CRIMINOLOGY (100 MARKS)

Section-I (25 Marks)

UNIT I. Introduction
(i) Basic concepts used in understanding crime, criminality and criminal.
UNIT II. Understanding Criminology
(i) Definition, meaning and scope of criminology,
(ii) Criminology and criminal law,
(iii) Crime as social problem,
(iv) Crime and social organization,
(v) Related concepts: Deviance, Sin and Vice
UNIT III. Crime and Criminals
(i) Occasional criminals
(ii) Habitual criminals
(iii) Professional criminals
(iv) White-collar crime
(v) Organized crime
(vi) Corporate crimes
UNIT IV. Crime and Criminality: Theoretical Perspectives
(i) Early explanation of criminal behavior
• Classical School
• Positivist School (Biological and Psychological Explanations)
• Positivist School (Sociological Explanation)
• Social Disorganization theory
• Strain theory
• Social Control theory
• Learning theory
• Labeling Theory
(iii) Islamic perspective
Section-II (25 Marks)
UNIT V. Juvenile Delinquency
(i) Meaning, definitions (Behavioral Vs Legal)
(ii) Juvenile delinquent Vs status offender
(iii) Official statistics of juvenile delinquency
UNIT VI. Juvenile Justice System
(i) Role of police
(ii) Juvenile court process:
• Pretrial, trial and sentencing
• Role of prosecutor, defense counsel, juvenile judge, juvenile probation officer
• Juvenile correctional institutions, probation and non-punitive alternatives
UNIT VII. The Criminal Justice System
• Police and its role
• Trial and Conviction of Offenders
• Agencies: formal and informal
• Criminal courts: procedures and problems
• Role of prosecutors
 • Prisons, Probation and Parole
UNIT VIII. Punitive and Reformative Treatment of Criminals
Corporal punishment, Imprisonment, Rehabilitation of criminals.
Section-III (25 Marks)
UNIT IX. Criminal Investigation
(i) Principles of criminal investigation
(ii) Manual of preliminary investigation
(iii) Intelligence operations
(iv) Data base investigation
(v) Electronic investigation
(vi) Forensic Investigation
UNIT X. Techniques of Investigations
(i) Gathering information from persons
(ii) Interviewing and interrogation techniques
(iii) Criminal investigation analysis
UNIT XI. Legal and Ethical Guidelines for Investigators
(i) Stop and frisk operations
(ii) Arrest procedures
(iii) Search and seizure
UNIT XII. International Policing Criminal Justice Monitoring Organizations
(i) UNAFEI
(ii) INTERPOL
(iii) EUROPOL
(iv) UNODC
(v) UNICEF
(vi) IPA, etc.
Section-IV (25 Marks)
UNIT XIII. Modern Concepts in Contemporary Criminology
• Terrorism, Radicalism and War on Terror
• Media’s representation of Crime and the Criminal Justice System
• Modern Law Enforcement and Crime Prevention
• Intelligence-led Policing
• Community Policing
• Private Public Partnership
• Gender and Crime in Urban and Rural Pakistan
• Crime and Urbanization, Organized Crime and White-Collar Crime
• Human Rights Abuses and Protection, especially Children, Women and Minorities and the role
of civil society and NGOs
• Money-laundering
• Cyber Crime
• Role of NAB, FIA, ANF
 Past Papers
Criminology Paper 2016
PART II
SECTION I
QUESTION 2: Explain the nature and importance of Criminology in detail.
QUESTION 3: Define the term Crime and Criminals. Explain the types of criminals in detail.
SECTION II
QUESTION 4: Write a note on Crime Control Agencies.
QUESTION 5: Define the term Probation. Discuss the conditions of probation.
SECTION III
QUESTION 6: Enlist and discuss the principles of criminal investigation.
QUESTION 7: Discuss in detail the "Interviewing and Interrogation Techniques" of
investigation.
SECTION IV
QUESTION 8: Write a detailed not on Cyber Crime.
QUESTION 9: Write short notes on any TWO of the following:
a) Money Laundering b) White-collar crimes c) Criminal Law
Criminology Paper 2017
PART - II
SECTION - I
QUESTION 2. Write a critical note on the increasing importance of criminology in Pakistan.
Also discuss the historical development of criminology as a scientific discipline.
QUESTION 3. Enlist the criminological perspectives. Briefly describe the three criminological
perspectives on the study of crime and criminal behaviour.
SECTION - II
QUESTION 4. Write a comprehensive note on the juvenile justice system of Pakistan. Suggest
measures for the improvement of Juvenile justice system of Pakistan.
QUESTION 5. Write short notes on:
a) Causes of juvenile delinquency in Pakistan b) Probation and parole
SECTION - III
QUESTION 6. Write a comprehensive note on the principles of criminal investigation. Illustrate
with examples from Pakistan.
QUESTION 7. Elaborate importance of legal and ethical guidelines for the criminal investigation
of gender based crimes. Support your answer with examples from Pakistani society.
SECTION - IV
QUESTION 8. Write a critical note on the rule of law enforcement agencies in the control of
terrorism in Pakistan. Suggest measures to minimize radicalization in Pakistan.
QUESTION 9. Write notes on:
a) Money-laundering in Pakistan b) Gender and Crime
 Criminology Paper 2018
PART-II
SECTION-I
QUESTION. 2. Define Criminology. Discuss the scope of criminology in Pakistan.
QUESTION 3. What is the Islamic perspective on crime and punishment? Explain your answer
with the help of proper examples.
SECTION-II
QUESTION 4. What is juvenile delinquency? Explain the nature, extent and causes of juvenile
delinquency in Pakistan. Suggest remedial measures for reducing juvenile delinquency in
Pakistan.
QUESTION 5. Trace back the history and development of police organization in Pakistan.
SECTION-III
QUESTION 6. What is Criminal investigation? Explain the key principles of criminal
investigation.
QUESTION 7. To what extent Interpol has been successful in reducing organized crime at
international level. Discuss
SECTION-IV
QUESTION 8. Intelligence-led policing has become an effective model of policing in tackling
organized crime. Discuss the background and key principles of intelligence-led policing.
QUESTION 9. Discuss the laws and institutional arrangements for controlling money laundering
in Pakistan.

Criminology Paper 2019

PART — II
SECTION-I
QUESTION 2 Travis Hirschi argued that crime results when an individual's bond to society is
weak or broken. Discuss in detail what this theory of social bonding explains about crime.
QUESTION 3. Discuss the fundamental postulates of Edwin Sutherland's 'Differential
Association theory' with examples.
SECTION-II
QUESTION 4. Discuss some of the functions and responsibilities of Juvenile Justice System. Do
you believe that Juvenile Justice has played its role in prevention of juvenile crimes in Pakistan?
QUESTION 5. How far recidivism has been limited by the institution of prison? Explain some of
the modem strategies used in prison for the restoration and reintegration of criminals.
SECTION-III
QUESTION 6. Define and differentiate interviewing and interrogation techniques. How far
human rights of criminals are being violated during the interrogation process?
QUESTION 7. How the forensic science is a helpful tool in the modern day for determining and
detection of violent crimes?
SECTION-IV
QUESTION 8. Cybercrime is increasing at national and international levels. Suggest some
measures to control this kind of crime.
QUESTION 9. How do violent crimes affect social fabric of Pakistani society? Discuss some of
the modem policing strategies for prevention and control of the violent crimes in Pakistan.