Marie Joy F.

Burgos
BSED EN 1-1

Readings in the Philippine History Final Examinaton

1. Discuss the rise of the Philippine Republic.

The frst Philippine Republic was inaugurate in Malolosd Bulacan on January 21d
1899. Afer being proclaim燐e presi entd Em燐ilio Aguinal o took his oath of ofce. The
constitution was rea article by article an followe by a m燐ilitary para e. Apolinario
Mabini was electe as a prim燐e m燐inister. The Malolos Congress prom燐ulgate by
Aguinal o accom燐plishe certain positiie tasks: (1) the Spanish fscal system燐 was
proiisionally retaine d (2) the sam燐e was one with the existing taxesd (3) saie those
upon cockfghting an other am燐usem燐entsd (4) war taxes were leiie an ioluntary
contributions were solicite d (5) custom燐s uties were establishe d an (6) a national
loan was launche .

Likewised uring the First Philippine Republic som燐e nationalist actiiities were
im燐plem燐ente : (1) with e ucation being the cem燐enting ingre ient for nationalist
integrationd the Philippine Republic proii e a free an com燐pulsory prim燐ary
e ucation for the Filipinos. (2) The Congress also haie eci e to reiiie the
Propagan ists tra ition of seeking popular backing at hom燐e an worl support
abroa . Internal propagan a was esigne to inculcate nationalism燐 an absolute
loyalty to the Philippine goiernm燐ent as the only m燐eans or ensuring peace an
prosperity for the nation. Furtherd with Aguinal o conf ent that the Philippines
in epen ence will be recognize by the Unite States an other countriesd he le the
preparations for the fnal takeoier by the Filipinos of the a m燐inistration of the
country.

2. Why was the Malolos constitution a signifcant in the Phil history?

The Malolos Constitution was proclaim燐e on January 22d 1899d creating what is
known to ay as the First Philippine Republicd with Aguinal o as its presi ent. It was
writen by Felipe Cal erón y Roca an Felipe Buencam燐ino as an alternatiie to a pair
of proposals to the Malolos Congress by Apolinario Mabini an Pe ro Paterno. Afer
a lengthy ebate in the later part of 1898d it was prom燐ulgate on 21 January 1899.

The Malolos Constitution was signifcant in the Philippine history for it carrie
features com燐m燐on to m燐ost m燐o ern counterparts: (1) it organize a em燐ocratic
republicd (2) soiereign power was recognize to be ieste on the peopled (3) the
institute goiernm燐ent was populard representatiied an responsibled an (4) it
a here to the principle of the separation of the powers of goiernm燐ent. Power was
apportione am燐ong the legislatiie - power pertaine to an assem燐bly popularly
electe three branchesd executiie - power was ieste on the Presi entd an ju icial -
power was ieste on an absolutely in epen ent ju iciary consisting of the Suprem燐e
Court of Justice an the lower courts. To ensure obseriance of the natural rights of
the peopled it set forth a Bill of Rights. Howeierd a istinctiie feature of the Malolos
Constitution was its institution of the parliam燐entary system燐d wherein the Presi ent
was not electe irectly by the people but by a special assem燐bly for a term燐 of four
years. Proiision was m燐a e for legislatiie suprem燐acy. It was require that the
Presi ent shoul exercise executiie power through the secretaries of goiernm燐entd
who were in iii ually an collectiiely responsible to the Assem燐bly.

3. Discuss the Filipino Am燐erican collaboration.

Aguinal o has acquaintances with the Am燐ericans resulting to the collaboration

of the two countries. He m燐et with Spencer Pratd the Am燐erican consul in Singapore.
The later prom燐ise Aguinal o that the Unite States will recognize Philippine
in epen ence. Meanwhiled when Aguinal o returne to Hong Kongd he sought to
consult Dewey but instea he m燐et with Rounceiille Wil m燐and the Am燐erican consul in
Hong Kong. Wil m燐an a iise Aguinal o to return to the Philippines an establish a
ictatorial goiernm燐ent so that he coul continue the reiolution against Spain.
Furtherm燐ored Aguinal o assigne Wil m燐an to buy rifes an am燐m燐unition to be use
by the Filipino arm燐y. Upon arriiing back in Philippines (Caiite)d conferences between
Dewey an Aguinal o were hel . Dewey reiterate that the Am燐ericans woul leaie
to allow the Filipinos to goiern them燐selies as soon as Spain surren ere . At lastd
Aguinal o issue a proclam燐ation to the Filipinos asking support behin the
Am燐ericans against the Spaniar s. At that tim燐ed the Spaniar s prom燐ise the Filipinos
seieral reform燐s in an atem燐pt to win them燐 oier to their si e. These eforts proie
useless for the Filipinos who were no longer intereste in reform燐s. They now wante
in epen ence for the Philippines.

4. What the treaty of Paris all about?

The Treaty of Paris of 1898 (Filipino: Kasun uan sa Paris ng 1898; Spanish: Trata o e
París e 1898) was a treaty signe by Spain an the Unite States on Decem燐ber 10d
1898d that en e the War. Un er itd Spain surren ere all claim燐 of soiereignty oier
an title to Cuba an also ce e Puerto Ricod Guam燐d an the Philippines to the
Unite States.

The Treaty of Paris m燐arke the en of the Spanish Em燐pired an m燐arke the beginning
of the Unite States as a worl power. The Peace Com燐m燐issioners of Spain an the
Unite States m燐et in Parisd France to raf a peace treaty on October 1d 1898 to en
the six-m燐onth hostilities between the two countries. The Am燐erican com燐m燐issioners
negotiate in a hostile atm燐osphere because all Europed except Englan d was
sym燐pathetic to the Spanish si e. The agreem燐ent of the treaty m燐arke the reign of the
Unite States as a powerful country.
5. Why is An res Bonifacio’s eath consi er a trage y in Phil history?

The eath of An res Bonifacio was unjustd that is why it is consi ere trage y in
Philippine history. He just fought for his an Filipinos’ rights to the new goiernm燐ent
but then he foun guilty espite insufcient eii ence an sentence for execution.
The m燐ost painful is thatd he fought for the country’s right an liberty for yearsd yetd
other Filipino citizen was the one who sentence him燐 to execution. Besi esd eien his
efense lawyer him燐self eclare him燐 as guilty. He was betraye by his countrym燐en.
Personally speakingd I alternately iiewe Bonifacio’s eath as a justife execution for
treason fuele by politicsd specifcally Em燐ilio Aguinal o. He or ere the execution of
An res Bonifacio eien without sufcient eii enced which is why som燐e historians
consi er Bonifacio to be the rightul frst Presi ent of the Philippines instea of
Aguinal o.

6. Discuss the frst Filipino Spanish encounter.

The frst Spanish contact with the Philippines was with Magellan’s ioyage in
1521. Seieral unsuccessful expe itions from燐 Spain were sent but Spanish setlem燐ent
was not establishe in the Philippines until 1565. By that tim燐ed they ha reache the
Manila area. The Spanish conquista ors eientually efeate the local Muslim燐 rulers
an rule Manilad they also establishe an proclaim燐e Manila as the capital of the
Philippines. The Spanish Em燐pire epen e iery heaiily on the clergy of the religious
or ers of the Catholic Church to sprea Spanish culture an infuence. The Spain’s
biggest legacy to the Philippinesd Rom燐an Catholicism燐d which Filipino people
em燐brace rea ily from燐 the beginning. It was belieie that the cross rather than the
swor d conquere the Filipinos.

Contrariwised Filipino really sufere so m燐uch uring the Spanish colonial perio .
They uses the Filipino to worke an serie to them燐. In factd the current structure of
the Philippinesd which is basically feu alisticd stem燐m燐e from燐 the encom燐ien a system燐
that the Spaniar s intro uce in the colony. Such system燐 was one of the instrum燐ents
that were use by the goiernm燐ent ofcials to pacify an exploit the natiies uring
the Spanish colonial perio . It paie the way for iarious oppressiie practicesd such as
the tributod polo y seriicio (force labor)d ban ala (annual quotas)d an m燐ilitary
conscription. All these exaction assum燐e greater urgency an were therefore
enforce with greater seierity when Spain was at war. Howeier through the yearsd
the Spanish ha infuence the Filipinos an it i transform燐e their social life an
e ucation system燐. The social transform燐ations that the Spanish colonization i were:
(1) coniersion of the Filipinos to Catholicism燐. If Spain ha not succee e in
colonizing the countryd then Filipinos woul haie been a Muslim燐 nation now; (2)
beginnings of feu alistic society; (3) hispanization of Filipino surnam燐es; (4)
m燐etam燐orphosis of bahay kubo into bahay na bato; (5) change in the Filipino m燐o e of
ressing; (6) intro uction of the Spanish languaged an ; (7) celebration of Religious
Feasts honoring patron saints. Meanwhiled Spanish playe a m燐ajor role in e ucation
transform燐ation. The ol est uniiersitiesd colleges an iocational school is establishe .
As a result of increasing the num燐ber of e ucate Filipinosd a new social class raise d
that cam燐e to be known as the Ilustra os.
7. Discuss the trial an execution of Bonifacio.

Aguinal od or ere his sol ier to coniince Bonifacio to recognize the Tejeros election
results an continue a unife stan against the enem燐ies. But Colonel Agapito Bonzon
le to contact Bonifacio atacke Bonifacio's cam燐p. Bonifacio i fght back an
or ere his m燐en to hol their hire but shots were still exchange . Bonifacio him燐self
was woun e on the neck an was shot in the arm燐d an so Bonifacio's party was
brought to Naic where he an Procopio (his brother) stoo trial on charges of
se ition an treason against Aguinal o's goiernm燐ent an conspiracy to m燐ur er
Aguinal o. The jury was com燐pose entirely of Aguinal o's m燐en an eien Bonifacio's
efense lawyer him燐self eclare his client as guilty. Bonifacio was ban e from燐
confronting the state witness for the charge of conspiracy to m燐ur er on the groun s
that the later ha been kille in batled but afer the trial the witness was seen aliie
with the prosecutors.

He an his brothers were foun guilty espite insufcient eii ence an sentence
for execution. The Bonifacio brothers were execute on May 10d 1897 in the
m燐ountains of Maragon on. Withald Apolinario Mabini wrote that Bonifacio’s eath
em燐oralize m燐any rebels from燐 Manilad Laguna an Batangas who ha com燐e to help
those in Caiited an cause them燐 to quit. In other areasd som燐e of Bonifacio's
associates like Em燐ilio Jacinto neier subjecte their m燐ilitary com燐m燐an s to Aguinal o's
authority.

8. Write a short biography of Jose Rizal.

Jose Protasio Rizal Merca o y Alonso Realon a was born in Calam燐ba in the
Philippines’ Laguna Proiince. A brilliant stu ent who becam燐e profcient in m燐ultiple
languages. He fnishe his secon ary e ucation at Ateneo Municipal e Manila
where he learne the ialues of fairnessd justiced an reason whichd in efectd le him燐
to focus his lifetim燐e work towar s the quest for justiced equalityd an ignity. At the
age of 18d he was able to proie that the Filipinos were com燐parable with the
Spaniar s in m燐ental ability by winning the gran prize in a literary contest with his
entryd A La Juientu Filipina. Jose Rizal stu ie m燐e icine in Manilad then traiele to
Spain to com燐plete his m燐e ical egree.

While in Europed he becam燐e part of the Propagan a Moiem燐entd connecting with

other Filipino’s who wante reform燐. He also wrote his frst noield Noli Me Tangere
(Touch Me Not/ The Social Cancer)d a work which etaile the ark aspects of Spain’s
colonial rule in the Philippinesd with particular focus on the role of Catholic friars.
Because of this noiel (which got banne in the Philippines)d Rizal’s return to the
Philippines was cut short when he was targete by the police. He continue to writed
an release his follow-up noield El Filibusterism燐o (The Rreign of Gree ). He also
publishe articles in La Soli ari a d a paper aligne with the Propagan a Moiem燐ent.
Jose Rizal returne to the Philippines in 1892 but was exile ue to his esire for
reform燐. Although he supporte peaceful changed Rizal was coniicte of se ition an
execute on Decem燐ber 30d 1896d at age of 35.

9.Discuss the Filipino reaction to Spanish rule

In response to the Spanish rule/colonizationd there were seieral fragm燐ente reiolts

by the Filipinos that broke out in the archipelago. Their reasons were: (1) to gain
free om燐; (2) stop force labor that resulte to the separation of the m燐en from燐 their
fam燐ilies; (3) stop the im燐plem燐entation of tribute; an (4) to return to their ancient
religion. The early reiolts of the Filipinos i not acquire an awareness to unite
against Spanish rule. For this reasond the Spaniar s were able to suppress the reiolts
an establish the Spanish colonial rule for m燐ore than 300 years. The reiolts faile
ue to a lack of com燐m燐on lea ershipd with each reiolt occurring one afer another.
Consequentlyd the failure of the reiolts fnally eielope the Filipino national
consciousness an sense of nationhoo .

To further inculcate the eielopm燐ent an growth of Filipino nationalism燐d the

following are iscusse : (1) The opening of the Philippines to International tra e -
this has brought not only econom燐ic prosperity to the country but also a rem燐arkable
transform燐ation in the life of the Filipinos; (2) The opening of the Suez Canal - paie
the way for liberal i eas an e ucation to enter the Philippinesd as brought in by
iIllustra os who stu ie in the uniiersities in Spain; (3) The Liberal i eas com燐ing from燐
Europe - it fltere in when Spain gra ually expose Philippines to international
com燐m燐erce; (4) The form燐ation of Infuential Filipino Mi le Class - the m燐em燐bers of
this class becam燐e infuential in society an they criticize the unequal treatm燐ent of
the Spanish authorities towar s the Filipinos; (5) Political reform燐s un er Goiernor-
General Carlos Maria e la Torre - his reform燐s were signifcant am燐ong the Filipinos.
He was the best am燐ong the goiernors-general the Philippines has eier ha . ; (6) The
Secularization Issue - the issue of secularization which starte as a religious question
turne out to be a form燐 of racial iscrim燐ination against Filipino secular priests; (7)
The Caiite Mutiny - an artillery regim燐ent an som燐e naial forces seize the arsenal of
Fort San Felipe Neri. The eient was m燐agnife into a reiolt an natiie clerics fghting
for secularization were im燐plicate d Gom燐burzad were accuse as lea ers of the m燐utinyd
an ; (8) The Execution of the Gom燐burza - the execution of the three priests further
aggraiate the hatre of the Filipinos against the Spaniar s. The execution of the
Gom燐burza serie as the turning point for the eielopm燐ent of the Philippine
nationalism燐.