Greenville Academy of Sta.

Clara
Sta. Clara, Sto. Tomas, Batangas

SCAFFOLD NO.2
NAME : JANIELLE LORIN M. ROSALES
YEAR/ GRADE LEVEL AND SECTION : GRADE 9 – ST . JAMES
SUBJECT : SCIENCE
SUBJECT TEACHER : MS. CAMILLE GONZALES

NATURAL EVENTS ASSOCIATED WITH

GLOBAL WARMING

CONTENTS:
I. GLACIAL RETREAT
 Greenville Academy of Sta. Clara
Sta. Clara, Sto. Tomas, Batangas

II. RISING SEA LEVEL

III. HEAVY RAINS AND FLOOD
IV. WILDFIRES

RETREAT OF GLACIERS

What causes glacial retreat?

 
Glaciers may retreat when their ice melts or ablates more quickly than
snowfall can accumulate and form new glacial ice. Higher temperatures
and less snowfall have been causing many glaciers around the world
to retreat recently.

To explain this clearly let`s make the Glacier Retreat, Lakes Development
and Associated Natural Hazards in Cordilera Blanca , Peru as an example.
So first i`ll discuss to you its Abstract and Figures. Cordillera Blanca is the
heaviest glacierized tropical range in the world. Due to the global climate
change, most of glaciers are retreating and thinning. Glacier retreat leads to
 Greenville Academy of Sta. Clara
Sta. Clara, Sto. Tomas, Batangas

the formation and development of all types of potentially hazardous glacial

lakes .
Potential hazardousness of glacial lakes is strongly interconnected with
dynamic slope movements: (1) sudden release of water from glacial lakes
(also known as glacial lake outburst floods—GLOF) is mainly caused by
dynamic slope move-ment into the lake (about 80 % in the Cordillera
Blanca);
(2) released water may easily transform into debris-flow or mud-flow,
thanks to its high erosion and transport potential. Based on field study and
remotely sensed images, this contribution documents glacier retreat in the
Cordillera Blanca with regards to formation and development of new
potentially hazardous glacial lakes, which evolve mainly in elevations of
about 4,600–5,000 m asl.

Due to the global climate change, most of glaciers are retreating and
thinning.
Glacier retreat leads to the formation and development of all types of
potentially
hazardous glacial lakes (bedrock-dammed, moraine-dammed, and ice-
dammed).
Potential hazardousness of glacial lakes is strongly interconnected with
dynamic
slope movementscontribution documents glacier retreat in the Cordillera
Blanca with regards to
formation and development of new potentially hazardous glacial lakes,
which
evolve mainly in elevations of about 4,600–5,000 m a.s.l. We introduce and
describe three hazardous events associated with glacier retreat in the last
decade:
(a) sudden release of water from moraine-dammed Lake Palcacocha in
2003;
(b) sudden release of water from bedrock-dammed lake No. 513 in 2010;
and
(c) sudden release of water from bedrock-dammed Lake Artizon Alto .
 Greenville Academy of Sta. Clara
Sta. Clara, Sto. Tomas, Batangas

Their retreat is expected to have a major impact on water levels - possibly

raising them initially as the ice melts but depleting them long term.
Officials fear the changes could trigger rockfalls and other hazards and
affect the economy.

RISING SEA LEVELS

What causes rising sea levels?

Sea level rise is caused primarily by two factors related to global warming:

the added water from melting ice sheets and glaciers and the expansion of
seawater as it warms. The first graph tracks the change in sea level since
1993 as observed by satellites.

Rising Sea Level is an increase in the level of the world`s ocean due to
the effects of global warming. One of the causes of global warming is
burning fossil fuels, because it releases carbon dioxide and other heat
trapping gasses into the atmosphere.
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Sta. Clara, Sto. Tomas, Batangas

Effects of the Rising Sea- Levels

The rising sea level is affecting coastal areas all over the world. It increases
flooding, worsens hurricane damage, and leaches saltwater into tidal areas.
It increases migration, weakens military preparedness, and threatens
historical sites. Local governments are spending billions to defend against
these effects.

Flooding  will affect eight of the world`s largest costal cities.. It will
impact 40% of Americans  who live in coastal counties. Floods have hit U.S.
coastal towns three to nine times more often than they did 50 years ago.
From 2005 to 2017, sea level rises cost eight coastal states .

Global warming causes rising sea levels in two ways. First, as the ocean
warms, it takes up more space. That alone has caused half of the sea level
rise in the past century.

Second, a warmer temperature melts Greenland's ice sheets and the polar

ice caps. Between 2002 and 2016, Antarctica lost 125 gigatons of
ice annually. It contributed 0.013 inches of sea level rise per year. Most of
this loss occurred in the West Antarctic Ice Sheet. Antarctica holds 90% of
the world's ice. If it all melted, sea levels would rise 200 feet.

The rate of ice sheet melting is accelerating. Between 1992 and 2017,

Antarctica shed 3 trillion tons of ice. It increased sea levels by three-tenths
of an inch. But 40% of that occurred during the last five years, from 2012 to
2017.

Looked at another way, Antarctic melting has tripled since 2007. At that
rate, it will increase sea levels another six inches, or 15 centimeters, by
2100. Andrew Shepherd, a professor of earth observation at the University
 Greenville Academy of Sta. Clara
Sta. Clara, Sto. Tomas, Batangas

of Leeds, said that translates into flooding in Brooklyn around 20 times a

year.

HEAVY RAINS AND FLOOD

How does heavy rain cause flooding?

Heavy rainfall if there is heavy rainfall there is less chance of it being

soaked up by the soil so it runs off into the river. The faster the water
reaches the river, the more likely it will flood. . This will increase
the flood risk, as the water will not be intercepted and flow into the river.
 Greenville Academy of Sta. Clara
Sta. Clara, Sto. Tomas, Batangas

What are the effects of heavy rainfall?

Heavy rainfall can lead to numerous hazards, for example: flooding,

including risk to human life, damage to buildings and infrastructure, and
loss of crops and livestock. landslides, which can threaten human life,
disrupt transport and communications, and cause damage to buildings and
infrastructure.

More heavy rain is one of the hallmark signs of climate change. As the
atmosphere warms, more water evaporates from soils, plants, lakes, and
oceans. For every additional 1°F of warming, the atmosphere is capable of
holding an additional 4 percent of water vapor. While there are other
human factors associated with flooding, such as engineering of waterways
and land development, the fact is that more downpours increase the risk of
flooding. This expands the risk zone into areas that were previously safe
from floods. Also, heavier rain increases erosion and runoff, removing
agricultural topsoils and increasing the flow of pollutants into our
waterways.
 Greenville Academy of Sta. Clara
Sta. Clara, Sto. Tomas, Batangas

WILDFIRES

A wildfire, bushfire, wildland fire or rural fire is an unplanned,

unwanted, uncontrolled fire in an area starting in rural areas and urban
areas.Depending on the type of vegetation present, a wildfire can also be
classified more specifically as a forest fire, brush fire, bushfire (in Austr
alia), desert fire, grass fire, hill fire, peat fire, prairie fire, vegetation fire, or
veld fire. Many organizations consider wildfire to mean an unplanned and
unwanted fire, while wildland-fire is a broader term that includes
prescribed fire as well as wildland fire use (WFU; these are also called
monitored response fires)
The most common direct human causes of wildfire ignition include arson,
discarded cigarettes, power-lines arcs (as detected by arc mapping), and
sparks from equipment. Ignition of wildland fires via contact with hot rifle-
bullet fragments is also possible under the right conditions.] Wildfires can
also be started in communities experiencing shifting cultivation where land
is cleared quickly and farmed until the soil loses fertility, and slash and
burn clearing.Forested areas cleared by logging encourage the dominance
of flammable grasses, and abandoned logging roads overgrown by
vegetation may act as fire corridors.
Greenville Academy of Sta. Clara
Sta. Clara, Sto. Tomas, Batangas