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Challenging Mathematical Teasers, Hunter
Challenging Mathematical Teasers, Hunter
MATHEMATICAL
TEASERS
J. A. H. HUNTER
J . A . H . HUNTER
January 1979
CONTENTS
ALPHAM ETI C S 87 93
APPENDICES 97
CHALLENGING
MATHEMATICAL
TEASERS
TEASERS
1 . PE C KING ORDER
Four sparrows fou n d a dish of seed,
Fine birdie food, n o common we e d .
S a i d Pi p : " I n t u r n e ach take t w o grai n s
A n d t h e n a third of what remai n s .
I t ' s me as first, t h e n Pep, t h e n Pop,
With Pap the last. And then we stop . "
3. LONG ODDS
C h arlie stopped at the table. He drew four cards from
the little heap there , and turned them up. " Look, Pam ! "
h e excl aime d . " T h e four ace s . "
H i s wife smil ed. " You don 't h ave a complete d e c k there .
T h e ki ds were playing a n d some cards are missing," she
told him. " B ut you wouldn't do that agai n in a thousand
years . "
" W a n t to bet?" Ch arlie had checked t h e deck a n d done
some quick figuring. " I n fact the odds were exactly a
thousand to one agai nst picking all the ace s from the
cards that were there . "
H o w m any cards were there?
6. SO FAR APART
It was a cold, wet Sunday afternoon, and of course there
was nothing worth watching on TV. But Ted s e e m e d quite
h appy at the old desk in the corner.
Suddenly h e put down h i s pen . " I 've figured out some
thing with our phone n u mber and Sonia's," h e said.
"The girl you met i n Au stri a?" Jeff aske d . " Okay let's
h ave it."
Ted grinned. " It ' s only m ath. Seven times the cube of
her 7-digit number i s e xactly three times the seventh
power of the 4-figure part of ours."
He was right, so wh at were the n u m bers?
7. ALL TWOS
Jane held up a couple of in voice s . " Look at these tot als,
both for $222 . 2 2 . Three ite m s in each, and all at different
prices."
H arry looke d . "That's a coincidence," he comme nte d .
" B ut there 's more to it t h a n t h a t . F o r e ach of the s i x
i t e m s t h e dollar amount is the squ are of what's i n t h e
cents colu m n ."
What were the amounts?
8. THOSE SHARE S
" I did agree to be E l mer's executor," s a i d Don , " b u t I
never re ali z e d what an oddball the old chap was."
Clare smiled. " H e was a de ar, and anyway you only
h ave to see that h i s wishes are carri ed out."
" Only ! " Her husband chuckled. "H ere ' s j u st one ite m
in his will. He left h i s 409 Cosmos sh ares to h i s three sons,
on the condition that the squ are of the number of one
son's sh are s be equal to the product of the other two. And
I can't figure it out."
There was nothing wrong with E lmer's arithmetic, so
how would those sh ares be apportioned?
Tom smil ed. "There ' s only one way I know, but I ' m not
sure I can do it in my h e a d . "
" Sure y o u can," Len told h i m . "Just t a k e t h e digits i n
the opposite order and p u t the proper digit between
the m . "
T h e b o y w a s right . So h o w old w a s T o m , a n d wh at was
t h at special digit?
10. SAVINGS
" So you let Stan e m pty his money box. I gue s s he'd lost
i nterest anyway," said Sally. "Was there much in it?"
" Not m u c h , but it's fu nny the way it was ," her husband
repli e d . "The dimes, nickels and qu arters were all prime
n u m bers, all different. And there were as many pennies
as the n u m be r of dimes m u ltiplie d by the total of dimes
and nicke l s . "
"What about the qu arters?" S a l l y asked.
M i ke smiled. "A good questi o n , but figure it out for
yourse lf. There were twenty-four more pennies than
q u arters, and that's all the money there was."
How much did the box contain?
1 3 . AT THE D INER
The place was crowded, and they were lucky to get a
table to themselves. Now they sat there impatiently, six
hungry young people , waiting for their food.
Ron sat on the left of the girl who sat on the left of the
m an who sat on Joan's left, and Ann sat on the left of the
man who sat on the left of the girl who sat on the left of
the man who sat on the left of the girl who sat on the left
of Pam 's husband, while Steve sat on the right of the girl
who sat on Harry's right.
Pam was not next to her husband, but which of the
three men was he?
1 6. THRE E IN A ROW
"That's interesting ! " Ray leaned back in h i s ch air. " I f
you write down t h e age s o f o u r three kids in a row and
divide that 3-digit n u m ber by the sum of their age s you
get thirty-two . "
Fran shook h e r h e a d . " You and your figure s . What ' s so
special about th at?"
" Well, it's your age , for one thing," her hu sband replied.
" M aybe you forgot . "
H o w o l d were the children?
17. A SWITCH
M arti n had a piece of paper in his hand. " H ere ' s some
thing I j u st figured out about our new phone n u m ber,"
h e said. "The complete seven figure s . "
" I h ate it. It was so m u c h e asier to re member a word
or even letters , " S ally re pli e d . " B ut what did you fi nd?"
" Look," M artin told her, pointing to the paper. " I f you
switch the two part s , putting the four digits in front, you
get one more than twice our complete n u mber."
So what was it?
1 9 . AN ANCIENT PROB LE M
Peter put down h i s pe n . " It ' s j u st something I 've fig
ured out on age s , " he said. " M y age and the age s of Aunt
B e ssie and Uncle Joe . When you total any pair of those
age s you get a pe rfect s q u are . "
H arry stu died t h e sheet o f paper on t h e table. " A n odd
coincidence," he told the boy. " B ut there ' s another one.
Those three age s also total the squ are of your cousin
Sally's age , and she's not yet in her t e e n s . "
W h a t were the four age s?
20. S I M I LAR B UT D I F F E RE NT
Doug turned wh e n h i s father c a m e into the roo m . " Look
at the two tri angle s I 've drawn ," h e said. "The sides are
all exact nu mbers of inches. "
" U sing m y b e s t drawing board, e h ?" T o m smiled. " B ut
what's so special about them? I can see they're ex actly
similar, one bigge r than the oth er."
"That's only part of it, Dad," the boy repli e d . " E xactly
the same shape, but two si des of one are the same l e ngths
as two sides of the other. And there ' s nineteen inches
difference betwee n the sides that are not the s a m e . "
What were the di m e n si o n s?
2 1 . JUST FOR K I D S
S t a n put d o w n the b i g carton and flopped into a ch air.
"I left one out in the car," he said. "All cra z y hats, and I
hope they sell . "
" Sure t h e y will , " h i s wife replied. " T h e ki d s a s k for
them all the ti m e , the crazier the better. I hope you got
a fair selectio n . "
" A s y o u said . " Stan nodded. "Three style s, three diffe r
ent price s. All in even dozens, and I bought as m a n y at
each price as t h at price in cents . They averaged ex actly
h alf a dollar e ach for the lot . "
How m a n y h ad h e bought?
2 4 . WRONG B UT RIGHT
Wendy watched with growing i m patience as the clerk
m ade out the check for her purchases. " S ay ! " she ex
claimed at last. " You multiplied the three amounts in
stead of adding t h e m . That's crazy."
" Sure I did, but it's okay," the young man repli ed. " The
total comes to $ 5 . 70 either way. Add the m u p yourse lf. "
I n d e e d he was righ t ! So what we re the individ u al
amounts?
2 5 . THE STAMP
" S o that's a Kalotan stamp," H arry commented. "A
gre at design . Do you h ave any m ore?"
" Not now. I did h ave a 3 kuk, a 9 kuk, a 10 kuk, a 1 2
kuk, a 1 3 k u k and a 1 4 ku k," A n d y replied. " B ut at t h e
airport I u s e d five of t h e m t o m a i l a couple of postcards.
TE ASERS 9
yours, added t o all below hers, total j u st h alf the total for
the whole road . "
What w a s Ke n ' s n u m ber?
3 1 . RE A L E STATE
" I bought that piece of land I told you about," said
George . "An exact nu mber of squ are yard s , not far s hort
of twelve acre s . A snip for developme nt."
" Let's hope you 're right," Jack commented. " It did
sound an odd shape . A sort of isosceles tri angl e , you told
me."
His friend nodded. "Well, almost. I t ' s a perfect tri angl e ,
b u t there are s e v e n yards betwee n the sh ort and middle
sides, and seven between the middle and the long. And it
j ust h appe n s that the sides are all exact n u m bers of
yards."
Located where two highways meet, that land could
h ave possibilitie s . What would its dimensions be? (Note :
There are 4840 squ are yards in an acre .)
3 2 . GRE ETINGS
Pam put down her book. " I 've j u st reali z e d it's Uncle
Tom's birth day today," she sai d . "We must send the old
chap a telegra m . "
" Okay," Doug agre e d . " I 'll make it o u t a n d you can
phone it."
Those greeti ngs are always difficult to word , and Doug
was scribbling for quite a whi l e . Then he looked up with
a smile . "That's fu nny. The squ are of Uncle Tom's age is
j u st one less than the difference between the cubes of
Mark' s and Judy's age s . "
" B ut there 's only o n e year betwee n the m , " h i s wife
obj ected . "How come?"
"The cubes of their age s , " Doug replied. " You check it."
How old was Uncle Tom?
3 5 . BOUNTY H UNTERS
" Your garden was full of kids yesterday," said John.
" A birthday party?"
" Sort of. Re ally a gru b hunt combined with a party for
Doug." Bob chuckle d . "There were fifty kids in all. "
" Sm art i d e a , " John commented. " A n y pri ze s?"
" Sure . A qu arter for every caterpillar kille d. It's odd
that the boys all killed the same n u mber, and so did the
girl s , but not the s a m e n u mber as the boys ," Bob re plied.
" B ut e ach boy h ad to pay me back one penny per grub
for all the caterpillars the girl s ki lled, and e ach girl the
same for all that the boys ki lled. It cost m e only nineteen
cents per boy and eleven cents per girl , and they killed
around a th ousand in all . "
H o w m any gi rls were there?
TEASERS 13
3 7 . A WOMAN'S JOB
" I 'll fi nish the m . " Ann went over to where her h u sband
worked we arily, with envelopes and flyers all around h i m .
" O kay." Bill straighte ned up thankfu lly. " I figure I 've
been on the j ob alone for j u st fi ve-twe lfth s as long as
you 'd h ave taken to do the lot, so m aybe it's time you did
some . "
A n n s m i l e d . " We 've d o n e t h e s e often enough before , so
you should know," she said. "Anyway it's a wo m a n ' s j ob . "
For quite a w h i l e there w a s o n l y the s o u n d of paper
sliding on paper in the little office. And then Ann stuffed
the last flyer into its container. " I 've been figuring too,"
she declare d . "We would h ave saved j u st fifty-two min
utes if we had worke d together right through . "
B i l l p u t down h i s m agaz i n e , gl anced a t h i s watch , a n d
scribbled on a scratch p a d . "You're right," h e told her.
"And 1 would have done exactly h alf what you've actu ally
done j u st now."
Next time they m ay h ave hired help. But how long h ad
the complete j o b take n them?
"Me too . " John smiled. " B ut, talking of card s, the Doo
little family will re ally be boosting the card indu stry if we
conti n u e the way we 're going. This X m a s I figure there
were eighty-four more cards exch ange d among all of us
than the previous X m a s , and there were eighty-four more
th at X m a s than the one before . "
Bob chuckle d . " S o we buy s h a r e s . It's a n i c e idea,
though, even with all the babies i ncluded i n the routi ne,
th at e ach m e m ber of the combined families sends a card
to each othe r me m ber."
How many cards had been exch ange d th at last Xm as?
4 1 . SO VE RY SI M PLE
Ch arlie handed back the sheet of paper. "Come on,
that's an e n ormous n u m ber," he declare d . " You can't ex
pect me to multiply it by twenty-n ine in my head."
" Why not? It's e asy if you know how." Mike chuckled.
" You only have to write the same extra digit at e ach end.
And it's the s m allest number th at works th at way for
twe nty-nine . "
What was Mike ' s n u m ber?
46. IT M A K E S SENSE
If one two one
plus two one two
Is three t i m e s
forty-three ,
T h e n w h a t can one
one one plus one
O n e one plu s
one o n e be?
TE ASERS 17
49. TRANSPORTATION
Sam shook his head. " I t's quite a stretch , twe nty-four
miles to TulIa. But I can only take ten of you , all the
truck will carry . "
Greg th ought a m o m e nt. "That's o k a y , w e ' l l re lay," h e
declare d . "There are thirty of u s , a n d it's e s sential we a n
arri ve a t t h e same time and a s s o o n as possible . I could
figure out the way if I knew what speed you'll drive . "
T h e old m a n chuckle d . " S h e ' s old a n d slow. I t ' s a steady
drop all the way there , so we 'll do forty miles per hour.
B ut coming back, uphill on that road, we'll only m a ke
thirty miles per hour."
" F i n e . " Greg h ad been j otti ng down some figu re s .
" Some o f us can start on foot a n d be picked up along the
way. We walk at four miles per hour, so we'll all walk and
ri d e . "
Assu ming truc k and walkers a l l started at the s a m e
ti me, h ow l o n g wou ld it take the p arty to r e a c h TulIa?
18 CHALLENGING MATHEMATICAL TEASERS
5 1 . GOOD SERV I C E
"We h ave a fine com m uter service here , " s a i d Steve .
" Trains to your station all day long, and by two different
route s . "
" So u n d s goo d , " Fred commented. "What t i m e s do they
ru n?"
"The first train via Poole leaves at 6 : 00 a . m . , followed
throughout the day by train s at regular intervals. Going
via Tulla, the fi rst is at 6 : 05 a . m . , also followed throughout
the day by tra i n s at regular i ntervals," Steve replied.
"They conti nue like that right through until soon after
midnight on both route s . But it's odd that departures
coincide only twice, the first time when the nin eteenth
Poole train and the eighteenth Tulla le ave h ere simulta
neously."
The " regular i nterval s " we re exact n u m bers of min
ute s , so what were the two ti mes of simultaneous depar
ture?
5 7 . A FRI E N D LY TE LLER
Susan e mptied her purse onto the table . " It ' s cra z y ! "
s h e excl aimed. " I h a d only $ 1 . 2 5 before w e cashed m y
refu n d check a t t h e bank. Now I 've got exactly double
the amount of the check."
Steve checke d . " You 're in luck. But don't blame me.
We've been nowhere else . "
" It m u s t h ave b e e n t h e teller," S u s a n told h i m . " Let's
go back."
" Okay , " her husband repli e d . "I know what she did. She
gave you dollars for cents and cents for dollars, and she
also reversed the order of the digits for e ach . "
He was right, so wh at was the amount of the check?
6 1 . N U M B E RS, N U M B E RS
Stan put down h i s p e n . " I found something fu n n y about
your license n u mber," he sai d. " It's one more than what
you get if you add together the square s of its two h alve s .
L o o k , Dad."
John looke d . " T h at ' s the fi rst three figure s and the last
thre e , eh? 403 and 4 9 1 . Do you get 403490 if you total their
squ are s?"
" Sure , " replied the boy. " B u t d'you think there are any
other 6-figure n u m bers t h at work that way?"
See you m any you can fi nd !
68. WRONG N U M B E R
" I 'll h ave to g e t m y n u m ber change d , " said Joe. " I 'm
called at all hours, but it's never my number they want."
"That's tough . " M i ke nodded sym path etically. " Must
be some n u m ber very like yours . "
" T o o darn e d li ke , although actu ally j u st three ti mes m y
n u m ber. I fou n d o u t i t ' s a girl s ' residence, to do with the
u niversity. Me, of all old sinners ! " Joe laugh e d . " If you
shift the third figure of my n u m ber and put it fi rst, and
then close up the other three figures you get the n u m ber
of that hen hove l . "
So what w a s his n u m b e r?
" You liked that." Her father chuckle d . " It ' s fu n n y , the
odds were exactly 2 to 1 against there being a girl at e ach
end. "
How many were there in the group?
72. TH I N K O F A N U M B E R
H arry s m i l e d as h i s wife searched her b a g angrily . " You
drag me here to buy expensive paving sto n e s , and then
you don't know how m a n y you n e e d . " he said. " Surely you
can re m e m ber."
26 CHALLENGING MATHEMATICAL TEASERS
74. A SE RIAL N U M B E R
Peter put d o w n h i s p e n . " You re me mber th at o l d dollar
bill you gave me, Dad?" he asked. " I t's got an intere sting
serial n u mber."
" S o you didn't spe nd it yet . " Tom glanced at the bill
lying there on the table . " E ight digits , and I see the fi rst
and last digits are the s a m e . Is that wh at you call i nter
esting?"
" Come on, Dad, I ' m not that stupid . " The boy grinned.
" L ook. The complete nu mber is exactly the fifth power of
wh at you get when you write those first and last digits
side by si d e . "
W h a t w a s t h e serial n u m ber?
TEASERS 27
75. AN EVENING O UT
Fiona followed her h u sband into the living room . " I t
w a s a lovely evening," s h e said. " B ut you m u s t h ave spent
about a hundred bucks . "
" Not t h a t much, and an yway y o u d o n ' t h ave a birthday
so ofte n . " Stan was checking h i s cash on the table . " You
know, I 've still got a third as much as I h a d wh e n we
went out. "
"Then you c a n afford this," Fiona told h i m , picki ng u p
two qu arters . " T h at p a y s b a c k w h a t I gave the h at check
girl . "
S t a n s m i l e d . " O kay. Now I 've got as many c e n t s in coins
as I had dollars i n bills, and h alf as m any dollars i n bills
as I had cents i n coi n s . "
H o w m u c h did he h ave left?
79. A B US RIDE
There were fewer than sixty of u s passengers in the
bus when it left S a m ' s term i n u s .
At B e nton , the first stop, a third of t h e passengers got
off, and five got o n . At the next stop, again a third got off
but only two got o n . At the third stop h alf got off and four
came aboard . And at the fourth stop h alf got off but only
one boarded the bus. Of course, nobody re-entered the
b u s after alighting.
Dorli ng was the fifth stop, the end of the ru n . Handing
S a m my $ 2 . 5 0 fare as I stepped down , I re m arked on his
rate s . " Only 50 cents per st age , and h alf price for kids,"
I said. " You'll go broke ! "
TE ASERS 29
The old chap gri n n e d . " It ' s enough for me. This trip the
total take was exactly as m a n y dollars as the total n u m
b e r of passe ngers, and j u s t one-fi fth of them were k i d s a t
t h e low rate . "
How many adult passe ngers h a d there been?
8 1 . CRE E PY C RA WLIES
" Slugs?" Tom chuckh�d . "I got rid of t h e m i n m y b ack
yard, and none of those che mical killers ."
"We 're infested with them," h i s friend told h i m . " W h at
did you do?"
" Simple and cheap," Tom repli e d . "I m ade a deal with
our kids and the kids next door. E ach would get a d i m e
for every s l u g he collecte d , but e ach w o u l d pay m e three
cents e ach for all the slugs collected by the other kids in
the gang. "
Andy smiled. " Quite a sch e m e , but it doesn't sou nd so
very cheap for you . "
" I t was," T o m declare d . " I n fact i t cost m e an ave rage
of exactly ninety-five cents for e ach of the gang. "
How many slugs were collected?
86. A WHIZ K I D
" N oth ing t o it , e h ? Well, I 'd say ex actly a seventh o f the
questions are really tough , so we 'll m ake a deal." Ch arlie
chuckle d . " I ' ll give you 7¢ for e very one you get right.
But you'll pay m e a p e n n y for the first mi stake , 2¢ for the
second , 3¢ the third , and so o n . Any que stion you don't
answer counts as a mistake . "
John grin n e d . " Fi n e , D ad , " he said, re aching for the
quiz sheet. " I t 'll cost you ! "
I n fact, t h e boy answered more than three-qu arters of
the questions correctly. but h e m ade only $ 1 .68 on the
deal.
How many questions were there?
88. PROGRE SS
Ben put down h is gl ass. "I see you 're going to h ave
a h igh-rise on TulIa Trail," h e said . " Will it bother you?"
" We 're okay. I t ' s well up the road on the other s i d e , "
J o e re pli e d . " T h e y 're the odd nu mbers . "
" L ucky for y o u , " B e n commente d . " Wh at n u mbers are
in volved?"
Joe smiled. " I t's fu n n y about that. T h e y bought a block
of adj oin i n g houses ru n n ing up to No. 43, their highest
number. And I noticed that the sum of the n u m bers i n
that block i s ex actly e q u al to the s u m of all the other
32 CHALLENGING MATHEMATICAL TEASERS
89. THREE TI M E S
S t a n walke d o v e r to where h i s son was writing a t the
table . " B u sy?" h e aske d .
" Not re ally, D a d , " Bill repli e d . " I j u st found something
special about this n u m ber. If you move its fi nal pair of
digits and put th e m i n front of the others you m ultiply
the n u mber by three . "
"That's o d d . " S t a n looked down a t t h e boy's working.
" Will there be oth e r nu mbers like th at?"
B ill nodded. " Sure , but you said 'odd,' and this is the
s m allest odd n u m b e r that works t h at way for three
times."
W h a t was Bill's n u m ber?
9 1 . F UN FOR SOME
"One of your proble m s?" M arth a asked, fi nding her hus
band busy at t h e desk. "I don't know what you see i n
the m . "
Jack smil ed. " M aybe you will when you reach my age , "
h e repli e d . " Now I 've fi gured o u t something on o u r ages.
I f you write m y age after yours, the 4-figure nu mber will
be twice the squ are of your age su btracted from three
t i m e s the squ are of m i n e . "
Just for fu n ! B u t w h at were their age s?
TEASERS 33
93. DO IT YOURSE L F
" H oly mackere l ! " exclai med S t e v e , viewing the litter
on the floor as h e stood i n the doorway. "What's broke n?"
" Getting on for fi fteen hu ndred little tile s , " Joe told
him. " You re m e m ber m y two blackwood Chinese tables
with little squ are tiles covering the tops? They h a d dry
rot, so I decided to use all those ide ntical tiles for two
new tables."
" Sure , they were exactly the s a m e with squ are tops . "
His friend nodde d . " Will the new t a b l e s be identical too?"
Joe shook h i s head. " Squ are tops, but they were goi n g
to be differe nt siz e s . One would h ave been twenty-three
tile s , and I would h ave had e xactly the right total to cover
both tops complete ly. But one d a m n e d table collapsed
j u st as I fi nished stripping it, and all its tiles were sh at
tere d . "
Steve picked up s o m e fragments. " Fine ceramic, too
bad," he com mented. " Wh at'll you do?"
" Use what I h ave left," Joe repli e d . " Oddly enough
they'll provide squ are tops for two s m aller tables without
wasting any, though one will be rather s m al l . "
How many tiles d i d he h ave left?
96. A MATTE R OF TI ME
Andy looked u p when h i s partner came i n . "I tried to
get you yesterday afternoon , " he sai d . "They told me
you'd gone out e arly, but you were n 't back when I left."
"That's right. I did drop in on m y way home but you'd
j u st gon e . " Greg replie d . " So here ' s a little teaser for you.
When I c a m e back the m i nute h and was right on a m i n ute
m ark exactly where the hour h and had been when I went
out, and the hour hand was j u st two minutes ahead of
where the minute h and had b e e n . "
Wh at time had h e come b a c k t h at afternoon?
1 . PE C K ING ORDER
Say there were x seeds.
2x - 4 4x - 20 8x - 76
Pip left Pe p left 9 ' Pop left
3 ' 27
2x + 8
Then, Pep took 9 .
8x - 130 . 8x + 32
Pap took 2 + I.e.,
81 ' 81
8x + 3 2 x + 4
So = 9 - 2, whence x = 1 5 8.
81
--
3. LONG O D D S
Say there we re ( x + 4) cards in all, including the four
ace s .
T h e n t h e c h a nce of drawing t h e four ace s was :
4 3 2 1 1
. . . =
x + 4 x + 3 x + 2 x + 1 1 00 1 ·
4 . 3 . 2 . 1 = 24.
H e nce, as a very rough approxim ation, x 4 = 24000 (not
more ).
So, as a very rough approx i m ation, x 2 = 1 5 4 (not more).
The nce , again as a very rough approxi m atio n , x = 12 (not
more ).
S a y : x + y = m , m aki ng l Ox + y = 9 x + m
and a + b = n , m aking l Oa + b = 9a + n.
Then, n 2 - (9a + n ) = m 2 - (9x + m ),
whence (m - n)(m + n - 1) = 9(x - a).
Also, (m + n ) 2 = 2(m + n + 9x + 9a ) - 1 ,
s o (m + n )(m + n - 2) = 1 8 (x + a ) - 1 ,
which m akes (m + n ) odd, and therefore (m - n) odd .
Also, since (m + n - 1 ) will be e ve n , (x - a ) is eve n .
We had (m - n )(m + n - 1 ) = 9(x - a ) .
Tabulate for possible e v e n ( x - a ) val u e s , noting t h at
m < 19.
SOLUTIONS TO TE ASERS 39
x - a = 2 4 6 8
9(x - a ) = 18 36 54 72
m + n - 1 = 6 18 12 36 18 24
m - n = 3 1 3 1 3 3
m + n =
7 19 13 37 19 25
m = 5 10 8 -
11 14
n = 2 9 5 -
8 11
m + n - 2 = 5 17 11 -
17 23
m + n)( m + n - 2) = 35 323 143 -
323 575
m aking 1 8(x + a) = 36 324 1 44 -
324 576
w hence x + a = 2 18 8 -
18 -
a nd x - a = 2 2 4 -
6 -
s0 x = 2 -
6 - - -
w ith y = 3 -
2
a nd a = 0 -
2
w ith b = 2 -
3
S am's age = 23 -
62
M ike's age = 2 -
23
5. WHO S PI L L E D THE C O F F E E ?
S a y x k n i v e s a t $2.96, y as the fi rst digit of the dollars
and z as the l ast digit of the cents i n the a m o u nt .
Hence x 576, y
= 1. =
6. SO FAR APART
Say Son i a ' s 7-digit n u m ber was x , initial digit not zero,
and T e d ' s 4-digit n u m ber y .
Then, 7x 3 = 3y 7 = 7 m3 "p 2 1 , say.
The nce , x 3 = 7 m - 1 3 "p 2 1 , whe nce m = 3a + 1 , n = 3b .
Also, y 7 = 7 m3 n - 1p 2 1 , whe nce m = 7c , n = 7d + 1 .
S o , 3 a + 1 = 7c , e ntailing c = 3 k + 1 , a = 7 k + 2, say,
and, 7d + 1 = 3b , entailing b = 7t - 2 , d = 3t - 1, say.
Thence, m = 2 1k + 7, n = 2 1t - 6.
So, x = 7 7k + 2 . 3 71 -2 . p 7 , Y = 73k + 1 . 331 - 1 . p 3.
7. A L L TWOS
Say the individual amounts in one invoice were :
x 2 dollars, x cents ; y2 dollars, y cents ; Z 2 dollars, z cents.
And assume x > y > z.
Then, 1 00x 2 + 1 0Oy 2 + 1 00z 2 + X + y + z = 22222,
so x < 1 5 .
Thenc e , (x + y + z ) < 4 0 .
B ut w e must h ave ( x + y + z - 2 2 ) divisible b y 100,
so (x + y + z ) = 22, whence z < 7.
Also, (x 2 + y 2 + Z 2) = 222.
Now try the possible values for z :
z = 1 2 3 4 5 6
Z2 = 1 4 9 16 25 36
m aking x 2 + y2 = 22 1 2 1 8 2 1 3 206 1 9 7 1 8 6 .
B ut 2 1 3 = 3 . 7 1 , 206 = 2 . 1 03 , 1 8 6 = 2 . 3 . 3 1 . So n o n e o f
2 1 3 , 206 a n d 186 c an be the sum of t w o square s , because
e ach has a pri m e factor of form (4r - 1).
Th e n : 221 = 1 02 + IF = 52 + 142,
2 1 8 = 72 + 1 32, 1 97 = 12 + 142.
B ut we requ ire x + y + z = 22.
1 + 1 0 + 1 1 = 22, 2 + 7 + 1 3 = 22, 5 + 1 + 14 = 20.
SOLUTIONS TO TEASERS 41
8 . THOSE SHARE S
Say the apportionment was : x , VXy, y ; with x ;?: y.
1 0. SAVINGS
Say x dimes, y nickels, z q u arters , (z + 24) pennie s .
Then, x (x + y ) = z + 24.
42 CHALLENGING M A THEMA TICAL TEASERS
1 1 . A RANDOM MAILING
Say he picke d n card s , there being 20n cards i n the index.
The n, successively he picke d nos. 1, 3, 6 , 1 0 , 15, etc., in the
card index.
n(n + 1 )
So the fi nal card t h at he picked was no. .
2
B u t that was in fact the last card in the index.
So, since there were 20n cards i n all, n (n + 1) 4On ,
whence n = 3 9 .
George picke d 39 cards.
1 3 . AT THE DINER
Until ide ntified by name a girl will be s hown as G, a m an
as M.
The seating arrange ment includes two seque nce s :
Ron, G , M , Joan ; and Ann, M , G , M , G , Pam's husband.
But the girl to left of Pam's husband was not Pam, so
must h ave been Joan.
Hence, sitti ng around the table, they were :
Ann, Ron, Pam, M, Joan, Pam's husband.
But Steve sat on the right of the girl who sat on Harry's
right. He nce the arrangement must h ave bee n :
Ann, Ron , Pam, H arry, Joan, Ste ve.
Steve was Pam's husband.
1 6. THREE IN A ROW
Say the age s were x, y and z ye ars ; all less than 10 years.
Then, 1 00x + l Oy + z = 32(x + y + z),
whe nce 6 8x - 22y = 3 1 z , so z is even.
Say z = 2w , making 34x - 1 1y =3 1w , with w 1 , 2, 3, or
=
4.
Dividing by 1 1 , we h a v e x = 1 1k - 2w , y = 34k - 9w .
N o w 2 w < 1 0 , and x < 1 0 , he nce 1 1k < 2 0 ,
so we h ave k = 1 .
The nce , x = 1 1 - 2w , y = 34 - 9w .
B ut y < 1 0 , s o w > 2.
Also we must h ave 9w < 34, so w < 4.
He nce w = 3, with x = 5 , y = 7, z = 6.
1 7. A SWITCH
Say the n u m ber was ( 1 0000y + x), with x < 1 0000,
y < 1000.
W i t h the t w o parts " switche d " it becom e s ( 1 000x + y),
so 1 000x + y = 2( 1 0 00 Oy + x ) + 1 ,
whe nce 998x - 1 9 999y = 1 .
1 1 1 1 1 17
Then the conti nued fraction + + + + =
25 1 1 "2 3 435
So we multiply (39y + 1 )/998 by 435, making
1 6965y + 435 . .
, whIch m ust be an mteger. Thence,
998
-y + 435 .
---- IS an I. nteger, so y = 435 , rn a k mg
' x = 8717.
998
The phone number was 435- 8 7 1 7 .
1 8 . J U S T TRIANGLE S
Say sides of one tri angle were (x + y), (x + z), (y + z )
inches.
Then are a was vxyz(x + y + z), perimeter 2(x + y + z ) ,
whe nce 9xyz = 16(x + y + z).
xyz 16 3 . 3 . 3 27
Now = - . But, = -
x + y + z 9 3 + 3 + 3 9'
so taking x ;?: y ;?: z , no solution i s possible with z > 2 .
S a y z = 1 . Then 9xy - 1 6x - 1 6y = 1 6 ,
s o (9x - 1 6)(9y - 1 6 ) = 400.
Taking factors for integral x and y :
9x - 1 6 = 200 20
9y - 1 6 = 2 20
x = 24 4
y = 2 4
So, sides : 26, 25, 3 and 8, 5 , 5 .
Say z = 2. Simil arly w e h a v e (9x - 8)(9y - 8) = 208,
giving x = 24, y = 1 , with sides 26, 25, 3.
Hence there were only the two different tri angles, with
sides 26, 25, 3 inches and 8, 5 , 5 inches.
1 9 . AN ANCIENT PROB LE M
We h ave i ntege rs A , B , C such that (A + B + C ) i s a
square , and each of (A + B ), (B + C), and (A + C ) is also
a squ are . The gre at mathe matician Diophantos devel
oped the ge neral i ntegral solution for this proble m
about 1700 ye ars ago.
The nce : ax a b 2k bx
= b3k =
ay a3k by
= a2bk =
az = a 2bk bz a b 2k =
a = 3, b = 2.
2 1 . J UST FOR K I D S
S t a n bought 1 2x a t 1 2x ¢ , 1 2y a t 1 2y ¢ , 1 2z a t 1 2z ¢ , with
x > y > z say.
Total cost 1 44(x 2 + y 2 + Z2)¢ for 12(x + y + z ) h ats at
average price 50¢.
so ( 1 2x - 2 5 )2 + ( 1 2y - 2 5 )2 + ( 1 2z - 2 5 )2 = 1875.
SOLUTIONS TO TEASERS 47
making x 5, y
= 3, which is not acceptable because
=
we re quire y > z.
The n, with z = 3, we have y 4, and x =5. =
22 . THE PATIO
The ancient Heronian form ula for the are a of any tri angle
is:
A = ys (s - x )(s - y )(s - z), where the sides are x, y, z,
and 2s x + y + z.
=
(2YZ )2 - (x 2 - y2 - z2)2.
=
Here we h ave x2 1 9 6 , y2
= 97, Z2 41,
= =
The are a of the u n paved tri angle was 28 squ are feet.
c , d are integers .
Then, c 2 - 2a 2 1 , d2 - 2b2
= 1. =
Q 0 2 1 2 70 etc . ,
=
P a n d Q obeying t h e relation U n + 2 6 U n + 1 - U n. =
48 CHALLENGING MATHEMATICAL TEASERS
2 5 . THE STA M P
(3 + 9 + 1 0 + 1 2 + 1 3 + 14) = 6 1 == l(mod 3)
The 5 st amps used at the airport totale d a mu ltiple of 3
kuks.
He nce the re m aining st a m p had to be of value == l(mod
3), so was for 1 0 kuks or 1 3 ku ks.
Say 1 3 ku k s : (3 + 9 + 10 + 12 + 14) = 48 = 1 6 . 3,
but no combination will give 1 6 .
Say 1 0 kuks : ( 3 + 9 + 1 2 + 13 + 14) = 5 1 = 1 7 . 3,
and 3 + 1 4 = 1 7 , 9 + 1 2 + 1 3 34.
=
SOLUTIONS TO TEASERS 49
2 7 . J UST JUNK
Say the number was N, with digits 1x 1y 1z 1 i n that order.
Then N == - l (mod 7) == - l (mod 1 1 ) == - l (mod 13),
so N == - l (mod 1 0 0 1 ).
N = 100000x + 1 000y + 1 0z + 1 0 1 0 1 0 1 ,
s o 100000x + 1 000y + 1 0z == - 1 0 1 0 1 02 == 908(mod 1 0 0 1 ),
whence 1 0 ( 1 0 000x + 1 00y + z ) = 1 0 0 1k + 908, say.
That requires k = l Ot + 2, say.
Thence , 1 0000x + 1 0 0y + z = 1 0 0 l t + 2 9 1 .
T h e n dividing through by 1 0 0 , a n d since t i s obviously
less than 100, we must h ave t = z + 9 .
Hence, 1 0000x + 1 0 0y + z = 100 1z + 9300,
so 1 00x + y = 1 0z + 93.
B ut y < 10, so the 2nd digit of ( 1 00x + y ) must be zero.
He nce z = 1 , making x =1 , y = 3.
Then N = 1 1 1 3 1 1 1 .
making y = 1 78 287
with x = 0 6 82
We may disregard the first pair of values, so le aving the
two n u m bers 6078 and 82287.
U ncle Fre d ' s n u m ber was 82287.
w , whe nce z = 3x .
So, 4y = 1 2x - x = 1 1x , he nce y = 1 1k , say, and x = 4k ,
m aking z = 1 2k .
Total sets re m aining would b e 27k ; so, since " about 50"
sets re m ai n e d , k = 2.
T h e n x = 8 , y = 22, z = 24, and w = 202.
So 606 stamps re m ained.
3 1 . RE AL E STATE
Are a of any tri angle is vs (s - a )(s - b )(s - c ) , where the
sides are a, b, c , and 2s = a + b + c.
Say sides (x - 7), x , (x + 7) yard s, making s = 3x/2, and
are a = x v3(x2 - 196)/4.
X = 1 2 7 26 etc.
Y = 0 1 4 15 etc.
x = 14 28 98 364 etc.
y = 0 14 56 210 etc.
3xy/4 = 0 294 4116 57330 etc.
But 1 2 acre s is 58080 squ are yards, so the are a must h ave
been 5 7330 squ are yards, with sides 357, 364 and 3 7 1
yards.
x x
3 7 . A WOMAN'S JOB
S ay B ill could do l/x of the j ob per minute, Ann 1/12y of
the j ob. To do the lot alone Ann would t ake 1 2y m inutes.
So Bill worke d alone for 5y minute s , le aving (x - 5y )/x
for Ann to do.
To do that, Ann took 1 2y (x - 5y )/x minute s .
Together t h e y would h ave take n 1 2xyl(x + 1 2y ) minutes
to do the lot, i n which time B ill alone would h ave done
1 2yl(x + 1 2y ) of the j ob .
So, 1 2yl(x + 12y) = ( x - 5y )/2x , w h e n c e x = 20y .
I n fact, they took 5y + 1 2y (x - 5y )/x m inute s , i . e . , 7x/ 1 0
minute s .
Together t h e y w o u l d h ave take n 1 2xyl(x + 1 2y), i . e . , 3x/8
mi nute s .
So, 7x/ 1 0 - 3x/8 = 5 2 , whe nce x = 160, with y = 8.
Their total time was 1 hour and 52 minute s .
38. E A C H T O E A C H
Say the n u mbers of people involve d in t h e exchange of
cards for the three succe ssive ye ars were z, y, x, where
x > y > z.
Corre sponding n u mbers of c ard s :
x (x - 1 ) , y (y - 1 ) , z (z - 1 ) .
So, (x 2 - x ) - (y2 - y) = 8 4 ,
i . e . , (2x - 1) 2 - (2y - 1 ) 2 = 4 . 8 4 = 4 . 22 . 3 . 7.
Tablulate for factors :
[(2x - 1 ) + (2y - 1 )]/2 84 42 28 2 1 14 1 2
[(2x - 1 ) - (2y - 1 )]/2 1 2 3 4 6 7
(2x - 1 ) 85 44 31 25 20 1 9
(2y - 1) 83 40 2 5 1 7 8 5
x 43 - 16 13 - 1 0
y 42 - 13 9 - 3
S i m i l arly we get "possibles" for y and z as :
y = 43 16 13 1 0
z = 42 13 9 3
SOLUTIONS TO TEASERS 55
3 9 . THE J E WE L B OX
y2 = 52 - (x - Z )2 = 82 - Z 2, so z = (x 2 + 39)/2x .
Z2 = 82 - y 2 = 132 - (x - y ) 2, so Y = (x 2 - 1 0 5 )/2x .
The n, y2 = (x 2 - 1 0 5 )2/4x 2.
But, y 2 = 64 - Z 2, so y2 = 64 - (x 2 + 39)2/4x 2,
he nce , (x 2 - 1 0 5 )2
= 256x 2 - (x 2 + 39)2,
whe nce X4 - 194x 2 + 6273 = 0, with solution x 2= 4 1 or
1 53.
B ut, from the e x pre ssion for y , x 2 > 105. Hence we must
h ave x 2= 1 53.
So the top of the box h a d are a 1 5 3 squ are c m .
4 1 . SO VERY SIMPLE
The number was x, with (n - 1 ) digits, special digit y.
Then 29x = l Ox + ( 1 0 n + 1 )y , whence ( l o n - 1 )y = 1 9x , so
l O n == - l (mod 1 9).
All to (mod 19): 1 02 == 5 , 1 03 == - 7, 1 0 4 == 6 , l O s == 3,
1 0 6 == - 8 , 1 0 7 == - 4, 1 0 8 == - 2 , 1 0 9 == - 1 .
4 2 . POWE R PLAY
Say x 2 = 2y3 = 3z s = 22a . 32b , he nce x = 2 a . 3 b .
T h e n, y3 = 2 ( 2a - I ) 32b , so 2a - 1 = 3u , say,
•
m ) n
The n x 2 = 2 (6 - 2 . 3 6 = 3z s ,
n
so Z S = 2 (6m -2 ) . 3 (6 - I ) , hence m = 5k + 2, n = 5t + 1 .
The n w e h ave z = 2 (6k + 2 ) . 3(61 + 1 ) ,
I
wi th x = 2 0Sk + S) 30 S + 3 ) ,
•
0 +
and y = 2 0k 3 3 0 2 ) .
• ) 0 1 +
For m i n i m al positive values k = t = 0, m aking
x = 2 s ' 33 = 864, y = 23 . 32 = 72, z = 22 . 3 = 1 2 .
We now tabul ate for succe ssive (a, b ) pairs, observing that
we re q uire n < 5 0 :
a = 1 5 5 49 49 485 etc.
b =O 2 2 20 2 0 198 etc.
6n + l = 1 7 17 71 1 69 703 etc.
2m + 1 = 1 3 7 29 69 287 etc.
n = 0 1 28 1 1 7 etc.
m =0 1 34 143 etc.
So t here were 34 e ve n n u mbers, Steve 's being 56.
4 7 . GRANDPA'S B I RTHDAY
Age s : Doug, x years ; grandfather, ( l Oy + z ) years .
Then, x (x + 1 )/2 = lOy + z + 1 , and x = y + z.
48. VANDALISM
List the Lowest Co m m o n Multiples of the possible sets of
correct fraction denominators :
4, 5, 7, 9-L . C . M . 1260 3, 5 , 7, 9-L . C . M . 3 1 5
3, 4 , 7 , 9-L . C . M . 252 3, 4, 5 , 9-L . C . M . 1 8 0
3, 4, 5, 7-L . C . M . 4 2 0
But there were o n l y 300 birds origi n ally, so the n u mber
re m aining m ust have been 252 or 180. And the i ncorrect
fraction must have been 1/5 or 117.
But more than 1 0 0 birds escape d , so 1 8 0 must h ave re
mained, the fraction 117 being incorrect.
Then there re m a i ne d : 60 finches
45 budgies
36 can ari e s
20 parrots
and 19 myn a h bird s and others.
Now, the origi nal n u m ber of canaries was e q u al to three
times the n u m ber of parrots re maini ng, so there h ad
been 60 canarie s , of which 24 canaries escape d .
49. TRANSPORTATION
Say 3 groups A, B, C of 1 0 e ach, starting time zero.
(1) Truck takes A a distance of x miles, t aki ng x/40 hours .
(2) Me anwhile B and C walk x / l 0 miles, so B and C are
9x/ 1 0 miles behind A when truck drops group A .
(3) Truck drive s back, picks u p B and transports t o j oin
60 CHALLENGING MATHEMATICAL TEASERS
36.
The nce 5x = 430 - 60z , so x = 86 - 1 2z .
But x < 1 2 , s o w e must have z = 7 , with x = 2 .
W e had w = (60x + y )/ 1 2 - 1, s o w = 1 2 .
5 3 . LONG O D D S
Andy was the actor, Ben the dentist, Clem the banker,
Doug the c urate .
5 8 . MANY A M I C KLE
Say there were (n + 1 ) amounts listed, and that e ach
ch arity would receive m ¢ .
T h e n , 24 + 1 2 2 ( 1 + 2 + 4 + . . . + 2 n - l ) - 5 2 0 0 = 1 1m , s o
1 2 2 · 2 n = 1 1m + 5 2 9 8 , whe nce 6 1 · 2 n == 9(mod 1 1 ), which
e ntails 2 n == - 4(mod 1 1 ).
6 1 . NUMBERS, N U M B E RS
Say the two " h alve s " were X and Y, e ach < 1 000.
Then, X2 + P + 1 = 1 0 0 0X + Y,
so (2X - 1 000)2 + (2Y - 1 )2 = 999997 = 1 32 1 · 7 5 7 .
1 32 1 · 7 5 7 = (36 2 + 5 2)(26 2 + 9 2)
= (36 ·26 ± 9 · 5) 2 + (36 ·9 =+= 2 6 · 5) 2
= (891 2 + 454 2) or (98 1 2 + 194 2) .
Tabulate :
2X - 1000 = - 4 54 + 454 - 1 94 + 1 94
2Y - 1 = 89 1 891 981 981
X = 2 73 727 403 597
Y = 446 446 491 491
Say our two M agic Squ are s have m2 and n 2 n u m bers re
spectively, with m > n.
Then m ( 1 0 9 - m2)/2 = n ( 1 0 9 - n2)/2,
whence m3 - n3 = 1 09(m - n ) .
Now, m i= n, so we m ay divide through by ( m - n),
giving m 2 + mn + n 2 = 1 09,
whe nce (2m + n)2 + 3n2 = 1 0 9 · 4
= ( 12 + 3 . 62)(12 + 3· 12),
with integral solutions m = 7, n = 5 , or m = 5 , n = 7.
But m > n , so we must have m = 7, n = 5 .
He nce t h e respective M agic Squares m u s t h ave n u mbers
from 6 to 54, and 30 to 54, respectively.
A CT U A L VI RTUAL
90
E
68. WRONG N U M B ER
S ay J o e ' s n u m be r was ( 1 00y + l Ox + z ), where x and z are
si ngle-digit n u m bers, and y is an i nteger less than 1 00.
SOLUTIONS TO TEASERS 69
69. A T TH E SHOW
Say X boys, Y girl s. T h e n the total n u m be r of different
arrange m e nts i n one row i s l (X + Y).
The n the total n u m be r of differe nt arrange ments with a
girl at e ach end would be Y(Y - 1 ) I (X + Y - 2), so
chances of a girl at e ach end will be :
Y(Y - 1 ) I (X + Y - 2) . Y(Y - 1 )
, I.e.,
I (X + Y) (X + Y)(X + Y - 1 ) "
But "2 to 1 o d d s against" is one ch ance in thre e ,
Y(Y- 1) 1
so =
(X + Y)(X + Y - 1) 3" '
whence 2Y2 - 2XY - X2 = 2Y - X.
Setting k = 2Y - X, this becom e s k2 - 2k = 3X2,
whe nce (k - 1 )2 - 3X2 = 1 .
This Pe lli an e q u ation h a s succe ssive integral solutions
that m ay be tabulated as:
(k - 1 ) = 1 2 7 26 97 etc.,
X = 0 1 4 1 5 56 etc . ,
with Y = 1 2 6 2 1 77 etc.
But we re quire X > 4, re 5 B arton boys,
and (X + Y) < 1 0 0 .
So w e m ust h ave X = 1 5 , Y = 2 1 .
He nce there were 3 6 in the group: 2 1 girls a n d 1 5 boys.
7 3 . A DEAL I N STAMPS
Say, x stamps at x cents, y stamps at 5y cents .
The n , x2 - 5y 2 = 3 1 9 , and x 2 + 5y 2 = about 3200.
Now, 319 = 2 9 · 1 1 , so the equ ation can be solved an alyti
cally, there being two families of integral p airs of (x , y)
v alu e s . But here it seems th at i nspired tri al i s j u stifi e d .
Adding t h e two equ ation s , 2X 2 = about 3 5 1 9 , so we must
h ave x = about 42.
Obviously, from the first e q u ation, x 2 ends with 4 or 9, so
we need test only x = 38, 42, 43, and 4 7 :
x = 38 42 43 47
X 2 = 1444 1 764 1849 2209
m aking 5y 2 = 1 1 2 5 1445 1530 1890
y2 = 225 289 306 378
i ntegral y = 15 17
x 2 + 5y 2 = 2569 3209
We may rej ect the first case, since all requirements are
obviously met by the results in the second.
Thence, 5z + 92 = 1 1 8 or 92 or 132 or 58
m aking z = - 0 8
with y = - 46 18
So it is 18 miles from Brent to Crowe as the crow flie s .
79. A BUS RI DE
Starting with x passengers , the n u mbers c arried for e ach
of the 5 successive stage s were : x, (2x + 1 5)/3 , (4x + 48)/
9, (2x + 60)/9, (x + 39)/9.
Total nu mber of different passengers was (x + 1 2 ) .
Total n u mber of passenger-stage u nits was ( 2 2 x + 1 92)/9 ,
but th at was an integer, so s ay x = 9y + 6 .
Thence tot al different passengers was ( 9y + 1 8), total
74 CHALLENGING MATHEMATICAL TEASERS
8 1 . C RE E PY C RAWLI E S
Say x children, y slugs .
I ndic ate individual children as : A got a slugs,
B got b slugs,
C got c slugs, etc .
Then A received l Oa - 3(y - a ) = 13a - 3y ,
B received ( 13b - 3y), and so on.
SOLUTIONS TO TEASERS 75
whence x = 4 8 16
with y = 3 9 18
76 CHALLENGING MATHEMATICAL TEASERS
B ut "the girl s all did better than e ither of u s , " and the
two boys totaled 9 points in all. Hence y/2 > 9/2 , y > 9 .
86. A W H I Z K I D
Say 7 x questions, (7x - y ) answered correctly.
Then 7(7x - y ) - y (y + 1 )/2 = 1 68 , x and y being integers .
Thence y (y + 1 5 ) = 98x - 336,
whence (2y + 15)2 = 392x - 1 1 19, and 392 = 49, 8,
so (2y + 1 5)2 == 8(mod 49) == 400(mod 49) and is odd.
Hence (2y + 15) == ± 2 9(mod 98).
The boy an swered more th an three-qu arters correctly, so
we re quire 7x > 4y .
SOLUTIONS TO TEASERS 77
88. PROGRE SS
Say the odd house nu mbers ran from 1 to (2m - 1), and
the numbers of the houses purchased ran from (2n + 1)
to 43, all being odd .
S u m 1 to (2n - 1)
Sum 4 5 to (2m - 1)
Su m 1 to (2m - 1)
So , n2 + m2 - 484 = m2/2,
whence m2 + 2n2 = 968.
Say m = 2M, n = 2N, making M2 + 2N2 = 242, with solution
M = 12, N = 7, wh ence m = 24, n = 14.
89. THRE E TI M E S
S ay N = 100x + y , where x h a s n digits and y < 100.
Then, 1 0"11 + x = 300x + 3y , whence ( l o n - 3)y = 299x .
299 = 2 3 · 13, s o : ( I o n
- 3) == O(mod 13) or O(mod 23) or O(mod
299).
Re ( 1 2 - 6 . 502) :
6y - 1 = ± (m ± 30On)
2x + 5 0 = 50m ± n
where m2 - 6n2 = 1 .
Tabulating: m = 1 5 5 etc.
n = 0 2 2 etc.
y = - - 101 etc.
x = - - 101 etc.
B ut we require x < 100 (i . e . , 2-digit integer).
Re (352 - 6 , 522) :
6y - 1 = ±(35m ± 3 1 2n)
2x + 5 0 = 52m ± 3 5n
where m2 - 6n2 = 1 .
Tabulating: m = 1 5 5 4 9 etc.
n = 0 2 2 2 0 etc.
y = 6 75 - - etc.
x = 1 70 - - etc.
Obviously the ages were : Jack 75, M arth a 70 years .
93. DO IT YOURSE LF
Re (w ; z ) = ( 7 ; 1 7) we h ave : w = ± ( 7m ± 34n),
z = ( 1 7m ± 7n), where m2 - 2n2 = 1.
With m = 1 , n = 0, we h ave w = 7 , Z = 1 7 . But we require
Z2 to be "getting on for 1 5 0 0 . "
W i t h the next larger p a i r of (m, n ) values, m = 3, n = 2,
we h ave w = 47, Z = 37, and 3 72 = 1369.
Then, since 1369 = 122 + 352, Joe ' s new tables would h ave
144 and 1 2 2 5 tiles respectively, a total of 1369 tile s .
SOLUTIONS TO TEASERS 81
9 4 . A B UG F O R THE BIRDS
S\Z
X51
37
I,
I
A. _ _ _ J
a
a
Say, a = 1 , k = 9, f = 9.
Then 104(9b - e ) + 1 03(9c - d) + 1 02(9d - c ) + 1 0(ge - b) +
80 = 0 ,
whence 8999b + 890c = 991e + lOd - 8 .
B ut maximum ( 9 9 1 e + 1 0d - 8) = 900 1 , so b = O.
Then, 890c = 991e + 1 0d - 8 , e ntailing e = 8 .
Thence , 89c - d = 792, so c = 9, d = 9. N = 109989.
S ay, a = 2 , k = 4, f = 8 .
Then 1333b + 130c + 1 = 20d + 332e .
But maximum (20d + 332e ) = 3168, so b < 3. Also, ( 1333b
+ 1) must be even, so b must be odd, hence b = 1 .
T h e n , 1 0d + 166e = 6 5c + 6 6 7 . But maximum (65c + 667)
= 1352, so e < 8 . Also, we require ( 1 0d + 166e ) > 666. So
e > 2.
But ( 1 6 6e - 667) must be divisible by 5 , hence e = 7.
Thence , 13c - 2d = 99, so d = 9, c = 9. N = 2 1 9978.
So 2 1 9978 · 4 = 8799 1 2 .
z
- - - I
I
I
I I
'--__.& � J
- 2z)
_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _
z (x z
37 , (37 n)
With n = 4 we h ave probability 0.1 5424 approximately,
with n = 5 , prob ability i s approximately 0.24566,
with n = 6, prob ability i s approximately 0.3476 1 .
Hence there h ad been 5 spins o f t h e wheel.
1 00. A NE ST EGG
Say the mother's age was m years when M ary was 1 year
old.
Then, when M ary's age was n years, Geoffrey deposited
n (m + n - 1) dollars.
SOLUTIONS TO TEASERS 85
1. L I N G
K W O N G
L E E
L I K E E
L I C H E E
2. Little crosses x x x ) x x x x x x ( x 8 x
i ndicate digits x x x x
you will h ave to
identify. There is x x x x
no " re mainder." x 8 x
x x x x
x x x x
P E P Y S
88 CHALLENGING MATHEMATICAL TEASERS
S T E A K S
6. K N a C K 7. P E T E R
K N a C K P O P P L E
I T'S P E D D L E S
T H E C O P P E R
P O S T I E K E T T L E S
8 . Little crosses x x x ) x x x x x x x x ( x x 7 x x
indicate digits x x x
you will h ave to
identify. There is x x x
no "remainder." x x x
x x x x
x x x x
9. They're beautiful O R Y X
beasts with their O R Y X
long t apere d horn s, R U N
and i n fact this O N
i s a prime ORYX !
K A R O O
S T R E E T
B U B B L E S R E P E A T S
ALPHAMETICS 89
13. fl H Y H ardly a
O H n ational
le ague
W H Y pitcher!
L O B
L A D Y
P I P P I N
N Y L O N S
1 7. P E T E R 18. S U S I E
P A P E'S S E E S
A A
P A P E R B L U E
L I T T E R B L U E
P I C K E R B E E T L E
90 CHALLENGING MATHEMATICAL TEASERS
x x x x x x 3 x
R I V E R
22. P E T E R 23. A D A M
P I P E R S A Y S
L I K E D Y E S
R E D I'M
R E D A D A M
P E P P E R M A D A M
x x x x x x x x
25. A tougher M O N E Y
variation P O P
on the old classic S O M E
SEND MORE M O N E Y
MONEY
theme ! P L E A S E
ALPHAMETICS 91
M U D D L E
27. W H E N 28. B O N G O
I N B O N G O
R O M E B O N G O
B E O N
A T H E
R O M A N C O N G O
29. J E L L Y That J E L L Y i s
J E L L Y quite special !
A L L In fact, it is
W I L D truly pri m e .
W I B B L E
W O B B L E
x x x
x x x
x x x x
x x x x
- - - -
32 . M E I N 33. E S K I M O
P A P A M I S S
L I L L I M I S S E S
P A L M E R I C E
T R I L L E D I C I C L E S
92 CHALLENGING MATHEMATICAL TEASERS
34. F E M A L E S 35. C R A B B Y
A T C R A B B Y
L A S T T A B B Y
D E F E A T M A Y
E V E R E S T S C R A T C H
36. M E N
A N D
x x x
x x x
x x x
W O M E N
B I K I N I S
38. C H E F 39. O L D
F R I E D S A L T
O R D E R T O L D
F O R T A L L
F A T H E R T A L E S
40. B E A D Y
E Y E D
B L U E
B U D G I E
G U G G L E S
SO L UTI ONS TO AL PHAMETICS
2N + E - 8, so N 2 7 5
giving carry 1 2 2
I + L + K + carry 11 12 12
0 5 6 3 2
with H 6 7 5 4
gi vi ng carry 1 1 1 1
L + I + carry 2 2 2 2
94 CHALLENGING MATHEMATICAL TEASERS
W = - 3
with C = 5
H e nce we h ave uniquely: 1028 + 93628 + 144 + 1 0944 =
1 05744.
1 1 . PASHA'S H U B B L E B U B B L E B U B B L E S = 568968
97 1 1 20 1 7 1 1 20 1 7 1 1208.
1 2 . PR E TTY PO L L Y PAR R O T R E PEATS = 7 1 5663
79003 781 196 1 5 75862.
13. 314 x 21 = 6594.
1 4 . SHAKE SHAKE PIPS I N P I PP I N = 64892 64892
1 3 1 6 30 1 3 1 130.
1 5 . 1 00536 + 142 = 708.
1 6. L I LY L I KE S S I L KY S I L KY N Y L O N S = 5350
53482 23540 23540 1 0 5 9 1 2 .
1 7. PE T E R PAPE ' S A PAPE R L I TTE R P I C KE R =
36 1 64 35367 5 35364 2 9 1 164 398064.
1 8 . S U S I E S E E S A B L U E B L UE B E E T L E = 89840
8008 2 1 390 1390 100630.
1 9. 3 1 94 x 3 1 94 = 1020 1 636.
20. D I V E R D IVE S D E E P I N R IVER = 45 1 79 45170
4772 5 8 95 1 79, with 0, 2, 8 interch ange able .
2 1 . SE E KO O KY KOO KS STREAK = 1 44 76672 7667 1
1 53487.
22. PE T E R P I PE R L I KE D RED R E D PE PPE R =
1 2628 1 3 1 2 8 93724 824 824 1 2 1 128.
23. ADAM SAYS Y E S I ' M ADAM MADAM = 5 0 5 1 4534
324 9 1 5 0 5 1 1 5 05 1 .
24. 1 238 x 8079 = 10001 802.
25. MONEY POP S O M E MONEY PL E A S E = 963 1 4 262
8691 963 1 4 20 1 5 8 1 .
2 6 . A L L A RUDDY R U D D Y M U D D L E = 433 4 62550
62550 1 2 5537.
27. WH E N I N ROME BE A R O MAN = 9457 87 1 06 5 25
3 1 0637.
28. B ONGO B O NGO B ONGO ON THE CONGO = 29719
297 1 9 29719 97 465 897 1 9 .
29. J E LL Y J E L L Y ALL W I L D W I B B L E WOB B L E =
39227 39227 522 1024 1 06629 1 86629.
96 CHALLENGING MATHEMATICAL TEASERS