Communicative Strategy

o To start a conversation
o To keep the flow of conversations going smoothly
o To avoid communication breakdowns
o To sustain meaningful and sensible conversations
TYPES OF COMMUNICATIVE STRATEGY
1. Nomination
• the speaker opens a topic with the people he/she is talking to
• topic establishment to spark a conversation
2. Restriction
• any limitations, such as specific instructions, that the speaker may have
• constraining the response of the other person/s involved in the communication
situation
3. Turn-taking
• the process by which people decide who takes the conversational floor
• it is simply giving others a chance to talk
4. Topic Control
• directing and regulating flow or development of the conversation without moving
away from or changing the topic

5. Topic Shifting
• involves moving from one topic to another
• changing the topic or its direction and emphasis
6. Repair
• how speakers address the problems in speaking, listening, and comprehending
that they may encounter in a conversation

7. Termination
• the conversation participants’ close-initiating expressions to that end a topic in a
conversation
OTHER TYPES OF COMMUNICATIVE STRATEGY
Avoidance or Reduction Strategies (message replacement, topic avoidance, or
message abandonment)  Semantic avoidance.
 Communicating something different from what is originally intended.
 The message is expressed, but it is less accurate than the original idea.
 The message is totally discontinued.

Achievement or Compensatory Strategies (conveying the message, despite difficulties and

limitations in linguistic resources, just to achieve the goal of communication)

 . Making a new word to express an idea.

 Describing the object or the action instead of using the actual word.
 Using a word from the native language to express the message.
 Turning to a native speaker of the language to learn the word.
In preparation for your performance task which is Speech Delivery, here are some of the few factors to take
note of when speaking in front of an audience.

1. ARTICULATION (speaking for clarity)

• The clarity of sounds and words the speaker produces

Pronunciation – speaking the words correctly, including the proper sounds of the letters and the proper
emphasis

2. MODULATION (speaking for engagement)

• The capability to adjust and manipulate the resonance or timbre of the vocal tone
• Vocal variety

o Rate – how fast or slow the speaker talks

o Volume – how loud or soft the voice is

o Pitch – how high or low the voice is

3. STAGE PRESENCE
• The ability to “own” the stage and work with its space  The opposite of stage fright

4. FACIAL EXPRESSIONS, GESTURES, & MOVEMENTS (physical delivery)

• Facial expressions
o help brings a speech to life
o help set the emotional tone of a speech
o builds a connection with the audience
• Gestures (arm and hand movements)
o Emphatic gestures – are used to emphasize verbal communication and often relate to the
emotions the speaker verbally communicates
o Descriptive gestures – are used to illustrate or refer to the object, or to indicate the number,
size, shape or speed help release tension and engage the audience
• Movements
o Add drama to the speech
o Help build audience rapport
o Help establish a connection with the audience