9th Revised Multicolour Edition

Genetics
For B.Sc. and M.Sc. classes of all Indian
Universities and as per UGC Model Curriculum

P.S. VERMA
V.K. AGARWAL
 Phermacogn
Value and Pro

VALLAB
wa

Bioremediation
CHA PTER
CROSCALEE
MACROSCALE
N AN RECOVERY

MESsOSCALE
Dio

Basic Principles of
54
Chapter Contents
Gene Cloning
54.1.
sllBiotechnology and Genetic BIOTECHNOLoGY AND GENETIC
Engineering
ENGINEERING
Genetic Engineering
term
Biotechnology is an applied biological science. The
Gene
"biotechnology'
Karl Ereky (1917) to
was coined by
Hungarian engineer,
a
What is
4 describe a
process for large
Cloning production of pigs using sugarbeet as food.
scale
Cenetic
can be Biotechnology
defined as the use of biological organisms (such as
of
A4. Scope Viruses, prokaryotes and eukaryotes) or their components
Engineern8
(such as systems and processes) to
services useful to human beings. Examples ofproducts
generate
productsand
are
alcohol in the brewing
as human insulin from
industry and newer
products such
genctically engineered bacteria.
Examples of services are treatment of sewage or detection
of pollution using a biosensor. Here, the process rather than

end-productis important.
Biotechnology does not include the use of eomplete
animals and plants. This is mainly because exploitation of
whole plants and animals is the subject of already well-
established disciplines of agriculure, horticuliure and
animal husbandry.
Some Standard Definitions of Biotechnology
. Biotechnology is the science of applied
 1004 Cenetle

Duleh
bilogical praess" (Blotrehology A
es*rtive, 1981
3fotechnology is the applicatim of Rejeniie
and engincering prineiples to the jwessing
rovide
mater1nls by biological ngents to
OrganÍzentfon JO
ODus and service. (The
conomic Cooperation and Drrrlopinen
(OECD), 198/).
Application of biological organisms, systems
and servicC
processes to manufacturing
Or
industries (British Biotechnologisis).
4 The integrated use of biochemistry
microbiology and engineering sciences in
(industrial)
order to achieve technological of
EF
application of the capabilities
microorganisms, cultured tissue cells and parts Applications
of
biotechng
thereof (European Federation of Biotechnology (FEB). 1981, O'Sullivan 1o nology
A technology using biological phenomena for copying and manufacturing

useful
substances (Japanese Biolechnologists).
various kinds
6. ot
The application of biochemistry, biology, microbiology and chemical enei

ational
industrial processes and products and/or environment nternational Union
Union of
in
Pure o
Applied Chemistry (TUPAC) 1981).
7. The controlled use of biological agents, such as microorganisms or cellular e
for beneficial use" (US National Science Foundation).
ellular cormpotes
Lastly, in he definition given by OECD, "scientific and engineering principles
microbiology. genetics, biochemistry, etc.,and "biological agentsmean microorganisms, enr
plant and animal cells. The meaning of all these definitions of biotechnology which a ye
different organizations of world are more or less similar.

1. Old Biotechnology
Human beings have been using microorganisms such as bacteria, yeasts and mel
thousands of years to obtain products such as curd, fermented drinks (wine),leavenedbread fo
etc. But they did not know that what microorganisms were involved in these processeso
Mi
organisms were first used to produce some organic compounds such as citric acid follouT sses?
First World War. Subsequently, microorganisms were employed to generate a variety of e

single cell Droc

(e.g., biofertilizers, bioinsecticides, vaccines, antibiotics, vitamins, food, single
addition, animal and plant, cell cell proteins). In
cultured in Vutro
are used to obtain several valuable products
haploid plants, somatic hybrids, somacl
variants, vaccines, antibodies and
other
proteins, pharmaceutical proteins. In allanimal
processes, only the natural capabilities ofthese
organisms and cells are exploited. As the
understanding of microbes and molecular biolkthe
has grown, biotechnologists have been
ableto
increase the output of traditional
creating an environment
microorganismmby
in which they
muliply
quickly and can be used for large-scale production
For example,
Penicillin. genetic improvCment have increased
the levels of
production. Thus, penicillin (an
 wcognoRy-S
Human Baceg

VALLAB
iRallal

Basic
icld has heen improved a
those by
Principles of
Gene
ot ed the same us
e emainco
factor
obtuined of
ubout 1000. Cloning 1095
d e r old biolechnd
hnology. from the
naturul st But the types
pes of products obtaincd
New or Modern Biotechnology Tains/ccil lincs. All
these activties
9
the technique of recombinant
nular tem ror recombinant n DNA te
to.
an of desired
gene Irom any oro lechnoloa 8y wwas de
. Organism, and its Kecombinant netic engineering
nster and
cxpression into the organisin
o
Box 54
main
The sbi
tages:
application of genetic
Pplica

I s o l a t i o n of the required gene;

engineering requires
Inserting ne gene nto the bacteria:
9y Inse the bacterial genecteria;
bacterial
Inducing the gene to start
Harvesting of that product.
synthesizing the product:
ous kinds
ing organism that has been modified
(gene) from another
DNA bio
enng to nserting

ncoenic microorganismsorganism is called

transgenic
ure an
is are
produced with ansgeni«
aharmaceutical proteins. For example, view to a
Insulin.
ain nonic human
Escherichia coli srain that contains and insulin is being commercially
ponents Some important
Table 54.1. So expresses the human insulin proauc
gene. Prolens
Teler to
applications of
industry and human health. transgenic organisms in
agriculture,
Zymes, Microorga
ganism/Cell Agriculture
ven by Industry and human
1.Microorganismn

Novel pharmaceutical proteins

vaccines, new products.
2. Animal cells
New pharmaceutical proteins,
vaccines, antibodies.
ne gar, 3. Plant cells Transgenic crops lgene New pharmaceutical proteins; New
icro- tically modified (GM) high value products,
he crops with resistance
to herbicides, insects,
genetically modified (GM) food
ducts
viruses; modified quality:
improved nutrition.
noduced by transgenesS (genes expressed in transgenic cells/
na arganisms), are called recombinant proteins. Many
na valuable recombinant proteinsare also being produced,using
Se ransgenic animal cell lines and transgenic plants (Table
the
54.1).
The recombinant proteins cannot be naturally
produced by the concemed cells/organisms. These proteins
0
ae produced by
the specific transgenes that were introduced
intothem. At the sanme time, a number of these proteins

great medicinal value could not be produced

on a

commercial scale using the non-transgenic cells

or

organisms. The production technologies based on genetic

Transgenic plants
engineering are often referred to as modern biotechnology.
 Genetic Eng

iescher
bandages obts
firs

1096 Genetics A v e r yp r o v i c

a u u EO a c t e

54.2. GENETIC ENGINEERINNG Watson a n d

S o fF
The recent off-shoot of biotechnology research is genetic engineering which involves
splicing, recombinant DNA cloning and tissue culture technology. Smitn (1996)
gene
has defined geneti
esults

Kornber8
netic
engineering as "the formation of new combinations of herntable material by the insertion of nucleic DNA prob

acid molecules produced by whatever means outside the cell, 1nto any virus, bacterial plasmid
other vector system so as to allow their incorporation in which they do not naturally occur bu i Marmur
feasibility
which they continue propagation. The relationship of biotechnology and genetic engineering has
Arperpr
been depicted in Fig. 54.1
GENETIC ENGINEERING leading t
e.g. insulin, human growth hormone, and H.Sn

somatotrophin (BST), pest resistance,

neroicide resistance, transgenic animas, Lederbe
ensgenIC plants, digestion of ol, vaccines ec. nuclease
FERMENTERS
design and use o fementers MINING
extraction of metals by
Nirenbe
and other manutacturing
bioleaching Gellert
equipment
FOOD AND DRINK Messels

new and traditional

single cell protein ENZYME TECHNOLOGY K12.
.dairy products biological washing powders Howan

pectinase in fruit juices

baking rennet ransc:

Drewing
biosensors
BIOTECHNOLOGY many others comp
TREATMENT OF WASTE R.A.
Paperwastes MEDICAL PRODUCTS symb

waste oil products hormones eg. insulin, BST

human growtn normone
21973 DNA

Sewage treatment .drugs

mining spoil Boy
.domestic waste antibiotics e.g. penicillin
monoclonal antibodies Cal
toxIC waste
agricuitural waste vaccines .C
CHEMICALS
ethanol
Biogas methane acetone E
Gasohol (ethanol)
. butanol of
polymers
AGRICULTURE AND HORTICULTURE
genetically engineered pest resistancee WIS-1977 S
.genetically engineered herbicide resistance
transgenic animals
transgenic plants
Silage 977
nitrogen fixation
cloning of plants from tissue culture
91-1982

Fig. 54.1.
Some of the applications of biotechnology. Categories are not rigid and
Genetic engineering is an important technique in biotechnology. It can bemay overlap.in
involved 198T
any of the categories shown in order to improve microorganisms, plants and animals
Protein Engineering 1982
It is a new field of
biotechnology in which
mutagenesis techniques are used to develop new
enzymes for biotechnologicalpurposes. For example,
985
of
careful allerations
to the amino acid
sequences
subtilisin, an
enzyme used in biological washing powders have resulted in engineering versions 1984
with greater resistances to the thermal and
bleaching (oxidative) stresses encountered in washing
machines.
 rofesslon

VALLABH P
mailevallabhpa

Basic
Genetic Engineering Principles of Gene 1097
and Clonin
Miescher first 1solated DNA Developm
History
pment o
1869
bandages ODlained from a nearby Transgenic Technology
provided evidence that hosnitat od cells harvested from pus-soakca
during bacteri transformati DNA, rather protein, carries the
the genetic
atson and geneuc information
results of Crickproposed
Franklin double-helix model for DNA structure based on X-ray
and Wilkins.
Kornberg discovered DNA polymerase,
1955 DNA probes. the enzyme
now used to
produce a
Marmur ana Douy scovered DNA renaturation
1961
feasibility
of nucleic acid
hybridization establishing the specificity aand
Arber providea une nrst evidence for reactions.
the
962

leading their purnicauon and use in DNAexistence

to of DNA restriction nucie
and H.Smith. sequence characterization by Na
Lederberg ana vesseison coined the term
restriction
964
nuclease enzymes hat destroys ('restrict"') any endonuclease
foreign DNA entering to
thedescribeu
host cell.
Nirenberg, Ochoa and Khorana
explained the
Gellert discovered DNA ligase, the enzyme usedgenetic code.
Yoo

to join DNA
967

Messelson and Yuan isolated and studied the first restriction fragments together.
1968 endonuclease from E.co
K12.
Howard Temin and Davin Baltimore independently discovered the enzyme
1969
transcriptase from retroviruses. Later on, this was used to construct a DNA Callea reversc
complementary DNA (CDNA) from any RNA.
R.A.Dixon and J.R.POstgate transferred nif-genes of Klebsiella pneunmoniae (a non
972

symbiotic nitrogen fixing bacterium) into E.coli cells by conjugation.

n t073 DNA cloning or recombinant DNA tehcniques were developed by the laboratories o
Boyer, Cohen and Berg and their collagues at Stanford University and Universitry of
California at San Francisco.
S.Cohen and H.Boyer developed a recombinant plasmid (pSC 101) which when used
1973 as vector replicated well in the bacterial host cell.
Edwin M.Southern developed a technique (gel-transfer hybridization) for the detection
1975 of specific DNA fragments for isolation of a gene from complex mixture of DNA.
This method is called Southern blotting technique.
1075-1977 Sanger and Barrell and Maxam and Gilbert developed rapid DNA-sequencing
method.
one of the first successes in the
1977
K.Itakura, T.Hirose, R.Crea, and colleagues got
recombinant the hormone somatostatin by E.coli.
protein,
production of a mice; Sprealing and Rubin produced
1981-1982 Palmiter and Brinster produced transgenic
transgenic fruit flies.
of yeast
H.L.Levine and collegues made the first use
R.A.Hitzeman, F.E.Hagie, interferom.
1981 in the production
of recombinant protein, i.e.,
(Saccharomyces cerevisiae) Alamos
database was established at Losa
GenBank, NIH's public genetic sequence
1982
National Laboratory. animals.
first used the term transgenie in case ot
1983 Gordon and Ruddle He demonstrated that
the technique of DNA fingerprinting.
1984 Alec Jeffreys developed These are called
mini-satellites

chromosomes had regions

of non-coding DNA.
human
individuals. This is
called DNA fingerprinting.
and c a n be used to identily
 1098 Geneties

PCR techniqe
1985 Kary Mullis invented targeted
introdeed methexs
for
perlo ming gene
1987 Cnperchi and Smithles
in mouse embryonic stem cells.
replaceme
D.W.Salter and L.B.Critenden have p r d ccd an ALV (Avian Lenkoni
1988
resistant strain of he chicke
Viry
Fieds and Song developed the yeast two- hybricd sysiem for identifying and a
1989 tudying
protcinand
Olson interaction
colleagues described sequence- tagged sites, nique stretches of tw.
1989 A fho
chronosomes
human
are used tophysical maps of
make
A.J. Clark produced a transgenic sheet that could secrele Taclor X (a blord ci
1990
protein) in the millk.
ting
Lipman and colleagues released BLAST (i.e., Basic Local Alignment Search
1990
an aligorithm used to search for homology between DNA and protein sequences
(Algorism is any method of computation usine Arabic notation ).
Simon and colleagucs studicd how to efficiently use bacterial artificial chro
1990
BACs, to cary large pieces of
cloned human DNA for sequencing
romoseme
Lalji Singh at CCMB, Hyderabad developed a new technique of DNA fingern
primting
1991
by using BKM-DNA probe (BKM stands for banded krait minor satellite)

automated DNA sequence technoloey

1991 Hood and Hunkapillar introduced new

Venter and colleagues sequenced the first complete genome that of the bac
1995 bacteriu
Haemophilus influenzae.
1996 Goffeau and an international consortium of researcherS announce the compietion of
the first genome sequence of an eukaryote, the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae

1996 Andrew Smith and Ute Kramer at the University of Oxford have transferreds
the
genes responsible for the super-accumulation of nickel from slow-growing Ae
yssum
lesbiacunm into fast-growing plant such as cauliflower.

1996-1997 Lockhart and colleagues and Brown and DeRisi produced DNA microarrays, which
allows the simultaneous monitoring of thousands of genes.

1998 Sulston and Waterston and colleagues produced the first complete sequence of a
multicellular organism, the nematode worm Caenorhabditis elegans.
2000 J.Tal used adeno-associated virus-based vectors in gene therapy.
2001 Consortia of rescarchers announce the completion of dralt human genome sequence

2007 Richard Gross used plant-oil to develop "bio-plastic which was then broken dow
into fuel (bio diesel) with the help of a naturally occurmng enzyme, cutinase of parasites
which eat through shiny surfaces of tree leaves. The gene of this enzyme was cloned
in bacterium E.coli for its mass production (see M.Wald, Indian Express April t0
2007).
Some Milestones of Recombinant Technology
1976 First prenatal diagnosis was done by using gene specific probe.
1977 Development of the technique for rapid DNA sequencing: discovery of split genes
and somatostanin by recombinant DNA (DNA)
1979 Isulin was synthesized by using ilDNA, list viral antigen
1980 Gene synthiesis machines were developed. Toal synthe sis of lEN A thuman leukocyte
inierferon gene), 514 base pairs long, Was achieved and published
1981 Foot and nouth disease viral antigen was cloned
 u m a n Values and Profesel

VALLABH PE
maflevallabhp

Basic
nercial production of E.coli Principles of Gene Clonim 1099
/982
of
cloning and characterizationof
me
1solation,

genetically
y ngincered human
Engincered 11-plasmid was
Insertion of cloned gene fromnssed to
us Nan cancer
insulin
gene were donc.
is
startca
1983

transform plants.
Tirus 985
glyphosphate. d
ino
tobacco plant to make resistant
Developmentor gene gun. hero
dyin 9 8 9
First field test or
geneticaly engineering virus
caterpillars.
(baculovirus) that kills cabbage ooper
Atha 1990
Production ot first transformed corn.
Production nrst ransgenic
or

otin 1991

first test of gene tnerapy on pigs and goats; Manufacture of

human
The Flavr Savr
human cancer
patients. hach obin
1994 tomato
food was approved Tor
was
introduced; the first case of
gentically engineered whole
sale. Fully human monoclonal antibodies
ces genetically engineered mice. were producca "

World's first mammalian clone (sheep

1997

cell of an adult animal through Dolly) was developed from

Some, non-reprodu
a

and coworkers at Roslin Institute,cloning by nuclear transplantation (by Ian Wilmu

A hybrid of goat and Edinburgh, Scotland).
snting 1998 sheep. named geepwas produced.
54.3. WHAT IS GENE
CLONING ?
cloning or genetic engineering includes the following essential steps (Fig. 54.2).
um Cene isolation. In this step the desired gene is identified, isolated and purified. A variey
of enzymes are used in this
n of
reaction.

the . Selectionof vector. A vector

is a self-replicating molecule of
BSm molecule with
DNA. Vector
foreign DNA inserted is known
uch as chimeric DNAVector acts
as carrier and tran_Sports the
gene into the host cell.

3. Cloning of desired gene.

Multiple copies of desired gene
Ce. can be obtained by placing
them in hoOst cells with the help
ites vector. Here, the desired
of
ed with the vector is
gene along
, amplified.
transfer. The
4. Specific gene
finally
gene of interest IsS
transferred to host cell.
Transformed cells are selected, Gene cloning to produce transgenics.
S
multiplied and allowed to
an1mals.
produce transgenic plants and The desired gene expresses the product in new environment
desired genes.
5. Expression of
desired trait.u
of host, thus, the a thermostable DNA polymerase
More recently, poly1merase chain
reaction PCR) involvingof DNA segment of choice. PCR
obtain millions of copies
has been uscd to
of research in the tield of genetic
(laq polymerase) replace genc cloning
in certain areas

technique may eventually

engineering.
 Genetie
1100 recormbinart DNA rolooule
of a
1.construction

OL O-vector agion
or DNA

bacterm
2. transport into
the host cell

3. multiplication of the
recombinant DNA molecule

4. division of the host cel

OO
OO

5. numerous cell dividions

result in a clone

Fig. 54.2. The basic events in a gene cloning experiment.

54.4. SCOPE OF GENETIC ENGINEERING
The current excitement about modern
has
biotechnology is due to manner in which this
pushed organisms beyond their natural abilities by genetic SCIence
Nature has equipped engineenng and hybridoma
every organism with the capacity to pertorm wihin an technolo
nology
system. Modern optimum or
biotechnology has manipulated the genetic material ot the organism by balancai
1oreign genes. The pupose is to
push the organism to do things it did never before. introducine
Benetically manipulate organisms right from viruses to mammals led to the
Ability
advocated as the genomic revolution
third technological revolution tollowing the industial revolution and
revolulion. Genomic revolution has compe
introducedfollowing
.Genonmics, Computer-based study and designing fields:
new

of
genomics Was coined recently 1986 by Thomas Roderickgenome calledthe genomics. The term
in
is

o mapping, sequencing and analyzing desenibe scientific

to

to genomes. H.Winkler 1920 had coined the temdiscipline

mplicale the conplete set of chromosomal
in
genoe
and
an
organclle virus, In fact,
or a exlna- chromosomal genes of oganism, cell an a

(HGP) in the mid-1980's. genomics began with the conception of the Iuman Genome Project
 M 0noyY-CK K
VWe Professional

VALCABH PRE
moll@vallabhpral

Basic
(umi Genome Project 0iGP). PrincipleB of Gene Clomi 1101
ving objectives:
HGP is an
oinant genetic and physicalinternational research: pro
oll To the detailed has

olecule rmine the

2 tore information compicle
in nuclcotide
database.
map of human
sequence of human genome.
3.
4.
1cate the estimated S0,000 to
DNA.
ddress 100,000
the ethical, legal and social genes within
5.
10form similar analysis on issues the human genome
of HGP the (ELSI) that may arise from the
was to genomes of
several other pro
The gates, the Humansequence an
Genome estimated three billion baseorganisms
he
Un map and sequence the
Project officially pairs of the uman genome.
started on October , hum
complete
chromosomes, as1we those
set of human of
a

uy

Human Genome Project.

GenomiCS.
madel organisms. Almost the whole human genome has been sequenced and chromosome
seve heen developed in various laboratories world-wide
miapame mapping was completed by March 2003. There are through
aboutcoordinated efforts. genes
33,000 functional Humanin
cn More than 97% genes are non-functional. They do not encode any polypeptide chain.
T h e 33,000 genes or numan Delngs are on a microchip. It has helped to design specific drugs
fic diseases, for which there is no clue so far. For example, a
specific gene -Her-2Neuof
rexDresses in breast cancer paients. A designed drug. called Herceptin is good for treatment
ove ca
ncer. Thus. the field of genomis has helped the growth of pharmacological, toxicological
arotein studies of animals. This trend initiated the origin of entirely new branches such as
proter
harmacogenomies, toxicogenomics and proteogenomics.
Some achievements of genomics are the following:
ence 1. Availability ot recombinant proteins such as insulin (called humulin) made from bacteria
ogy. hiopharming) has saved millions of pigs from being slaughtered.
Nced
2. Production of monoclonal anuibodies by fusion of cancerous cells with B cells of immunized
CIng
to mice 3. Production of Golden rice (a transgenic plant) by incorporating three genes required tor

of vitamin A in Taipei rice.

ler production
4. Engineering of insect-resistant plants by the addition of gene for one of the insecticidal
tOxin of Bacillus thuringiensis (B1) has improved the yield of cotton by seven percent per acre, and
insecticide applications in the field.
Ne has reduced
5. Initiated the production ol genetically engineered tomatoes, called Flavr savr.
IL Proteomics. Study of all the proleins present on genome ot an organism using computer
I, is called proteomics. Thus, large scale characterization of the entire protein complement of cells.
advances made
The growlh of proteomics is a direct result of
tissues and organisms is protcomics.
 1102 Genetic

spots gest mucti

isolate pollen or
pro
noype
spemm proleins
tissue

VeTn

2-DE

rypsin pieo

fragrierts

sciex OsTAR
spot matching sequence O-MALDI MS: peptide mass mapping
quantificaton database
Tandem MS: peptide sequenceing
profiling
Proteomics: Characterization of the entire protein complement of the ells

various genomes. wilthout this development

nucleotide sequencing ol
in large-Scale rotein
identification would have been difficult.
t is important to have information about the proteins because they are responsihla
ble or the
phenotype of the cells. It is impossible to understand mechanism or diseases, aging, etc
and their modifications, droby
the genome. Only by understanding protein function
studying
for various diseases can be identified. One of the chier aims Or proteormics is to create t s
dimensional map of a cell indicating where proteins
are located. three
The proteome of a given cell is dynamic. In response to intermal and external cues. bio
machinery of the cell could be modulated. This could lead to several changes in the proteinechemica
as post-translational modifications, changes in cellular localization, effect on their synthesie uch
degradation. Thus. examination of a proteome is like taking a "snapshot of the protein environ and
onment
at a given time.
IDL. Bioinformatics. The field of genomics relies upon biointornmatics which may be
as application of information sciences (mathematics, statisties and computer sciences) to i defined
the understanding of biology, biochemistry and biological data. In other words, bioinformaticsmeans
meam
increas
the management and analysis of biological information stored in dalabases. Bioinformatics developed
after automated protein and DNA sequencing technologies was introduced around the mid 1970
970
In the mid to late 1980s researchers started to use compuers as central sequence repository, from

where the data could be accessed remotely.

IV. Bioremediation. Bioremediation Is the use ot micr0organisms to detoxify pollutants
present in he environment usually as soil or water sediments. The pollutants cause severe healh
ealth
problems. Microorganisms which show potential to degradation of oil, pesticides and fertilse
belong to the genera of bacteria, e.g., Pseudomonas, Micrococcus, Bacillus, and fungi, e.g., Candid
tilisers
Cladosporium, Torulopsis, Trichoderma, etc.

QUESTIONS AND PROBLEMS

.Define biotcchnology.genetic engincering and protein engineering.
Dilferentiale between old biotechnology and modem biotechnology.
Explain in bricf gene cloning.
4. Wrile an essay on History of Genctic Engineerng.
5. Wrile about the scope ol genctic cngnceng.
6. Define the lollowing: 1. HGP; 2. Genomics, .
P'roteonmies, .
Biomtornaties, and
Bioremediation
 uman value and Profe

VALLAB
mellevalt

Basic
Principles
Gene of
Cloning
MULTIPLE CHOICE QUESTIONS 1103

he correct answer from

(hoose 1.
the four
nction of foreign gene lor .
(d) all of the
above
genolype is called improving when the
genotype of
(a) tissue culture
proved by the addition an
the
organism
of forcign
genes
(b) vemalization process is called
(a) biotcchnology
(c)genetic engineering 6) tissue culture
(d) eugenics

The Science ot enginecering and technolog Benetic engineering

a) genetic diversity
plied to life sciences is What does Bt stand for in popular CTOP
(a) genetic engineering of Bt cotton?
(b) pathology (a) biotechnology
(c) biotechnology (b) Bacilus tomentOsd
(d) biological science (c) Bacillus thuringiensis
Genetic engineering is used in (d) none of these
protein 3.
(a) gene therapy
(b) vaccne production
O.Gene recombinant technology is used 1or
(a) vectorless
gene transfer into targe
TOr the (c) obtaining transgenic plants cell
elv (d) all the above (b) vector based gene transfer into targee
targets 4. The
term humulin is used for cell
three (a) hydrolytic enzyme (c) direct transfer of DNA
protein
(b) human insulin complex
enical (c) isoenzyme (d) liposome base direct gene transter
into target cell
Suci (d) an antibiotic
9. Complementary DNA is produced from
S and
Genetic engineering
is
5. (a) DNA dependent RNA polymerase
ment (a) plastic surgery
(b) addition or removal of genes (b) DNA polymerase
fned (c) study of extranuclear genes (Creverse transcriptase
(d) DNA helicase
rease
eans
oped ANSWERs

irom 1. (C) 2. () 3. (d) (b) 5. (b) 6. (a)S

7. (C) 8. (b) 9. (c)
ants,
alth
sers
1a,