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org International Engineering Research Journal (IERJ) Volume 2 Issue 3 Page 1071-1075, 2016, ISSN 2395-1621

ISSN 2395-1621 A Review of Various Shapes Microstrip

Patch Antenna for High Frequency
Applications
#1
Gokani Deepbhai Kamaleshkumar, #2Prof. A.A. Randive
1
dee_ec.engineer@yahoo.com
2
aarandive@aissmscoe.com
#1
Pune University, A.I.S.S.M.S. COE,
Kennedy Road, Pune, India
#2
Assistant Professor, Department of Electronics,
A.I.S.S.M.S COE, Pune, India

ABSTRACT ARTICLE INFO

The area of micro strip antennas has seen some inventive work in recent years and is Article History
currently one of the most dynamic fields of antenna theory. The micro-strip patch Received: 10th May 2016
antenna are used for various applications in many high performance wireless
communication system. They have several drawbacks such as low efficiency, low Received in revised form :
bandwidth, and low gain and can only be used at microwave frequency. Due to these
10th May 2016
parameters, there is complexity in tunings. Thus to improve them, different slots are
introduced. Variety of shapes of slots are available like E, L, C, U, S, H shapes etc. Accepted: 14th May 2016
which make patch antenna suitable for high frequency applications. This paper presents
Published online :
a brief overview of Comparison among the most conventional shaped microstrip patch
antennas. In this work, most conventional shaped microstrip patch antennas are 15th May 2016
identified from previous literature to establish a total efficiency comparison in terms of
gain and bandwidth between the antennas on the basis of surface wave concept.

Keywords: Micro-strip patch antenna, slots, Gain, Bandwidth

I. INTRODUCTION
Microstrip patch antenna is a key building in wireless to preserve the antenna’s thin profile characteristic. The
communication and Global Positioning system since it was successful examples include E-shaped patch antennas, U-slot
first demonstrate in 1886 by Heinrich Hertz and its practical patch antennas, and V-slot patch antennas.
application by Guglielmo Marconi in 1901. Future trend in
communication design is towards compact devices [1]. Sr. Microstrip Microstrip
Microstrip patch antenna have been well known for its No Characteristics patch Antenna Slot Antenna
advantages such as light weight, low fabrication cost,
mechanically robust when mounted on rigid surfaces and 1 Profile Thin Thin
capability of dual and triple frequency operations. All these
features, attract many researchers to investigate the 2 Fabrication Very easy Easy
performance of patch antenna in various ways. However, 3 Polarization Both linear and Both linear
narrow bandwidth and gain are the major disadvantage for circular and circular
this type of antenna. 4 Dual frequency Possible Possible
The bandwidth of microstrip antenna may be increased using Operation
air substrate [3]. However, dielectric substrate must be used 5 Shape Flexibility Any Shape Mostly
if compact antenna size is required. A few approaches can be rectangular
applied to improve the microstrip antenna bandwidth. These and circular
include increasing the substrate thickness, introducing 6 Spurious radiation Exists Exists
parasitic element either in coplanar or stack configuration,
and modifying the shape of a common radiator patch by 7 Bandwidth 2-5 5-30
incorporating slots. The last approach is particularly
attractive because it can provide excellent bandwidth Table 1: Characteristics comparison between microstrip patch antenna and
improvement and maintain a single-layer radiating structure microstrip slot antenna

© 2015, IERJ All Rights Reserved Page 1

 www.ierjournal.org International Engineering Research Journal (IERJ) Volume 2 Issue 3 Page 1071-1075, 2016, ISSN 2395-1621
This Literature is organized as follows. Section II describes
the antenna geometry, Section III discuses on the results and
finally, Section IV concludes the work.
II. ANTENNA GEOMETRY
1) C-Shaped microstrip patch antenna
The structure consists of a monopole arrangement. The
radiator patch combined by three C (English alphabet)
arranged in a manner to reduce total as well as to increase the
effective half wavelength dipole of the radiator within the
compact area [8].
Figure 1.compact triple C shaped antenna structure [8]
Substrate Material: FR4
Substrate Material Dielectric constant ( ): 4.3
Substrate Material Loss Tangent: 0.025
Substrate Dimension:
Simulation Tool: CST Microwave Studio
2) U-Shaped microstrip patch antenna
The antenna consists of simple planar structure having a U-
shaped radiating patch and ground plane on the substrate
layer. The radiating patch is connected to feed line as shown
in figure 2. The proposed U-shaped antenna is fed by CPW
feed line [9].
Figure 2. Geometry of proposed U slot shaped antenna
(All dimensions in mm) [9]
Substrate Material: FR4 epoxy
Substrate Material Dielectric constant ( ): 4.4
Substrate Material Loss Tangent: 0.02
Substrate Dimension:
© 2015, IERJ All Rights Reserved
Simulation Tool: Mentor Graphic IE 3D
3) E-Shaped microstrip patch antenna
Initially the rectangular patch is designed to resonant at a
frequency near the upper limit of the required bandwidth.
The for the main rectangular patch was selected to be 5.8
GHz as the aim was to achieve a bandwidth between 5.0 - 6.0
GHz. After designing the main patch, the two slots were
inserted into it to make it E-shaped. The slot widths and
lengths were adjusted so that the lower antenna resonant
frequency should be near to the lower edge of the required
bandwidth i.e. 5.2 GHz [10].
Figure 3. Optimized Dimensions - E-Shaped Antenna [10]
Substrate Material: RT/duroid-5880
Substrate Material Dielectric constant ( ): 4.3
Substrate Material Loss Tangent: 0.025
Substrate Dimension:
Simulation Tool: Agilent ADS Momentum Simulator
4) L-Shaped microstrip patch antenna
Firstly, a rectangular microstrip patch antenna, based on the
standard procedure, is designed to determine the width (W)
and length (L) at 1.8GHz. In order to perturb the surface
current path, two perpendicular slots are incorporated,
introducing inductive effect [11].
Figure 4. Geometry of proposed L slot shaped antenna
(All dimensions in mm) [11]
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 www.ierjournal.org International Engineering Research Journal (IERJ) Volume 2 Issue 3 Page 1071-1075, 2016, ISSN 2395-1621
Substrate Material: FR4
Substrate Material Dielectric constant ( ): 4.4
Substrate Material Loss Tangent: 0.02
Substrate Dimension:
Simulation Tool: Ansoft HFSS Simulator
5) H-Shaped microstrip patch antenna
2 Parallel and 1 perpendicular slot etched on a Rectangular
patch to make it H shape that resonant at three different
frequencies using the concept multi resonating cavity. [12].
Figure 5. Geometry of proposed L slot shaped antenna
(All dimensions in mm) [12]
Substrate Material: FR4
Substrate Material Dielectric constant ( ): 4.4
Substrate Material Loss Tangent: 0.02
Substrate Dimension:
Simulation Tool: Ansoft HFSS Simulator
6) P-Shaped microstrip patch antenna
The geometry of P-shape microstrip patch antenna is shown
in Figure 6. Parametric analysis is performed under the
resonant behavior of the antenna by changing the radius of
circular slot of P shaped patch [13].
Figure 6. P-shaped microstrip patch antenna [13]
Substrate Material: FR4
Substrate Material Dielectric constant ( ): 4.4
© 2015, IERJ All Rights Reserved
Substrate Material Loss Tangent: 0.02
Substrate Dimension:
Simulation Tool: Ansoft HFSS Simulator
7) W-Shaped microstrip patch antenna
The W slot MSA is suitable for high speed WLANs
applications. By using different approach of bandwidth
enhancement such as stacked configuration, cutting slot and
changing the position of the coaxial probe bandwidth equal
to 25.78% is achieved. The antenna is fed by coaxial probe
feeding technique.
Figure 7. Geometry of proposed W slot shaped antenna [14]
Figure 7 depicts the antenna geometry. The Antenna is
designed using air as a dielectric of height 10 mm between
the ground plane and patch. The Length and width of the
ground plane is 17.2mm by 20 mm. (L W) from the
ground plane at a height of 10 mm a parasitic patch of W slot
is digged of dimensions 7.2mm by 10 mm (L1 W1). The
slot cutting and stacking is done to improve the bandwidth of
the microstrip antenna which in this case is achieved to
25.78% [14].
Substrate Material: Air
Substrate Material Dielectric constant ( ): 1.0006
Substrate Material Loss Tangent: 0.00
Substrate Dimension:
Simulation Tool: Zeland IE 3D Simulator
III. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
This section provides comparative analysis of different slots
shaped microstrip patch antenna. Table 2 shows the obtained
Return loss & VSWR at a particular resonant frequency and
merits of using slots shapes in terms of improved Gain and
Bandwidth. U shaped & E Shaped slot antenna proved to best
suitable for a single band operation where a high bandwidth
is concerned whereas L shaped slot antenna is suitable for
multiband operations.
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 www.ierjournal.org International Engineering Research Journal (IERJ) Volume 2 Issue 3 Page 1071-1075, 2016, ISSN 2395-1621

Title Concept Feeding Results Merits

The arms of the proposed antenna Return loss :

Compact Triple C Shaped
Microstrip Patch Antenna
for WLAN, WiMAX & Wi-
Fi Application at 2.5 GHz
[8]
Design of U-Shaped CPW
Fed Antenna with
Modified Ground Plane for
WiMAX/WLAN
Applications [9]
Wideband E-Shaped
Antenna Design for WLAN
Applications [10]
along a meandered path, a -32.80 dB at 2.5GHz Improved Gain and
configuration is produced with Microstrip Efficiency.
distributed capacitive & inductive
Feed VSWR:1.04
reactance which globally affect
the antenna input impedance. Bandwidth :
2.5 GHz
2 Parallel and 1 perpendicular slot Return loss :
etched on a Rectangular patch -26.13 dB, Bandwidth Enhanced by
that resonant at three different Co-Planar - 16.31dB, (4.16GHz).
frequencies using the concept Waveguide -19.64 dB Improved Gain:
multi resonating cavity. Feed respectively at 2.65 dBi, 1.73 dBi,
3.77GHz, 5.46GHz, 2.70 dBi respectively at
7.32GHz 3.77GHz,5.46 GHz
VSWR ,7.32GHz
After designing Rectangular
patch two slots were inserted into Return loss : Bandwidth Enhanced by
it to make it E Shaped, As both Probe -30.1 dB at 5.3 GHz (4.16GHz).
the slots are incorporated in the Feeding Improved Gain:
rectangular patch ,the current VSWR 6.7 dBi at 5.3 GHz.
starts flow around the slots that Efficiency:
allows the antenna to resonant at
another frequency lower than
original frequency.

2 Perpendicular slots are

L-shaped multiband incorporated to make it L shape. Return loss : Bandwidth Enhanced by
microstrip patch antenna In order to achieve multiband Co-axial -17 dB, - 28 dB, ; Improved
for DCS and WLAN operation, surface current Feed -22 dB respectively Gain 1.2 dB, 1.9 dB, and 7.2
applications [11] perturbed (as two slots presents) at 1.8 GHz, 3.7GHz, dB respectively at 1.8 GHz,
introducing inductive effect 5.2GHz 3.7GHz, 5.2GHz
which necessary for excitation of
a second resonant mode VSWR

The H-shape has been etched Return loss :

A Tri-Band H-Shaped from a rectangular patch to -18.31 dB, Bandwidth Enhanced by
Microstrip Patch Antenna achieve Tri-Band characteristics. Co-axial - 17.8 dB, ; Improved
for DCS and WLAN Feed -22 dB respectively Gain 1.6 dBi, 1.9 dBi, and
Applications [12] at 1.8 GHz, 3.7GHz, 2.1 dBi respectively at 1.8
5.2GHz GHz, 2.45GHz, 5.2GHz
VSWR
Parametric analysis is performed Return loss :
Design of a Novel P-shaped under the resonant behavior of the Co-axial -20 dB at 2.5GHz Improved Gain and
Microstrip Patch antenna by changing the radius of Probe Feed Efficiency.
Antenna for Bluetooth circular slot of P shaped patch. VSWR Bandwidth :
Applications [13] 120 MHz
Slot cutting and Stacking is Return loss : Bandwidth Enhanced by
Bandwidth Enhancement of introduced to improve the Co-axial -16 dB at 5.3 GHz (4.16GHz).
W Slot Microstrip Antenna bandwidth of MPA. Probe Feed Improved Gain:
using Stacked VSWR 6 dBi at 5.3 GHz.
Configuration [14] Efficiency:

Table 2: Comparative Analysis of different Shapes of Slots

© 2015, IERJ All Rights Reserved Page 4

 www.ierjournal.org International Engineering Research Journal (IERJ) Volume 2 Issue 3 Page 1071-1075, 2016, ISSN 2395-1621
IV. CONCLUSION
A comparative study of effect of shape on Bandwidth,
Gain and Return loss of patch antenna is presented in this
paper. It was observed that, only dielectric constant and
thickness of patch antenna does not affects the BW but also
its shape plays an important factor to enhance the BW &
Gain. The resonance frequency gets shifted due to change in
current path occurs due to slots introduction in path. So,
cutting the slots in the patch affects the resonance frequency
of higher modes and hence it realizes higher BW & also the
higher gain.
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