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Psychodynamic Formulation: Presented by Moderator
Psychodynamic Formulation: Presented by Moderator
Mrs Rani displays a striking lack of empathy in thinking only of the way her therapist
Mr Nishad helps her to maintain her self-esteem.
Similarly, Mr Chisty sees his friend pratheek existing only to validate his own
experiences.
Relationships
• Relationships are the interactions that we have with
people in our lives.
• Types-
• parent–child relationships of early childhood,
• The peer friendships of later childhood,
• The romantic and sexual
• Relationships of adulthood
• For most of us, relationships with family, friends,
significant others, and colleagues provide us with some
of the most rewarding experiences of our lives.
• Relationships can also be a source of frustration, pain,
and confusion.
Variables for relationships
• Trust
• Sense of self and other
• Security
• Intimacy
• Mutuality
Trust
• The ability to trust others is essential for having
meaningful, mutually satisfying relationships.
• Lack of trust leads to constant fear of aggression
from others, a sense of being neglected and
feeling of aloneness.
• Being overly trusting can be problematic, too –
the person who trusts everyone or who trusts
people he/she shouldn’t may also have
difficulties with trust.
• But having at least one or two people who you
really trust is vital for adaptive functioning.
Case scenario
After working for 10 years mr Chisty was Mr Asish runs a small caterer business
thrown out of the company. although hes and want it to hand over his busness to
married he feels that “his wife spends his son.whom he belives he trained
most of the time with her family”. He no enough under him to maintain his
longer speaks to most of his friends and business and he believes that his son will
acquaintances because, ‘‘they all just look after him in the way he cared him. .’’
want money from you in the end.’’ When Asish has friend Ramesh a close friend
his therapist suggests that he is with whom he has shared his wishes.
depressed and could benefit from
medication and therapy, he says, ‘‘Yeah,
how much did the drug companies pay
you to say that?’’
s
Sense of self and other
• Being able to think about oneself and others
in a three-dimensional way is critical to having
healthy relationships.
1 Both bad and good qualities
2 separate and unique feelings, beliefs, needs,
or motivations
3 Generally consistent feelings about self and
others from past to present
Case scenarios
Mr Chisty says that his boss is a ‘‘selfish’’ Mr Nishad thinks that his boss is smart
who only cares about his own and creative but a bit passive. When he
promotion. He ‘‘loved’’ him when he was didn’t get the bonus he thought he
recruited. Chisty’s boss did not trained deserved, he made an appointment to
him properly and never guided him. discuss this with boss. Nishads boss
When Mr Chisty’s bonus was cut even explained that the department had not
after achieving target, he tried calling done well . Mr Nishad was disappointed,
and demanding his bonus, despite the and even wondered if perhaps his boss
fact that his boss supervises over 50 had not made ‘‘enough of a case’’ for him
people. When boss explained that with the ‘‘higher-ups,’’ but also
everyone in the department had to take understood the pressure on him. He
a bonus cut for not achieving target, Mr generally works well with his boss and
Chisty vilified his boss for being weak likes his candor and collegiality but is
and considered quitting. sometimes frustrated by his less
aggressive nature.
Security
• security refers to the state of being safe;
security in a relationship refers feeling safe
with another person.
• This means being able to feel that the
relationship will persist even if there are-
- physical separations
- disagreements
- other negative feelings
Case scenario
Mr Ramesh, a 28-year-old post graduate Mr Asish is a 28 year-old post graduate
student who cannot finish his thesis, student who is about to finish his thesis.
recently breakup with her girlfriend after he lives with his girlfreind of 2 years;
he thought she flirted with his best friend they’ve talked about getting married
at a party. SHe denies his charge and says after he settles into his new job in a year
that he has often noticed flirting with or so. Asishs girlfriends closest friend is a
other girls. He’s is angry and refuses to male colleague. While Asish was mildly
see either his girlfriend or his best friend. anxious about this at first, he has now
he tells you that he met a new girl a formed a close friendship with that guy.
week ago and says, ‘‘I think I’m in love, he occasionally jokes about how silly he
she’s perfect!’’ and planning to get was to be worried.
engaged after exams.
Intimacy
• Intimacy refers to closeness and familiarity.
• People are intimate with one another if they
share things about themselves, such as feelings,
experiences, wishes, and disappointments.
• example
• Mr Ramesh, a 30-year-old man, meets a woman
at a bar and tells her the story of his last three
relationships before the second drink.
• Mr suresh, a 34-year-old man, lived with his
girlfriend for 3 years before he shared with her
that he had a schizophrenic brother
Mutuality
• Relationships are mutual when both people involved
are able to give and take.
• Consider these situations: Nishad and chisty are both
friends, Nishad is one person who constantly talks
about himself while the chisty always listens.
• This situation feels unfair, because it seems as if one
person is doing all the giving, while the other does all
the taking.
• The takers have a limited capacity for empathy and
thus do not consider the needs of others. Without this,
relationships are unbalanced and lack mutuality
Variability in relationship patterns
• people may have strengths in some aspects of
their relationships while having difficulty in
others.
• For example, a person may be able to be
emotionally intimate with friends but not with
romantic partners. Another person might have a
very secure relationship with his/her partner but
lack sexual intimacy.
• variability in relationship patterns is essential for
understanding this critical area of functioning.
Adapting
• Adapting means adjusting.
• Internal stimulation includes
• thoughts and fantasies
• feelings and anxiety
• pain and other physical sensations
• External stimulation includes
• relationships with others
• economic and work-related pressures
• trauma and other environmental events
Variables for describing patterns of
adapting
• Defenses-1.more adaptive
2.less adaptive
• Managing emotion
• Impulse control
• Stimulus regulation
Cognition
• Cogito ergo sum – Descartes famously
asserted that the fact that we think is
evidence of our existence.
• The way we think is reflected in almost
everything that we do, including problem
solving, organizing our thoughts,remembering
things, and focusing our attention.
Variables for describing cognition
• General cognitive abilities- individuals will affect
their functioning in every other area – the way
they think about themselves, their relationships
with others, how they adapt to stress, and their
work and play.
• Decision making and problem solving -People
make decisions and solve problems in very
different ways.
• Ability to organize thinking, plan ahead, and think
creatively.
• Self-reflection and reality testing-is the capacity
to examine one’s own thoughts and behaviors.
• Reality testing-ability to differentiate reality from
fantasy.
• Mentalization- is the capacity to understand that
other people have thoughts and feelings that are
different from one’s own. The ability to
• mentalization is central to the ability to
empathize with others. This describes its
importance for understanding cognitive function.
• Judgment-it’s the capacity to consider the
consequences of behavior.
• superego function- In psychodynamic terms,
the capacity to know right from wrong is part .
Work and Play Key
• Work- work as ‘‘physical or mental effort
exerted to do or make something; purposeful
activity.
• Play-everyone has a different way of Relaxing
on a beach, watching TV, reading fiction,
socializing, throwing a football, traveling,
cooking.
Variables Work and Play Key
• Well matched to developmental
level/talents/limitations
• Comfortable/satisfying/pleasurable
• Adequate for care of self and dependents
• Culturally sanctioned
Case scenario
• A 42 years old male patient who’s single ,currently not
working presented to OPD with complaints of RTA following
alcohol intake and sad mood with death wishes. He started
alcohol consumption 27 years back following his mothers
separation from his father. He left studies at that time and
started working , he shifted to many places and changed
many jobs as he could not bear any one criticizing him and
most of the times his employer cheated him especially in the
last ashram where they said they will get him marry. He has
disturbed interpersonal relationship with younger brother
following some business partnership in past and attempted
suicide for the same reason by jumping in front of truck. He
says“’he has worked hard for many years early in frpm early
in morning to late in night still he could not save any money
and has no home , feel ashamed of his alcohol habit”.
Describe patient problems
• Problem- alcohol intake, sadness, loss of interest in
work, disturb interpersonal relation ship.
• Self-
• Identity- not fully established as he don’t know what
kind of job he likes. He wants to earn money. Not sure
what kind of job he wants.
• Fantasies about himself- he wants to build home and
wants to get marry.
• Vulnerable to self esteem- threats he thinks he may
get cheated in future to.
• Internal response to self-esteem threats- less adaptive
he could not bear criticism and changes jobs.
• Relationships-difficulty in establishing and
maintaining.
• Trust is lacking as he was constantly got
cheated from his mother to his employers.
• Sense of self and other- he hardly has any
friends and has no one as bystander.
Intimacy and mutuality is lacking as there are
no visitors in ward and no bystander.
• Adaptability- when ever he sad he just take
alcohol he could not manage stress. when
someone criticizes at job he changes it less
flexible and has poor impulse control .
• Cognition-as he worked as waiter for almost
27 years defines he has strong general
cognitive functions.He again want to rejoin s
waiter which says he has good sense of self
relflection as he knows his talent and
limitations.Now he want to quit alchol as
people are not respect if he drink alcohol
shows he has sense of mutuality.
• Work and leisure-His work is consonant with
his talents and training and gives him
satisfaction. He is able to support himself. His
worry about
• His idea of rejoining as waiter suggest he is
not able to enjoy activities outside of work .
• But taking alcohol for drinking for relaxing in
leisure time is not culturally acceptable.
Reviewing of developmental history
• Genetics and heredity-
• Psychiatric disorders-father ,mother and
brother has history suggestive of ads.
Maternal habits-mother alcoholic.
• Maternal physical and emotional health-as
she eloped with another person history
suggestive of marital discord, depression and
domestic violence.
Taking a developmental history of the
earliest years
Taking a developmental history of the earliest
years involves learning about the
• Environment into which the child was born
• Characteristics of the primary caregivers
• Quality of early relationships with primary
caregivers
• History of separations and trauma
Developmental history
• Genetics and prenatal development-he is born
to married couple belonging to low socio
economical status. History suggestive of Alcohol
dependence in parents and domestic violence in
mother.
• Early environment-very poor family stayed in hut.
Quality of the early relationships with the
primary caregivers-poor as he father was not so
caring and mother as young kids
Earliest years (birth to age 3)
• Patient shared warmth relationship with his
mother, how ever his relationship father is not
clear. He has good relationship with elder
sister. He could describe some good old
memories of his grandmother.
Middle Childhood(3-6 years)
• He joined school around four years,he was
afraid of teachers and he reports he
remembers he use to get afraid of his father
when he use to see him beating his mother
during evening times.he has seen his mother
crying and screaming.
Later Childhood
(6-12years)
• He had many friends, he was poor in studies
and use play a lot. He use to bunk school and
use to go to get tamarind or any other berries
by bunking class.he grown his hairs very long
by watching movies even after getting
punishment he and his friends refused to cut
his hairs.
Adolescence (age 13–18)
patient saw is mother leaving him and his
siblings and eloping with a man of other
community.his father fought many with his
mother and her partner to get her back afeter
som days they left mangalore.patient and his
elder sister was adopted by relative and took
them to chennai where he worked as
carpenter and his sister worked as housemaid.
.
Later adulthood (age 23 to present)
• At the age of 26 years he came back to
Mangalore he joined ashram as ther was a
deal they will get him marry which dint
happened till 7 years of working in ashram he
lost his interest in work and later he joined his
brother caterer business there also he had
problem with his bother following which he
attempted suicide.
Linking
• Trauma
• Early cognitive and emotional difficulties
• Conflict and defense
• Relationships with others
• The development of the self
• Early attachment patterns
• Trauma-seperation of mother sadness
• alcohol intake.
• early cognitive and emotional difficulties-
He has good cognition-continued doing work-
poor impulse control-anxiety-drinking.
• conflict and defense- Less adaptive patterns-
he left jobs frequently and lack trust-chronic
mood disorer.
• Relationships with others-poor interpersonal
relationship-poor trust-no intimacy-no
mutuality-chronic mood disorder.
• The development of the self-poor.
• Early attachment patterns- poor.
Linking guides treatment
• If we link adult problems to early trauma, we need to help our
patients understand their traumatic experiences and repair
disrupted development.
• If we link problems to unconscious conflicts and defenses, we need
to help our patients develop more adaptive ways of dealing with
them.
• If we link problems to relationships with others, we need to help
our patients develop new relationship templates.
Our formulations guide our goals for treatment, the way we listen
to our patients, and the way we choose our interventions .
• We can help our patients by
• (1) making them aware of a problematic aspect of their
development or function and
(2) helping them to develop new, healthier function.
New elements to be incorporated
• Temperament-helps to find out determinants
of behaviour and experience.
• Importance of Hereditable components-
genetics studies identified hereditable factors
for personality.
• Better classification and identification of
childhood pathology.
• The impact of subsyndromal illness has not
well studied.
• Inculsions of other models out of
psychoanalytic tradition.
• Blumenshine P, Lenet AE, Havel LK, Arbuckle MR, Cabaniss
DL. Thinking Outside of Outpatient: Underutilized Settings
for Psychotherapy Education. Academic Psychiatry. 2017
Feb 1;41(1):16-9.
• Viederman M. The psychodynamic life narrative: a
psychotherapeutic intervention useful in crisis situations.
Psychiatry. 1983 Aug 1;46(3):236-46.
• Hinshelwood RD. Psychodynamic formulation in
assessment for psychotherapy. British Journal of
Psychotherapy. 1991 Dec 1;8(2):166-74.
• Friedman RS, Lister P. The current status of
psychodynamic formulation. Psychiatry. 1987 May
1;50(2):126.
References
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its purpose, structure, and clinical application. The American
Journal of Psychiatry. 1987 May.
• Horowitz LM, Rosenberg SE, Ureño G, Kalehzan BM, O'halloran P.
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