1.

Pauling and Covey

-3 intertwined chain with phosphate inside and base outside
-rejected bcs -ve phosphate will repel and which hold them together, van der waals distance
too small

2. Rosalind Franklin
-using X-ray diffraction to determine structure of DNA
-Phosphate atom in the sugar phosphate backbone of DNA diffracts the x-ray to form a X
pattern indicates double-helix structure.

3. James Watson and Francis Crick

-get clue from R.Franklin and came up with their famous model of the DNA double helix

4. DNA structure
-Sugar is perpendicular to base, a residue every 0.34 nm and 36° to the next, one turn every
10 residue.
-Two strain held by hydrogen bond btw base. Purine bind to pyrimidine (AT and GC) to
maintain the constant diameter of DNA (2nm)
-Proved by the ratio of G to C and A to T is similar