Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Grounded Theory - Wikipedia
Grounded Theory - Wikipedia
Grounded Theory - Wikipedia
Background
Grounded theory is a general research
methodology, a way of thinking about and
conceptualizing data. It is used in studies
of diverse populations from areas like
remarriage after divorce[5] and
professional socialization.[6] Grounded
theory methods were developed by two
sociologists, Barney Glaser and Anselm
Strauss.[7]
Philosophical underpinnings
Grounded theory combines traditions in
positivist philosophy, general sociology,
and, particularly, the symbolic
interactionist branch of sociology.
According to Ralph, Birks and Chapman,[9]
grounded theory is "methodologically
dynamic"[7] in the sense that, rather than
being a complete methodology, grounded
theory provides a means of constructing
methods to better understand situations
humans find themselves in.
Glaser had a background in positivism,
which helped him develop a system of
labeling for the purpose of coding study
participants' qualitative responses. He
recognized the importance of systematic
analysis for qualitative research. He thus
helped ensure that grounded theory
require the generation of codes,
categories, and properties.[10]
Premise
Grounded theory provides methods for
generating hypotheses from qualitative
data. After hypotheses are generated, it is
up to other researchers to attempt to
sustain or reject those hypotheses.
Questions asked by the qualitative
researcher employing grounded theory
include "What is going on?" and "What is
the main problem of the participants, and
how are they trying to solve it?"
Methodology
Stage Purpose
Codes Identifying anchors that allow the key points of the data to be gathered
Concepts Collections of codes of similar content that allows the data to be grouped
Categories Broad groups of similar concepts that are used to generate a theory
Coding …
Memoing …
Serendipity pattern …
Building on the work of sociologist Robert
K. Merton,[24] his idea of serendipity
patterns has come to be applied in
grounded theory research. Serendipity
patterns refer to fairly common
experiences when observing the world.
Serendipity patterns include unanticipated
and anomalous events. These patterns
can become the impetus for the
development of a new theory or the
extension of an existing theory. Merton
also coauthored (with Elinor Barber) The
Travels and Adventures of Serendipity,[25]
which traces the origins and uses of the
word "serendipity" since it was coined. The
book is "a study in sociological semantics
and the sociology of science," as the
subtitle declares. Merton and Barber
further develop the idea of serendipity as
scientific "method," as contrasted with
purposeful discovery by experiment or
retrospective prophecy.
Sorting …
Writing …
Critical realist …
Benefits
The benefits of using grounded theory
include ecological validity, the discovery of
novel phenomena, and parsimony..
See also
Antipositivism
Engaged theory
Formal concept analysis
Grounded practical theory
Qualitative research
Postpositivism
Social research
Notes
a. See the section: "The emergence of
categories and their properties from
the data" in:[22]:p. 193 "It becomes
possible to differentiate incidents in
the data or text passages classified as
dealing with social loss according to
the subcategory ‘degree of social loss’
by forming further subcategories ‘high
social loss,’ ‘medium social loss,’ and
‘low social loss.’ The whole range or
set of these three subcategories then
represents a theoretical property of
the category social loss."
b. "The purpose of constant comparison
is to see if the data support and
continue to support merging
categories. At the same time, the
process further builds and
substantiates the emerging categories
by defining their properties and
dimensions" [22] :277
c. See the section "Codes, categories,
concepts" of [22]
References
1. Patricia Yancey Martin & Barry A.
Turner, "Grounded Theory and
Organizational Research," The Journal
of Applied Behavioral Science, vol. 22,
no. 2 (1986), 141.
2. Faggiolani, C. (2011). "Perceived
Identity: Applying Grounded Theory in
Libraries" . JLIS.it. University of
Florence. 2 (1). doi:10.4403/jlis.it-
4592 . Retrieved 29 June 2013.
3. Strauss, A., & Corbin, J. (1994).
Grounded Theory Methodology: An
Overview. In N. Denzin & Y. Lincoln
Handbook of Qualitative Research. 1st
ed. (pp. 273–284).
4. G. Allan, "A Critique of Using Grounded
Theory as a Research Method,"
Electronic Journal of Business
Research Methods, vol. 2, no. 1 (2003)
pp. 1-10.
5. Cauhapé, E. (1983). Fresh starts: Men
and women after divorce. New York:
Basic Books.
. Broadhead, R.S. (1983). The private
lives and professional identity of
medical students. New Brunswick, NJ:
Transaction
7. Glaser, B., & Strauss, A. (1967) The
discovery of grounded theory:
Stretegies for qualitative research.
Chicago: Aldine.
. Fletcher-Watson, B (2013). "Toward a
Grounded Dramaturgy: Using
Grounded Theory to Interrogate
Performance Practices in Theatre for
Early Years". Youth Theatre Journal. 27
(2): 134.
doi:10.1080/08929092.2013.837706 .
9. Ralph, N.; Birks, M.; Chapman, Y.
(2015). "The methodological
dynamism of grounded theory" (PDF).
International Journal of Qualitative
Methods. 14 (4): 160940691561157.
doi:10.1177/1609406915611576 .
10. Aldiabat, Khaldoun; Navenec, Carole-
Lynne (4 July 2011). "Philosophical
Roots of Classical Grounded Theory:
Its Foundations in Symbolic
Interactionism" (PDF). The Qualitative
Report. 16: 1063–80. Retrieved
5 December 2014.
11. Glaser, B. (1992). Basics of grounded
theory analysis. Mill Valley, CA:
Sociology Press.
12. "Clarification of the Blurred Boundaries
between Grounded Theory and
Ethnography: Differences and
Similarities" (PDF). Turkish Online
Journal of Qualitative Inquiry. 2. July
2011. Retrieved 5 December 2014.
13. Glaser & Strauss 1967
14. Glaser, B.G. (2001). The grounded
theory perspective I: Conceptualization
contrasted with description. Mill
Valley, CA: Sociology Press.
15. Glaser, B.G. (2003). The grounded
theory perspective II: Description's
remodeling of grounded theory. Mill
Valley, CA: Sociology Press.
1 . Glaser, B.G. (1998). Doing grounded
theory – Issues and discussions. Mill
Valley, CA: Sociology Press.
17. Glaser, B.G. (1978). Theoretical
sensitivity: Advances in the
methodology of grounded theory. Mill
Valley, CA: Sociology Press.
1 . Schonfeld, I. S., & Farrell, E. (2010).
Qualitative methods can enrich
quantitative research on occupational
stress: An example from one
occupational group. In D. C. Ganster &
P. L. Perrewé (Eds.), Research in
occupational stress and wellbeing
series. Vol. 8. New developments in
theoretical and conceptual
approaches to job stress (pp. 137-
197). Bingley, UK: Emerald.
doi:10.1108/S1479-
3555(2010)0000008007
19. Strauss, A.L., & Corbin, J. (1990).
Basics of qualitative research:
Grounded theory procedures and
techniques. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.
20. Bernard, H. R., & Ryan, G. W. (2010).
Analyzing Qualitative Data: Systematic
Approaches. California, CA: Sage
Publication.
21. Ralph, N.; Birks, M.; Chapman, Y. (29
September 2014). "Contextual
Positioning: Using Documents as
Extant Data in Grounded Theory
Research" . SAGE Open. 4 (3):
215824401455242.
doi:10.1177/2158244014552425 .
22. Antony Bryant; Kathy Charmaz (23
August 2007). The SAGE Handbook of
Grounded Theory . SAGE Publications.
ISBN 978-1-4462-7572-6.
23. Savin-Baden, M.; Major, C. (2013).
Qualitative Research: The Essential
Guide to Theory and Practice . London
and New York: Routledge. ISBN 978-0-
415-67478-2.
24. Merton, R.K. (1949). Social theory and
social structure. Glencoe, IL: The Free
Press.
25. Merton, R.K., & Barber, E. (2003). The
travels and adventures of serendipity:
A study in sociological semantics and
the sociology of science. Princeton:
Princeton University Press.
2 . Stol, K., Ralph, P. & Fitzgerald, B. (2016)
Grounded Theory Research in
Software Engineering: A Critical
Review and Guidelines? Proceedings
of the International Conference on
Software Engineering. Austin, Texas:
ACM, May.
27. Thistoll, Tony; Hooper, Val; Pauleen,
David J. (2015-02-03). "Acquiring and
developing theoretical sensitivity
through undertaking a grounded
preliminary literature review". Quality &
Quantity. Springer Science and
Business Media LLC. 50 (2): 619–636.
doi:10.1007/s11135-015-0167-3 .
ISSN 0033-5177 .
2 . Strauss, A. (1987). Qualitative analysis
for social scientists. Cambridge, UK:
Cambridge University Press.
29. Kelle, U. (2005). "Emergence" vs.
"Forcing" of Empirical Data? A Crucial
Problem of "Grounded Theory"
Reconsidered. Forum Qualitative
Sozialforschung / Forum: Qualitative
Social Research [On-line Journal], 6(2),
Art. 27, paragraphs 49 & 50. [1]
30. Mills, J.; Bonner, A.; Francis, K. (2006).
"The development of constructivist
grounded theory" . International
Journal of Qualitative Methods. 5: 25–
35.
doi:10.1177/160940690600500103 .
31. Charmaz, K. (2000). Grounded theory:
Objectivist and constructivist
methods. In N.K. Denzin & Y.S. Lincoln
(Eds.), Handbook of qualitative
research (2nd ed., pp. 509–535).
Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.
32. Charmaz, K. (2006). Constructing
grounded theory. London: Sage.
33. Charmaz, K. (2008). Constructionism
and the grounded theory method. In
J.A. Holstein & J.F. Gubrium (Eds.),
Handbook of constructionist research
(pp. 397–412). New York: The Guilford
Press.
34. Thornberg, R., & Charmaz, K. (2012).
Grounded theory. In S. D. Lapan, M.
Quartaroli, & F. Reimer (Eds.),
Qualitative research: An introduction
to methods and designs (pp. 41–67).
San Francisco, CA: John
Wiley/Jossey–Bass.
35. Bryant, A (2002). "Re-grounding
grounded theory". Journal of
Information Technology Theory and
Application. 4: 25–42.
3 . Thornberg, R (2012). "Informed
grounded theory" . Scandinavian
Journal of Educational Research. 56
(3): 243–259.
doi:10.1080/00313831.2011.581686 .
37. Ramalho, R.; Adams, P.; Huggard, P.;
Hoare, K. (2015). "Literature Review
and Constructivist Grounded Theory
Methodology". Forum: Qualitative
Social Research. 16 (3): 19.
3 . Kemf)pster, Parry; Parry, Ken (2011).
"Grounded theory and leadership
research: A critical realist perspective".
The Leadership Quarterly. 22: 106–
120.
doi:10.1016/j.leaqua.2010.12.010 .
39. Oliver, Carolyn (2012). "Critical Realist
Grounded Theory: A New Approach for
Social Work Research". The British
Journal of Social Work. 42 (2): 371–
387. doi:10.1093/bjsw/bcr064 .
40. Bunt, Sarah (2016). "Critical realism
and grounded theory: Analysing the
adoption outcomes for disabled
children using the retroduction
framework". Qualitative Social Work.
17 (2): 176–194.
doi:10.1177/1473325016664572 .
41. Hoddy, Eric (2018). "Critical realism in
empirical research: employing
techniques from Grounded theory
methodology". International Journal of
Social Research Methodology. 22:
111–124.
doi:10.1080/13645579.2018.1503400
.
42. Gibbs. "Core Emlements Part 2.
Grounded Theory" .
43. Pettigrew, Simone F. "Ethnography and
Grounded Theory: A Happy
Marriage?" . acrwebsite.org.
44. Stray, Viktoria; Sjøberg, Dag; Dybå, Tore
(2016-01-11). "The daily stand-up
meeting: A grounded theory study".
Journal of Systems and Software. 114:
101–124.
doi:10.1016/j.jss.2016.01.004 .
hdl:11250/2478996 .
45. "Grounded Theory Research" (PDF).
Archived from the original (PDF) on 10
December 2014.
4 . White, Jo; Weatherall, Ann (2000). "A
grounded theory analysis of older
adults and information technology".
Educational Gerontology. 26 (4): 371–
386. doi:10.1080/036012700407857 .
47. Groves, Patricia S.; Manges, Kirstin A.;
Scott-Cawiezell, Jill (2016-02-08).
"Handing Off Safety at the Bedside".
Clinical Nursing Research. 25 (5):
473–493.
doi:10.1177/1054773816630535 .
ISSN 1054-7738 . PMID 26858262 .
4 . Charmaz, Kathy. "Grounded Theory."
The SAGE Encyclopedia of Social
Science Research Methods. 2003.
SAGE Publications. 24 May. 2009.
49. Thomas, G. and James, D. (2006).
Reinventing grounded theory: some
questions about theory, ground and
discovery, British Educational
Research Journal, 32, 6, 767–795.
50. Schonfeld, I.S., & Mazzola, J.J. (2013).
Strengths and limitations of qualitative
approaches to research in
occupational health psychology. In R.
Sinclair, M. Wang, & L. Tetrick (Eds.),
Research methods in occupational
health psychology: State of the art in
measurement, design, and data
analysis (pp. 268-289). New York:
Routledge.
51. Popper, K. (1963). Science:
Conjectures and refutations. In K. R.
Popper (Ed.), Conjectures and
refutations: The growth of scientific
knowledge. New York: Basic Books.
52. Parker, L.D. and Roffey, B.H. (1997)
Methodological themes: Back to the
drawing board: Revisiting grounded
theory and the everyday accountant’s
and manager’s reality. Accounting,
Auditing & Accountability Journal, 10,
212-247.
https://doi.org/10.1108/09513579710
166730
53. Grbich, C. (2007). Qualitative data
analysis and introduction. Thousand
Oaks, CA: Sage Publications.
54. Tolhurst, E. (2012). Grounded Theory
Method: Sociology's quest for
exclusive items of inquiry , Forum
Qualitative Sozialforschung / Forum:
Qualitative Social Research, 13, 3,
Art.26.
55. See P. James, Globalism, Nationalism,
Tribalism: Bringing theory Back In,
Sage Publications, London, 2006; and
P. James, Y. Nadarajah, K. Haive, and
V. Stead, Sustainable Communities,
Sustainable Development: Other Paths
for Papua New Guinea, Honolulu,
University of Hawaii Press, 2012
5 . Braun, V., & Clarke, V. (2006). Using
thematic analysis in psychology.
Qualitative Research in Psychology, 3,
77–101.
doi:10.1191/1478088706qp063oa.
Aldmouz, R. s. (2009). Grounded theory
as a methodology for theory generation
in information systems research.
European journal of economics, finance
and administrative sciences (15).
Grbich, C. (2007). Qualitative data
analysis and introduction. Thousand
Oaks, CA: Sage Publications.
Charmaz K. (2000) 'Grounded Theory:
Objectivist and Constructivist Methods',
in Denzin N.K. and Y. S. Lincoln (eds)
Handbook of Qualitative Research,
second edition, London, Sage
Publications.
Strauss A. and J. Corbin (1998) Basics
of Qualitative Research – Techniques
and Procedures for Developing
Grounded Theory, second edition,
London, Sage Publications
Groves, P. S., Manges, K. A., & Scott-
Cawiezell, J. (2016). Handing Off Safety
at the Bedside. Clinical nursing research,
1054773816630535.
Further reading
Bryant, A. & Charmaz, K. (Eds.) (2007)
The SAGE Handbook of Grounded
Theory. Los Angeles: Sage.
Birks, M. & Mills, J. (2015) Grounded
Theory: A practical Guide. London: SAGE
Publications.
Charmaz, K. (2000). Constructing
Grounded Theory: A Practical Guide
Through Qualitative Analysis. Thousand
Oaks, CA: Sage Publications.
Chun Tie, Ylona, Birks, Melanie, and
Francis, Karen (2019) Grounded theory
research: a design framework for novice
researchers. SAGE Open Medicine, 7.
pp. 1–8.
Clarke, A. (2005). Situational Analysis:
Grounded Theory After the Postmodern
Turn. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage
Publications.
Glaser, B. (1992). Basics of grounded
theory analysis. Mill Valley, CA:
Sociology Press.
Goulding, C. (2002). Grounded Theory: A
Practical Guide for Management,
Business and Market Researchers.
London: Sage.
Kelle, Udo (2005). "Emergence" vs.
"Forcing" of Empirical Data? A Crucial
Problem of "Grounded Theory"
Reconsidered. Forum Qualitative
Sozialforschung / Forum: Qualitative
Social Research [On-line Journal], 6(2),
Art. 27, paragraphs 49 & 50. [2]
Morse, J. M., Stern, P. N., Corbin, J.,
Bowers, B., Charmaz, K. & Clarke, A. E.
(Eds.) (2009). Developing Grounded
Theory: The Second Generation. Walnut
Creek: Left Coast Press.
Mey, G. & Mruck, K. (Eds.) (2007).
Grounded Theory Reader. Historical
Social Research, Suppl. 19. 337 pages.
Oktay, J. S. (2012) Grounded Theory.
New York, NY: Oxford University Press.
Stebbins, Robert A. (2001) Exploratory
Research in the Social Sciences.
Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.
Strauss, A. (1987). Qualitative analysis
for social scientists. Cambridge, United
Kingdom: Cambridge University Press.
Thomas, G.; James, D. (2006). "Re-
inventing grounded theory: some
questions about theory, ground and
discovery" (PDF). British Educational
Research Journal. 32 (6): 767–795.
doi:10.1080/01411920600989412 .
Glaser
Glaser BG, The Constant Comparative
Method of Qualitative Analysis. Social
Problems, 12(4), 445, 1965.
Glaser BG, Strauss A. Discovery of
Grounded Theory. Strategies for
Qualitative Research. Sociology Press,
1967
Glaser BG. Theoretical Sensitivity:
Advances in the methodology of
Grounded Theory. Sociology Press,
1978.
Glaser BG (ed). More Grounded Theory
Methodology: A Reader. Sociology
Press, 1994.
Glaser BG (ed). Grounded Theory 1984–
1994. A Reader (two volumes).
Sociology Press, 1995.
Glaser BG (ed). Gerund Grounded
Theory: The Basic Social Process
Dissertation. Sociology Press, 1996.
Glaser BG. Doing Grounded Theory –
Issues and Discussions. Sociology
Press, 1998.
Glaser BG. The Grounded Theory
Perspective I: Conceptualization
Contrasted with Description. Sociology
Press, 2001.
Glaser BG. The Grounded Theory
Perspective II: Description's Remodeling
of Grounded Theory. Sociology Press,
2003.
Glaser BG. The Grounded Theory
Perspective III: Theoretical coding.
Sociology Press, 2005.
Strauss and Corbin
Anselm L. Strauss; Leonard Schatzman;
Rue Bucher; Danuta Ehrlich & Melvin
Sabshin: Psychiatric ideologies and
institutions (1964)
Barney G. Glaser; Anselm L. Strauss: The
Discovery of Grounded Theory. Strategies
for Qualitative Research (1967)
Anselm L. Strauss: Qualitative Analysis
for Social Scientists (1987)
Anselm L. Strauss; Juliet Corbin: Basics
of Qualitative Research: Grounded Theory
Procedures and Techniques, Sage (1990)
Anselm L. Strauss; Juliet Corbin:
"Grounded Theory Research:
Procedures, Canons and Evaluative
Criteria", in: Zeitschrift für Soziologie, 19.
Jg, S. 418 ff. (1990)
Anselm L. Strauss: Continual
Permutations of Action (1993)
Anselm L. Strauss; Juliet Corbin:
"Grounded Theory in Practice", Sage
(1997)
Anselm L. Strauss; Juliet Corbin: "Basics
of Qualitative Research: Grounded
Theory Procedures and Techniques".
2nd edition. Sage, 1998.
Juliet Corbin; Anselm L. Strauss: "Basics
of Qualitative Research: Grounded
Theory Procedures and Techniques". 3rd
edition. Sage, 2008.
Constructivist grounded theory
Bryant, Antony (2002) 'Re-grounding
grounded theory', Journal of Information
Technology Theory and Application,
4(1): 25–42.
Bryant, Antony and Charmaz, Kathy
(2007) 'Grounded theory in historical
perspective: An epistemological
account', in Bryant, A. and Charmaz, K.
(eds.), The SAGE Handbook of
Grounded Theory. Los Angeles: Sage.
pp. 31–57.
Charmaz, Kathy (2000) 'Grounded
theory: Objectivist and constructivist
methods', in Denzin, N.K. and Lincoln,
Y.S. (eds.), Handbook of Qualitative
Research. 2nd edn. Thousand Oaks, CA:
Sage. pp. 509–535.
Charmaz, Kathy (2003) 'Grounded
theory', in Smith, J.A. (ed.), Qualitative
Psychology: A Practical Guide to
Research Methods. London: Sage.
pp. 81–110.
Charmaz, Kathy (2006) Constructing
Grounded Theory. London: Sage.
Charmaz, Kathy (2008) 'Constructionism
and the grounded theory method', in
Holstein, J.A. and Gubrium, J.F. (eds.),
Handbook of Constructionist Research.
New York: The Guilford Press. pp. 397–
412.
Charmaz, Kathy (2009) 'Shifting the
grounds: Constructivist grounded theory
methods', in J. M. Morse, P. N. Stern, J.
Corbin, B. Bowers, K. Charmaz and A. E.
Clarke (eds.), Developing Grounded
Theory: The Second Generation. Walnut
Creek: Left Coast Press. pp. 127–154.
Charmaz, Kathy (forthcoming)
Constructing Grounded Theory 2nd ed.
London: Sage.
Mills, Jane, Bonner, Ann, & Francis,
Karen (2006) 'Adopting a constructivist
approach to grounded theory:
Implications for research design'
International Journal of Nursing
Practice, 12(1): 8–13.
Mills, Jane, Bonner, Ann, & Francis,
Karen (2006) 'The development of
constructivist grounded theory',
International Journal of Qualitative
Methods, 5 (1): 25–35.
Thornberg, Robert (2012) 'Informed
grounded theory', Scandinavian Journal
of Educational Research, 56: 243–259.
Thornberg, Robert and Charmaz, Kathy
(2011) 'Grounded theory', in Lapan, S.D.,
Quartaroli M.T. and Reimer F.J. (eds.),
Qualitative Research: An Introduction to
Methods and Designs. San Francisco,
CA: John Wiley/Jossey–Bass. pp. 41–
67.
Thornberg, Robert & Charmaz, K.
(forthcoming) 'Grounded theory and
theoretical coding', in Flick, U. (ed.), The
SAGE handbook of qualitative analysis.
London: Sage.
External links
The Grounded Theory Institute (Glaser
tradition)
Grounded Theory Online (Supporting
(Glaserian) grounded theory
researchers)
Grounded Theory Review
Sociology Press
Grounded Theory Research Tutorial
Retrieved from
"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?
title=Grounded_theory&oldid=1000964355"