVITIES
Project Management involves the application of skills, tools and resources in management of
projects is a vital skill to any Engineering firm and important that Engineers who frequently
engage in projects be it building of process industries, production facilities, manufacturing firms
etc.
During my SIWES, I participated alongside a supervision team representing the client in a
contract for the building of s fire truck fire canopy project, a project undertaken by the ETD
Division of the NNPC.
Project supervision is an important aspect of project management carried out to ensure that
contractual agreements relating to Engineering, Procurement and Construction are adhered to. In
most chemical engineering enterprises such skills and knowledge come in “handy” to ensure that
projects embarked upon meet requirements.
2.5 THE CONSTRUCTING PHASE OF A FIRE TRUCK CANOPY PROJECT
19
The fire truck canopy project is a project in the EPC phase of a project life cycle. The project
was awarded by the NNPC through her Engineering and Technology Division (ETD) to
ARMECO LTD. During this period and at other times, I and other members of my team were
assigned several project management functions which are stated below.
2.5.1 REVIEW OF SCHEDULE DOCUMENT.
Before the procurement and construction phase of a project usually referred to as EPC, the
Engineer in charge of a project has as one of his obligation to review the scope of work. For the
fire truck canopy project, I and other members of my team were assigned to review the schedule
document. During review of such contract documents, there are salient information and critical
details that should be looked out for. Some of these includes the following:
1. To check if the scope of work conforms to the agreed set of activities as stated in the contract
documents.
2. To have knowledge of how work on site will progress and in what order.
3. To keep track of work and hold the contractors accountable for any deviation.
4. It allows for comparison between plan and execution.
Below is an example of a schedule document which I and other members of my team were asked
to review.
Figure 4 SCHEDULE DOCUMENT FOR FIRE TRUCK CANOPY PROJECT
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2.5.2 REVIEW OF WORK METHOD STATEMENT
A work method statement is a document that describes the specific safe working methods which
will be used by the contractors to execute a project. The scope for a work method statement
usually includes the following:
 Scope of Activities.
 List of Equipment.
 Site Personnel.
 Work sequence and methods.
 Health, Safety and Environment.
I and my group reviewed the work method statement in order to:
1) Check if the scope of activity as outlined in the work method statement is the same as
that in the schedule and the scope document.
2) To monitor and ensure that Every activity carried out is done in line with the
corresponding methods of work, codes and standards.
3) To know the personnel and equipment that would be deployed for the project.
4) To ensure the right project quality is delivered.
5) To ensure that the contractors adhere to appropriate health, safety and environmental
policy both local and national.
6) To know the Risk and hazards accompanying the project.
2.5.3 PROJECT SITE SUPERVISION.
During the life cycle of a project at the Execution phase, the client's representative whom has
requisite knowledge of work going on site. Along with my supervisor and other students in my
group we visited the fire truck canopy site periodically with the following objectives:
i. To assess work on site and daily progress
ii. To check if the appropriate equipment and personnel are available.
iii. To ensure that the desired quality is achieved.
iv. To ensure that applicable codes and standards are adhered to
2.6 PERIODIC OFFICE ACTIVITIES
This set of activities includes preparation of internal documents, documentation and transfer of
files to relevant offices, organization and archiving of documents and other modes for
21
information handling. These activities usually require caution and carefulness and focus for
proper execution. Some of these documents includes; a project completion checklist for project
execution appraisal, internal memorandum etc. Below are some of the documentation work I
carried out:
1. A typical memoir prepared in an administrative environment for communication between
offices and administrative levels
An internal memorandum
Figure 5 INTERNAL MEMO DOCUMENT
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2. The project completion checklist is utilized usually at the end of a project or at the
completion of a particular phase and is used to check if all deliverables set or laid down
initially before commencement have been accomplished.
PROJECT COMPLETION CHECKLIST
S/N DESCRIPTION STATUS REMAR

KS
CIVIL ENGINEERING WORKS Complete Spec. Functionality
d Compliance
YE NO YES NO
S
1. Detailed Engineering Design.
2. Site Clearance, removal, carting
away of deformed steel materials.
3. Casting and placement of all
associated concrete work.
ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING
WORKS
7. Electrical works including
installation/testing of all Electrical
Equipment.
MECHANICAL ENGINEERING
WORKS
8. Installation/fixing of all
mechanical components.
9 CHEMICAL UNIT EQUIPMENT
INSTALLATIONS
OTHERS
10. Survey/geotechnical works
11. Shipment and site delivery of 24”
sheet piles and accessories.
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2.7 SOME RESEARCH WORK
Research is a careful study that is done to find and report new knowledge about something.
The corporate and industrial workplace is a hive for activities ranging from business, to
administrative, to technical works. But of importance is the effort to update theoretical principles
so that companies can meet up with new innovations and technology. This is why most
organizations and industries advocate for research and development and this is evident in large
budgetary allocations to research, almost every well-established organization can boast of a
research and development department for improving the internal processes or products of the
company.
In NNPC Corporate Headquarters, there are provisions for personal development one of which is
the standard Library facility located on the first floor of block A with sufficient academic
materials for research and development. Occasionally, I carried out some research work to gain
more understanding of activities carried out during daily work experience and knowledge sharing
classes organized by the corporation/my division. Students are often required to provide
information concerning the corporation’s business structure, background or activities carried out
during the day, which are to be submitted as part of assessment for the period to check laxity.
Such activities are usually carried out in groups to encourage leadership and team work abilities
in students. Some of the topics I have had course to research on includes
 Project Management.
 Refinery Operations.
 Crude Oil Basics.
 Process design.
 Report writing. etc.
2.8 WORK RELATION AND ENGEGEMENTS
From Mele Kolo Kyari, the GMD NNPC standpoint at a town hall meeting with staffs of the
corporation, the workplace is the family were people spend most part of their twenty-four-hour
day. At NNPC, attention is given to creating meaning around the job function and the workplace
24
which the employee can easily connect with, the working environment should therefore create
the right atmosphere for physical, mental, and social health.
To this end, Students were usually encouraged by superiors at work to take occupational health
seriously through routine check-up utilizing a 24hour medical service at the NNPC Medical
Services department which I utilized. Occupational health management is a continuous process
which involves management of health and safety of employees in the workplace with focus on
prevention of hazards were students and staffs were constantly being enlightened about safety in
the workplace, and operational hazards.
Through Mentorship, I easily gained the experiences earlier mentioned and many more bordering
on Engineering and Technology, Commerce and Investment, my supervisor Engr. Shehu Sani
was excellent in managing both daily office demands and his obligations to me, engaging my
team with all necessary requirements; professional, technical, theoretical, office "knowhow" etc.
Through a mix of practical activities and several organized classes, not to leave out several
engagements from delegation to assignments and group works.
In all, the whole work skills and practices I learnt about borders around the mentorship granted
me by my supervisor and I thank him for everything especially his grand display of guidance and
interest for me and the rest of my group. Provision for transportation for SIWES enrollees was
not left out of the picture through monthly stipend.
Fundamentally, for a progressive work environment, we practiced effective Communication,
good Understanding, genuine Love, and firm Trust under supervision paying attention to work
ethics and the rules and regulations of the environment. Work ethics is taken seriously during
official engagements and meetings, principles of work ethics introduced to us borders on; job
execution processes,
25
CHAPTER 3: DISCUSSION ON PROJECT MANAGEMENT AND ECONOMICS
3.1 PROJECTS
Engineering as a discipline involves application of human experience and knowledge of sciences

to find better solutions to the problems of the present society. The result of this design thinking,
development of ideas and implementation usually ends up in a change initiative. This process is
referred to as a project. In order to achieve the required objectives, there needs to be proper
planning, scheduling, execution and monitoring keeping in mind time, costs, and quality of the
project.
A Picture Showing a team commonly referred to as project management team on a supervisory

assignment over an ongoing project that is in the EPC stage of a project lifecycle.
“ISO 8402 defines a project as: ‘A unique process, consisting of a set of co-ordinated and
controlled activities with start and finish dates, undertaken to achieve an objective conforming to
specific requirements including constraints of time, cost and resources.” (Shehu Sani 2019)
Some examples of projects includes the following:
 Drilling an oil well,
 Building a refinery,
 Testing and installing a piece of equipment,
 Developing a new training programme,
26
 Oil Exploration
 Drilling Project
 Construction of Flow Station
 Pipeline Construction
 Tank farm & Storage Construction
 Plant Construction
 Establishing a new youth centre,
 Installing a new computer system,
 Research & development programme etc.
3.2 PROJECT MANAGEMENT
Project management can be defined as “The art of directing and coordinating human and material
resources throughout the life of a project by using modern management techniques to achieve
predetermined objectives of scope, cost, time, quality and participant satisfaction (PMI ‘96)”.
Project Management involves the application of tools, skills, experiences and technical
knowledge in steering the activities of a project throughout the project life so that at the end of
this period, the requirements in terms of quality are achieved within planned time and schedule at
the budgeted cost.
The project team is led by a project manager, other personnel are the cost engineering team, the
consultants, technicians, site engineers, designers, quality officers, etc. Some functions
performed by the project management team includes directing the performance of the planned
project activities and manages the various technical and organizational interfaces that exist in the
project while others take inspection and supervisory, monitoring, control and cost engineering
roles etc. “A project management office (PMO) is an organizational structure that standardizes
the project-related governance processes and facilitates the sharing of resources, methodologies,
tools, and techniques.” (Blessing Emeruwa, 2019).
3.3 PROJECT LIFE CYCLE
Initiation Planning Monitoring Execution Close-out

& Control
Figure 6- A FLOW CHART OF PHASES

OF A PROJECT LIFE-CYCLE
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Every project can be likened to a living thing because a project has a beginning and an end date.
The span of time from the inception stage of a project to the close-out of that project is referred
to as the project life cycle. During the life cycle of a project there are certain critical activities
that are carried out in order to attain laid down deliverables set at the beginning of a project or
before each stage or phase in a project.
In project management, it is often important for the managers to predict certain characteristics of
the different phases of a project, the comparison between the amount of effort or input into a
phase of a project and time is a relationship utilized in project management to make predictions
and characterize a project life cycle creating some basis for planning and scheduling, it could
also be a tool used for making cost evaluation since time itself is cost. The diagram below
depicts the pace of a project, and shows the relationship between phases of a project and time.
100%
Slow finish
Completion
% Project
Quick
momentum
Time
Slow start
Figure 7- THE PROJECT LIFE-CYCLE
From the graph the following inferences on project management can be made:
I. The beginning or commencement phase of a project is usually slow.
II. Then the project begins to pick in pace and eventually has a quick momentum during the
Execution phase and other midlife phases of the project.
III. At the project end period there are usually some documentation work, handover,
commissioning and close-out activities that slows down the pace.
The following graph shows how much effort is usually required at the different stages of a
project. It correlates with the previous graph in the sense that much efforts are put into the phase
28
of the project where work is carried on faster (i.e. at the mid-life of the project) and we also
notice that less effort is invested at the end of the project and even lesser at its inception.
Peak effort level

Level of effort
Conception Selection Planning, scheduling, Evaluation &

Figure 8- DISTRIBUTION
monitoring, OF PROJECT EFFORT
termination
Time
control
3.3.1 PROJECT IDENTIFICATION
During the identification of a project, there are certain relevant documents that should be
prepared or available, some of such documents are the business case and a feasibility study.
A business case is a document which outlines the justification for the startup of a project. The
business case produces the rationale for a project proposal, based on the service needs and or
assessment of the likely costs and potential for success. The business case is usually presented by
a project promoter to senior management or project sponsor within the business entity, it is the
main reference document during project execution and implementation which at the end of the
project a Post-Implementation Review (PIR) will determine whether or not the project delivered
the business benefits or outlined in the business case. It is the written approval to commence the
project. A business case is a document that forms the basis of advice for executive decision-
making for an asset investment. It is a document that clearly establishes the justification for
project to take off, it considers alternatives solutions, and identifies assumptions, benefits, costs
29
and risks. Some of the terms and documentation accompanying the identification stage are as
follows:
1. Feasibility study: A feasibility study is an analysis of the ability to complete a project

successfully taking into account legal, economic, technological, scheduling and other factors.
2 Investment: The expenditure of funds intended to result in medium to long term service, or
financial benefits rising from the development or use of infrastructure or assets by either the
public or private sectors.
3 Lifecycle cost: The total cost of an item or system over its full life.
4 Project proposal: This is a business idea, project or program which is still under development
and appraisal.
5 Project promoter: The project ORIGINATOR.
6 Project Charter: This is the project terms of reference.
7 An Investor: The person who has an identified business problem (or opportunity), will be
responsible for making (or advocating) a decision to investment and who will be responsible
for delivering the expected benefits.
8 Risks: Risk are defined as “any event which may adversely affect the ability of the solution
to produce the required deliverables”. Risks may be strategic, environmental, financial,
operational, technical, industrial, competitive or customer related.
3.3.1.1. Economic Analysis
During the inception phase of a project, an investment can be viewed as an opportunity or a

problem that requires solution. Two basic options are to be considered are; (I) maintain status-
quo (II) carrying out the economic analysis of the opportunity or project. Usually an economic
analysis is carried out at the earliest stages of the project life cycle to establish the potential value
of the proposed idea to the corporation in terms of cost saving or profit growth.
There are three major components or keys involved in carrying out the analysis and they include:
1 Revenues: Determining the revenue stream from the investment involves considering key
drivers such as
1. Overall business concept.
2. Its scope in the entire value chain.
3. The size of the market for investment.
4. Strength of competition.
5. Growth rate of the market share.
2 Costs: All cost to the corporation upon undertaking the investment should be identified. This
includes capital structure, taxes, repayment plans etc. Costs are generally classified as Capital
expenditure (CAPEX) and Operating expenditure (OPEX). The CAPEX is used to increase or
expand capacity while the OPEX is used to maintain existing capacity. OPEX are further
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classified into fixed and variable while the CAPEX is further classified into tangible and
intangible.
3 fiscal laws: Determining the relevant laws that might apply to the investment as contained in
the Nigerian Fiscal Regime. This should assist in determining the various taxes which may
apply such as CITA, PPT, NDDC, Education tax, VAT, customs and excise duties etc.
The investment should first be categorized into the various segments of the oil and gas value
chain (upstream, midstream, downstream) to determine which law is applicable.
3.3.1.2. Cash Flow Analysis
Cash flow is a revenue or expense stream that changes cash account over a given period. While
Cost is an amount that has to be paid or spent to buy or obtain goods or services, it could be in
terms of money, time, material, effort etc. A net cash flow is “cash in” less “cash out”, This is
calculated from the identified streams of Revenue and Cost and the applicable taxes from the
fiscal regime as demonstrated below.
NCF = Revenues – Royalties (if applicable) – OPEX – CAPEX – Taxes.

Basic assumptions are applied in cash-flow analysis and are classified as follows:
1 Technical assumptions: Technical assumptions relates directly to the type of investment being
undertaken for example the capacity of the plant.
2 Commercial assumptions: Commercial assumptions are determined by the economics of the
environment such as inflation, market prices, interest rates, dept., equity, etc.
Commonly used profitability indicators in NNPC are NPV, IRP, MCR, payout, cumulative NCF,
profit-investment Ratio, unit Technical Cost (UTC) etc.
3.3.1.3. Project charter
A project charter is an approved document which formally outlines the vision, purpose, structure
and the execution plan of a project such as a process plant etc.
After a project proposal, a business case, and a feasibility study have all been appraised and
approved, the project charter is then written and approved by an approving authority (either
within the business entity or a body at the helm of affairs).
The project charter should contain:
1) Title page,
2) Executive summary,
3) Table of content,
4) Introduction,
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5) Project plan (approach, milestones/schedule, HSE, QA/QC, communication,

coordination etc.),
6) Project execution (project governance, organogram, roles and responsibilities).
3.3.2 CONCEPT SCREENING/EVALUATION AND SELECTION
The concept screening stage of a project can be likened to a customer who goes to her tailor to
sow aa dress, and after she has identified what kind of dress she wants to sow, she begins to
describe the various features she would like her dress to have.
Conceptual screening evaluation and selection involves the activity scope that intends to select
and define the “un-rigid” aspects of the project where-in alternatives on how the project can be
best achieved are considered and the best option chosen. Of utmost importance in the
consideration of a project path is cost, cost is a determining factor that informs decisions taking
during the conceptual screening stage of a project. Some of the activities carried out during
conceptual screening, evaluation and selection includes the Health Safety and Environment
planning; the Environmental Impact Assessment planning; Feasibility studies on the possibilities
and potentialities of the project, etc.
3.3.2.1 Project feasibility
This is analysis of the ability to complete a project successfully, taking into account legal,
economic, technological, scheduling and other factors. A feasibility study can be in form of the
following;
1. Market feasibility.
2. Technical feasibility.
3. Financial feasibility.
4. Economic feasibility.
5. Institutional feasibility.
6. Social & Environmental feasibility.
During concept screening/evaluation and selection, the following criteria are usually considered
in order to make good and objective choices:
1. Capital and Operating cost.
2. Technological complexity, viability and technological readiness.
3. Profitability/Economic indicators (NPV, IRR, PIR, Payback period).
4. HSE (e.g. carbon footprint, flammability, emissions etc.).
5. Ease of Operation.
6. Time to deliver the product.
7. Ease of Construction.
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8. Operational Flexibility.
3.3.2.2 ELA (environmental impact assessment)
An Environmental Impact Assessment (ELA) study is an analytical process that identifies,

evaluates and recommends measures to mitigate possible environmental, social and economic
consequences (impacts) of a developmental process. The following are guidelines to conducting
ELA study:
1. Project and location description.
2. Environmental condition of the project Area.
3. Environmental Screening.
4. Impact Identification.
5. Scoping.
6. Impact Assessment and Evaluation.
7. Stakeholders Participation.
8. Review, Reporting and Decision making.
9. Impact mitigation and monitoring.
3.3.2.3 HSE-Health Safety and Environment plan
The Health Safety and Environment (HSE) plan is a structured approach that enables the project
achieve its goals, objectives and targets in a healthy, safe and environmentally sound manner. It
provides guidance on occupational health, safety hazards and control of pollution to the
environment. It also enables the project meet its safety obligations and regulatory requirements.
In order to develop an adequate HSE plan, the following procedures should be taken:
Conducting project HSE Assessment.
Develop project HSE’
3.3.3 FEED/EXECUTION PLANNING
This phase of the project can be described and the aspect that involves planning for the execution
phase. Here ample consideration is given to contracts, contract size, contract forms and types. It
also involves planning the method that would be suitable to adopt in giving of contracts for the
EPC-Engineering Procurement and Construction stage of the project. The codes, standards, and
fiscal law guiding that particular sector of the industry also has a major role to play in making
33
certain decisions, materials of construction, mode of transportation, method of construction are

all considered during this execution planning phase, and a lot of cost, effort and time. About 70%
of the activity scope lies within this phase and due to cost of EPC
3.3.3.1 Contracts
Contracts according to the Mariam Webster dictionary is a business arrangement for the supply
of goods or services at a fixed price. The type of contract undertaken by our organization often
depends on the type of project to be executed. I.e. the entire project scope of work, the total
period the project will last, the total cost, the location, the sort of materials and equipment to be
handled and utilized etc. The following are the different types of contracts handled in the
organization were I worked during my SIWES.
1 Fixed price contract: This is used for projects with clearly defined scope and the owner
and contractor will agree on the cost which is fixed for a specific duration within which
the project is to be delivered.
2 Time and Materials or Unit rates contract: This type is used in a situation in which the
total cost is not known until completion of the project and payment is based on per hour
or per item achievements.
3 Cost reimbursable contract: This type of contract is used when the exact scope of the
work is uncertain and cost cannot be estimated accurately enough to effectively use a
fixed price contract.
3.3.3.2 Contracting strategies
All Contracts are unique in nature such that each has an almost defined way and process of
execution. The three types of contracts stated above each require a different approach; the type of
company to engage, the time to allocate for procurement and construction, how payment is made
etc. The contracting strategy utilized for executing a project in NNPC is usually the most suitable
for that particular project. Within NNPC, there are three basic contracting strategies which were
being utilized and they are as follows:
1 EPC (Engineering Procurement and Construction): EPC contracts involves the award of a
contract for a single contractor for the Engineering Procurement and Construction activities of
the project such as
1 Supply of materials and equipment
2 Engineering design (mainly detailed engineering)
3 Procurement
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4 Construction
5 Installation works
6 Commissioning
7 Startup
8 Training and tests etc.
2 Engineering Procurement and Construction with long lead items (ECP with LLIs): This
contracting method or strategy is a variant of EPC where LLIs are procured by the owner
upon completion of the ‘feed’ and before the EPC contract is awarded leading to acceleration
of the project schedule when compared with purely EPC contracts.
3 Engineering, Procurement and Construction Management (EPCM): In this contract, an

engineering company is contracted to provide engineering, procurement and construction
management services by the owner. The EPCM contractor does the following:
1. Development of engineering designs.
2. Execution of procurement activities.
3. Management of construction activities.
4. Assisting the owner with negotiations on the project.
4 Engineering Procurement, Construction and Installation (EPCI): This type of strategy is

common for offshore type construction. The contractor, in addition to providing the
engineering and construction services, he also does transportation, offshore installation, hook-
up and commissioning.
The project manager is to advice on the use of the above strategies for the execution of the
project.
3.3.3.3 Codes and Standards.
Project codes and standards are definitions and guidelines that serve as instructions for designers,
manufacturers and users of equipment and are enforceable by law.
Standards ensure that the organizations and companies adhere to accepted professional practices,
including construction techniques, maintenance of equipment, personal safety, quality and
documentation.
The codes are usually backed by regulatory requirements and tell the user what to do, when and
under what circumstances.
Some project codes and standards associated with Execution phase of a project life cycle
includes:
1. Design codes and standards (process, mechanical, electrical, civil, piping, coating, etc.).
35
2. Standard manual on operation.

3. Safety codes and standards.
4. Environmental codes and standards.
5. Construction/Building codes and standards.
6. Installation codes and standards.
7. Commissioning codes and standards.
Persons involved with codes and standards are as follows:
1. Project manager
a. Provides project oversight and guidance.
b. Ensures that appropriate codes and standards are used for the project.
2. Technical Lead
a. Ensures NNPC Engineering General specifications are utilized.
b. Guide on the selection of appropriate codes and standards.
c. Assist the Project Manager that appropriate codes and standards are used for the project.
3. QA/QC Lead.
a. Reviews and that the application of relevant codes and standards.
3.3.3.4 Project Material Receipt and Inspection.
Persons involved with Project Material Receipt and Inspection. are as follows:
1 Field procurement officer.
a. Document and control project materials and received under the care and custody of field
warehouse personnel in the warehouse or the laydown areas.
b. prepare supplemental report including narrative sketches and/or photographs.
2 Discipline field Engineer: Detail engineering inspection of special equipment.
3 Project Quantity control personnel.
a. Carries out independent material verification tests upon receipt of materials at the jobsite.
b. Reporting: When the consignment has been thoroughly checked a material receiving report
shall be completed.
c. Vendors instruction: Vendors require the purchase orders and/or appropriate attachments to
provide details of any special requirements including precautions to be taken during off-
loading and subsequent loading of materials.
3.4 COST ENGINEERING
Most Engineering Projects carried out by the Engineering and Technology Division (ETD),
involves economics of cost at one point or the other through the entire life cycle of a project.
“Engineers and engineering is most often responsible for creating functional things - strategic
36
assets as we call them in TCM. (e.g., design a bridge or develop software). But beyond the
physical dimension of design (e.g., the bridge structure), there are other important dimensions of
money, time, and other resources that are invested in the creation of the designed asset.”
(Awoyomi, 2019)
“According to AACE (Association for the Advancement of Cost Engineering): Total Cost
Management (TCM) is the area of engineering practice where engineering judgement and
experience are utilized in the application of scientific principles and techniques to problems of
Cost estimating, Cost control, Profitability analysis, Project management and Planning &
scheduling. Cost Engineering is: the art and science of Total Cost Management (TCM).”
(Awoyomi 2019).
Cost Engineering usually involves three aspects; Cost Engineering & Cost, Cost Estimation, and
Planning & Scheduling. The Cost Engineering Department takes care of all Cost Engineering
activities within the ETD division of the NNPC.
3.4.1. COST ESTIMAION
Cost Estimation is the approximate calculation of the amount or extent of something. It can also
be described as forming an opinion about something, a tentative evaluation or rough calculation,
a preliminary evaluation of the cost of a project. The statement of such a calculation is called the
estimate. According to Association for the advancement of cost engineering (AACE), an
estimate in cost estimating is a compilation of all the probable costs of the elements of a project
or effort included within an agreed upon scope.
A cost estimate helps the company(NNPC) to be able to benchmark and validate projects in
terms of their cost and utilize approved cost estimates during the monitoring and control phases
of a project.[ ‘
3.1.4.1 Planning the Estimate

1 First, we define the purpose and scope for each stage that is to be estimated. Cost estimates for
each stage have different end uses for example, proposal, feasibility, budgets, bid, etc.
2 We Obtain relevant data and information to understand what is being estimated e.g.
 The scope baselines
 Relationships and predecessors
 Historical information from similar projects carried out in the past or in other sections of
the company.
 Lessons learnt from similar projects.
3 Developing the estimate plan by considering templates, approach, timeline for the estimate and
the master schedule required for the estimate.
37
4 Identifying the ground rules and assumptions.

5 Determining the appropriate estimates techniques for the estimates e.g. analogous techniques,
bottom-up estimates, parametric estimates.
3.1.4.2 Creating the Estimate & Develop BOE Document.

1. The cost estimate is created at various stages of the project using the appropriate cost model in
line with the Cost Engineering Department procurement guidelines.
2. Developing the Basis of Estimation (BOE) document which shall include; the cost estimate,
assumptions and rules, steps used in preparing the estimates, purpose, auditable and traceable
date.
3.1.4.3 Review and Validate.

The cost estimate and BOE document are then reviewed by appropriate QA/QC review groups
and(or) project sponsor, then the BOE is prepared for approval from relevant authorities.
3.1.4.4 Approve and Document for Usage

1. The estimate and BOE document are packaged and presented to the appropriate body for
approval.
2. All projects seeking approval must not be accompanied with a cost estimate certificate from
CED.
3. The approved estimate and BOE document will then be documented and stored in the project
information database for end usage.
4. The cost estimate will then be re- validated with the new information and updated as required
if the BOE is at any stage.
3.5 HEALTH SAFETY AND ENVIRONMENT (HSE)
3.5.1 FIRE
Fire is a process in which FUEL, OXYGEN and HEAT combine chemically in the required
proportion to give out bright light, heat, and smoke; combustion or burning”
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CHEMICAL
FUEL
This is the Fire Triangle. Actually it's a tetrahedron, because there are three elements that must
be present for a fire to exist.
There must be Oxygen to sustain combustion, Heat to raise the material to its ignition
temperature, Fuel to support the combustion and a Chemical Reaction between the other three
elements.
And the concept of Fire Prevention is based upon keeping these four elements separate.
3.5.1.2 TYPES OF FIRES

not all fires are the same. Different fuels create different fires and require different types of fire
extinguisher agents. The different classes of fires are:
Class A
Class B
Class C
Class D
Class K
However, some type of fire extinguishing agents can be used on more than one class of fire.
Others have warnings where it would be dangerous for the operator to use a particular fire
extinguisher agent.
Class A
Are fires in ordinary combustibles such as wood, paper, cloth, trash, and plastics.
39
Class B
Are fires in flammable liquids such as gasoline, petroleum oil, paint and also flammable gases
such as propane and butane. Class B fires do not include fires involving cooking oils and grease.
Class C
Are fires involving energized electrical equipment such as motors, transformers, and appliances.
Remove the power and the fire becomes one of the other classes of fire.
Class D
Are fires in combustible metals such as potassium, sodium, aluminum and magnesium.
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Class K
Are fires in cooking oils and greases such as animal fats and vegetable fats.
3.5.1.3 TYPES OF FIRE EXTINGUISHERS

1. Water and Foam
2. Carbon Dioxide
3. Dry Chemical powder
4. Wet Chemical
1. Water and Foam

Water and Foam fire extinguishers extinguish the fire by taking away
the heat element of the fire triangle. Foam agents also separate the
oxygen element from the other elements.
Note: Water extinguishers are for Class A fires only - they should not
be used on Class B or C fires. The discharge stream could spread the
flammable liquid in a Class B fire or could create a shock hazard on a
class C fire.
41
Figure 10 WATER FOAM FIRE

EXTINUISHER
They are not for use on Class C fires due to the shock hazard.
Foam extinguishers can be used on Class A & B fires only.
2. Carbon Dioxide
Carbon dioxide fire extinguishers extinguish the fire by taking away the
oxygen element of the fire triangle and also by removing the heat with a
very cold discharge. Carbon dioxide can be used on Class B & C fires.
They are usually ineffective on Class A fires.
3. Dry Chemical
Figure 11 CARBON
DIOXIDE FIRE
Dry Chemical fire extinguishers extinguish the fire primarily by EXTINUISHER
interrupting the chemical reaction of the fire triangle.
Today's most widely used type of fire extinguisher is the multipurpose dry
chemical that is effective on Class A, B and C fires. This agent also works
by creating a barrier between the oxygen element and the fuel element on
Class A fires.
Note: Ordinary dry chemical is for Class B & C fires only. It is important
to use the correct extinguisher for the type of fuel! Using the incorrect
agent can allow the fire to reignite after apparently being extinguished Figure 12 DRY
CHEMICAL FIRE
successfully. EXTINGUISHERS
4. Wet Chemical
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Wet Chemical is a new agent that extinguishes the fire by removing the heat of the fire triangle
and prevents reigniting by creating a barrier between the oxygen and fuel elements. Wet
chemical or Class K extinguishers were developed for modern, high efficiency deep fat fryers in
commercial cooking operations. Some may also be used on Class A fires in commercial kitchens.
5. Dry Powder
Dry Powder extinguishers are similar to dry chemical except that they
extinguish the fire by separating the fuel from the oxygen element or by
removing the heat element of the fire triangle. Dry powder extinguishers
are for Class D or combustible metal fires, only. They are ineffective on
all other classes of fires.
Figure 14 DRY POWDER

EXTINGUISHERS
3.5.1.4 THE RULES FOR FIGHTING FIRES
THE THREE A'S
Activate the building alarm system or notify the NNPC CHQ fire department or have someone
else do this for you.
Assist any persons in immediate danger, or those incapable on their own, to exit the building,
without risk to yourself. Only after these two are completed, should you;
Attempt to extinguish the fire.
3.5.1.5 WHEN TO FIGHT A FIRE?

A. The time to use a fire extinguisher is in the early, or incipient, stage of a fire. Once the fire
starts to grow or spread, it is best to evacuate the building, closing doors or windows behind you.
43
B. If the fire is producing large amounts of thick, black smoke or chemical smoke, it may be best
not to try to extinguish the fire. Neither should you attempt to extinguish the fire in a confined
space. Outdoors, approach the fire with the wind at your back. Remember that all fires will
produce carbon monoxide while others will produce toxic gasses that can be fatal, even in small
amounts.
C. You should always fight a fire with an exit or other means of escape at your back. If the fire is
not quickly extinguished, you need to be able to get out quickly and avoid becoming trapped.
D. If you do not feel comfortable attempting to extinguish the fire, don't try - get out and let the
fire department do their job.
3.5.1.6 FIRE EXTINGUISHER USE

It is important to know the locations and the types of extinguishers in your home or workplace
prior to actually using one.
Fire Extinguishers can be heavy, so it's a good idea to practice picking up and holding an
extinguisher to get an idea of the weight and feel.
Practice is important to learn how to release the discharge hose or horn and aiming it at the base
of an imagined fire. One should avoid pulling the pin or squeezing the lever. This will break the
extinguisher seal and cause it to lose pressure.
Time is taken to read the operating instructions and warnings found on the fire extinguisher
label. Not all fire extinguishers look alike.
WHEN IT IS TIME TO USE THE EXTINGUISHER ON A FIRE, (P.A.S.S.)

1. Pull the pin.
2. Aim the nozzle or hose at the base of the fire from the recommended safe distance.
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3. Squeeze the operating lever to discharge the fire extinguisher agent.
4. Sweep Starting at the recommended distance, Sweep the nozzle or hose from side to side until
the fire is out. Move forward or around the fire area as the fire diminishes. Watch the area in case
of re-ignition.
3.5.1.7 FIRE EXTINGUISHER MAINTENANCE

In addition, fire extinguishers must be maintained annually in accordance with local, state and
national codes and regulations. This is a thorough examination of the fire extinguisher's
mechanical parts; fire extinguishing agent and the expellant gas. Your fire equipment
professional is the ideal person to perform the annual maintenance because they have the
appropriate servicing manuals, tools, recharge materials, parts, lubricants, and the necessary
training and experience.
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3.5.2 PERSONAL POTECTION EQUIPMENTS (PPE) AND SAFETY SIGNS ON SITE

Below is shown some kits and instruments used in the site.
1 Helmet is used for protecting the head.
2 Eye googles for protection of the eyes from debris and other harmful objects.
3 Safety gloves and boots protect the limbs, they must be worn while operating equipment
to avoid cuts and other injuries.
4 Safety jackets in addition to being protective are also reflective to indicate that someone
is present in that environment.
5 Safety signs also play important role on site, such as warning, information, attention etc.
CHAPTER 4: CONCLUSION
The Student Industrial Work Experience Scheme is by all means the meeting point of all
activities carried out within this period of my internship. It has therefore become an innovation
that has no doubt stood the test of time and has the potential for playing an active role in utilizing
Nigerian Tertiary Institutions and students for the industrialization of her country.
Every Engineering process can be identified as a cause of change, either to human beings,
animals, plants, environment etc. Most Engineering discipline therefore incorporate some vehicle
for ensuring that a specific engineering activity or process can be carried out i.e. if it is feasible
and that it can be carried out effectively and efficiently in order to produce the required results.
For most Business Enterprise including the Engineering firms, Project management is the
technique required to ensure that an Idea generated is transformed into real life obtainable
products, services or structures that serve an initial purpose for which it was developed.
In the Chemical Engineering field, an activity scope under the name process design is employed
to see the erection of new chemical processes and plants or modification of existing ones.
Despite this, most process designs are still carried out within the framework of Project
46
Management therefore, both process design and economics, and project management skills
including cost engineering knowledge are important to the Chemical Engineer.
The Student Industrial Experience Scheme has provided an avenue for undergraduates as myself
to engage in such engineering activities thereby gaining required skills, practices, and knowledge
of commerce and technology required by students to become full-fledged graduates.
CHAPTER 5: RECOMMENDATIONS
The following are some major specific recommendations that after due considerations have been
found to be critical for further improvement in the processes and activities involved in the
SIWES program on the part of all stakeholders including the Federal Government(ITF), the
Industries, Universities and the Students. These recommendations include:
1. I recommend NNPC. as a destination for intending interns as she provides good working
atmosphere and as a well-established business organization, enables students get the most of
their SIWES program.
2. NNPC. Can do even more in her contributions to the SIWES scheme by properly organizing
students learning process for improved learning.
3. ITF in addition to her achievements needs to ensure that allowances due to students are paid
as at when due and ensure that supervisors are on ground at the stipulated time and place to
supervise students work in their place of attachment.
47
4. A coherent legal framework should be put in place that bind employers to keep to “their end”
of the contract for Industrial attachments and provide penalties for offenders.
5. Students who are attached to Industries and other Enterprises should take their training very
seriously as most students are fund of being carried away by the comfort of the work
environment making them forget the essential purpose of an Industrial attachment.
6. Universities should endeavor to plan begin and end their academic year in consonance with
regular attachment periods so as to avoid delayed acceptance or even rejection of students by
Employers.
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CHAPTER 5: REFERENCES
1. Max S. Peters, Klaus D. Timmerhaus, Plant design and Economics for Chemical
Engineers, 4th (fourth) Edition, McGraw-Hill Inc.
2. GAVIN TOWER, RAY SINNOTT, 2008, Principles Practice and Economics of Plant
and Process Design, Elsevier Inc.
3. NNPC, Project Sanctioning and Approval Procedure (PSAP) journal, Vol 1,2,3,4,5.
4. Blessing Emeruwa, 2019, Project Planning & Management in The Oil & Gas Sector,
(Power Point Presentation) Accessed: February 2019.
5. Shehu Sani, 2019, Project Management, (Power Point Presentation) Accessed: February
2019.
6. GHSEQ SIWES, 2019, Fire and Fire Fighting equipment, (Power Point Presentation)
Accessed: February 2019.
49

My SIWES PRogram Within The NNPC

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MY SIWES PROGRAM ENGINEERING

WITHIN THE NNPC. UNIVERSITY OF

STUDENT INDUSTRIAL WORK EXPERIENCE SCHEME(SIWES)

NIGERIAN NATIONAL PETROLEUM CORPORATION(NNPC)

(JANUARY 2018-JUNE 2018)

ISESELE VICTOR (Mat No: ENG1507721)

THE DEPARTMENT OF CHEMICAL ENGINEERING

UNIVERSITY OF BENIN, BENIN CITY, EDO STATE.

IN PARTIAL FULFILMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE AWARD OF A

HOD: DOC. ANDREW

3.3.1 PROJECT IDENTIFICATION.....................................................................................29

1.1 THE NEED

1.2 STUDENTS INDUSTRIAL WORK EXPERIENCE SCHEME (SIWES)

1.3 HISTORY OF SIWES

1.4 OBJECTIVE AND SCOPE OF SIWES IN NIGERIA

1.5 NIGERRIAN NATIONAL PETROLEUM CORPORATION

1.6 NNPC ORGANIZING AND MANAGEMENT REPORTING STRUCTURE

GMD’S STA M3 GGM SPECIAL DUTIES MS

GGM FRONTIER GGM, GPAD M3

COO, COO, COO, CS COO, COO, GAS & COO, COO,

GGM MD PPMC MD PHRC

1.7 ENGINEERING TECHNOLOGY DIVISION(ETD)

1.8 NNPC BUSINESS OPERATION

CHAPTER 2: SKILLS, PRACTICES AND EXPERIENCES.

2.2 MY DAILY ACTIVITY SCHESDULE

2.3 ENGINEERING DESIGN CARRIED OUT

2. Tank design with a capacity of 100m^3

Figure 3 AN ILLUSTRATION OF A 100M^3 TANK

a) Assumptions taken include:

b) Data analysis and result evaluation for retention time

d) Power of the pump, P can be determined from the formula: (G² * V * µ)

2.4 PROJECT MANAGEMENT ACTIVITIES

2.5 THE CONSTRUCTING PHASE OF A FIRE TRUCK CANOPY PROJECT

2.5.1 REVIEW OF SCHEDULE DOCUMENT.

Figure 4 SCHEDULE DOCUMENT FOR FIRE TRUCK CANOPY PROJECT

2.5.2 REVIEW OF WORK METHOD STATEMENT

2.5.3 PROJECT SITE SUPERVISION.

2.6 PERIODIC OFFICE ACTIVITIES

Figure 5 INTERNAL MEMO DOCUMENT

PROJECT COMPLETION CHECKLIST

S/N DESCRIPTION STATUS REMAR

2.7 SOME RESEARCH WORK

2.8 WORK RELATION AND ENGEGEMENTS

CHAPTER 3: DISCUSSION ON PROJECT MANAGEMENT AND ECONOMICS

Engineering as a discipline involves application of human experience and knowledge of sciences

A Picture Showing a team commonly referred to as project management team on a supervisory

3.2 PROJECT MANAGEMENT

3.3 PROJECT LIFE CYCLE

Initiation Planning Monitoring Execution Close-out

Figure 6- A FLOW CHART OF PHASES

Figure 7- THE PROJECT LIFE-CYCLE

Peak effort level

Conception Selection Planning, scheduling, Evaluation &

3.3.1 PROJECT IDENTIFICATION

1. Feasibility study: A feasibility study is an analysis of the ability to complete a project

3.3.1.1. Economic Analysis

During the inception phase of a project, an investment can be viewed as an opportunity or a

3.3.1.2. Cash Flow Analysis

NCF = Revenues – Royalties (if applicable) – OPEX – CAPEX – Taxes.

3.3.1.3. Project charter

5) Project plan (approach, milestones/schedule, HSE, QA/QC, communication,