COMSATS INSTITUTE OF INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY

Digital Signal Processing

Lab#3

Convolution of Discrete-Time Sequences

Objective:
By the end of this lab students will be able to get output from LTI systems by
convolving input with impulse responses.

Pre-Lab Tasks

Useful Commands:
 conv: Convolution and polynomial multiplication.

 filter: filters the data in vector X with the filter described by vectors A and B
to create the filtered data.

 subplot: breaks the Figure window into an m-by-n matrix of small axes,
selects the pth axes for the current plot, and returns the axis handle.

Even and odd synthesis

 if xe (  n)  xe (n)  if xo ( n)   xo (n)
 
then xe ( n) is called even( symmetric ) then xo (n) is called odd (antisymmetric )

Any arbitrary real-valued sequence x(n) can be decomposed into its even and odd
component
x( n)  xe (n)  xo ( n)
xe ( n)  1 [ x (n)  x ( n)], xo (n)  1 [ x( n)  x( n)]
2 2
Codes for even and odd decomposition of signals

function [xe, xo, m] = evenodd(x,n)

if any(imag(x) ~= 0)
 error('x is not a real sequence')
end
m = -fliplr(n);
m1 = min([m,n]); m2 = max([m,n]); m = m1:m2;
nm = n(1)-m(1); n1 = 1:length(n);
x1 = zeros(1,length(m));
x1(n1+nm) = x; x = x1;
xe = 0.5*(x + fliplr(x));
xo = 0.5*(x - fliplr(x));

% MATLAB code example 2

n = [0:10]; x = stepseq(0,0,10)-stepseq(10,0,10);
[xe,xo,m] = evenodd(x,n);
subplot(1,1,1)
subplot(2,2,1); stem(n,x); title('Rectangular pulse')
xlabel('n'); ylabel('x(n)'); axis([-10,10,0,1.2])
subplot(2,2,2); stem(m,xe); title('Even Part')
xlabel('n'); ylabel('xe(n)'); axis([-10,10,0,1.2])
subplot(2,2,4); stem(m,xo); title('Odd Part')
xlabel('n'); ylabel('xo(n)'); axis([-10,10,-0.6,0.6])

Convolution

Convolution is a weighted moving average with one signal flipped back to front.

Input: x[n] Impulse Response: h[n] Output: y[n]

A single point of the convolution function is calculated as:

 first, one signal is flipped back to front
 then, one signal is shifted with respect to the other
 the amount of the shift is the position of the convolution function point to be
calculated
 each element of one signal is multiplied by the corresponding element of the other
 the area under the resulting curve is integrated
 In-Lab Tasks
Task1:

Convolution can be evaluated in many different ways.

If arbitrary sequences are of infinite duration, then MATLAB cannot be used directly to
compute the convolution.
As you already know, there are 3 conditions (cases) for evaluation:
 No overlap
 Partially overlap
 Complete overlap
A built in function to compute convolution of 2 finite duration is called “conv”.
It assumes that the two sequences begin at n = 0:
>> y = conv(x,h)

Convolved sequence Sequence x(m)

50 15

10
0
x(m )
y(n)

5
-50
0

-100 -5
0 5 10 15 0 2 4 6 8
n m
Sequence y(o)
4

0
y(o)

-2

-4

-6
0 2 4 6
o

Is This Correct???
Based on the plots, “conv” function neither provides nor accepts any timing information.
We need the beginning and the end point of y(n).
A simple extension of the “conv” function, called “conv_m”, can be written to perform
the convolution of arbitrary support sequences:

function [y,ny] = conv_m(x,nx,h,nh)

% Modified convolution routine for signal processing
% -----------------------------------------------------
% [y,ny] = conv_m(x,nx,h,nh)
% [y,ny] = convolution result
% [x,nx] = first signal
% [h,nh] = second signal
%
nyb = nx(1)+nh(1); nye = nx(length(x)) + nh(length(h));
ny = [nyb:nye];
y = conv(x,h);

Lets do the convolution again from the previous example:

x = [3,11,7,0,-1,4,2]; nx = [-3:3];
>> h = [2,3,0,-5,2,1]; nh = [-1:4];
>> [y,ny] = conv_m(x,nx,h,nh)
y=
6 31 47 6 -51 -5 41 18 -22 -3 8 2
ny =
-4 -3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7

Task-2:

Convolve following sequences using MATLAB Function “conv” and plot the
input, impulse response and output in one figure using “subplot”:
 x[n] = [1 2 1], n=[0 1 2] h[n] = [1 1 1], n= [0 1 2]
 x[n] = [-1 4 -3 -2 1 0 2], n=[-2:4] h[n] = [1 1 1], n= [-1 0 1]