PO = a Vousufzai Printers & Publishers ! 43-44/B Small Industrial Estate, Hayatabad Peshawar Cell: 0314-9008443 Ref. No. “Taufers d-Waclacvie’ Series Date VE Sey amd ite W derivatives ok %=%0 Gve Mean, £40). fis) an He Aaglers Sexi es to approximate He given fundine 6 acy qive~ boy 5 7 eye Gey + (nas) Fess) =a 699 pa) ae (os) ant the Madlavsias Seares & which is on whonr #6) _ “tren ar thee ovh toro, i gives bY) | $9 04 BHO + & E sere Eo fgxot £¢ ‘O, Exorple— Ure Taylors series fae Ata value Fe funcditer £69 = evo aka pot Re=Q- Zh Rug-e* = t)= =0- F384 gaee 2 FOE a4 384) peace 3 FO=E AM g “Qyee — g@ze PZT gen Fea Br + BAJA, HO) FSG ee lore 2 FO DFO) * CODY HD eal Moye 2 eee DERN SE Grane €2 axesde—- = F584 « FBAUGD + 15841 wary “sn 2n ~ N —__ Scanned with CamScanner| Exon ler Use Madlasuvin’s seyies 45 appretindt the valus ${— | ~ Sunclvea. KBE ala pers ozo - de Snes FO= a | Lien & = F@)=ER | aze 3 FCC el Gt) =F 2 i@ =| §GQz FO* 1£0 4 Fi HOA See 2 | exer A t ee Awe Scanned with CamScannersample 4.2.3: [Maclaurin Series ofe' }; Use Maclaurin’s series to approximate the ee of a function f(x) = e* ata point.x, = 0. golution: The function and its derivatives at xX) =0 Wee fO=1 fo=e', fO)=1, feet, f"o)=1 ye used in Maclaurin series (22) to obtain the Maclaurin’s series approximation of ¢ata point xy =O: 2 elex¢ 24. 2! Example 3.2.4: [Maclaurin Series ofa" |: Use Maclaurin's series to approximate the value of a function f(x)= a* at a point x, =0. Solution: The function and its derivatives at xo=0 Sisl= a", fO)=1, "(x)= a" log,a, f’(0)=log,a £°(x)= a (loga , f"(0) = (log,a? are used in Maclaurin series (22) to obtain the Maclaurin series approximation of a* at apoint xo= 0: a 110) 4. 2) pg) 4 OD? pam a HF O)tx FOS F Ort (0) + sss 2 =1+xlog, a+ (los) + dog. esse Example 3.2.5: [Maclaurin Series of sim: Use Maclaurin’s series to approximate the value of a function f(x)=sinx at a point x =0. Solution: The function and its derivatives at x= 0 Aix)= sinx, f(0)=sin(0)=0, _f’(x)= cos.x, f’(0)= cos(0)= 1 f"(x)= sin x, f”"(0)=—sin(0)=0;f""(x)=—cosx, f"(0)= =cos(0)=-1 ae used in Maclaurin series (22) to obtain the Maclaurin series approximation. fsinx ata point x= 0: ; ; sinx= f(0)+(x) Por Sh Loeb SO) Scanned with CamScanner teurin’s Serie a function (x)= cos* B Example 3.2.6: [Mac approximate the value of 2 Solution: The function and its derivatives alXy = fix) = cosx, f(0)= cos0= L, P'(x)= cos, f"(0)=—c0s0=-b (a are used in Maclaurin series (22) to obtain the Macl function cos.xat a point x» = 0+ 2 cos £(0)+'(0)+T S(O (OF x x = 1x4 F CD+ Ot Example 3.2.7: [Maclaurin’s Series of tanx]: 5 of eos ate Use Maclaurin’s sexigg “(0)=-sin0=0 inx, f”'(0)=sin0=0 aurin series approximation ea Poa -sina f Use. Maclaurin’s series to approximate the value of a function f(x)= tan x ata point x = 0. Solution: The function and its derivatives atx) =0 ‘flx)= tan x, f(0)= tan0=0, f’(x)= sec? x, f/(0)= sec” 0=1 f (x)= 2sec? xtan.x, f(0) = 2(1)(0) =0, f(x) = 2sec* x+4 tan? xsec? x £(0) = 2sec* 0+4 tan? sec? 0=2 are used in Maclaurin’s (22) to obtain the Maclaurin’s series approximation of a function tan xat a point x, =0: F ; tanx= FOX FOES FOE £0) = x x = 0+ x0) +7 O47). =xt224..., 3! Example 3.2.8: [Maclaurin’s Series of In(1+x)]: Use Maclaurin’s series approximate the value of a function f(x) = In(/ +x) ata point x, =0. 9 = 0. Solution: The function and its derivatives at x) =0 Sa)=ln( 14%), fO)=In(1)=0, f/O)= 144), £°(0)=1 Sf ()= +4), f"(0)= re 24x), f’°"(0)=2 Scanned with CamScanner0 . gaya a point x, = fe : wl 7 x 3 nfl 9= LOL COT $0) $0 oe _ Yo x = 0+ x4 D4) -gsample 3.2.9: [Maclaurin’s Series oflog,(/+.x)]: Use Maclaurin’s series to approximate the value of a function f(x) = log (1+ x) at a point x, = 2. Solution:, The function and its derivatives at 2 . Six)= log (1+ x), f(0)= log (1), F'e}= 5 N0e, 6 f'(0)= log, ¢=108,¢ en ae ae Sf" (x)= ax Beet (0)=—log,e 2 "(x)= —— log ,¢, (0) = loge fC) (axe i 8, are used in Maclaurin’s series (22) to obtain the Maclaurin’s series approximation of afunction f(x)=log (7+ x) ata point x9=2: ci 2! (x) SE (2) top 0422 log ¢ =log,(1)+slog,e-" -log,e+ 25 loge# log (1+ x)= f (0)+(x) f’(0)+—— f"(0 4+ f’"(0 to... (3 Application of Derivatives a In this section, we shall see how to use derivatives to determine the tangent, a Normal lines, the ‘angles in between two curves, the maximum and minimum “es of a function as well as the intervals where the function is increasing or “creasing, SS Scanned with CamScanner