thermal effects FURTHER QUESTIONS

1 Explain in terms of molecules: b* Calculate the distance moved by the end of the
a the process of evaporation [3] mercury thread when the temperature of the
b why the pressure of the air inside a car tyre thermometer rises
increases when the car is driven at high speed. [2] i from 0.0 C to 1.0 C
2 Which of the following describes particles in a ii from 1.0 C to 100.0 C [3]
solid at room temperature? 5 a The table gives the melting and boiling points
a Close together and stationary. for lead and oxygen.
b Close together and vibrating.
melting point boiling point
c Close together and moving around at random.
in C in C
d Far apart and moving at random. [1]
lead 327 1744
3 In sunny countries, some houses have a solar heater oxygen 219 183
on the roof. It warms up water for the house. The
diagram below shows a typical arrangement. i At 450 C will the lead be a solid, a liquid or
a gas? [1]
ii At 200 C will the oxygen be a solid, liquid
tank for or a gas? [1]
storing
glass cover heated
b The graph shows how the temperature of a pure
water substance changes as it is heated.
network of
water pipes
black 500
panel
insulation
400
pump
temperature/ ºC 300

a Why is the panel in the solar heater black? [1] 200

b Why is there an insulating layer behind the panel?
 [1] 100

c How does the water in the tank get heated? [2]

d On average, each square metre of the solar
panel above receives 1000 joules of energy
from the Sun every second. Use this figure to
calculate the power input (in kW) of the panel if
its surface area is 2 m2. [2]
e The solar heater in the diagram has an
efficiency of 60% (it wastes 40% of the solar
energy it receives). What area of panel would
be needed to deliver heat at the same rate, on
average, as a 3 kW electric immersion heater?
 [2]
f i What are the advantages of using a solar
heater instead of an immersion heater? [2]
6 The diagram on the next page shows a refrigerator.
ii What are the disadvantages? [2]
4 The scale of a mercury-in-glass thermometer is linear.
One such thermometer has a scale extending from
10 C to 110 C. The length of that scale is 240 mm.
a What is meant by the statement that the scale is
linear? [2]
0
time
i At what temperature does the substance
boil? [1]
ii Sketch the graph and mark with an X any
point where the substance exists as both a
liquid and gas at the same time. [1]
c i* All substances consist of particles. What
happens to the average kinetic energy of
these particles as the substance changes
from a liquid to a gas? [1]
ii Explain, in terms of particles, why energy
must be given to a liquid if it is to change to
a gas. [2]
In and around a refrigerator, heat is transferred
by conduction, by convection, and by evaporation.
Decide which process is mainly responsible for the
heat transfer in each of the examples listed at the
top of the next page.

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thermal effects FURTHER QUESTIONS

a ii How much energy (in joules) is needed to

raise the average temperature of all the
refrigerant
(vapour) refrigerant water in the tank by 1 C?  [2]
freezer
(liquid)
compartment
iii I f the heater is switched on for 7 minutes,
cooling what is the average rise in temperature of
b fins
c the water in the tank (assuming that no
e
heat is lost)?  [2]

d 8 The diagram below shows a type of heater used in

schools.

a Heat is absorbed as liquid refrigerant changes

warm air out
to vapour in the pipework. [1]
b Cool air descending from the freezer
compartment takes away heat from the food.[1]
c Heat is lost to the outside air through the
cooling fins at the back.  [1]
fins
d Some heat from the kitchen enters the
hot water warm water
refrigerator through its outer panels.  [1]
fan
e Some heat enters the refrigerator every time the cold air in
door is opened. [1]
7 The diagram below shows a hot water storage Hot water is pumped from the boiler into pipes inside
tank. The water is heated by an electric immersion the heater. Fins are attached to those pipes. Cold air is
heater at the bottom. drawn into the base of the heater by an electric fan.
hot water a Why are fins attached to the pipes inside the
outlet heater? [2]
tank b*600 kg of water pass through the heater every
hour. The temperature of the water falls by 5 C
water
as it passes through the heater.
Calculate the amount of heat energy transferred
from the water every hour. The specific heat
electric capacity of water is 4200 J/(kg C). [3]
immersion
cold heater 9 The graph below shows how the temperature of
water
some liquid in a beaker changed as it was heated
inlet
until it was boiling.
a H ow could heat loss from the tank be reduced?
What materials would be suitable for the job? 80

 [2]
60
b Why is the heater placed at the bottom of the temperature/ °C
tank rather than the top?  [2] 40
c The heater has a power output of 3 kW.
20
i What does the ‘k’ stand for in ‘kW’?  [1] 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
ii How much energy (in joules) does the time/minutes

heater deliver in one second?  [1]

a What was the boiling point of the liquid? [1]
iii How much energy (in joules) does the
b State and explain what difference, if any, there
heater deliver in 7 minutes?  [2]
would be in the final temperature if the liquid
d The tank holds 100 kg of water. The specific
was heated more strongly. [2]
heat capacity of water is 4200 J/(kg C).
c State one difference between boiling and
i How much energy (in joules) is needed to raise
evaporation. [1]
the temperature of 1 kg of water by 1 C?  [1]
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