Science 9

Quarter 2 Module 1 Week 1

. Learning Competencies (Essential Competencies)

Explain how the Quantum Mechanical Model of the atom describes the
energies and positions of the electrons.

WEEK 1 – DAY 1 – LOCATION OF ELECTRONS IN AN ATOM

Objective
Predict the probable location of electron/s in an atom (electron cloud,
Heisenberg's Uncertainty Principle)

Introduction
This module explained that an atom of any element contains a small and
compact positive nucleus surrounded by negatively charged electrons. Niels Bohr
explained that each of these orbits was assigned a certain energy value, so they
were called energy level or energy shells. This energy value is related to the
electron’s motion around the nucleus and is described to be fixed or quantized.
The electrons in the orbit closest to the nucleus were at the lowest possible energy
level called the ground state/level. The ground state is the most stable energy
state. The energy levels above the ground state are called the excited states/levels.
As electrons are found farther from the nucleus, they have higher and higher
energies.

Let’s Recall (Review)

Draw the structure of the atomic model of the following scientists.
1. Dalton atomic model 4. Bohr’s Planetary model
2. Rutherford’s atomic model 5. Charged- cloud model
3. Thomson’s Plum-Pudding model

Let’s Understand (Study the Concept)

Heisenberg’s Uncertainty Principle – states that there is no way to

determine both the exact location and momentum of tiny particles at the same
time. These plots look like subtle clouds with regions of flow and high electron
density. The resulting model is called the charge-cloud or quantum-mechanical
model. Let us consider the set up below.

Fig. 1: Set-Up on the Location of an Electron

Column A – the circle number based on the set-up
Column B – the average distance from the center (cm)
Column C - The formula for calculating the area of circle (column C) is A= r2
where: = 3.14.. For example, for a circle with a radius of 1 cm,
the area = 3.14 x 1 cm2 = 3.14 cm2
Column D - The calculated values in column (D) are the difference of the
areas of the two consecutive circles like for Circle 1 & 2;
28.26 – 3.14 = 25.12
Column E – it may vary, just count the number of dots per circle number
Column F – column E divided by column D. (ex. 5/25.12 = 0.1990)
Column G - To determine the percent probability of finding a dot in each
of the circle drawn on the target by multiplying no. of dots/cm2
(column D) by the total number of dots (100)

Percent probability = [no. of dots/cm2] x 100

= [5/25.12] x 100 = 19.90%
Let’s Apply

Compute and supply the data table below. The circle number 1 is your guide.
Circle Ave. Area of Difference No. of No. of Percent
Number Distance Circle, Areas of the Dots in Dots per Probabili
from the (cm2) Two Circle cm2 ty of
center Consecutive (E)/(D) Finding
(cm) Circles Dots, (%)
(cm2)
(A) (B) (C) (D) (E) (F)
(G)
1 1 cm 3.14 25.12 5 0.1990 19.90

Let’s Analyze
Using a graphing paper, plot the average distance from the center on the x-
axis and the number of dots per sq.cm on the y-axis.
Guide Questions:
1. Based on the graph, what is the distance with the highest probability of
finding a dot?
2. How many dots are found in the area where there is the highest probability
of finding dots?
3. How are the results similar to the distribution of electrons in an atom?

WEEK 1 – DAY 2 – ELECTRON CONFIGURATION

Objective

Describe electron configuration and write the correct electron configuration

of given elements

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 Let’s Recall (Review)
Identify what is being described in the following statements.

_________ 1. This energy value is related to the electron’s motion around the
nucleus and is described to be fixed or quantized.
_________ 2. The energy levels above the ground state as electrons are found
farther from the nucleus, they have higher and higher energies.
_________ 3. The energy level as electrons in the orbit closest to the nucleus was at
the lowest possible energy level.
_________ 4. It is stated that there is no way to determine both the exact location
and momentum of tiny particles at the same time.
_________ 5. These plots look like subtle clouds with regions of flow and high
electron density.

Let’s Understand (Study the Concept)

The Aufbau Principle - the word aufbau means “building up” in German.
The principle describes a hypothetical process in which the electrons are added
one at a time to the lowest energy orbitals available until all the electrons of atom
have been distributed.

Table 1. Maximum Number of Electrons

for Each Sublevel
Number Maximum
Sublevel of Number
Orbitals of Electrons
s 1 2
p 3 6
d 5 10
f 7 14
Fig. 2: Order in which orbits are filled with
electrons; Source: www.google.com
The Electron Configuration
The distribution of electrons among the orbitals of an atom is called the
atom’s electronic structure or electron configuration. The electron
configuration of an atom is represented by a number, a letter and a superscript.

Principal energy level

3s2 Number of electrons

Sublevel
Another way to show the electron configuration is to use an orbital
diagram in which each orbital is represented by a square, and arrows are used to
indicate the individual electrons. The arrowhead up (↑) represents the electron
spinning in the clockwise direction and the arrowhead down (↓) represents the
electron with the counterclockwise spin.
Let us consider the following sample problems:
1. Sodium has 11 electrons (11Na)
Electron configuration: 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s1 = 11
Orbital Diagram: 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s1
↑↓ ↑↓ ↑↓ ↑↓ ↑↓ ↑

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 2. Aluminum has 13 electrons (13Al)
Electron Configuration: 1s22s22p63s23p1 = 13
Orbital Diagram:
1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p1
↑↓ ↑↓ ↑↓ ↑↓ ↑↓ ↑↓ ↑

Let’s Apply
Write the electron configuration of the following elements:
1. Beryllium - 4 4. Carbon - 6
2. Oxygen - 8 5. Magnesium - 12
3. Lithium – 3

Let’s Analyze
Draw the orbital diagram of the following elements in Let’s Apply

WEEK 1 – DAY 3 – QUANTUM NUMBERS

Objective
Describe the set of quantum numbers and complete the given set of
quantum numbers for each given element.

Let’s Recall (Review)

Write the electron configuration of the following elements and draw
the orbital diagram of the last sublevel or last orbital.
1. Fluorine - 9 4. Helium - 2
2. Phosphorus – 15 5. Vanadium - 23
3. Calcium – 20
Let’s Understand (Study the Concept)
Quantum Numbers - a value that is used when describing the energy levels
available to atoms and molecules.
● Principal quantum number (n) – corresponds to energy level numbers. It can
have positive nonzero integers as values, such as 1, 2, 3, and so on.
● Orbital quantum number (ℓ) – represents the sublevel of a particular n, whose
values are integers from 0 to (n-1). Thus the orbital quantum number (ℓ)
describes the shape of the atomic orbitals.
● Magnetic quantum number (mℓ) – describes the orientation of the atomic
orbital in space.
● Electron spin quantum number (ms) – describes the spin direction of an
electron. There are only two possible values for the electron spin quantum
number, and these are + ½ (for clockwise spin) and – ½ (counterclockwise
spin)

Table 1. Relationship between Quantum Numbers

Quantum Symbol Values No. of Orbitals
Numbers
Principal
Energy Level n 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7 and so on….

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 Orbital or s = 0; p = 1; d = 2; f = 3;
Azimuthal ℓ g = 4; h = 5
s=0 s = 1 orbital
Magnetic mℓ p = −1, 0, +1 p = 3 orbitals
azimuthal d = −2, −1, 0, +1, +2 d = 5 orbitals
f = −3, −2, −1, 0, +1, +2, +3 f = 7 orbitals

Magnetic spin ms ↑ + ½, clockwise or upward spin

(electron spin) ↓ - ½, counterclockwise or downward spin

Sample Problem: Give the quantum numbers of Boron = 5 (5B).

Solution:
1. Construct the electron configuration of a given element.
Answer: 1s22s22p1

2. The last sublevel would be the basis for getting the quantum numbers of
given element.
Solution:
2p1 n = 2; since the last sublevel obtained 2p1, 2 serves as the
principal energy level
ℓ = 1; since the orbital is p, the value of p is equal to 1 (see Table 1)

mℓ = −1
−1 0 +1 since it ends at p sublevel, it has 3
orbitals to be filled up by electron and it falls under −1 only as
illustrated because it has only 1 electron, so, the m ℓ = −1
ms = + ½; since the electron spin moves clockwise or upward,
the magnetic spin is + ½
Answer:
2, 1, −1, + ½ = quantum numbers of Boron - 5

Let’s Apply

Find the quantum numbers of the following elements. Show the steps in
solving each item.
1. Lithium - 3 4. Neon - 10
2. Carbon – 6 5. Calcium 20
3. Silicon - 14

Let’s Analyze
Identify what element has the following set of quantum numbers.
1. 3, 2, -1, +1/2 4. 3, 0, 0, -1/2
2. 3, 1, +1, +1/2 5. 2, 0, 0, -1/2
3. 3, 1, -1, -1/2

WEEK 1 – DAY 4 – DATA FROM THE ELECTRON CONFIGURATION

Objective
Supply the following data from the electron configuration such as: period
number, group number, number of paired and unpaired electron/s, number of
valence electron/s, and number of core electrons.

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 Let’s Recall (Review)

Answer the following questions.

1. What are the set of quantum numbers? Give its symbol.
2. Find the quantum numbers of the following elements:
a. Zinc-30 b. Chlorine - 17

Let’s Understand (Study the Concept)

Key Concepts:

Period (periodic table) - are numbered 1 through 7 on the left-hand side of

the table.
Group (periodic table) - any column on the periodic table. Elements in the
same group usually have similar properties, because they have the
same number of electrons in the outermost electron shell.
Paired electrons – are electrons have opposite spins
Unpaired electron – is an electron that occupies an orbital of an atom singly,
rather than as part of an electron pair
Valence electron – is an electron in the highest occupied energy level of an atom
Core electrons– inner electrons of an atom and do not exposed when chemical
bonds are formed.

To illustrate the given rules, let’s use Nitrogen, (7N). According to the
periodic table, the atomic number of Nitrogen is 7 and so its electron
configuration: 1s22s22p3 as it is illustrated the orbital diagram below:

No. of paired electrons = 2

No. of unpaired electrons = 3

To identify the group, period and block of a particular element using

electron configuration as shown below: Period: 2 = 2p3 Note: if it ends up at
p orbital, then add
ns 2
Group Group: 5 = 2s22p3 = 5 the number of
electrons of the
Period last two highest
Block: p = 2p3 principal energy
Block level.
For example: Nitrogen (7N), it has an electron configuration: 1s 22s22p3

To find the valence electrons, just look the elements’ GROUP number.
● Group number = number of valence electron/s
Since, Nitrogen is in Group 5, so it has 5 valence electrons

To find the core electrons:

● Atomic number – valence electrons = core electrons
Since, Nitrogen has 7 electrons minus 5 valence electrons, then it has 2 core
electrons. Thus,
7N → 7 – 5 = 2 core electrons

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 Let’s Apply
Supply the missing data to complete the table. The first element in the table
is your guide.

P G B
e r l No. of No. of
Atomic Electron No. of
Element Orbital Diagram ri o o Paired/ Valence
Number Configuration Core e-
o u c Unpaired e- e-
d p k

Li 3 1s22s1 1s 2s 2 1 s Paired= 1 1 2
Unpaired
v e-
↑↓ ↑ =1

↓↓
O 8

S 16

Cl 17

Fe 26

K 19

Let’s Analyze
Analyze and answer each question thoroughly.
1. How many valence electrons are in the atoms with the following electron
configuration?
a. 1s22s22p63s23p63d104s2 b. 1s22s22p63s23p6
2. How many paired and unpaired electrons of the following electron
configuration?
a. 1s22s22p3 b. 1s22s22p63s1

Let’s Try (Evaluation)

Read each question thoroughly. Write the letter of the correct answer in your
answer sheet.
1. Which of the following terms refers to the impossibility of knowing both the
exact location and velocity of atomic particle at the same time?
A. Uncertainty Principle C. Probability Principle
B. Diffraction Principle D. Limiting Principle
2. What is the atomic number of the element having the electron configuration
of 1s22s22p1?
A. 2 B. 3 C. 5 D. 7
3. The lowest sublevel on each principal energy level is represented by the
symbol
A. s B. p C. d D. f
4. Which is the ground state electron configuration of a phosphorus atom
(Z=15)?
A. 1s22s22p63s23p3 C. 1s22s22p53s13p5
B. 1s22s22p53s23p3 D. 1s22s22p63s13p4

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 5. What is the set of quantum numbers of Fluorine – 9 (9F)?
A. 2, 1, 0, - ½ C. 2, 1, +1, - ½
B. 2, 0, 0, + ½ D. 2, 1, 0, + ½
6. Which sublevel does the last or differentiating electron of Boron (10B5)
occupy?
A. s B. p C. d D. f
7. Which quantum number tells the particular orbital where the electron can be
found?
A. Spin B. Azimuthal C. Principal D, Magnetic
8.Which of the following is the electron configuration in the sublevels of an
atom of Copper (64Cu29)?
A. 1s22s22p63s23p63d104s1
B. 1s22s22p63s23p63d104s24p64d104f145s25p2
C. 1s22s22p63s23p64s23d9
D. 1s22s22p63s23p64s23d104p65s24d105p66s24f8
9. How many core electrons of Magnesium -12 (12Mg)?
A. 10 B. 6 C. 8 D. 9
10. Which of the following set of elements that have valence electrons of 6?
A. oxygen, fluorine, neon C. oxygen, sulfur, selenium
B. neon, argon, krypton D. sodium, magnesium, lithium

Let’s Create

Create a planetary model of the atom. Use materials that can be easily
obtained from your home. Recycled materials are always welcome. Pay attention of
the details of your atomic model. Your presentation will be rated based on the
following criteria:
Criteria Excellent Proficient Adequate Limited
(4) (3) (2) (1)
All the parts of All the parts of Most of the parts Many parts of
the presentation the presentation of the the
Details and
contributed to said something presentation said presentation
Information
the clear and rather important something needed
interesting vaguely important improvement
Understandable, Unique but not Not unique but Not unique
Method of
unique, and organized organized but not
Presentation
exemplary organized
Create a Create an Create an Create an
powerful image interesting adequate image adequate
Techniques/
image that is moderately image which
Creativity
suitable is not
suitable
Information Information Information Information
contains contains minor contains errors contains
Accuracy
essentially no errors many errors
errors