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Metformin Presentation
Metformin Presentation
Objectives
Our study was undertaken to:
compare the ability of Metformin and flaxseed in reducing
hyperglycemic, pro-inflammatory environment
and to set the stage for a long term study of their direct
comparison in reducing ovarian cancer incidence and severity,
using a hen model.
Introduction: How are Ovarian Cancer & Diabetes Related?
DHA
Introduction: What Endpoints Can We Use to Compare the
Metabolic Effects of Metformin & Flaxseed?
General health:
Hens treated with 30 mg/kg Metformin lost weight during the trial (Figure 1). Hens of all
treatments maintained egg-laying ability, and hens treated with 30 mg/kg Metformin were
the most fertile on day 21 compared to hens of other treatments (Figure 2).
Results: Serum Analysis: Metformin
14
GGT (U/L)
12
150 10
8
100 6
4
50 2
0
0 Baseline (n=14) Metformin (n=14)
Baseline (n=14) Metformin (n=14)
Treatment
Treatment
Figure 3(left) Mean values for glucose in serum of hens with and without Metformin treatment. Mean values connected with an
asterisk are significantly different (P<0.05, ANOVA).
Figure 4(right) Mean values for GGT in serum of hens with and without Metformin treatment. Mean values connected with an
asterisk are significantly different (P<0.05, ANOVA).
Results: Serum Analysis: Metformin
Variability in glucose and GGT caused by living conditions, not by
Metformin treatment; Variability in cholesterol, triglycerides, and albumin
unrelated to treatment or conditions (Figure 5).
Figure 5
PCA analysis Increasing
of
glucose,
biochemical
serum GGT
variables in
hens of all
treatments
on day 0
(blue points)
and day 21
(yellow
points) of
treatment.
Increasing Cholesterol,
Triglycerides, Albumin
Results: Serum Analysis: Flaxseed
1)
0
Control Flax D Contol Flax E Control Flax F Contol Flax G
D (n=16) E (n=11) F (n=16) G (n=17)
(n=16) (n=12) (n=15) (n=17)
Cholesterol (mg/dL)
AB
3000 AB AB AB 200
AB
Average Triglyceride Level
2500 AB AB
BC
Average
2000 150
BC B AB AB
1500 C C
1000 100
(mg/dL)
500
0 50
0
Control Flax D Contol Flax E Control Flax F Contol Flax G
D (n=16) E (n=11) F (n=16) G (n=17)
(n=16) (n=12) (n=15) (n=17)
Group
Group
Figure 7 (left) Mean triglyceride levels of serum from hens fed flaxseed or control diets of age groups D (youngest, 2.5 years)
through G (oldest, 4 years). Mean values sharing the same letter are not significantly different (P<0.05, Tukey’s test).
Figure 8 (right) Mean cholesterol levels of serum from hens fed flaxseed or control diets of age groups D (youngest, 2.5 years)
through G (oldest, 4 years). Mean values sharing the same letter are not significantly different (P<0.05, Tukey’s test).
Results: Serum Analysis: Summary
Flax Metformin
Glucose ? -*
Cholesterol +* NC
Triglycerides +* NC
Albumin NC NC
AST +* NC
GGT NC -*
GLDH NC NC
Table 2 Summary of the effects of a long-term flaxseed diet or short-term Metformin treatment in hens on biochemical metabolic
markers in serum analysis. (- = negative effect, + = positive effect, NC = no change; * = statistical significance: p<.05)
Results: Gene Expression: Metformin
Flax Metformin
COX-2 NC NC
G6PC2 NC NC
GLUT-2 NC +*
PCK1 +* NC
PKM2 NC NC
Table 3 Summary of the effects of a long-term flaxseed diet or short-term Metformin treatment in hens on expression of metabolic
genes. (- = negative effect, + = positive effect, NC = no change; * = statistical significance: p<.05)
Conclusions: Metformin
Increase in GGT and glucose due to conditions rather than treatment. 3 weeks
was not long enough for Metformin to change biochemical serum markers.
Conclusion: Metformin
Literature has shown that a single oral dose of 300 mg/kg Metformin can
reduce blood glucose and feed intake (Ashwell and McMurty 2003).
However, consistent with our findings, another study has shown that daily
diets of Metformin of 250-10,000 mg/kg reduce feed intake and increase
lactate in highest doses without reducing plasma glucose (Rosebrough
and Ashwell 2005).
Our long-term flaxseed studies have shown that flax is related to:
reduction in cholesterol, triglycerides, AST.
decreased expression of PCK1, consistent with previous studies
that have found SDG from flaxseed to reduce expression of this gene
(Prasad 2002).
.
Conclusions: Future Directions
Despite lack of change in blood glucose levels, our short term study has
shown that most positive metabolic health effects (up-regulation of
GLUT-2, decrease in body weight, egg laying ability) occur in hens
treated with 30 mg/kg. This is therefore our optimal dose for future
studies for which this study has laid a foundation.