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History of Radiant Heating and Cooling Part 2
History of Radiant Heating and Cooling Part 2
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Part 2
History of
Radiant Heating
& Cooling Systems
By Robert Bean, Member ASHRAE; Bjarne W. Olesen, Ph.D., Fellow ASHRAE; Kwang Woo Kim, Arch.D., Member ASHRAE
Part 1, published in January, covered developments of radiant heating and cooling in Asia. Rebirth in Europe
F
Between the 12th and 17th centuries,
rom the third century B.C., ancient Europe developed an underfloor heat- open fires were used in Europe, the
Middle East and North America. The
ing system called Hypocaustum.1 The system was defined by the furnace Russian Fireplace, the Steinofen and
Kachelofen in Europe, and the Tandoor
(hypocausis) and a series of flue passages realized under the floor by means of
with Tab-khaneh (other spellings include
tanur/taba khana) in Afghanistan6,7 lead
pillars carrying a slab and then exhausted through cavities in the walls.
up to the development of the 18th century
Roman oyster farmer, Gaius Sergius and Middle Eastern lands was widespread
Orata was commonly thought to have in- with variations of the hypocaust found in About the Authors
troduced or developed this type of heating Afghanistan,3 Syria,4 and other countries.5 Robert Bean is a registered engineering technolo-
during the first century B.C. However, “Hy- With the exception of late antiquity gist (building construction) with Healthy Heating in
pocausts of the third and second centuries hypocaust type systems in the Middle Calgary, AB, Canada. Bjarne W. Olesen, Ph.D., is
B.C. are known, for instance, at Gortys in East, Europe’s use of floor heating went director, professor, International Centre for Indoor
Environment and Energy, Technical University of
Greece and at Gela, Megara Hyblaea, and into hibernation for many centuries while Denmark in Lyngby, Denmark. Kwang Woo Kim,
Syracuse in Magna Graecia.”2 Additionally, systems in Korea, China and parts of Japan Arch.D., is a professor of architecture at Seoul
the use of floor heating in ancient European continually evolved. National University, Seoul, Korea.
c. 1600, France, c. 1700 Benjamin c. 1800 Beginnings of c. 1864, ondol type c. 1904, Liverpool
heated flues in floors Franklin studies the the European evolu- system used at Civil Cathedral (England)
and walls used in French and Asian cul- tion of the modern War hospital sites in heated with system
greenhouses. tures and makes note water heater/boiler America. Reichstag based on the hypo-
of their respective and water based pip- building (shown above) caust principles.
heating systems lead- ing systems including in Germany uses the
ing to the development studies in thermal thermal mass of the
of the Franklin stove. conductivities and building for cooling and
Steam based radi- specific heat of materi- heating.
ant pipes are used in als and emissivity/
France. reflectivity of surfaces
(Watt/Leslie/Rumford
[shown]).
c. 1905, Frank Lloyd later sold to the c. 1930, Faber in c. 1933, explosion c. 1937 Frank Lloyd
Wright makes first trip Crittal Company who England uses water at England’s Imperial Wright designs the
to Japan, later incor- appointed representa- pipes to radiant heat Chemical Industries radiant heated Herbert
porates various early tives across Europe. and cool several large (ICI) laboratory during Jacobs house, the first
forms of radiant heat- A.M. Byers of America buildings. a high pressure experi- Usonian home.
ing in his projects. promotes radiant ment with ethylene gas
heating using small results in a wax like
bore water pipes. Asia substance – later to
c. 1907, England, continues to use tradi- become polyethylene
Prof. Barker granted tional ondol and kang and the beginnings of
Patent No. 28477 for – wood is used as the PEX pipe.
panel warming using fuel, combustion gases
small pipes. Patents sent underfloor.
c. 1939 first small c. 1945 American c. 1950, Korean War c. 1951 Dr. J. c. 1965, Thomas
scale polyethylene developer William wipes out wood sup- Bjorksten of Bjorksten Engel patents method
plant built in America. Levitt builds large plies for ondol; popu- Research Laboratories for stabilizing polyeth-
scale developments lation forced to use announces first results ylene by cross link-
for returning G.I.s (see coal. Developer Joseph of what is believed to ing molecules using
photo above). Water Eichler in California be the first instance peroxide (PEX-A) and
based (copper pipe) begins the construc- of testing three types in 1967 sells license
radiant heating used tion of thousands of of plastic tubing for options to a number of
throughout thousands radiant heated homes. radiant floor heating in companies.
of homes. America.
c. 1970 evolution of c. 1980 The first c. 1985 floor heating c. 1995 The applica- c. 2000 The use
Korean architecture standards for floor becomes a traditional tion of floor cooling of embedded radi-
leads to multistory heating are developed heating system in and TABS (Thermo ant cooling systems
housings. Flue gases in Europe. Water- residential buildings Active Building in Middle Europe
from coal based ondol based ondol system is in Middle Europe and Systems) in residential becomes a standard
results in many deaths applied to almost all Nordic countries, and and commercial build- system with many
leading to the removal residential buildings in applications in non- ings are widely intro- parts of the world
of the home based flue Korea. residential buildings duced into the market. applying radiant based
gas system to a central increase. HVAC systems as
water-based heating means of using low
plant. Oxygen perme- temperatures for heat-
ation becomes corro- ing and high tempera-
sion issue in Europe. tures for cooling.