Bearing system

(unsupported rail shown)

work in progress

X direction cutting force (N)

X
gress
VERTICAL LOAD CAUSING GANTRY TOP Z BENDING (SAG) &
X DIRECTION CUTTING CAUSING GANTRY TOP TWISTING AND X DIRECTION BENDING
STEP 1. DIAGRAM

Point load (N)

(=mass in kg x 9.81)

depth

end condition GANTRY TOP end condition

width

distance tool to beam Twist due to X

centre (mm) direction cutting
(Nmm)

X direction cutting force (N)

L gantry length

Z
X

Y
 Look up tables
1. Tool cutting forces (cutting material)
Cutting
force (N) Option selected
Wood 5 Cutting force
Alum 50
Steel 75
Add your own . . .

2. Construction material properties

Young's Mod
mod Density rigidity
(N/mm2) (kg/mm3) (N/mm2)
Steel 2.00E+05 7.9E-06 79300 Option selected
Alum 6.90E+04 2.6E-06 24000 Material
Wood 1.30E+04 5.3E-07 13000
Add your own . . .

3. End condition for bending

Factor Option selected

Simply supported (e.g hinge) 48 End condition

Semi-supported (e.g basic bracket) 96
Fully supported (e.g. welded) 192

Shape selector list

BOX SECTION
TUBE SECTION
I BEAM
RHS
PLATE SECTION
Channel
Commercial aluminium profile (Hepco etc.)
 STEP 2. LOAD CASE INFORMATION
INPUTS PURPLE
OUTPUTS YELLOW

COMMON DATA REQUIRED FOR BOTH

L length 1600 mm

Alum
Construction material

Z LOAD: DATA REQUIRED FOR BENDING (sag) CALC

Point load applied to centre of beam 196.2 N

End condition for bending Semi-supported (e.g basic bracket)

X LOAD: DATA REQUIRED FOR TWISTING AND X BENDING CALC

distance tool to beam centre 500 mm

Alum
Cutting material

Torque due to cutting 25000 Nmm

End condition for twisting Fixed

Option selected
Cutting force Alum 50

Option selected
Alum 69000 2.6E-06 24000 69000 2.6E-06 24000

Option selected

End condition Semi-supported (e.g basic bracket) 96

 STEP 3. GEOMETRY
ALL SECTIONS ARE SIDE VIEWS OF GANTRY

BOX SECTION

BOX SECTION 80w 80d 3t

depth thickness

(= kg x 9.81) x x

width

Geometry> width 80

depth 80

thickness 3

Ixx outer 3413333.33333

Ixx inner 2498881.33333

Ixx TOTAL 914452
XS outer 6400
XS inner 5476
XS total 924
Iyy outer 3413333.33333
Iyy inner 2498881.33333
Iyy TOTAL 914452
Z deflection Z bending
from gantry sag deflection 0.133
deflection 132.67
stiffness 1478.84

X deflection torsion
from gantry twisting twisting constant K 1369599.00
during X direction cut angular deflection 0.00030423
STEP 4. RESULTS

angular deflection 0.01743211

torsional stiffness 1434135
tool deflection 0.15212385953
tool deflection 152.123859528
X deflection X bending
from gantry bending deflection 0.034
STEP 4. RESU
during X direction cut 33.8102758768

X deflection TOTAL X total

sum of bending deflection 0.18593
and twisting results

Properties volume 1478400

mass 3.84
STEP 5. DESIGN SELECTION

Select section to use RHS

RHS
for final analysis

Z deflection total 0.132672 mm

X deflection total 0.185934 mm
 TUBE SECTION

TUBE SECTION 80OD 74ID

y
outer diameter
inner dia

thickness
x x
x

mm

mm outer diameter 80 mm

mm inner diameter 74 mm

mm4 Ixx outer 2007040 mm4

mm4 Ixx inner 1469342.224 mm4

mm4 Ixx TOTAL 537697.776 mm4
mm2 XS outer 5026.5482457 mm2
mm2 XS inner 4300.8403428 mm2
mm2 XS total 725.70790298 mm2
mm4 Iyy outer
mm4 Iyy inner
mm4 Iyy TOTAL 537697.776 mm4
Z bending
mm deflection 0.226 mm
um deflection 225.63 um
N/mm stiffness 869.56 N/mm

torsion
twisting constant K 1077313.38
radians angular deflection 0.0003868 radians
deg angular deflection 0.0221616 deg
Nmm/deg torsional stiffness 1128077 Nmm/deg
mm tool deflection 0.1933965486 mm
microns tool deflection 193.39654861 microns
X bending
mm deflection 0.058 mm
microns 57.500469178 microns

X total
mm deflection 0.25090 mm

mm3 volume 1161133 mm3

kg mass 3.02 kg
 I BEAM

I BEAM 80w 80d 3t RHS 80w 80d 3t

y

Tf
depth
depth
x x
x

Tw

width
y

width 80 mm

depth 80 mm width

Tf (flange thickness) 3 mm depth

Tw (web thickness) 3 mm thickness

depth 2 74 Ixx outer

Ixx 813146.00 mm4 Ixx inner

Ixx TOTAL 813146.00 mm4 Ixx TOTAL
XS outer
XS inner
XS total 702 mm2 XS total
Iyy outer
Iyy inner
Iyy TOTAL 256166.5 mm4 Iyy TOTAL
Z bending Z bending
deflection 0.149 mm deflection
deflection 149.20 um deflection
stiffness 1315.01 N/mm stiffness

torsion torsion
twisting constant K 2157.84 twisting constant K
angular deflection 0.19309 radians angular deflection
angular deflection 11.06431 deg angular deflection
torsional stiffness 2259.5 Nmm/deg torsional stiffness
tool deflection 97.772652261099 mm tool deflection
tool deflection 97772.652261099 microns tool deflection
X bending X bending
deflection 0.121 mm deflection
 120.69444832223 microns

X total X total
deflection 97.89335 mm deflection

volume 1123200 mm3 volume

mass 2.92 kg mass
RHS PLATE SECTION
y
PLATE SECTION 12w 80d
y

thickness

x depth

x x

y y

width width

80 mm width 12 mm

80 mm depth 80 mm

3 mm half width 6 mm

3413333.3333 mm4 half depth 40 mm

2498881.3333 mm4
914452 mm4 Ixx TOTAL 512000 mm4
6400 mm2 XS outer
5476 mm2 XS inner
924 mm2 XS total 960 mm2
3413333.3333 mm4 Iyy outer
2498881.3333 mm4 Iyy inner
914452 mm4 Iyy TOTAL 11520 mm4
Z bending
0.133 mm deflection 0.237 mm
132.67 um deflection 236.96 um
1478.84 N/mm stiffness 828.00 N/mm

torsion
1369599.00 twisting constant K 29570.40
0.00030423 radians angular deflection 0.01409067 radians
0.01743211 deg angular deflection 0.80739523 deg
1434135 Nmm/deg torsional stiffness 30964 Nmm/deg
0.1521238595 mm tool deflection 7.04631900748348 mm
152.12385953 microns tool deflection 7046.31900748348 microns
X bending
0.034 mm deflection 2.684 mm
33.810275877 microns 2683.84326355341 microns

X total
0.18593 mm deflection 9.73016 mm

1478400 mm3 volume 1536000 mm3

3.84 kg mass 3.993600 kg
 Channel Commercial aluminium profile
y
Channel 80w 80d y Commercial aluminium profile (Hepco etc.) 80w 80d

Tw
depth x x

x x
y
Tf ENTER BROCHURE Ixx & Iyy VALUE

y Ixx 600000

width Iyy 600000

wwidth 80 mm
i
d
depth 80 mm width 80
t
h
Tf (flange thickness) 3 mm depth 80

Tw (web thickness) 3 mm thickness 3

Ixx outer 3413333.33 mm4 Ixx outer 3413333.33

Ixx inner hole 2600187.33 mm4 Ixx inner 2498881.33

Ixx TOTAL 813146 mm4 Ixx TOTAL 914452
A 702 mm2 XS outer 6400
neutral axis distance from web 27.82 mm XS inner 5476
Iyy1 13653333.3 mm4 XS total 924
Iyy2 11261147.3 mm4 Iyy outer 3413333.33
Iyy3 1911021.55 mm4 Iyy inner 2498881.33
Iyy TOTAL 481164.449 mm4 Iyy TOTAL 914452
Z bending Z bending
deflection 0.149 mm deflection 0.133
deflection 149.20 um deflection 132.67
stiffness 1315.01 N/mm stiffness 1478.84

torsion torsion
twisting constant K 2106.00 twisting constant K 1369599.00
angular deflection 0.19784742 radians angular deflection 0.00030423
angular deflection ### deg angular deflection 0.01743211
torsional stiffness 2205 Nmm/deg torsional stiffness 1434135
tool deflection 100.242568 mm tool deflection 0.15212386
tool deflection 100242.568 microns tool deflection 152.12386
X bending X bending
deflection 0.064 mm deflection 0.034
 64.2563566 microns 33.8102759

X total X total
deflection 100.30682 mm deflection 0.18593

volume 1123200 mm3 volume 1478400

mass 2.92 kg mass 3.84
 Calculating Ixx values for more complex shapes (using paral

INPUTS PURPLE
Commercial aluminium profile (Hepco etc.) OUTPUTS YELLOW

profile (Hepco etc.) 80w 80d

Instructions for this section

x
1. Draw your special shape similar to example shown

2. Enter the (b) and (d) dimensions for each rectangle

URE Ixx & Iyy VALUE 3. Draw a DATUM line at the lowest point on the obje

mm4 4. Enter the distance from the centre of each rectang

mm4 5. The Neutral Axis location will be calculated, which

6. The Neutral Axis is the location of ZERO stress, so

mm Adjust these 3 parameters 7. The total summed I value for the special shape is s

mm until these values are similar 8. The deflection for this section is then shown below

mm to brochure figures

mm4 Ixx VALUE auto inserted from over there

mm4 You have now created an

mm4 equivalent RHS section second moment area 1974024
mm2
mm2
mm2
mm4
mm4
mm4
bending
mm deflection 0.061
um deflection 61.46
N/mm stiffness 3192.37

torsion
twisting constant K
radians angular deflection
deg angular deflection
Nmm/deg torsional stiffness
mm tool deflection
microns tool deflection

mm
microns

mm

mm3
kg
complex shapes (using parallel axis theorem)

shape similar to example shown below (table allows up to 16)

) dimensions for each rectangle into the Neutral Axis table

e at the lowest point on the object, similar to the example below

rom the centre of each rectangle to this datum into the Neutral Axis table

cation will be calculated, which is quoted as a distance from the arbitrary DATUM

the location of ZERO stress, so stiff shapes have most material far away from this line

value for the special shape is shown in the lower table

his section is then shown below in yellow. These generic solid rectangles can b

erted from over there

mm4 1 Neutral axis calculation

Part
1
2
3
4
2 3 5
6
mm X X 7
um 8
N/mm 9
4
10
NA 5 11
12
radians y 13
deg 7 14
Nmm/deg 6 15
h
mm 16
microns 8
Datum
Second moment of area
 part
KEY 1
= centroid (centre of rectangle) 2
DATUM = arbitrary line drawn at bottom of shape, by you 3
NA = Neutral axis - position is calculated for you 4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13

14
15
16
 b

e generic solid rectangles can be arranged to create more detailed shapes (e.g. 2 pieces of 40x80x3 RHS):

Neutral axis calculations (NA)

b d Area centroid distance from datum (h)
40 3 120 118.5
3 74 222 80
3 74 222 80
40 3 120 41.5
80 3 240 38.5
3 34 102 20
3 34 102 20
80 3 240 1.5
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
50.00

Second moment of area calculations

IxCG (local mm4) y (centroid distance from NA) A (local area mm2) A x y2
90 68.50 120 563070
101306 30.00 222 199800
101306 30.00 222 199800
90 -8.50 120 8670
180 -11.50 240 31740
9826 -30.00 102 91800
9826 -30.00 102 91800
180 -48.50 240 564540
0 -50.00 0 0
0 -50.00 0 0
0 -50.00 0 0
0 -50.00 0 0
0 -50.00 0 0

0 -50.00 0 0
0 -50.00 0 0
0 -50.00 0 0
TOTAL I value
mm from datum
Contribution to Ixx (mm4)
563160
301106
301106
8760
31920
101626
101626
564720
0
0
0
0
0

0
0
0
1974024 mm4
Y DIRECTION CUTTING CAUSING GANTRY SIDES CANTILEVER BENDING

STEP 1. DIAGRAM

B distance gantry top to

ballscrew (mm)

ballnut force (N)

gantry side member
GANTRY
force (N)

H height
(mm)
Y direction cutting side thickness
force (N)

Baseframe

Z
Some worked examples . . . .

45
deflection (um)

40
open bearing
profile bearing
35

30

25

20

15

10

0
5 10 gantry side thickness
15 (mm) 20

8
deflection (um)

7
open bearing
profile bearing

3
 profile bearing

deflect
6

0
0 50 distance
100 of ballscrew
150away from top
200 of gantry (mm)
250 300
top of
gantry

Look up tables
1. Tool cutting forces
Cutting
force (N) Option selected
Wood 5 Cutting force
Alum 50
Steel 75
Add your own . . .

2. Construction material properties

Young's Mod
mod Density rigidity
(N/mm2) (kg/mm3) (N/mm2)
Steel 2.00E+05 7.9E-06 79300 Option selected
Alum 6.90E+04 2.6E-06 24000 Material
Wood 1.30E+04 5.3E-07 13000
Add your own . . .

Shapes list
PLATE SECTION
BOX SECTION
TUBE SECTION
I BEAM
RHS
Channel
 STEP 2. LOAD CASE INFORMATION
INPUTS PURPLE
OUTPUTS YELLOW

Assumes perfect connection between gantry top and side

Boundary conditions: Top end guided (i.e. gantry resists torsion), bottom end simple (open bearing) or fixed (profile rail be

Y LOADS

Cutting material Wood

Gantry side material Alum

Height H 300

Dist top to ballscrew B 150

thickness

Y
 Worked example, varying thickness of aluminium sides
5N cutting force (wood)
H height 300mm
X distance to ballscrew 150mm
Plate section sides, 300mm wide, 12mm thick
open bearing gantry side open bearing profile bearing
profile bearing thickness tool deflection tool deflection
(mm) (um) (um)
6 41.516 7.548
9 12.301 2.237
12 5.189 0.944
15 2.657 0.483
18 1.538 0.280000
21 0.968 0.176
24 0.649 0.118
As thickness of sides increases, tool deflection
rapidly decreases then tails off with diminishing
returns

This is because the sides are in bending, and bending

stiffness is related to the thickness^3 (cubed).
Small increases in thickness rapidly become very stiff.

In other words upgrading from 6mm sides to 9mm sides gives a

large improvement. But upgrading from 21mm to 24mm gives
only a very small further improvement.

20 25

Worked example, varying location of ballscrew

5N cutting force (wood)
H Height 300mm
open bearing Aluminium sides 12mm thick
profile bearing Plate section, 300mm wide, 12mm thick
Ballscrew open bearing profile bearing
distance (B) tool deflection tool deflection
(mm) (um) (um)
0 7.548 1.887
50 7.251 1.747
 profile bearing

100 6.43 1.398

150 5.189 0.944
200 3.634 0.489000
250 1.87 0.14
300 0 0
As the ballscrew location is moved from the top (B=0) to the bottom
of the gantry (B=300), the deflection of the tool decreases.
This is because the bending moment on the gantry side decreases
as the reaction force moves closer to the bearing

In other words, a reduction in gantry deflection (I.e tool deflection)

can be achieved simply by locating the ballscrew as low down as
possible.
y (mm)
250 300 350 Obviously level with the bearings (B=300) is probably impractical,
bottom of the limit probably being clearance to clear the workpiece.
gantry (next
to bearings)

Option selected
Cutting force Wood 5

Option selected
Alum 69000 2.6E-06 24000 69000 2.6E-06
 STEP 3. GANTRY SIDE PLATE GEOMETRY
ALL VIEWS ARE TOP VIEWS OF GANTRY SIDES
ENSURE WIDTH AND DEPTH ARE CORRECTLY ORIENTED RELATIVE TO GANTR

PLATE SECTION

ring) or fixed (profile rail bearing) PLATE SECTION 1800w 12d

259200

width

mm

mm

depth

width

depth

Ixx TOTAL

cross section total

gantry top view

STEP 4. Results

Simply supported
open bearings
Gantry/Tooly 0.001
Gantry/Tooly 0.865

Fully supported Gantry/Tooly 0.000

profile rail bearings
Fully supported
profile rail bearings Gantry/Tooly 0.157

STEP 5. DESIGN SELECTION

Select section to use PLATE SECTION
PLATE SECTION
for final analysis

Select support type simple open bearings

for final analysis simple
fully open bearings
supported bearings
simple open bearings

Gantry Y deflection 0.0008649

24000
LY ORIENTED RELATIVE TO GANTRY TOP MEMBER - see pictures below

BOX SECTION

CTION 1800w 12d BOX SECTION 80w 80d 3t

x
914452
x

thickness
width

depth x

1800 mm width 80 mm

12 mm width 80 mm

thickness 3 mm

sec mom outer 3413333.333 mm4

sec mom inner 2498881.333 mm4

259200 mm4 Ixx TOTAL 914452 mm4

cross section outer 6400 mm2
cross section inner 5476 mm2
21600 mm2 cross section total 924 mm2

antry top view

gantry top view

esults

mm Gantry/Tool dy 0.00025 mm Gantry/Tooly

um Gantry/Tool dy 0.245 um Gantry/Tooly

mm Gantry/Tool dy 0.00004 mm Gantry/Tooly

 um Gantry/Tool dy 0.045 um Gantry/Tooly

ION

0.0008649
n bearings 0.0001573

mm
TUBE SECTION I BEAM

TUBE SECTION 80OD 74ID I BEAM 80w 80d 3t

x
537697.776 813146.00 x
outer
diameter
inner dia thickness

width

depth
x
x

outer diameter 80 mm width 80

inner diameter 74 mm depth 80

thickness 3

sec mom outer 2007040 mm4 depth 2 74

sec mom inner 1469342.224 mm4 sec 1 3413333.33

sec 2 2600187.33
Ixx TOTAL 537697.776 mm4 Ixx TOTAL 813146.00
cross section outer 5026.548246 mm2
cross section inner 4300.840343 mm2
cross section total 725.707903 mm2 cross section total 702

gantry top view gantry top view

0.00042 mm Gantry/Tooly 0.00028 mm

0.417 um Gantry/Tooly 0.276 um

0.00008 mm Gantry/Tooly 0.00005 mm

0.076 um Gantry/Tooly 0.050 um
 RHS

RHS 120w 80d 3t

1270372 x

thickness thickness

width

depth

mm width 120 mm

mm depth 80 mm

mm thickness 3 mm

sec mom outer 5120000 mm4

mm4 sec mom inner 3849628 mm4

mm4
mm4 Ixx TOTAL 1270372 mm4
cross section outer 9600 mm2
cross section inner 8436 mm2
mm2 cross section total 1164 mm2

gantry top view

Gantry/Tooly 0.00018 mm Gantry/Tooly

Gantry/Tooly 0.176 um Gantry/Tooly

Gantry/Tooly 0.00003 mm Gantry/Tooly

Gantry/Tooly 0.032 um Gantry/Tooly
Channel

Channel 120w 80d 3t x

782936.5 thickness

width

depth

width 120 mm

depth 80 mm

thickness 3 mm

sec mom 1 5120000 mm4

sec mom 2 4337063.5 mm4

Ixx TOTAL 782936.5 mm4

cross section outer 9600 mm2
cross section inner 8436 mm2
cross section total 1164 mm2

gantry top view

0.00029 mm
0.286 um

0.00005 mm
0.052 um
X & Y cutting error (gantry top and sides bending and twisting)

Max permitted deflection

Permitted error 0.03 mm (enter your required cutting accuracy)
For safety, make this value smaller
than actually required
Estimated deflection
A = tool deflection on X axis 0.1859341354 mm (from X loads TAB)
B = tool deflection on Y axis 0.0008649104 mm (from Y loads TAB)

DESIGN STATUS
OK
Borderline
6.19780451349124
NOT OK

Z cutting error (gantry sag)

Max permitted deflection
Permitted error 0.2 mm (enter your required cutting accuracy)
For safety, make this value smaller
than actually required
Estimated deflection
tool deflection on Z axis 0.1326715225 mm (from Z loads TAB)

DESIGN STATUS
OK
Borderline
0.663357612703755
NOT OK
 Y d ire c t io n c u t tin g e rro r (m m )
g and twisting)

X Y cutting tool error

0.04 Max permitted

deflection
Estimated
cutting accuracy) 0.03 deflection

value smaller
0.02

0.01

0
-0.25 -0.2 -0.15 -0.1 -0.05 0 0.05 0.1 0.15 0.2 0.25
-0.01

-0.02

-0.03

-0.04
X direction cutting error (mm)
(m m )
Z d eflection (sag )

Z cutting tool error

0.25
cutting accuracy)
value smaller
0.2

0.15

0.2 0.132671522540751

0.1

0.05

0
Max permitted deflection Estimated deflection
ellipse X=A cos t
Y=B sin t
t X Y
0 0.185934 0
10 0.183109 0.00015
20 0.174721 0.000296
30 0.161024 0.000432
40 0.142434 0.000556
50 0.119516 0.000663
60 0.092967 0.000749
70 0.063593 0.000813
80 0.032287 0.000852
90 1.14E-17 0.000865
100 -0.032287 0.000852
110 -0.063593 0.000813
120 -0.092967 0.000749
130 -0.119516 0.000663
140 -0.142434 0.000556
150 -0.161024 0.000432
160 -0.174721 0.000296
170 -0.183109 0.00015
180 -0.185934 1.06E-19
190 -0.183109 -0.00015
200 -0.174721 -0.000296
210 -0.161024 -0.000432

220 -0.142434 -0.000556

230 -0.119516 -0.000663
240 -0.092967 -0.000749
250 -0.063593 -0.000813
260 -0.032287 -0.000852
270 -3.42E-17 -0.000865
280 0.032287 -0.000852
290 0.063593 -0.000813
300 0.092967 -0.000749
310 0.119516 -0.000663
320 0.142434 -0.000556
330 0.161024 -0.000432
340 0.174721 -0.000296
350 0.183109 -0.00015
360 0.185934 -2.12E-19
 status
X Y
0.03 0 6.197805
0.029544 0.005209 0.02883
0.028191 0.010261 6.197805
0.025981 0.015
0.022981 0.019284
0.019284 0.022981
0.015 0.025981
0.010261 0.028191
0.005209 0.029544
1.84E-18 0.03
-0.005209 0.029544
-0.010261 0.028191
-0.015 0.025981
-0.019284 0.022981
-0.022981 0.019284
-0.025981 0.015
-0.028191 0.010261
-0.029544 0.005209
-0.03 3.67E-18
-0.029544 -0.005209
-0.028191 -0.010261
-0.025981 -0.015

-0.022981 -0.019284
-0.019284 -0.022981
-0.015 -0.025981
-0.010261 -0.028191
-0.005209 -0.029544
-5.51E-18 -0.03
0.005209 -0.029544
0.010261 -0.028191
0.015 -0.025981
0.019284 -0.022981
0.022981 -0.019284
0.025981 -0.015
0.028191 -0.010261
0.029544 -0.005209
0.03 -7.35E-18
 Tool deflection due to gantry top BENDING when X AXIS cutting

10000
tool deflection (microns)

2683.84

1000

120.69
100
64.26
57.50

33.81 33.81 33.81

10
BOX SECTION TUBE SECTION I BEAM 80w 80d 3t RHS 80w 80d 3t PLATE SECTION Channel 80w 80d Commercial
80w 80d 3t 80OD 74ID 12w 80d aluminium profile
(Hepco etc.) 80w
80d
 Tool deflection in Z DIRECTION due to vertical load (router etc.) deflecting gantry top

250.00
236.96
225.63
tool deflection (microns)

200.00

149.20 149.20
150.00
132.67 132.67

100.00

50.00

0.00
BOX SECTION 80w TUBE SECTION I BEAM 80w 80d 3t RHS 80w 80d 3t PLATE SECTION 12w Channel 80w 80d
80d 3t 80OD 74ID 80d
 Tool deflection due to gantry top TWISTING when X AXIS cutting

1000000
tool deflection (microns)

97772.65 100242.57
100000

10000
7046.32

1000

193.40
152.12 152.12

100
BOX SECTION 80w TUBE SECTION I BEAM 80w 80d 3t RHS 80w 80d 3t PLATE SECTION 12w Channel 80w 80d
80d 3t 80OD 74ID 80d
 Tool deflection due to gantry sides BENDING when Y AXIS cutting
tool deflection (microns)

1.000
deflection - open bearings
deflection - profile bearings

0.100

0.010
0.86SECTION
PLATE 0.16 BOX0.25 0.0480w
SECTION 0.42SECTION
TUBE 0.08 0.2880w
I BEAM 0.05
80d 3t 0.18
RHS 0.03
120w 80d 3t 0.29120w
Channel 0.05
80d 3t
1800w 12d 80d 3t 80OD 74ID