Apsuh Notes

The Ultimate AP US History Notes!
written by
Mirajur Rahman
Downloaded by: mirajur12345 | Mirajur12345@icloud.com

Distribution of this document is illegal
Stuvia.com - The Marketplace to Buy and Sell your Study Material
AP
U.S History
.

Rania 1.1
The Faa.se#/tNerIcobNSuAPusH
Chapter 1
The Settling of the Americas
New World between 15,000 60,000 years
↳
the Indians settled
"
the
" -
in
ago
The Indian Societies of the Americas
↳ North South American built
t
roads trade networks irrigation systems , ,
↳ Societies from Mexico

grander than those north of Mexico
-
-
→
Indians north of Mexico lacked literacy scientific knowledge tools , ,
Mound Builders of the Mississippi River Valley

↳ 3,500 years ago in Louisiana ,
community Poverty Point was a trading center

" "
→
a
→
for Mississippi and Ohio River valleys
↳ located near Cahokia (St. Louis )
→
In 1200 city flourished with population of 10,000-30,000
,
Western Indians
↳
Hopi large towns
and Zuni ancestors built
→
settled in Arizona New Mexico '
-
→
traded as far away as Mississippi t Central Mexico
Indians of Eastern North America
↳ Indiantribes diet of corn squash beans fish and meat , , , ,
↳ tribes warred with each other t loose alliances

↳
Indians saw themselves as one
group among many
Native American Religion
↳
Religious related to arming hunting
ceremonies were
'
-
→
people who held spiritual had respect t
authority
powers
Land and Property
idea of owning private properties foreign to Indians
↳
was
↳
Indians thought land -
-
common resource
↳
Indian society generosity
in →
is more important than wealth
Gender Relations
↳
Women could divorce their husbands
→
most Indian Societies were matrilineal
↳ often on hunts
men were
women tended to agricultural household duties
→ t
European Views of the Indians

↳
Europeans thought Indians lacked genuine religion
Europeans claimed Indians didn't the land
" "
↳
use
thus they had claim to it

→
no
↳
Europeans thought Indian men were weak
→ and the women mistreated

- INDIAN t EUROPEAN Rania 1.2
Freedom
APUSH Chapter E
Indian Freedom
Europeans concluded that notion of freedom alien to the Indians
↳
was
↳
European understanding of freedom
→
based ideas of personal independence
on
and ownership of private

→
property
Christian Liberty
↳
Europeans believed that to embrace Christ
was to provide freedom from sin
→
"
Christian Liberty
"
↳
→
had no
to later
connection ideas
→
of religious tolerance
Freedom and Authority
↳
Europeans claimed that obedience to law
→
another definition of freedom
was
↳
under English law
→
women had very few rights
→
were submissive to their husbands
Liberty and liberties
↳
Liberty
→
came from knowing one 's place
→
in a hierarchical society
and fulfilling one 's duties
→
according /appropriate to one 's rank

→
↳
Numerous civil liberties
→
such as freedom of worship and of the
press
did not exist
→

THE
[xD2001228012 OI JEETORE
Rania 1.3
A Past chapter a
Chinese and Portugal Navigation
↳ Chinese admiral
Zheng He e
→
led 7- expeditions
→
into the Indian Ocean
→
between 1405 and 1433
→
even explored East Africa on the 6th voyage
↳
the caravel
, compass quadrant
,
made travel along African coast possible

→
→
for the Portuguese
in the early I 5th century
→
↳ the
''
Portuguese established trading posts
→
factories along the western coast of Africa
↳
Portugal began colonizing Atlantic islands
→
established plantations worked by
and slaves
Freedom and Slavery in Africa
↳
Slavery was already one form of labor in Africa
→
before the Europeans came
↳ the
arrival of the Portuguese
→
accelerated the buying and selling of slaves
→
with Africa
↳
Vasco da Gama
→
sailed to India in
1498
→
Portugal had already established a vast trading empire
The Voyages of Columbus
↳
Chrisopher Columbus
→
an Italian
got financial support
→
→
from King Ferdinand and Queen Isabella
→ of Spain T
↳ In 1492
→
king and queen also completed the reconquista

(Offbeat
Stuvia.com - The Marketplace to Buy and Sell your Study Material Rania I. 4
- -
Apus H Chapter 1
Columbus in the New World
↳ 1492
→
Columbus landed on Hispaniola
colonization began the next
→
year
↳ Nicolas de Ovando
→
established a permanent base in Hispaniola
→
in 1502
↳
Amerigo Vespucci
along coast of South American
→
sailed
→
between 1499-1502
→
the New World came to be called America
Exploration and Conquest
↳
News could travel quickly
→
especially with Gutenberg's printing press
→
in the 1430s
↳
John Cabot
→
travelled to the New World
→
in 1497
→
soon many Europeans were
exploring the New World
↳
Balboa
→
trekked Panama
across
was the first European to see the Pacific Ocean

→
↳
Magellan led an expedition
→ to sail around the world
↳ Corte's and Pizarro
→
two Spanish conquistadores
→
led devastating expeditions
against Aztec and Inca civilizations
→
early 1500s
→
in
The Demographic Disaster

↳Columbian
Exchange
→
transferred plants and animals
→
also many diseases
→
such smallpox and
as influenza
↳
the native populations
→
significantly depleted
→
through wars, enslavement and disease
,

the Spanish Empire
Rania 1.5
APUSH Chit
Governing Spanis -
Merica
↳
Spain
established a stable government modeled after absolutism ,
→
power
flowed from King Council of the Indies viceroys → local officials
→ →
↳Catholic Church played a significant role in administration of Spanish colonies

Colonists and Indians in Spanish Ameria
↳ Gold silver
t
primary economy in Spanish

-
-
America
were worked by Indians
↳ Mines
many Spaniards came to New World for eaiser social mobility

→
↳Indian inhabitants
always outnumbered European colonists
→
and their descendants
↳
Spanish Ameri eroded a into a hybrid culture
part Indian Spanish and places part African
→
, , some
→
Mestizos are mixed →
Indian Spanisht
origin
Justifications for Conquest
↳
Spanish relied on cultural superiority , missionary zeal, violence
↳a
missionary element
→
existed from the church 's long holy war against Islam
→
was renewed with Protestant Reformation in I 6th century
↳
Spaniards primary aim was to convert Indians to the true faith " "
Piety and Profit

↳souls to be saved could be labor force in gold t silver mines
↳
Bartolome de Las Casas wrote about injustices of Spanish rule towards Indians
'
said entire human race is one but favored African slavery

→ " "
Reforming the Empire

↳ Las Casas 's writings encouraged the 1542 New Laws
→
forbade enslavement of Indians
↳ The Black Legend put forth by Las Casas
,
→
Spain was uniquely brutal expletive
that a
t
colonizer
Exploring North America
↳
the Spanish explorers migrated to the US in search ofgold
→
First -
-
Juan Ponce de Leon in Florida ,
1513
↳
Spanish expeditions traveled through Florida Gulf of Mexico and Southwest (1520 154Os) , ,
s
-
↳ these
expeditions (Hernando de Soto 's) spread diseases brutalized Indians t
Spain in Florida and the Southwest

↳
Spain colonized Florida had forts in 1560 to protect Spainish treasure fleets from pirates
'
-
↳In 1763
Spanish Florida had only 4,000 inhabitants of European descent
,
↳
Juan de Onate led settlers into New Mexico in 1598 ,
→
Orate destroyed Acoma (centuries old Indian city ) in response to -
an attack
The Pueblo Revolt
↳ In 1680 the Pueblo Indians led
, by Pope's rebelled against the
, Spanish colonists
in present
day New Mexico
→ -
→
for forcing the Indians to convert to Christianity

Rania A PUSH 1.6
Frena Dutch Empires

cm .
French Colonization
↳
Samuel de Champlain founded Quebec in 1608
→
others explored t claimed the entire Mississippi Valley for France
↳few French
colonists arrived in New France
→ the white population in 1700 was only 19,000
New France and the Indians
↳
friendly relations with the Indians were essential for France
↳ French prided themselves on having more humane
policy than Spain
↳
French contact still brought disease + fur trading depleted native animal population
↳ the me tis children of Indian French
'
t
were women men
The Dutch Empire
↳
in 1609 Henry Hudson sailed
,
into New York Harbor
→
he claimed it for Netherlands
in 1626 Dutch West India Company settled colonists on Manhattan Island
↳
,
↳
Netherlands dominated international commerce in early I 7th century
Dutch Freedom
↳
Dutch prided themselves on devotion to liberty
→
freedom of press and broad religious tolerance were unique to the Dutch
↳
Amsterdam was apersecuted Protestants and Jews
refuge for
↳
New Netherland military post citizens possessed rights
-
-
not govern ent democratically

→
↳ Slaves had some rights

enjoyed more independence than other colonies
→
women in
→
more religious toleration
The Dutch and Religious Toleration
prided themselves in being uniquely tolerant to other religions
↳ Dutch
compared to other European Nations

→
↳ Dutch
commitment to freedom of conscience
→
extended to religious devotion
exercised in private, non established churches
→
settling New Netherland

↳
New Netherland
→
remainedtiny backwater in the Dutch
a
empire
only 9,000 settlers by the mid 166Os
→
-
Features of European Settlement

↳
the Dutch to trade not conquer
came
,
→
were determined to treat the Indians humanely
→
conflict not
completely avoided
was
↳
European empires brought
→
Christianity ,
disease, warfare, we ath creation t new forms of economic enterprise
→
new forms of technology andlearning
legal systems family relations
→
new and

Rania 2.1
E.no#landttlveRfewuWorlolApusHch.2
Unifying the English Nation

↳
England 's stability in the Hoth century
undermined by religious conflicts
→
was
England and Ireland

↳
England 's methods to subdue Ireland
→
in the l 6th and I 7th centuries
→
established patterns that would be repeated in America
England and North America
↳
English crown
→
issued charters for individuals
to colonize America at their own
→
expense
→
such as Sir Humphrey Gilbert and Sir Walter Raleigh failed
Motives for Colonization
↳
Anti Catholicism
-
→ became
deeply ingrained in English popular culture
↳
Hakluyt's A Discourse Concerning Western Planting
argued that settlement strike blow
→
would a
→
against England 's most powerful Catholic enemy
→
which is Spain
↳
National glory profit , ,
and
missionary zeal
→
motivated the English crown
→ to settle in America
↳
argued that trade
→ not mineral weath
→
would be the basis of England 's empire
The Social Crisis
↳a
worsening economy
→
and the enclosure movement
→
led to an increase in the number of poor
→
and led to a social crisis
↳
the unruly poor
encouraged to leave England
→
were
→
and rather settle in the New World
Master less Men
↳
England viewed America
→
as a land
→
where a man could control his own labor
→
thus gaining economic independence
,
particularly through the ownership of land

→

en.is?E..ntfomuaat of the English '÷:c:
↳ sustained i
migration vital for settlement survival
-
-
↳
between 1607 and 1700 more than half million left England
,
a
→
settled in Ireland West Indies North America
, .
majority of settlers
-
-
young single
,
men from bottom rungs of English society
Indentured Servants
↳
2/3 of the English settlers came as indentured servants
liberties
↳
did not enjoy any while under contract
Land and Liberty
↳ land = basis ofliberty
Englishmen and Indians
↳
wanted to displace Indians t settle on their land
English
most colonial authorities acquired land by purchase
↳
↳
I 7th century marked by wars between colonists and Indians
English feel superior
made the
→
wars
The Transformations of Indian life

↳
English goods integrated
= Indian life in
↳
European metal goods changed Indian hunting farming , ,
and cooking
↳
Europeans stimulated war among Indian tribes
↳
as more and more settlers came
livestock
→
introduced new crops t
→
environment Indian agriculture changed
t

Rania
Settling The Chesapeake

2.3
# us Has
The Jamestown Colony
farming inadequate supplies from England
↳
early colony 's early history high death
-
-
rates, Chang in leadership gold
,
before ,
by 1610 only 65 settlers

→
, were alive
↳ John Smith held early colony together
↳
1618, made for survival
in new policies
→
Head right system
→
in 1619 House of
, Burgesses
Powhatan and Pocahontas
↳
Powhatan leader of 30 tribes
-
-
near Jamestown
→
wanted to trade with English
↳
Pocahontas married John Rolfe in 1614
Symbolizing Anglo Indian harmony

→
-
Uprising of 1622
permanent colony
↳
English deciding on a
=
conflict
Opechancanough lead attack Virginia Settlers 1622

→
an on in
Treaty English forced Indians to recognize subordination

↳
-
↳
Virginia surrendered its charter to the crown in 1624
A Tobacco Colony
↳
tobacco substitute for gold
-
-
expansion of tobacco increased demand for field labor

→
=
Women and Family

↳
Virginia lacked stable family life
The Maryland Experiment
↳
in 1632 Maryland was established
,
proprietary colony under Cecil ius Calvert

→
was a
→
Calvert was granted absolute " power by charter
"
Religion in Maryland
↳ Calvert thought Maryland would be a refuge for persecuted Catholics
→
appointed officials were Catholic
→
Protestants still outnumbered Catholics
↳
Maryland offered servants better land ownership opportunities
→
than Virginia

Rania
The New England Waeyaeusita

Stuvia.com - The Marketplace to Buy and Sell your Study Material 2.4
. .
The Rise of Puritanism
↳
emerged from Protestant Reformation in England
→
Puritans believed that the Church of England was too Catholic
↳
Puritans considered religion complex demanding matter a t
→ seeked truth by reading Bible t listening to sermons

→
followed teachings of John Calvin
Moral liberty
↳
Puritans immigrated to New World to establish Bible Commonwealth
→
wanted to influence England
↳
Wanted to govern themselves t liberty
governed by moral liberty severe restraints
" "
→ -
The Pilgrims at Plymouth

Pilgrims in 1620 sailed to Cape Cod Mayflower
↳
,
on
,
on board men signed Mayflower Compact

→
,
→
first written frame of government
↳
Indians help to Pilgrims
-
-
→
Thansgiving was first celebrated in 1621
The Great Migration
↳ the flow
of population by Puritans to Massachusetts between 1629 and 1642
↳ New
England settlement vs Chesapeake colonies .
→
New England -
-
more balance with men twomen , more families ,
heathier climate
The Puritan Family
↳
family structure England =
,
men are the head
membership divorce had to obey husband
→
women
-
-
church , ,
Government and Society in Massachusetts

↳
Massachusetts organized into self governing -
towns
→
every town had a school t Congregational Church
→
Harvard was established in 1636 to educate ministry
↳Puritan democracy people elected governor
→
Church and State in Puritan

↳ I 7th hierarchical society
century New England a was
→
socially prominent assigned best land't t most desirable seats church
"
in
→
General Court issued Body in 1841
→
outlined rights responsibility of colonists t
→
forbade ministers to hold office
↳ church t state -
-
closely connected .

Wew Englanders 92inideal usain:
"
'
Roger Williams
'
A young Puritan minister, Williams preached that any citizen should be free to practice any
form of religion
Williams believed that it was essential to separate church and state.
Rhode Island and Connecticut
Banished from Massachusetts in 1636, Williams established Rhode Island.
Rhode Island became a beacon of religious freedom and democratic government.
Spin-offs Massachusetts included New Haven and Hartford, became the colony of Connecticut
in 1662
The Trials of Anne Hutchinson
Hutchinson a well-educated woman who charged ministers in Massachusetts were guilty of
faulty preaching.
Hutchinson was placed on trial in 1637 for sedition.
Authorities charged her with Antinomianism
She said God spoke to her directly rather than through ministers or the Bible.
She and a number of her followers were banished
Puritans and Indians
Colonial leaders had differing opinions about the English right to claim Indian land.
To New England’s leaders, the Indians represented both savagery and temptation.
The Connecticut General Court set a penalty for anyone who chose to live with the
Indians.
The Puritans made no real attempt to convert the Indians in the first two decades.
The Pequot War
As the white population grew, conflict with the Indians became unavoidable
The turning point came when a fur trader was killed by Pequots.
By the end of the war in 1637, most of the Pequot had been exterminated or sold into
Caribbean slavery.
The New England Economy
Most migrants came from the middle ranks of society.
Fishing and timber were exported, but the economy centered on family farms
A Growing Commercial Society
Per capita wealth lagged far behind, but was more equally distributed in New England than in
the Chesapeake.
A powerful merchant class rose up, assuming a growing role based on trade within the British
empire.
Some clashed with the church and left to establish a new town, Portsmouth, in New
Hampshire.
By 1650, less than half the population of Boston had become full church members.
In 1662, the Half-Way Covenant answered with compromise that
Allowed the grandchildren of the Great Migration generation to be baptized
Also to be granted a kind of half-way membership in the church.

Religion olitics.freediiiiiii.IE:
' Stuvia.com - The Marketplace to Buy and Sell your Study Material
,
The Rights of Englishmen
.
By 1600, idea of certain rights of Englishmen had developed and the traditional
definition of liberties.
This tradition rested on the Magna Carta, which was signed by King John in 1215.
It identified a series of liberties granted to “all the free men of our realm.”
The Magna Carta over time came to embody the idea of English freedom:
Habeas corpus
The right to face one’s accuser
Trial by jury
The English Civil War
The English Civil War of the 1640s was about liberty and what it meant to be a
freeborn Englishman.
England’s Debate over Freedom
John Milton called for freedom of speech and of the press.
The Levellers called for greater expansion of freedom, moving away from
definition based on social class.
The Diggers, another political group attempting to give freedom through the
common ownership of land.
The Civil War and English America
Most New Englanders sided with Parliament in the Civil War.
Puritan leaders were uncomfortable with the religious toleration for
Protestants gaining favor in England
A number of Hutchinson’s followers became Quakers; four were hanged in
Massachusetts.
In Maryland, crisis erupted into civil war.
In 1649, Maryland adopted an Act Concerning Religion, which institutionalized the
principles of toleration
Cromwell and the Empire
Oliver Cromwell ruled England from 1649 until his death in 1658
He pursued an aggressive policy of colonial expansion
The promotion of Protestantism
Commercial empowerment in the British Isles and the Western Hemisphere.
By the middle of 17th century, several English colonies existed along the Atlantic
coast of North America.
The next century was a time of crisis and consolidation as the population
expanded
Social conflicts intensified

Rania 31
GLOBAL COMPETITION
Expansion of England Empire 's as
The Mercantilist System

England attempted to regulate its economy to ensure wealth and national power.
Commerce, not territorial plunder, was the foundation of the English empire.
The 1651 Navigation Acts required colonial products to be transported in English ships and
sold at English ports.
The Navigation Acts stimulated the rise of New England’s shipbuilding industry.
The Conquest of New Netherland
Restoration of the English monarchy 1660 with Charles II, government chartered new
trading ventures
In 1664, during an Anglo-Dutch war, New Netherland came under control of the English.
The terms of Dutch surrender guaranteed some freedoms and liberties but reversed others,
especially for blacks.
The Duke of York governed New York, by 1700 2 million acres of land were owned by only five
New York families.
New York and the Indians
English held an alliance with the Five Nations, by the end of the century the Five Nations had
a policy of neutrality.
The Charter of Liberties
Demanding liberties, the English of New York got an elected assembly
Drafted a Charter of Liberties and Privileges in 1683.
The Founding of Carolina
Carolina was established as a barrier to Spanish expansion north of Florida.
Carolina was an offshoot of Barbados and, as such, a slave colony from the start.
From 1670 until 1720, Carolina engaged in a slave trade that sold captured local Indians
They were sold to other mainland colonies and to the West Indies.
The Fundamental Constitutions of Carolina envisioned a feudal society.
The colonial government did allow for religious toleration, an elected assembly, and a
generous headright system.
The economy grew slowly until planters discovered rice,made them the wealthiest elite in
English North America.
The Holy Experiment
Pennsylvania was the last seventeenth-century colony to be established
Was given to William Penn as proprietor
A Quaker, Penn envisioned a colony of peaceful harmony bet ween colonists and Indians,haven
for spiritual freedom.
Quakers believed that liberty was a universal entitlement.
Liberty extended to women, blacks, and Indians.
Religious freedom was a fundamental principle.
Quakers upheld a strict code of personal morality.

Origins ofAmerican slave ii.
"
...
The spread of tobacco led settlers to turn to slavery

Englishmen and Africans
In the seventeenth century, the concepts of race and racism had not fully developed.
Africans were seen as alien in their color, religion, and social practices.
Slavery in History
Although slavery has a long history, slavery in North America was markedly different.
Slavery in the Americas was based on the plantation, the death rate was high in the 17th
century.
Slavery in the West Indies
By 1600, huge sugar plantations worked by slaves from Africa were established in Brazil +
West Indies.
By 1600, disease had killed off the Indians
White indentured servants= no longer willing to do backbreaking work required on sugar
plantations.
Sugar was the first crop to be mass-marketed to consumers in Europe.
Slavery and the Law
The line bet ween slavery and freedom was more permeable in the 16th century
Some free blacks were allowed to sue and testify in court.
The Rise of Chesapeake Slavery
It was not until the 1660s that the laws of Virginia and Maryland explicitly referred to
slavery.
A Virginia law of 1662 provided that if a child born to one free parent and one slave parent
The status of the offspring followed that of the mother.
In 1667 Virginia House of Burgesses decreed that conversion to Christianity wouldn't release
slave from bondage.
Bacon’s Rebellion: Land and Labor in Virginia
Virginia’s shift from white indentured ser vants to African slaves as the main plantation labor
was accelerated by Bacon’s Rebellion.
Virginia’s government ran a corrupt regime under Governor Berkeley.
Good, free land was scarce for freed indentured servants.
Nathaniel Bacon, an elite planter, called for the removal of all Indians, lower taxes, and an end
to rule by “grandees.” His campaign gained support from small farmers, indentured servants,
landless men, and even some Africans.
Bacon spoke of traditional English liberties.
Rebellion’s aftermath left Virginia’s planter elite to consolidate their power+improve their
image.
A Slave Society
By the end of the seventeenth century, a number of factors made slave labor very attractive
to English settlers; and slavery began to supplant indentured servitude bet ween 1680 and
1700.
By the early eighteenth century, Virginia had changed from a society with slaves to a slave
society.
In 1705, the House of Burgesses enacted strict slave codes.
From the start of American slavery, blacks ran away and desired freedom.
Settlers were well aware that the desire for freedom could ignite the slaves to rebel.

Rania 3.3
Colonies wtf Gyrjsig
A-PUSH Ch -3
The Glorious Revolution
The Glorious Revolution in 1688 established parliamentary supremacy
secured the Protestant succession to the throne.
Rather than risk a Catholic succession through James II
a group of English aristocrats invited the Dutch Protestant William of Orange to
assume the throne.
The overthrow of James II entrenched the notion that liberty
Was the birthright of all Englishmen.
Parliament issued a Bill of Rights (1689) guaranteeing individual rights such as trial by
jury.
Parliament adopted the Toleration Act (1690)
Allowed Protestant Dissenters (but not Catholics) to worship freely
Although only Anglicans could hold public office.
The Glorious Revolution in America
In 1675, England established the Lords of Trade to oversee colonial affairs
But the colonies were not interested in obeying London.
To create wealth, bet ween 1686 and 1685
James II created a “super-colony,” the Dominion of New England.
The new colony threatened liberties.
News in America of the Glorious Revolution in England
Resulted in a reestablishment of former colonial governments.
Lord Baltimore’s charter for Maryland was revoked for mismanagement.
Jacob Leisler, a Calvinist, took control of New York.
Leisler was executed, and New York politics remained polarized for years.
In New England, Plymouth was absorbed into Massachusetts
Political structure of the Bible Commonwealth was transformed.
Land ownership, not church membership, was required to vote.
A governor was appointed in London rather than elected.
The colony had to abide by the Toleration Act.
The Salem Witch Trials
Witchcraft was widely believed in and punishable by execution.
Most of the accused were women.
In 1691, several girls suffered fits and nightmares, which were attributed to witchcraft.
Three women, including a Caribbean slave named Tituba, were named as witches.
Accusations snowballed
ultimately fourteen women and six men were executed
The governor eventually halted all prosecutions.

Growth of Colonial Americana
" "
Ch 3
A PUSH
-
A Diverse Population
As England’s economy improved, large-scale migration was draining labor from the
mother country.
Efforts began to stop promotion of emigration.
London believed colonial development bolstered the nation’s power and wealth.
50,000 convicts were sent to the Chesapeake to work in the tobacco fields.
145,000 Scots and Scots-Irish immigrants came to North America.
The German Migration
Germans, 85,000 formed the largest group of newcomers from the European continent.
Many Germans emigrated as “redemptioners” (indentured families).
Religious Diversity
18th century British America, ethnic groups lived in relatively homogeneous
communities.
Dissenting Protestants in most colonies got the right to worship
They pleased in their own churches.
Indian Life in Transition
Indian communities were well integrated into the British imperial system.
Traders, British officials, and farmers all viewed Indians differently.
The Walking Purchase of 1737 brought fraud to the Pennsylvania Indians.
Regional Diversity
The backcountry was the most rapidly growing region in North America.
Farmers in the older portions of the Middle Colonies
Enjoyed a standard of living unimaginable in Europe.
Pennsylvania was known as “the best poor man’s country.”
The Consumer Revolution
Great Britain eclipsed the Dutch in the eighteenth century as the leader in trade.
Eighteenth-century colonial society enjoyed a multitude of consumer goods.
Colonial Cities
Although relatively small and few in number, port cities like Philadelphia were important.
Cities ser ved mainly as gathering places for agricultural goods
Also for imported items to be distributed to the countryside.
The city was home to a large population of artisans.
An Atlantic World
Trade helped to create a web of interdependence among the European empires.
Membership in the empire had many advantages for the colonists.

Rania 3.5
Social Classes in Colonies

as
,
The Colonial Elite
Expanding trade created the emergence of a powerful upper class of merchants.
In the Chesapeake and Lower South, planters accumulated enormous wealth.
America had no titled aristocracy or established social ranks.
Anglicization
Colonial elites began to think of themselves as more and more English.
Desperate to follow an aristocratic lifestyle
Wealthy Americans tried to model their lives on British etiquette and behavior.
The tie that held the elite together
Was belief that freedom from labor was the mark of the gentleman.
Poverty in the Colonies
Although poverty was not as widespread in the colonies as it was in England
Many colonists had to work as tenants or wage laborers
Access to land diminished.
Taking the colonies as a whole, half of the wealth at mid-century
Concentrated in the hands of the richest 10 percent of the population.
The better-off in society tended to view the poor
As lazy and responsible for their own plight.
The Middle Ranks
Many in the nonplantation South owned some land.
By the 18th century, colonial farm families viewed land ownership almost as a right
The social precondition of freedom.
Women and the Household Economy
The family was the center of economic life
All members contributed to the family’s livelihood.
In the 18th century, the division of labor along gender lines solidified.
North America at Mid-Century
As compared to Europe, colonies were diverse, prosperous, and offered many liberties.

Empire; in
"
Slavery and
. .
Atlantic Trade
A series of triangular trade routes crisscrossed the Atlantic.
Colonial merchants profited from the slave trade.
Slavery became connected with the color black, and liberty with the color white.
Africa and the Slave Trade
With the exception of the king of Benin, most African rulers took part in the slave trade.
The slave trade was concentrated in western Africa, greatly disrupting its society and
economy.
The Middle Passage
The Middle Passage was the voyage across the Atlantic for slaves.
Slaves were crammed aboard ships for maximum profit.
Slave traders took the vast majority of slaves to Brazil and to the West Indies,
Death rates were high in these places
Less than 5 percent of African slaves went to what became the United States
The slave population increased steadily through natural reproduction.
Chesapeake Slavery
Three distinct slave systems were well entrenched in Britain’s mainland colonies:
Tobacco-based plantation slavery in the Chesapeake
Rice-based plantation slavery in South Carolina and Georgia
Nonplantation societies of New England and the Middle Colonies
Slavery transformed Chesapeake society into an elaborate hierarchy of degrees of
freedom
Large planters
Yeomen farmers
Indentured servants and tenant farmers
Slaves
With the consolidation of a slave society, planters enacted laws
To protect their power over the slaves.
The Rice Kingdom
South Carolinian and Georgian slavery was based on rice.
Rice and indigo required large-scale cultivation (which was done by slaves).
Under the task system, individual slaves did daily jobs
The completion of which allowed time for leisure or cultivation of their own crops.
By 1770, the number of South Carolina slaves had reached 100,000
This was well over half the colony’s population.
The Georgia Experiment
Georgia was established by a group of philanthropists led by James Oglethorpe in
1733.
Oglethorpe had banned liquor and slaves
The settlers demanded their right of self-government and
Repealed the bans by the early 1750s.
Slavery in the North
The economics of New England and the Middle Colonies were based on small farms
Slavery was far less important..
Given that slaves were few and posed no threat to the white majority
So laws were less harsh than in the South.
Slaves did represent a sizable percentage of urban laborers
Particularly in New York and Distribution
in Philadelphia.
of this document is illegal
Slave Cultures ResistaiiEe÷÷;
Becoming African-American
The common link among Africans in America was not kinship, language, or even “race,”
It was simply slavery itself.
For most of the eighteenth century, the majority of American slaves were African by birth.
African Religion in Colonial America
No experience was more wrenching for African slaves in the colonies
Than the transition from traditional religions to Christianity.
African religions varied, but there were broad commonalities:
belief in presence of spiritual forces in nature
close relationship bet ween the sacred and secular worlds
Some slaves came to the colonies familiar with Christianity or Islam,
Most slaves practiced traditional African religions well into the 18th century.
African-American Cultures
In the Chesapeake, slaves learned English
Participated in the Great Awakening
Were exposed to white culture
In South Carolina and Georgia, t wo very different black societies emerged:
Communities on rice plantations retained significant African cultural elements
housing styles, child naming practices, language
Slaves in the cities of Charleston and Savannah
assimilated more quickly into Euro-American culture.
In the northern colonies, a distinctive African-American culture developed more slowly
African-Americans enjoyed more access to the mainstream of life.
Resistance to Slavery
A common thread among African-Americans was the desire for freedom.
Many plantation slaves in South Carolina and Georgia ran away to Florida or to cities.
The first eighteenth-century slave uprising occurred in New York City in 1712.
The Stono Rebellion of 1739 in South Carolina led to the tightening of the slave code.
A panic in 1741 swept New York City after a series of fires broke out
Rumored to have been part of a slave conspiracy to attack whites.

" "
Freedom Is
Empire of Chapter 4
.
British Patriotism
Despite the centrality of slavery to its empire
18th century Great Britain prided itself being the world’s most advanced and freest
nation.
Most Britons shared a common law, a common language, a common devotion to Protestantism
Also a common enemy in France.
Britons believed that wealth, religion, and freedom went together.
The British Constitution
Central to this sense of British identity was the concept of liberty.
Britons believed that no man was above the law, not even the king.
The idea of liberty =increasingly identified with a general right to resist arbitrary
government.
Republican Liberty
Republicanism celebrated active participation public life by economically independent
citizens.
Republicanism held virtue
Republicanism in Britain was associated with the Country Party
Which criticized Britain’s loss of virtue.
Liberal Freedom
Liberalism was strongly influenced by the philosopher John Locke.
Lockean ideas included individual rights, the consent of the governed
Also the right of rebellion against unjust or oppressive government.
Locke’s ideas excluded many from freedom’s full benefits in the 18th century,
But they opened the door for many to challenge the limitations on their own freedom
later.
Republicanism and liberalism eventually reinforced each other.

The Public sphere:::S In :
.
The Right to Vote
In Britain, ownership of property was a common qualifier for voting.
The qualification excluded many groups from voting
Including slaves, servants, tenants, adult sons living in the homes of their parents,
the poor, and women.
Nonetheless, suffrage was much more common in the colonies than in Britain.
Political Cultures
Considerable power was held by those with appointive, not elective, offices.
Property qualifications for officeholding were far higher than for voting.
Deference was limited choices in elections.
The Rise of the Assemblies
Elected assemblies became more assertive in colonial politics during the eighteenth
century.
The colonial elected assemblies exercised great influence over governors
Others appointed officials.
Leaders of the assemblies drew on the writings of the English Country Party.
Politics in Public
The American gentry were active in the discussion of politics
Expansion of the “public sphere”
Through letters, speeches, newspaper articles, and pamphlets.
The Colonial Press
Widespread literacy and the proliferation of newspapers encouraged political discourse.
Circulating libraries contributed to the dissemination of information.
Freedom of Expression and Its Limits
Freedom of speech was a relatively new idea.
Freedom of the press was generally viewed as dangerous.
After 1695, the government could not censor print material
Colonial newspapers defended freedom of the press as a central component of
liberty.
The Trial of Zenger
The newspaper publisher John Peter Zenger went on trial in 1735 for seditious libel
For criticizing New York’s governor.
He was found not guilty.
The outcome promoted the idea that publishing the truth should always be permitted
Demonstrated that free expression was becoming ingrained in the popular
imagination.
The American Enlightenment
Americans sought to apply to political and social life the scientific method
Of careful investigation based on research and experiment.
Belief in Deism
the notion that because God set up natural laws to govern the universe, following the
act of Creation, God did not intervene in the world
Embodied the spirit of the American Enlightenment.

Rania 4.5
The Great Awakening

Apus"
Chapter 4
Religious Revivals
The Great Awakening was a series of local events
United by a commitment to a more emotional and personal Christianity
Than that offered by existing churches.
The Great Awakening was led by flamboyant preachers like Jonathan Edwards
Whose Sinners in the Hands of an Angry God stressed the need for humans to seek
divine grace.
The Preaching of Whitefield
The English minister George Whitefield is often credited with sparking the Great
Awakening.
The Awakening’s Impact
The Great Awakening enlarged the boundaries of liberty as Old Lights (traditionalists)
New Lights (revivalists) defended their right to worship.
The Great Awakening inspired criticism of many aspects of colonial society.. A few
preachers explicitly condemned slavery.
Imperial Rivalries
Rania 46
APUS H
Chapter 4
Spanish North America
A vast territorial empire on paper, Spanish North America
Actually consisted of a few small and isolated urban clusters.
The Spanish population in Spain’s North American empire
Despite establishing religious missions and presidios
remained relatively small and sparse.
The Spanish in California
Spain ordered the colonization of California in response to a perceived Russian threat.
Father Junípero Serra founded the first mission in San Diego in 1769.
California was a mission frontier.
The French Empire
The French empire in the 18th century expanded in Canada.
The French tended to view North America as a place of cruel exile
For criminals and social outcasts.

Battle for the Continent::÷÷
The Middle Ground

Indians were constantly being pushed from their homes into a “middle ground”
Bet ween European empires and Indian sovereignty.
The government of Virginia gave an immense land grant in 1749 to the Ohio Company.
The Seven Years’ War
The war began in 1754 as the British tried to dislodge the French from western
Pennsylvania.
The war went against the British until 1757,
When William Pitt became British prime minister and turned the tide of battle.
In 1759, a French army was defeated near Quebec.
A World Transformed
The Peace of Paris in 1763 resulted in the expulsion of France from North America.
The Seven Years’ War put future financial strains on all the participants.
Pontiac’s Rebellion
With the removal of the French
The balance-of-power diplomacy
Enabled groups like the Iroquois to maintain a significant degree of autonomy was
eliminated. In 1763, Indians in the Ohio Valley and Great Lakes launched a revolt against
British rule.
Neolin championed a pan-Indian identity.
The Proclamation Line
To avoid further Indian conflicts, London issued the Proclamation of 1763
It banned white settlement west of the Appalachian Mountains.
The Proclamation enraged settlers
Land speculators were hoping to take advantage of the expulsion of the French.
Pennsylvania and the Indians
The war deepened the hostility of western Pennsylvanian farmers toward Indians
Witnessed numerous indiscriminate assaults on Indian communities.
After the Paxton Boys marched on Philadelphia
The governor ordered the expulsion of much of the Indian population from Pennsylvania.
Colonial Identities
The colonists emerged from the Seven Years’ War with a strengthened pride
In being members of the British empire.

" '
The Crisis 92eguia :÷÷÷÷

Consolidating the Empire

During the Seven Years' War, Britain treated the colonies as their ally.
After the Seven Years' War, London said the colonists play a subordinate role to the
country
Also help pay for the protection the British provided.
Members of the British Parliament had virtual representation.
The colonists said London could not tax them because they were not represented in
Parliament.
Taxing the Colonies
The Sugar Act of 1764 and a revenue act threatened the profits of colonial merchants.
The Stamp Act of 1765 was a direct tax on all sorts of printed materials.
The act was wide-reaching and offended virtually every free colonist.
Opposition to the Stamp Act was the first great drama of the Revolutionary era
First major split bet ween the colonists and Great Britain over the meaning of freedom.
Taxation and Representation
American leaders viewed the British empire as an association of equals in which free
settlers overseas enjoyed the same rights as Britons at home.
The Stamp Act Congress met in 1765 to endorse Virginia's House of Burgesses' resolutions.
Patrick Henry
Liberty and Resistance
No word was more frequently invoked by critics of the Stamp Act than "liberty."
A Committee of Correspondence was created in Boston and other colonies to exchange
ideas about resistance.
The Sons of Liberty were organized to resist the Stamp Act and to enforce a boycott of
British goods.
London repealed the Stamp Act, but issued the Declaratory Act.
The Regulators
Two groups in the Carolinas were known as Regulators in the 1760s.
The South Carolina Regulators consisted of wealthy backcountry residents who protested
their underrepresentation in the colonial assembly and the lack of local governments.
The North Carolina Regulators mobilized small farmers upset
With corrupt local government run by elites.
The North Carolina militia defeated the North Carolina Regulators at the battle of
Alamance
In 1771, which ended their protests.

Road to 98evolution:c:÷÷:
' THE
The Townshend Crisis

The 1767 Townshend Act imposed taxes on imported goods.
By 1768, colonies were again boycotting British goods.
Rather than rely on British goods, colonists relied on homespun clothing
Use of American goods came to be seen as a symbol of American resistance.
Urban artisans strongly supported the boycott.
The Boston Massacre
The March 1770 conflict between Bostonians and British troops left five Bostonians
Including a mixed-race sailor named Crispus Attucks, dead.
The boycott ended after the Townshend duties were repealed, leaving only a tax on
tea.
Wilkes and Liberty
The treatment of John Wilkes and the rumors of Anglican bishops being sent to
America convinced many settlers that England was succumbing to the same pattern
Of political corruption
Also decline of liberty that afflicted other countries.
The Tea Act
The East India Company was in financial crisis
British government decided to market the company's Chinese tea in North
America.The Tea Act was intended to aid the East India Company
Also to defray the costs of colonial government
December 16, 1773: colonists threw more than 300 chests of tea into the Boston
Harbor.
The Intolerable Acts
London's response to the Bostonians' action was swift
Also harsh with the so-called Intolerable Acts.
The Quebec Act granted religious toleration for Catholics in Canada.

Independent
THE
Coming
of sit
The Continental Congress

To resist the Intolerable Acts, a Continental Congress convened in Philadelphia in 1774.
The Continental Association
The Congress adopted the Continental Association
Called for an almost complete halt to trade with Great Britain and the West Indies.
Committees of Safety were established to enforce the boycotts.
The Committees of Safety enlarged the political nation.
By 1775, talk of liberty per vaded the colonies.
Americans increasingly based their claims not simply on the historical rights of Englishmen
On the more abstract language of natural rights and universal freedom.
The Outbreak of War
In April 1775, war broke out at Lexington and Concord.
The Battle of Bunker Hill was a British victory
Colonists forced General Howe from Boston by March 1776.
The Second Continental Congress raised an army
Appointed George Washington its commander.
Independence
That the goal of this war was independence was not clear by the end of 1775.
Opinions varied in the colonies as to the question of independence.
Paine's Common Sense
Thomas Paine published Common Sense in January 1776
Criticized monarchy and aristocracy.
Paine deemed absurd a small island ruling a continent.
Paine tied the economic hopes of the new nation to the idea of commercial freedom.
Paine argued that America would become a haven for liberty, "an asylum for mankind."
Paine dramatically expanded the public sphere where political discussion took place.
He pioneered a new style of political writing
Engaging a far greater audience than anyone before him.
His persuasions led the Second Continental Congress to sever the colonies' ties with England
The Declaration of Independence
The Declaration of Independence declared the United States an independent nation.
Jefferson's preamble gave the Declaration its enduring impact.
The Declaration of Independence completed the shift from the rights of Englishmen
To the rights of mankind as the object of American independence.
The "pursuit of happiness" was unique.
An Asylum for Mankind
The idea of "American exceptionalism" was prevalent in the Revolution.
The Global Declaration of Independence
For most Americans winning international recognition for their independence
Trumped concern for global human rights
Thomas Jefferson hoped the Declaration would inspire others to claim liberty
Numerous anticolonial movements, such as Vietnam in 1945
Modeled their own declarations of independence on America's .
The Declaration's principle that political authority rests on the will of "the people"
Was influential around the world.

Securing Independent in
* us .
The Balance of Power

Britain had the advantage of a large, professional army and navy.
Patriots had the advantages of fighting on their own soil
Also a passionate desire for freedom.
Blacks in the Revolution
George Washington accepted black recruits after Lord Dunmore's proclamation
It offered freedom to slaves who fought for the British.
5000 African-Americans enlisted in state militias and the Continental army and navy.
Some slaves gained freedom by ser ving in place of an owner.
Siding with the British offered slaves far more opportunities for liberty.
The First Years of the War
The war initially went badly for Washington; many of his troops went home.
Washington managed a successful surprise attack on Trenton and Princeton.
The Battle of Saratoga
The Battle of Saratoga in October 1777 gave the patriots a victory and boost to morale.
The victory convinced the French to aid the Americans in 1778.
The War in the South
The focus of the war shifted to the South in 1778.
British commanders were unable to consolidate their hold on the South.
Victory at Last
American and French troops surrounded General Cornwallis at Yorktown
There he surrendered on October 1781
The Treaty of Paris was signed in September 1783.
The American delegation was made up of John Adams, Benjamin Franklin, and John Jay.

92emoorating Freedoiif¥a:*::
The Dream of Equality

The Revolution unleashed public debates and political and social struggles
Enlarged the scope of freedom and
Challenged inherited structures of power within America.
The principle of hereditary aristocracy was rejected.
The Declaration of Independence's assertion that "all men are created equal"
Announced a radical principle whose full implications could not be anticipated.
American freedom became linked with equality
Challenged the fundamental inequality inherent in the colonial social order.
Expanding the Political Nation
The democratization of freedom was dramatic for free men.
Artisans, small farmers, laborers, and the militia
All emerged as self-conscious elements in politics.
The Revolution in Pennsylvania
The prewar elite of Pennsylvania opposed independence.
This left a vacuum of political leadership filled by a new pro-independence grouping.
Pennsylvania's 1776 constitution sought to institutionalize democracy by
Establishing an annually elected, one-house legislature
Allowing tax-paying (not just property-owning) men to vote
Abolishing the office of governor
The New Constitutions
Each state wrote a new constitution
All agreed that their governments must be republics.
One-house legislatures were adopted only by Pennsylvania, Georgia, and Vermont.
John Adams's "balanced governments" included two-house legislatures.
The Right to Vote
The property qualification for suffrage was hotly debated.
The least democratization occurred in the southern states
Highly deferential political traditions enabled the landed gentry
To retain their control of political affairs.
By the 1780s, with the exceptions of Virginia, Maryland, and New York,
A large majority of the adult white male population could meet voting requirements.
Freedom and an individual's right to vote had become interchangeable.

Religious
"
Toleration ;
'
us .
Chapter
Catholic Americans
Joining forces with France and inviting Quebec to join in the struggle
Against Britain
Had weakened anti-Catholicism.
Separating Church and State
Many believed that religion was necessary as a foundation of public morality
But they were skeptical of religious doctrine.
The drive to separate church and state brought together Deists
With members of evangelical sects.
The seven state constitutions that began with declarations of rights
Included a commitment to "the free exercise of religion."
Many states still limited religious freedoms
Barring Jews from voting and holding office, except in New York
Or publicly financing religious institutions, such as in Massachusetts
Catholics gained the right to worship without persecution throughout the
states.
Jefferson and Religious Liberty
Thomas Jefferson's Bill for Establishing Religious Freedom separated church and
state.
James Madison insisted that one reason for the complete separation of church and
state To reinforce the principle that the new nation offered
"asylum to the persecuted and oppressed of every nation and religion."
Because of religious freedom
The early republic witnessed an amazing proliferation of religious
idenominations.
A Virtuous Citizenry
Leaders wished to encourage virtue-the ability to sacrifice self-interest for the
public good.

6.3
Eat EffiEMIeedoneeasier
Stuvia.com - The Marketplace to Buy and Sell your Study Material Rania
.
Toward Free Labor
The lack of freedom inherent in apprenticeship and servitude
Increasingly came to be seen as incompatible with republican citizenship.
By 1800, indentured servitude had all but disappeared from the United States.
The distinction between freedom and slavery sharpened.
The Soul of a Republic
To most free Americans, equality meant equal opportunity
Rather than equality of condition.
Thomas Jefferson and others equated land and economic resources with freedom.
The Politics of Inflation
Some Americans responded to wartime inflation by accusing merchants of
hoarding goods By seizing stocks of food to be sold at the traditional "just price."
The Debate over Free Trade
Congress urged states to adopt measures to fix wages and prices.
Adam Smith's argument that the "invisible hand" of the free market
Directed economic life more effectively and fairly than governmental intervention
Offered intellectual justification for those who believed that the economy should
be left to regulate itself

6.4
THE
Limits of Liberty
Stuvia.com - The Marketplace to Buy and Sell your Study Material Rania
Apus it one
-
Colonial Loyalists
An estimated 20 to 25 percent of Americans were Loyalists
Loyalists included:
Wealthy men with close working relationships with Britain
Ethnic minorities fearful of losing to local majorities their freedom to enjoy cultural
autonomy
Many southern backcountry farmers and New York tenants who opposed wealthy
planter patriots and landlord patriots, respectively
The Loyalists' Plight
The War for Independence was in some respects a civil war among Americans.
War brought a deprivation of basic rights to many Americans.
Many states required residents to take oaths of allegiance to the new nation.
When the war ended
As many as 100,000 Loyalists were banished from the United States
Or emigrated voluntarily.
The Indians' Revolution
American independence meant the loss of freedom for Indians..
Indians were divided in allegiance during the War of Independence.
Both the British and Americans
Were guilty of savagery toward the Indians during the war.
To many patriots, access to Indian land was one of the fruits of American victory.
Liberty for whites meant loss of liberty for Indians
The Treaty of Paris marked the culmination of a century
In which the balance of power in eastern North America shifted away from the Indians
Went towards white Americans.

Slavery the 9hevolution ÷
+
.
The Language of Slavery and Freedom

During the debates over British rule, "slavery" was primarily a political category.
The irony that America cried for liberty while enslaving Africans was recognized by some
the British statesman Edmund Burke and the British writer Dr. Samuel Johnson
Obstacles to Abolition
Some patriots argued that slavery for blacks made freedom possible for whites.
The Cause of General Liberty
By defining freedom as a universal entitlement
Rather than as a set of rights specific to a particular place or people
The Revolution inevitably raised questions about the status of slavery in the new nation.
Samuel Sewall's The Selling of Joseph (1700) was the first antislavery tract in America.
In 1773, Benjamin Rush warned that slavery was a "national crime"
That would bring "national punishment."
Petitions for Freedom
Slaves in the North and in the South
Appropriated the language of liberty for their own purposes.
Slaves presented "freedom petitions" in New England in the early 1770s.
Many blacks were surprised that white America did not realize
Their rhetoric of revolution demanded emancipation.
The poems of Phillis Wheatley, a slave in Boston, often spoke of freedom.
British Emancipators
Nearly 100,000 slaves deserted their owners and fled to British lines.
At the end of the war, over 15,000 blacks accompanied the British out of the country.
Many ended up in Nova Scotia, England, and Sierra Leone, a West African settlement
established by Britain for former U.S. slaves.
Some were re-enslaved in the West Indies.
Voluntary Emancipations
For a brief moment, the revolutionary upheaval appeared to threaten
The continued existence of slavery as some slaveholders
Primarily in the Upper South, provided for the emancipation of their slaves.
Abolition in the North
Bet ween 1777 and 1804, every state north of Maryland took steps toward emancipation.
Abolition in the North was a slow process
Typically applied only to future children of current slave women.
Free Black Communities
After the war,
Free black communities with their own churches, schools, and leaders came into existence
Despite the rhetoric of freedom, the war did not end slavery for blacks.

'i"i¥÷¥::
Daughters of Liberty
'
Revolutionary Women
Many women participated in the war in various capacities.
Deborah Sampson, for example, dressed as a man and enlisted in the
Continental army.
Within American households, women participated in the political discussions
Which were unleashed by independence.
"Coverture"
meant a husband held legal authority over his wife
Remained intact in the new nation.
In both law and social reality, women lacked the opportunity for autonomy
Based on ownership of property or control of one's own person
Hence lacked the essential qualification of political participation.
Republican Motherhood
Women played a key role in the new republic by training future citizens.
The idea of Republican motherhood
Reinforced the trend toward the idea of "companionate" marriage.
The Arduous Struggle for Liberty
The Revolution changed the life of virtually every American.
America became a beacon of hope to those chafing under Old World tyrannies.
The idea that "the people" possessed rights was quickly internationalized.

America Under the Confederation
÷ .
.
The Articles of Confederation

The first written constitution of the United States
One-house Congress
No president
No judiciary
The only powers granted to the national government were those for
Declaring war, conducting foreign affairs, and making treaties.
Congress, Settlers, and the West
Congress established national control over land to the west of the thirteen states
Devised rules for its settlement.
In the immediate aftermath of independence, Congress took the position
By aiding the British, Indians had forfeited the right to their lands
Congress faced conflicting pressures from settlers
Also land speculators regarding western development.
Peace brought rapid settlement into frontier areas.
Leaders feared unregulated flow of settlement across the Appalachian Mountains
Could provoke constant warfare with the Indians.
The Land Ordinances
The Ordinance of 1784 established stages of self-government for the West.
The Ordinance of 1785 regulated land sales in the region north of the Ohio River
Established the township system there.
Like the British before them, American officials found it difficult
To regulate the thirst for new land.
The Northwest Ordinance of 1787 established policy
Admitted the area's population as equal members of the political system.
The Confederation's Weaknesses
The war created an economic crisis
The Confederation government could not adequately address.
With Congress unable to act, the states adopted their own economic policies.
Shays's Rebellion
Facing seizure of their land, debt-ridden farmers closed the courts in western Massachusetts.
They modeled their protests on those of the Revolutionary era, using liberty trees.
Shays's Rebellion convinced many of the need for a stronger central government
To protect property rights from too much power in the hands of the people.
Nationalists of the 1780s
Nation builders like James Madison and Alexander Hamilton
Called for increased national authority.
The concerns voiced by critics of the Articles found a sympathetic hearing among men
Who had developed a national consciousness during the Revolution.
At a meeting in Annapolis (September 1786)
Delegates called for a convention to amend the Articles of Confederation
In order to avoid anarchy and monarchy.

forestation
""
A New i ÷:
:* .
The Structure of Government
Prominent wealthy and well-educated men took part in the Constitutional Convention.
Delegates quickly agreed the Constitution would create
A legislature, an executive, and a national judiciary.
The key to stable, effective republican government
Was finding a way to balance the competing claims of liberty and power.
A compromise over the shape of Congress emerged from debates
Over the Virginia and New Jersey Plans.
Virginia Plan (favored by more populous states):
Two-house legislature where state's population determined representation in both houses
New Jersey Plan (favored by smaller states):
One-house legislature in which each state cast one vote
Compromise: t wo-house Congress consisting of Senate (each state had t wo members)
House of Representatives (apportioned according to states' populations)
The Limits of Democracy
The Constitution left the determination of voter qualifications to the states.
The new government was based on a limited democracy.
Federal judges would be appointed by the president.
The president would be elected by an electoral college
Or, in the case of a tie in that body, by the House of Representatives.
The Division and Separation of Powers
The Constitution embodies federalism and a system of checks and balances.
Federalism refers to the relationship bet ween the national government and the states.
The separation of powers, or the system of checks and balances,
Refers to the way the Constitution seeks to prevent any branch of the national
government from dominating the other t wo.
The Debate over Slavery
Slavery divided the delegates.
The words "slave" and "slavery" did not appear in the Constitution, but it did provide for
slavery.
The South Carolinian delegates proved very influential in preser ving slavery
Within the Constitution.
Slavery in the Constitution
The Constitution prevented Congress from prohibiting the slave trade until 1808.
The fugitive slave clause
Made clear that the condition of bondage remained attached to a person
Even if he or she escaped to a free area
It required all states to help police the institution of slavery.
The federal government could not interfere with slavery in the states.
Slave states had more power due to the three-fifths clause.
The Final Document
Delegates signed the final draft on September 17, 1787.
The Constitution created a new framework for American development.

Ratification Delautermains 77
'
The
Stuvia.com - The Marketplace to Buy and Sell your Study '
Material
Origin 93dL of Rights

The Federalist
of '
chapter t
Nine of the thirteen states had to ratify the document.

The Federalist was published to generate support for ratification.
Hamilton argued the Constitution was "the perfect balance bet ween liberty and power."
"Extend the Sphere"
Madison had a new vision of the relationship bet ween government and society
In Federalist no. 10 and no. 51.
Madison argued that the large size of the United States was a source of stability, not
weakness
Madison helped to popularize the liberal idea
That men are generally motivated by self-interest
Also that the good of society arises from the clash of these private interests.
The Anti-Federalists
Anti-Federalists, who opposed ratification, argued that the republic had to be small
Warned that the Constitution would result in an oppressive government.
"Liberty" was the Anti-Federalists' watchword.
They argued for a Bill of Rights.
Federalists tended to be men of substantial property, urban dwellers seeking prosperity
Rural residents tied to the commercial marketplace.
Anti-Federalists drew support from small farmers in more isolated rural areas
New York's Hudson Valley, western Massachusetts, the southern backcountry.
Federalists dominated the press, which helped them carry the day.
Madison won support for the Constitution by promising a bill of rights later.
By mid-1788, the required nine states had ratified.
Only Rhode Island and North Carolina voted against ratification
Eventually joined the new government.
The Bill of Rights
Madison believed the Constitution would protect liberty without the addition of a bill of
rights
To satisfy the Constitution's critics, Madison introduced a bill of rights to the first Congress.
The prohibiting of excessive bail and cruel and unusual punishments
Reflected English roots
But the recognition of religious freedom
Was uniquely American.
Among the most important rights were freedom of speech and of the press
Vital building blocks of a democratic public sphere.

We the People it:c
'
I
"
.:*
.
.
National Identity
The Constitution identifies three populations inhabiting the United States
Indians
"Other persons," which meant slaves
"People," who were the only ones entitled to American freedom
Indians in the New Nation
Indian tribes had no representation in the new government.
The treaty system was used with Indians
Congress forbade the transfer of Indian land without federal approval.
The U.S. victory at the Battle of Fallen Timbers led to the Treaty of Greenville in 1795.
Under this treaty, t welve Indian tribes ceded most of Ohio and Indiana to the United
States.
The treaty established the annuity system-yearly grants of federal money to Indian tribes
Led to continuing U.S. government influence in tribal affairs.
Some prominent Americans believed that Indians could assimilate into society.
Assimilation meant transforming traditional Indian life.
Blacks and the Republic
The status of citizenship for free blacks was left to individual states.
Crèvecoeur's Letters from an American Farmer described America as a melting pot of
Europeans.
Like Crèvecoeur, many white Americans excluded blacks
From their conception of the American people.
The Naturalization Act of 1790
Limited naturalization to "free white persons."
Jefferson, Slavery, and Race
John Locke and others maintained that reason was essential to having liberty.
Many white Americans did not consider blacks to be rational beings.
Jefferson's Notes on the State of Virginia claimed blacks
Lacked self-control, reason, and devotion to the larger community.
Jefferson did not think any group was fixed permanently in a status of inferiority.
Some prominent Virginians believed black Americans
Could not become part of the America nation.
Principles of Freedom
The Revolution widened the divide bet ween free Americans and those who remained in
slavery.
"We the people" increasingly meant white Americans.

92otitis in an Age of 92 lithicIana: :I
o us it c
.
Hamilton's Program
As secretary of the treasury, Alexander Hamilton's long-range goal
Was to make the United States a major commercial and military power.
His program had five parts:
Create credit worthiness by assuming state debts, create a new national debt
Create a bank of the United States, tax producers of whiskey
Impose tariffs and provide government subsidies to industries
The Emergence of Opposition
Opposition to Hamilton's plan was voiced by James Madison and Thomas Jefferson.
Hamilton's plan depended on a close relationship with Britain.
Opponents believed the United States' future lay west ward, not with Britain.
The Jefferson-Hamilton Bargain
At first, opposition to Hamilton's program arose almost entirely from the South.
Hamilton argued the "general welfare" clause of the Constitution justified his program.
Jefferson insisted on "strict construction" of the Constitution
Meant the federal government could only exercise powers specifically listed in that document
Jefferson agreed southerners would accept Hamilton's plan
By placing the national capital on the Potomac River bet ween Maryland and Virginia
The Impact of the French Revolution
The French Revolution became very radical by 1793, and France went to war with Britain.
George Washington declared American neutrality.
Jay's Treaty abandoned any American alliance with France
By positioning the United States close to Britain.
Political Parties
The Federalist Party supported Washington and Hamilton's economic plan
Close ties with Britain.
Freedom rested on deference to authority.
The Whiskey Rebellion
The Whiskey Rebellion of 1794 proved to Federalists
That democracy in the hands of ordinary citizens was dangerous.
The Republican Party
Republicans were more sympathetic to France and had more faith in democratic self-government.
Political language became more and more heated.
An Expanding Public Sphere
The political debates of the 1790s expanded the public sphere.
Newspapers and pamphlets were a primary vehicle for political debate.
Supporters of the French Revolution and critics of the Washington administration
Formed nearly fifty Democratic-Republican Societies in 1793-1794.
The societies argued that political liberty meant not simply voting at elections
Also constant involvement in public affairs.
The Rights of Women
The expansion of the public sphere offered women an opportunity
To take part in political discussions, read newspapers, and hear orations
Mary Wollstonecraft's Vindication of the Rights of Women
Judith Sargent Murray
A common call was for greater educational opportunities.
Although politics was a realm for men,
The American Revolution had deepened the democratization of public life.

The Adams President÷÷
The Election of 1796

Adams won with 71 electoral votes
Jefferson became vice president with 68 electoral votes.
His presidency was beset by crises.
Quasi-war with France
Fries's Rebellion
The "Reign of Witches"
The Alien and Sedition Acts limited civil liberties.
The main target was the Republican press.
The Virginia and Kentucky Resolutions
The Sedition Act thrust freedom of expression
To the center of discussions of American liberty.
No other state endorsed the Virginia and Kentucky resolutions.
The "Revolution of 1800"
Jefferson defeated Adams in the 1800 presidential campaign.
A constitutional crisis emerged with the election.
Twelfth Amendment
Hamilton-Burr duel
Adams's acceptance of defeat
Established the vital precedent of a peaceful transfer of power
From a defeated party to its successor.
Slavery and Politics
Jefferson's election as president was aided by the three-fifths clause
Gave a disproportionate number of electoral votes to southern states.
The First Congress received petitions calling for emancipation
Set off a long sectional debate in that body.
In 1793, Congress adopted a law to enforce the Constitution's fugitive slave clause.
The Haitian Revolution
Events during the 1790s underscored how powerfully slavery defined
Also distorted American freedom.
A successful slave uprising led by Toussaint L'Ouverture established Haiti
As an independent nation in 1804.
Gabriel's Rebellion
A slave rebellion was attempted in Virginia in 1800.
The conspiracy was rooted in Richmond's black community.
Gabriel spoke the language of liberty forged in the American Revolution
Reinvigorated during the 1790s.
Virginia's slave laws became stricter.

Rania 8.3
Jefferson .my 920

wet ApusH
Chapter 8
Jefferson's Inaugural Address
Was conciliatory toward his opponents.
However, he hoped to dismantle as much of the Federalist system as possible.
Judicial Review
John Marshall's Supreme Court established the Court's power
To review laws of Congress and of the states (judicial review).
Marbury v. Madison (1803) established the precedent of the Court's power of judicial review
relative to federal laws.
Fletcher v. Peck (1810) extended judicial review to state laws.
The Louisiana Purchase
To purchase Louisiana, Jefferson had to abandon his conviction
The federal government was limited to powers specifically mentioned in the Constitution.
Jefferson's concern with the territory was over trade through New Orleans.
Jefferson asserted that the additional territory
Would allow the republic to remain agrarian and therefore virtuous.
Lewis and Clark
Lewis and Clark's object was both scientific and commercial.
Their journey from 1804 to 1806
Brought invaluable information and paved the way for a transcontinental country.
Incorporating Louisiana
In 1803, New Orleans was the only part of the Louisiana Purchase territory
With a significant non-Indian population.
Louisiana's slaves had enjoyed far more freedom under the rule of Spain
Than they would as part of the liberty-loving United States.
The Barbary Wars
Jefferson hoped to avoid foreign entanglements.
Barbary pirates from North Africa demanded bribes from American ships.
Because Jefferson refused to increase payments to the pirates,
The United States and Tripoli engaged in a naval conflict
Ended with American victory in 1804.
The Embargo
War bet ween France and Great Britain hurt American trade.
The Embargo Act resulted in a crippled U.S. economy.
Replaced with the Non-Intercourse Act
Madison and Pressure for War
Macon's Bill no. 2 allowed trade to resume.
The War Hawks called for war against Britain.
Wished to annex Canada

Second War for Indepenile
THE
The Indian Response

The period from 1800 to 1812 was an "age of prophecy" among Indians
They sought to revitalize Indian life.
Tecumseh and Tenskwatawa tried to revive a pan-Indian movement
And unite against white Americans.
William Henry Harrison destroyed Prophetstown at the Battle of Tippecanoe (1811).
The War of 1812
Madison asked Congress for a declaration of war.
The government found it difficult to finance the war.
Americans enjoyed few military successes.
Andrew Jackson achieved the war's greatest victory at New Orleans in January 1815.
Peace officially came with the Treaty of Ghent in December 1814
Although news of it did not arrive until after the Battle of New Orleans.
The War's Aftermath
The war confirmed the ability of a Republican government to conduct a war
Without surrendering its institutions.
The End of the Federalist Party
A casualty of the war was the Federalist Party.
Hartford Convention

New Economy"÷÷¥e :
"
'
Roads and Steamboats

Improvements in transportation lowered costs and linked farmers to markets.
Improved water transportation most dramatically increased the speed
Lowered the expense of commerce.
The Erie Canal
The canal was completed in 1825 and made New York City a major trade port.
The state-funded canal typified funding for internal improvements.
Railroads and the Telegraph
Railroads opened the frontier to settlement and linked markets.
The telegraph introduced a communication revolution.
The Rise of the West
Improvements in transportation and communication made possible the rise of the
West
Became a powerful, self-conscious region of the new nation.
People traveled in groups and cooperated with each other to
clear land
build houses and barns
establish communities
Squatters set up farms on unoccupied land.
Many Americans settled without regard to national boundaries.
Florida
The Cotton Kingdom
The market revolution and westward expansion heightened the nation's sectional
divisions.
The rise of cotton production came with Eli Whitney's cotton gin.
The cotton gin revolutionized American slavery.
Slave trading became a well-organized business.
Slave coffles
Historians estimate that around 1 million slaves were shifted
From the older slave states to the Deep South bet ween 1800 and 1860.

Market Society
Rania 9.2
Stuvia.com - The Marketplace to Buy and Sell your •
• Material
Study
Apus it chapter a
Commercial Farmers
The Northwest became a region with an integrated economy of commercial farms
And manufacturing cities.
Farmers grew crops and raised livestock for sale.
The East provided a source of credit and a market.
John Deere's steel plow made possible the rapid subduing of the western prairies.
The Growth of Cities
Cities formed part of the western frontier.
Cincinnati
Chicago
The nature of work shifted from that of the skilled artisan to that of the factory
worker.
The Factory System
Samuel Slater established America's first factory in 1790.
The first large-scale American factory was constructed in 1814 at Waltham, Massachusetts
The American System of manufactures relied on the mass production
Of interchangeable parts
That could be rapidly assembled into standardized, finished products.
The "Mill Girls"
Early New England textile mills largely relied on female labor.
The Growth of Immigration
Economic expansion fueled a demand for labor, which was met
by increased immigration from abroad.
Ireland and Germany - Many settled in the northern states.
Numerous factors inspired this massive flow of population across the Atlantic.
European economic conditions
Introduction of the ocean-going steamship
American religious and political freedoms
Attracted many Europeans fleeing from the failed revolutions of 1848.
The Irish were refugees from disaster, fleeing the Irish potato famine.
German immigrants included a considerably larger number of skilled craftsmen
Compared to Irish immigrants.
Many Germans established themselves
In the West, including Cincinnati, St. Louis, and Milwaukee or the "German Triangle."
The Rise of Nativism
The influx of Irish during the 1840s and 1850s led to violent anti-immigrant backlash
In New York City and Philadelphia.
Those who feared the impact of immigration on American political and social life
Were called "nativists." +they blamed immigrants for:
Urban crime
Political corruption
Alcohol abuses
Undercutting wages
The Transformation of Law
The corporate form of business organization became central to the new market economy.
Many Americans distrusted corporate charters
As a form of government-granted special privilege.
The Supreme Court ruled on many aspects of corporations and employer/employee rights.

Rania 9.3
FREE In-9midualcnn.ae#esrHa
The West and Freedom

American freedom had long been linked to the availability of land in the West.
Manifest Destiny
In national myth and ideology the West would long remain
"the last home of the freeborn American."
The West was vital for economic independence, the social condition of freedom.
The Transcendentalists
Ralph Waldo Emerson believed that freedom was an open-ended process
Of self-realization by which individuals could remake themselves
And their own lives.
Henry David Thoreau worried that the market revolution
Stifled individual judgment; genuine freedom lay within the individual.
The Second Great Awakening
The Second Great Awakening added a religious underpinning
To the celebration of personal self-improvement
self-reliance
self-determination.
The Reverend Charles Grandison Finney became a national celebrity
For his preaching in upstate New York.
The Second Great Awakening democratized American Christianity.
Proliferation of ministers
Evangelical denominations (e.g., Methodists and Baptists) grew tremendously.
The Awakening's Impact
Promoted the doctrine of human free will
Revivalist ministers seized the opportunities offered by the market revolution
To spread their message

Rani a 9 4
Limits -92inasperity can:#sear

Stuvia.com - The Marketplace to Buy and Sell your Study Material .
or
a
Liberty and Prosperity
Opportunities for the "self-made man" abounded.
The market revolution produced a new middle class.
Race and Opportunity
Free blacks were excluded from the new economic opportunities.
Barred from schools and other public facilities
free blacks laboriously constructed their own institutional life.
Free blacks were confined to the lowest ranks of the labor market.
Free blacks were not allowed access to public land in the West.
The Cult of Domesticity
A new definition of femininity emerged based on values
Like love, friendship, and mutual obligation.
Women were to find freedom in fulfilling their duties within their sphere.
Women and Work
Only low-paying jobs were available to women.
Not working outside the home became a badge of respectability for women.
Middle-class women did not work outside the home,
They did much work as wives and mothers.
The Early Labor Movement
Some felt the market revolution reduced their freedom.
The first Workingman's Parties were established in the 1820s.
The "Liberty of Living"
Wage workers evoked "liberty" when calling for improvements in the workplace.
Some described wage labor as the very essence of slavery.

Triumph of
Democracies
A. Property and Democracy

1. By 1860, all but one state had eliminated property requirements for voting.
B. The Dorr War
1. Rhode Island had property qualifications for voting in 1841.
2. Because property-less wage earners (e.g., factory workers) could not vote, the state's
labor movement pushed for reform at the People's Convention (October 1841).
a. This extralegal convention adopted a new state constitution that enfranchised all white
men.
b. Reformers inaugurated Thomas Dorr as governor.
c. President Tyler sent in federal troops and the Dorr movement collapsed.
C. Tocqueville on Democracy
1. By 1840, more than 90 percent of adult white men were eligible to vote.
2. Democratic political institutions came to define the nation's sense of its own identity.
3. Tocqueville identified democracy as an essential attribute of American freedom.
D. The Information Revolution
1. Steam power helped the proliferation of the penny press.
2. Reduction in printing costs also resulted in alternative newspapers.
E. The Limits of Democracy
1. The "principle of universal suffrage" meant that "white males of age constituted the
political nation."
2. How could the word "universal" be reconciled with barring blacks and women from
political participation?
F. A Racial Democracy
1. Despite increased democracy in America, blacks were seen as a group apart.
2. Blacks were often portrayed as stereotypes.
3. Blacks were not allowed to vote in most states.
4. In effect, race had replaced class as the boundary that separated those American men
who were entitled to enjoy political freedom from those who were not.

Nationalism Discontents
+
I 0.2
A. The American System
1. A new manufacturing sector emerged from the War of 1812, and many believed that it was a
necessary complement to the agricultural sector for national growth.
2. In 1815, President James Madison put for ward a blueprint for government-promoted economic
development that came to be known as the American System.
a. New national bank
b. Tariffs
c. Federal financing for better roads and canals ("internal improvements")
3. President Madison became convinced that allowing the national government to exercise powers
not mentioned in the Constitution would prove dangerous to individual liberty and southern
interests.
B. Banks and Money
1. The Second Bank of the United States was a profit-making corporation that served the
government.
2. Local banks promoted economic growth.
3. The Bank of the United States was supposed to prevent the over-issuance of money.
C. The Panic of 1819
1. The Bank of the United States participated in a speculative fever that swept the country after
the War of 1812 ended.
2. Early in 1819, as European demand for American farm products returned to normal levels, the
economic bubble burst.
3. The Panic of 1819 disrupted the political harmony of the previous years.
4. The Supreme Court ruled in McCulloch v. Maryland that the Bank of the United States was
constitutional.
D. The Missouri Controversy
1. James Monroe's t wo terms as president were characterized by the absence of t wo-party
competition ("The Era of Good Feelings").
2. The absence of political party disputes was replaced by sectional disputes.
3. Missouri petitioned for statehood in 1819.
4. The Missouri Compromise was adopted by Congress in 1820.
a. Missouri was admitted to the Union as a slave state and, to maintain sectional balance, Maine
was admitted as a free state.
b. Congress prohibited slavery north of the 36 ° 30' latitude in remaining Louisiana Purchase
territory.
5. The Missouri debate highlighted that the west ward expansion of slavery was a passionate topic
that might prove to be hazardous to national unity.

Nation, section
Party
to
,
,
.o
A. The United States and the Latin American Wars of Independence

1. Bet ween 1810 and 1822, Spain's Latin American colonies rose in rebellion and established a
series of independent nations.
2. In 1822, the Monroe administration became the first government to extend diplomatic
recognition to the new Latin American republics.
3. In some ways, Latin American constitutions were more democratic than the U.S.
Constitution.
B. The Monroe Doctrine
1. Fearing that Spain would try to regain its colonies, Secretary of State John Quincy Adams
drafted the Monroe Doctrine.
a. No new European colonization of the New World.
b. The United States would abstain from European wars.
c. Europeans should not interfere with new Latin American republics.
C. The Election of 1824
1. Andrew Jackson was the only candidate in the 1824 election to have national appeal.
2. None of the four candidates received a majority of the electoral votes.
a. The election fell to the House of Representatives.
b. Henry Clay supported John Quincy Adams.
3. Clay's "corrupt bargain" gave Adams the White House.
D. The Nationalism of John Quincy Adams
1. John Quincy Adams enjoyed one of the most distinguished pre-presidential careers of any
American president.
2. Adams had a clear vision of national greatness.
a. Supported the American system
b. Wished to enhance American influence in the Western Hemisphere
E. "Liberty Is Power"
1. Adams held a view of federal power far more expansive than most of his contemporaries.
a. Stated that "liberty is power"
2. His plans alarmed many.
F. Martin Van Buren and the Democratic Party
1. Adams's political rivals emphasized:
a. Individual liberty
b. States' rights
c. Limited government
2. Martin Van Buren viewed political party competition as a necessary and positive influence
to achieve national unity.
G. The Election of 1828
1. By 1828, Van Buren had established the political apparatus of the Democratic Party.
2. Andrew Jackson campaigned against John Quincy Adams in 1828.
3. A far higher percentage of the eligible electorate voted in 1828 than before, and Jackson
won a resounding victory.

Age of Jackson
w ".
A. The Party System

1. Politics had become a spectacle.
2. Party machines emerged.
3. National conventions chose candidates.
B. Democrats and Whigs
1. Democrats and Whigs differed on issues that emerged from the market revolution.
2. Democrats favored no government intervention in the economy.
3. Whigs supported government promotion of economic development through the American System.
C. Public and Private Freedom
1. The party battles of the Jacksonian era reflected the clash bet ween public and private definitions
of American freedom and their relationship to governmental power.
2. Democrats supported a weak federal government, championing individual and states' rights.
a. Reduced expenditures
b. Reduced tariffs
c. Abolished the national bank
3. Democrats opposed attempts to impose a unified moral vision on society.
4. Whigs believed that a strong federal government was necessary to promote liberty.
a. Whigs argued that government should promote morality to foster the welfare of the people.
D. South Carolina and Nullification
1. Jackson's first term was dominated by a battle to uphold the supremacy of federal over state law.
2. South Carolina led the charge for a weakened federal government in part from fear that a strong
federal government might act against slavery.
E. Calhoun's Political Theory
1. John C. Calhoun emerged as the leading theorist of nullification.
a. Exposition and Protest
b. Because states created the Constitution, each one could prevent the enforcement within its
borders of federal laws that exceeded powers specifically spelled out in the Constitution.
2. Daniel Webster argued that the people, not the states, created the Constitution.
F. The Nullification Crisis
1. Jackson considered nullification an act of disunion.
2. When South Carolina nullified the tariff in 1832, Jackson responded with the Force Bill.
3. A compromise tariff (1833) resolved the crisis.
4. Calhoun left the Democratic Party for the Whigs.
G. Indian Removal
1. The expansion of cotton and slavery led to forced relocation of Indians.
a. Indian Removal Act of 1830
b. Five Civilized Tribes
2. The law marked a repudiation of the Jeffersonian idea that civilized Indians could be assimilated
into the American population.
H. The Supreme Court and the Indians
1. The Cherokees went to court to protect their rights.
a. Cherokee Nation v. Georgia
b. Worcester v. Georgia
2. John Ross led Cherokee resistance.
a. Trail of Tears
3. The Seminoles fought a war against removal (1835-1842).

93rad WartAfter
ios
A. Biddle's Bank
1. The Bank of the United States symbolized the hopes and fears inspired by the market
revolution.
2. Jackson distrusted bankers as "non-producers."
3. The Bank, under its president Nicholas Biddle, wielded great power.
4. Using language resonating with popular values, Jackson vetoed a bill to renew the Bank's
charter.
B. Pet Banks, the Economy, and the Panic of 1837
1. Jackson authorized the removal of federal funds from the vaults of the national bank
and their deposit in state or "pet" banks.
2. Partly because the Bank of the United States had lost the ability to regulate the currency
effectively, prices rose dramatically while real wages declined.
3. By 1836, the American government and the Bank of England required gold or silver for
payments.
4. With cotton exports declining, the United States suffered a panic in 1837 and a
depression until 1843.
C. Van Buren in Office
1. Martin Van Buren approved the Independent Treasury to deal with the crisis.
D. The Election of 1840
1. The Whigs nominated William Henry Harrison in 1840.
2. Harrison was promoted as the "log cabin" candidate.
3. Selling candidates in campaigns was as important as the platform for which they stood.
4. Harrison died a month after taking office.
5. Tyler vetoed measures to enact the American System.

The Old South
n .
.
A. Cotton Is King
1. Cotton replaced sugar as the major crop produced by slave labor in the 19th century.
2. The strength of American slavery rested on cotton.
3. Cotton industry
a. Three-fourths of the world's cotton supply came from the southern United States.
b. Cotton supplied textile mills in the North and in Great Britain.
c. As early as 1803, cotton represented America's most important export.
B. The Second Middle Passage
1. Although the African slave trade was prohibited, the sale and trade of slaves within the United States flourished.
2. The main business districts of southern cities contained the offices of slave traders, and auctions took place at
public slave markets.
C. Slavery and the Nation
1. The North was not immune to slavery.
a. Northern merchants & manufacturers participated in the slave economy and shared in its profits.
b. Slavery shaped the lives of all Americans.
D. The Southern Economy
1. Southern economic growth was different from northern.
a. There were few large cities in the South.
b. The cities were mainly centers for gathering and shipping cotton.
2. New Orleans was the only city of significant size in the South.
3. The region produced less than 10 percent of the nation's manufactured goods.
E. Plain Folk of the Old South
1. Three-fourths of white southerners did not own slaves.
2. Most white southerners lived on self-sufficient farms.
3. Most whites supported slavery.
a. A few, like Andrew Johnson and Joseph Brown, spoke out against the planter elite.
b. Most white southerners supported the planter elite and slavery because of shared bonds of regional loyalty,
racism, and kinship ties.
F. The Planter Class
1. In 1850, the majority of slaveholding families owned five or fewer slaves.
2. Fewer than 2,000 families owned 100 slaves or more.
3. Ownership of slaves provided the route to wealth, status, and influence.
4. Slavery was a profit-making system.
a. Men watched the world market for cotton, invested in infrastructure, and managed their plantations.
b. Plantation mistresses cared for sick slaves, oversaw the domestic servants, and supervised the plantation when
the master was away.
5. Southern slave owners spent much of their money on material goods.
G. The Paternalist Ethos
1. Southern slave-owners were committed to a hierarchical, agrarian society.
2. Paternalism was ingrained in slave society and enabled slave-owners to think of themselves as kind, responsible
masters even as they bought and sold their human property.
H. The Proslavery Argument
1. By the 1830s, fewer southerners believed that slavery was a necessary evil.
2. The proslavery argument rested on a number of pillars, including a commitment to white supremacy, biblical
sanction of slavery, and the historical precedent that slavery was essential to human progress.
3. Another proslavery argument held that slavery guaranteed equality for whites.
I. Abolition in the Americas
1. Abolition in the Americas influenced debates over slavery in the United States.
a. Proslavery advocates used post-emancipation decline in sugar and in other cash crops as evidence of British
abolitionism's failure.
b. Abolitionists argued that the former slaves' rising living standards (and similar improvements) showed that
emancipation had succeeded.
2. By mid-century, New World slavery remained only in Cuba, Puerto Rico, Brazil, and the United States.
J. Slavery and Liberty
1. White southerners declared themselves the true heirs of the American Revolution.
2. Proslavery arguments begin to repudiate the ideas in the Declaration of Independence that equality and freedom
were universal entitlements.
a. John C. Calhoun believed that the language in the Declaration of Independence was dangerous.
b. George Fitzhugh, a Virginia writer, argued that "universal liberty" was the exception, not the rule.
3. By 1830, southerners defended slavery in terms of liberty and freedom; without slavery, freedom was not
possible.
Life Under slavery
Stuvia.com - The Marketplace to Buy and Sell your Study Material '"
A. Slaves and the Law

1. Slaves were considered property and had few legal rights.
2. Slaves were not allowed to:
a. Testify against a white person
b. Carry a firearm
c. Leave the plantation without permission
d. Learn how to read or write
e. Gather in a group without a white person present
3. Although, some of these laws were not always vigorously enforced.
4. Masters also controlled whether slaves married and how they spent their free time.
5. Trial of Celia: Celia killed her master while resisting a sexual assault.
B. Conditions of Slave Life
1. American slaves as compared to their counterparts in the West Indies and in Brazil enjoyed
better diets, lower infant mortality, and longer life expectancies.
a. Reasons for the above include the paternalistic ethos of the South, the lack of malaria and
yellow fever in the South, and the high costs of slaves.
C. Free Blacks in the Old South
1. By 1860, there were nearly half a million free blacks in the United States and most of them lived
in the South.
2. Free blacks were not all that free.
a. Free blacks were allowed by law to own property and marry and could not be bought or sold.
b. Free blacks could not testify in court or serve on a jury.
3. The majority of free blacks who lived in the Lower South resided in cities like New Orleans and
Charleston, whereas those living in the Upper South generally lived in rural areas, working for
wages as farm laborers.
C. Slave Labor
1. Labor occupied most of a slave's daily existence.
2. There were many types of jobs a slave might perform.
3. Many slaves working in the fields also labored in large gangs.
4. On large plantations, they worked in gangs under the direction of the overseer, a man who was
generally considered cruel by the slaves.
D. Slavery in the Cities
1. Most city slaves were ser vants, cooks, and other domestics.
2. Some city slaves were skilled artisans and occasionally lived on their own.
E. Maintaining Order
1. The system of maintaining order rested on force.
2. There were many tools a master had to maintain order, including whipping, exploiting divisions
among slaves, incentives, and the threat of sale.

Slave Culture
Stuvia.com - The Marketplace to Buy and Sell your Study Material " 3
'
A. The Slave Family

1. Despite the threat of sale and the fact that marriage bet ween slaves was illegal, many
slaves did marry and create families.
a. Slaves frequently named children after other family members to retain family
continuity.
b. The slave community had a significantly higher number of female-headed households as
compared to the white community.
B. The Threat of Sale
1. Slave traders paid little attention to preserving family ties.
C. Gender Roles among Slaves
1. Traditional gender roles were not followed in the fields; but during their own time, slaves
did fall into traditional gender roles.
D. Slave Religion
1. Black Christianity was distinctive and offered solace to the slaves.
a. Almost every plantation had its own black preacher.
b. Slaves worshipped in biracial churches.
c. Free blacks established their own churches.
2. Masters viewed Christianity as another means of social control and required slaves to
attend ser vices conducted by white ministers.
3. Many biblical stories offered hope and solace to slaves.
E. The Desire for Liberty
1. Slave culture rested on a sense of the injustice of bondage and the desire for freedom.
2. Slave folklore glorified the weak over the strong, and their spirituals emphasized
eventual liberation.

92escstanee to Slavery
Stuvia.com - The Marketplace to Buy and Sell your Study Material ' ""
A. Forms of Resistance
1. The most common form of resistance was silent sabotage-the breaking of tools, feigning
illness, doing poor work.
2. Less common, but more serious forms of resistance included poisoning the master, arson, and
armed assaults.
3. The slaves who ran away were more threatening to the stability of the slave system.
4. Of the estimated 1,000 slaves a year to escape, most escaped from the Upper South.
a. In the Deep South, fugitive slaves often escaped to the southern cities, to blend in with the
free black population.
5. The Underground Railroad was a loose organization of abolitionists who helped slaves to
escape.
a. Harriet Tubman was an escaped slave who made t wenty trips to Maryland, leading slaves to
freedom.
B. The Amistad
1. In 1839, a group of slaves collectively seized their freedom while on board the Amistad.
2. The U.S. Supreme Court accepted John Quincy Adams's argument that the slaves had been
illegally seized in Africa and should be freed.
C. Slave Revolts
1. 1811 witnessed an uprising on sugar plantations in Louisiana, which saw slaves marching
toward New Orleans before the militia captured them.
2. In 1822, Denmark Vesey was charged with conspiracy in South Carolina.
a. Vesey was a religious man who believed the Bible condemned slavery and who saw the
hypocrisy of the Declaration of Independence.
b. The conspiracy was uncovered before Vesey could act.
D. Nat Turner's Rebellion
1. In 1831, Nat Turner and his followers marched through Virginia, attacking white farm
families.
a. Eighty slaves had joined Turner and sixty whites had been killed (mostly women and children)
before the militia put down the rebellion.
b. Turner was captured and executed.
2. Turner's was the last large-scale rebellion in the South.
3. The Virginia legislature debated plans for gradual emancipation of the state's slaves, but voted
not to take that step.
a. Instead, Virginia tightened its grip on slavery through new laws further limiting slaves'
rights.
4. 1831 marked a turning point for the Old South as white southerners closed ranks and
defended slavery more strongly than ever.

Reform Impulse
Stuvia.com - The Marketplace to Buy and Sell your Study Material in .
A. Utopian Communities
1. About 100 reform communities were established in the decades before the Civil War.
2. Nearly all the communities set out to reorganize society on a cooperative basis, hoping both to restore
social harmony to a world of excessive individualism and also to narrow the widening gap bet ween rich and
poor.
a. Socialism and communism entered the language.
B. The Shakers
1. The Shakers were the most successful of the religious communities and had a significant impact on the
outside world.
2. Shakers believed men and women were spiritually equal.
3. They abandoned private property and traditional family life.
C. The Mormons' Trek
1. The Mormons were founded in the 1820s by Joseph Smith.
2. The absolute authority Smith exercised over his followers, the refusal of the Mormons to separate church
and state, and their practice of polygamy alarmed many neighbors.
3. Mormons faced persecution in New York, Ohio, Missouri, and Illinois; Smith was murdered.
4. Smith's successor, Brigham Young, led his followers to the Great Salt Lake.
D. Oneida
1. The founder of Oneida, John Noyes, and his followers practiced "complex marriage."
2. Oneida was an extremely dictatorial environment.
E. Worldly Communities
1. The most important secular communitarian was Robert Owen.
2. Owen established New Harmony, where he hoped to create a "new moral world"
3. At New Harmony, Owen championed women's rights and education.
F. Religion and Reform
1. Some reform movements drew their inspiration from the religious revivalism of the Second Great
Awakening.
2. The revivals popularized the outlook known as perfectionism, which saw both individuals and society at
large as capable of indefinite improvement.
3. Under the impact of the revivals, older reform efforts moved in a new, radical direction.
a. Prohibition, pacifism, and abolition
4. To members of the North's emerging middle-class culture, reform became a badge of respectability.
5. The American Temperance Society directed its efforts at both the drunkards and the occasional drinker.
G. Critics of Reform
1. Many Americans saw the reform impulse as an attack on their own freedom.
a. Catholics rallied against the temperance movement.
H. Reformers and Freedom
1. The vision of freedom expressed by the reform movements was liberating and controlling at the same time.
2. Many religious groups in the East formed reform groups promoting religious virtue.
I. The Invention of the Asylum
1. Americans embarked on a program of institution building.
a. Jails
b. Poorhouses
c. Asylums
d. Orphanages
2. These institutions were inspired by the conviction that those who passed through their doors could
eventually be released to become productive, self-disciplined citizens.
J. The Common School
1. A tax-supported state public school system was widely adopted.
2. Horace Mann was the era's leading educational reformer.
3. Mann hoped that universal public education could restore equality to a fractured society.
a. Avenue for social advancement
4. Common schools provided career opportunities for women but widened the divide bet ween North and
South.

Crusade Against slavery
Stuvia.com - The Marketplace to Buy and Sell your Study Material ""
A. Colonization
1. The American Colonization Society (ACS), founded in 1816, promoted the gradual abolition of
slavery and the settlement of black Americans in Africa.
a. The ACS founded Liberia as its colony in West Africa.
2. Many prominent political leaders supported the ACS.
3. Like Indian removal, colonization rested on the premise that America is fundamentally a
white society.
4. Most African-Americans adamantly opposed the idea of colonization.
a. In 1817, free blacks assembled in Philadelphia for the first national black convention and
condemned colonization.
b. They insisted that blacks were Americans, entitled to the same rights enjoyed by whites.
B. Militant Abolitionism
1. A new generation of reformers demanded immediate abolition.
2. David Walker's An Appeal to the Coloured Citizens of the World was a passionate indictment
of slavery and racial prejudice.
3. The appearance in 1831 of The Liberator, William Lloyd Garrison's weekly journal published in
Boston, gave the new breed of abolitionism a permanent voice.
4. Some of Garrison's ideas appeared too radical, but his call for immediate abolition was echoed
by many.
a. Garrison rejected colonization.
C. Spreading the Abolitionist Message
1. Abolitionists recognized the democratic potential in the production of printed material.
2. Theodore Weld helped to create the abolitionists' mass constituency by using the methods of
religious revivals.
3. Weld and a group of trained speakers spread the message of slavery as a sin.
D. Slavery and Moral Suasion
1. Nearly all abolitionists, despite their militant language, rejected violence as a means of
ending slavery.
2. Many abolitionists were pacifists, and they attempted to convince the slaveholder through
"moral suasion" of his sinful ways.
E. A New Vision of America
1. The antislavery movement sought to reinvigorate the idea of freedom as a truly universal
entitlement.
2. They insisted that blacks were fellow countrymen, not foreigners or a permanently inferior
caste.
3. Abolitionists disagreed over the usefulness of the Constitution.
4. Abolitionists consciously identified their movement with the revolutionary heritage.

92lack White Abolitionist
're
A. Black Abolitionists
1. From its inception, blacks played a leading role in the antislavery movement.
2. Stowe's Uncle Tom's Cabin gave the abolitionist message a powerful human appeal as it
was modeled on the autobiography of fugitive slave Josiah Henson.
3. By the 1840s, black abolitionists sought an independent role within the movement,
regularly holding their own conventions
4. At every opportunity, black abolitionists rejected the nation's pretensions as a land of
liberty.
5. Black abolitionists articulated the ideal of color-blind citizenship.
6. Frederick Douglass famously questioned the meaning of the Fourth of July.
B. Gentlemen of Property and Standing
1. Abolitionism aroused violent hostility from northerners who feared that the
movement threatened to disrupt the Union, interfere with profits wrested from slave
labor, and overturn white supremacy.
2. Editor Elijah Lovejoy was killed by a mob while defending his press.
3. Mob attacks and attempts to limit abolitionists' freedom of speech convinced many
northerners that slavery was incompatible with the democratic liberties of white
Americans.

""
Origin of Feminism
A. The Rise of the Public Woman

1. Women were instrumental in the abolition movement.
2. The public sphere was open to women in ways government and party politics were not.
B. Women and Free Speech
1. Women lectured in public about abolition.
a. Grimké sisters
2. The Grimké sisters argued against the idea that taking part in assemblies, demonstrations, and
lectures was unfeminine.
3. Letters on the Equality of the Sexes (1838)
a. Equal pay for equal work
C. Women's Rights
1. Elizabeth Cady Stanton and Lucretia Mott organized the Seneca Falls Convention of 1848.
a. Raised the issue of woman suffrage
2. The Declaration of Sentiments condemned the entire structure of inequality.
D. Feminism and Freedom
1. Lacking broad backing at home, early feminists found allies abroad.
2. Women deserved the range of individual choices and the possibility of self-realization that
constituted the essence of freedom.
3. Margaret Fuller sought to apply to women the transcendentalist idea that freedom meant a
quest for personal development.
E. Women and Work
1. The participants at Seneca Falls rejected the identification of the home as the women's "sphere."
a. The "bloomer" costume
F. The Slavery of Sex
1. The concept of the "slavery of sex" empowered the women's movement to develop an all-
encompassing critique of male authority and their own subordination.
2. Marriage and slavery became powerful rhetorical tools for feminists.
G. "Social Freedom"
1. The demand that women should enjoy the rights to regulate their own sexual activity and
procreation and to be protected by the state against violence at the hands of their husbands
challenged the notion that claims for justice, freedom, and individual rights should stop at the
household's door.
2. The issue of women's private freedom revealed underlying differences within the movement
for women's rights.
H. The Abolitionist Schism
1. When organized abolitionism split into t wo wings in 1840, the immediate cause was a dispute
over the proper role of women in antislavery work.
a. American Anti-Slavery Society (favored women in leadership positions)
b. American and Foreign Anti-Slavery Society (opposed women in leadership positions)
2. The Liberty Party was established in hopes of making abolitionism a political movement.

Fruits of Manifest Resting
A. Continental Expansion
1. In the 1840s, slavery moved to the center stage of American politics because of territorial expansion.
B. The Mexican Frontier: New Mexico and California
1. Mexico won its independence from Spain in 1821.
a. The northern frontier of Mexico was California, New Mexico, and Texas.
2. California's non-Indian population in 1821 was vastly outnumbered by Indians.
C. The Texas Revolt
1. The first part of Mexico to be settled by significant numbers of Americans was Texas.
2. Alarmed that its grip on the area was weakening, the Mexican government in 1830 annulled existing
land contracts and barred future emigration from the United States.
a. Stephen Austin led the call from American settlers demanding greater autonomy within Mexico.
3. General Antonio López de Santa Anna sent an army in 1835 to impose central authority.
4. Rebels formed a provisional government that soon called for Texan independence.
a. The Alamo
b. Sam Houston
5. Texas desired annexation by the United States, but neither Jackson nor Van Buren took action because of
political concerns regarding adding another slave state.
1. The issue of Texas annexation was linked to slavery and affected the nominations of presidential
candidates.
a. Clay and Van Buren agreed to keep Texas out of the presidential campaign.
2. James Polk, a Tennessee slaveholder and friend of Jackson, received the Democratic nomination instead of
Van Buren.
a. Supported Texas annexation
b. Supported "reoccupation" of all of Oregon
E. The Road to War
1. Polk had four clearly defined goals:
a. Reduce the tariff
b. Reestablish the Independent Treasury system
c. Settle the Oregon dispute
d. Bring California into the Union
2. Polk initiated war with Mexico to get California.
F. The War and Its Critics
1. Although the majority of Americans supported the war, a vocal minority feared the only aim of the war
was to acquire new land for the expansion of slavery.
a. Henry David Thoreau wrote "On Civil Disobedience."
b. Abraham Lincoln questioned Polk's right to declare war.
G. Combat in Mexico
1. Combat took place on three fronts.
a. California and the "bear flag republic"
b. General Stephen Kearney and Santa Fe
c. Winfield Scott and central Mexico
2. Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo, 1848
H. Race and Manifest Destiny
1. A region that for centuries had been united was suddenly split in t wo, dividing families and severing
trade routes.
a. "Male citizens" were guaranteed American rights.
b. Indians were described as "savage tribes."
2. Territorial expansion gave a new stridency to ideas about racial superiority.
3. Mexico had abolished slavery and declared persons of Spanish, Indian, and African origin equal before the
law.
4. The Texas constitution adopted after independence not only included protections for slavery but denied
civil rights to Indians and persons of African origin.
I. Gold-Rush California
1. California's gold-rush population was incredibly diverse.
2. The explosive population growth and fierce competition for gold worsened conflicts among California's
many racial and ethnic groups.
3. The boundaries of freedom in California were tightly drawn.
a. Indians, Asians, and blacks were all prohibited basic rights.
92ose of Arsenic
Stuvia.com - The Marketplace to Buy and Sell your Study Material ' 3.2
A. The Wilmot Proviso

1. In 1846, Congressman David Wilmot of Pennsylvania proposed a resolution prohibiting slavery
from all territory acquired from Mexico.
2. In 1848, opponents of slavery's expansion organized the Free Soil Party.
B. The Free Soil Appeal
1. The free soil position had a popular appeal in the North because it would limit southern power in
the federal government.
2. The Free Soil platform of 1848 called for barring slavery from western territories and for the
federal government providing homesteads to settlers without cost.
3. Many southerners considered singling out slavery as the one form of property barred from the
West to be an affront to them and their way of life.
4. The admission of new free states would overturn the delicate political balance bet ween the
sections and make the South a permanent minority.
C. Crisis and Compromise
1. 1848 was a year of revolution in Europe, only to be suppressed by counterrevolution.
2. With the slavery issue appearing more and more ominous, established party leaders moved to
resolve differences bet ween the sections.
3. The Compromise of 1850 included:
a. Admission of California as a free state
b. Abolition of the slave trade (not slavery itself) in the District of Columbia
c. Stronger Fugitive Slave law
d. In the Mexican Cession territories, local white inhabitants would determine the status of
slavery.
D. The Great Debate
1. Powerful leaders spoke for and against the Compromise:
a. Daniel Webster (for the Compromise)
b. John C. Calhoun (against the Compromise)
c. William Seward (against the Compromise)
2. President Taylor, Compromise opponent, died in office, and the new president, Millard Fillmore,
secured the adoption of the Compromise.
E. The Fugitive Slave Issue
1. The Fugitive Slave Act allowed special federal commissioners to determine the fate of alleged
fugitives without benefit of a jury trial or even testimony by the accused individual.
2. In a series of dramatic confrontations, fugitives, aided by abolitionist allies, violently resisted
capture.
3. The fugitive slave law also led several thousand northern blacks to flee to safety in Canada.
F. Douglas and Popular Sovereignty
1. Franklin Pierce won the 1852 presidential election.
2. Stephen Douglas introduced a bill to establish territorial governments for Nebraska and Kansas
so that a transcontinental railroad could be constructed.
a. Slavery would be settled by popular sovereignty (territorial voters, not Congress, would decide).
G. The Kansas-Nebraska Act
1. Under the Missouri Compromise, slavery had been prohibited in the Kansas-Nebraska area.
2. The Appeal of the Independent Democrats was issued by antislavery congressmen opposed to the
Kansas-Nebraska bill because it would potentially open the area to slavery.
3. The Kansas-Nebraska Act became law.
a. Democrats were no longer unified as many northern Democrats opposed the bill.
b. The Whig Party collapsed.
c. The South became solidly Democratic.
d. The Republican Party emerged to prevent the further expansion of slavery.

'
Rise of Republican Partij
A. The Northern Economy

1. The rise of the Republican Party reflected underlying economic and social changes.
a. Railroad net work
2. By 1860, the North had become a complex, integrated economy.
3. Two great areas of industrial production had arisen:
a. Northeastern seaboard
b. Great Lakes region
B. The Rise and Fall of the Know-Nothings
1. In 1854 the American, or Know-Nothing, Party emerged as a political party appealing to
anti-Catholic and, in the North, antislavery sentiments.
C. The Free Labor Ideology
1. Republicans managed to convince most northerners (antislavery Democrats, Whigs, Free
Soilers, and Know-Nothings) that the "slave power" posed a more immediate threat to their
liberties.
a. This appeal rested on the idea of free labor.
2. Free labor could not compete with slave labor, and so slavery's expansion had to be halted to
ensure freedom for the white laborer.
3. Republicans as a whole were not abolitionists.
D. "Bleeding Kansas" and the Election of 1856
1. Bleeding Kansas seemed to discredit Douglas's policy of leaving the decision of slavery up to the
local population-thus, aiding the Republicans.
a. Civil war within Kansas
b. Charles Sumner
2. The election of 1856 demonstrated that parties had reoriented themselves along sectional
lines.

""
Emergence Lincoln
of
A. The Dred Scott Decision
1. After having lived in free territories, the slave Dred Scott sued for his freedom.
2. The Supreme Court justices addressed three questions:
a. Could a black person be a citizen and therefore sue in federal court?
b. Did residence in a free state make Scott free?
c. Did Congress possess the power to prohibit slavery in a territory?
3. Speaking for the majority, Chief Justice Roger A. Taney declared that only white persons could be
citizens of the United States.
4. Taney ruled that Congress possessed no power under the Constitution to bar slavery from a
territory, so Scott was still a slave.
a. The decision in effect declared unconstitutional the Republican platform of restricting slavery's
expansion.
5. President Buchanan wanted to admit Kansas as a slave state under the Lecompton Constitution;
Stephen Douglas attempted to block the attempt.
B. Lincoln and Slavery
1. In seeking reelection, Douglas faced an unexpectedly strong challenge from Abraham Lincoln.
2. Lincoln's speeches combined the moral fervor of the abolitionists with the respect for order and the
Constitution of more conservative northerners.
C. The Lincoln-Douglas Campaign
1. Lincoln campaigned against Douglas for Illinois's senate seat.
2. The Lincoln-Douglas debates remain classics of American political oratory.
a. To Lincoln, freedom meant opposition to slavery.
b. Douglas argued that the essence of freedom lay in local self-government and individual self-
determination.
c. Douglas asserted at the Freeport debate that popular sovereignty was compatible with the Dred
Scott decision.
3. Lincoln shared many of the racial prejudices of his day.
4. Douglas was reelected by a narrow margin.
D. John Brown at Harpers Ferry
1. An armed assault by the abolitionist John Brown on the federal arsenal at Harpers Ferry, Virginia,
further heightened sectional tensions.
2. Placed on trial for treason to the state of Virginia, Brown's execution turned him into a martyr to
much of the North.
E. The Rise of Southern Nationalism
1. More and more southerners were speaking openly of southward expansion.
a. Ostend Manifesto
b. William Walker and filibustering
2. By the late 1850s, southern leaders were bending every effort to strengthen the bonds of slavery.
F. The Election of 1860
1. The Democratic Party was split with its nomination of Douglas in 1860 and the southern Democrats'
nomination of John Breckinridge.
2. Republicans nominated Lincoln over William Seward.
a. Lincoln appealed to many voters.
3. The Republican party platform:
a. Denied the validity of the Dred Scott decision
b. Opposed slavery's expansion
c. Added economic initiatives
3. In effect, t wo presidential campaigns took place in 1860.
4. The most striking thing about the election returns was their sectional character.
5. Without a single vote in ten southern states, Lincoln was elected the nation's sixteenth president.

Impending
"s
Crisis
A. The Secession Movement

1. Rather than accept permanent minority status in a nation governed by their opponents,
Deep South political leaders boldly struck for their region's independence.
2. In the months that followed Lincoln's election, seven states, stretching from South
Carolina to Texas, seceded from the Union.
B. The Secession Crisis
1. President Buchanan denied that a state could secede, but also insisted that the federal
government had no right to use force against it.
2. The Crittenden plan for sectional compromise was rejected by Lincoln because it allowed
for the expansion of slavery.
3. The Confederate States of America was formed before Lincoln's inauguration by the seven
states that had seceded.
C. And the War Came
1. Lincoln also issued a veiled warning: "In your hands, my dissatisfied fellow countrymen,
'
"
and not in mine, is the momentous issue of civil war."

.
2. After the Confederates began the Civil War by firing on Fort Sumter on April 12, 1861,
Lincoln called for 75,000 troops to suppress the insurrection.
3. Four Upper South states (Arkansas, North Carolina, Tennessee, and Virginia) seceded and
joined the Confederacy rather than aid Lincoln in suppressing the rebellion.

First Modern War
""
The First Modern War

A. The Two Combatants
1. The North seemed to have the advantage, but Confederate soldiers were
highly motivated fighters.
2. On both sides, the outbreak of war stirred powerful feelings of patriotism.
B. The Technology of War
1. Railroads were vital to the war effort.
2. Introduction of the rifle changed the nature of combat.
3. Modern warfare included POW camps and disease.
C. The Public and the War
1. Both sides were assisted by a vast propaganda effort to mobilize public
opinion.
2. The war was brought to the people via newspapers and photographs.
D. Mobilizing Resources
1. The outbreak of the war found both sides unprepared.
2. Feeding and supplying armies was a challenge for both sides.
3. Despite the North’s advantages, victory on the battlefield was elusive.
E. Military Strategies
1. The Confederacy adopted a defensive strategy.
2. Lincoln realized that his armies had to defeat the South’s armies and
dismantle slavery.
F. The War Begins
1. In the East, most of the war’s fighting took place in a narrow corridor between
Washington and Richmond.
2. The first Battle of Bull Run shattered any illusions that war was romantic.
3. George McClellan assumed command of the Union Army of the Potomac.
G. The War in the East in 1862
1. General Lee blunted McClellan’s attacks in Virginia and forced him to withdraw
back to the vicinity of Washington.
2. Successful on the defensive, Lee now launched an invasion of the North.
a. Antietam
b. Union victory
3. Fredricksburg was a massacre.
H. The War in the West
1. Ulysses S. Grant was the architect of early success in the West.
2. In February 1862, Grant won the Union’s first significant victory when he
captured Forts Henry and Donelson in Tennessee.

""
Coming Emancipation
or
A. Slavery and the War
1. In numbers, scale, and the economic power of the institution of slavery, American emancipation
dwarfed that of any other country.
2. At the outset of the war, Lincoln invoked time-honored northern values to mobilize public support.
3. Lincoln initially insisted that slavery was irrelevant to the conflict.
4. Early in the war, Congress adopted a resolution proposed by Senator John J. Crittenden of
Kentucky, which affirmed that the Union had no intention of interfering with slavery.
5. The policy of ignoring slavery unraveled and by the end of 1861 the military began treating
escaped blacks as contraband of war (property of military value subject to confiscation).
6. Blacks saw the outbreak of fighting as heralding the long-awaited end of bondage.
B. Steps toward Emancipation
1. Since slavery stood at the foundation of the southern economy, antislavery northerners insisted
that emancipation was necessary to weaken the South's ability to sustain the war.
2. Throughout 1861 and 1862, Lincoln struggled to retain control of the emancipation issue.
a. Union General John C. Frémont issued a proclamation freeing slaves in Missouri (August 1861).
b. Fearing the negative impact on loyal border states, Lincoln rescinded Frémont's order.
c. Lincoln proposed gradual emancipation and colonization for border-state slaves.
C. Lincoln's Decision
1. Sometime during the summer of 1862, Lincoln concluded that emancipation had become a political
and military necessity.
2. Upon Secretary of State William Seward's advice, he delayed announcing emancipation until a
Union victory.
3. On September 22, 1862, five days after Antietam, Lincoln issued the Preliminary Emancipation
Proclamation.
4. The initial northern reaction was not encouraging, with important Democratic wins in the fall
elections.
D. The Emancipation Proclamation
1. Lincoln signed the Emancipation Proclamation on January 1, 1863, which declared slaves in
Confederate-held territory to be free.
2. Despite its limitations, the proclamation set off scenes of jubilation among free blacks and
abolitionists in the North and "contrabands" and slaves in the South.
3. The Emancipation Proclamation not only altered the nature of the Civil War and the course of
American history, but represented a turning point in Lincoln's own thinking.
E. Enlisting Black Troops
1. Of the proclamation's provisions, few were more radical in their implications than the enrollment
of blacks into military ser vice.
2. By the end of the war, over 180,000 black men had served in the Union army, and 24,000 in the
navy.
3. Most black soldiers were emancipated slaves who joined the army in the South.
F. The Black Soldier
1. For black soldiers, military ser vice proved to be a liberating experience.
a. At least 130 former soldiers ser ved in political office after the Civil War.
2. Within the army, black soldiers did not receive equal treatment to white soldiers.
3. Black soldiers played a crucial role not only in winning the Civil War but also in defining the war's
consequences.

Second American Revolution
A. Liberty, Union, and Nation

1. The Union's triumph consolidated the northern understanding of freedom as the national norm.
2. To Lincoln, the American nation embodied a set of universal ideas, centered on political democracy and
human liberty.
3. The Gettysburg Address identified the nation's mission with the principle that "all men are created equal."
4. The war forged a new national self-consciousness, reflected in the increasing use of the word "nation"-a
unified political entity-in place of the older "Union" of separate states.
B. The War and American Religion
1. Northern Protestantism combined Christianity and patriotism in a civic religion that saw the war as
transforming the United States into a true land of freedom.
2. Lincoln shrewdly used religious symbolism to generate public support.
3. Religion helped Americans to cope with unprecedented mass death.
4. New government action to deal with death
a. Systems for recording deaths and other casualties
b. National military cemeteries
C. Liberty in Wartime
1. Lincoln consolidated executive power and t wice suspended the writ of habeas corpus throughout the
entire Union for those accused of "disloyal activities."
2. After the war, the Court made it clear that the Constitution was not suspended in wartime (Ex parte
Milligan, 1866).
D. The North's Transformation
1. The North experienced the war as a time of prosperity.
E. Government and the Economy
1. Congress adopted policies that promoted economic growth and permanently altered the nation's financial
system.
a. The Homestead Act
b. The Land-Grant College Act
2. Congress passed land grants for railroads.
3. The transcontinental railroad was completed in 1869.
F. The War and Native Americans
1. The withdrawal of troops from the West increased conflict bet ween Indians and white settlers.
a. The Sioux attack in Minnesota.
2. The Union campaign against Navajo led to the tribe's Long Walk, or removal to a reservation.
3. Some slave-owning tribes, such as the Cherokee, sided with the Confederacy.
G. A New Financial System
1. The need to pay for the war produced dramatic changes in U.S. financial policy:
a. Increased tariff
b. New taxes on goods
c. First income tax
2. Wartime economic policies greatly benefited northern manufacturers, railroad men, and financiers.
3. Taken together, the Union's economic policies vastly increased the power and size of the federal
government.
H. Women and the War
1. Women stepped into the workforce as nurses, factory workers, and government clerks.
2. Hundreds of thousands of northern women took part in humanitarian organizations.
3. Northern women were brought into the public sphere and the war work offered them a taste of
independence.
a. Clara Barton, president of the American National Red Cross, became an advocate of woman suffrage and
a strong proponent of the humane treatment of battlefield casualties.
I. The Divided North
1. Republicans labeled those opposed to the war "Copperheads."
2. The war heightened existing social tensions and created new ones.
a. Draft riots

Confederate Nation
Stuvia.com - The Marketplace to Buy and Sell your Study Material ""
A. Leadership and Government

1. Jefferson Davis proved unable to communicate the war's meaning effectively to ordinary
men and women.
2. Under Davis, the Confederate nation became far more centralized than the Old South had
been.
a. Confederate government controlled railroads
b. Confederate government built factories
3. King Cotton diplomacy sought to pressure Europeans to side with the Confederacy, but this
failed.
B. The Inner Civil War
1. Social change and internal turmoil engulfed much of the Confederacy.
a. The draft encouraged class divisions among whites.
C. Economic Problems
1. The South's economy, unlike the North's, was in crisis during the war.
2. By the war's end, over 100,000 southern men had deserted.
D. Women and the Confederacy
1. Even more than in the North, the war placed unprecedented burdens on southern white
women.
2. The growing disaffection of southern white women contributed to the decline in home-
front morale and encouraged desertion from the army.
E. Black Soldiers for the Confederacy
1. A shortage of manpower led the Confederate Congress in March 1865 to authorize the
arming of slaves, but the war ended before black soldiers were actually recruited.

Points
"" 5
Turning
A. Gettysburg and Vicksburg

1. Lee advanced onto northern soil in Pennsylvania, but was held back by Union forces under
the command of General George Meade at the Battle of Gettysburg (July 1863).
a. Pickett's Charge
2. General Grant secured a Union victory at Vicksburg, Mississippi (July 1863)
B. 1864
1. In 1864, Grant began a war of attrition against Lee's army in Virginia.
2. At the end of six weeks of fighting, Grant's casualties stood at 60,000-almost the size of
Lee's entire army-while Lee had lost 30,000 men.
3. General William T. Sherman entered Atlanta, seizing Georgia's main railroad center.
4. Some Radical Republicans nominated John C. Frémont on a platform calling for a
constitutional amendment to abolish slavery, federal protection of the freed people's rights,
and confiscation of the land of leading Confederates.
5. The Democratic candidate for president was General George B. McClellan.
6. Lincoln won, aided by Frémont's withdrawal and Sherman's capture of Atlanta.

CREconstruction
Stuvia.com - The Marketplace to Buy and Sell your Study Material ' "6
A. The Sea Island Experiment

.
1. The Union occupied the Sea Islands (on the coast of South Carolina) in November 1861.
2. Women took the lead as teachers in educating the freed slaves of the islands.
3. By 1865, black families were working for wages, acquiring education, and enjoying more
humane conditions than under slavery.
B. Wartime Reconstruction in the West
1. After the capture of Vicksburg, the Union army established regulations for plantation
labor.
a. Freed people signed labor contracts and were paid wages.
2. Neither side was satisfied with the new labor system.
3. At Davis Bend, the emancipated slaves saw the land divided among themselves.
C. The Politics of Wartime Reconstruction
1. In 1863, Lincoln announced his Ten-Percent Plan of Reconstruction.
2. Free blacks in New Orleans complained about the Ten-Percent Plan and found sympathy from
Radical Republicans.
3. The Wade-Davis Bill was offered as an alternative plan.
a. Required a majority of a state's voters to pledge loyalty
b. Lincoln pocket-vetoed the plan.
D. Victory at Last
1. Sherman marched from Atlanta to the sea in November-December 1864.
2. The Thirteenth Amendment was approved on January 31, 1865.
3. On April 3, 1865, Grant took Richmond.
4. Lee surrendered to Grant at Appomattox Court House, Virginia, on April 9.
5. Lincoln was fatally shot on April 14 and died the next morning.
E. The War and the World
1. Grant's post-presidential world tour illustrates how non-Americans saw the war.
a. England's Duke of Wellington hailed Grant as a military genius.
b. English workers saw war as having saved the leading experiment in democracy and vindicated
free labor principles.
c. German Chancellor Bismarck saw nation-building as war's central achievement.
F. The War in American History
1. The Civil War laid the foundation for modern America.
2. Both sides lost something they had gone to war to defend.
a. The Confederacy lost slavery.
b. The war hastened the transformation of Lincoln's America of free labor, small shops, and
independent farmers into an industrial giant.

"
Meaning Freedom's
of
A. Blacks and the Meaning of Freedom

1. African-Americans’ understanding of freedom was shaped by their experience as slaves and
observation of the free society around them.
2. Blacks relished the opportunity to demonstrate their liberation from the regulations (significant and
trivial) associated with slavery.
B. Families in Freedom
1. The family was central to the post-emancipation black community.
2. Freedom subtly altered relationships within the family.
a. Emancipation increased the power of black men within the family.
b. Black women withdrew from work as field laborers and house servants to the domestic sphere.
C. Church and School
1. Blacks abandoned white-controlled religious institutions to create churches of their own.
2. Blacks of all ages flocked to the schools established by northern missionary societies, the Freedmen’s
Bureau, and groups of ex-slaves.
D. Political Freedom
1. The right to vote inevitably became central to the former slaves’ desire for empowerment and
equality.
2. To demonstrate their patriotism, blacks throughout the South organized Fourth of July celebrations.
E. Land, Labor, and Freedom
1. Former slaves’ ideas of freedom were directly related to land ownership.
a. Many former slaves insisted that through their unpaid labor, they had acquired a right to the land.
F. Masters without Slaves
1. The South’s defeat was complete and demoralizing.
a. Planter families faced profound changes.
2. Most planters defined black freedom in the narrowest manner.
G. The Free Labor Vision
1. The victorious Republican North tried to implement its own vision of freedom.
2. The Freedmen’s Bureau was to establish a working free labor system.
H. The Freedmen’s Bureau
1. The task of the Bureau—establishing schools, providing aid to the poor and aged, settling disputes,
etc.—was daunting, especially since it had fewer than 1,000 agents.
2. The Bureau’s achievements in some areas, notably education and health care, were striking.
I. The Failure of Land Reform
1. President Andrew Johnson ordered nearly all land in federal hands returned to its former owners.
2. Because no land distribution took place, the vast majority of rural freedpeople remained poor and
without property during Reconstruction.
3. Sharecropping came to dominate the cotton South and much of the tobacco belt.
4. Sharecropping initially arose as a compromise bet ween blacks’ desire for land and planters’ desire for
labor discipline.
J. The White Farmer
1. The aftermath of the war hurt small white farmers.
a. Crop-lien system (use of crop as collateral for loans from merchants for supplies)
b. White farmers increased cotton cultivation, cotton prices plummeted, and they found themselves
unable to pay back loans.
2. Both black and white farmers found themselves caught in the sharecropping and crop-lien systems.
3. Southern cities experienced remarkable growth after the Civil War.
a. Rise of a new middle class
K. Aftermaths of Slavery
1. The Reconstruction-era debates over transitioning from slavery to freedom had parallels in other
Western Hemisphere countries where emancipation occurred in the nineteenth century.
2. Only in the United States did former slaves gain political rights quickly.

of
Radical 92 station
Making econ
A. Andrew Johnson
1. Johnson identified himself as the champion of the “honest yeomen” and a foe of large planters.
2. Johnson lacked Lincoln’s political skills and keen sense of public opinion.
3. Johnson believed that African-Americans had no role to play in Reconstruction.
B. The Failure of Presidential Reconstruction
1. Johnson’s plan for Reconstruction offered pardons to the white southern elite.
2. Johnson’s plan allowed the new state governments a free hand in managing local affairs.
C. The Black Codes
1. Southern governments began passing new laws that restricted the freedom of blacks.
2. These new laws violated free labor principles and called forth a vigorous response from the Republican
North.
D. The Radical Republicans
1. Radical Republicans called for the dissolution of Johnson’s state governments, the establishment of new
governments that did not have “rebels” in power, and the guarantee of the right to vote for black men.
2. The Radicals fully embraced the expanded powers of the federal government born of the Civil War.
a. Charles Summer
b. Thaddeus Stevens
3. Thaddeus Stevens’s most cherished aim was to confiscate the land of disloyal planters and divide it among
former slaves and northern migrants to the South.
a. His plan was too radical for most others in Congress.
E. The Origins of Civil Rights
1. Most Republicans were moderates, not radicals.
2. Senator Lyman Trumbull of Illinois proposed t wo bills to modify Johnson’s policy:
a. Extend the life of the Freedmen’s Bureau
b. Civil Rights Bill (equality before the law was central; it sought to overturn the Black Codes)
3. Johnson vetoed both bills.
4. Congress passed the Civil Rights Bill over his veto and later extended the life of the Freedmen’s Bureau.
F. The Fourteenth Amendment
1. It placed in the Constitution the principle of citizenship for all persons born in the United States and
empowered the federal government to protect the rights of all Americans.
a. It did not grant blacks the right to vote.
G. The Reconstruction Act
1. Johnson campaigned against the Fourteenth Amendment in the 1866 midterm elections.
2. In March 1867, over Johnson’s veto, Congress adopted the Reconstruction Act, which:
a. Divided the South into five military districts
b. Called for creation of new southern state governments, with black men given the vote
3. The Reconstruction Act thus began Radical Reconstruction, which lasted until 1877.
H. Impeachment and the Election of Grant
1. To demonstrate his dislike for the Tenure of Office Act, Johnson removed the secretary of war from office
in 1868.
2. Johnson was impeached and the Senate fell one vote short from removing him from office.
I. The Fifteenth Amendment
1. Ulysses S. Grant won the 1868 presidential election.
2. The Fifteenth Amendment was ratified in 1870.
3. It prohibited federal and state governments from denying any citizen the right to vote because of race.
a. Did not extend suffrage to women
J. The “Great Constitutional Revolution”
1. The laws and amendments of Reconstruction reflected the intersection of t wo products of the Civil War
era—a newly empowered national state and the idea of a national citizenry enjoying equality before the
law.
2. Before the Civil War, American citizenship had been closely linked to race.
3. The new amendments also transformed the relationship bet ween the federal government and the states.
K. The Rights of Women
1. The destruction of slavery led feminists to search for ways to make the promise of free labor real for
women.
2. Some feminists (Elizabeth Cady Stanton, Susan B. Anthony) opposed the Fifteenth Amendment because it
did not enfranchise women. Distribution of this document is illegal

"
Reconstruction South
RADICAL In
A. “The Tocsin of Freedom”
1. Among the former slaves, the passage of the Reconstruction Act inspired an outburst of
political organization.
2. Blacks used direct action to remedy long-standing grievances.
3. The Union League aided blacks in the public sphere.
4. By 1870, the Union had been restored and southern states had Republican majorities.
B. The Black Officeholder
1. Two thousand African-Americans occupied public offices during Reconstruction.
a. Fourteen elected to U.S. House of Representatives
b. Two elected to U.S. Senate
C. Carpetbaggers and Scalawags
1. Carpetbaggers were northern-born white Republicans who made their homes in the South
after the war, with many holding political office.
2. Scalawags were southern-born white Republicans.
a. Some were wealthy (e.g., James Alcorn, a Mississippi planter)
b. Most had been up-country non-slaveholders before the Civil War and some had been
Unionists during the war.
D. Southern Republicans in Power
1. Southern Republican governments established the South’s first state-supported public
schools.
2. The new governments also pioneered civil rights legislation.
3. Republican governments took steps to strengthen the position of rural laborers and to
promote the South’s economic recovery.
E. The Quest for Prosperity
1. During Reconstruction, every state helped to finance railroad construction.
2. Investment opportunities in the West lured more northern investors than southern
investors, and economic development remained weak in the South.

OverthrowofReconstruction
Stuvia.com - The Marketplace to Buy and Sell your Study Material "
A. Reconstruction’s Opponents
1. Corruption did exist during Reconstruction, but it was not confined to a race, region, or
party.
2. Opponents could not accept the idea of former slaves voting, holding office, and enjoying
equality before the law.
B. “A Reign of Terror”
1. Secret societies sprang up in the South with the aim of preventing blacks from voting and
destroying the organization of the Republican Party.
2. The Ku Klux Klan was organized in 1866.
a. It launched what one victim called a “reign of terror” against Republican leaders, black
and white.
b. Example: Colfax, Louisiana, massacre (1873)
3. Congress and President Grant, with the passage of three Enforcement Acts in 1870 and
1871, put an end to the Ku Klux Klan by 1872.
C. The Liberal Republicans
1. The North’s commitment to Reconstruction waned during the 1870s.
2. Some Republicans, alienated from Grant by corruption in his administration, formed the
Liberal Republican Party.
a. Horace Greeley
D. The North’s Retreat
1. The Liberal attack on Reconstruction contributed to a resurgence of racism in the North.
2. The 1873 depression also distracted the North from Reconstruction.
3. The Supreme Court whittled away at Congress’s guarantees of black rights.
a. Slaughterhouse Cases (1873)
b. United States v. Cruikshank (1876)
E. The Triumph of the Redeemers
1. Redeemers claimed to have “redeemed” the white South from corruption, misgovernment,
and northern and black control.
F. The Disputed Election and Bargain of 1877
1. The election bet ween Rutherford B. Hayes (Republican) and Samuel Tilden (Democrat) was
very close, with disputed electoral votes from Florida, Louisiana, and South Carolina.
2. Congress set up a special Electoral Commission to determine the winner of the disputed
votes.
3. Behind the scenes, Hayes made a bargain to allow southern white Democrats to control
the South if his election was accepted.
4. The compromise led to Hayes’s election and the Democrats’ having a free hand in the South.
G. The End of Reconstruction
1. Reconstruction ended in 1877.
2. It would be nearly a century before the nation again tried to bring equal rights to the
descendants of slaves.

Second Industrial
Revolution
The Industrial Economy
1. By 1913, the United States produced one-third of the world's industrial output.
2. The 1880 census showed for the first time that a majority of the workforce
engaged in nonfarming jobs.
3. The growth of cities was vital for financing industrialization.
a. Great Lakes region
b. Pittsburgh
c. Chicago
B. Railroads and the National Market
1. The railroad made possible what is sometimes called the second industrial revolution.
2. The growing population formed an ever-expanding market for the mass production,
mass distribution, and mass marketing of goods.
C. The Spirit of Innovation
1. Scientific breakthroughs and technological innovation spurred growth.
a. Thomas Edison
D. Competition and Consolidation
1. The economy suffered prolonged downturns between 1873 and 1897.
2. Businesses engaged in ruthless competition.
3. To avoid cutthroat competition, more and more corporations battled to control
entire industries.
a. Between 1897 and 1904, 4,000 firms vanished into larger corporations.
E. The Rise of Andrew Carnegie
1. The railroad pioneered modern techniques of business organization.
2. By the 1890s, Carnegie dominated the steel industry.
a. Vertical integration
3. Carnegie's life reflected his desire to succeed and his desire to give back to
society.
F. The Triumph of John D. Rockefeller
1. John D. Rockefeller dominated the oil industry.
2. Industrial leaders were considered either "captains of industry" or "robber barons."
G.Workers' Freedom in an Industrial Age
1. For a minority of workers, the rapidly expanding industrial system created new
forms of freedom.
2. For most workers, economic insecurity remained a basic fact of life.
3. Between 1880 and 1900, an average of 35,000 workers perished each year in
factory and mine accidents, the highest rate in the industrial world.
4. Class divisions became more and more visible.
5. Many of the wealthiest Americans consciously pursued an aristocratic lifestyle.
a. Thorstein Veblen on conspicuous consumption
6. The working class lived in desperate conditions.

Transformation the West
or
A. A Diverse Region
1. The political and economic incorporation of the American West was part of a global
process.
2. The federal government acquired Indian land by war and treaties, administered land
sales, and distributed land to farmers, railroads, and mining companies.
B. Farming in the Trans-Mississippi West
1. More land came into cultivation during the thirty years after the Civil War than
during the previous two-and-a-half centuries of American history.
2. Farming was difficult and much of the burden fell to women.
3. As crop production increased, prices fell and small farmers throughout the world
suffered severe difficulties during the last quarter of the nineteenth century.
4. The future of western farming ultimately lay with giant agricultural enterprises, as
seen in California.
C. The Cowboy and the Corporate West
1. Cowboys became symbols of a life of freedom on the open range.
2. By the mid-1880s, farmers enclosed more of the open range and moved cattle operations
close to rail connections.
3. Many western industries fell under the sway of companies that mobilized eastern and
European investment in order to introduce advanced technology.
D. The Subjugation of the Plains Indians
1. The incorporation of the West into the national economy spelled the doom of the Plains
Indians and their world.
2. As settlers encroached on Indian lands, bloody conflict between the army and Plains
tribes began in the 1850s and continued for decades.
3. Numbering 30 million in 1800, buffalo were nearly extinct due to hunting and army
campaigns by 1890.
E. "Let Me Be a Free Man"
1. The Nez Percé were chased over 1,700 miles before surrendering in 1877.
2. Chief Joseph spoke of freedom before a distinguished audience in 1879.
3. Defending their land, Sioux and Cheyenne warriors attacked Custer at Little Big Horn.
4. Indian resistance only temporarily delayed the onward march of white soldiers,
settlers, and prospectors.
F. Remaking Indian Life
1. In 1871, Congress eliminated the treaty system that dated back to the Revolutionary
era.
a. Forced assimilation
G. The Dawes Act and Wounded Knee
1. The crucial step in attacking tribalism came in 1887, with the passage of the Dawes Act.
2. Some Indians sought solace in the Ghost Dance, a religious revitalization campaign
reminiscent of the pan-Indian movements.
3. On December 29, 1890, soldiers opened fire on Ghost Dancers encamped on Wounded Knee
Creek in South Dakota, killing between 150 and 200 Indians, mostly women and children.
H. Settler Societies and Global Wests
1. The conquest of the American West was part of a global process.
2. Countries like Argentina, Australia, Canada, and New Zealand, as well as the United
States, are often called "settler societies," because immigrants from overseas quickly
outnumbered and displaced the original inhabitants.

Politics the Gilded AGE
in
A. The Corruption of Politics
1. Americans during the Gilded Age saw their nation as an island of political democracy
in a world still dominated by undemocratic governments.
2. Political corruption was rife.
3. Urban politics fell under the sway of corrupt political machines.
4. Corruption was at the national level too.
B. The Politics of Dead Center
1. Every Republican candidate for president from 1868 to 1900 had fought in the Union
army.
2. Democrats dominated the southern and Catholic votes.
3. The parties were closely divided and national elections very close.
4. Gilded Age presidents made little effort to mobilize public opinion or to exert
executive leadership.
5. In some ways, American democracy in the Gilded Age seemed remarkably healthy.
C. Government and the Economy
1. The nation's political structure proved ill-equipped to deal with the problems created
by the economy's rapid growth.
a. Tariff policy debated
b. Return to gold standard in 1879
2. Republican economic policies strongly favored the interests of eastern
industrialists and bankers.
D. Reform Legislation
1. The Civil Service Act of 1883 created a merit system for federal employees.
2. Congress established the Interstate Commerce Commission (ICC) in 1887.
3. The Sherman Antitrust Act, passed in 1890, banned practices that restrained free
trade.
E. Political Conflict in the States
1. State governments expanded their responsibilities to the public.
2. Third parties enjoyed significant (if short-lived) success in local elections.
3. Farmers responded to railroad policies by organizing the Grange.
4. Some states passed eight-hour-day laws.

Freedom in the
Gilded
A. The Social Problem
Age
1. As the United States matured into an industrial economy, Americans struggled
to make sense of the new social order.
2. Many Americans sensed that something had gone wrong in the nation's social
development.
3. Many Americans viewed the concentration of wealth as inevitable, natural, and
justified by progress.
B. Social Darwinism in America
1. Charles Darwin put forth the theory of evolution, whereby plant and animal
species best suited to their environment took the place of those less able to
adapt.
2. Social Darwinism argued that evolution was as natural a process in human society
as it was in nature and that government must not interfere.
3. Failure to advance in society was widely thought to indicate a lack of
character.
4. The Social Darwinist William G. Sumner believed that freedom required frank
acceptance of inequality.
C. Liberty of Contract and the Courts
1. Labor contracts reconciled freedom and authority in the workplace.
2. The courts viewed state regulation of business as an insult to free labor.
3. The courts generally sided with business enterprises that complained of a loss
of economic freedom.
4. Lochner v. New York voided a state law establishing ten hours per day or sixty
per week as the maximum hours of work for bakers, citing that it infringed on
individual freedom.

Labor
t the
Republic
A. "The Overwhelming Labor Question"
1. The 1877 Great Railroad Strike demonstrated that there was an overwhelming
labor question.
B. The Knights of Labor and the "Conditions to Essential Liberty"
1. The Knights of Labor organized all workers to improve social conditions.
2. Labor raised the question of whether meaningful freedom could exist in a
situation of extreme economic inequality.
C. Middle-Class Reformers
1. Alarmed by fear of class warfare and the growing power of concentrated capital,
social thinkers offered numerous plans for change.
2. Henry George's solution was the single tax.
3. Lawrence Gronlund's Cooperative Commonwealth (1884) was the first book to
popularize socialist ideas for an American audience.
4. Freedom, Edward Bellamy insisted, was a social condition resting on
interdependence, not on autonomy.
5. Bellamy held out the hope of retaining the material abundance made possible by
industrial capitalism while eliminating inequality.
D. A Social Gospel
1. Walter Rauschenbusch insisted that freedom and spiritual self-development
required an equalization of wealth and power and that unbridled competition mocked
the Christian ideal of brotherhood.
2. Social Gospel adherents established mission and relief programs in urban areas.
E. The Haymarket Affair
1. On May 1, 1886, some 350,000 workers in cities across the country demonstrated
for an eight-hour day.
2. A riot ensued after a bomb killed a policeman on May 4.
3. Employers took the opportunity to paint the labor movement as a dangerous and
un-American force prone to violence and controlled by foreign-born radicals.
4. Seven of the eight men accused of plotting the Haymarket bombing were
foreign-born.
F. Labor and Politics
1. Henry George ran for mayor of New York in 1886 on a labor ticket.
2. The events of 1886 suggested that labor might be on the verge of establishing
itself as a permanent political force.

Populist Gkallenge
A. The Farmers' Revolt

1. Farmers faced increasing economic insecurity.
2. Farmers sought to improve their condition through the Farmers Alliance.
B. The People's Party
1. The People's, or Populist, Party emerged from the Farmers Alliance in the 1890s.
a. Spoke for all the producing classes
2. The Populists embarked on a remarkable effort of community organization and
education.
3. Populists embraced modern technologies-the railroad, telegraph, and the national
market-and pushed the federal government to regulate them in the public interest.
C. The Populist Platform
1. The Populist platform of 1892 remains a classic document of American reform.
2. The Populist Coalition
3. The Populists made remarkable efforts to unite black and white small farmers on a
common political and economic program.
4. While many blacks refused to abandon the party of Lincoln, others were attracted by
the Populist program.
5. The Populist movement also engaged the energies of thousands of reform-minded women
with farm and labor backgrounds.
a. Mary Elizabeth Lease
b. 1892 presidential candidate James Weaver won over 1 million votes.
D. The Government and Labor
1. The severe depression that began in 1893 led to increased conflict between capital and
labor.
a. Coxey's Army
2. The Pullman Strike of 1894 saw the labor leader Eugene Debs jailed.
E. Populism and Labor
1. Populists made determined efforts to appeal to industrial workers but ultimately failed
to get labor's support.
2. Working-class voters in 1894 shifted en masse to the Republicans rather than to the
Populists.
F. Bryan and Free Silver
1. In 1896, Democrats and Populists joined to support William Jennings
2. Bryan for the presidency.
a. Called for free silver
b. Condemned the gold standard
c. Championed a government helping ordinary Americans
G. The Campaign of 1896
1. Republicans nominated the Ohio governor William McKinley.
2. The election of 1896 is sometimes called the first modern presidential campaign.
a. Mark Hanna
3. McKinley's victory shattered the political stalemate that had persisted since 1876 and
created one of the most enduring political majorities in American history.

segregated South
A. The Segregated South

1. The Redeemers in Power
a. Upon achieving power, the Redeemers moved to undo Reconstruction as much as possible.
2. Public school systems hardest hit
3. New laws authorized the arrest of virtually any person without employment and
greatly increased the penalties for petty crimes.
B. The Failure of the New South Dream
1. The region as a whole sank deeper and deeper into poverty.
C. Black Life in the South
1. As the most disadvantaged rural southerners, black farmers suffered the most from
the region's condition.
a. Blacks owned less land in 1900 than they had at the end of Reconstruction.
2. Cities supported the growth of a black middle class.
3. Most unions excluded blacks.
D. The Kansas Exodus
1. African-Americans migrated to Kansas seeking political equality, freedom from violence,
access to education, and economic opportunity.
2. Most African-Americans had little alternative but to stay in the region.
a. Most northern employers refused to offer jobs to blacks.
E. The Decline of Black Politics
1. Political opportunities became more and more restricted.
2. The banner of political leadership passed to black women activists.
a. The National Association of Colored Women
3. The Elimination of Black Voting
a. Between 1890 and 1906, every southern state enacted laws or constitutional provisions
meant to eliminate the black vote.
b. Numerous poor and illiterate whites also lost the right to vote.
c. The elimination of black and many white voters could not have been accomplished without
the approval of the North.
F. The Law of Segregation
1. In 1896, in the landmark decision in Plessy v. Ferguson, the Supreme Court gave its
approval to state laws requiring separate facilities for blacks and whites.
2. John Marshall Harlan was the lone dissenter on the Court.
3. States reacted to the Plessy decision by passing laws mandating racial segregation in
every aspect of southern life.
a. The Rise of Lynching
4. Those blacks who sought to challenge the system or who refused to accept the
demeaning behavior that was a daily feature of southern life faced violence.
5. Many white southerners considered preserving the purity of white womanhood a
justification of extralegal vengeance.
a. The Politics of Memory
6. The Civil War came to be remembered as a tragic family quarrel of "brother against
brother," among white Americans, in which slavery played a minor role.

thedrawing Boundaries
i.
A. Redrawing the Boundaries
1. The New Immigration and the New Nativism
a. Three and a half million immigrants, mostly from southern and eastern Europe,
,
arrived in the 1890s.

b. Various suggestions were made by nativists to eliminate the immigrants' ability to
vote.
B. Chinese Exclusion and Chinese Rights
1. The Chinese Exclusion Act of 1882 barred Chinese from the United States.
2. Chinese demands for equal rights forced the Supreme Court to define the reach of
the Fourteenth Amendment.
a. Tape v. Hurley (1885)
b. United States v. Wong Kim Ark (1898)
3. Fong Yue Ting (1893) authorized the federal government to expel Chinese aliens
without due process of law.
C The Emergence of Booker T. Washington
1. Prominent black leaders took to emphasizing economic self-help and individual
advancement into the middle class as an alternative to political agitation.
2. Washington emphasized vocational education over political equality.
3. He urged blacks not to try to combat segregation.
D. The Rise of the AFL
1. The rise of the American Federation of Labor (AFL) reflected a shift away from a
broadly reformist past to more limited goals.
2. Samuel Gompers pioneered "business unionism."
3. During the 1890s, the labor movement became less and less inclusive.
E. The Woman's Era
1. Changes in the women's movement reflected the same combination of expanding
activities and narrowing boundaries.
2. Through a network of women's clubs, temperance associations, and social reform
organizations, women exerted a growing influence on public affairs.
a. Women's Christian Temperance Union (WCTU)
3. The center of gravity of feminism shifted toward an outlook more in keeping with
prevailing racial and ethnic norms.

Becoming a World Power
A. The New Imperialism

1. After 1870, European powers, along with Japan, scrambled to dominate Africa, Asia, and the
Middle East, justifying their imperialism as bringing "civilization" to the supposedly backward
peoples of the non-European world.
B. American Expansionism
1. Territorial expansion had been a part of American life since well before independence. But
the 1890s marked a significant turning point in America's relationship with the rest of the
world.
2. Most Americans who looked overseas were interested in expanded trade, not territorial
possessions.
C. The Lure of Empire
1. Religious missionaries spread the nation's influence overseas during the late nineteenth
century.
2. A small group of late-nineteenth-century thinkers actively promoted American
expansionism.
3. Hawaii was long sought after by Americans, and was annexed by the United States in 1898.
4. The depression that began in 1893 heightened the belief that a more aggressive foreign
policy was necessary to stimulate American exports.
5. New, mass-circulation newspapers promoted nationalistic sentiments ("yellow press").
D. The "Splendid Little War"
1. Cuba had fought for independence since 1868.
2. The United States went to war with Spain to win Cuba's liberty and freedom.
3. Admiral George Dewey defeated a Spanish fleet at Manila Bay.
E. Roosevelt at San Juan Hill
1. Theodore Roosevelt's Rough Riders took San Juan Hill in Cuba.
F. An American Empire
1. In the treaty with Spain ending the war, the United States acquired the Philippines,
Puerto Rico, and the Pacific island of Guam.
2. America's interest in its new possessions had more to do with trade than with gaining
wealth from natural resources or from large-scale American settlement.
3. In 1899, Secretary of State John Hay announced the Open Door policy with China.
G. The Philippine War
1. Many believed that American participation in the destruction of Spanish rule would lead to
social reform and political self-government.
2. Emilio Aguinaldo led a fight against American colonialism.
3. The McKinley administration justified U.S. intervention because of the obligation to its
"little brown brothers."
H. Citizens or Subjects?
1. American rule also brought with it American racial attitudes.
a. "White man's burden"
2. America's triumphant entry into the ranks of imperial powers sparked an intense debate
over the relationship between political democracy, race, and American citizenship.
3. The Foraker Act of 1900 declared Puerto Rico an "insular territory," different from
previous territories in the West.
4. In the twentieth century, the territories acquired in 1898 would follow different paths.
a. Hawaii achieved statehood in 1959.
b. Philippines got independence in 1946.
c. Puerto Rico is the "world's oldest colony" as a commonwealth.
I. Drawing the Global Color Line
1. American racial attitudes had a global impact in the Age of Empire.
2. Chinese exclusion in the United States influenced anti-Chinese laws adopted in Canada.
3. American segregation and disenfranchisement became models for Australia and South Africa
as they formed new governments.
J. "Republic or Empire?" Downloaded by: mirajur12345 | Mirajur12345@icloud.com
1. The Anti-Imperialist League argued that empire was incompatible with democracy.
The First New Deal
A. FDR and the Election of 1932

1. FDR promised a "new deal" for the American people, but his campaign was vague in explaining how he was goin
achieve it.
B. The Coming of the New Deal
1. Roosevelt saw his New Deal as an alternative to socialism on the left, to Nazism on the right, and to the in
upholders of unregulated capitalism.
2. For advice, FDR relied heavily on a group of intellectuals and social workers who took up key positions in his
administration.
a. Secretary of Labor Frances Perkins
b. Harry Hopkins
c. Secretary of the Interior Harold Ickes
d. Justice Louis Brandeis
3. The view of these individuals prevailed during what came to be called the First New Deal.
C. The Banking Crisis
1. Roosevelt declared a bank holiday, temporarily halting all bank operations, and called Congress into special s
a. Emergency Banking Act
2. Further measures also transformed the American financial system.
a. Glass-Steagall Act
b. Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation (FDIC)
D. The NRA
1. An unprecedented flurry of legislation during the first three months of Roosevelt's administration was a
known as the Hundred Days.
2. The centerpiece of Roosevelt's plan for combating the Depression was the National Industrial Recovery Ac
3. The NRA reflected how even in its early days, the New Deal reshaped understandings of liberty.
a. Section 7a
4. Hugh S. Johnson set standards for production, prices, and wages in the textile, steel, mining, and auto indu
E. Government Jobs
1. The Hundred Days also brought the government into providing relief to those in need.
a. Federal Emergency Relief Administration (FERA)
b. Civilian Conservation Core (CCC)
F. Public-Works Projects
1. The Public Works Administration (PWA) was created to build roads, schools, hospitals, and other public facilit
2. The Tennessee Valley Authority (TVA) was created to build dams.
G. The New Deal and Agriculture
1. The Agricultural Adjustment Act (AAA) authorized the federal government to try to raise farm prices by
production quotas for major crops and paying farmers not to plant more.
2. The AAA succeeded in significantly raising farm prices and incomes for large farmers.
a. The policy generally hurt small farms and tenant farmers.
3. The 1930s also witnessed severe drought creating the Dust Bowl.
H. The New Deal and Housing
1. The Depression devastated the American housing industry.
2. Hoover's administration established a federally sponsored bank to issue home loans.
3. FDR moved energetically to protect homeowners from foreclosure and to stimulate new construction.
a. Home Owners Loan Corporation
b. Federal Housing Administration (FHA)
4. There were other important measures of Roosevelt's first two years in office:
a. Twenty-first Amendment
b. Federal Communications Commission (FCC)
c. Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC)
I. The Court and the New Deal
1. In 1935, the Supreme Court began to invalidate key New Deal Laws:
a. National Recovery Administration
b. The Agricultural Adjustment Act

The Grassroots Revolt
A. Labor's Great Upheaval

1. A cadre of militant labor leaders provided leadership to the labor upsurge.
2. Workers' demands during the 1930s went beyond better wages.
a. All their goals required union recognition.
3. Roosevelt's election as president did much to rekindle hope among labor.
4. 1934 saw an explosion of strikes.
B. The Rise of the CIO
1. The labor upheaval posed a challenge to the American Federation of Labor (AFL).
2. John Lewis led a walkout of the AFL that produced a new labor organization, the
Congress of Industrial Organizations (CIO).
3. The United Auto Workers (UAW) led a sit-down strike in 1936.
4. Steel workers tried to follow suit.
5. Union membership reached 9 million by 1940.
C. Labor and Politics
1. The labor upsurge altered the balance of economic power and propelled to the
forefront of politics labor's goal of a fairer, freer, more equal America.
2. CIO leaders explained the Depression as the result of an imbalance of wealth and
income.
D. Voices of Protest
1. Other popular movements of the mid-1930s also placed the question of economic
justice on the political agenda.
a. Upton Sinclair and the End Poverty in California movement (EPIC)
b. Huey Long and Share Our Wealth
c. Charles Coughlin
d. Dr. Francis Townsend
second New Deal

A. Roosevelt in 1935 launched the Second New Deal with an emphasis on
economic security.
1. The Rural Electrification Agency (REA) provided electricity to rural areas.
B. The WPA and the Wagner Act
1. Under Harry Hopkins's direction, the Works Progress Administration (WPA)
changed the physical face of the United States.
2. Perhaps the most famous WPA projects were in the arts.
3. The Wagner Act brought democracy into the American workplace.
C. The American Welfare State: Social Security
1. The centerpiece of the Second New Deal was the Social Security Act of
1935.
2. The Social Security Act launched the American version of the welfare
state.
3. Social Security represented a dramatic departure from the traditional
functions of government.

Reckoning with Liberty
A. Roosevelt was a master of political communication and used his fireside chats to
great effect.
B. FDR gave the term "liberalism" its modern meaning.
C. As the 1930s progressed, proponents of the New Deal invoked the language of
liberty with greater and greater passion.
1. Fighting for the possession of "the ideal of freedom" emerged as the central
issue of the presidential campaign of 1936.
2. Republicans chose Kansas governor Alfred Landon, a former Theodore Roosevelt
Progressive.
3. Roosevelt won a landslide reelection.
a. New Deal coalition
E. The Court Fight
1. FDR proposed to change the face of the Supreme Court for political reasons.
2. The Court's new willingness to accept the New Deal marked a permanent change in
judicial policy.
F. The End of the Second New Deal
1. The Fair Labor Standards bill banned goods produced by child labor from interstate
commerce, set forty cents as the minimum hourly wage, and required overtime pay
for hours of work exceeding forty per week.
2. The year 1937 witnessed a sharp downturn of the economy.

Limits of Change
A. The New Deal and American Women

1. Eleanor Roosevelt transformed the role of first lady.
2. However, organized feminism, already in disarray during the 1920s, disappeared as a
political force.
3. Most New Deal programs did not exclude women from benefits, but the ideal of the
male-headed household powerfully shaped social policy.
B. The Southern Veto
1. The power of the Solid South helped to mold the New Deal welfare state into an
entitlement for white Americans.
a. The Social Security law excluded agricultural and domestic workers, the largest
categories of black employment.
2. Political left and black organizations lobbied for changes in Social Security.
C. The Stigma of Welfare
1. Blacks became more dependant on welfare because they were excluded from eligibility
for other programs.
D. The Indian New Deal
1. Under Commissioner of Indian Affairs John Collier, the administration launched an Indian
New Deal.
2. It marked the most radical shift in Indian policy in the nation's history.
E. The New Deal and Mexican-Americans
1. For Mexican-Americans, the Depression was a wrenching experience.
F. Last Hired, First Fired
1. African-Americans were hit hardest by the Depression.
2. FDR appointed a number of blacks to important federal positions.
a. Mary McLeod Bethune
3. The 1930s witnessed a historic shift in black voting patterns.
G. Federal Discrimination
1. Federal housing policy revealed the limits of New Deal freedom.
2. Federal employment practices also discriminated on the basis of race.
3. Not until the Great Society of the 1960s would those left out of New Deal programs
win inclusion in the American welfare state.
↳ Federal Discrimination
→
Federal employment practices also discriminated on the basis of race
↳ Not unit the Great Depression hit, was it aware that

it was

New Conception or America
A. The Heyday of American Communism

1. In the mid-1930s, the left enjoyed a shaping influence on the nation's politics and
culture.
2. The CIO and Communist Party became focal points for a broad social and intellectual
impulse that helped to redraw the boundaries of American freedom.
B. Redefining the People
1. The Popular Front vision for American society was that the American way of life meant
unionism and social citizenship, not the unbridled pursuit of wealth.
2. Artists and writers captured the common man.
C. Challenging the Color Line
1. Popular Front culture moved well beyond New Deal liberalism in condemning racism as
incompatible with true Americanism.
2. The Communist-dominated International Labor Defense mobilized popular support for black
defendants victimized by racism in the criminal justice system.
a. Scottsboro case
3. The CIO welcomed black members.
D. Labor and Civil Liberties
1. Another central element of Popular Front public culture was its mobilization for civil
liberties, especially the right of labor to organize.
2. Labor militancy helped to produce an important shift in the understanding of civil
liberties.
3. In 1939, Attorney General Frank Murphy established a Civil Liberties Unit in the
Department of Justice.
a. Civil liberties replaced property rights of business as the judicial foundation of freedom.
4. The House of Representatives established an Un-American Activities Committee in 1938
to investigate disloyalty.
E. The End of the New Deal
1. FDR was losing support from southern Democrats.
2. Roosevelt concluded that the enactment of future New Deal measures required a
liberalization of the southern Democratic Party.
3. A period of political stalemate followed the congressional election of 1938.
F. The New Deal in American History
1. Given the scope of the economic calamity it tried to counter, the New Deal seems in
many ways quite limited.
2. Yet even as the New Deal receded, its substantial accomplishments remained.
3. One thing the New Deal failed to do was generate prosperity.

Fighting WWII
A. Good Neighbors
1. FDR embarked on a number of departures in foreign policy.
a. Soviet Union
b. Latin America
B. The Road to War
1. Japan had expanded its reach in Manchuria and China by the mid-1930s.
2. Germany embarked on a campaign to control the entire continent.
a. Benito Mussolini
b. General Francisco Franco
3. Although Roosevelt was alarmed, he was tied to the policy of appeasement.
C. Isolationism
1. American businesspeople did not wish to give up profitable overseas markets in
Germany and Japan.
2. Many Americans were reluctant to get involved in international affairs because of
the legacy of World War I.
3. Congress favored isolationism, as seen with various Neutrality Acts.
D. War in Europe
1. Germany invaded Poland on September 1, 1939.
a. Blitzkrieg appeared unstoppable.
2. For nearly two years, Britain stood virtually alone in fighting Germany.
a. Battle of Britain
C. Toward Intervention
1. In 1940, breaking with a tradition that dated back to George Washington, Roosevelt
announced his candidacy for a third term as president.
2. Congress passed the Lend-Lease Act in 1941 and froze Japanese assets.
D. Pearl Harbor
1. On December 7, 1941, Japanese planes, launched from aircraft carriers, bombed the
naval base at Pearl Harbor in Hawaii.
2. FDR asked for a declaration of war against Japan.
E. The War in the Pacific
1. The first few months of American involvement witnessed an unbroken string of
military disasters.
2. The tide turned with the battles at Coral Sea and Midway in May and June 1942.
F. The War in Europe
1. D-Day established the much needed second front in western Europe.
2. The crucial fighting in Europe took place on the eastern front between Germany
and the Soviet Union.
a. Stalingrad marked the turning point.
3. The war claimed millions of lives.
a. Holocaust

The Home Front
A. Mobilizing for War

1. World War II transformed the role of the national government.
2. The government built housing for war workers and forced civilian industries to retool for
war production.
B. Business and the War
1. Americans produced an astonishing amount of wartime goods and utilized science and
technology.
2. The West Coast emerged as a focus of military-industrial production.
a. Nearly 2 million Americans moved to California for jobs in defense-related industries.
3. The South remained very poor when the war ended.
C. Labor in Wartime
1. Organized labor entered a three-sided arrangement with government and business that
allowed union membership to soar to unprecedented levels.
2. Unions became firmly established in many sectors of the economy during World War II.
D. Fighting for the Four Freedoms
1. To Roosevelt, the Four Freedoms expressed deeply held American values worthy of being
spread worldwide.
2. Roosevelt initially meant the phrase to refer to the elimination of barriers to
international trade.
a. It came to mean protecting the standard of living from falling after the war.
E. The Fifth Freedom
1. The war witnessed a burst of messages marketing advertisers' definition of freedom.
a. Free enterprise
F. Women at War
1. Women in 1944 made up over one-third of the civilian labor force.
2. New opportunities opened up for married women and mothers.
3. Women's work during the war was viewed by men and the government as temporary.
4. The advertisers' "world of tomorrow" rested on a vision of family-centered prosperity
Visions or Postwar
A. Toward an American Century
Freedom
1. Henry Luce insisted that the United States embrace a leadership role in his 1941 book The
American Century.
2. Henry Wallace offered a less imperialistic alternative.
3. Luce and Wallace both spoke about a new conception of America's role in the world.
B. "The Way of Life of Free Men"
1. The National Resources Planning Board offered a blueprint for a peacetime economy based
on:
a. Full employment
b. An expanded welfare state
c. A widely shared American standard of living
2. FDR called for an Economic Bill of Rights in 1944.
3. The Servicemen's Readjustment Act, or GI Bill of Rights, was one of the most far-
reaching pieces of social legislation in American history.
C. The Road to Serfdom
1. Hayek's The Road to Serfdom (1944)
a. Offered a new intellectual justification for opponents of active government.
b. Helped lay the foundation for the rise of modern conservatism.

The American Dilemma
A. Patriotic Assimilation
1. World War II created a vast melting pot, especially for European immigrants and their children.
2. By the war's end, racism and nativism had been stripped of intellectual respectability.
B. The Bracero Program
1. The war had a far more ambiguous meaning for nonwhites than for whites.
2. The bracero program allowed tens of thousands of contract laborers to cross into the United States
to take up jobs as domestic and agricultural workers.
3. "Zoot suit" riots
4. Mexican-Americans brought complaints of discrimination before the Fair Employment Practices
Commission (FEPC).
C. Indians during the War
1. American Indians served in the army.
a. The Iroquois issued a declaration of war against the Axis powers.
b. "Code talkers."
D. Asian-Americans in Wartime
1. Asian-Americans' war experience was filled with paradox.
2. Chinese exclusion was abolished.
3. The American government viewed every person of Japanese ethnicity as a potential spy.
E. Japanese-American Internment
1. The military persuaded FDR to issue Executive Order 9066.
2. Internment revealed how easily war can undermine basic freedoms.
a. Hardly anyone spoke out against internment.
3. The courts refused to intervene.
a. Korematsu v. United States (1944)
4. The government marketed war bonds to the internees and drafted them into the army.
F. Blacks and the War
1. The wartime message of freedom portended a major transformation in the status of blacks.
2. The war spurred a movement of the black population from the rural South to the cities of the North
and West.
a. Detroit race riot
G. Blacks and Military Service
1. During the war, over 1 million blacks served in the armed forces.
2. Black soldiers sometimes had to give up their seats on railroad cars to accommodate Nazi prisoners of
war.
H. Birth of the Civil Rights Movement
1. The war years witnessed the birth of the modern civil rights movement.
2. In July 1941, the black labor leader A. Philip Randolph called for a March on Washington.
a. Executive Order 8802 and FEPC
I. The Double-V
1. The "double-V" meant that victory over Germany and Japan must be accompanied by victory over
segregation at home.
J. The War and Race
1. During the war, a broad political coalition centered on the left, but reaching well beyond it called for
an end to racial inequality in America.
2. CIO unions made significant efforts to organize black workers and to win them access to skilled
positions.
3. The new lack of militancy created a crisis for moderate white southerners.
4. The South reacted to preserve white supremacy.
K. An American Dilemma
1. An American Dilemma (1944) was a sprawling account of the country's racial past, present, and future.
2. Myrdal noted the conflict between American values and American racial polices.
L. Black Internationalism
1. In the first decades of the twentieth century, a black international consciousness was reinvigorated.
2. W. E. B. Du Bois, Paul Robeson, and others developed an outlook that linked the plight of black Americans
with that of people of color worldwide.
3. World War II stimulated among African-Americans a greater awareness of the links between racism in
the United States and colonialism abroad.

The End of the War
A. "The Most Terrible Weapon"

1. One of the most momentous decisions ever confronted by an American president-
whether to use the bomb on Japan-fell to Harry Truman.
2. The atomic bomb was a practical realization of the theory of relativity.
3. The Manhattan Project developed an atomic bomb.
B. The Dawn of the Atomic Age
1. On August 6, 1945, an American plane dropped an atomic bomb that detonated over
Hiroshima, Japan.
2. Because of the enormous cost in civilian lives, the use of the bomb remains controversial.
C. The Nature of War
1. The dropping of the atomic bombs was the logical culmination of the way World War II
had been fought: never before had civilian populations been so targeted in a war.
D. Planning the Postwar World
1. Even as the war raged, a series of meetings between Allied leaders formulated plans for
the postwar world.
a. Tehran
b. Yalta
c. Potsdam
E. Yalta and Bretton Woods
1. The Bretton Woods meeting established a new international economic system.
F. The United Nations
1. The Dumbarton Oaks meeting established the structure of the United Nations.
a. General Assembly
b. Security Council
G. Peace, but not Harmony
1. World War II produced a radical redistribution of world power.
2. It remained to be seen how seriously the victorious Allies took their wartime rhetoric
of freedom.
a. Mahatma Gandhi


Powered by TCPDF (www.tcpdf.org)

Apsuh Notes

Uploaded by

Document Information

Original Description:

Original Title

Copyright

Available Formats

Share this document

Share or Embed Document

Sharing Options

Did you find this document useful?

Is this content inappropriate?

Copyright:

Available Formats

Apsuh Notes

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

The Ultimate AP US History Notes!

Downloaded by: mirajur12345 | Mirajur12345@icloud.com

Downloaded by: mirajur12345 | Mirajur12345@icloud.com

↳ Societies from Mexico

Mound Builders of the Mississippi River Valley

community Poverty Point was a trading center

↳ tribes warred with each other t loose alliances

European Views of the Indians

thus they had claim to it

Downloaded by: mirajur12345 | Mirajur12345@icloud.com

and ownership of private

according /appropriate to one 's rank

Downloaded by: mirajur12345 | Mirajur12345@icloud.com

made travel along African coast possible

Downloaded by: mirajur12345 | Mirajur12345@icloud.com

was the first European to see the Pacific Ocean

The Demographic Disaster

Downloaded by: mirajur12345 | Mirajur12345@icloud.com

↳Catholic Church played a significant role in administration of Spanish colonies

primary economy in Spanish

many Spaniards came to New World for eaiser social mobility

Piety and Profit

said entire human race is one but favored African slavery

Reforming the Empire

Spain in Florida and the Southwest

Downloaded by: mirajur12345 | Mirajur12345@icloud.com

Frena Dutch Empires

not govern ent democratically

↳ Slaves had some rights

compared to other European Nations

settling New Netherland

Features of European Settlement

Downloaded by: mirajur12345 | Mirajur12345@icloud.com

Unifying the English Nation

England and Ireland

particularly through the ownership of land

Downloaded by: mirajur12345 | Mirajur12345@icloud.com

The Transformations of Indian life

Downloaded by: mirajur12345 | Mirajur12345@icloud.com

Settling The Chesapeake

by 1610 only 65 settlers

Symbolizing Anglo Indian harmony

Opechancanough lead attack Virginia Settlers 1622

Treaty English forced Indians to recognize subordination

expansion of tobacco increased demand for field labor

Women and Family

proprietary colony under Cecil ius Calvert

Downloaded by: mirajur12345 | Mirajur12345@icloud.com

The New England Waeyaeusita

→ seeked truth by reading Bible t listening to sermons

The Pilgrims at Plymouth

on board men signed Mayflower Compact

Government and Society in Massachusetts

Church and State in Puritan

Downloaded by: mirajur12345 | Mirajur12345@icloud.com

Downloaded by: mirajur12345 | Mirajur12345@icloud.com

Downloaded by: mirajur12345 | Mirajur12345@icloud.com

Expansion of England Empire 's as

The Mercantilist System

Downloaded by: mirajur12345 | Mirajur12345@icloud.com

The spread of tobacco led settlers to turn to slavery

Downloaded by: mirajur12345 | Mirajur12345@icloud.com