Image Transformation

MUHAMMAD HASAN ALI BAIG, D.SC. (PHD)

ASSISTANT PROFESSOR
IGEO
 Intro

 We are going to transform (change) images according to

our requirement
 There are various techniques of transformation
 Arithmatic operations
 Image addition
 Image subtraction
 Image multiplication
 Image division

 Empirical based image transformation

 Principal Component Analysis
 Hue Saturation Intensity
 Image Fusion
 Change Detection
Topic : Change Detection

Principal components Analysis (PCA)

•A statistical procedure of data compression.

The first principal component usually accounts for most of the
variability in the data.

•Allow you to pick out patterns and relationships in the

variables.

•Allows you to reduce the side of your dataset

with no significant information loss.

•Isolates and defines features more thoroughly than

conventional Band combinations
Topic : Change Detection

PCA
•A multivariate technique

•Reduces the number of spectral components to

less number of principal components (having the
largest variance) in the input multispectral
images.

•Covariance or correlation matrix is used to

transfer data to an uncorrelated set.
Topic : Change Detection

PCA
•Sort the resulting matrices consisting
of eight vectors in descending order.

•Most of the data variation is expressed

by the first principal component.
Topic : Change Detection

PCA
•The next largest amount of variation is defined by the succeeding
principal Component and this is orthogonal/independent to the
principal component
That precedes it.

•Two approaches are there

1. Separate rotation
2. Merged rotation
Topic : Change Detection

Vegetation Index Differencing

•In this method, ratios called as vegetation indices are computed to
enhance the spectral differences based on strong absorption and
reflection of electromagnetic spectrum.

Many vegetation indices are used, such as:

1. Ratio vegetation index
2. Normalization vegetation index
Vegetation Index Differencing

• This method offers the advantage of emphasizing

The spectral response of different features and
Reduction of impacts of topographic effects and
illumination.

• This method provided very accurate quantitative

Results for delineated forest canopy change but
It was less accurate for delineating forest clear cuts.
Topic : Change Detection
Topic : Change Detection
Topic : Change Detection
 Image addition

 g(x; y) = f1(x; y) + f2(x; y)


 Image subtraction

 Gf(i,j) = (255 + G1(i,j) – G2(i,j) ) /2

 Image multiplication

 If pixel value is less then 127 multiply by zero .

 If pixel value is grater then 127 multiply by one.
 Image division

 This is most common and mostly use

 NDVI = (NIR-Red)/(NIR+Red)
 Principal Component Analysis

 Adjacent bands in multi or hyperspectral remotely sensed image are

generally correlated. Multiband visible/NIR image of vegetated areas
exhibit negative correlations between the NIR and visible red bands
and positive correlations among visible bands because the spectral
reflectance characteristics of vegetation are such that as the vigour or
greenness of vegetation increases the red reflectance diminishes and
the NIR reflectance increases.
Principal Component Analysis
Principal Component Analysis
Principal Component Analysis
 Principal Component Analysis

 A plot using the axes AB and CD rather than conventional X and Y axes might, in
some cases, prove more revealing of the structures that are present within a data.
 Furthermore, if the variation in the direction CD in above Figure contains only a
small portion of the total variability in the data then it may be ignored without
too much lost of information, resulting in data compression.
 In above second Figure the number of variables is two but the dimensionality of
the data as shown by the scatter of points is one
 Principal Component Analysis

A principle components transform of a multispectral

image might therefore be expected to perform the
following operations:
 Estimate the dimensionality of the data set and
 Identify the principal axes of variability within the
data.
These Properties of PCA (sometimes also known as
the Karhunen-Loeve transform) mifgt prove to be
useful if the data set is to be compressed.
 Principal Component Analysis

 The data compression property is useful if more than three spectral bands are
available. A conventional RGB color display system relates a spectral band to one
of the three color inputs (RGB)
 Principal Component Analysis

 The Landsat TM provides seven bands of data, hence a decision must be made
regarding which three of these seven bands are to be displayed as a colour
composite image.
 If the basic dimensionality of the TM data is only three then most of the
information in the seven bands will be expressible in terms of three principle
components. The principle component images could therefore be used to
generate a RGB false color composite.
Principal Component Analysis
Principal Component Analysis
 Tasseled Cap Transformation
26

 2-D scatter plot was plotted between Red and NIR bands on board.
 Different stages of Vegetation growth were discussed starting from the
soil line and ending on soil line.

5/16/2017
 Any Questions ??????

Thanks