Anecdotes of Heraldry, in Which Is Set Forth The Origin of The Armorial Bearings of Many Families by C. N. Elvin (1864)

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LE OP OLD
BtJZE OFAFSTRIA.
ANECDOTES OF HERALDRY.
IN WHICH IS SET FORTH THE ORIGIN OF
THE ARMORIAL BEARINGS OF
MANY FAMILIES.
BY C. N. ELVIN, M. A.,
HON. MEM. SOCIETY OF ANTIQUAKIES OF
NEWCASTLE-UPOX-TYKR.
LONDON:
BELL AND DALDY, 186, FLEET STREET.
1864.
;
PKEFACE.
HOULD any one ask what my

object is in publishing this collec-
tion of heraldic anecdotes, which
have neither the dramatic attraction of purely

fictitious tales, nor the grace and elegance of
classic or romantic inventions, I reply that, if
they be inferior to the species of composition

above-mentioned in grace and elegance, they
are superior to them in truth and precision
and in the fact^ that they do not refer to mere
mythical personages, but to real men ; to kings,
to warriors, to statesmen, or to sages, who,

during the little time allotted them, did their
best to serve their native land, or their fellow-
creatures, or to win honour for themselves;
190
vi Preface.
and furthermore, I add, that firmly believing

Hekaldry to be a science most elevating to
the mind in its tendency, and even, in many

cases, of great practical utility, my wish is to
arouse in those unacquainted with the science
a desire to enter into the subject; and that my

aim will be fully attained should any one by
the perusal of these legends be sufficiently
amused or interested to prosecute the study.
That the tendency of Heraldry is to elevate
the mind is obvious, for, withdrawing our at-
tention from the merely sordid considerations
which refer to profit and loss, it bids us for a
while employ ourselves with those classes of

action which, whether they belong to piety, or
valour, or industry, or learning, have won for
those who performed them, if not wealth, yet

undying fame, and outward marks which hand
down their deeds to the latest posterity. And
if the consideration of high and noble things
raises and ennobles our souls, as it surely does,
then is my assertion as to the tendency of

Heraldry correct.
Preface, vii
That it is in many cases useful no one can
deny ; by its assistance family is distinguished
from family ; connections and intermarriages
are pointed out; services rendered to king

and country are recorded ; and that, too, by a
method which enables us to take in the whole
subject at a glance, and which sets forth in a
minute tablet what it would take pages of

letterpress to describe.
East Derebam, Norfolk.

INTRODUCTION.
I
HCE desire to perpetuate the memory of
illustrious deeds is one which has prevailed
in every age of the world, and among all
races, civilized or uncivilized. The red

men, or wild tribes of Northern and Central America,
strive by the savage trophies which they bring back
from war, by the songs which they sing round the camp
fire, by the names which they assign to the most valiant
of their warriors, to secure a sort of enduring fame for
deeds of daring and of patience, performed even on
their limited sphere of action. Among the Persians,
and the inhabitants of llindostan, the same feeling has
been prevalent ; although, with that fondness for look-
ing backwards into the more glorious periods of their
country which characterises all Asiatic races, they have
ever been accustomed to exalt deeds of contemporai'y
valour, not so much by bestowing upon them direct
praise, as by likening those who performed them to the

heroes of their ancient poems.
Thus Firdausi, whou ho described the marvellous
B
—
2 Introduction.
acliievements of the early heroes of Iran and Tiiran

when he told of the superhuman strength and courage
of Eustem the son of Zal, of those fearful seven stages
through which the champion passed on to the conquest
of the white demon; when he sang of the gigantic
might of Isfundear, of his death, brought about by the
advice of the Simurgh, that bird of age and wisdom,
of the sad farewell which he sends to his bereaved
mother ; when he mourned over the sad fate of Sohrab
the beautiful, the brave — did not merely describe, in
doubtlessly exaggerated terms, the acts of men who did,
at some period or other, really exist, but also supplied
the vivid imagination of his countrymen with models

to which they might compare the deeds of later heroes.
Thus every champion, strong of arm and brave of heart,
is, in their phrase, a Rustem — every just ruler becomes

a Jemshid —each cruel tyrant a Zohak ; while the loves
of Yusuf and Zuleikha, by another poet, supply ena-
moured maidens and youths, through countless genera-
tions, with names and similies and words.

In India the case is the same, and the Mahabahrata,
or similar poems, supply the natives of that broad land
with beings yet more superhuman, and actions yet more
extravagant, to which the achievements of each living
hero are forthwith likened. Yet in this, as indeed in
everything belonging to the East, there is a strange

want of individuaUsing power; in each succeeding
age the deeds of this and that and the other brave
man are likened to the wonders wrought by some my-
thical creation, but soon the later acts are forgotten,
Introduction, 3
while the fame of the prototype remains bright as ever,

and ready to shed for awhile its beams on the head of
some fresh favourite of fortune. The cause of this must
probably be sought for in the unvarying character of
Asiatic society, and in the fact that in those lands no
courage, however great, no example, however noble, no

virtues, however exalted, can ever produce lasting effects
except when they are joined to sovereign power. More-

over, in the East there is little pride of family, which is
greatly checked by the practice of polygamy, and by

the very uncertain tenure on which wealth and honours
are there held.
If we turn to the Western world, while we find that
the love of praise is as much developed as in the East,
we also discover that it assumes a more concentrated

form.
In the poems of Homer, although the war of the
united Greeks against the city of Priam is the principal
subject-matter, yet such is the construction of the work,
that the achievements of the principal chiefs are, in a
manner, grouped together in masses, so as to be capable
of being separately recited. Now, when we remember
that these chiefs were heads of clans, and that the re-
citers of the Iliad were wandering minstrels, it is easy
to suppose that they would vaiy their recitations accord-
ing to their company, and that the tribes of Diomod, or
Menelaus, or Ajax, or Ulysses, would be delighted by
listening to the aîcruai of their respective heroes.
Yet even here a deficiency is observable. It is true, that
the deeds of the various chiefs aixi set forth and curious
4 Introduction,
anecdotes given of their loves, their friendships, and

their more remarkable adventures ; but the poet de-
scends no further; no tales of private prowess or virtue
are produced. Individuals of the humbler class are, for
the most part, brought forward for no other end than

to be slaughtered. In fact, *^the blind old man of
Scio's rocky isle'' seems to have had no more sympathy
for the people, than had that chivalrous prince who gave
up Limoges to pillage.
During the republican period of Grecian history we

find still fewer notices of individual valour and virtue
than even in earlier times. With the republican, the
honour and welfare of his country or his city were all
in all ; each individual flame was to be merged in the

common^brightness ; and although we meet here and
there with special narratives of great interest, yet
the number of these is not sufficiently great to invali-
date the correctness of our remarks on the general
practice.
In Rome the case is somewhat different, and is pro-

bably more nearly akin to the practice of that society
which we have presently to consider. The Romans, it
is true, were intensely national ; so much so, in fact,
that those among them who were deemed the wisest
and most virtuous did not hesitate at times to commit
actions utterly irreconcilable with common honour and
honesty, if thereby the republic might be benefited.
Still, if they had strong national, they had strong family
feeUngs ; and the custom of preserving the images of
their ancestors must have given to every gens a multi-
Introduction, 5
tude of traditionary stories greatly resembling those

chivalrous tales which we are about to describe.
For any one who has ever gone through a gallery of

portraits wîth a well-informed member of the family,
must have observed that some anecdote, more or less
startling, is connected with every picture ; nor can we

doubt that the Fabii or Julii, as they sate in their atria
in solemn conclave, on the feast days of their geris, en-
tertained one another with as marvellous tales of the
prowess of their ancestors as ever hushed a baronial
hall to silence. But the Komans were not a communi-
cative people, and when we find that the Scipios placed
the legends recording the acts of their race, not with-

out, but within their tombs, we need not wonder at the
paucity of records of Latin valour that have descended
to us. From some reason or another, all races through
the world alike had failed in employing such means of
recording the noble acts not merely of nations or of
kings, but also of individuals, as should give to those
acts a kind of earthly immortality, and attach to mere
broken words and symbols the powt r not only of recall-
ing past realities, but also of lending the semblance of
realities to what probably, in many instances, are but
creations of the imagination of some eager antiquarian,

who would, at all hazards, force a sense from that which
none as yet could understand. But when the curtain
of utter barbarism and confusion which had fallen
over tho ruins of that mighty empiro, which onco ex-

tended from furthest Thule to tho sultry regions of tho
East; is again raised, a far diiferont spectacle is set
—
6 Introduction,
before our eyes. No longer is the palm of glory con-

fined to mythical heroes, and merely extended in a
symbolical way to those weaker mortals who have at a
humble distance imitated their gigantic exploits; no
longer are the whole energies of each individual citizen
devoted to enhancing the glories of his country while
he utterly neglects his own ; nor do separate families
any longer content themselves with reckoning up in
their private meetings the prowess of each heroic ances-
tor, or with reading the short notice inscribed upon his

urn, when they commit some one of his descendants to
the vast sepulchre of their race ; no more are tribes
and clans satisfied to hear the exploits of their chiefs

alone recited.
Individual valour now asserts its claims; deeds of
personal virtue and nobleness are now exalted and the ;
praises of those deeds and men are now not concealed

in the family archives, or related to friends in private,
but by every device are blazoned abroad to the world
are, as far as possible, rendered hereditary. The causes
which led to this change of feehng and of practice are
many, but we may venture to enumerate a few of them.
In the first place, the whole race of barbarians, con-
sidered as a body, in the struggle against the still skil-
fully disciplined troops of the Koman empire, had a far

greater chance of attaining individual distinction than
had their opponents. In the serried phalanx of the
Greeks, as well as in the deep ranks of the Roman legion,

the very essence of success lay in uniformity ; and he
who from excess of courage broke the ranks, did well
Introduction, 7
nigh as much mischief as the cowardly fugitive. With

the barbarians the case was exactly reversed ; their only
chance of success lay in breaking the formation of their
trained opponents, by onsets desultory yet desperate.
Here the individual strength and daring of the man,
the hero, came into play ; and whether that man were
chief or private mattered little ; his memory, if he died,
was venerated by his grateful countrymen ; and, if he
lived, he lived to be honoured and rewarded. Thus,
among all the tribes of Germans and Gauls (for under
these names may be included all those European races
who broke down the power of Rome, with the exception
of the Northmen), a fund of tales was laid up of des-
perate deeds done against their common foe, ready to
be handed down for the admiration of posterity, when-
ever the means of doing so should be discovered. And
discovered they already were in part. "WTiether it be
from national temperament, or whether it be that they
resorted to it as a pleasant solace, during the long
periods of inactivity to which they were compelled by
the inclemency of their climate, certain it is that both
Gauls and Germans were greatly addicted to the com-
position of ballads, wherein not only fabulous legends,
but also the real exploits of men of all classes were set
forth, and these served as a sort of archives, or recoils
oi national glory. But ballads, after all, could afford

only an uncertain and fluctuating mode of perpetuating
the nu'niory of great deeds — another step was neces-
sary, and it was found.
I said that the Northmen were not uicludcd among
8 Introduction,
the Gauls and Germans, yet in all probability they are

the originators of that system of commemorative en-
signs by which through so many ages acts of valour
have been handed down. The German was brave, and

the Gaul was brave, but the Northman was braver than
—
both braver and more imaginative. Throwing them-
selves on board their galleys, the dragons of the wave,
those daring men hesitated not, with trifling forces, to
land on any shore, and, when the fury of their soul was
on them, to attack their enemies, how numerous soever.
And as their own forces were, as we have said, usually
small, each individual warrior had the fullest opportu-

nities of exhibiting his prowess. Skill in poetry and in
harping was held in well nigh as high esteem among

those fierce men as was even valour in war; the
greatest of their chiefs prided themselves upon it ; fo^
instance, the celebrated Kegnier Lodbrok, when placed

by his foes in the tomb among the serpents, chanted
the famous song *^

We Fought with Swords,*' thus vin-
dicating the skill in minstrelsy for which already he
was renowned. Owing to this we find that the col-
lections of heroic poems of this race, possessed of his-
torical value, are larger than those of any other ; and

that in them the names of men of all classes are men-
tioned either for praise or blame. I have said, too,
that the Northmen were distinguished for imagination,
nor is this to be wondered at. Born on the shores of
the dark Baltic and North Seas, nursed amid the roar
of tempests and avalanches, actual spectators, or at
least hearers, of the fires and boiling streams of Hecla,
Introduction* 9
which buhble up from the central hell —and then trans-
ported in their swift barks to the rich shores of France

and Italy, or wandering among the sunny isles of
Greece, or amazed gazers upon the splendours of effe-
minate Byzantium, can we wonder that in their tales
around the winter fires they told of demons of the
storm, and of treacherous enchantresses haunting
golden regions, and exalted the courage of the sons of
Odin, who quailed not at demon or dragon, and before
whose swords enchantments fled away— ^liow they told
of the feast of eagles which they spread on every shore,
and reckoned up each kemp and king who had brought
back glory or won Walhalla !
Thus loaded with fame, glowing with imagination,

and filled with the spirit of poetry, at length the North-
man went forth to choose for himself a land — and he
chose for himself the best in every quarter —he chose
beautiful Sicily, and there he dwelt awhile ; of ancient
Italy he chose the fairest portion ; the islands of Greece
owned his sway for a season ; but chiefly he preferred
the shores of France, and there, under the giant Rolf,
he settled himself in despite of Gaul or Frank, and,
laying aside in part his savageness, retained his valour,
his genius, and his love of song. And he it was, and
not, as some vainly suppose, the Frank, who ** gave to
fluent emanations a fixed shape;'' who attached the
symbols which his imagination had suggested, and his
genius realised, to thoHc whom beloved to honour in his
lays — in fact he created heraldry. Other nations have

employed coarse cmblema to express ideas which they
;
10 Introduction.
immediately suggest — the lion for courage, tlie vulture

for rapacity: and these, too, the Normans and their
imitators used ; but, besides this, they invented a regu-
lar system of symbols, which could describe not only

the deeds, but the fortunes of individuals and of fami-
lies —and to these symbols they often joined words
which either added to the meaning of the symbol, or
made that meaning clearer.
And so sufficient has this system been found, that,
since the invention of armorial bearings, scarcely any

deed of special daring has been performed which has
failed to be duly commemorated. It is true, that many
of the allusions are dark, some of them now unintelli-
gible ; but this is not the fault of the science, but of

those who will not use it. In many instances a coat
has been given, or a motto assumed, which has pos-
sessed somewhat the character of a cypher, the key of
which was in the hands of the family so distinguished
but if they through carelessness lose the key, they alone
must bear the blame.
The emblems employed in heraldry have been bor-
rowed from very many sources, but to one I shall more
especially allude, before I proceed to give some in-
stances of anecdotes attached to bearings. This source

is the '^ Crusades, or expeditions in order to deliver the
Holy Sepulchre from the infidels," and I give it chiefly
because of a passage in " Christian Morals,'' by the

Abbe Fleury, which describes, in my opinion, very
clearly, one of the principal motives which induced

great men to go on those expeditions. " The CruT
1
Introduction. 1
sades," says Fleurj, " were nothing but pilgrims armed

and assembled in large bodies. This mode of proceed-
ing had become absolutely necessary, inasmuch as there
was no single prince in Christendom strong enough to
stop the Mohammedans, who at that time were abso-

lutely intolerant of all who would not embrace their
belief. They had been plundering Italy with impunity
for two hundred years, and were masters of Sicily, and
of almost all Spain. Thanks to the Crusaders, they
were driven out of all this portion of Europe, and were

greatly weakened in Syria and Egjrpt. But the dis-
cipline of the Church was not benefited by them, and

pious though they were, these enterprises were in my
opinion one principal cause of the relaxation of penance ;
for with them commenced the system of plenary indul-

gence, that is to say, all canonical penalties were remitted
to whoever was willing *
to go on the voyage and ser-
vice of God.' Such was the name given to this war,
and it was this extraordinary pardon which attracted so

many persons to it. It was very pleasant for these
nobles who only knew how to hunt and to fight, to go

on a warlike expedition instead of performing tiresome
penances which were made up of fasting and praying,
and, at that era especially, in abstaining from the use
of arms and horses. Penance became a pleasui-e ; for
the fatigues of travel were but a trifle to men accus-

tomed to those of war ; and change of place and objects
is always amusing. The only real penalty was that
tluy had to leave their country and family for a length-
CIUmI period."
12 Introduction,
If, however, the attempt to rescue the Holj Sepul-

chre served but little to improve the morals of the
Crusaders, it certainly was of great use to the heralds,
by supplying them with emblems by which to express
the deeds wrought by the various persons who had been

engaged in them. Thus the family of Newton, of Bars
Court, in Gloucestershire, took for their crest, ^^
On a
torce argent and azure, a king of the Moors armed in
mail and crowned or, kneeling and delivering up his

sword," in allusion to their maternal ancestor, Sir Ancel
Gorney, who took a Moorish king prisoner at the battle
of Ptolemais, in the reign of Richard I. This same
King Richard, by taking for his device a star issuant
from a crescent, as an emblem of the Star of Bethle-
hem triumphing over the crescent of Mohammed,
caused this symbol, variously modified, to be assumed
by many noble families. The taking of Jerusalem
by Godfrey de Bouillon gave occasion for the pre-
sent arms of the Duchy of Lorraine. For before the

conquest of Jerusalem that duke bore a hart gules,
but afterwards three alerions upon a bend. He is said
to have shot three of these birds from off the battle-
ments of a tower in that city, and if he did so he is
probably the first and last who ever succeeded in killing

even a single bird of the kind. Again, the arms of
the Duchy of Milan are said to be taken from the
Crusades. They are argent a serpent torqued, erect
in pale azure, crowned gules devouring an infant proper.
Otho first Viscount of Milan, going to the Holy Land

with Godfrey of Bouillon, vanquished in single combat
Introduction, 13
and slew the great giant Volux, who had been the
terror of the whole Christian army. The conqueror
stripped off the arms of his slain foe, and assumed his
crest, which sufficiently expressed the ferocious character
of the pagan.
Leopold Duke of Austria fought so long at the as-
sault of Ptolemais that his whole armour was stained
with blood, except where the belt went round it. He
therefore laid aside the six larks, which he, in common
with the rest of his family, had hitherto borne, and had
assigned to him by the Emperor, on a field gules a fesse
argent, which bearing his descendants have ever since
retained. (Plate No. 1.)
I cannot here refrain from mentioning the sad circum-
stances which were the occasion of a change of coat in a

distinguished English family. Hamon de Creve-Coeur,
Lord of Chatham, and ancestor of the families of Hay-
man and Hey man, attended Richard I. on his expedi-
tion, and took with him three noble sons. These youths
distinguished themselves by their gallantry at Acre and
at Joppa ; but shoi-tly after, at the yet more desperate
fight of Ascalon, the unhappy father beheld his children
perish, one by one, beneath the weapons of the infidels.
Bowed down at first to the earth by grief, he yet was

sufficiently strengthened by hope and confidence in God
to rally his scatttM-od spirits, and to continue, both with
counsel and hand, to tight manfully against the mis-

creant enemies of Christ. Yet was his heart very sad
within him, all thoughts of earthly pride deserted him,
and gladly, when the truce agreed upon between
14 Introduction,
Richard and Saladin allowed it, did he turn his weary

steps towards his native land, alone and childless. Yet
was he not entirely without comfort, for well did he
know that, thanks to the merciful indulgence of his
Holy Father the Pope, the pains of purgatory were
remitted, and the gates of Paradise at once opened to
all who, like his children, had fallen fighting in the
cause of their Eedeemer against the foul followers of

the false prophet. And in order at once to express
his sense of abasement and bereavement, but of confi-

dent hope, he made this alteration in the bearings of
his shield :
— He before had borne, or three chevronels
gules, but now took argent a chevron between three
martlets sable, thus expressing by the field that he no
longer delighted in earthly glory, but rather wished to
walk beneath the calm, pale skies of humility and peace.
The proud gold of his shield was thus altered into
meaner silver, while the martlets — those birds of pas-
sage who, like the bird of paradise, cannot alight on
earth — denoted by their number the number of his sons,
by their character, his belief that his lost champions

had but deserted earth for heaven. This was also fur-
ther declared by the motto which he assumed, " Coelum

non solum," (Heaven, not earth,) words which posi-
tively assert what had only been intimated by the bear-

ings. Instances of changes like this latter belong to
the very highest class of heraldry, in fact, are poetry
expressed in symbols.
The other sources from whence bearings and mottoes
were derived were exceedingly various, as, in fact, may
—
Introduction, 15
easily be seen from an inspection of the mottoes and

bearings themselves, which in many instances tell their
own story, and in almost all cases are intelligible the
moment the story is told. Thus, for instance, the

Sprotts of Urr, in addition to their armorial bearings,
hold their lands, a portion of which is called the King*s
Mount, by the following tenure : they have to present

a dish of what is termed in the Scottish language,
" butter brose" to the kings of Scotland whenever they
pass the Urr, and this tenure is accounted for by the
following legend :
About the year 1309, when Robert the Bruce, al-
though now crowned King of Scotland, was obliged to
wander about from place to place with a small band of

devoted followers, he was attacked in the wilds of Gal-
loway by a troop of English, of about equal numbers,
under the command of Sir Walter Selby. The combat
took place near the cottage of a soldier-herdsman named
Sprott, and all of the two pai-ties, with the exception of
the commanders, were soon stretched on the ground,
dead or wounded. Bruce and Sclby, however, con-
tinued to hew at each other with their swords so ftu'i-
ously that wood and water rang ; the noiso excited the
attention of Sprott's wife, a bold and shrewd woman,
and on going out of her cottage she was a witness uf
the encounter. Aware that one of the two knights
must be her countryman, she was naturally desirous to
assist him; but as the visoi*s of botli kniglits wen*

down, she of course wtis unable to distinguish between
them. However, at last Bruce dealt Selby a blow
16 Introduction.
which staggered but did not fell him, so that uttering

an imprecation in the choicest Anglo-Norman, that
gentleman prepared to return the compliment. This,
however, was enough for Mrs. Sprott —although Bruce
most probably, like Selbj, spoke French, yet the ac-
cent at once betrayed the Southron, and, springing
upon him, she seized him by a lock of hair which hung
from his helmet and pulled him down on his back.
Of course he was obliged to yield, and in the dialogue
which ensued between himself and his captor, the
heroine of the cottage discovered that she was in the
presence of her king. She accordingly invited him to
her dwelling, and offered him some butter brose for

breakfast, of which he appears to have been much in
need, as he had fasted for three days. At the same

time she intimated to Selby, in terms by no means
complimentary, that he should have none of her brose,
which she informed him she would, but for the king's
presence, have applied to him externally. Eesisting

the entreaties of Bruce, she persevered in this resolu-
tion until the good-humoured monarch, partly to pre-
vent his captive from going without a breakfast, but

chiefly to reward her loyalty and daring, thus addressed
her :
—" All this land, both hill and vale, is mine, and
I make thee lady of as much of it as thou canst run
round while I am eating my breakfast. The brose is
hot, and the bowl is large, so kilt thy coats and run."
She accordingly tucked up her coats and started off at
full speed. Quickly did she run round the hill, quickly
round the holm, cogitating on the probability that in
Introduction, 17
her absence the generous Bruce would not fail to im-

part a portion of his breakfast to the hated Southron.
Comforting herself, however, with the consideration
that no two men could possibly empty the bowl, she
completed the which she had proposed to herself,
circle
and kept exclaiming somewhat loudly, " No doubt we

shall be called tHe Sprotts of the Mount Urr, while Dal-
beatie wood grows and while Urr water runs ; and the
tenure by which our lands shall be held will be the pre-
senting of butter-brose to the Kings of Scotland when
they chance to pass the Urr.'' King Robert, overhear-
ing her, said, " On thine own terms, my brave dame,
shall the Sprotts of Urr hold this heritage." And
King Ilobert's bowl, as it is called, is to this day pre-
served in the Sprott family ; and in their arms is a royal
crown — a bearing conferred upon them by the grateful
monarch.
Again, the arms of the O'Harte family were a sword
and thumb ; their crest, a hand holding a sword, and
their supporters, a female and a stag. The following
is the traditionary legend which accounts for the as-
sumption of these devices. When the Milesian fleet,
commanded by the twelve brothers who originated the

plan of colonisation, came in sight of land on the north
coast of Ireland, a dispute arose among them as to
which of tliera should hold supreme rule in Ireland,
and they finally deU^rmincd that whoever first touched
liiiul should be king. Accordingly, they severally urged
their crews to use their utmost strength in order to bo
first to reach the shore, and one of thera, named Art,

18 Introduction,
finding that, in spite of their exertions, his crew could

not distance their competitors, seized his sword, and
striking off the thumb of his left hand, threw sword and
thumb on shore. At the same time his wife, springing
into the sea and swimming on shore, took right of vert
and venison by killing with her dart a deer which ran
by. The story certainly does not carry with it any
great show of probability, and perhaps ought to be
put in the same category with the well-known legend
of the O'Neill family, relating to the " Eed Hand of
Ulster."
In the present day many causes, while they have
extended the scope of heraldry, have tended to make
it less exact, and to render it customary, if not abso-
lutely necessary, to assist its symbols by written words,
or by representations which possess more of the cha-
racter of landscape painting than of the forms employed
in ancient blazonry. One of these lies in the great
geographical knowledge now possessed by us, and in
the greater variety of countries in which those military
and naval achievements are performed which require
to be commemorated by the herald's science.
In former ages, the world was divided into two por-
tions only — Christendom and Heathenry ; and a cross,
a crescent, a bezant, a Moor's head, were sufficient to de-

signate the scenes where Christian knights and gentle-
men gained their laurels in contending against the ene-
mies of their faith. But now the case is altered ; men

are not contented to know that honours have been won
in the East or West, but desire also to learn at what
;
Introduction, 19
particular spot the deeds which acquired them have been

performed. Hence those almost innumerable names
of countries, cities, and castles, which have been intro-
duced into modern coats of arms: hence representa-
tions of Eastern dignitaries and warriors armed or
clothed in various fashions, in order to denote their
different races ; those sketches of particular fortresses
or buildings, all which devices tend to particularize
the exploits, and to point out exactly the places where

the bearers of the several coats acquired their fame.
It is much to be feared that this practice has somewhat
impaired the beautiful simplicity of the ancient science
and we may doubt whether it would not be better not
to go beyond what can be expressed by symbols, and
to leave the rest to family tradition. However, such is
the fondness, even of the wisest and bravest of man-

kind, for passing, as the poet says, " per ora virum,*'
and such, even in a greater degree, is the eagerness of
their families and descendants to prove their relation-
ship to the doers of such deeds, that we cannot greatly

wonder at their desire to point out unmistakably to the
casual inspector, the grounds on which they claim the
honourable distinctions which their country's gratitude
has entitled them to assume. In fact, if we look upon
the names of places, the words engraven on the sttM-ns
of ships, and the inscriptions on flags, in the light of

mottoes, there is nothing to be said against them, and
the only modern innovation which cannot be defended
arc those sketches of places and fanciful ih*a\vings
which can neither be scientitically blazoned uor pro-

20 Introduction,
perly understood even with a lengthened descrip-

tion.
But there is another way in which, as I hefore said,
the scope of heraldry has heen much extended. As is
well known, those warlike northern nations which, about

the time of the declining of the Eoman Empire, spread
themselves almost throughout it, and the rest with whom
they mixed themselves in Europe, so esteemed the
noble office of a soldier, that from what belonged to the
wars only, rather than from anything else, they would
take the ensigns of gentry ; whence, also. Miles, Che-
valier, Cavaliero, Caballero, Escuyer, Scutarius, or
Armiger, all being names framed at first as proper for
the wars, are used sometimes in a sense that means

only a gentleman. Thence it is, also, that arms are
given to an ennobled person even of the long-robe,
(though he have little use for them, as they mean a
shield), to a merchant, a manufacturer, a physician ;
but each of these, as being a gentleman, is supposed

either to be a soldier, or ready, upon occasion, to be
one, and therefore has that ensign to denote him. The
same may be said of crests. Now, this system of con-
ferring arms upon those who do not actually belong
to the military profession, has in modern times, neces-
sarily been far more extensively employed than it was
in former days. The great extension of commerce and
civilization has caused the profession of war to be no
longer looked upon as the only honourable one. The
lawyer, the successful trader, the skilful physician, is
now held in no less esteem ; and as the number of those

Introduction, 21
who distinguish themselves in these various pursuits is
far greater than of those whose career is purely warlike,

so the number of coats granted to such persons is pro-
portionately larger.
Of such individuals many, desiring as much as pos-
sible to identify themselves with older families, have,

by taking advantage of either identity or casual simila-
rity of name, assumed the arms of families not in any
way connected with them by blood. But other and
wiser men, knowing that every race must have been at
some time new, and believing that it is more honour-
able to commemorate in a coat of arms good' deeds
newly yet really performed, than, by borrowing another
man's coat, to claim the credit of actions which they
never performed at all — chose, while they preserved the
shield and ordinaries, to select peculiar and distinctive
bearings, crests, and mottoes, which should point out
the especial services by which they raised their families
and themselves to distinction. Thus, at once, they in-
creased the sphere of the herald's labour, and afforded
him a fuller scope for the exercise of his imagination,
since, owing to the multiplicity of the objects of in-
dustry, there is scarcely any portion of nature or of art

from which emblematic devices could not be drawn.
To take one or two well-known examples, which sym-
bolize in a very clear and effective manner the founders
of the several families.
Sir Henry llalford, Bart., whose patronymic waa
\âughan, acquired, like his father, James Vauglmn,
M. 1)., his civil distinctions by his eminent medical
;
22 Introduction.
talents. On his being appointed Physician Extraordi-

nary to his Majesty King George IV., he received by
royal warrant of augmentation, in 1827, a silver rose
in centre of the chief, instead of a fleur-de-lis (origin-
ally borne by the Yaughans), together with a staff on a

canton ermine, entwined with a serpent, and insigned
with a coronet. The crown is the symbol of royalty,
and the serpent entwined represents an eminent phy-
sician, ^sculapius, the god of medicine and son of
Apollo, having been originally distinguished by such a
symbol.
In like manner, the well-known arms of Lom-
bardy, three balls, are borrowed from those of the
famous Florentine family of De' Medici, which bore six
balls or, in commemoration of their founder having

been a distinguished physician, which, in fact, the
Italian name " Medico" denotes. yet more remark-A
able instance, inasmuch as the devices contained in it
are modern in derivation as well as in application, is
the coat of a man who raised his name and family to
the highest estimation and wealth by sheer perseverance

and industry — I mean the noble-minded grandfather of
the present Sir Kobert Peel, Bart. Kobert Peel started
in life with small means, and in humble circumstances
but by steady and enterprising exertions he raised him-
self to a seat in the Imperial Legislature, and took his
place among the baronets of Great Britain, having
accumulated, as a cotton manufacturer, a great fortune,
whereby he founded a family second to none in the
empire in talent and patriotism. In his arms on a
Introduction, 23
chief azure is a bee volant or, and the crest is a demi-

lion rampant argent, gorged with a collar azure charged
with three bezants, and holding between his paws a
weaver's shuttle or. — (Plate No. 1.) Here the bee,
which is the well-known emblem of industry, claims
that character for the industrious and persevering
manufacturer ; the shuttle points to the direction in
which that industry was exerted ; the lion, which grasps
it, denotes the energy of his disposition ; while the
motto, "industria," repeats in word the lesson which
the symbols had already conveyed.
Instances of this sort might be multiplied almost
without end, but in most cases the devices point so
clearly to the trade or profession of him who first bore
them, that it would be tedious and unnecessary to do
80. Yet there is one motto pointing to the means by
which its owner acquired rank and wealth which con-
tains so happy a play upon words, that I will not omit
it. " Ferro non gladio'' (by iron, not by the sword), is
the motto of Guest, the great iron master, and bears

no slight resemblance to those arms of inquiry of which
heralds speak. For " ferro," although literally mean-
ing iron, is so constantly used to denote a sword, that
any one versed in the Latin tongue would bo certain,
on seeing **
ferro" opposed to ** glatlio," to inquiiê tho
cause of the opposition ; and thus, though tho single

word **
ferro" would equally well have expressed tlie means
by which the Guest family acquired its wealth, yet the
addition ** non gladio " calls especial attention to the
motto, and prevents a hasty observer from concluding

;
24 Introduction.
that its wearer was accustomed to employ iron in other

than a peaceful manner.
When I said that these arms which allude to peace-
ful pursuits are of modern date, I must be understood
to speak only in a comparative sense ; for the Marquis
of Lansdowne's arms remind us, by a magnetic needle
pointing at the polar star, of his ancestor Sir William
Petty, a famous astronomer and navigator ; while his
crest — a bee-hive beset with bees diversely volant, to-
gether with a Sagittarius or Centaur, an astronomical
emblem, point to that ancestor's useful and industrious
exploits.
In like manner many of the devices, such as swords,

fasces, keys, maces, chains, ermine, &c., which denote
that an ancestor has held high civic dignity, have been
borne by certain families for several generations. Thus
the sword and key in the arms of Flowers, of Lobb, co.
Oxon., and the demi-lion per-pale ermine and erminois
gorged with a chain within a collar gemel or, shows
that an ancestor was raised to the highest civic dignity
and the sword surmounted by a key in the arms of
Curtis, of CuUands, is symbolical of the magisterial
office which Sir W. Curtis the first baronet held, while
the dragon's wing on a canton, the crest of the City of
London, points to the place where he held that office.
—(Plate No. 1.)
I will now proceed to give various anecdotes and re-

cords of valiant deeds, which have been handed down
not so much by the pages of history as by special tra-
dition, and which are recorded not in the writings of
Introduction, 25
chronicles — ^those mere collectors of oftentimes idle
rumours —but in the unvarying symbols of the heraldic

science, which at once tell the story and vouch for its
authenticity.
Neither will I forget those whose right to wear coat

armour has been won, not by deeds of war or daring,
but by exertions of genius, of perseverance, of scientific
skill ; for honours thus acquired are not less worthy of
admiration than the former class, nor are the anecdotes
connected with them less interesting to the heraldic
student, or to the general reader.
ANECDOTES OF HEKALDRY.
ROYAL ARMS OF ENGLAND.

IIESE armorial bearings, three lions pas-
sant guardant or, on afield gules, originated,
it is supposed, with William the Conqueror,
who bore on a shield gules, two lions pas-
sant guardant or. The third lion was added by Henry

II. on his marriage with Eleanor of Aquitaine, whose
armorial bearings were gules, a lion passant guardant.
From the latter reign to the present, the arms of Eng-
land have continued the same, although the quarterings
and supportci-s have varied.
The arms now borne by our Sovereign are quarterly
I. and I\'. gules three lions passant guardant in pale
or, for England.
II. Or, a lion rampant, gules within a double trea-
sure flory counter flory of the last for Scotland. The
original arms of Scotland is said to have been the lion,
which is supposed to have been derived from the arms

of the ancient Earls of Northumberland and Hunting-
—
28 Anecdotes of Heraldry,
don, from whom some of the Scottish monarchs were

descended.
The tressure is supposed to have heen added in the
reign of King Acharchus, who, having made a league
with Charlemagne, '^
for further memorial of the thing
did augment his arms, being a red lion in a field of
gold, with a double trace, formed with floure-de-ljces,

signifying thereby that the lion henceforth should be
defended by the ayde of the Frenchmens, and that the
Scottish kinge shoulde valiantly fight in defence of theyr
country, libertie, religion, and innocence, which was re-
presented by the Lylies, or Floure-de-Lyces, as He-
raudes do interpret it."
III. Azure a harp or, stringed argent for Ireland.

It is not known when, or on what occasion, this mu-
sical instrument was thus appropriated. Bishop Nichol-
son says, in the " Irish Historical Library," that coins
were struck in 1210, in the reign of King John, with
the king's head in a triangle, which he supposes to re-
present a harp. Simon says, in his account of Irish
Coins, from this triangle, perhaps, proceeded the arms

of Ireland, the harp, which we do not find represented
on any coins extant. The first harp is on the coins of
Henry VIII., and it has been continued ever since.
Valiancy writes, in his preface to his Irish Grammar
Apollo Grian, or Beal, was the principal god of the
Irish ; and, from the harp's being sacred to him, we
may discern the reason why that instrument is the
armorial ensign of Ireland.
The meaning of the royal supporters — the lion and
Prince of Wales's Feathers, 29
the unicorn — which were first adopted by James I., is
that the nation is upheld by England, which the lion

represents ; and by Scotland, which is symbolized by
the unicorn.
Prince op Wales's Feathers.
" The battle of Creci, which was fought on Saturday

(26th August, 1346), between La Broyes and Creci,
was very murderous and cruel, and many gallant deeds

of arms were performed that were never known. The
English put to the sword all they met, and there were
slain on the Sunday morning four times as many as in
the battle of Saturday" (Froissart, vol. i. p. 169).

" On the day of battle, and on the ensuing day, there
fell, by a moderate computation, 1200 French knights,
1400 gentlemen, 4000 men-at-arms, besides about
30,000 of inferior rank. Many of the principal nobility
of France, the Dukes of Lorraine and Bourbon, the Earls
of Flanders, Blois, Vandemont, and Aumule, were left
on the field of battle. The kings, also, of Bohemia

and Majorca were slain. The fate of the former was
remarkable : ho was blind from age, but being resolved
to hazard his person, and set an example to others, he
ordered the reins of his bridle to be tied on each side
of the horses of two gentlemen of his train ; and his
dead body, and tliose of his attendants, were afterwards
found among the slain, with their horses standing by
them in that situation, llis crest was tlnve ostrich
feaihors, and his motto those German words, *
Ich
;
Dien/ I serve, which the Prince of Wales and his suc-

cessors adopted in memory of this great victory. The
action seems no less remarkable for the small loss sus-
tained by the English, than for the great slaughter of
the French. There were killed in it only one esquire
and three knights, and very few of inferior rank; a
demonstration, that the prudent disposition planned by
Edward, and the disorderly attack made by the French,
had rendered the whole rather a rout than a battle
which was, indeed, the common case with engagements
in those times " (Hume, vol. ii. p. 437).
Sandford, in his description of the battle of Crecy,

after relating the story of the King of Bohemia, adds,
" Others make it (' ich diene ') the Prince's device, in
allusion to the words of the Apostle, that the heir,
while he is a child, differeth nothing from a servant."
B-andle Holme asserts, that the three ostrich feathers
were the ensign of the Prince of Wales during the

independence of that country, prior to the invasion of
the English. After this event (he adds) the eldest
sons of the Kings of England, as Princes of Wales,
continued the badge ensigned with a coronet, with the
motto *'
Ich Dien," I serve ; to express the sentiment
that, although of paramount dignity in that country,
they still owed allegiance to the crown of England

{HarL MS. 2035).
The badge of the ostrich feathers is derived from the
house of Hainault, and worn by the Black Prince in
honour of his mother. The words " Ich Dien," mean
" I serve ; " an expression indicating the illustrious
Prince of Wales's Feathers, 31
wearer's filial position, and corresponding sense of duty.

The proper armorial motto of the Prince was " Hou-
mout," a compound German word signifying mag-
nanimity. The feather was first home singly, but
afterwards increased to three.
34 Anecdotes of Heraldry.
PELLEW, VISCOUNT EXMOUTH.
N January, 1796, when Lord Exmouth,

then Sir Edward Pellew, Knt., was re-
fitting his frigate, the " Indefatigable," at
Plymouth, a violent storm arose, which
drove the " Dutton " transport, which was conveying
the Queen's Own Eegiment of foot to the West Indies,
a total wreck upon the rocks under the Citadel, where
she was expected every moment to fall to pieces. Sir
Edward and his lady were engaged to dine at Plymouth
that day with a friend, who, on their arrival at his door,
hastened to communicate to them the distressing intelli-
gence. Immediately on hearing it, Sir Edward opened

the opposite door of the carriage, and disappeared with
such rapidity that the friend who, at Lady Pellew's
request, had followed as fast as possible, only reached
the Hoe in time to see him struggling through the
breakers, and mounting the " Button's " deck by the
wreck of the mainmast, which had fallen in shore.
When there, assuming authority for themoment, and

aided by a few intrepid volunteers who joined him, Sir
Edward exerted himself with so much calmness, intre-
pidity and skill, that, with the exception of a few
drunken sailors, all on board, among whom were many
women and children, were got safe on shore, he being
HKLI.KW.
VISrOUNT KX MOUTH.
Pellew, Viscount Exmouth. 35
amongst the last who left the ship. Sir Edward then
returned to his friend, being, as he thought, amply re-
warded for his exertions and the loss of his dinner by
the gratifying consciousness of having benefited his
fellow-creatures.
This, however, in the opinion of his sovereign, was

not sufficient recompense, and his Majesty, therefore,
a few days afterwards, converted his knighthood into a
baronetcy, and added to his armorial distinctions the
crest, which is, upon waves of the sea the wreck of the
*^
Dutton " East-Indiaman upon a rocky shore off Ply-
mouth garrison all proper, with the appropriate motto,
" Deo adjuvante."
COULTHAET OF COULTHART, COLLYN

AND ASHTON-UNDEE-LYNE.
LFEED, Lord or Laird of the Barony of
Coultliart, within the regality of Gallo-
way, North Britain, chief of his name,

was summoned by his sovereign, Malcolm
Kianmore, to attend a conference of estates at Forfar,
in 1065, to determine as to the best means of placing
the kingdom of Scotland in a posture of defence against
the anticipated invasion of William, Duke of Nor-
mandy, afterwards called William the Conqueror. Al-
fred's assistance in furtherance of that object, being so
highly estimated by King Malcolm, he granted him a
confirmation-charter of the barony of Coulthart, on con-
dition that he should always furnish the sovereigns of
Scotland, in time of war, with three horses when re-
quired, and to secure the fulfilment of that condition,
he was commanded in the same charter to bear ever
afterwards three coults courant on his warrior's shield,

to perpetuate the remembrance of the obligation. For
that reason three colts courant have ever since been
borne by the Coultharts of Coulthart as an armorial
ensign.
An augmentation was made to these arms in 1240,
when Sir Eoger de Coulthart, Knt., fifth laird of Coult-
.M)irN iu)ss ('<)r:LTHAin\
OF
COULTHART. COLLYN AND
ASHTON UNDER- LYNE
•
.
Coulthart of Coulthart, 37
hart in lineal descent from Alfred, had the honour of

tilting at the royal Haddington tournament before
Alexander II., who was so highly pleased with the skill
he displayed on the occasion, that he personally invested

him with the knightly girdle, and heraldically added to the
three black colts courant on his silver shield a fesse sable,
which armorial ensigns have ever since, without altera-
tion, been borne by the chiefs of the family. Gene-

alogists have not been able to trace the origin of the
supporters to the arms of this very ancient family ; but
they have imdoubtedly been used since November 24th,
1443, as they appear on a pendent seal to a charter of
Sir Roger de Coulthart of that date, granting the
lands of Fcllmore, in Galloway, to one Robert Agnew.
In reference to these remarkable supporters, Mr.
Lower, in his admirable work, " Patronymica Britan-
nica," on the origin and progress of surname litera-
ture, says, " It is deserving of mention, that the head

of the Coulthart family has immcmorially borne sup-
pointers to his coat-armour allusive to the name, and
perhaps this may be considered an unique instance of
canting supporters, a colt and a hart uphold tho an-
cestral cscocheon.**
Tho present chief of tho name, and representative of

the family, is John Ross Coulthart, Esq., of Goldsmith's
Buildings, Temple, London, Barristor-at-Law, one of
ller Majesty's justices of the peace for Lancashire.
DELAWAEE.
HE badge of this noble family is the

crampet or chape of a sword, and was as-
umed after the battle of Poictiers, at which
the King and Dauphin of France were
made prisoners. The reason of its assumption was as
follows :
—
Although, as we are told by Froissart, King
John of France, after fighting long and desperately,
at last surrendered himself, when he found that he
should be slain if he resisted longer, to Denyce Mor-
becke, a knight of Arthoys and subject of his own, but
in the English service, in preference to yielding to any
of the many knights and esquires of England who sur-
rounded and eagerly sought to take him, yet the right
of the Frenchman by no means passed unquestioned.
On the contrary, more, as Froissart (using a large
number for an indefinite one) says, than ten knights
and squires claimed the honour of having made the

king prisoner.
Foremost among these were Sir Koger la Warr and
Sir John Pelham, the first of whom exhibited the chape
of a sword, the second the buckle of a belt, which they

had wrested from the monarch in the struggle. Al-
though these trophies could not invalidate the claim of
Sir Denyce Morbecke, to whom, in the absence of the
DELAWARE. PELHAM.
Delawarr. 39
Black Prince, King John had undouhtedlj surrendered

himself, yet they at least showed that the hands of
those who held them had been laid upon the royal per-
son. Accordingly, ever since that day, the families of
De la Warr and Pelham have used for their respective
badges a crampet and a buckle.
LYNDE.
HE arms of this ancient family, which now

are quartered by Williams of Herringston,
county Dorset, were assumed on the fol-
lowing occasion.
''
King Henry III., having disported himselfe in the
forest of Blackmore, hee spared one beautiful! and
goodlie white heart e, which afterwards Sir T. de la
Lynde, a neighbouring gentleman of antient descent
and especiall note, with his companions pursuing, killed
at this place ; but he soon founde howe dangerous it
was to bee twitching a lion by the ears ; for the king

tooke soe great indignation against him, that hee not
onlie punished them with imprisonment and a grievous
fine of money, but for this fact hee taxed their lands,
the owners of which yearlie untill this daye paye a
rounde summe of money, by waye of amercement, into
the exchequer, called white harte silver. The posterite
of this man ever after gave for their arms white hartes
heads on a red shielde ; and the forrest allsoe from that
time beganne to lose its antient name, and to bee called
the forrest of Whiteharte" (Coker's Survey of Dorset).

'::\lr VV
MAR S HAL L
W^
LLOYD
or PLY M oc
Marshall 41
MAESHALL.
OST crests and mottoes are assumed by

the respective families who use them on
account of some action performed, or dis-
covery made, by some one of its members ;
but the crest and motto of Phillips of Cavendish Square

(some of whose descendants afterwards adopted the
name of Marshall), were, hke the monkeys which form
the crest and supporters of the Duke of Leinster, as-
sumed by him with even better reason, to express his
gratitude to a creature who had saved his life.
It chanced when this gentleman was bathing at Ports-

mouth that, being either seized with the cramp, or car-
ried away by the current, which there runs very strong,
he was in danger of being drowned, and, in fact, would
have perished, liad not a dog of the Newfoundland
breed, who sat watching him from the shore, perceived
his struggles, and hastened to his assistance, being
guided only by the instinct for which dogs of that spe-
cies are so remarkable. However, his efibrts werc suc-
cessful, and ho brought Phillips safe to shore, who,
finding on inquiry that no one claimed the animal,
caused him to be tiiken to his own house, and to bo
treated as long as he lived with that care and kindness
which he deserved for the important service rendered
bj him.
Crest. —Upon a mount vert, in front of a Newfoundland dog
sejant, reguardant proper, an escutcheon argent thereon, in base
waves of the sea, and floating therein a naked man, the sinister
arm elevated also proper.
Motto. — "Auspice Deo extuli mari."
LLOYD OF PLYMOa.
HE arms of this family are — gules a chev-
ron ermine between three Englishmen's
heads in profile couped at the neck pro-
per, bearded and crined sable, and were first
conferred upon Edujfed Vjchan ap Kendrig, Lord of
Bryffenigh in Denbigland, and Krigeth in Efinoydd,
Chief Counsellor, Chief Justice, and General of Llew-
elyn ap lorwerth, King of North Wales, and one of the
most influential men of his nation at that period. It is
well known, that during the feeble reign of John, the

Welsh gained several important advantages over the
English, and in especial this Eduyfed, being in com-
mand of the troops of Llewelyn, surprised a portion of
the troops of Ranulph, Earl of Chester, and having
put them to flight, succeeded in killing three of their
principal leaders, whose heads he cut off and laid at
the feet of his sovereign. For this service he received

the foregoing arms, which are borne by several families
of his descendants.
H AMOTSTD
Hamondy Bart 43
HAMOiSTD, BAET.
HIS is the second crest borne by Sir An-

drew Snape Hamond, Bart., of Norton
Lodge, Freshwater, Isle of Wight.
Both crest and motto refer to a daring
act performed by one of the ancestors of this family
during the struggle between the Puritan and Royalist

parties in Scotland in 1650. After the illegal and bar-
barous execution of the noble Marquis of Montrose by
Argyle and his party, the head of the murdered warrior
was, according to the custom of the age, placed upon a
spike at the top of the Tolbooth, or gaol of Edinburgh,
while the other portions of his body were sent into
several parts of the kingdom. The relatives and par-
tisans of Montrose, many of whom remained concealed
in Edinburgh, were naturally exasperated at seeing the
head of the most faithful subject in the realm treated like
that of a traitor, and none of them was more deeply moved
than the above-named ancestor of Sir Andrew llamond.
He accordingly resolved, at all hazards, to remove the
head from its disgraceful position, and this he success-
fully effected. Whether he did it unaided, or with the
assistance of friends, or by the connivance of the
guards, is unknown, although from the position of the
hands, issuaut from clouds, which remove the skull, it
seems probable that the deed was done by one who

acted in secret and alone.
Of course the indignation of the enemies of Montrose
at this audacious theft was excessive, and long and dili-
gent search was made for the daring man who had
ventured so openly to show his contempt and defiance
of them ; but all in vain, no clue to the offender was
ever gained ; nor was it until many years later that the
performer of the gallant deed revealed the secret to his
family, who thus were enabled to assume a crest and
motto commemorative of the exploit.
—
Crest. Two arms erect, issuing from clouds, in the act of
removing from a spike a human skull above the skull a mar-
;
quess' coronet, between two palm branches proper, over the

*'
crest the motto, Sepulto viresco."
FIT Z GE R AL D.
Fitzgerald, 45
FITZGEKALD.
HE crest of Fitzgerald, Duke of Leinster,

is a monkey proper, enveroned about the
middle with a plain collar and chained or ;
the motto is, " Non immemor beneficii."
These, as well as the supporters, which are monkeys as

the crest, refer to a very singular accident which befel
Thomas, fifth Earl of Kildare, when he was quite an
infant. The grandfather of this Thomas, who was
named John, and who had long been at feud with the
sept of Macarthy More, was killed, togetlier with his
eldest son, Maurice, at the battle of Callan, in 1261.

At this time Maurice's son, the Thomas above men-
tioned, was only nine months old, and was in his cradle
in a house close to the Abbey of Tralec. So panic-

struck were all his attendants at the news of the disas-
trous tight, that he was deserted even by his nurse,
who rushed out to ascertain the particulars of the en-

gagement, and the extent of their losses. In their
eagerness they however forgot that they did not leave
the infant entirely alone, for a largo ape, or monkey,
was in the apartment attentively watching their pro-
ceedings. This monkey was a great favourite of the
late earl, on account of the strange and diverting tricks
which he was in the habit of playing ; and, as he be-
longed to a class of animals then but very rarely seen in

Ireland, was looked upon by the domestics with a kind
of superstitious awe. When he saw the room was
empty, and that no one was left to interfere with his
proceedings, he, actuated doubtless by that spirit of
imitation which is inherent in all the monkey tribe, took
the infant out of the cradle and commenced dandling
it, as he had seen the nurses do. But, probably dread-
ing lest some one should interrupt him in his amuse-
ment, he bethought himself of proceeding to a place
where he could not be interfered with, and accordingly
scrambled with his prize to the top of the abbey steeple,
where he carried it backwards and forwards on the
battlements. The horror of the spectators may easily
be imagined when they saw the perilous position of the

infant; but of course all attempts to rescue it would
have been in vain ; in fact, any movement on their part
would, by frightening the animal, have led to the very
catastrophe which they were so anxious to avert. Silent
therefore they stood, and motionless, thinking of the

sad fate of a family which in one day had twice lost its
hereditary head, and was in danger of losing it a third

time. However, contrary to their expectation, the mon-
key, finding himself undisturbed, descended from his
dangerous position, and with great deliberation replaced
his burden in the cradle from which he had withdrawn
it. If we may judge from the bearings and motto, the
animal suffered no punishment for the strange trick
which he played, probably gratitude for the restoration
of the heir of so illustrious a house, at so critical a
Fitzgerald. 47
juncture, overpowered the indignation which the auda-

city of the action must necessarily have caused ; in
fact the motto, "Non immemor heneficii," though it
may possibly be intended as an expression of gratitude

to Providence for the almost miraculous preservation of
the infant, is yet, with far more Ukelihood, to be under-
stood as a token of thankfulness to a creature who, if
mischievous, was not malicious, and whose image the
Thomas (who from this escape was sur-
descendants of
named "Mappagh Simiacus," or ** The Ape"), did not
disdain to bear in their crest.
FAEQUHARSON OF INVEECAULD.
RMS : argent a fir-tree growing out of a
mound in base seeded proper, on a chief
gules, the banner of Scotland displayed
in bend. The fir-tree is commemorative

of an ancient custom of carrying twigs in the time of
battle, as a badge ; and the banner, of the death of
Findla More, a distinguished ancestor, who fell at Pin-
kie bearing the royal standard.
WODEHOUSE OF KIMBERLEY PARK,

Co. NORFOLK.
RMS : sable a chevron, or, guttee de sang,
between three cinquefoils ermine. Crest,

a dexter hand issuing from clouds proper,
holding a club, with the motto " Frappez
fort," over it. Motto under the arms, "Azincourt."
The drops of blood on the chevron were added as a
reward for the valour of his ancestor at the battle of
Agincouii, where he attended Henry V. as one of his
esquires. The crest and mottoes were granted for the
same service. — (Plate No. 1.)

FENDRILL
Lane, 49
LAISTE.
CL
HE canton of augmentation in these arms
and the crest refer entirely to the assist-
ance aiforded hy the Lane family to King

Charles II. after the hattle of Worcester,
by which they greatly contributed to his escape, as also
did Colonel Carlos and the Pendrills, whose arms are

inserted above.
Thomas Lane, of Bcntly and Hyde, suffered much
from his attachment to the royal cause, to which he
clung even to the last : and received King Charles 11.
in his mansion, to which the king was guided by his

son, Colonel John Lane, after the defeat at Worcester.
Here Charles remained for several days, and if the
courage of the father and brother were great in har-
bouring and concealing their fallen monarch, what shall
bo said of the heroic conduct of ^liss Jane liane, the
Colonels sister, who rode behind the Prince disguised
as her servant from Bently in Staffordshire to her cou-
sin Mrs. Norton's house at Abbot's Leigh, near Bristol.
The distance was great ; and, when the state of the
roads at that period, and the numerous bands of i-epub-
lican soldiers in eager search after the fugitive arc
taken into consideration, the feat of this English lady
seems fully equal to that peifonncd by the famous Flora
M'Donald. However, after his accession, Charles did not
altogether forget his benefactors, but bestowed pensions

on the Colonel, on his brother a groom of the Chamber,
and on Miss Lane. These pensions, always irregularly
paid, were entirely discontinued in the reign of Queen
Anne. The crest of augmentation at the same time
granted to the family is a strawberry roan horse salient,
(fcc, and in all probability his tincture describes the co-
lour of the very horse on which Charles rode with the

lady behind him on his perilous journey.
With the coat of Lane will be seen in the engraving
the arms of Carlos and Pendrill, which are both fresh
grants from the Heralds College and not ancient coats
augmented, and which differ only in their tinctures ; as
they both contain an oak, commemorative of the one in
which Charles concealed himself, and from which the
courage and fidelity of Colonel Carlos and the Pendrills
enabled him to escape in safety. The present repre-
sentatives of Colonel Carlos are the Hopper family of
Durham. As will be readily seen, the sword which
forms the crest of Carlos suggests the valour shown by
Colonel Carlos in the cause of his master ; the oak-tree
in the arms denotes the king's place of refuge, while
the crowns point out the importance of the individual
who had been preserved. By these arms, as well as by
the motto which accompanied them, Charles desired to
mark the gratitude which he felt towards his devoted
followers ; and in the patent issued from the Heralds
College, it is expressly stated that they were granted
" in perpetuam rei memoriam."
Lane, 51
The family of tlie Pendrills never attained to any
exalted position ; it is said that the pension of one hun-

dred marks, which was settled upon the family, still
continues to he paid to its eldest representative; hut

this seems to he a matter of considerahle doubt.
The arms of this family are, per fesse or and azure, a chevron
gules between three mullets counterchanged ; on a canton of the
third three lions of England.
Crest. — A strawberry roan horse salient, couped at the flanks,
bridled sable, bitted and garnished or, supporting between the
feet a regal crown.
LAKE, BAET.
HE arms and crest of this family are re-
markable as not being augmented, but a

fresh grant commemorative of general
seiTices performed, but yet pointing spe-
cifically to valour exhibited on a particular occasion.
Their ancestor had always been a faithful adherent
to Charles I., and at the battle of Edge-Hill received
sixteen wounds, and was disabled by a shot in his left
arm, after which he held the bridle in his teeth and

continued the fight vigorously.
For this extraordinary valour he received the follow-
ing symbolical coat :
— Gules, a dexter arm embowed,
in armour, issuing from the sinister side of the shield,
holding in the hand a sword, erect, all proper, thereon

affixed a banner, argent, charged with a cross, (typical
of his master's righteous cause), between sixteen shields
of the first, (which by their number and colour denote
his wounds) ; and a lion of England in the fesse point,
which last betokens the special honour in which he was

held by his sovereign.
The crest is —a chevalier on horseback, in a fighting
posture, his scarf red, his left arm hanging down useless,
and holding the bridle in his teeth ; his face, sword, ar-
mour and horse cruentated.

This crest, of course, needs no interpretation.
LAKE
WALKER
;
Walker. 53
WALKEE.
HE arms of the family of Walker, Kother-

ham, CO. York, are, argent on a chevron
gules hetween two anvils in chief and an
anchor in base sable, a bee between two
crescents or.
From the bee, anvils and anchor, in these ai-ms, it
will be evident to any one conversant with heraldry that

they were granted to a person distinguished for his
industry and commercial enterprise. The bee is the
well-known emblem of the former of these two qualities
the anchor shows that sea as well as land was the
theatre of his exertions, while the anvils point out the
particular branch of business to which ho directed his
attention. And in fact, Samuel Walker, the principal
founder of the iron works at Masborough, near Rother-
ham, was a reniaikable instance of perseverance and
commercial skill. Left at the age of twelve yeai*8 an or-
phan, with two brothers and four sisters, ho cvontually
succeeded in raising them all to rank and wealth.
At the age of thirty he settled at Masborough, where,
in conjunction with his brothers, ho eixjcted the iron
works above mentioned, which afterwards became so

celebrated both at home and in foreign countries. In
the choice of sito for Uieso works ho showed groat
judgment ; and for many years they were second to

none in the kingdom, and the once trifling village be-
came a place of some importance and the centre of a
bustling trade. Immense quantities of iron were sent
by the firm of Walker to the colonies ; and they sup-
plied great numbers of cannon to the British Govern-
ment. Samuel Walker died in 1782, and after his
death the works which he had founded no longer con-

tinued (their presiding spirit being gone) to flourish as
they had done before. His descendants, however,
bear with honourable pride the arms, which remind them
of the genius and the unflagging perseverance of him
who secured to them rank and fortune.
CLER K
OF PENNYCUICK.
BROMLEY.
Bromley. 55
CLEEK OF PENNYCUICK.
HE crest of this family is

— ^^ a demi-hunts-
man habited vert, winding a horn proper,"
and their motto, " Free for a blast." The
crest and motto both refer to the tenure
by which the lands of Pennycuick, co. Midlothian, are
held. The annual service enjoined on the proprietor
is, that he attend once a year in the forest of Drum-

sleich, near Edinburgh, to give a blast of a horn at the
king's hunting. It is one of those merely nominal ser-
vices, now become nearly obsolete, but which in for-
mer times were very numerous and singular in their

character, and which were all based on the feudal
principle, that whoever held lands from a superior lord,
must render for them some service or another, of how-
ever trivial a character, in order thereby to acknowledge
his supremacy.
BROMLEY.
T the battle of Le Corby, fought in the
reign of Henry V. between the English
and French, the latter were victorious, and
for a time succeeded in rendering them-
selves masters of the standoi'd of Guienne, which was
borne in the English ranks. An Esquire, however,

named Bromley, perceived its loss, and making a furious
onset on the warrior who had seized it, succeeded in
wresting it from him, and brought it away safely from
the field. By this action he prevented the English
from sustaining a very disgraceful loss, and so greatly
pleased Henry, that that monarch not only knighted
and granted him great estates in Normandy, but also
permitted him for a perpetual memorial of his exploit to

take for his crest the standard of Guienne, viz., a demi-
lion rampant sable, issuing out of a mural crown, or,
holding a standard vert, charged with a griffin passant,

or ; the staff proper, headed argent.
Holyngwortlie. 57
HOLYNGWOETHE
OF HOLYNGWORTHE HALL, CO. CHESTER.
HE arms and name are synonymous, the

family name is evidently derived from the
holly-tree, called in Chester *^ holly n-tree,'*
with which the estate abounded. The holly,

a corruption from holy, so called from being at Christmas
used in our churches, and **
worthe," which in Saxon
signifies court. Sharon Turner, in his " History of the
Anglo-Saxons," (vol. iii. pp. 70, 71,) says, " Their title
was formed by the addition of yng to the name of the

ancestor whose fame produced their glory." At the
time when many provinces in France belonged to the
English Crown, the family held large possessions there.
This family, of which Robert de Holyngwortlie, of
Holyngworthe Hall, co. Chester, is the lineal repre-
sentative, dates from Holyngworthe Hall, as lord of that

manor, from the time of the Saxons.
Arms. — Sable on a bend three holly-leayes

or, vert.
Crkst. — A stag lodged proper.
Motto.—" Disce ferenda pati."
;
KOBEETSOlSr.
FTER the cmel murder of James I. of

Scotland, by the agents of a party who
disliked the innovations and improvements
which he attempted prematurely to intro-
duce, the perpetrators of the crime succeeded for a time
in making their escape, and would have in all probabi-
lity entirely avoided the punishment due to their crime,

had it not been for the unwearied exertions of Eobert-
son, chief of Clan Donnachie, son of Duncan de Atho-
lia, who, on hearing of the assassination and having
learnt in which direction the murderers had fled, fol-
lowed upon their traces, and succeeded in capturing

them close to Blair Castle. As is well known, they
were brought to trial, and, being found guilty, were
executed with circumstances of most horrible barbarity
while the young king, James II., in token of gratitude
to their captor, granted his request, which was that in-
stead of lands and honours, his possessions should be
erected into a barony, and that he might bear beneath
his escutcheon " a man prostrate and in chains," with
the motto, " Yirtutis gloria merces ;" and the king added
for crest, a cubit arm erect holding a royal crown, and
these augmentations are still borne by his descendants.
The ancient crest, a swan proper, is still retained by
the Eobertsons of Kindeace, although seldom used by
them.
ROBBETSON
GIFFAR D.
Giffard of Chillington, 59
GIFFAKD OF CHILLINGTON.
HE family of the Giffards (or Gyffards)

trace their origin from a period even an-
terior to the Conquest, as, in fact, is shown

by their name, which means " hberal,"
and which was first employed a.d. 1025 by the founder
of their race, Walter Count of Longueville, at a time
when the Normans had not yet entirely adopted the
language of the conquered Frenchmen ; but still used
many terms like " Giffard,'' or " Giver," which were
employed by their Northern ancestors.
The crest and motto, however, at present employed
by the Giffards of Chillington are of a far later date ;
and in fact were not adopted until the reign of Henry

VHI., when they took their origin from a somewhat
singular occurrence. In the early part of the reign of
Henry VHI., a panther, which had boon presented to
Sir John Giffard, of Chillington, escaped from her cage,
and was pursued by the knight, bow in hand, accom-

panied by his son ; having hurried to the top of a
steep ascent, nearly a mile from his house, ho overtook
the benst about to spring upon a woman with an infant;
and as, in his still breathless state, ho was preparing to
shoot at it, his son, fearing his haste might weaken tlio
accuracy and force of his shot, called out " Preigne
60 . Anecdotes of .Heraldry,
;
haleine, tire fort " words which, modernized to "Prenez
haleine, tirez fort," now form the family motto. In
pursuance of this advice Sir John paused, took breath,
drew his bow strongly with a sure aim, and so killed
the panther, and saved the woman. To this circum-
stance the panther's head in the crest and the archer
with bended bow evidently refer.
—
Crest. A panther's head couped, affronte, spotted, incensed
proper and a demi-archer bearded and couped at the knees in
;
armour proper, from his middle a short coat paly argent and gules,
at his middle a quiver of arrows or, in his hands a bow and arrow
drawn to the head or.
Motto. —" Prenez haleine, tirez fort."

TR EVE LTAK
;
Trevelyan, 61
TEEYELYAN.
jniS family is descended fi*om the Tre-

veljans of Cornwall, who trace their ori-
gin to a very remote period, far anterior

to the Norman Conquest. But what coat
of arms they used when, in accordance with the custom
of the time, they first adopted one, is now uncertain
all that is known is, that it differed from the present
one, although even this latter is of very ancient date, and
owes its origin to a somewhat remarkahle circumstance.
It will be remembered that on several parts of the coast
of England the sea has at various times made serious
iniiptions ; overwhelming and utterly ruining whole
tracts of land, as in the case of estates of Earl (iodwin,
which now form the Goodwin sands; and, according to
tradition, this very misfortune happened on the Cornish

coast to an estate belonging to the Trevelyan family,
which lay between the Land's End and those rocks
which are now called the Seven Stones. The catas-
trophe must have been most sudden and terrible ; for
we arc informed that the owner of the land, which wa.s
only conniH'ted with the mainland by a narrow neck of

earth, found himself suddenly cut off from the Cornish
shore by a broach which tlie waves made through this
natural causeway. However, ho was not at fii'st alaimcd,

;
as lie thought it would be easy, when the storm abated,

to cross the passage in a boat. But great was his hor-
ror when he discovered that the whole island, on which

he stood, was gradually passing away from under his
feet. Whether there was any real sinking of the ground,
such as takes place after an earthquake, or whether
the ground, being of a loose and sandy nature, was
easily removed when the water had once penetrated and
softened it, cannot be decided ; but at any rate the un-
fortunate gentleman, who was on horseback, found him-
self obliged to retreat step by step towards the outer
margin of his domain, which was of a firmer and more

rocky character than the rest. He thus was removing
farther and farther from those who might have assisted
him ; and though he found to his great comfort that the
few stones on which he stood remained firm, and that

the storm had abated, yet he began to feel anxious
when he found no one come to his aid, and at the same
time to consider how he should escape from his dan-
gerous position. The distance from shore was great
there were no telescopes in those days ; and if any of
the fishermen knew that he was on his estate, they
would undoubtedly believe that he had been swept away
by the inundation. He however waited patiently for a
considerable time, but seeing no signs of any assistance
coming to him, and dreading the approach of night, he
came to the desperate resolution of attempting to reach
the shore with his horse by swimming. The distance

was very great, but his steed was one of great strength
and spirit, and he himself a first-rate horseman; so,
;
Trevelyan. 63
clioosing his time, when the tide began to flow, he

started on his perilous journey. Frequently he gave
himself up for lost, but his heart was good, and his gal-
lant steed, though much exhausted, still kept his head to-
wards the shore. At length his feet touched the ground,
and, as though that touch had put fresh strength into
his wearied limbs, he struggled desperately through the
scattered fragments which the recent fury of the sea
had heaped about in all directions, and at last reached
the beach, where he fell totally exhausted. His master,
after thanking heaven for his miraculous escape, bade
the peasantry, who had now collected around him, take
every care of the animal to whom he owed his safety

and declared, in gratitude for the eminent service he
had done liim, that the rest of his life should be one of
ease and plenty, and that no rider should ever mount
him again. And further, in order to commemorate his
escape, he assumed, instead of the former coat of arms,
**
gules, a demi-horse argent, hoofed and maned or,
issuing out of water in base proper."
Arms. — Gules, a horse argent, maned and hoofed or, issuaut

from the sea in base proper.
—
DUDLEY OF CLAPTON.
HIS family bears for crest, ^' on a ducal

coronet or, a woman's head with an hel-
met thereon, hair dishevelled, and throat
latch loose, proper." The origin of this
is said in a manuscript written by a monk, who in 1390
was parson of Clapton, to have been as follows:
Hotot was a great landholder near Clapton, co. Nor-
thampton, who had but one daughter, Agnes, heiress
to all his great estates. This lady sharing in a taste
which, if we may believe the clironiclers and romancers
of the period, was by no means an uncommon one, was
greatly devoted to all out-door exercises, such as hunting,
hawking, &c., but going beyond the generality of even
the more vigorous of her sex, took great dehght in all
those exercises of chivalry in which Clorinda and cer-

tain others of the heroines of Ariosto and Tasso ex-
celled. In especial, she was particularly skilled in the
management of the horse and lance, and in the tilt-yard

of her father's mansion often astonishing her youthful
opponents, as well as the bystanders, by her dexterity
and courage.
Now it chanced that her father had a dispute with a
person named Eingsdale about the ownership of a piece
of land, and the two parties probably entertaining that
D IT D L E y
Dudley of Clapton, Q5
dislike to incurring legal expenses, which was not less
common then than it is at present, resolved on settling
their difference hy single combat. Accordingly they

appointed a day, and in order to avoid the crowd and
annoyance which the intended battle if generally known
would have occasioned, they agreed to meet in a private
place, each attended by a single squire. Unfortunately,

however, as the time appointed for the combat drew
nigh, Hotot was seized with a fit of the gout, to which
disease he was subject. This piece of ill-luck sadly

perplexed him, as in the event of his failing to meet
his enemy, not only would he forfeit the land in question,
but also stand some risk of having his reputation for
courage impugned. As, amid the paroxysms of his
malady, he grumblingly mentioned his feai-s and fore-
bodings to Agnes, his constant attendant, and whose
advice he asked in his perplexity, he was not less as-
tonished than comforted when ho heai'd her bid him not
distress himself about the matter, as she had seen the
emergency, and had already provided a champion who
she felt persuaded would bo more than a match for liis
enemy. Now Hotot was a man of experience, and

knowing the ready wit of the female sex in general,
and of liis daughter in particuhir, comforted himself as
she requested, and did not even ask the chosen cham-
pion's name, in all probability imagining that it was
one of the heiress's numerous suitors. On the day
agreed on, Agnes arose very early in the morning, and
having, with the assistance of her handmaidens, arrangeii
lierself in the armour which she usually wore in the
F
tilt-jard, and assumed also her father's crest, surcoat
of arms, and shield, she called to her a trusty esquire,

and bade him secretly arm himself, saddle and barb as if
for battle her own horse and his, and meet her at a spot,
outside the manor walls, which she named. The esquire,

accustomed to the little extravagances of his young
mistress, did as he was bidden without hesitation, and
the pair rode together to the appointed place of meeting.
Here they found Ringsdale already waiting, and Agnes,
fearing that any delay might cause him to perceive the
difference between her stature and that of her father, at
once took her lance from her esquire, and putting it in

the rest, advanced full speed upon her foe. Ringsdale
lost no time in imitating her example, and the opponents
met with a terrible shock. Such was the address of
Agnes, that she, in the first encounter, dismounted her
heavier opponent, and seeing him half stunned on the

ground, dismounted and drew her sword, to see if he
would strive to mend his fortune with that weapon. The
violence of the fall which he had received had, however^
so entirely disabled him, that he was forced to allow
himself vanquished ; and then, and not till then, Agnes,
laughing, threw up her visor, thus disclosing a beautiful
face, and eyes bright with mirth ; and at the same time
unclasping the latch or fastening which secured her
throat armour, she allowed her long tresses to fall un-
confined upon her shoulders.
The confusion of Ringsdale, who at once not only
learned her sex, but also recognised her person, may
easily be imagined ; and the lady rode merrily home to
Dudley of Clapton, 67
tell her delighted though reproving sire, that he was

now undoubted master of the land in question.
As has already been mentioned, the number of her
suitors was already great, but the news of this last
exploit caused their addresses to be so constant and

pressing, that Agnes Hotot was obliged, in her own
defence, to choose one in order to appease the others.
She accordingly selected one of the Dudley family, to
whom, at her father's death, she brought a princely in-
heritance, and with whom she passed a long and happy

life.
The memory of this gallant act is, as may easily be

seen, preserved in the cre^ of the Dudley family,
which represents her as she appeared when she disclosed
herself to her opponent.
The family is originally descended from the Paga-
nells, who, soon after the Conquest, were created Barons
of Dudley. The first who settled at Clapton was styled
Thomas do Dudley, second son of Sir John do Sutton,
who, in right of his wife, was made Baron of Dudley,
about the year 1340 this Thomas Dudley was one of
;
the lords of Clapton manor, and his grandson married

Agnes llotot in 1395, She afterwards proved the
heiress to the ancient family of the Hotots, and he
thereby became the sole lord of the manor of Clapton.
KNIGHT.
MEMOEABLE event in the great Ee-

bellion of 1569 gave occasion, according
to tradition, for arms, badge, and motto,
granted in 1613 to the ancestor of Knight,
Baron Luxborough of Shabbon, created Earl of Cather-
lough, 30th April, 1763.

Knight, having joined the confederates of the Earls
of Northumberland and Westmorland in the " rising
of the North," is said to have owed his safety to having
received by a faithful messenger from a lady-friend,
supposed to have been a partisan of the army of the
south, a leathered spur, inclosed in a paper, on which
was drawn a pair of wings, denoting the necessity of
immediate flight, with the significant motto —" Te
digna sequere."
Arms.— Argent three bendlets, gules, on a canton ; azure, a

spur with rowel downwards, strapped, or.
Crest. — A spur strapped, between two wings

or, erect, gules.
Motto. — " Te digna sequere."

F O WLER.
Cheney, 69
FOWLER.
HE former, crest of this family was a hand

and lure, but its present one, an owl ar-
gent ducally gorged or, was granted to it
under the following circumstances. Eich-

ard Fowler of Foxlej, co. Bucks, attended Eichard
Cceiu'-de-Lion to the Holy Land, and having by extra-
ordinary vigilance and valour discovered and helped to
defeat a night attack, made by the Saracens upon the
camp of the Christians, the king bestowed upon liim the
honour of knighthood, and at the same time bade him
assume for crest that bird whose powers of noctm*nal
watchfulness were only equalled by his own.
CHENEY.
HE crest of this family is a bull's scalp ar-
gent, and was assumed, according to tra-

dition, under the following ciixûmstances.
At the battle of IJosworth Field, the usurper
Richard, finding the day going against Iiini. and seeing
his rival with but a small attendance of knights round
him, watching the battle from a short distance, made, in
his despair, a furious onset upon him with spear in rest.

Sir John Cheney, a warrior renowned for his gigantic

stature and skill in arms, who was fighting under the
banner of Eichmond, seeing the approach of the furious
Kichard, galloped forward to meet him, and whether
from the fault of his horse, or from the superior skill
of Eichard in using his weapons (which is said to
have been very extraordinary), was unhorsed in the en-

counter with such violence that his crest was torn from
his helmet, and he himself hurled to the ground stunned
and senseless. On recovering himself he discovered
the loss of his crest, and to supply its place cut the skull
and horns off the hide of an ox which chanced to he
near, and placed them upon his head. He then re-
turned to the assistance of his master, and there per-
formed such deeds of valour, that Eichmond, who, after
the death of his opponent, was saluted and crowned king

with the very diadem which had encircled Eichard's/
helmet, assigned him the bulFs scalp as crest. Sir
John Cheney was also made Baron Cheney, and Knight

of the Garter.
EYEE.
HE origin of this crest, which is a leg in

armour couped at the thigh, is thus ac-
counted for in an old pedigree still pre-

served at Hassop.
** The first of the Eyres came in with King William
the Conqueror, and his name was Truelove ; but in the
Eyre. 71
battle of Hastings (Oct. 14, 1066), this Truelove, seeing

the king unhorsed, and his helmet beat so close to his
face that he could not breathe, pulled off his helmet and
horsed him again. The king said, *
Thou shalt here-
after from Truelove be called Air or Eyre, because thou

hast given me the air I breathe.' After the battle the
king called for him, and being found with his thigh cut
off, he ordered him to be taken care of, and being re-
covered he gave him lands in the county of Derby in
reward for his services; and the seat he lived at he
called Hope, because he had hope in the greatest ex-
tremity, and the king gave the leg and thigh cut off in
armour for his crest, and which is still the crest of all
the Eyres in England.*'

JONES, BAET., CEANMEE HALL,

Co. NOEFOLK.
T the Congress of Vienna it was deter-

mined to erect fortresses on the northern
frontier of France, in what was then the
kingdom of the Netherlands', and six and
a half millions sterling were contributed bj France and
the Allies for the purpose. The Duke of Wellington
had charge of the erection, and under him Sir John T.
Jones. When Sir John was made a baronet, he asked
the Duke what addition to the family coat of arms he
should assume : the Duke wrote, " I should say a castle
and the word Netherlands ' would be the right thing,"
^
referring to the great work. The Duke's suggestion

was at once adopted.
Arms. —Azure on a fesse or, three grenades, fired proper, in

chief a castle argent, surmounted with the word **
Netherlands,"
in base a lion couchant of the third gorged with a ribbon gules
fimbriated azure, pendent therefrom a shield of the fourth
charged with a gold medal, thereon the work *' Badajoz."
—
Crest. In front of a castle argent a lion couchant or, gorged
with a chaplet of laurel, a medal, as in the arms, hanging there-
from.
JONES BT
C&AKMSK HALL C? KORrOLl
Clark. 73
CLAKK.
IR JOHN CLARK held a command in
the army with which Henry VIII. in-

vaded France in 1512-3, and was pre-
sent at the hattle of Guinegate, which
was fought on the eighteenth of August, where he had
the good fortune to take the Due de Longueville pri-
soner. This hattle, or rather flight, is usually termed
the "Battle of Spurs,'* for the French forces, heing
seized with a sudden and unaccountable panic, (see
Hume's History) scarcely awaited the onset of the Eng-
lish, but making more use of their spurs than spears,
fled in such utter confusion and disorder, that although

few were killed, yet many of their most distinguished
officers were made prisoners ; among whom were the
bravo Busi d' Aroboise, Clermont Imbercourt, and
Bayard, " the Knight without fear and without re-
proach."
In memory of this exploit Sir John Clark, knight,
received for augmentation to his paternal coat — " On a
sinister canton azure a domi-ram salient argent, armed
or, in chief two fknn--de-lis of the last, and over all a
baton dexterways," being the arms of the captured
Duke.
"
n Anecdotes of Heraldry/.
SCOTT OF THIELESTANE.
RMS— " Or on a bend azure, a mullet, be-

tween two crescents of the field, within a
double tressure, florj-counterflorj of the
second." The tressure was granted by
James V. of Scotland to John Scott, for the following ser-
vice, which is thus expressed in the grant : —" For bean

willing to gang wi' us into England, when all our no-
bles and others refused, he was ready to stake all at Our
bidding, for which cause we do command our Lion he-

rald to give the said John Scott a border of fleur-de-lis
about his coat of arms, like as is our royal banner, and
also a bundle of lances above his helmet, with the words,
* Eeady, ay, ready.'
WHITGREAYE OF MOSELEY COURT.
HE family of Whitgreave, in consideration

of the eminent loyalty of their ancestor,
Thomas Whitgreave of Moseley, during
the civil war, and the great service rendered
by him to his royal master, Charles II., after the battle
Thorny alias Thome, of St, Albans. 75
of Worcester, had an honourable augmentation added to

his armorial ensigns, viz., a chief argent, thereon a rose
gules, irradicated gold within a wreath of oak proper.

And the following additional crest of augmentation- —out
of a ducal coronet a sceptre in pale or, surmounted by
a branch of oak proper, and a rose gules, slipped in
saltire also proper.
THOKN, ALIAS THORNE, OF ST. ALBANS.
HIS family is now reprcscntctl by William

Thorn, M.D., who claims the distinction
of being the true descendant of Thor, (see
Lord Lindsay's Lives), and of also being
the lineal representative of the Knights of the Swan,
(see the Roll of Carlaverock for Robert do Touni) ; tlie
crests are three, all having reference to Thorn or Thor.

The first is a lion rampant sable," which," says Fabcr, in
**
his '^Mysteries of the Cabiri," (vol. i, p. 310), is in the
Irish or Celtic (therefore Latin element) Faith, derived
from Thoth or Thor, the Egyptian deity ;" tlic second is
a swan with a bunch of roses in the beak, derived from

Torgos in the Greek, for which see the Cassandra of
Lycophron ; while tho third is a cock witli a rose in
the beak, which is called Tharngolath in tho Hebix?w,
aa in Buxtorf and liindo. Thus do these crests show,

that when tlio supremo god of tho Saxon race, Thor
76 Anecdotes of Heraldry*
became Thorn, natus or born under a natus-speaking

people, that then He who suiFered for us, (having his
head crowned and his hands and feet pierced with

thorns, for thorns and nails are synonymous in Hebrew,
and over his head an inscription in Hebrew, Greek,
and Latin,) was the Jehovah Lamb slain from the
foundation of the world ; as His name implies, viz., or
TA—Theos = Son of God (Greek), 0, Eternity or Fa-
ther (Latin), and B, Euach or Spirit (Hebrew); or
Thor —equal to Father, Son, and Spirit born —equal
to Thorn
ii4
BOYCOTT
Boycott of Sennow Lodge, Co, Norfolk, 77
BOYCOTT OF SENNOW LODGE,

Co. NOEFOLK.
LTHOUGH Charles II. has often been

reproached, and that too with justice, for
the neglect with which he treated but too
SI many of those who had ventured their
lives and expended their fortunes in the cause of his

father and himself, yet there can be but little doubt that
this apparent neglect arose from the dislike which he
felt to sec or meet men, whom his own personal extra-
vagance, and the very great magnitude of their claims,
rendered him unable to effectually assist. And this is
the more evident because we find no reluctance what-

ever, on his part, to acknowledge and reward the faith-
ful services of those persons whose position enabled

them to be contented vrith other than pecuniary rewanis,
by grants of arms and honours. It was in this way
that ho showed his gratitude to Sylvaiuis and Francis,
the sons of William Boycott, co. Salop, who, following
tlio examj)le of their father, did their very best to aid
Charles I. in his stnigglo against tlio forces of the
Parliament.
For, in order to transmit to posterity the particular
manner in which they served the cause of their sove-
I'eign, which was principally by supplying his troops

and fortresses with artillery and ammunition, he or-
dered that they should hear in their arms three gre-
nades proper, and that their crest should he an arm
throwing a grenade, and these are still borne by the
family.
WALLER.
OP GROOMBRIDGE.
Waller of Groombridge, co. Kent, 79
WALLEE OF GKOOMBRIDGE, Co. KENT.
HE crest of this family, which was a wal-

nut tree fructed proper, received the ad-
dition of a shield hung upon one of the
lower boughs, and charged with the arms
of France, viz., azure, three fleur-de-lis or, differenced
with a label of three points, under the following honour-
able circumstances.
When Henry V. went on his expedition into France,
Sir Richard Waller of Groombridge attended him in
command of a body of troops, and being present at the

victory of Azincour, had the good fortune to take pri-
soner in single combat Charles Duke of Orleans,

brother to the French king. Sir Richard, according to
the universal custom of that period, detained his prisoner

until whatever sum might be agreed upon for ransom
should have been collected and paid ; and when, after
the marriage of Henry to Catherine of France, many of

the English knights and gentry returni^ to their own
country, he also returned to Kent, taking his noble cap-
tive with him. But many circumstances tended to delay
the payment of tlic Duke's ransom, of wliich three aixj
l)ocially deserving of mention, Ih the first place, it
nmst be remembered, that the amount of money to bo

paid for ransom waa, for tho moet part, lufl to tho do-
cision of tlie prisoner himself, who rated himself at

whatever sum he thought proportionate to his rank and
property; nor could a greater insult be offered to a
nobleman distinguished for his birth or his exploits, than
to set no higher sum upon him than upon an ordinary
knight or esquire. Thus, at an earlier period, in the
reign of Edward III., we find the famous Bertrand du

Guesclin expressing himself in terms of the highest
indignation when he observed that only 6000 crowns
were demanded for his ransom, and declaring that he
considered himself worth at least 100,000 crowns, which
latter sum he forthwith collected and paid to his captors.
In the same spirit the Duke of Orleans, considering his
near relationship to the French king, and the extensive

domains and appanages which he held, named at the
period of his capture 400,000 crowns as the sum that
he was prepared to pay for his liberation ; and which,
although considerable even in the present day, expressed
at that time a far greater value. But however great its
amount, the rules of chivalry made it imperative that if
once promised, it must be paid before he who promised

it could be liberated ; so that, in the present instance,
Charles of Orleans knew that he was condemning him-

self to a lengthened captivity in case any delay should
arise in getting it together. Now again, the condition
of France, at the period of which I am speaking, ren-

dered the raising of large sums of money a task well
nigh impossible. That unhappy country had never re-
covered from the injuries inflicted on it by the invasions
of the Enghsh, and the insurrections of the peasantry
.
Waller of Groombridge, co. Kent 81
during the reign of Edward III. ; and the fresh reverses

which it sustained under Henry V., not only ruined its
commerce and agriculture, but by draining it of the

numerous sums which, in comparatively small amounts,
were paid for the ransoms of the captive knights and

gentlemen of inferior degree, made it doubly diflScult to
collect such a mass of wealth as that which the Duke of

Orleans had so rashly named. And this cause by itself
would have greatly added to the difficulty of eifecting
his liberation. But when we join to this the fact that,

owing to the feudal jealousies and party divisions by
which, notwithstanding the presence of foreign enemies,
France was at that time distracted, Orleans had left
many enemies in his native country, who, far from being

eager for his return, used every means in their power
to prevent it, it will no longer be a matter of astonishment
to us that his captivity was prolonged during a period
of twenty-four years. Yet those years appear to have
been passed in no unhappy manner, but on the contrary,
the Duke having been treated by his captor with all
that chivalrous deference and respect which their rela-

tive ranks and positions required, conceived so strong a
friendship for him that he, it is said, felt deep regret
when, on the payment of his ransom, ho was obliged to
return to France. Nor did he depart without leaving

behind him substantial proofs of the regard in which ho
held the English knight ; for previously to the payment
of his ransom, ho had caused the family mansion of the
Wallers to be rebuih, and his arms yet remain upon the
porch of the parish church of Spcldhui*8t, of wliich he
Q
was a liberal benefactor. It is to this fortunate exploit
of Sir Eichard Waller that tbe augmentation of the family

crest and the motto both refer, for the shield with the
fleur-de-lis, differenced with a label, is that of the captive
Duke of Orleans, assumed by his captor according to

the law of arms, or it may be by his express permission ;
and the motto, " Hie fructus virtutis," may either be

rendered, " This is the reward of valour," alluding to
the right to assume so honourable a bearing which his
valour had won for Sir Kichard, or, " This is the reward
of virtue,'' alluding to the permission to bear it, as well
as to the other tokens of affection which the knight's

noble and generous conduct had gained from the captive
prince.
Herschely Bart, 83
HERSCHEL, BART.
N the choice of these arms, Sir F. Herschel

selected such emblems as should clearly
point out to posterity the special studies

and discoveries which led him to eminence.
It is true, that by astronomical devices of more general
character, any one who looked at the arms of Herschel
might have been made aware that some one or other of
the family had at some time achieved renown as a
mathematician or astronomer, but this would have been
all ; what he had done would have been uncertain, it
would not have been known whether his place was first
or last amid the band of sages. But now error is im-

possible. In the arms we behold that mighty telescope
which, while it demonstrated the maker's great mecha-
nical skill, enabled him to travel further into the abyss
of stars than mortal had over done before ; and on the

chief in the arms we see the symbol of that j)lauet
which foreign astronomers have most inappropriately

called Uranus, even if they were right in not allowing
it to bear the name of its discovei-er. Tho motto, too,
" Ccelis exploratis," still points to diHcoveries in the
heavens ; while tho eagle in tho crest, with his wings
elevated as though about to rise from tho globe on which
he stands, shows the lofty aspirations of the astronomer,
whose thoughts are more engaged with heaven than

earth.
Abms. —Argent, on a mount vert a representation of the forty-

feet reflecting telescope, with its apparatus proper ; a chief azure,
thereon the astronomical symbol of Uranus or the Georgium Sidus,
irradiated, or.
—
Crest. A demi-terrestrial sphere proper, thereon an eagle,
wings elevated, or.
Motto. — " Coelis exploratis."
LECHE CO DERBY
DRAKE BART
;
Leche, co, Derby. 85
LECHE, Co. DEKJBY.
HIS family bears —ermine on a chief in-

dented gules three crowns or ; and its
crest is — out of a ducal coronet or, an arm

erect proper, grasping a leech environed
round the arm vert.
The leech in the crest is an obvious allusion to the

family name, but the crowns in the arms, according to an
old pedigree, were granted on the following occasion
and, indeed, crowns seem to have been a usual token of
thanks for special services rendered to sovereigns.
" One of this auncient family living in Barkshire, near
Windsor, in the time of king Edward III. entertained

and feasted three kings in his house, one ye king of
England, ye king of France, and yo king of Scotts,
which two kings were at that time prisoners to king
Edward ; which king Edward, to requite his good en-
tertainment and other favours, gave him three crowns,
on his chief indented gules, yo field ermine ; which
coato is borne by the name and family, dispersed into
many other countays, as Bedfordshire, Nottingham-
shire, Yorkshire, Cheshire, and Lancashire."
DEAKE OF NUTWELL COUET, Co.
DEVON, BAET.
SLIGHT inspection is sufficient to show

that both arms and crest refer to some
remarkable exploits ; and that, while the
two pole stars point out both the northern
and southern hemispheres as the scenes of such exploits,
the fess wavy declares that whatever they may have

been, they were performed by sea. The crest tells the
same story in yet more express terms, and, in fact,
the whole of the bearings were assumed by Sir Francis

Drake when, after three years' voyage, in which he cir-
cumnavigated the globe, he returned to his native land,

there to receive the congratulations of his countrymen,
and to be honoured by a visit from Elizabeth, his royal
mistress. Yet it may to his credit be observed, that
neither the voice of popular applause, nor the knighthood
conferred on him by one who was very chary of the
honours she bestowed, could make him forget to whom
he owed all his success ; though his queen might com-
mand the vessel in which he had sailed over the vast
expanse of waters to be preserved so long as her timbers

would hold together, yet, in the truly pious spirit of his
age, he was careful to set forth by his crest and motto

Drake of Nutwell Court. 87
his acknowledgment, that though human skill might

reef the sail and strive to evade the dangers of the deep,
yet that an arm from ahove and the aid of Heaven could
alone preserve the ship from the storm, and draw her in
safety through her perilous track.
Abms. —
Sable, a fesse wavy between two pole stars argent.
—
Crest. A ship under reef trained round a terrestrial globe by-
two hawsers, by a hand out of the clouds, and on a scroll the
words, **
Auxilio divino."
;
VILLIEKS.
WING to the great number of bearings

which evidently owe their origin to the
Crusades, it has been argued by some

writers that well nigh all do so; but it
seems far more probable that a great many persons who

before had carried devices commemorative of some
merely local or trivial occurrences, chose, after they
had been engaged in that great and holy war, to adopt
some emblems which should show to their descendants,
and to mankind in general, that they had supported

the cause of their Kedeemer against the infidels.
Of this the Yilliers family are an instance. Their

former coat was — sable, three cinquefoils argent; but
when they had been to the Holy Land, they changed

—
them for argent, on a cross gules (St. George's cross),
five escallops or : thus by the cross pointing out their
nation, and by the escallop shells the service in which
they had been employed.
There are many more instances of the same kind
though in some cases the original coat has not been
entirely changed, but only modified.
NEWMAN
HICKS
Newman of Thornhury Park. 89
NEWMAN OF THOENBUEY PAKK,

Co. GLOUCESTEK.
HE augmentation to his paternal coat,

shewn above, was granted to Kichard
Newman by Charles II., in consideration
of the loyalty and suffering of his father
during the great rebellion. It is
—" on an escutcheon
gules a portcullis crowned or ; the portcullis being the
badge of the Tudor family, and denoting firmness and
endurance, while the crown points out that these qualities
were exerted in the cause of his sovereign.
HICKS.
F knights in ancient times there were soyc-

ral kinds, more or less honourable. Some
there were who, because they held suffi-
^ cieiit land to form what was tormed a
knight's fee, wito in a manner compelled by their feudal
superior to receive the order of knighthood, in oixler that
they might swell his retinue and add to his importance.
These were usually termed Household Knights, and were

held in but little esteem.
Others, again, were Citizen Knights, pretty much re-
sembling those of modern times, who obtained the honour
on account of their wealth, or because of some civic dig-
nity which they had held. These possessed a sort of

local importance, and very often were men of great
weight and influence.
But of all kinds of knighthood the degree of Knight
Eanneret, especially when conferred after a stricken
field, was the most honourable, since it was never con-
ferred upon any one who had not distinguished him-
self by great address and valour. And the honour be-
came more signal if the newly-created knight was
also granted certain bearings referring to the deeds by
which he won his way to dignity. Thus Sir EHas
Hicks, who was made Knight Banneret in the reign of
Edward III., received the honour at the hands of the
Black Prince, and was moreover allowed to bear three
fleur-de-lis in his arms, on account of his valour in cap-
turing as many French standards.
Ushorne, 91
USBOE]Ê.
HE founder of this family was a merchant

engaged in the timber trade, whose busi-
ness lay generally with the ports of the
Baltic Sea, and in especial with those
of Memel and Christiana. By activity and energy
he amassed a large fortune, and obtained from the
Heralds College a grant of arms, which excellently
sets forth the means, the place, and the qualities by
which he attained distinction. If we believe the gene-
rally received opinion, the pale in heraldry denotes
one of those wooden stakes by which camps were en-
compassed and fortified, and a coat paly, t. «. strewn
with these stakes, or long pieces of timber, is very ap-
propriately assigned to one whose traffic was concerned
with logs and trunks of trees.
The lion passant, although of somewhat general ap-
plication, is a well-known emblem of strength and cou-
rage, applicable to one who raised himself to fortune by
those qualities ; while the chief wavy declares in terms
sufficiently clear that ho was engaged in matters relat-
ing to the sea and to nautical adventure. Nor is the

anebor between the martlets (those birds of passage)
without its appropriate meaning, for it shows that tho
ship which bore the former could not enter the port where
she was to moor, until, like the latter, she had crossed
with untiring wing over the wide ocean.
By the crest, the region with which the trade was
carried on is made known ; for on the dark woods which
surround the Baltic the fir and pine trees grow, beneath
the shelter of whose branches the stag finds a place of

shelter. Of all these emblems the chief wavy, the
anchor and the martlets are most clear and unmistake-
able; the others, although perfectly applicable when
the original employment and place of trade of their
bearer is disclosed, yet could not of themselves tell
whether he traded in the pales, or fought from behind

them, and pine-trees with stags beneath them, are
found in Canada as well as on the shores of the
Baltic.
Arms. —Paly of eight argent and gules a lion passant, pro-

per, on a chief wavy azure, an anchor between two martlets
argent.
Crest. — On a mount a stag lodged under a pine tree, all
proper.
LOCKHART
Lockhart. 93
LOCKHAET.
I
HE man's heart in the arms of this family,
and which hailgs ensigned with an impe-
rial crown or, from the neck of the cheva-
lier who forms the dexter supporter, is that
same heart of Robert Bruce which is borne by the
house of Douglas, and which the dying monarch
wished to be carried to the Holy Sepulchre. Sir Simon
Locard of Lee, was one of the warriors selected by the
Lord James Douglas to assist in fulfilling the com-
mission entrusted to him by his beloved master;
and to this Sir Simon was committed one of the
three keys which guarded the casket containing so
precious a deposit. When Douglas, by his rashness
in joining the Spaniards in their war with the Moors,
had not only lost his own life, but also placed the
lieart of the noblest king who ever swayed the scep-
tre of Scotland in danger of being taken, and gazed
at, and prophaned by those vile infidels, Sir Simon,
aided by his companions, succeeded in rescuing the
dead body of his leader, as well as the precious casket
from under the horse's hoofs. Deeply bewailing the
loss of the " good Lord James," the little band were
comforted with the reflection that they yet might accom-
phsh the behests of their sovereign ; and, after staying
awhile until their wounds were healed, during which

time they were entertained with all love and honour hj
the Spaniards, again took ship for Palestine. On arriv-
ing at Joppa, they without delay set out for Jerusalem ;
and whether it were that the fame of the Bruce had

reached even to eastern lands, or, as is more probable,
that they had brought with them sufficient gold to gra-
tify the cupidity even of the Moslem soldiery, certain
it is that they succeeded in getting to the Holy City,
and in depositing the heart of the Bruce in consecrated
earth, as near as possible to the sepulchre of his Ee-

deemer. They then returned in safety to their own
land ; and Sir Simon, proud of having discharged his
duty to the noblest king and most valiant leader whom

ever knight served, assumed in his arms the heart
which he had so faithfully guarded, as well as the fet-
terlock by which the casket had been secured, and

altered his name from Locard to Lockheart, in order
that ever when they heard it uttered, his descendants
might be reminded of the good services of their pro-
genitor.
Arms. — Argent, a man's heart gules within a fetterlock

sable, on a chief azure three boars' heads erased of the first.
LLEÊ LYN
Llewelyn, 95
TRIPP.
HIS family obtained the name of Tripp in

the reign of Henry Y., and the circum-
stance which led them to assume it is thus
described in the inscription beneath an
escutcheon in the possession of the family. *' This
atchievement was given to my lord Howard's fifth son
at the siege of Bullogne ;King Henry V. being there,
asked how they took the town and castle Howard an- ;
;
swered, * I tripped up the walls ' saith his Majesty,
' Tripp shall be thy name, and no longer Howard ;'
and
honoured him with the scaling ladder for his bend."
Arms. — Gules, a scaling ladder in bend argent, between six

cross crosslets, fitchde of the last.
LLEWELYN.
LE^ÊLYN ap Ynyr Olal, whose arms

ore paly of eight argent and gules, derived
from the following circumstance. In the
year 11 ()5, a battle was fought at a place
called Crogen (Chirk Castle), between the Welsh and
English, at which Llewelyn ap Ynyr giâtly distin-
gxiished himself. While conversing with his prince,

who had commanded in the fight, soon after the contest
was over, he chanced to grasp the bright blade of his
sword with his left hand, which was covered with blood,
and thus impressed upon it the marks of four bloody
fingers. The prince observing this, bade him bear
similar marks on his shield, to perpetuate the memory
of the valour which he had that day exhibited, and also
granted him the lordship of Yale as a substantial reward
for his services.
DAWlSnEY, VISCOUNT DOWNE, PEEKAGE

OF lEELAND.
HE crest of this noble family is a demi-

Saracen in armour couped at the thighs,
and wreathed about the temples proper,
holding in the dexter hand a ring or,
stoned azure, and in the sinister a lion's gamb erased

or, armed gules. It is borne in memory of a deed of
daring valour performed by Sir William D'Aunay, from
whom the present viscount is lineally descended. Sir
WiUiam D'Aunay held, 4 Kichard I., a high command
in thearmy of English Crusaders then serving before
Aeon. Kow, it was the common custom of the infidel
champions, who had gathered in great numbers around
the Christian host, which was then besieging the place.
Dawney^ Viscount Downe. 97
to challenge the Christian warriors to single combat, in
order thereby to gain some respite for the besieged, or

perhaps, from pure chivalrous daring. Accordingly, Sir
William, when riding one day at some little distance from
the camp, perceived a Saracen emir, richly armed and

splendidly mounted, coming towards him at the head of
a body of men about equal in number to his own atten-
dants. Halting his troop at a little Mos-
distance, the
lem, who employed that sort of lingua franca which was

used when the opposing parties desired to communicate
with each other, challenged the Englishman to single
combat, an offer which was readily accepted. The
event of the contest was not long doubtful, and the
infidel fell beneath the blows of the champion of the
Cross. But DÂunay was now exposed to another and
far more terrible danger. The slain emir, according to
a certain custom then prevalent among the inhabitants

of the East, was in the liabit of carrying about with him
in his train a lion, who, having been taken as a cub
among the ruins of Babylon, had grown to an extra-
ordinary size and fierceness, although he was submissive
to his immediate attendants, and very fond of his master.
At the time of that master's fall he was present, being lield
in leash by some of the followei-s, and exhibited such

signs of uncontrollable rage and vengeance, tliat thuso
who held the leash, either from fear, or, as is more pro-
bable, to avenge their lord, slipj)ed it, and let the mon-
ster loose upon Sir William. Nowise dismayed at the
sight of this second foe, the valiant knight, forbidding
his archere, who had already bent their bows, to shoot,

H
rushed upon his four-footed antagonist, lance in rest,
and was fortunate enough to pin him to the earth.
Cceur-de-Lion, who from a distance had heheld the

comhat, was dehghted at the double victory, and gave
D'Aunay a ring from his own finger (which is still
preserved in the family), with permission to wear the

crest given above.
TYRWHITT
Tyrwhitt 99
TYKWHITT.
HE origin of the name as well as the arms

is accounted for as follows.
A warrior who, probably from his gigan-
tic strength and valour, was called Hercu-
lus, or Hercules, received the order of knighthood, and
took up his abode in Northumberland, 2 William I. At
that period the whole northern counties were in a state of
constant disturbance, and Sir Hercules was accordingly
often forced to defend himself against the assaults of his
various enemies. On one occasion, when riding with a

party of his retainers, he was set upon by his opponents
in such superior numbers, that his attendants fled across
a neighbouring bridge, which aftbrded the only passage

over a deep and rapid stream. This would, however,
have availed them little had not the undaunted
Sir Hercules posted himself at the entrance to the
bridge with his ponderous mace in his hand, and so
sustained the onset of his foes. So great was his
strength and skill in the use of his weapon, that he

succeeded in beating off his assailants, who liad lost
many of their number, and who, moreover, were dis-

heartened by seeing the runaways returning through
very shame to the rescue of their master. But they
would have returned too late to save Sir Hercules, who,
fainting from exertion and loss of blood, had rolled from

the causeway into a piece of marshy ground, covered
with rushes, had not the clatter of his armour as he fell
startled from their nests certain tyrwhitts or pewits,

whose shrill cries, as they wheeled in circles over the
place where he lay, enabled the searchers to discover
and revive him. To commemorate this remarkable
circumstance, he forthwith assumed the name of Tyr-
whitt, placed three pewits upon his shield, and took for
crest the figure of his namesake, *^ Hercules,'' bearing
a club, in memory of the great deeds which he himself
had enacted with his mace.
Arms. — Gules, three tyrwhitts lapwings gold.

or
Crest. —A savage man proper, cinctured and wreathed vert,
holding in both hands a club.

HAMILTON
Hamilton. 101
HAMILTON.
i HIS family is descended from an Anglo-

Norman stock, for Sir William de Ham-
bledon was a younger son of Robert de
Bellomont, third Earl of Leicester. This
Sir William, being at the court of king Edward II., a. d.
1325, chanced one day, in the course of convei*sation, to
express in high terms his admiration of the skill and valour

displayed on many occasions by Robert Bruce, whom
the Scots had chosen king, but whom the English still
continued to term a traitor and usurper. It chanced

that John De Spenser, a near relation of the well-known
favourites of Edward, was present at the time, and not
enduring, as he asserted, to hear an Englishman j>ro-
claim the praises of a traitor and rebel to his liege lord,
assailed Hambledon in terms of the grossest insolenco
and contumely, and at last proceeded to strike him.

Of course, nothing remained for Sir William but to
endeavour to wash out the insult in the blood of his

enemy ; he accordingly challenged De Sponsor to meet
him in single combat, and in the rencontre which ensued
the latter foil. Considering the original cause of the
dispute, which was sure to prejudice his countrymen
against him, and knowing that the court favour possessed
by the Sponsors rendered it useless to hope for justice at

the hands of his sovereign, Sir William at once deter-

mined on flight ; and, attended bj only one faithful
servant, set out on his way for Scotland, where he
knew that he would meet with a hearty welcome, were it
only for the cause which forced him to take refuge

there.
After travelling for some days, they found that they

were closely pursued by the emissaries of the De Spon-
gers ; but being fortunately near a wood, they entered it,
and borrowing some coarse clothing from two woodcutters,

who were engaged in felling trees, they took one' of their
saws, and employed themselves in cutting through an

oak tree, or rather, in completing what the others had
commenced. The when the pursuers
servant, however,
entered the wood and commenced questioning one of

the real labourers, could not help casting at them
anxious glances, which, had they been observed, would
undoubtedly have excited suspicion. Hambledon, per-
ceiving this, recalled him to a sense of his position by
crying out in a loud voice, " Through," as though he
were chiding him for neglecting his work. His caution
was attended to, and the soldiers having vainly endea-
voured to extract information from the woodcutters,
pursued their search in another direction. In memory
of this narrow escape, Hambledon, when he reached
Scotland in safety, exchanged the %rmer crest of his
family for that which his Scottish descendants now bear,

viz. — Out of a ducal coronet, or, an oak-tree, fructed,
and penetrated transversely in the main stem by a

frame-saw proper, the frame or, and for motto the
word " Through,"
Keith, Earl of Kintore, 103
KEITH, EAEL OF KINTORE.
HEN Oliver Cromwell invaded, and, in a

great measure, subdued Scotland, after
winning the great battle of Dunbar, he
caused diligent search to be made for the
Scottish Regalia, which he intended to convey to Eng-

land, both as a token of victory and in order to prevent
them from being used in case any rising should take
place in favour of the dethroned heir of the Stuarts.

However, Sir John Keith, Earl Marischal of Scotland,
to whoso charge the jewels had been entrusted, buried
them secretly by night in Kinneff Church, and tlien
escaped to France. As they were well known to have

been in his keeping, it was universally believed, when
his flight was discovered, that ho had taken them with
him, and the search for thera accoixlingly was stayed.
He kept his secret for several years, and did not dis-
close their hiding-place until the restoration of Charles II.
to the throne of his ancestors, enabled him to do so with

safety. For this service Sir John was raised to the
peerage in 1677, and the fii-st and fourth quorterings in
tho amis ai'e an augmentation granted in remombrancc

of the event, to which also tho motto, " Quid amisaa
salva," refers. Tho second and third quarierings,
which are of much older date, and in fact fbrmod the
paternal coat of the family, originated in the following

manner. During the reign of Kenneth II., the Danes
made one of their many descents upon Scotland, and
were defeated by Kenneth in a battle fought near
Dundee, in which Lamis, their general, was slain. In

this action an ancestor of the Kintore family showed
such proofs of extraordinary valour, that Kenneth, in
token of his admiration, dipped his fingers in the blood
of the Dane, and drew three stripes across the top of
his shield, which gave rise to the arms.
Arms. — Quarterly 1st and 4th gules, a sceptre and sword, in

saltire with an imperial crown, in chief, within an orle of eight
thistles, or ; 2nd and 3rd argent, a chief, paly of six, or and gules
for Keith.
^-
s^
,/*:^^ 0^*-% ''>^"-4 »*^"'li _^5^
'^^^
-^^
&^T^J^
'
'
Skene, co, Aberdeen, 105
SKENE, Co. ABEKDEEN.
HE Skenes bear for arms — Gules, three

skeans paleways in fesse argent, hilted
and pommelled or, surmounted of as many
wolves' heads of the third.
The following is the origin ascribed by tradition to
these arms. When David II., king of Scotland, was
hunting with a few followers in Stocket Forest, some
peasants came to him, eagerly entreating him to give
them aid against a monstrous wolf, who had de-
voured many of their sheep, and put themselves in
peril of their lives. David bade them lead him to
the place which they supposed to be the usual haunt of

the animal ; they accordingly led him into a long deep
valley, bordered with lofty trees, and filled with thickets
of thorn and briar. At the bottom ran a stream among
the fragments of rock. The royal party at once com-
menced to beat the bushes, and, in the eagerness of the
chase, the monarch was separated from his followers.

Suddenly, from beneath an overhanging rock, which
formed its den, the wolf, of which they wore in search,
sprang forth upon the king's horse, and seized it by
the throat witli such fury that, after rearing and
plunging violently, it rolled over upon its master.
David, bruised by the fall, and uuable to disentangle
himself from his horse, would have fallen an easy prey

to the monster, who now prepared to attack him, had
not help been at hand. A mere youth, named Eobert-
son, who had followed the chase on foot, happening
to come up, saw the king's danger, and, drawing his
skene or dagger, the only weapon which he wore, suc-
ceeded, after a desperate combat, in killing the wolf.
He then proceeded to relieve his sovereign from the
weight of the horse. '^ What is thy name, young
man?" said David. " It is Eobertson." "Henceforth,
then," rejoined the king, " be thou called Skene, in
memory of the weapon which thou knowest so well how
to use ; lands I give thee in this forest, which also
shall be named after the dagger which won them, and
skenes and wolves' heads in thine arms shall convey to
posterity the record of thy loyalty and valour." Truly,
as the family motto (*^ Yirtutis regia merces ") says,
this was a royal reward for valour.

—
Neville. 107
EOBINSOK
HE paternal arms of this family were

Vert, a buck trippant within an orle of tre-
foils slipped or ; but Charles II., after his
restoration, granted to Sir John Eobinson,
Knt., Alderman of London, and Lieutenant of the Tower,
an augmentation in reward for the services rendered by
him in promoting that important event. The augmen-
tation coat is
—" Quarterly crenelle, first and fourth
gules, on a tower argent, a lion of England."
NEVILLE.
TIE well-known badge of this family, ** The

rampant bear, chained to a ragged staff,*'
is said to have been first a8sume<l by

Arth, or Arthgal, the first Earl of War-
wick, and one of the Knights of King Arthur's Hound
Table ; the word Arth or Narth, signifying bear ; his
successor, Morvidus, added the ragged staff, in remem-
hranco of liis having slain a mighty giant with a tree
which had bccMi torn up by the roots, and had had ita
branches lopped off.

KIEKPATEICK OF CLOSEBUEN".
HE circumstances which gave rise to the

adoption of this crest and motto cast a
strong Hght upon the peculiar character
^ of the period, and show how, under the
pressure of strong excitement, a whole nation can deem
that the performance of a deed of patriotism exempts
its performer from the restraints of law and of religion,
and how the judgment of posterity can confirm their
verdict.
The state of Scotland, after the unjust decision of

Edward I., was most melancholy, yet although the
greater portion of the Lowlands and well nigh all the for-
tresses were held by the troops of the English monarch,
yet the national spirit remained unbroken ; the title of
Eobert the Bruce to the throne was recognised by the
majority of his countrymen, and all who opposed him
and sided with the English party were looked upon as
renegades and traitors. Among this latter class a
chieftain, called, from the colour of his hair, the Eed
Comyn, held a foremost place, and was looked upon
with corresponding abhorrence by the more enthusiastic
of his countrymen. However, it chanced that at one
time the patriotic party had become so greatly discou-
raged, that even Bruce himself had been obhged for a
KIRZPATRICK.
Kirkpatrick of Closehurn. 109
while to be silent as to his rights, and to pretend submis-

sion to the usurper. But he did not the less feel bitter
indignation in his own heart, and that the more keenly
because he dared not openly express it ; until an acci-
dent scattered to the winds all his resolutions of secrecy
and acquiescence.
Having met the Red Comyn, by chance or by ap-
pointment, in the church of the Greyfriars at Dumfiies,
he entered into a conversation with him, which gradu-
ally altered, as it was very likely to do, into a political
discussion ; one word led to another, until the anger of

the disputants was fairly roused, and then **
rebel" and
**
traitor'' were the insulting terms which the rival chiefs
applied to each other. At length, utterly unable to

control his indignation, or rather his fury, Bruce dealt
Comyn a stroke with his dagger, and tlien, hon-or-stnick,
not so much at the deed, as at the place where it was

committed, was rushing hastily out of the church, when
he was met by one of his boldest adherents. Sir Thomas
Kirkpatrick of Closehurn, who, seeing his agitation, in-
quired into its cause. " I doubt," said Bruce, " that I
have slain Comyn." " Doubtost thou," rejoined the
knight of Closehurn, " I will mak sicker," and, enter-
ing into the sacred edifice, without hesitation despatched
the wounded man. At any other time theix) can be no
doubt that so horrible an act of profanation would have
led to the most dreadful results.
Crest.— A hand holding n dagger, with the motto—" 1 will

mak sicker."
HOWAED, DUKE OF NOKFOLK.
UEING the reign of Henry VIII. of

England, James lY. of Scotland being
partly influenced by the intrigues of
France and the flatteries of the French
queen, — partly by the impetuosity of his own disposi-
tion, and, in some measure, by the injury which the

incursions of the English had inflicted on his territory,
I'esolved on an invasion of that country. Accordingly,

in spite of the advice and remonstrances of his wisest
counsellors, he, in 1513, levied a powerful army, and

entered the northern counties of England, which he
wasted with fire and sword, destroying several minor
towns and castles. However, the English wardens of
the marches lost no time in collecting their forces under
the command of the Earl of Surrey, threw themselves,
with a body of troops not inferior in number to his
own, between the Scottish king and his own territory.
"Wlien the armies came in sight, the Scots were en-

camped at Flodden, and, had they been commanded by
a skilful general, might probably have inflicted a serious
loss upon the English, while the latter were engaged
in crossing the river which lay between the two posi-
tions. But James was not a skilful leader, but a chi-
valrous knight, who must needs wait until his foe had
HOWARD
OTTKE or NORFOLK
—
Howard, Duke of Norfolk. Ill
gained a fair field before he would attack him ; he ac-

cordingly allowed Surrey to form his troops, and then
made a furious onset. The battle was long contested,
but, like most of the numerous pitched battles fought
between the two nations, was decided by the English

archers, whose constant discharge the dense masses of
Scottish infantry were forced to endm-e without being
able to reply to it. The Scots were worsted, and al-
though their loss in common soldiers was not much
greater than that of their opponents, the slaughter
among the nobility, knights, and gentlemen was terri-
ble.* James himself was among the slain, and a body
asserted to be his was discovered ; but on this subject
many doubts have arisen, and reports, injurious to the
character of more than one distinguished nobleman,
were spread abroad at the time. However, the English
king seems to have entertained no doubts on the mat-
ter, for ho granted to his successful general (who after-
wards became Duke of Norfolk), the following augmen-
tation to his paternal coat —" On the bend argent, an
escutcheon or charged with a domi-lion rampant within
• This great and decisive victory was gained by the Earl of

Surrey, on the 9th of September, 1513. The victorshad about
five thousjind men sluin, the Scots twice that number, at least.
But the lo8s Iny not so much in the number of the shiin, as in
their rank iind (junlity. The ICnj^lish lost very few men of distinc-
tion. The Scots left on the field the king, two bishops, two mitred
abbots, twelve enrls, thirteen lords, and five eldest sons of peers.
The number of gentlemen slain was beyond calculation;— there
is scarcely a family of name in Scottish history who did not lo.se
a relative there." Scott's Tales of a Grandfather.

a double treasure florj counter florj (a part of the arms

of Scotland), an arrow pierced through the lion's mouth,
all gules. The lion pierced with an arrow is a direct
allusion to that version of the storj which asserts that
the king's body was found pierced with several arrows.
BULSTRODE
;
Bulstrode of Bulstrode, co, Berks. 1 13
BULSTRODE OF BULSTEODE, Co. BERKS.
HE legend connected with this very ancient

Saxon family is interesting, inasmuch as
it records one of the very few instances in
which William the Norman was led, by
anything except pecuniary considerations, to treat the
Saxon gentry with courtesy or justice. There is no
doubt that many Saxons did indeed, after the distribu-
tion of the fairest portions of England among the con-
quering Normans, continue to hold lands which some
of their descendants possess, even to the present day
but then it was almost invariably by the payment of
heavy sums of money, to the needy adventurers to
whom they had been granted ; and who, lacking both
the taste and skill required for peaceful pursuits, were
willing, in return for gold, which they might spend
upon their pleasures, to make over their grants to the
rightful owners.
The tenure of the Bulstrodcs is very different from

this. Their estate in Berkshire had been granted by
William, according to his custom, to one of his followers,
to whom he lent a thousand men in order to take pos-
session of his new estate. However, the Saxon owner

of the lands, (his name is now lost), was a man of
I
spirit, who determined not to give up his inheritance
without striking a blow for it ; accordingly having col-

lected together his retainers, and gained the aid of
some of the neighbouring landholders, he intrenched
himself within an earthwork, the remains of which are
still shown to attest the truth of the story, and prepared
to resist the intruder. Neither did he content himself
with defensive measures, but, on the contrary, when the
Normans appeared before the fortress, he mounted the
best of his men on bulls and oxen, of which he pos-
sessed large herds, and, putting himself at their head,
astride of the fiercest of the bulls, charged forth to
meet the enemy. He may have placed his followers
on these novel charges simply from lack of horses ; but
it is more probable that, knowing the superior skill of
the Normans with horse and lance, he selected an ani-
mal whose horns would greatly annoy the foot soldiers,
while its unwonted appearance in a field of battle would

render the Norman horses unmanageable, and prevent
their riders from levelling their lances truly. Nor did
the event disappoint his hopes, for the intruders con-
founded by the imexpected onset of a troop of half-
mad bulls, were defeated with considerable slaughter.
It might have been expected, that the Conqueror
would have been greatly exasperated by this contuma-
cious resistance to his authority, but this was not the
case ; for either amused at the whimsical character of
the resistance offered, or filled with that admiration for

true valour which the fiercest natures will sometimes feel,
he sent a message to the valiant Saxon to the effect
Bulstrode of Bulstrode, co, Berks, 115
that he desired to see him, and that he would grant him

a safe passage to and from his court.
The Saxon obeyed the summons without hesitation,
and appeared accordingly riding upon a bull, and

attended by his seven sons similarly mounted. After
rendering homage to one who, if not his sovereign " de
jure," was certainly so " de facto," he urged his rights
so well and wisely, that, aided doubtless by the recol-
lection of his performances as **
knight of the bulls," he
obtained full pardon for his resistance to the royal war-
rant, and a grant of his estate to himself and his heirs
for ever. In remembrance of these events he assumed

the above crest, together with the appropriate name of
Bulstrode.
LLOYD OF MILFOED, Co. CARDIGAN.
HESE arms are said to have been granted

to Cadivor ap Dyfnwal by Prince Khys
of South Wales, on the occasion which I
proceed to describe. It is well known that
Henry II. of England waged fierce and well nigh in-
cessant war against the Welsh, whom he worsted in
many engagements, and whose incursions he in a great
degree checked by building castles in various strong
positions along the frontier, and some even far within
the limits of the principality. Of these fortresses none

gave greater annoyance to the Welsh than that of
Abertivy, since called Cardigan Castle, which was held
by Gilbert, Earl of Clare, with a strong garrison of
Flemings ; and in fact they at last became so impatient
that it was evident that sooner or later an attack would

be made upon the place. However, the Earl and his
Flemings heard all the flying rumours of impending

danger with the utmost composure; for the walls of
their stronghold were lofty and solid, their supply of

provision ample, their stores of bolts, arrows, and other
missiles abundant; and, to crown all, they were veteran
soldiers armed at all points, every one of whom con-
sidered himself equal to half-a-dozen Welshmen. So
that when the news reached the castle that Prince Rhys,
LLOYD or MILFOED
Lloyd of Milfordi CO. Cardigan, 117
presuming that the difficulties in which Henry was in-

volved by his quarrel with Becket, would be a favourable
opportunity for the attempt, had again raised the
standard of revolt, its inmates treated the matter with
great contempt. It is true, the governor became, if
possible, more exact than ever in seeing that watch and

ward were properly kept, and when he rode forth it was
with a stronger escort than before, but there his pre-
cautions ceased ; he had been too long accustomed to
despise his undisciplined foes, though, as the sequel

proved, he had good cause to fear them.
Among the many minor leaders who were present
in the army of Rhys, was Cadivor ap Dyfnwal, a de-
scendant of one of the noblest families in South Wales.
This Cadivor entertained a bitter grudge against the
Earl of Clare, because, as he deemed, the Earl had
treated him with injustice and contumely in a matter
respecting wliich he had been obliged, however unwil-
lingly, to appear before a court in which the English
governor presided. As the present seemed a favourable
opportunity for obtaining revenge, he determined to
embrace it, and accordingly communicnted to certain of
his friends his fixed determination to attack the castio
of Cardigan. At first they attempted to dissuade him,

reminding him of the great height and strength of the
walls, and of the number and vigilance of the garrison.
Finding, however, that all their endoavoui*s were un-
availing, they, like true friends, resolved to share in the
perils of an enterprizo which they could not persuade

him to relinquish, and accordingly put tliemselves under
his command. Choosing for his desperate enterprise a

very dark and tempestuous night, Cadivor approached
the castle at the head of a strong party of followers.
Of these he selected a certain number who were dis-
tinguished by their lightness and activity, and of whom

he took the immediate command ; while he ordered the
rest to creep up as near as possible to the castle gates,
and to commence a furious, though feigned attack, upon

them. This injunction was at once obeyed, and the
garrison were soon hastily called to their posts by the
yells and cries of the attacking Welsh, who poured upon
the battlements an incessant shower of stones and arrows.
While their whole attention was thus occupied, Cadivor
passed with his chosen band, who were provided with
scaling-ladders, to another portion of the fortifications,
which, being deemed inaccessible, was left comparatively
unguarded ; and, mounting silently, surprised and slew
the sentinels. He then ordered his men to raise their
war-cry ; and rushing hastily from the battlements

across the court to the main entrance of the castle, at-
tacked its defenders in the rear ; and having put them

to flight, succeeded in raising the portcullis, when
lowering the drawbridge admitted the rest of his party.
Being now reinforced by his whole band, he again
turned upon the garrison, who, being so greatly out-

numbered, resisted vainly though gallantly ; and having
slain the larger portion of them made the rest prisoners.
Among the latter was the governor, who, after being

sharply reproved by Cadivor for his former insolence,
was kept for a while in honourable captivity, and finally
Lloyd of Milford, co. Cardigan, 119
exchanged for two Welsh princes. The castle was

partially dismantled, though it afterwards was rebuilt by
the English more strongly than ever. Prince Khys was
so pleased by this exploit, that he gave to Cadivor his
daughter Katherine in marriage, together with extensive
lands in the county of Cardigan ; and granted him a
new shield of arms, wherein the castle which he won,
the ladders which enabled him to win it, and a bloody
Bpear-head, the token of victory, are all depicted.
From this Cadivor the Lloyds of Milford are directly
descended.
Arms. — Sable, a spear's head, its point embrued between three

scaling ladders, argent, on a chief gules a castle, triple to^^crcd
proper.
BAIED.
I
HESE arms, crest, and motto, all refer to
the assistance rendered by an ancestor of

the family to William the Lion, during a
hunting excursion which he made into the
south-western counties. It chanced that the king, in
the excitement of the chase, was separated from his at-

tendants, and being attacked by a huge wild boar, was
placed in a situation of the greatest peril. It may easily
be supposed that a man like William, for whom his
dauntless courage had gained the surname of the Lion,
would not be readily dismayed ; but certain it is that he
was forced to call out for assistance, which was soon
brought by an attendant of the name of Baird, who had
the good fortune to slay the object of William's alarm.
For this exploit he not only received a large grant of
lands, but also the arms, crest, and motto as given
below ; and in fact when we consider the meaning of
that motto, which attributes the deliverance wrought for
the king to an immediate interposition of Providence,
and, as I said before, remember William's fearless cha-
racter, we may be sure that the peril from which Baird
extricated him was most imminent and pressing.
Arms.— Gules, a boar passant or.

Crest.—A head erased.
boar's
Motto. — " Dominus fecit."
BAIRD
MUSGRAVE
—
Musgrave. 121
MUSGRAYE.
ÎIE family of Musgrave is of German origin,

'
and they are said to have obtained their

.
present arms in the following way. Sigis-
mund, Grand Duke of Austria, had a

daughter distinguished for beauty and accomplishments,
whose hand was sought by two of his generals, Mus-
grave being one of them. As they were of equal rank
and had both rendered him important service, Sigismund
was very unwilling to prefer one to the other; but
finally, at the suggestion of the lady, who secretly loved
Musgrave, and was aware of his great skill with the
lance, he decided that the two should run six courses
each at the ring —a game then very much in vogue,
and that whichever of them should bear it off tlio
greatest number of times should become the husband of

his daughter. The candidates accepted these conditions
gladly, but when the day of trial came Musgrave showed
the lady that her confidence in him had not been mis-
placed ; for, with a degree of skill utterly unprecedented,
he bore off the ring six times following, to the utter
confusion of his opponent, who, however, could not re-
pine at the fulfilment of conditions which he had him-
self accepted. The Grand Duke accoitlingly gave his
daughter to Musgrave, and for arms commemorative
of the event — Six annulets or on a field of azure ; with
crest, two arms armed proper holding an annulet.
;
ALEXANDEK OF CAKNE, Co. WEXFOKD.

LEXANDER, or Alister, ''
de Insulis/'
(for the clan Donald had not then assumed
the surname of Mac Donald,) Lord of
Lochaber, third son of John fourth Lord
of the Isles, and the Princess Margaret daughter of
Robert 11. king of Scotland, had a son Alexander,
called Mac Alister, {i.e. the son of Alexander,) who
having obtained in feu from the family of Argyle the
lands of Menstries, in the county Clackmannan, dropped
the patronymic of Mac Alister, and took for himself and
his descendants the surname of Alexander. Their
original crest was — Â bear sejant erect proper, and their
motto, " Per mare per terras."

In process of time, when his descendants became
numerous, the family agreed to distinguish the five dif-
ferent branches of which it then consisted by each of

the junior branches adopting a crest difierent from the
original one, and from those adopted by the others
while the eldest branch, as a matter of course and right,
retained the original crest, denoting their headship and
seniority. They soon began greatly to pride themselves
on their possession of the " Great Bear," as it was

called, exulting in this mark of superiority, and thereby
exciting to much envy and jealousy the junior branches,
ALEXANDER OF CARNE
1>HK I.AI'DKH H/HT

Alexander of Carne^ co, Wexford. 123
whose lately adopted crests were looked upon as being

differences or diminutions, and to such a length was
carried this excessive pride of the eldest branch in their
possession of the original family crest, that it afforded a
rich subject for the pen of the author of Waverley, who
so severely satirizes it in the well-known description of
the Baron of Brad warden's worship of his " Great
Bear."
This is the recorded crest of the Earls of Stirling,
who were of this branch of the Alexanders. The
motto is that of the Mac Donalds of the Isles, from whom
the Alexanders are descended, and who were rovers bj
sea and land.
DICK-LAUDER, BART.
HE defeat of tho forces of David II. of

Scotland, at Halidon, in 1333, so reduced
(he power of Scotland, that the greater part
of those strongholds which lay in the low-

lands foil into the hands of tho English invaders ; in-
deed, if the statements of tho chroniclers of tho period
aro to be believed, only four fortresses remained in tho
hands of the rightful owners. Of these, tlio ciistle of
Urquhart was one ; for Sir Robert do Laudre, High
Justiciary of Scotland, and an ancestor of the present
family of Lauder, was present at the battle of Halidon,

and seeing that the day was lost, retreated with a suffi-
cient garrison to the above-named castle, which he
defended with so much valour and skill, that Edward's
forces found it impossible to take by assault. The time
which they were obliged to waste in besieging it regu-
larly, allowed the defeated Scots time to rally, and the
English, partly owing to a scarcity of provisions, partly
to the constant annoyance which they received from the
enemy's skirmishers, determined to raise the siege and
retire. In order to reward the gallantry and prudence
of Laudre, which had led to such important results, the
grateful king caused the following crest and motto to
be assigned to him and to his heirs for ever.
Crest. — A tower with portcullis down, and the head and

shoulders of a sentinel appearing above the battlements in a
watching posture proper, with the motto above, " Turris pruden-
tia custos."
Douglas, 125
DOUGLAS.
I
HIS house, which is one of the most cele-
brated in Europe, is in all probability of
Norman origin, although tradition assigns
to it a more remote antiquity. It is said
that Solvathius, one of those early Scottish kings whose

existence is problematical, having been nearly routed by
Donald Bene of the Isles, was enabled to restore the
battle and gain the victory by the assistance of a

stranger chieftain, who came up with his forces. On
asking for him after the fight, and enquiring his name,
the bystanders pointed out to him one whom they
called in their Gaelic speech, " Sholto dhu glas,*' or,
" Sholto the black or swarthy-coloured man," and as

the king, mistaking these latter words for a family name,
constantly applied them to Sholto, they wei*e at last
actually converted into a surname. Possibly the savage

man cinctured, which forms the dexter supporter of tlie
family, may refer to this swarthy-coloured man.

The ancient coat of the Douglases was, azure, three
stars (or mullets) argent ; but their present paternal
coat is —Argent, a man's heart gules, ensigned with an
imperial crown proper, on a chief azure three stars of
the first. The heart and crown were adiied tVoin the
following circumstance. Some time before his death,
King Robert Bruce made a vow to go on a pilgrimage

Holy Land, but having been continually prevented
to the
by the cares of his kingdom and the frequent attacks of

the English, and finding himself at last seized by a fatal
malady, he called to him the Lord James of Douglas,
one of the firmest and oldest of his friends and sup-
porters, and said to him, " Thou knowest how that the
grave cares of my realm and the malice of my southern

enemies have hindered me from journeying to Christ's
sepulchre, which of all things I most heartily desired to

do. Now, since my time of departure is nigh, and I
know that with the eyes of the flesh I never may behold
that which I most craved to see, I pray and command
thee, as my friend and liegeman, that when I am dead
thou take my heart from my bosom, and putting it into
a casket, or take such order as shall seem good to thee
for its safe keeping, so carry it with thee into Palestine,
and there bury it by that blessed tomb to which, when
alive, it might not attain." To this dying request of
his king and friend Lord James assented, and accord-
ingly, when the heart had been embalmed and placed
in a casket, set out, attended by a body of trusty knights,
for the Holy Land. On his way, however, having been
driven on the coast of Spain by stress of weather, he,
at the request of the Spaniards, who were then at war
with the Moors, went with his comrades to their assist-
ance. When the battle was joined, the infidels pressed
so hard upon the Christians, that the latter began to
give way, upon which Douglas, the more to encourage

his little band, who were in the foremost rank, threw the
Douglas, 127
casket with the heart of Bruce into the midst of the

Moors. The Scots charged with redoubled fury in order
to rescue their monarch's heart, and Douglas was un-
horsed and slain in the melee. The rescued casket
was carried to Palestine by some of his surviving com-
panions, and his family, to record the charge entrusted
to him, and his glorious death while fighting against
the unbelievers, assumed the crowned heart as part of
their armorial bearings.
The supporters of the arms of Douglas stand within

a pale of wood wreathed for a compartment, which is
said to have been taken in memory of a former exploit

of the said Lord James while he was only Sir James
Douglas. Having heard that a strong body of English
were entangled in Jedburgh forest, he went after them

with all the forces he could collect, and succeeded, with-
out alarming them, in shutting up every approach to the
place in which they were encamped so closely with stakes
and palisades, that it became impossible for them either
to advance or retreat. The story does not inform us

whether they were forced to surrender at discretion, or
whether they preferred starvation to death at the hands of

one so merciless as the good Lord James. The mullets in
the more ancient coat of this family most probably refor

to those predatory exploits which, by tlio dwellers on
both sides of the border, were held to bo not merely
profitable, but honourable also.
BREEETON.
N most instances where arms or crest have

been bestowed upon valiant warriors, it has
been in token of approbation of the deeds
of prowess which they have exhibited, and
in order to excite others to emulate their exploits. But
in the case of the Brereton family this rule does not hold
good, for that one of their ancestors, who was the last of
his race that wore an unmuzzled bear for crest, received
a very singular addition to it, as a token not of approba-

tion, but of gentle reproof. It happened that in a
certain battle, under one of the kings of England, a
doughty knight of the Brereton family wishing to gain
honour for himself, and being very strong and hardy,

thrust himself so far forth into the press of the enemy,
that he was well nigh slain ; and many more that ad-
ventured themselves over rashly to succour him were
either sore wounded or else slain. Yet for all that,
Brereton at the last, by liis great might and valour, got

the better of his enemies, and utterly discomfited and
made them fly. Now all this the king had seen, and
though he was right glad to behold how his men had
won the victory, and how fiercely the good knight had
fought against his enemies, yet did he also perceive that
BRERETON
Brereton, 129
he had put himself in peril too rashly, and that by

keeping an even front and close ranks he would have
gained equal profit, and had less loss. Lest, however,
by speaking harshly to the young knight, he should
damp his courage in the time to come, and so make too
cold that which before was too hot, he resolved to rebuke
him, but only in a covert way, and in such a manner,
that while he glanced at his rashness he also rewarded
him for his bravery. *' He bears," said he, " for crest
the head of a bear, which is a valiant beast, but often-
times over hasty, I will muzzle his bear;" and gave
command to the Heralds that the Breretons for the
future should carry the bear's head muzzled.

AUDLEY,
Button, Delves, Foulhurst, Hawkestone.
HE " fret" in the arms of Dutton, and the

" fretty " in the arms of Delves, Foulhurst,
and Hawkestone, are said to have been
gained in the following way. Previously to
the great battle of Poictiers, the Lord James Audley
vowed that if possible he would be foremost in that fight,
and supported by his four brave squires, Dutton, Delves,
Foulhurst, and Hawkestone, he knightly kept his word,

pressing forward against his enemies, and ever being in
the thickest of the melee. Many were the wounds which
he received, and many the blows warded off from him
by his faithful squires, nor was it until the day was now
clearlywon by the English, that he was carried back
to thecamp bleeding and well nigh insensible. When
borne into the presence of the Black Prince, Edward
took him by the hand and greeted him courteously,
bidding him to be of good cheer, for that he had right
nobly redeemed his pledge, and had been foremost in
the ranks of the enemy ; and as a salve for his wounds
gave him lands in England in fee simple to the value
of 500 marks a-year. This gift Audley at once divided
among his four squires; and when the prince asked
him whether he despised the gift, or deemed it insuffi-
4 i i i
,.. 4
i i >
FOULHURST HAWKE STONE

Audley. 131
cient, he replied that he was deeply grateful for the

Prince's kindness, hut that his own possessions were
sufficient for his wants ; while the four squires, hj whose
aid alone he had been enabled to do the deeds which
he had performed, and to whom he owed his life, stood
in far greater need of it than he did. The Prince, re-
solved not to be outdone in generosity, presented him
with another 500 marks ; and Audley, in order that
the valour and merit of his squires might be held in

perpetual memory, enjoined them to bear in some part
of their coat of arms his own proper achievement —gules
a fret or, which those honouiable families have ever
since done.
HAY, EAEL OF EKEOL.
HE three escutcheons in the arms of this

distinguished family — the falcon rising
proper, which is the crest; their supporters,
two men in rustic habits, each holding an
ox-yoke over his shoulder ; and their motto, " Serva
jugum," all point to the same historical incident which
led to the aggrandisement of the race. It is well known
that the Danes, during several centuries, sorely harassed
the coasts of Great Britain and Ireland by their incur-
sions ; and that the inhabitants had in many instances
the greatest difficulty in repelling them. Now it
chanced in the reign of Kenneth III. of Scotland, about

A. D. 980, that these barbarous invaders came in great
force to Perthshire, where they were encountered near
Loncarty by the troops of the Scottish king. After a
severe contest the Scots gave way, and fled in confusion
through a narrow pass, so that all hopes of victory seemed
to be lost to them, while the Danes pursued with shouts
and cries of triumph. The flight of the runaways was,
however, unexpectedly checked by the appearance of an
old countryman, attended by his two sons, who bitterly
reproached them for their cowardice, and bade them

turn and face the enemy. The only weapons possessed
by the rustic champions were the yokes belonging to

HAT
EARL or ERJtOLL
Hay, Earl of Errol. 1 33
the oxen with which they had been ploughing. Of

these, however, they made such effectual use, that they
succeeded, not only in rallying the fugitives, but in
striking such terror into the Danish warriors that they

in their turn began to fly, and the Scots finally obtained
a complete victory. Fatigued by the violence of his

exertions, and moreover somewhat weakened by the loss
of blood from a wound which he had received, the elder
of the three herdsmen threw himself on the ground when

the fight was over, and being still somewhat breathless,
gave no other reply to those who asked his name than,

" Hay, Hay," which sound, although it was merely uttered
from an inability to speak plainly, they supposed to be
his proper name. Accordingly, when brought together
with his sons before Kenneth, he was introduced by the
name of Hay, which was afterwards adopted by him and
his descendants, either because they, like many other
persons at that period, had no settled family name, or
because they preferred it to their old one on account of
the glorious occasion which gave rise to it. The king
was not ungrateful for the signal service which these
simple peasants had rendered, but rewai'ded them both
with substantial gifts and commcmorativo arms ; for,
in the first place, he granted in fee to Hay, in the Carso

of Gowry, as much of the royal domain as a falcon, wliich
then was sitting upon his hand, should fly over befoi*o
she alighted, and the bird, as tliough desiring to do her
best to reward loyalty and valour, never 8toj>ped in her
flight for six miles, when she alighted on a stone which
even to the present day is called the Falconstone, and
134 Anecdotes of' Heraldry,
thus won for the peasant- champion the rich lordship of
Errol. In memory of this event, the Errol family have

for crest a falcon rising proper, to represent the vigorous
hird which won for them so noble an inheritance. And

because the father with his two sons had served as de-
fences and shields to Scotland, it was ordered that they
should bear for arms three escutcheons, and that the
supporters of the said arms should be two men clad in
rustic attire, and each bearing one of the ox-yokes with

which the victory had been gained ; while the motto,
*^
Serva jugum," should bid the family ever be mindful
of that constancy and valour which enabled their an-
cestors to use such humble implements as ox-yokes as
a means to deliver their country from its invaders, and

to win for themselves wealth and honours.
Heard. 135
HEARD.
Die ISAAC HEAED, whotowai-ds the end

of the last century was Garter King at
Arms, was in early life a midshipman in

the Royal Navy, and served on board the
Blandford man-of-war. When off the coast of Guinea
a furious tornado came on, and Heard, who was stand-
ing on the maintopsail yard giving some orders to the
seamen, was entangled in the wreck of the mainmast,
which went by the board. Of course he was given up
by his comrades as lost ; but when they began to cut
away the rigging in order to clear the vessel from the
wreck, he was found entangled in the cordage and
drawn on board unhurt. This marvellous escape made
a great impression on his mind, so much so that when,
some time afterwards, ho left the naval service and ob-
tained the office of Lancaster Herald, ho took caro to
obtain a grant of arms, and a motto commemorative of
th(^ circumstance. The arms are—Argent, in base a
figure representing Neptune with an eastern crown, or;
his trident, sable headed gold, issuing from a stormy
ocean ; the left hand grasping the head of a ship's mast
appearing above the waves, as part of a wreck, pn^por.
Ou a chief azure, the arctic polai* stai- of the tirst between
two water bougets of the second. Crest —A swan with

wings elevated azure, beaked and membered sable
charged on the breast with a rose gules, barbed and
seeded proper ; ducally crowned, collared and chained
or. Motto —" Naufragus in portum." The rose on the
crest betokens the office of Lancaster Herald, which was
held by Mr. Heard.
HAYTKINS
SCRYMGEOUR
GROSVENOR ARMSTRONG
Grant of that nk, . 137
GRANT OF THAT ILK.
IIE crest of the Grant family is a burning

hill proper, and it is a representation of
Craigelachie, i,e, — "the mountain of the
cry of distress/' which was a hill opposite
Rothiemurchus, on which, in time of need, beacon fires
were lighted to call the clan together. This custom of

lighting beacons on hills, in order to summon bodies of
men together, was, in old time, of very general employ-
ment, and although in some cases (as, for instance, in
that of the celebrated line of beacons announcing the

destruction of Troy, which is described by -^schylus in
his Agamemnon,) their object was merely to convoy in-
formation ; yet wo cannot doubt that more often they

were employed, as by the Grants, not only to convey
messages, or to warn against the approach of an enemy,
but also to gather bodies of men speedily together to
some well known and recognised point of meeting.
HAWKINS OF PLYMOUTH.
HIS family, which is descended from Sir
John Hawkins, the celebrated naval com-
mander of the time of Elizabeth, bears for
crest—A demi-Moor proper bound with
annulets on his arms and ears or; which crest was
granted in commemoration of a signal victory gained
over Moorish pirates by Sir John Hawkins.
SCKYMGEOUE.
N 1107, when Alexander I. ascended
the throne of Scotland, a conspiracy was
formed against him by some of his chief
nobles, who proposed to take his life and
to crown another competitor. They accordingly as-
sembled their forces, which consisted for the most part
of Highlanders, and posted themselves in Invernesshire,
not far from the banks of the Spey. Alexander, as
might be expected from his character, lost no time in
marching against them ; but on approaching the Spey,
found that its waters were running furiously in one of
";
Scrymgeour, 139
those " spates," or sudden floods, to which that river is
so liable. At this unexpected obstacle the royal army

stood aghast ; and when Alexander undauntedly com-
manded its bearer to advance the royal banner against
the enemy, the knight who bore it hesitated to enter
the swollen stream. Sir Alexander Carron, a valiant
knight who was in attendance on the king, seeing this,
exclaimed, " Never shall it be said that the royal ban-

ner of Scotland feared to advance against rebels and
traitors, were they ten times as numerous as they are !
Then at once catching the standard out of the bearer's
hand, he spurred his horse into the swollen river, crying

out — " Now, valiant knights and gentlemen, do your
devoir ! Now, brave hearts of Scottish men, follow me,
unless you would see the banner of your country trampled
down by base traitors
!
" By desperate exertions he
succeeded in gaining the other bank of the stream, into
which he fixed the standard, that it might serve as a
rallying point for the rest of the army, who, inspired by
his example, came struggling through the stream, each
man as best he could. The knight himself in the
meantime was not idle, but couching his sponr, overthrew
those of the enemy who came forward to oppose him
and when his spear was broken, drew his sword and foil
upon them who now came up in gitjatcr numbers.

Being, however, soon supported by his own party, he
ere long compelled the rebels to retire, and their retreat
was soon converted into a flight. The king, who had
watched from the other hank the performances of Sir
Alexander with great delight, roceivod him on Lis i*e-
turn most graciously. " Well/' said he, ^'

Sir knight
of Carron, hast thou skirmished against my enemies,

therefore henceforth thy name shall he Scrymegeour
(i.e. hardy fighter) ; and hecause thou hast so holdly
advanced my hanner, I create thee and thy descendants
for ever, standard-bearers of Scotland; I give thee
lands, moreover, to support thy dignity ; and for armorial
bearings a part of my royal arms ; and thy motto,
* Dissipate,' shall serve for a perpetual memory that
by thee the forces of the enemy were scattered."
GEOSVENOE.
HE Grosvenors were originally hereditary

" Gros Veneurs,'' or Grand Huntsmen, to
the Dukes of Normandy ; and the talbot
which they bear for crest is (like the cups of
the Butlers, the pheons of the Fletchers, and the sword of

the Dymokes) a badge and token of their office, which
in those days, when field-sports or ^^
venerie" were
held in such great estimation, was one of distinguished
honour.
Armstrong of Gallen Priory, 141
AKMSTEONG OF GALLEN PKIORY.

RADITION affirms the original surname
was Fairbailru, and that it was changed
to Armstrong on the following occasion.
The founder of this family was a strong
and valiant warrior named Fairbairn, who held the post
of attendant and armour-bearer to one of the earlier
kings of Scotland. Now it chanced that in a battle or
skirmish this king, fighting fiercely against his enemies,
had his horse suddenly killed under him, so that he fell
to the earth, and was in jeopardy of being either slain

or taken. Fairbairn, seeing his danger, thrust into
the midst of the foes, and dismounting speedily from
his own steed, raised up the king by dint of sheer
strength and placed him in the saddle.
Tn memory of the manner in which he effected this
(which was by grasping the sovereign's leg and so

lifting him), the grateful king enjoined tlmt for the
future he should be called Armstrong instead of F'air-
bairn, and assigned him for crest — An armed hand

and arm, in the hand a leg and foot in armour, couped
at the thigh, all proper ; thus pointing both by name
and (Mvst to the extraordinary strength which had en-
abled his follower, at so critical a junctura, to render a
service so important.
BE VEEE.
CCOEDING to Leland, a battle was

fought A. D. 1098, near Antioch, in Syria,
between the Christian troops and those
of Corborant, Admiral (^. e. " emir ul
amerah,'' or noble of nobles, an eastern dignity,) to the

Soudan (i. e. Soldan or Sultan) of Percea (^. e. Persia),
in which the Christians were victorious. During the
eagerness of the pursuit night came on — the sudden dark
night of the East — and the Christians, many of them
utterly ignorant of the country, were in danger of be-
coming dispersed, and of wandering too far from the city,
when they would have fallen an easy prey to the greatly

superior numbers of the enemy. But God, willing the
safety of the Christian host, was pleased to show to
them, when they were as yet only about four miles from
Antioch, a white star (or mullet of five points), which
to every man's sight did light and rest upon the standard
of Albry de Vere, there shining excessively. By fol-
lowing the guidance of this star the army was enabled

to gain the city ; and all men said that Albry de Vere
was a holy man, and one beloved of God. In remem-
brance of the Divine favour thus marvellously shown
him, De Vere placed the silver star as the solitary
T>E VERB. s:eaton.
ST AW LEY.
HAWKINS.
KYWASTOH
;
Seaton, 143
bearing on his shield ; and after spending the vigour of

his manhood in combating against the enemies of his
faith, assumed in his old age the cowl, and entirely de-
voted himself to the service of his Maker. From him
the De Vere's, Earls of Oxford, were descended.
Arms. — Quarterly, gules and or, in the first quarter a mullet

argent.
SEATON.
OBERT I. of Scotland was sorely pressed

by the English under Edward I., and sus-
tained many serious and apparently irre-
trievable defeats. Among the many noble-

minded men who, in spite of failures and reverses, in spite
of the threats and promises of Edward, and undeterred

by the dreadful cruelties which that prince inflicted on
their captive comrades, dared to stand up for the rights
of Scotland and to support the cause of her elected king,
Sir Christopher Seaton held a foremost place. After
shanng in many of the dangers of his sovereign, and
distinguishing his courage by many desperate actions,
Sir (Uiristopher, aided by a body of gallant men, had
the good fortune at the battle or skirmish fought at
Melvin, near Perth, a. d. 130(), to rescue Bruce when
ho was actually a prisoner in the hands of tho English
by rendering this service, he undoubteilly saved tlio
monarch's life ; for, beyond all question, the English

captors would either have put him to death on the spot,
or, if led captive to Edward, that remorseless monarch

would have sentenced him to suffer the same shameful
and agonizing traitor's doom which so many other
brave Scottish hearts had already undergone.
In gratitude for the aid so seasonably rendered, King
Kobert gave his sister, the Lady Christiana Bruce, in
marriage to Seaton ; and granted him an augmentation
to his arms, which (with the augmentation) are —Party
per pale gules and azure, the first charged with a sword
in pale proper supporting an imperial crown ; the se-
cond charged with a star of twelve points, all within a
double tressure flory counter flory or.
STANLEY.
I
HE very remarkable crest of this family is
said to have been originally borne by the

family of Lathom,co. Lancaster, the heiress
of which, Isabel, daughter of Sir Thomas
Lathom of Lathom and Knowsley, married Sir John
Stanley, K.G., Lord Deputy of Ireland. One version
of the story attached to it asserts, that a head of the
Lathom family, wishing either to conceal the birth, or
get rid of the encumbrance of an illegitimate son that
Stanley. 145
had been born to him, caused it to be placed in the nest

of an eagle which was built in Terlestowe wood, not far
from his castle. The eagle, more merciful than the
man, instead of tearing the child to pieces, as the un-
natural parent had hoped and expected, fed it as if it
had been one of its own young ones, and thus preserved
it alive. The father was so deeply moved by this silent
reproof, conveyed by one of the boldest and fiercest of
creatures, that he caused the child to be brought up,
and carefully educated, and finally made him his heir.
The great improbability of this story has caused the

legend to be varied in many ways, and I accordingly
subjoin the following version, which at least carries with
it a greater appearance of truthfulness.
" The eagle and child is the crest of Derby, and owes
its origin to the following circumstance. Sir Thomas
Lathom, who lived in the reign of Edward III., had by
his wife only one child, a daughter named Isabel, who
was married to Sir John Stanley ; but ho had an ille-
gitimate son by a Mary Oskatcl, which ho directed to

be laid sccn^tly at the foot of a tree on which an eaglo
had built her nest, and pretended to have accidentally
discovered the infant ; ho pereuaded his lady to ado|>t
it, and at the same time assumed for his crest an eagle
looking backwards, as for something she had lost or
was taken from her. The child, who was afterwards

known by the title of Sir Oskatcl Lathom, was long
considered heir to the estate ; but Sir Thomas, shortly
before his death, revealed tlic fraud, and left the bulk
i«
— ;
of his property to his legitimate daughter, Lady Stanley,

whose descendants altered the Lathom crest of an eagle
regardant, to an eagle triumphing over and preying
upon a child." Bubke.
HAWKINS, Co. KENT.
HHE arms of this family, which are, argent,
on a saltire sable five fleur-de-lis or, were

probably assumed under the following cir-
cumstances. When King John of France
was taken at the battle of Poictiers, and detained a
prisoner in England, the King of Navarre, availing
himself of his absence, declared war against France
many knights, squires, and men-at-
and, being aided by
arms, whom he gained over to him by the great pay and
bounty which he gave them, took many strong places
and castles, and among others that of Mauconseil.
This place he entrusted to the keeping of an Irish
knight and two English esquhes, Franklyn and Haw-
kins, who had assisted at its capture. In memory of
this, the Hawkins family took for their arms a saltire,
which represents one of the scaling-ladders by the help
of which the castle was taken, while the fleur-de-lis
betoken those which were on the captured ensign of
France.
Kynaston, 147
KYNASTON.
HE arms of this family are, quarterly, first
and fourth, ermine a chevron gules, the

arms of Audley. Second and tliird, argent
a lion rampant sable, the device of the
sovereigns of Powis. The arms 0/ Audley are said to
have been assumed by the Kynastons from the following

circumstance. In the year 1459, on the twenty-second
of September, a desperate battle was fought at Blore-
heath, near Drayton in Shropsliire, between the Yorkist
supporters of Edward, Earl of March, under the com-
mand of Lord Salisbury, and the Lancastrians, under
the Lord Audley. At this fight, a valiant squire,
Roger Kynaston, was present on the part of tlic Yorkists,
mounted on his charger, and, according to family tra-
dition, had the good fortune to slay the Lancastrian
commander during the conflict. Nor is this by any

means improbable, for wo find that two years after the
battle, when March ascended the throne
the Earl of
under the Edward IV"., ho knighted Roger
title of
Kynaston, and moreover assigned him the confiscated
arms of Audley as an honourable addition to liis own ;
which latter distinction was usually granted only to one

who had actually slain the man whoso arms he assumed.
CKOMWELL.
ICHARD WILLIAMS, alias Cromwell,

esquire, (to whom Eamsaj Abbey was
partly given, partly sold), was one of the
five who, in the thirty-second year of
Henry VIII., made the bold challenge at justs to all
comers that would, in France, Flanders, Scotland, and

Spain. Here it was expected that some of our Knights-
Hospitallers (whose House, by Act of Parliament, was
dissolved but a month before), should appear valiantly
in their vindication, if conceiving any injustice offered

unto them. But they kept themselves close, probably
not so much for fear of all the challengers, as of one of
the spectators, namely, King Henry himself; as sure,
if conquerors, of the king's anger and others envy ; if
worsted, of their own disgrace. Besides, by the laws

of their Order, they were not to tilt against Christians,
but only to spend their spears against pagans and in-
fidels. Lastly, the challenge seemed only confined to
foreigners.
" This Richard Williams, alias Cromwell, came into
the place an esquire, but departed a knight, dubbed

by the king for his valour, clearly carrying away the
Cromwell. 149
credit ; overthrowing Mr. Palmer* in the field at justs
one day, and the next serving Mr. Culpepper at bar-

riers in the same manner. Hereupon, there goeth
a tradition in the family, that king Henry, highly
pleased with his prowess, ' Formerly,' said he, ' thou
wast my Dick, but hereafter shalt be my Diamond,' and
thereat let fall his diamond ring unto him. In avow-
ance whereof, these Cromwells have ever since given
for their crest a lion holding a diamond ring in his
fore-paw^ —Fuller's Church History, vol. ii., p. 295.
• Stow, in the reign of Henry VIII^ p. 580.

POWNALL OF POWNALL, Co. CHESTER.
LTHOUGH (says Brooke) from the seat

of their property in Cheshire, the Pownalls
were denominated according to the true
British orthography of the name, and
were styled after the Norman custom ' de Pownall,' yet
they were at the same time styled in the records, written
in Norman, Paiinel, Payanell, and Paynel, and in those
written in Latin, Paganell. It appears on the register
that they repeatedly held the high office of Chamher-
layne to the kings, as Earls of Chester, in the 10th of
Edward II., in the 1st, 5th, and 10th of Edward III.,
on which account, in allusion to their office and their
name, they hore for a crest a lion's paw, holding a

golden key."
CARMICHAEL.
HE crest of this family, a cuhit arm in ar-
mour holding a hroken tilting-spear, refers

to the exploit performed by Sir John Car-
michael, who accompanied Archibald, Earl
of Douglas, with a hand of Scottish troops, to the assist-
r O WNA 1. L
CARMICHAEI.
—
Carmichael. 151
ance of Charles VI. of France ; and at the Battle of
Beauge, a.d. 1421, dismounted the Duke of Clarence,

brother of King Henry V., who commanded the Eng-
lish forces, and thereby contributed greatly to their
defeat. He received as an augmentation to his pater-

nal coat the above crest, having broken his spear in the
action.
The honour of this achievement, however, is also
claimed by the Swintons of Swinton-Bank, co.
Peebles, who assert that their ancestor, Sir Johu

Swinton of that Ilk, not only dismounted the Duke,
but slew him by a severe wound in the face, having
recognized him by a jewelled coronet which he wore on
his helmet. To this latter opinion Sir Walter Scott
seems to incline, when he says,
" Then Swinton placed the lance in rest

That humbled erst the sparkling crest
Of Clarence's Plantagenet."
Lay of the Latt Minstrel.
AJSrSTEUTHEE.
NE of this ancient race, finding tliat an an-

tagonist with whom he had fixed a friendly
meeting, was determined to take the op-
portunity of assassinating him, prevented
the hazard by dashing out his brains with a battle-axe.

Two sturdy arms brandishing such a weapon form the
usual crest of the family, with the motto, ^ Periissem ni
per-iisem ' (I had died, unless I had gone through with
it)." — Sm Walter Scott.
MIGNON.
HIS family, although of English origin,
were settled for many years in France,

and owe to circumstances connected with
that country their name, their crest, and

motto. The original name of the Mignons, while they
dwelt in England, was More and Sir William de la
;
More distinguished himself at Creci, and was dubbed

banneret at Poictiers. Certain of his descendants
having entered the service of Louis XI. of France, at

the time that prince was assailed by Charles of Eur-
ANSTRUTHER
Mignon. 153
gundy, and having joined his guard of archers, so pleased

him by their cheerful and gallant appearance, that he
remarked —" Ce ne sont pas 1^ des Mores, mais des
Mignons." Bad as the joke was, it was a royal one,
and the Mores accordingly became Mignons in com-
pliment to the king.
Again —a Mignon commanded Henry of Navarre's
artillery at the battle of Coutras in Guienne, and to him
that prince was chiefly indebted for his victory, in gra-
titude for which he sent him the baton of a marshal of
France, the highest honour which could at that time be
paid to a Protestant. To commemorate this gift, the
family crest is, " a gauntlet holding a baton all proper.''
Finally, this family, which ever held staunchly to the
Protestant faith, was forced to leave France on the re-
vocation of the edict of Nantes, and now, in token of
its unflinching adherence to the true faith, advises
others to do as it has done, saying to them, " Tions ta
154 Anecdotes of Heraldry^
TKAFFOED.
HE ancestor of this family who, at the time

of the Conquest, had an estate in Lan-'
cashire, disguised himself as a thresher to
escape the Norman soldiers ; and as in
threshing he crossed the staff of his flail to the right or
left, exclaimed, " Now thus." To commemorate this
event, his descendants assumed this expression for their

motto, placing it above their crest, viz. :
—A husband-
man per pale argent and azure threshing a garb or.
This family also bears for motto, under the shield,

" Gripe Griffon, hold fast," which is addressed to the
Griffon segreant in the arms, who, in the ancient form
of these arms, (as given in Gregson's " Testa de Ne-
vil"), is represented as griping or holding fast in the
fore-paws a heater-shaped shield charged with an eagle

displayed.
T&i.FFO&D
H OWISON
Howison. 155
HOWISON.
HE supporters of the arms of the famil}' of

Howison, now represented by Howison-
Craufurd of Craufurdland, co. Ayr, and
of Braehead, co. Midlothian, are two hus-
bandmen ; over the shoulder of the dexter, a flail pro-
per ; the sinister holding a basin and napkin, both
clothed in blue, and bonnets on their heads, girt round
with belts all proper, being the dress of the fourteenth
century ; and were granted for the following service
rendered to James I. of Scotland : —When that monarch

was hunting near Cramond Bridge, he by some chance
was separated from his attendants, and was attacked by
several men who, either attracted by the richness of his
attire, or having quarrelled with him by accident, sought

to kill him. Although dismounted and overmatched,
James defended himself desperately against his cow-
ardly assailants, and, being an excellent swordsman,
succeeded for a while in keeping them at bay ; but, at
length, exhausted by the violent exertion, was on the

point of being ovei-powcrcd, when assistance reached
hin\ from an unexpected quarter. A farmer of the
name of llowison, who with his son was at work in a
barn near the spot, hearing the clash of swords and tho
fierce exclamations of tho combatants, came out to soo
what was the matter. On perceiving one man gallantly

defending himself against several, he considered it his
duty to help the weaker party; and his son having
come up to his assistance, they forthwith fell upon the
robbers with their flails. Already disheartened by the
stubborn opposition which they had met with from a
single man, the assailants at once fled from these new
allies, so that the king and the rustics remained mas-
ters of the field. Although unacquainted with the per-
son of James, Howison, struck with the dignity and
grace of his manners, and probably judging from his
apparel that he was a man of distinction, caused his son
at once to bring a basin and towel, by help of which
the stranger cleansed his hands and person from the
tokens of the affray. He then made himself known to
them ; and, after heartily thanking them for the great

service they had rendered him, granted them the lands
of Braehead, to be held by them in fee for ever. This
grant was afterwards confirmed by charter, and the te-
nure by which the said lands were to be held was, that
their proprietor should serve the king when he dis-
mounted from his horse with a basin and towel to

wash his hands.
This service was rendered to George TV. according

to the conditions of the tenure at the banquet given by
the magistrates of Edinburgh in 1822.
—
The Chequers, 157
KOBmSON.
HE paternal arms of this family were

vert, a buck trippant within an orle of tre-
foils slipped or ; but Charles II., after his
restoration, granted to Sir John Kobin-
son, Knt., Alderman of London, and Lieutenant of the
Tower, an augmentation in reward for the services ren-
dered by him in promoting that important event. The
augmented coat is
—" quarterly crenelle, first and fourth,
gules, on a tower argent, a lion of England,
THE CHEQUERS.
IIK custom of painting **

Chequers^* upon
the doorposts of inns is said to liavo its
orioiii from the fact that the WaiTcns, Earls
of Surrey, who had the grant of licensing
public-houses, ordered that their anns, which woro
" chequy or and azuiH?,** should be attached to such
houses, in order to facilitate the collection of the duties
and dues payable by the innkeeper for his licence, *tc.
O'NEILL.
HIS powerful Irish family traces its descent

in a direct line from the Milesian kings,
and bears in its arms a sinister hand
couped and erect gules. This bearing is
accounted for in the following way. When the ances-

tor of the family was preparing, in company with several
other adventurers, to make a descent upon the coast of
Ulster, it was unanimously decided that whoever touched
the land first should be esteemed chief of the territory.
O'Neill, finding that, instead of succeeding in getting
before his competitors in the race for dignity which
ensued, he was on the contrary losing ground, drew his
sword, and, lopping off his left hand, threw it on shore
as far as he was able. In this way he touched the
earth first with his hand and won the sovereign power.
The hand was ever afterwards retained in the arms of
the Province of Ulster ; and when King James I. cre-
ated the Order of Baronets, pai-tly with a view to the
colonization of that province, the hand gules was deemed
a suitable badge to distinguish them, and they still con-
tinue to employ it. The water with a salmon therein
naiant, is in allusion to the famous fisheries of Lough
Neagh and the river Blackwater.
VALCOT
TORRANCE
:
Walcot of Salop. 159
WALCOT OF SALOP.
NE of the quarterings of this family is
argent a chevron sable between three

chess-rooks of the second ; and is thus
accounted for in an old family pedigree
— '* John Walcot, playing at the chesse with Henry
the fift, kinge of England, he gave the checke matte
with the rouke, wherepon the kinge changed his coate
of armes, which was the crosse with flower de lures, and
gave him the rouke for a remembrance."
This is one of the many instances in which an appa-
rently trivial occurrence caused an alteration to bo
made to a family bearing ; and we may learn from it
that when we find that an addition or an entire change

has been made in a coat for which wo cannot account,
we need not seek out for its origin in some extraordi-
nary exploit or important event ; but rather satisfy our-
selves with the reflection, that unless, as in the present
case, they are accounted for by the family tradition, it
is a useless and deceptive tusk to attempt to inyent

k'gends which may explain them.
CUNNINGHAM.
CCOEDING to the tradition of this family,

it dates its principal accession of fortune
from the days of Malcolm Canmore, King
of Scotland. When that prince was flying
from the emissaries of the usurper Macbeth, who, having
murdered his father Duncan, sought to kill him also,
he was so hotly pressed, that he was obliged to take

refuge in the barn of Malcolm, the son of Friskin, the
ancestor of the Cunninghams, who, on being informed
by the prince of his danger, bade him at once place
himself under some straw which lay in the barn, and to
which he commenced making additions from another
heap with a pitching fork, continually calling out to the
companion who assisted him in his labour, " Over, fork
over.'' To the pursuers, who asked whether he had
seen anything of the prince, he replied in the nega-
tive. At a later period, when Malcolm Canmore had
overcome and slain Macbeth, the grateful prince be-
stowed on his preserver the thanedom of Cunninghame,
with permission to take the name of Cunningham, and
to assume for arms a shakefork, with the motto, *^ Over,
fork over."
Torrance. 161
TOEEANCE.
T is well known how hard Eobert Bruce

was pressed by the English, until the
death of his terrible foe Edward I., and
the accession of the imbecile Edward of
Caernarvon, aflforded him an opportunity of rallying his
adherents, and of entering upon that career of success,
which resulted in the crowning victory at Bannockburn.
But previously to this, while wandering with a few fol-
lowers as a hunted fugitive, in the islands and western
portion of Scotland, he on one occasion was pursued so
closely, that he would most inevitably have been killed
or taken, had it not been for the timely aid afforded
him by two men of the name of Torrance ; who, by
rowing him in their boat over a firth or arm of the sea,
enabled him to escape the search of his enemies. The
allusion to this service is obvious, both in the arms and
motto.
Arms.—Per pale gules and or, two boats' oars in sal tiro
azure.
Motto. — " I saved the King."
KEMEYS-TYNTE OF HALSEWELL.
ilUEING the Crusade of Elchard Cceur-

de-Lion, a young knight of the name of
Arundel was present at the terrible battle
of Ascalon, which was fought a.d. 1192.

Clad in white armour, as became a maiden knight, with
no device upon his shield or crest upon his helmet, and
mounted upon a white charger, he rushed into the
thickest squadrons of the infidels, and there enacted
such prodigies of valour, that, after the fight was over,
the Lion King declared that the maiden knight had
borne himself as a lion, and had done as much as six
Croises or Cnisaders. Therefore he gave him for arms

a lion argent (to denote the colour of the harness in
which he fought), upon a field gules (to commemorate
the infidel gore with which he had dyed the field), be-
tween six crosslets of the first (which point to the six
Croises spoken of), and for motto, " Tynctus cruore
Saraceno,'' to show that when the fight was over, the
argent of his armour was altered by the blood of liis
opponents into gules.

Va 163
VANE.
HE crest and arms of the families of Vane

and Fane were gained at the battle of
Poictiers (19th Sept., 1356), by Sir Henry
Vane, a gallant soldier in the martial
reign of King Edward III., and who shared in the
glory, and had the good fortune to participate personally
in securing the person of John, King of France. It is

/•ecorded by Froissart that the king defended himself
with great valour, and that there was a gi-eat press to
take him, and such as knew him cried out, ** Yield
you, or you arc dead." SirDenyce Morbecke, a knight
of Arthoys, retained in wages with the king of Eng-
land, happened to be next the king, when they wore
about to take him, and said in good French, ** Yield
you ;" and tho king replied, " I yield me to you ;'* —
every man enforced him to say, * I have taken him ;*'
but, being foixêd from that captain, several knigbtn and

esquires claimed the honour of taking the royal pri-
soner, —amongst them, the pretensions of Sir Roger
de la Warre and Sir John Pelham have always been
acknowledged tlie strongest- Sir Jôger do la Warre
had, in commemoration of so valiant an exploit, tlie
crampet or chape of the captive king's sword, and Sir

John Pclhum had the buckle of the belt as a memento
—
of the same achievement, while, in token of his cap-

tivity, the monarch pulled off his gauntlet and gave it to
Vane, who, as was customary in those times, adopted

the gauntlet as his cognizance, viz. ;
Arms. —Azure, three sinister gauntlets, two and one, or.
Crest. —A dexter gauntlet, erect, holding a sword, all proper,

pommel and hilt, or.
Motto. Nee— temere, nee timide.
Sir Henry Yane, who was knighted for his valiant
deeds at that hattle, remained for several years in the

French wars, and married Grace, daughter and heiress
of Sir Stephen de la Leke, Knight, a Frenchman,
whose arms are quartered hy Sir Henry's descendants.
GALTNTE Y HATMAN
S H OVE L
TROWB RIDGE CITT OF LOrrDOTf

Galwey. 165
GALWEY.
OHN de Burgo, younger brother of Ulick

de Burgo, ancestor of the Marquis of
Clanrickarde, having accredited the bills
of the citizens of Galway, was commonly

known by the name of John of Galwey, and for his
signal services in defending Ball's Bridge, Limerick,

against the great force of O'Brien, of Desmond, in
1361, received the honour of knighthood from Lionel,

Duke of Clarence, the Lord Lieutenant of Ireland, by
the name of Sir John de Galwey, with permission to
him and his heirs to carry in his arms the representation
of Ball's Bridge and the date 13G1, under the same,
for ever.
Sir John, from his constant attachment to the crown

in those troubled times, atid the services in the province
of Connaught, and in the counties of Clare, liimorick,

Cork, and Kerry, became so obnoxious to the disaffected,
that they accused him of many crimes before Edwonl

TIL, who cittnl him to appear before him, when ho
manifested his innocence so clearly, that tlie king
granted him many confiscated lands, confirmed him in
his title and privileges conferred by the Duke of Claivnce,

gave him for motto **
Vincit Veritas," and for anus, (in
addition to his ])atenial coat,) viz. — ** or, on a ciX)S3
gules, five mullotii of the Held.'*

— :
CITY OF LONDON.
I
HE arms of the City of London are,
Argent, a cross gnles, in the dexter chief

quarter, a dagger, erect, of the second.
The dagger was added hj Richard II., in
commemoration of the distinguished service rendered
him by the then Lord Mayor, Sir William Walworth,

in slaying with his own hand the rebel Tyler.
Fuller, in his " Church History,'' vol. i., p. 454, says
— '^ No sooner was Wat Tyler, their general, as I may
term him, killed by valiant Walworth, the Lord Mayor
of London, and his assistants, (for it was John Caven-
dish, Esq.,* that dispatched him with a mortal wound,)
in Smithfield; and Jack Straw, their lieutenant-general,
legally beheaded,t (too brave a death for so base a fel-
low,) but all the rest mouldered away, and vanished.

In memory of Sir William Walworth's valour, the
arms of London, formerly a plain cross, were augmented
with the addition of a dagger, to make the coat in all
points complete. Happy, when the cross (as first there
in place) directeth the dagger, and when the dagger

defendeth the cross; when religion sanctifieth power,
and power supporteth religion."
* Weaver's " Funeral Monuments," page 693,

"
f Stow's Survey of London," page 55.
— ; —
City of London, 167
Beneath the statue of Sir William Walworth, in
Fishmonger's Hall, is the inscription :
" Brave Walworth, knight, lord- mayor, y* slew

Rebellious Tyler in his alarmes
The king, therefore, did give in liew
The dagger to the City armes.
In the 4^'' year of Richard II. Anno Domini 1381."
" The dagger was in the City Arms long before the
time of Sir William Walworth, and was intended to
represent the sword of St. Paul, the patron saint of the
corporation. Among other proofs are the bosses in the
eastern crypt of the Guildhall, which bear the arms of
London with the dagger ; which part of the crypt was
built antecedent to the reign of Richard II., or pro-
bably formed part of the ancient Guildhall, erected,
as some suppose, in 1119." Times* Curiosities of
History.
Wliether Timbs is correct or not I do not pretend to
say, but it has always been thought that the earliest

instance which exists of the use of ai-morial bearings in
this country is the tomb of (icotfrey iMjintk'viilo, Karl
of EsHcx, in the Tem})lo Church, who died in 11 48.

And the earliest coat of arma on a building in England
is the one in Bigod's Tower at Norwich, which is haid
to be of the early part of the twelfth century.
—
CONCLUSION.
N concluding this little collection of anec-

dotes I would remark that the student of
heraldry will sometimes he at a loss to
decide whether, — firstly, a hearing has
been assumed on account of a name; or, secondly,
a name on account of a hearing ; or, thirdly, whether
both one and the other have been taken from the ori-
ginal place of habitation or mode of life of him who first
employed them. Yet, perhaps, the two following rules

will enable us, in a very large number of instances, to
perceive whether we ought to refer a given name and
bearing to the first or second of the above-mentioned
classes.
I. Where the bearings in any coat of arms do not

point to any specific deed of valour or policy, while
they do allude to the name, either punningly or other-
wise, it is obvious that a play upon the name can be the
only object aimed at by them ; and that therefore they
are later in date than such name. Of such bearings
the number is very great, and it will be sufficient to
produce the following examples :
Hunter. Bears three dogs of chase.

Bell. A bell.
Conclusion. 169
Aquila. An eagle.
Towers, A tower.
Yates. Three yates.
Anvil. An anvil.
Tbeherne. Three herns.

Ferriob. Horse shoes.
Arblasteb. a cross-bow.
Colt. Three colts.
Trappe. Three caltraps.
Falcon. Falcons.
Labke. a lark.
Miller. A mill-rind.
Oakes. An oak-tree.
Eam. Three rams' heads.
Lamb and Lambton. Both bear lambs.
AspiNE. An aspen leaf.
Pabtbidqe. Partridges.
Mbtcalf. Calves.
Key. Keys.
KocHE. Roaches.
SwiNBOBNE. Throo boars* heads.
MoBE. Negroes' or Moors* heads.

Sicklemobe. Three sickles and wheatslicaf.
Cannon. A cannon.
Palmeb. Palmers' staves.
Delves. Three delves.
Fbasieb. Three frasiors ; etc., <fec., <tc.
II. Wliero the bearings liavo a specific reference to
some such action as I described above ; or when the

170 Anecdotes of Heraldry^
name, and some one other of the bearings have so close

and mutual relation, that each is absolutely necessary
to the proper understanding of the other ; then we may
conclude that the name was derived from the bearing,
or that name and bearing grew up together. For ex-
ample, a knight named William, who was usually
called "Le Fort," on account of his great personal
strength, carried a shield before the Conqueror at
Hastings, and was several times the means of saving
his life. After the battle, William, in remembrance of
his services, promised his follower a grant of lands, and
saying emphatically to him, " Forte scutum, salus du-
cum," assigned to him a coat of arms, and a shield for
crest. From that time Sir William, in remembrance

of his leader's words, and in allusion to his crest, took
thename of Fortescue. So, too, the gallant Fairbairn,
when he rescued his king, whose horse had been slain
in the melee, and placed him by sheer strength upon
his own charger, had assigned him for crest, in token
of his vigour and address, an arm embowed grasping a
leg couped at the thigh ; and, in consequence of this,
changed his name to Armstrong ; and Robertson, who
slew the wolf with his skean or dagger, no sooner was
granted a coat charged with that weapon, than he
dropped his former name, and called himself Skene.
Again, it is difficult to understand the name of Planta-
genet without the badge, or the badge without the

name. How the haughty descendants of Matilda and
the Count of Anjou could choose a broom plant for
their badge would have seemed strange, had they not
Conclusion. 171
assumed the name of the plant as well, and thus de-

clared clearly, what, had they contented themselves with
the badge only, or the name only, would in all proba-
bility have ever remained doubtful, namely that the

proudest family in Europe desired to be* distinguished
for humility, whose very emblem and name they adopted
for their own. Examples resembling this last might be
adduced in great numbers, but I shall content myself
with a single one. The family of Scudamore originally
bore — or, a cross patee fitchee gules, and their motto
was " Scuto amoris divini." Now it will be evident at
once that the motto is nothing more than a version of
the surname with the epithet " divini '^
added to it,
while the cross patê fitchde gules in a field or, seems

to allude to some labours, or, perhaps, a pilgrimage
performed for Christ's sake ; and when we consider the
compound character of the name itself wo may be jus-
tified in supposing that arms, name, and motto were all
assumed at once ; and that they all point to some glo-

rious action, now forgotten, where the favour of Gml to
his faithful Knight was very clearly maiiifeatod. The

arms of Lockhart, ITay, Tripp, Tyrwhitt, ttc, all be-
long to this class, as will bo easily Been by an inspec-
tion of the anecdotes attached to the several names of
these families.
The third olofls of bearings and names now remains
to bo considtM'od, nnmoly, those which have boon taken
from the original place of habitation or mode of life of
him who first employed them ; and this class is, as
might be expected from its very character, l)oth inferior
172 Anecdotes of Heraldri/.
in number ; and more difficult to trace than the two

preceding ones. For if we select as an instance the
name of Hurst, although it is very probable that the
first name may have lived near a hurst or
bearer of the
wood, and thence taken his name as well as armorial
bearings ;
yet, on account of the great number of such
woods, the term acquires a sort of vagueness ; for there
may have been many men who lived near hursts, took
the name independently of each other ; or there may have

been many Hursts descended from one man who, because
of the name, inserted a wood in their heraldic bearings,
though they never lived near one at all. It is only, in
fact, with respect to compound names that we are justi-

fied in saying that a family name is derived from that of
a locality, for then the very composition in a manner
defines the place ; and if the natural characteristics of
that place be mentioned in it, proof is at once afforded
that the family name is posterior to the local term.
Thus, for instance, the arms of the family of Ernie,

CO. Sussex are —argent on a bend sable, three eagles
displayed or ; and they have a reference to the family
name, which is taken from a village so called from

the Saxon " erne,", an eagle, and " leye," a place or
habitation. Now, from the peculiar situation of this
village, the propriety of the term "eagles' place" as
applied to it is obvious, and there can be no reason-
able doubt that the Ernie family, being at first called
Wilham, John, or whatever the name might be, de
Ernleigh gradually dropped the " de," and took the

local appellation for their surname.
Conclusion. 173
Of the same kind are the names and arms of Trow-

hridge and Stourton ; of whom the former takes his ap-
pellation from the parish of Trowhridge, where his ances-

tors formerly resided, and which is so denominated from
its river and hridge which are borne in the arms of the
family. The latter borrows both his family name and
arms from the river Stour, which rises from six foun-
tains at Stourton, co. Wilts. To these fountains allu-
sion is made in the arms, which are sable a bend or

between six fountains proper.
Of names derived from office and modes of life, those
of Butler, Forester, and Fletcher are instances; of

whom the first bear three covered cups, the emblem of
the honourable office formerly held by the family ; the
second have bugle horns as foresters ; while the Flet-
chers, whose name foiinerly denoted an arrow-maker,

and whose office, like that of Butler, was one of impor-
tance, bear pheons or broad arrow-heads, to denote the

occupation of their ancestor. Of course, there are many
other metliods in which names may bo classified, but
the above system will be found to embrace the greater
number of names and bearings.
One more observation I would make, more especially
with respect to modern coats of anna, which I have for

the most part purposely omittetl. In a very gi*eat num-
ber of instances these coats are not so much heraldic
emblenis suggestive of exploits ]>erforine(l by bini wbo
bears them, tis landscapes or plans descriptive of the
scenes of those exploits, with words and names, «. e.
with descriptive lettcr-pixiss to identify and illustrate

;
them. Witness the augmentations to the family arms

of the first Lord Nelson, whose splendid naval achieve-
ments transcend all praise, and deserve the acknow-
ledgment of every country under the British crown.
The bend in the family coat is charged with another
bend, and thereon three bombs, over all on a fesse
wavy azure, the word " Trafalgar" in gold letters ; on

a chief undulated, argent, the waves of the sea, from
which a palm-tree issuant, between a disabled ship on
the dexter, and a ruined battery on the sinister, all
proper.
In the augmentation to Lord Gough's arms, is a
representation of the east wall of the fortress of Tarifa
the badge of the Spanish order of Charles III., and
the words China, India.
In the arms of Wiltshire is a Beelochee soldier
mounted on a bay horse, and a representation of the
fortress of Khelat.
In the arms of Keane is a representation of the Ca-

bool gate of the fortress of Ghuznee ; and in the arms
of Hamilton of Woodbrook, baronet
— ** On a chief of
honourable augmentation, argent, a mount, thereon a
castle, a Spanish flag flowing from the battlements, all
' Alba de Tormes.'

"
proper, beneath inscribed,
Now, although coats of this kind serve very suffi-
ciently, (especially where the individual who is examin-

ing them possesses a good gazetteer,) to point out the
places and occasions on which the}^ were won ; yet are
they entirely deficient in that symbolical and poetical
character which distinguishes the devices of earlier
;
Conclusion* 175
heraldry, and which is one of the chief causes of the

interest attaching to the science.
That this modern system was adopted without neces-

sity may he shown without much difficulty, and, in order
to do so, I will adduce a comparatively modern coat,
which tells its own tale not less clearly than those which
are filled with forts and ships and ruins ; written across
with names ; and charged with medals, homb-shells, (fee.
The gallant Sir Cloudesley Shovel distinguished him-

self greatly at sea, and in especial defeated the French in
one, and the Turks in two general engagements. For
these services he received, at the command of William
III., a grant of arms blazoned —" gules, a chevron
ermine between two crescents in chief argent, and a

fleur-de-lis in base or. Crest — out of a naval coronet
or a demi-lion gules, holding a sail argent charged with
an anchor sable."
Now any one, on seeing this coat and crest, would
judge from the latter that tlie person to whom it was
granted was a sailor, renowned for skill and bravery
while from the crescents and fleur-de-lis on the red
field he would gather that such skill and daring had
been successfully exerted against the Turks and French,
which nations are typified by those emblems.
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Anecdotes of Heraldry, in Which Is Set Forth The Origin of The Armorial Bearings of Many Families by C. N. Elvin (1864)

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Anecdotes of Heraldry, in Which Is Set Forth The Origin of The Armorial Bearings of Many Families by C. N. Elvin (1864)

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'^'

THE ARMORIAL BEARINGS OF

HOULD any one ask what my

tion of heraldic anecdotes, which

have neither the dramatic attraction of purely

they be inferior to the species of composition

mythical personages, but to real men ; to kings,

to warriors, to statesmen, or to sages, who,

best to serve their native land, or their fellow-

creatures, or to win honour for themselves;

and furthermore, I add, that firmly believing

the mind in its tendency, and even, in many

arouse in those unacquainted with the science

a desire to enter into the subject; and that my

amused or interested to prosecute the study.

That the tendency of Heraldry is to elevate

the mind is obvious, for, withdrawing our at-

tention from the merely sordid considerations

which refer to profit and loss, it bids us for a

while employ ourselves with those classes of

valour, or industry, or learning, have won for

those who performed them, if not wealth, yet

raises and ennobles our souls, as it surely does,

then is my assertion as to the tendency of

That it is in many cases useful no one can

deny ; by its assistance family is distinguished

from family ; connections and intermarriages

are pointed out; services rendered to king

minute tablet what it would take pages of

East Derebam, Norfolk.

races, civilized or uncivilized. The red

praise, as by likening those who performed them to the

acliievements of the early heroes of Iran and Tiiran

at some period or other, really exist, but also supplied

the vivid imagination of his countrymen with models

is, in their phrase, a Rustem — every just ruler becomes

of Yusuf and Zuleikha, by another poet, supply ena-

moured maidens and youths, through countless genera-

tions, with names and similies and words.

everything belonging to the East, there is a strange

while the fame of the prototype remains bright as ever,

courage, however great, no example, however noble, no

except when they are joined to sovereign power. More-

greatly checked by the practice of polygamy, and by

the love of praise is as much developed as in the East,

we also discover that it assumes a more concentrated

anecdotes given of their loves, their friendships, and

the most part, brought forward for no other end than

During the republican period of Grecian history we

honour and welfare of his country or his city were all

in all ; each individual flame was to be merged in the

In Rome the case is somewhat different, and is pro-

tude of traditionary stories greatly resembling those

For any one who has ever gone through a gallery of

startling, is connected with every picture ; nor can we

the legends recording the acts of their race, not with-

creations of the imagination of some eager antiquarian,

over tho ruins of that mighty empiro, which onco ex-

before our eyes. No longer is the palm of glory con-

their private meetings the prowess of each heroic ances-

tor, or with reading the short notice inscribed upon his

the vast sepulchre of their race ; no more are tribes

and clans satisfied to hear the exploits of their chiefs

assist him; but as the visois of botli kniglits wen