CHAPTER 11

IMMUNITY IN HUMANS

11.1 BODY DEFENCE

Lysozyme

Mucous
membrane
skin
Hydrochloric
acid
Mechanism of
blood clotting
The first line of
defence

The second line of defence

inflammation
 phagocytosis

Fever

The third line of defence

11.2 actions of antibodies

Agglutination
-antibodies coagulate the pathogens
-make them an easy target to be trapped
-destroyed by phagocytes
 Neutralisation

-antibodies bind with toxins produced by bacteria

-neutralise the toxin

Precipitation

-antibodies react with dissolved antigens to form an insoluble

complex (precipitate) that is easily destroyed by phagocytes
 opsonisation
-antibodies combine with antigens
-act as marker for phagocytes to recognise antigen and destroy
them

Lysis
-antibodies combine with antigens and cause bacteria to be
broken down and decomposed
 11.3 types of immunity

Similarities
-protects body from infectious diseases
-involves interaction between antibodies and antigens
differences
aspect Artificial active Artificial passive immunity
immunity
Acquired Through vaccine Through antiserum injection
injection
effect Not immediate Immediate protection
protection
 11.4 health issues related to human immunity

Hiv transmission