Webinar 19 - Arc Flash Protection

ELECTRICAL
Protection
PRINCIPLE
By: SCHNEIDER ELECTRIC
KERVIN RUPERT DE SENA

PRODUCT APPLICATION ENGINEER - PROTECTIONS
Confidential Property of Schneider Electric

Schneider Electric - Division - Nom – Date 1
Agenda: Introduction for Protection of Power
System
Protection System and Schemes
Kervin Rupert de Sena,

Protection Relay Fundamentals
Product Application Engineer,
Protection and Automation
0917-114-0228 ANSI/IEC SYMBOL
Kervin-rupert.desena@se.com
Overcurrent Protection
Voltage Protection
Transformer Differential Protection
ARC FLASH PROTECTION
Confidential Property of Schneider Electric | Page 2

ELECTRICAL POWER SYSTEM “RELIABLE & ECONOMICAL”
Heavy Heavy
Industry Industry
Residential
Connexion Connexion to Efficient Home
to HV MV network
EHV/HV network Residential
Centralised
MV / LV
Substation
Generation
Commercial
& Industrial
Efficient Enterprise
Industry
HV/MV
Substation
(Primary substation)
Infrastructure
Connexio Switching
EHV
n to/HV
HV
Substation MV/MV Data Centres
network
Local Generation
Renewable Buildings
Distributed
Energy plants
Generation
(intermittent)
Energy producers Utility Consumers
Transmission
Confidential Property of Schneider Electric |
Residential Low voltage Medium
protection protection voltage
protection

MV Protection Scheme Relay
Concept
Switchgear
The protection relay…

Stores information,
Controls the circuit breaker
Protects the assets
Circuit Breaker
Executes Logics,
Communicates with Scada,
Sends alarms,
Provides historical data,
CT/VT or Sensors
Protection relay
Medium Voltage Concept

ANSI C37.2 Device Number IEC 60617
SYM
I> 1st Stage Phase OC
I>> 2nd Stage Phase OC
Io> Earth Fault 1st stage
Io>> Earth Fault 2nd Stage
U< Undervoltage
U> Over Voltage
ΔI> Transformer Differential
f< Under Frequency

f> Over Frequency
P→ Directional Power Relay

How Protection Relay Works?
Detect and isolate the

fault Preserve continuity of supply
current
Sensor voltage
Measure
Compare
Decide
Tripping
coil
A protection device does not prevent the fault from

occurring, but limits the consequences ...

EVOLUTION OF RELAYS
Electromechanical Static Numerical
EVOLUTION OF PROTECTIVE RELAY

Zone Protection
Overlapping Protection ensures No

gap is unprotected
Parameters Needed to Set for Overcurrent Relay
• DATE AND TIME

• FREQUENCY
• Current Transformer Ratio
• Voltage Transformer Ratio if Available
• Pick-up Current Based on your Protective
Device Coordination Study
• Curve Used Based on your Protective
Device Coordination Study
• Time Delay or TMS
• Programmable LED for Indications of Fault
• Mapping of Output Terminal to Protection
Function (Eg. 51/50P and 50/51N to
Output 1)
• Disturbance Record to Set

Pick-up Setting for Overcurrent
* Different Manufacturer’s have different approach for Protection Relays
200:5 CT RATIO 200:5 CT RATIO 200:5 CT RATIO

PRIMARY CURRENT Per-unit CURRENT Secondary CT Current
Pickup Set = 200 A Pick-up Set = 1.0xIn Pick-up Set = 5.0 A
Time-Current Coordination (TCC) Curve

Different types of Curve in TCC • Instantaneous – range from 0 to
0.1 sec
• No INTENTIONAL time
delay
• Good for end loads e.g
machines
• Best in high fault currents
• Definite Time – use as back up

protection for Distance
• Time delay is constant
regardless of fault location
• Easy to coordinate
• IDMT – the higher the current, the

faster the trip time
• Protecting Distribution lines

Pick up Current
Time Delay

Recommendation:
Pick up Current • Good for overload
protection
• The higher the current
the faster the tripping
TMS • Used to protect motor
starting curve

NORMAL/STANDARD INVERSE CURVE
• * It’s used when Fault Current is

dependent on generation of
fault not fault location.
• used in utility and industrial circuits

VERY INVERSE CURVE
• Used where there is a reduction in
fault current, as the distance from
source increases.
• Particularly effective with ground
faults because of their steep
characteristics
• Suitable if the short-circuit current
drops RAPIDLY with the distance
from the substation.
• Most use in distribution and Main
protection of the building
• Good use for relay-fuse
coordination
EXTREMELY INVERSE CURVE
• Suitable for the protection of

machines against overheating.
• makes it possible to use a short
time delay in spite of high
switching-in currents
• Used when Fault current is
dependent on fault location
• Use to protect transformer damage
curve
• Good use for relay-fuse
coordination

• STANDARD INVERSE
• VERY INVERSE
• EXTREMELY INVERSE
• LONGTIME INVERSE

DO YOU WANT copy of SCHNEIDER NPAG?
What is the New Protection
Relay carried by SCHNEIDER
ELECTRIC that will replace
SEPAM and MICOM?
EASERGY P3 Relay

CT

Single Line Diagram
EASERGY P3T32
EASERGY P3U20

Fault for D-y Transformer

TRANSFORMER
IEEE 242 stated

This on
overcurrent
coordination
chaper

Factors for Transformer Overcurrent Protection
• MVA Rating
• Single Line Diagram
• Voltage Rating
• Current Transformer Sizing and Specification
• Minimum Three Phase and Single Phase Fault Current
• Cable Size and Cable Damage Curve
• Upstream Relay Setting
• Downstream Circuit Breaker/Relay Setting
• Transformer Damage Curve
• Transformer Thermal Limit
• Maximum Fault Current

Settings for Transformer Overcurrent Protection
• Pickup Threshold
• X’Former FLC < Pickup Threshold < Maximum Fault Current (Stage1)
• Typically 4x – 12x the full Load for Stage 2
• Instantaneous Settings is for Utility Fault, Lightning
• PEC Article 4.50.1.3
• Curve Type
• ANSI and IEC Curve
• Definite and Inverse Definite Minimum Time

PEC 4.50.1.3

PEC 4.50.1.3

TRANSFORMER OVERCURRENT PROTECTION
• Transformer protection consists of overload and short circuit protection.

• FLA (Full Load Current) is the rated continuous current carrying capacity of a
transformer at a referenced ambienttemperature and allowable temperature
rise. (MVA / (1.732*Vn)).
• Transformer Damage Curve The standards state,
“If fault current penetrates the limits of the thermal damage curve insulation may
be damaged, or if fault current penetrates the limits of the mechanical damage
curve cumulative mechanical damage may occur.
• Inrush current, input surge current or switch-on surge is the maximal
instantaneous input current drawn by an electrical device when switch on.

TRANSFORMER OVERCURRENT PROTECTION

Transformer Protection
Faults Impacts Protections
Short-circuit • Coiling • Overcurrent

• Tank 50/51
• Magnetic circuit • transformer
differential
• 87T
• Buchholz
Earth fault • Coiling • Max. Io

• Magnetic circuit 50N/51N
• Restricted
differential 64REF
• Tank earth
50N/51N,
50G/51G
Overload • Insulators • Overcurrent

50/51
• Thermal
overload 49RMS
• Temperature
49T
Page 65
VOLTAGE PROTECTION
Under Voltage 27, U<
• Bus undervoltage protection

• For voltage-sensitive loads like induction motor
• Source transfer scheme
• Not tripping but initiating the transfer of loads
• Permissive functions.
• Prevent or trips the breaker during outage
• Use for loop automation

VOLTAGE PROTECTION
Over Voltage 59, U>
• Simple overvoltage bus protection

• For load protection

ARC FLASH PROTECTION
Version 1.0. October 19th, 2018
Confidential Property of Schneider Electric

What Arc Flash looks like?
Errors when working on live

switchboard installations can be fatal
Example Arc Fault on LV panel

• 100A protection
• 20KA fault
• 15 cycles (300ms) duration
7000 Arc Flash occurrence per year in

USA and 500 injuries

Electric risk mitigation in Electrical Distribution
●Safety risk inside MV and LV cubicles is high
● Risks for Personal during Commissioning, Operation and Maintenance
● Equipment Destruction
● Fail on continuity of Service
●Huge impact on
● Insurance and people safety
● Capex and Opex
●Applications
● Energy Critical : O&G, MMM, Datacenters
● Utilities : G & D on primary and secondary networks

Arc fault damages
Sound
140 dB / @ 60 cm
Pressure shock
100 kPa
Toxic gases
Heat shock
> 200 C

Application Principle
An Arc flash can Occur:
Why : Where :
- Ageing of isolators / corrosion … - Bus bars / Cables and cable termination
- Vibration at connectors - Between phases
- Maintenance error (human) - Phases to ground
- Equipment broke - At any accessible live connectors
- Dust / water and animals destroy
When : Damages :
- At any time due to ageing - People injuries
- Due to abnormal work (high temperature, - Equipment damage
…) - Fire generation
- During maintenance / commissioning …
• The Selectivity makes the temporization will keep the Arc longer
• A MCB fail during an Arc will be critical
• In MV / LV the Arc current could be lower than protection trip level
• Power availability could be over sized
Arc Flash protection Methods
Risk Assessment Personal Protection Passive Protection Active Protection

Equipment
• Mandatory by regulation • Mandatory by local • Prescribed by Standards • Mandatory by NEC in US and

in NAM. regulation by most country levels IEC & ANSI in MV Canada for > 1200A
• Specified by local energy • Protect People • Specified by Energy critical
critical companies • Don’t protect against choc • Protect LV and MW cubicles customers
worldwide and gas • Contain arc fault
• Strong trend in critical • Equipment are not • Protect People & Equipment
applications worldwide protected • Cost effective
Regulation in progress worldwide leaded by US

Growing request in LV
Available Active protection solutions
● Active Protection by detection and control Detection Personal Equipment Continuity
Retrofit Cost
time protect protect of service
● Diff. prot. 10ms ✓ ✓ X $$$ $$$

● Differential protection (Bus Bar diff.) by current sensing
● ZSI : Zone Selective interlocking ZSI > 25ms ✓ ✓ X $$ $$
● ERMS Energy Reduction Maintenance setting

ERMS 10ms ✓ X X $$ $
● Arc Flash mitigation by optical Detection

Arc
Mitigation
1.. 2ms ✓ ✓ ✓ $ $
Arc Flash mitigation is most cost effective

Arc Flash mitigation is the easier to deploy in Retrofit (compare to ZSI, ERMS and Diff. protection)
Arc fault damages
Conventional relay protection
• Protection algorithm, 15 ... 30 ms
• Mechanical output contact, 5 ms
• Time setting, 30 ... 350 ms
• CB operating time, 50 ... 80 ms
Fault clearing time

Feeders
15+5+30+50 = 100 ms
Incomers
15+5+350+50 = 420 ms
With Arc protection

7+50 = < 60ms

Risk Analysis Steps
For New installations: For Existing Installations:

• Arc risk Calculation of the Switchboard • Electrical Risk Audit
• Analyse the impact on the customer • Incident Energy Calculation
installation • Analyse risks (human and material)
• Design typical solution • Build adapted solution

79 Janne Kankaanpää 6.8.2007
Arc Flash Hazard Analysis: Why

needed?
• SHOCK HAZARD ANALYSIS

Arc Flash Hazard Analysis

IEEE 1584 2002- Guide for Performing Arc-Flash Hazard
Calculations
• Equations that were developed using statistical analysis of data from ARC
FLASH testing performed at Laboratories.
STEPS in making ARC Flash Hazard Analysis
1.) Collect the System and Installation equipment data
2.) Determine the Power Systems’ mode of operation
3.) Determine the Bolted fault current
4.) Determine the Arc Fault current
5.) Find the protective device characteristics and the duration of the arcs
6.) Record the System Voltages and Equipment Class
7.) Determine Working Distances
8.) Determine the Incident Energy
9.) Determine the Flash Protection Boundary for all equipment

Arc Flash Hazard Analysis

IEEE 1584 2018- Guide for Performing Arc-Flash Hazard
Calculations
• Equations that were developed using statistical analysis of data from ARC
FLASH testing performed at Laboratories.
STEPS in making ARC Flash Hazard Analysis
1.) Collect the System and Installation equipment data
2.) Determine the Power Systems’ mode of operation
3.) Determine the Bolted fault current
4.) Determine typical gap and enclosure size based upon system voltages
and classes of equipment
5.) Determine the equipment electrode configuration
6.) Determine the working distances
7.) Calculation of arcing current
8.) Determine the arc duration
9.) Calculate the incident energy
10.) Determine the arc-flash boundary for all equipment

IEEE 1584 - Guide for Performing
Arc-Flash Hazard Calculations
●The Model is applicable for systems with:
●Voltages in the range of 208 V–15 000 V, three-phase.
●Frequencies of 50 or 60 Hz.
●Bolted fault current in the range of 700 A–106 000 A.
●Grounding of all types and ungrounded.
●Equipment enclosures of commonly available sizes.
●Gaps between conductors of 13 mm–152 mm.
●Faults involving three phases.

Typical Protective Clothing
Hazard/Risk Required Minimum

Category
Clothing Description Clothing Arc Rating
0 Non-melting, flammable material Not applicable

with fabric weight of at least 4.5 oz/yd2
1 Arc-rated FR shirt + FR pants or FR coveralls 4 calories/cm²
2 Arc-rated FR shirt + FR pants or FR coveralls 8 calories/cm²
3 Arc-rated FR shirt + FR pants or FR coveralls, 25 calories/cm²
and Arc-rated flash suit, the layered system
must meet the required minimum rating.
4 Arc-rated FR shirt + FR pants or FR coveralls, 40 calories/cm²
and Arc-rated flash suit, the layered system
must meet the required minimum rating.
Typical Protective Clothing

NFPA 70E Table 2016
85

86
Janne
Kanka
Schneider Electric - Division - Nom – Date 86 anpää
6.8.200
87
Janne
Kanka
Schneider Electric - Division - Nom – Date 87 anpää
6.8.200
ARC FLASH MITIGATION SOLUTION

Stand alone Arc Flash by optical detection for Cubicle
Arc Flash Mitigation value
proposal
Fault Detection at ignition
- Optical point sensor (1-7ms)
- Optical loop sensor
+ Current Detection (2-10ms)
Fault Extinguish
Switching Methods:
Circuit Breaker Fast Switch Quenching Device

40-70ms 20-50ms (Short-circuiter)
< 5 ms
Arc Flash Stand alone : An OEM and Panel Builder market

System Arc Flash by optical detection for complete installation
Arc Flash Mitigation value

proposal
Fault Detection at ignition

- Optical point sensor (1-7ms)
- Optical loop sensor
+ Current Detection (2-10ms)
TRIP TRIP
MT IN MT IN
Fault Extinguish
- Circuit breaker Control (40-70ms)
- Fast switch control (20-50ms)
- Quenching device control (2-5ms)
TRIP TRIP TRIP TRIP

Circuit Isolation
MT OUT MT OUT - Relay Synchronization
- Logical Selectivity
- Time Selectivity
Arc Flash Systems : A Contractor and System Integrators solution

※ = Scada interface
Arc flash offer overview ◎ = Master unit
＃ = Protective relay
Integrated Standalone System High end system

Relay Standalone System HE Sys
Relay with arc interface VAMP 121/125 V221 + VAM I/O V321 + VAM-IO
※◎
◎
QD
• Interconnection with BIO interface • Single stand-alone VAMP 125 unit • V221 with 3-phase current detection, 4 • V321 with 1 fiber loop or 8 point sensors or
or GOOSE • max 4 point sensors trips and interconnection interface for 10 point sensors, 4 trips, 2HSO, A1, 3xBIO,
• 6 point sensors and 4 point extension units, 5xBIO 3-phase + Io current detection
sensors • Single stand-alone VAMP 120 unit • Max. 16 extension VAM 1x I/O units • Max. 16 extension VAM 1x I/O units
• Scada interface • max 4 point sensors • Totally 160 point sensors or 48 loop • Totally 160 point sensors or 48 loop sensor
sensor or 15 current detection points or or 15 current detection points or any of
• Single stand-alone VAMP 121 unit any of combination above witing max combination above witing max amount of
• 10 point sensors amount of I/O units (16 pcs) I/O units (16 pcs)
• No HMI • Scada interface
• Quenching unit interface for LV and MV

Extension Modules
Point Sensors Loop Sensors Current Condition
•VAM 10L/12L
•VAM 3L •VAM 4C
• I/O unit address selectable with dip switch
• Ten (10) point sensors • I/O unit address selectable with dip switch • I/O unit address selectable with dip switch
• One portable pinch sensor
• Three (3) loop sensors • Three (3) current measurements
• One trip output (10L) / 3 trip outputs (12L)
• 2 modular cable connections for interfacing • One portable pinch sensor • Current pick-up setting by potentiometer
with a central and other I/O units (CAN-bus)
• Self-supervision for sensor connection • One trip output • One trip output
• 8…9 ms tripping time (typically)
• 2 modular cable connections for interfacing • 2 modular cable connections for
• Din-rail and door model available with a central and interfacing with a central and
other I/O units (CAN-bus) other I/O units (CAN-bus)
• Self-supervision for sensor connection • Optionaly Ring Logs for current inputs
• 7…8 ms tripping time (typically) • Din-rail and door model available
• Din-rail and door model available

Optical sensors
• Point sensor
● Fixed in each protected compartment
● Simple installation
● Exact fault spot location
● Recommended for MV applications
• Fiber optic sensor

● Routed through protected areas
● Cost effective solution
● Recommended for low voltage applications

Arc flash offer for all applications
Integrated Standalone System
Relay with arc interface VAMP120/121/125 V221/V321 + VAM I/O • Event monitoring
• Failure detection
• Postmortem analysis
Internal protection of equipment Protect the installation
Arc Flash devices covers both MV and LV cubicles

Single solution can protect MV and LV parts
Embedded Arc flash
Schneider Electric
in relays covers only MV cubicles
- Division - Nom – Date 95
Stand Alone – Light Detection
Case 1 : Simple Solution
• Install V 125
TRIP
• Connect Light sensors
• Connect each V125 to dedicated breakers
MT IN
• Connect Master Trip OUT of V125 1 & 2 to Master Trip
IN of module V125 3
➔ If Arc Fault, trip of Selected breakers

TRIP TRIP ➔ Possible nuisance tripping due to parasite lights
MT OUT

Stand Alone – Light & Current conditions
Case n°2 – Solution – multi condition
PICK UP • Install V125

• Connect Light sensors
• Connect each V125 to dedicated breakers
TRIP
• Connect Master Trip OUT of V125 1 & 2 to Master Trip
MT IN IN of module V125 3
• Connect VAM4C to current sensors.
Adjustment of trip conditon
• Connect PICK UP outputs of VAM4C to V125
modules
PICK UP PICK UP
TRIP TRIP
MT OUT light
TRIP
&
current
HE Sys
Arc protection philosophies

High-end arc system
●Central unit based arc flash protection

systems:
• Connect up to 16 extension units (point sensors,
loop sensors or current measurements) to one
central unit (up to 170 sensors, including sensors
on main unit)
• Multiple incomers, busbar sections
• Advanced selectivity schemes possible
• Scada communication incl. IEC 61850
• Quenching device connection
• Typical use: MV swg, large LV panels, multiple
feeding points, heavy industry

To retain
• The Arc flash is a serious risk in electrical

distribution and should be considered
• Arc flash risk is regulated in some countries and
requested in critical sites
• Secure MV and LV electrical distribution


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ELECTRICAL

KERVIN RUPERT DE SENA

Confidential Property of Schneider Electric

Protection System and Schemes

Kervin Rupert de Sena,

Transformer Differential Protection

ARC FLASH PROTECTION

Confidential Property of Schneider Electric | Page 2

Schneider Electric - Division - Nom – Date 7

The protection relay…

Confidential Property of Schneider Electric | Page 8

ΔI> Transformer Differential

f< Under Frequency

Confidential Property of Schneider Electric | Page 11

Detect and isolate the

A protection device does not prevent the fault from

Schneider Electric - Division - Nom – Date 12

EVOLUTION OF PROTECTIVE RELAY

Confidential Property of Schneider Electric | Page 13

Overlapping Protection ensures No

• DATE AND TIME

Confidential Property of Schneider Electric | Page 19

200:5 CT RATIO 200:5 CT RATIO 200:5 CT RATIO

Schneider Electric - Division - Nom – Date 21

• Definite Time – use as back up

• IDMT – the higher the current, the

Schneider Electric - Division - Nom – Date 22

Confidential Property of Schneider Electric | Page 23

Confidential Property of Schneider Electric | Page 25

• * It’s used when Fault Current is

Confidential Property of Schneider Electric | Page 26

• Suitable for the protection of

Confidential Property of Schneider Electric | Page 28

Confidential Property of Schneider Electric | Page 29

Confidential Property of Schneider Electric | Page 32

Schneider Electric - Division - Nom – Date 38

Schneider Electric - Division - Nom – Date 45

Schneider Electric - Division - Nom – Date 46

IEEE 242 stated

Schneider Electric - Division - Nom – Date 47

Schneider Electric - Division - Nom – Date 49

Schneider Electric - Division - Nom – Date 50

Schneider Electric - Division - Nom – Date 51

Schneider Electric - Division - Nom – Date 52

• Transformer protection consists of overload and short circuit protection.

Schneider Electric - Division - Nom – Date 59

Schneider Electric - Division - Nom – Date 60

Short-circuit • Coiling • Overcurrent

Earth fault • Coiling • Max. Io

Overload • Insulators • Overcurrent

• Bus undervoltage protection

Schneider Electric - Division - Nom – Date 66

• Simple overvoltage bus protection

Schneider Electric - Division - Nom – Date 67

Version 1.0. October 19th, 2018

Confidential Property of Schneider Electric

Errors when working on live

Example Arc Fault on LV panel

7000 Arc Flash occurrence per year in

Schneider Electric - Division - Nom – Date 69

Schneider Electric - Division - Nom – Date 70

Schneider Electric - Division - Nom – Date 71

Risk Assessment Personal Protection Passive Protection Active Protection